Developmental Biology Final Exam Multiple Choice

Questions
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1. The anterior-most region of the endodermal tube that Pharyngeal region

gives rise to the thymus, salivary glands, and oral plate is
the:

Stomach region
Cloacal region
Pharyngeal region
Pancreal reagion
None of the above
2. The cells in an amphibian blastula are equivenlant until late blastula stage
the beginning of the:

early blastula stage

mid blastula stage
late blastula stage
post-modern blastula stage
none of the above
3. Compare and contrast cell re-specialization with stem Re-specialization - Already differentiated cells ---> essentially re-
cell reservoirs. Which of these capacities allows for the differentiate
generation of plant tissue (think carrots)? Describe an
experiment that support your answer. Stem Cell Reservoir= Un-differentiated cells --> differentiate for the first
time

Re-specialization allows for the regeneration of plant tissue. This was

proven through an experiment done by Steward. His goal was to solve
this question by regenerating an entire carrot from a phloem cell.
Steward was successful through this experiment.

4. Compare and contrast holometabolous and
hemimetabolous insects. Describe what each of these
terms means. Give two examples of each type of insect.
Conclusion: Because we know that a phloem cell was used and he was
able to regenerate an entire carrot, the only explanation is that the cells
re-specialized.
1) Hemimetabolous
- Insects produce Larva that looks similar to adult
-Organisms do not pupate
-Determination of size and location based on environment

2) Holometabolous
- Insects produce larvae that do not resemble the adult
-These organisms do pupate (become a pupa)
- Size determined by molting and hormones
-Ex. Butterfly, Bee, Drosophila, moths

Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous both result in morphogenesis of

the insect.
5. Compare and contrast limb development between vertebrates Insects=
and insects. 1. Exoskeleton
2. Eversion convoluted (rings)
3. No germ Layers
4. Imaginal discs

Vertabrates=

1. Internal skeleton
2. Apical Ectodermal Ridge
3. Two germ layers= Mesoderm and Endoderm
4. Limb Buds

LOOK AT SLIDES FOR MORE

6. Compare and contrast morphological differences between Tad poles
tadpoles and adult frogs. 1. Tails
2. No legs
3. Gills
4. Aquatic
5. No distinct head
6. No lungs

Adult frogs
1. No tail
2. legs
3. No gills, forms Lungs instead
4. Terrestrial
5. Head
6. lungs

JUVENILE TO ADULT
* The gut becomes relatively shorter in adults.
* Skin undergoes changes, the outer layer keratinizes (becomes
a tough outer layer)
* Skeletal changes - formation of limbs and major
reconstruction of the skull
7. Compare and contrast the process of Oogenesis
and Spermatogenesis. What is the end product of
each process?
8. Compare and contrast the Spemann Organizer and
Hensen's Node. Be sure to describe what each of
these things are, in which species they can be
found, and the role they play in development.
9. The correct order of the stages of early
development is:
Fertilization-->Gametogenesis-->Blastulation--
>Gastrulation
Gametogenesis-->Fertilization-->Blastulation--
>Gastrulation
Fertilization-->Gametogenesis-->Gastrulation--
>Blastulation
Gametogenesis-->Fertilization-->Gastrulation--
>Blastulation
GAMETOGENESIS
PGC's (Primordial Germ Cells) = Reside in the embryo (2n) which gives rise to
the germ line cells. They then travel to the GONADS.
Gonads: Female = Ovaries, Male = Testis
OOGENESIS: Characterized by Extreme Growth
Female: Ovary-->Oogonia (2N)----------> (prophase of meiosis) Primary
oocyte (2N2) -------> (meiosis I) secondary oocyte (2N2/2) -------> (meiosis
II) ootid (1N)------> (matures) Ovum (Mature Egg (contains yolk) + 3 Polar
Bodies (differ in size + no yolk))
SPERMATOGENESIS: Characterized by loss of cytoplasmic content
Male: Testis-->Spermatogonia (2N) -----> (enters prophase of meiosis I)
Primary Spermatocyte (2N2) --> (meiosis I) Secondary Spermatocyte
(2N2/2) -----> (meiosis II) Spermatid (1N) via the process of SPERMIOGENESIS
becomes Spermatozoa
Note: Spermatogonium are not limited unlike oogonia, and that the primary
spermatocytes are the same size as one another unlike oogenesis
Spermiogenesis
* Golgi forms acrosome
* microtubules form tail
* released into the lumen
Spemann Organizer (found in amphibians) has been shown through transplant
experiments that they have the ability to influence neighboring cells fate,
called embryonic induction. The dorsal lip, when transplanted to a ventral
region has shown to cause the creation of dorsal mesoderm.
A similar structure found in birds, called "Hensen's Node" creates structures
necessary for development. Some of these proliferating cells are called the
Head Process , which forms the notochord. Experiments have shown that
when the notochord is transplanted, conjoined twins are be formed.
Both structures have shown the ability to create embryonic induction and
both also begin the formation/creation of the future neural structures.
Gametogenesis-->Fertilization-->Blastulation-->Gastrulation
10. Cytoplasmic tunnels Ring canals
between cells developing
during oogenesis in
Drosophila are called:

Chorionomeres
Cytochannels
Gap Junctions
Ring canals
None of the above
11. The default state of Neural tissue
ectoderm is

skin tissue
cartilage tissue
vascular tissue
neural tissue
12. Define Polyspermy. Why is Polyspermy= Occurs when multiple sperm fertilize a single egg.
polyspermy to be avoided? * Should be avoided because it causes many genetic issues.
Name 3 mechanisms to
avoid polyspermy. 3 Mechanisms to Prevent Polyspermy:

1. Protease Discharge
* Protease chews up the egg membrane protein receptors for sperm

2. Rapid Changes in Egg Membrane Potential

* Decreases likelihood that the sperm binds to the egg

3. Formation of Fertilization Envelope

* acts as a tough physical barrier to prevent polyspermy
13. Define viviparity. How is Viviparity is defined as having a live birth.
oogenesis in viviparous
organisms different from Organisms that are not viviparous do not have to stockpile as much material into the egg because
insects, amphibians, and they have supporting cells/tissue to help supply that material. One example is that in Drosophila, they
birds? How is the life use nurse cells to synthesize mRNA and other proteins which are then transferred to the egg via the
history strategy of ring canals. The Amphibian egg is 20,000X larger than normal because they require that all that
viviparous organisms material be put into the egg during oogenesis (remember: the compiling of materials). Animals that
connected to differences have live birth require the need of other structures such as umbilical cord and placenta so that the
in oogenesis compared to developing fetus has access to nutrients. These structures are not present in non-viviparous organisms.
aforementioned groups? They also have a longer pregnancy time (ex. 9 months for humans) than insects, birds, and amphibians
because they need EVERYTHING they need for development to be inside of the egg
14. Describe in detail the The Nephrotome develops into the kidneys. It consists of tubules and ducts that are used for retension
development of kidneys of water. The tubules form near the anterior of the nephrotome and extend toward the cloaca where
from nephrotome. How do they will connect with a duct called the Wolffian duct in males or the Mullerian Duct in females.
the gonads form in
connection with kidney Males - Sex chords proliferate and become the seminiferous tubules (they secrete anti mullerian duct
development? Be sure to factor to cause the mullerian duct to degenerate). PGC's migrate from other areas to form
include the involvement of spermatozoa. The seminiferous tubules connect with the wolffian duct to form the vas defrens
primordial germs cells as
well as both the Wolffian Females - In the genital ridge, the first sex chords degenerate and are replaced by another set which
and Muellerian ducts. go on to form the follicle cells that surround the oocytes. The wolffian duct degenerates and the
remainding mullerian duct is incorporated into reproductive tissue to form the oviduct.
15. Describe, in detail, the process of fertilization in
a sea urchin animal model. Be sure to address
the various forms of "activation"
16. Describe the "Circular Nature of Development".
Be sure to name and discuss the sequence of the
4 major life stages.
17. Describe the hormone action controlling
amphibian metamorphosis. Be sure to include all
major glands, hormones, and targets.
18. Describe the stereotypical developmental
process that gives rise to endodermal organs.
Name at least two endodermal organs that are
formed to by this process.
Activation of the Egg
* Produces a zygote
* activates the egg
Formation of Zygote
1. Gamete Activation--> The Golgi apparatus forms the acrosomal filament.
Sperm release causes changes such as mobile movement of the flagellum.
2. Sperm and Egg receptor binding causes arrangement of the cortex
3. The vitelline envelope is formed as it lifts off the surface of the cell.
* Acts as a gated membrane for the egg.
4. The V.E forms into a tougher membrane in which the sperm head becomes
trapped, called the Fertilization envelope (occurs within 20-30sec)
5. While all this is happening the sperm and egg pronuclei move closer
together within the cytoplasm to form the diploid zygote (happens in 30min)
6. S phase is initiated, DNA is replicated to prepare for division.
SEA URCHIN MODEL
* Central Event = Release of CA2+ ions elicits the fertilization response from the
egg.
1. First the zygote is formed via fertilization between the gametes.
2. Then the zygote becomes a juvenile (after processes such as gastrulation and
organogenesis and much maturation)
3. Following much maturation, becomes an adult
4. Where these adults come together to form gametes--> which form another
zygote via fertilization and the process repeats itself again, hence the term
"circular" nature of development.
* Development is a life-long process!
* Picture to go with this is great
A region of the brain, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland. Which
then stimulates the thyroid by the release of thyroid secreting hormone (TSH).
The thyroid then releases T3 and T4 to drive juvenile to adult.
Via negative feedback and local action, the release of T3 and T4 stimulate the
anterior pituitary gland to secrete prolactin. Prolactin reduces the affect of T3
and T4 by negative feedback. It signals the pituitary to slow TSH release.
Thereby slowing down metamorphosis.
Endodermal organs are determined during gastrulation. They are influenced by
growth factors. Ex. Liver/Stomach
As a result of gastrulation, the endoderm germ layer lines the internal tube that
stretches anterioposteriorly through the embryo
The way this tube is formed differs among vertebrates; however, it is always a
result of gastrulation
Later processes may "complete" or modify the tube
19. Discuss what it means for a gene to be For a gene to be conserved it means that the gene does not evolve (it is
Conserved. Describe (name & function) 2 genetically unchanged across species).
examples of genes that are conserved (we
discussed 2 in lecture & lab 1). Ex.=chordate eye development and arthropod eye development

Ex. One major example that we looked at in not only in class but also a major
focus of lab discussions have been the HOX genes. The HOX genes are part of
the genetic toolkit that has many different functions.
20. The first blood and vascular tissue of amniotes As extraembryonic blood island formation near the yolk sac
forms initially:

As extraembryonic blood island formation near

the yolk sac

By the process of angiogenesis

As embryonic blood islands near the yolk sac

As a maternal mesoderm coming from the

placenta
21. The imaginal discs of drosophila include All of the above
separate groups of 40 cells that will form:

Gonads
Eyes
Legs
Wings
All of the above
22. ______ is the process of structural male gamete Spermatogenesis
maturation from already haploid gametes:

Spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis
Spermatoformicon
All of the above
None of the above
23. Make an argument for why (in general) it is safe An experiment was done by Briggs And King and later refined by Gurdon. They
to assume that cells that arise from mitotic took the African Clawed Frog as a model and used non-embryonic somatic cells
division are genetically identical. Make and allowed them to multiply/proliferate. They then extracted the nucleus from
reference to experimental evidence and one of these somatic cells and inserted it into an egg cell that had been
describe the methods that support the idea that enucleated with UV radiation. They obtained mixed results due to the ages of the
genetically identical cells are derived from nucleus with some nuclei the egg was able to develop into a tadpole.
mitosis.
Conclusion: Because the egg cell with non-embryonic somatic cell nuclei was
able to fully develop into a tadpole it is experimentally justified to say that cells
that arise from mitotic divisions are genetically identical.
24. The male sex organs and female sex organs
are collectively called:
Ovaries
Govarestes
Testes
Gonads
None of the above
25. Name and classify (what group i.e
"amniotes" etc.) each of the model
organisms we discussed in Unit 2. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of using
each of these model organisms? What is
the primary benefit associated with each of
these model?
26. Name and describe the 3 embryonic germ
layers
27. Name and describe the role of 5 of the 16
morphogens we discussed, that participates
in the control of dorsoventral patterning in
D. melanogaster. (drawings strongly
encouraged)
Gonads
AMNIOTES
*Chick = Large egg size, and better accessibility compared to mammals
* good for transplant experiments
*Mouse = extremely similar to humans and they contain lots of genetic material.
* good for molecular genetic approaches
AMPHIBIAN (Frog used as classic model)
*External Fertilization = logistical ease of obtaining zygotes/ mix gametes
* Large Embryos = observable with the naked eye or low powered microscope
* well established means of cell transplant
DROSOPHILA
*Short generation time
* Large brood size
* Easy to feed/house/breed/etc.
The germ layers are created due to the process of gastrulation = translocation of
cells inward.
This inward movement causes the creation of these 3 layers...
1) Ectoderm: Cells that lined the surfaces that become the outermost layer of cells
*Ex. skin/carapace
2) Mesoderm: Loosely packed layer (called mesenchyme) that become the internal
organs. In between the Ectoderm and Endoderm.
*Ex. Digestive tract
3) Endoderm: Layer of cells that line the internal organs. Becomes the innermost
layer of the three germ layers.
*Ex. Muscle and connective tissue
(got 8/10 on the Q)
Bicoid= affects anterior-posterior organization. Injection of bicoid into the middle of
an embryo produces anterior structures. It also upregulates hunchback. This is a
target blocked by nanos. Nanos is produced by nurse cells where they are involved
in the regulation of the posterior end. Both bicoid and nanos are based on amount of
concentration available as for how the formation of the fly will turn out. Torso mRNA.
Made in Nurse Cells. Transported to oocyte. Cactus leads to a ventralized mutant.
28. Normal mammalian gametes are: Both Haploid
and Monoploid
Haploid
Monoploid
Tetraploid
Both A & B
Both
29. Oocytes that are discarded in the process of Oogenesis: Polar bodies

Antigens
Epitopes
Non-polar bodies
Polar bodies
30. Pigment granules in amphibian eggs are located in the cortex on the _____ pole: Animal
Animal
Vegetable
Mineral
Vegetal
None of the Above
31. The placenta is NOT responsible for regulation of which of the following processes? Hormone
production
Excretion
Gas exchange
Nutrition supply
Hormone production
32. The tissue layer with loosely packed cells, with a considerable amount of extra cellular matrix called: Mesenchyme

Mezzanine
Monoploid
Mesenchyme
Stepintyme
Both A & C
All of the above
33. True or False False

Bicoids and nanos morphogens work based on their concentrations in different body regions, whereas Torso
is expressed throughout the body, yet regulated by another morphogen: Dorsal
34. True or False True

Development is a life-long process

35. True or False True

Few ectodermal or endodermal tissues or organs arise without support from underlying mesodermal tissue.
36. True or False True

Frog oogonia undergo mitotic renewal

37. True or False True

Hormones are the major controlling signals of both insect and amphibian metamorphosis.
38. True or False
Human primordial germ cells undergo
mitosis to form eggs
39. True or False
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
40. True or False
The heart forms the joining of two
endocardial tubes which eventually
specialize into chambers
41. What are Nonequivalent cells? Name three
ways such cells may arise.
42. What are the 4 stages of early
development? Describe the major action
that defines each of these stages of
development.
False (undergo mitosis to form germ line cells
False
True
Non-equivalent cells are cells that differ in cytoplasmic content or differ in
surrounding environments/neighboring cells that result in differences in the abilities of
the cells.
3 Ways Nonequivalent Cells Arise
1) Genetic Differences - Can arise through meiosis and mutations.
2) Internal Cellular Material - Cytoplasmic Contents
Ex. Can occur if the cells aren't lined up in the middle of the cell during division, it
causes the cytoplasm to be pulled in a funny way and causes the cytoplasm to not
be evenly distributed.
3) External Cellular Environment - What does it come into contact with?
Ex. Position, one example we studied is how when the somite is put into different
environments such as with the notochord or neural tube it can create different kinds
of tissue. This can be studied by looking at a cells lineage (lineage tracing).
Ex.The 16 cell stage of the mouse. Cells that grow inward of the blastula become
embryonic cells, if they grow towards the outside of the blastula they become
placental cells.
1) Gametogenesis - The creation of the gametes (sperm and egg) via the processes
spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
2) Fertilization - Union of the sperm + egg to create a zygote, synctium, known as
syngamy.
3) Blastulation/Cleavage - The process of creating the "Blastocyst" ( in mammals)
and other structures. Includes rounds of division.
Ex. 2 cell stage --> 4 cell stage --> and so on --> 128 cell stage
4) Gastrulation - Translocation of cells inward to create the three germ layers, setting
up for organogenesis.
Ex. Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
(Got 9/10 on this Q)
43. What does it mean to Extraembryonic= Tissue that is continuous with but distinct from the tissue that develops into the embryo
be "extraembryonic"
membrane? Name and 1. Amnion
describe the 4 --Surrounds embryo
membranes we --Secretes amniotic fluid that surrounds developing embryo
discussed in early bird
development. 2. Chorion
--Outermost layer/membrane (tough)
--Primarily responsible for gas exchange

3. Yolk Sac
--Surrounds the yolk
--Highly vascularized, directs proteins/lipids to developing embryo

4. Allantois
--Closely related to chorion
--Fills the space between yolk sac and chorion
44. What is a morphogen? Morphogens: A substance whose concentration/localized activity can determine which structures form.
What are Bicoid,
Nanos, and Bicoid is a protein that is synthesized in nurse cells and then transported to the egg. Bicoid calls for
Hunchback? Describe anterior development. It does this by creating a bicoid concentration gradient (w/ the most bicoid @
how they interact in anterior end). When this happens Bicoid up-regulates the production of hunchback. Hunchback works to
Drosophila. What type promote the development of anterior structures. In response to the up-regulation of hunchback, a protein
of body plan called Nanos (also developed by nurse cells --> egg) works to BLOCK hunchback. Nanos does this by
organization do these creating a concentration gradient to call for the formation of posterior structures. Hunchback blocks
interactions confer to posterior development and Nanos blocks hunchback in order to create posterior structures, a double
Drosophila? negative. These proteins/ morphogens along with others work to create the anterior, posterior ventral and
dorsal body plan.
45. What is a somite? What Somite= derived from mesodermal tissue that reside on both sides of the pre-somatic neural cord.Formed
are the major regions by aggregation of mesodermal cells into distinct groups.
of a somite? What
tissues types do each * Deals with developing the overall vertebrate body plan
of these somite
regions develop to Tissue Types
into? 1) Sclerotome= Becomes adjoined from the somite and joins with the vertebrae to form cartilaginous tissue
of ribs, etc.
2) Dermayotome = Remaining aggregated cells of the somite, becomes myotome (forms muscle) or
dermatome (forms dermis).

* Drawings also helped probably get a 10/10 on this Q

46. What is cortical rotation? How does it happen, and why is
it important to early amphibian development? What are
the phenotypic repercussions of: normal rotation,
inhibition of rotation, enhancement of rotation, and
induction of a second rotation?
47. What is Hematopoises? Describe how the location of
hematopoiesis shifts during mammalian development. Be
sure to name the location and describe the process in all
4 locations.
48. What is the default state of mesodermal germ tissue?
What happens when somites are cultured alone, with the
notochord, with dorsal or ventral regions of neural tube?
49. Which animal served as a useful model organism in
addition to chickens in the investigation of limb
development
Grouse
Quail
Peacocks
Snakes
Eagles
Cortical Rotation is a 30 degree shift in cortex that is essential for
establishing bilateral symmetry and developing dorsal structures in
early amphibian development. Due to microtubule action.
*Occurs between fertilization and first cleavage.
*Sets up for gastrulation.
Repercussions
1) Normal Rotation - Sets up where the first cleavage plane and plane
of bilateral symmetry will be, and whether dorsal development will
occur.
2) Inhibition of Rotation - If prevented, by say UV light (which affects
microtubule polymerization), and there is no dorsal development.
3) Enchancement of Rotation - If microtubule action were stimulated by
D2O, embryos will be hyperdosalized with reduced ventral structures.
4) Induction of Second Rotation - Manipulating a 2nd round of rotation
by centrifugal force we can impose an extra cortical rotation in another
plane (producing siamese twins with two axes).
The shift of Hematopoiesis is the shift of blood formation hub.
In mammals, hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac, where extra-
embryonic formation of blood cells begins. It then shifts to the dorsal
aorta where the stem cells are generated. Blood cell formation then
shifts to the liver where fetal RBCs are produced. It ends in the bone
marrow where adult RBCs are produced.
Yolk sac---> Dorsal Aorta--> Liver---> Bone Marrow
Default state of mesodermal germ tissue is Mesenchyme
somite alone--->Mesenchyme
somite with notochord--->cartilage
somite with ventral neural tube---> cartilage
somite with dorsal neural tube--> striated muscle
somite with ectoderm or lateral mesoderm---> delayed formation of
striated muscle
Quail
50. Which of the following describes the process of DNA-->DNA Replication

Transcription
Translation
Replication
All of the above
None of the above
51. Which of the following is an endodermal germ layer derivative pancreas
Kidneys
Heart
Pancreas
Muscle
All of the above
52. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of the ectodermal germ layer? ...

Neural crest
Integument
Central Nervous System
Dermis of the skin
All of the above are ectodermal derivatives
53. Which of the following is the hormone that slows the metamorphic rate in insects? Juvenile Hormone

Ecdyson
Thyroxin
Juvenile Hormone
Pax 6
54. Which of the following is the male gamete Sperm

Egg
Sperm
Primary Oocyte
Both A & B
Both A & C
Both B & X
All of the above
55. Which structure of the amphibian embryo is intimately related to the Spemann Organizer? Dorsal lip

Dorsal lip
Blastopore
Ventral lip
Blastocoelum
Corticospemanorganium
56. The yolky side of an egg is called its: Vegetal side

Animal side
Vegetal side
Vegetable side
Vegan side