SPE-187905-MS 3

Horizontal (parallel) layering can be stripe-like, discontinuous and tape. In parallel to the bedding surface
layering are subparallel and close in form to the planes. It is formed by sedimentation in a relatively quiet
and stationary environment, lake and marine basins below the level of wave.
Wavy lamination is wavy-curved surface layers and is formed by the motion of the medium in
two different directions, for example, in the littoral zone of the shallow sea. Lenticular lamination is
characterized by a variety of forms and abrupt changes of capacity of the individual layers until the complete
pinching out. It is formed by the rapid and changeable movement of water or air environment (e.g. river
flows or tidal area of the sea), could be due to periodic inputs in a quiet part of the reservoir more than the
coarse material or erosion of previously suspended material and the irregularities of the bottom.
Cross-bedding is characterized by straight and curved different - or unidirectional surface layers. The
motion of the material in one direction (e.g., river flow, sea currents) formed by unidirectional oblique
layering, and when changing directions of movement of the material (for example, the movement of wind,
sea currents) is mixed. Cross-bedding are a number of varieties – deltaic, fluvial, Eolian, cross. Layering in
all cases will be inclined in the direction of fluid flow (water or air) from which the sediments fall out.
There are can be combinations of different types of lamination in the geological sections. The thickness
of layers can often indicate the relative intensity and duration of their deposition. From the point of view
of sedimentology, sedimentary rocks in layer thicknesses are divided into: Massive laminated (> 100 cm),
Coarse-layered (100-50 cm), Medium-bedded (50-10 cm), Thinly laminated (10-2 cm), Lamellar laminated
(2-0.2 cm) and Microlaminated (< 0.2 cm).
From the point of view of interpretation to thin-layered deposits it is necessary to relate layers whose
individual properties can not be measured by standard logs.

Vertical resolution of modern logs

The vertical resolution of logs is becoming more and more detailed. However, existing and used in practice
modern logs basically do not have sufficient vertical resolution to measure the properties of the individual
layers of the lamellar formation. The maximum vertical resolution for today are electrical microimages,
whose vertical resolution is as high as 0.5 cm and microcylindrically focused log with a vertical resolution
of up to 5 cm. Such standard and necessary logs as gamma, neutron and density logging without the use of
special methods of recording and / or processing have a vertical resolution of about 40-60 cm, which is not
sufficient for separation of lithological different thin layers of rocks and detailed differentiation properties
of these sediments. All nuclear tools require a certain time to generate statistically meaningful counts and
as such, resolution is a function of logging speed and the time constant applied to the tool.
Special methods of recording density logging allow to raise its vertical resolution up to 5 cm, and special
algorithms for processing neutron logging (alpha processing) up to 30 cm. Resistivity measurements, such
as lateral and induction logs, with a maximum vertical resolution of 30 cm for today do not allow to reliably
estimate the water saturation value and, as a consequence, the fluid content. The vertical resolution of
nuclear magnetic logging tools, depending on their modification and recording modes, ranges from 15 to 60
cm, which also does not allow to define the reservoir characteristics of individual thin layers. Acoustic logs
usually have a resolution of about 60 cm. Resolution is also a function of sample rate. Spontaneous potential
log has a variable vertical resolution, depending on the sampling rate and SP amplitude, but generally does
not exceed 15 cm.
Thus, it is obvious that logs are averaged characteristics of interlayers of sandstones and clays, and
measure a generalized vertical information on the investigated section and their vertical resolution does
not allow to measure the physical properties of individual interlayers of a thin-layered formations whose
thickness is the first centimeters. Although the indications of logs in such reservoirs have their own specific
features, thin layers are usually difficult to recognize by a standard logs without the use of microimages
or cores.