IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LITERATURE

1. Literature preserves human experiences;

2. Literature makes one human;
3. Literature leads to personal fulfillment and academic goals;
4. Literature provides relaxation, leisure and recreation; and
5. Stories passed down from one generation to the next connects the young to their past and to the roots of
specific cultures, natural heritage, and general human condition.

ROLES OF LITERATURE IN PEOPLE'S LIVES

1. Literature helps in personal and intellectual growth;

2. Literature provides enjoyment to everyone;
3. It enables us to see the worthiness of people's aspirations;
4. People's talents are recognized and showcased to the world; and
5. Parents delight their children with stories and poems.
BRANCHES OF LITERATURE

1. Poetry is a literary art usually written in metrical form or patterned language. It is a composition in verse
and uses rhythm, rhyme, and language to express an imaginative interpretation of an idea or experience.
Poetry can be classified as lyric, epic, ballad or dramatic.
2. The short story is a type of prose fiction, usually in narrative format, which has its early beginnings in
fables, parables, tales and folklore. Many short story writers describe their work through a combination of
personal expression, artistry, and creativity. Usually, a short story as a simple plot, a single setting and few
characters, and covers a short period of time.
3. Essay is a form of prose which expresses the writer's personal thoughts, attitudes, opinions, feelings,
experiences, or observations on a subject that interests him/ her. It is an expression of a new way of
looking at ideas. The essayists interpret reality itself. They are further classified into three parts: (a)
personal or autobiographical, (b) objective and factual, also experimental, and (c) abstract, generally
dealing with universal themes.

FILM CRITICISM involves the viewing and reviewing of films whether by an individual or a group. It
can be classified into two: (a) journalistic criticism which is published regularly in newspapers and other
forms of mass media, and (b) academic criticism which is written by film scholars.
Films are generally reviewed by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB)
before they are released for public viewing. With today's technology, home movies are easily accessible
through cable television, CDs, and the Internet.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FILM CRITICISM:

1. Critic's interpretation of the film-maker's theme or statement;

a. How valid is the theme?
b. Is the theme intellectually and philosophically interesting? Does it throw new light on familiar ideas? Does
it have a fresh understanding of old truths? Is it original?
2. An examination and evaluation of the key technical elements of the film like the script, sound, editing, etc.
3. An evaluation of the appropriateness of other crafts
a. music
b. characters
c. acting
d. set
e. costume
f. color
g. lighting
4. A discussion of the quality and validity of the ideas expressed
5. The placing of the film under review in a larger context.

Popular Arts or pop art or pop culture is an art movement in which an artist uses mass-produced visuals. it
presents ideas, perspectives, attitudes, media and information technology-based images, and other
phenomena that are considered trendy. Pop art, through computer graphics and other forms of technology,
can be seen in advertisements, product labeling and logos.
The various forms of pop art in the 20th and 21st centuries are usually dependent on computer-aided
designs (CAD) and mass medial such as television, printing, photography, motion pictures, radio, the
Internet and Social Media. Nowadays, pop art has become one of the most dominant media in
communicating ideas and expressing feelings, and is relatively used for mass communication by the
organizations that control such technologies.
Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
Architectural works often have cultural and political significance. Throughout history, distinct architectural
styles have evolved: Egyptian, Geek, Roman, Romanesque, Byzantine, Early Christian, Islamic,
Renaissance, early classical and modern. The different civilizations throughout the ages can be
distinguished by their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture, at resent, can refer to the act of
designing any kind of system using computer graphics and animation. The three qualities to consider in
choosing construction materials are the structure, texture, and aspect.

Sculpture is a three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials such as gold,
silver, lead, plaster, clay, glass, stone, wood and metal. It can be considered as one of the most realistic of
arts because it preserves the full dimensions of the human body as well as of objects.
Music, dance, opera, drama, magic, and circus constitute the performing arts. Artists in the performing arts
are called performers, and include actors, comedians, dancers, magicians and singers. They use their body,
face, and presence to express something.

CATEGORIES OF PERFORMING ARTS

Balfe and Peters identified five broad categories of art:
 Visual
 Design, building, decorative
 Literary
 Media
 Performing
Performing arts include these activities (Balfe and Peters, 2000)
 Music (playing a music instrument or singing; opera, concert, hymns, rap)
 Dancing (ballet, ethnic, folk, ice dancing)
 Acting (performing in plays, musicals, mime, or comedy)
 Literary (reading poetry, storytelling, giving lectures)
 Multimedia (music videos, street performances, circuses, docu-drama, cinema)
 GREAT FILIPINO PERFORMERS


 Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
 Founder and artistic director of the UP Mobile Theater; pioneered the concept of theater campus
tours and delivered no less than 2, 500 performances in a span of 19 years of committed service.
By bringing theater to the countryside, Guerrero made it possible for students and audiences to
experience the basic of acting and staging dramas through his plays that harmoniously reflect
Filipino behavior.


 Francis Magalona
 Was known as the "Master Rapper of the Philippines." He started as a break-dancer in the 1980s,
and was cast in many Filipino movies of the decade. In 1990s, he released the groundbreaking
"Yo! Album," the first rap album in the Philippines that was commercially released. The songs in
the album - "Mga Kababayan Ko" (My Fellow Countrymen), "Gotta Let 'Cha Know," "Cold
Summer Nights," and "Man from Manila" - were big commercial hits.


 Ryan Cayabyab
 A renowned Filipino composer and musician, was born Raymundo Cipriano Pujante Cayabyab,
buy affectionally known as Mr. C. His works ranger from commissioned full-length ballets,
theater musicals, choral pieces, a mass set to unaccompanied chorus, and orchestral pieces to
commercial recordings of popular music, film scores, and television specials.


 Lea Salonga-Chien
 She is a Filipina singer and actress. She is best known for playing Kim in the original West End
and Broadway productions of the musical Miss Saigon, for which she won the Olivier, Tony,
Drama Desk, Outer Critics and Theater World Awards.
 She is the first Asian to play the roles of Eponine and Fantine in the musical Les Miseralbes on
Broadway. She also provided the singing voices of Disney princesses Jasmine in Aladdin (1992),
and Fa Mulan in Mulan (1998) and Mulan II (2004).
Music is an art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce a melody that can express
various ideas and emotion. It deals primarily with sound and uses words called lyrics which are usually
rhythmic in cadence to harmonize with the musical score (Estolas et. al., 1995)

MEDIA OF MUSIC
The most popular and natural music is the song produces by the magical human voice compatible with
musical instruments and other sounds. The human voice is capable of rwaching pitch levels within a vocal
range classified into:
1. Soprano - high-register female voice
2. Mezzo-soprano - medium-register female voice
3. Alto or contralto - low-register female
4. Tenor - high-register male voice
5. Baritone - medium-register male voice
6. Bass - low-register male voice
These six vocal registers provide composers and artists diverse musical arrangements from choral music to
opera and concerts.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
I. Basic String Instruments
 The Guitar, a six-stringed plucked wooden instrument, is the most popular musical instrument. It has
graduated from the ethnic ukulele to the sophisticated electric guitar used in big concerts.

 The Violin has four strings. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin which includes
the viola and cielo.

II. Brass Instruments

 The Trumpet has the highest register in the brass family. It has a brass tubing bent twice in an oblong
shape. This instrument is played by blowing air through closed lips, producing a buzzing sound which
sends wave vibrations in the air column inside the trumpet.

 The Trombone produces sound when the player's vibrating lips (embouchure) cause the air column inside
the instrument to vibrate. It is usually characterized by a telescopic slide with which the player varies the
length of the tube to change pitches, although the valve trombone uses three valves like those on a trumpet.

 The Horn consists of about 12-13 feet of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell.

 The Tuba is the largest and lowest-pitched brass instrument. Sound is produced by vibrating or buzzing the
lips into a large cupped mouthpiece. It is one of the most recent additions to the modern symphony
orchestra.

III. Woodwind Instruments

 A Flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an
opening. According to the instrument classification of Hornbostel-Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-
blown aerophones.

 The Piccolo is a half-sized flute. it has the same fingerings as its larger siblings, the standard transverse
flute, but its sound is an octave higher than what is written. Thus, Italian composers call this the ottavino.
 An oboe is a treble woodwind instrument with a conical bore and a double reed. It is used both as a solo
and as an orchestral instrument.

 The Clarinet's name is derived from adding the suffix "-et" (meaning "little") to the Italian
word clarino (meaning a type of trumpet) since the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a
trumpet.

 The Saxophone is a conical-bone transposing musical instrument. It is usually made of brass and played
with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet,

IV. Percussion Instrument

 The Snare Drum has strands of snares made of curled metal wire, metal cable, plastic cable, or gut cords
stretched across the drumhead, typically at the bottom.

 A Bass Drum has different sizes and it used in several musical genres. The bass drum is usually seen or
heard in orchestral, ensemble, or concert band. It is the largest drum in the orchestra. The kick drum, which
is struck with a beater attached to a pedal, is usually seen in drum kits. The third type, the pitched bass
drum, is used in marching bands and drum corps. It is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a
set of three to five drums.

 Tubular Bells (chimes), are musical instruments in the percussion family. Each bell is a metal tube, 30-38
mm in diameter, and is tuned by altering its length.

 The Xylophone consists of wooden bard of various lengths that are stuck by plastic, wooden, or rubber
mallets. Each bar is tuned to a specific pitch of the musical scale.