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Mihugaftnj
‚]RLJHA‗
Aqulpi agprafmamir
Xahhløf? NN>44 Aqulpi? 2
Xagastra 2424-LL
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
L. MN]IX KAFARNJAX
squlsparDuhvvlrtunj.amu.pa
MLRAH]IRLI
;. @unhnfoujn
;.
Rimrçkuaz Knbrlaj
]ruoljji Tslhijikçn k`unhnfoujhnDuhvvlrtunj.amu.pa <>=41=5=;
Ammu
0. Irtlz Hnjmarøf
0.
H`lgbita Marah`i mirtlzhnDuhvvlrtunj.amu.pa <2580<018
Mnfyajn
Nftunfatta
2
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
<. Tnh`arras Uljjakns
Tlurn Nrqultahturn Opnh`arrasvl>0Duhvvlrtunj.amu.pa <1=02;282
O`nf Hnrjis
>4.. Tarlh`a ^uaravnjÿ
>4
Tlurn Gnrcatlfk oparlh`aqDuhvvlrtunj.amu.pa <>255<;1;
Oisap` Knbrlaj
LL. IBOA]LUIX \ GA]N
2.8 Gatn
Ml
Mleu
eufmlr aj mih
fmlr mihuga
ugaftn
ftnjj ‚]r
‚]rljh
ljha‗
a‗ ma Hìs
Hìsnr
nr Unj
Unjjao
jaoii n trnvìs ma jns ramas sihlnjas,
avlmafhlîfmiji
avlmafhlîfmiji gamlnfta aj nhipli ma pir ji gafis hlfhuaftn higaftnrlis.
Unjjaoi eua hifslmarnmi higi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn af aj slkji
PP y tngblìf eua aj gîxlgi axpifafta ma fuastri pnçs, ga slafti irkujjisi nj snbar qua
tafagis nj piatn gîs krnfma ma timi aj slkji PP3 Unjjaoi eua y sarî ufi ma jis gaoiras y
ÿflhis af su tlpi, lfhjusi hif aj pnsnr maj tlagpi, sus ibrns higi Jis `arnjmis fakris y
8
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
‚Unjjaoi eua uf piatn qua `lzi ma su mijir jn bnsa ma su piasçn. Eua aj `argnfi qua
afhiftrngis af sus piagns? aj flþi, aj pibra, aj qua suera, qua suaþn y qua asparn.
jn `ugnflmnm. Unjjaoi eua hifslmarnmi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn maj
slkji PP y aj gîxlgi axpifafta ma jns jatrns af su pnçs .‗. (Bnrrati, @. O, 24>; pîrr. >-
=)
Unjjaoi eua ufn parsifn qua suerlø guh`i af aj trnfshursi ma timn su vlmn y asti sa puama
nprahlnr af njkufns ma sus ibrns qua ashrlblø, timis snbagis qua af sus piasçns
Blikrneçn ma vnjjaoi
Unjjaoi eua hifslmarnmi higi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn af aj slkji xx y
tngblìf eua aj gîxlgi pifafta ma fuastri pnçs, ga slafti irkujjisi nj snbar qua tafagis nj
piatn gîs krnfma ma timi aj slkji PP3 vnjjaoi eua y sarî ufi ma jis gaoiras y ÿflhis af su tlpi,
lfhjus
lfhjusii hi
hiff aj pn
pnsn
snrr ma
majj tl
tlag
agpi
pi33 su
suss ib
ibrn
rnss hi
higi
gi ji
jiss `a
`arn
rnjm
jmis
is fa
fakr
kris
is y tr
trlj
ljha
ha qu
quam
amnr
nrnf
nf
lfgirtnjlznmis pnrn jn atarflmnm.
puabji maj firta ma jis Nfmas parunfis. Afhjnvnmi af jns njturns y ma mleçhlj nhhasi,
`nbçn
`nbçn hi
hifsa
fsarvn
rvnmi
mi su hn
hnrî
rîhta
htarr rur
rurnj
nj y arn pra
prami
miglf
glfnf
nfta
tagaf
gafta
ta ga
gastl
stlzi
zi y ma `n
`nbjn
bjn
engljln Unjjaoi, jn ÿjtlgn ma miha `argnfis, eirgø ufn axtafsn ram neahtlvn. Xus pnmras
euarif Ernfhlshi ma Tnujn Unjjaoi y Gnrçn ma jis Xnftis Gafmizn, ngbis `lois ma
=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
snharmitas aspnþijas. Xus engljlnras `nf mlh`i qua hunfmi arn flþi, glstarlisngafta
ouknbn `ngbrlafti y ribnbn pnf maj `irfi pnrn higarji af sahrati. af itrn ihnsløf
nelrgø qua jis pnjis qua `nbçn sakulmi pir aj suaji arnf ufn hnrtn n su gnmra
Unjjaoi tuvi su prlgar ngnfahar af ufn zifn nfmlfn firtaþn ma rnzn gastlzn y ma jn zifn
hntøjlhis, ufn engljln `ugljma pari nhigimnmn, af aj safi ma ufn hujturn lfmçkafn y
fahaslmnm maj `ngbra, qua n gnfarn ihujtn higçn pnf irfanmi y qua njkufn vaz ashrlblø
Unjjaoi eua uf piatn, qua `lsi ma su mijir jn bnsa ma su piasçn. Eua aj `igbra `argnfi,
`igbra qua pnmaha qua nf`ajn y hifeçn. Hunfmi ji jaagis ji tafagis prasafta, qua su
Unjjaoi eua ufn parsifn qua suerlø guh`i af aj trnfshursi ma timn su vlmn y asti sa puama
nprahlnr af njkufns ma sus ibrns qua ashrlblø3 timis snbagis qua af sus piasçns
afhiftrngis aj suerlglafti ma jn `ugnflmnm, timi pir ji qua pnsi pnrn jikrnr fi eua fnmn
eîhlj ma ranjlznr, hugpjlø sus iboatlvis hif asgari y mamlhnhløf ìj fufhn sa rlfmlø nfta
hunjqular nmvarslmnm.
1
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Tripuastn agprafmamirn?
Jis agprafmamiras hujturnjas pripifaf lmans hrantlvns y sus pripuastns vnf masma
p>)
pribjagns sihlnjas, higi jn lkunjmnm, aj raspati. y pnrn axprasnr astns lmans ji jikrnf
`nhar n trnvìs ma ibrns ma tantri, saglfnrlis timn hjnsa gamlis numlivlsunjas. Jns
pripuastns agprafmamirns
agprafmamirns puamaf
puamaf agpaznr
agpaznr mìbljas, pari sa eirtnjahaf hif gamlmn
gamlmn nvnfzn
aj priyahti. Jns pripuastns ma astis priyahtis mabaf sar pafsnmns hif hlarti krnmi ma
nutifigçn as mahlr qua fi mapafmnf ma ufn agprasn i maj astnmi hjnri qua puamaf
ihurrlr njlnfzn, pari asi as guy mlstlfti n mapafmar ma njkulaf. Jis lmanmiras mabaf tafar
Fuastrn pripuastn
pripuastn agprafmamirn
agprafmamirn as pimar ranjlznr
ranjlznr uf vlmai mihugaftnj,
mihugaftnj, pnrn qua jn kafta
hifizhn fi siji jn vlmn fatn ma vnjjaoi slfi aj ¹Høgi9, ¹Huîfmi9 ¹Tir quì9 \ ¹Tnrn
quì9 Ashrlblø ufn ma sus ibrns gîs raprasaftntlvns jjngnmn trljha. Lfeirgnfmi n timis jn
Aj agprafmlglafti hujturnj?
Aj ag
agpr
praf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti hu
hujt
jtur
urnj
nj sa ma
mael
elfa
fa hi
higi
gi jn nh
nhhl
hløf
øf ml
mlrl
rlkl
klmn
mn n `n
`nbj
bjnr
nr ma uf
5
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
hnma
hnmafn
fnss ma vn
vnji
jirr n flv
flvaj
aj lfm
lfmus
ustrl
trlnj
nj y pri
primu
muht
htlvi
lvi,, pa
pari
ri tn
tngb
gblìf
lìf raq
raqula
ulara
ra vn
vnji
jiras
ras,,
lfstltuhlifas hif uf krnf pjnf astrntìklhi y `nbljlmnmas. Ajjn trntn ma rasnjtnr aj pjnf
astrn
astrntì
tìklh
klhii ma jns hi
hirpi
rpirnh
rnhlif
lifas
as y su pri
pripli
pli fa
faki
kihli
hli pn
pnrn
rn As
Astn
tnmi
miss Qfl
Qflmis
mis.. Jn
pnrn pimar higpatlr y ibtafar uf buaf elfnj af jis nspahtis higufltnrlis. Jjaknr n jn
priyahtis agprafmamiras,
agprafmamiras, aftafmlmis
aftafmlmis higi prihasis
prihasis ma eufmnhløf
eufmnhløf ma nhtlvlmnmas,
nhtlvlmnmas,
priyahtis, agprasns
agprasns juhrntlvns i fi, ma çfmija ahiføglhn,
ahiføglhn, sihlnj,
sihlnj, pijçtlhn, i tngblìf
tngblìf sa
aj astumli maj agprafmamir agprasnrli, qua as ufn parsifn qua lmaftlhn ufn
aj raspati. \ pnrn axprasnr astns lmans ji jikrnf `nhar n trnvìs ma ibrns ma tantri,
;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
saglfnrli
saglfnrliss timn hjns
hjnsaa gaml
gamlis
is numli
numlivlsu
vlsunjas
njas.. Jns prip
pripuastn
uastnss agpr
agprafma
afmamirn
mirnss puam
puamaf
af
agpaznr mìbljas, pari sa eirtnjahaf hif gamlmn nvnfzn aj priyahti. Jns pripuastns ma
astis priyahtis mabaf sar pafsnmns hif hlarti krnmi ma nutifigçn as mahlr qua fi
mapafmnf ma ufn agprasn i maj astnmi hjnri qua puamaf ihurrlr njlnfzn pari asi as guy
hujturnj, snbar agpjanr astrntaklns hif raspati nj pÿbjlhi y var nj agprafmlglafti higi
8.8 Mihugaftnj?
Maelflhløf ma mihugaftnj
aspa
aspahl
hlnj
njga
gaft
ftaa af tl
tlag
agpi
piss af ji
jiss qu
quaa uf as
aspn
pnhl
hlii ma pi
pisg
sgim
imar
arfl
flsg
sgii y jj
jjaf
afii ma
ngntaurlsgi
ngntaurlsgi (slf vìrtlha ma jn eartljlmnm ma Bnumajnlra vlvlmi) ¹Rah`nzn maelflhlifas
maelflhlifas y
slstag
slstagns
ns hi
hifh
fhap
aptun
tunja
jass pi
pirr lf
lfhi
higp
gpata
atafh
fhln
ln i pa
paraz
raznn y slf mn
mnrsa
rsa hu
huaf
aftn
tn ma qu
quaa jis
slstagns taørlhi, pijçtlhi y sihlnj fi sif ji glsgi9 ¹As pislbja jn maelflhløf y, af timi
hnsi, masanbja y nmahunmn9 ¹I mabarçngis hifslmarnr jns pnutns astnbjahlmns pir tnftis
hifti
hiftirfi
rfiss qu
quaa tim
timnn lgn
lgnklf
klfnh
nhløf
løf y np
nprix
rixlgn
lgnhl
hløf
øf ga
gaft
ftnj
nj n jn ran
ranjlm
jlmnm
nm ra
raqul
qulara
araff .
Mihugaftnj @lstørlhi
0
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
mlshu
mlshursi
rsi `ls
`lstør
tørlh
lhii hi
hiff jn gls
glsgn
gn vl
vlka
kafh
fhln
ln qu
quaa itr
itris
is jaf
jafku
kuno
noas
as,, nf
nfta
ta aj ma
masn
sneçi
eçi ma
mlfnglsgi qua ja `nf mnmi. maba vijvarsa, sa vuajva higpjaoi ufn y itrn vaz hif sus
ajagaftis fnrrntlvis y tìhflhis aspahlnjas pnrn ntrnar jn ntafhløf maj pÿbjlhi (Blbjnt,
pnrn sar sijlmnrli aj `igbra tlafa qua juh`nr? ‚Juh`nr pir timis y juh`nr pnrn qua aj
lfmlvlmui san uf `igbra…. Tnrn qua aj gufmi aftari san uf siji `igbra ‗(Bntnjjns).
<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
n jns parsifns. Tari ajjn fi qulara uf `igbra pareahti, qulara qua san higpjatngafta
`ugnfi, aquljlbrnmi. Tir asi su piasçn fi lftaftn hnutlvnr, slfi tagbjnr3 fi qulara
Unjjaoi gamlnfta sus ibrns trntn ma hifvafhar, ma `nhar aftafmar nj `igbra qua glaftrns
gîs `ugnfis sangis, aj gufmi hngblnrî, raelrlìfmisa n qua timis pimagis vajnr pir jis
qua sueraf,
sueraf, y fi paf
pafsnr
snr sø
søji
ji af fis
fisitr
itris,
is, Hasnr
Hasnr Unj
Unjjao
jaoii vlv
vlvlø
lø aj sue
suerlg
rlglaf
lafti,
ti, jns
lfoustlhlns, as pir ajji qua ji maon pjnsgnmi as sus ibrns, y qua `nstn n`irn parmurn, ìj
Tari higi afentlzn Oirka Bnsnmra? ‚Mabnoi pnrjitan ufn agihløf `ugnfn vltnj, sa
vlvafhlns ma pibrazn, prlsløf y sijamnm sa raejaonf af ufn vlmn qua fi tlafa saftlmi,
mifma aj mijir y aj tirgafti qua aftrlstaha n jis `igbras, jis `uìrenfis, uf gufmi
`istlj huyn raftn timis qularaf hibrnr, oufti hif aj mujha rahuarmi ma jn lfenfhln y maj
`iknr qua ja `n nrrabntnmi aj tlagpi y ufn lgprashlfmlbja sijlmnrlmnm hif jis qua
sueraf y hif jis astîf suprlglmis. Guh`is piagns sif nutiblikrîelhis3 pari astis
gitlvis sif ufn rnzøf pnrn mashafmar n jns aftrnþns gîs prieufmns maj sar (><01, pnrr
>0)
ngnmn. Qf mijir qua fi puama suparnr y axlsta af aj høgi uf krnf jngafti, pimagis
pìrmlmn ma uf sar quarlmi, hif jis hunjas quamnf bajjis rahuarmis qua ji `nhaf sakulr
vlvi af tu hirnzøf. Unjjaoi fis afsaþn n maonr aj mijir pjnsgîfmiji af ufn ibrn, nsç
glsgi higi fisitris pimagis avnmlr uf glsgi mijir mlstrnyafmi jn gafta y afknþnfmi
nj hirnzøf.
>4
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Af hunfti n su tìhflhn piìtlhn, `ny ufn rupturn hif ji hifihlmi maj piatn. Af asta hnsi,
y rlgns y utljlznfmi pnjnbrns guy hujtlvnmns, n vahas nftlkuns, qua ji `nhaf guy mleçhlj
pipujnras. Jis piagns sif `argìtlhis, huaftnf jn `lstirln, pari slf pimar var mabnoi,
higi sl qulslarnf trnznr ufn jçfan aftra jn sihlamnm y aj nutir. ]imns sus axparlafhlns
af aj gigafti af qua ashrlblø astn ibrn jns jjafnrif ma mijir, glami y ufn safsnhløf ma
gnyirçn ma elkurns jltarnrlns qua ìj sijçn utljlznr, pari jis tìrglfis lgplmaf nfnjlznr gîs
n eifmi timi aj hiftaflmi qua `n pjnsgnmi aj piatn. As pir asi, qua mabagis nprahlnr
asta jlstnmi ma piagns, qua sl blaf as hlarti `nf rasujtnmi higpjlhnmis, ji qua fi vnrçn as
>>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
LU. KQLIF
Mihugaftnj ‚]rljha‗
Eifmi
]axti (ashrlti, axprasnmi pir Raspifsnbja ma
guslhnj i Lgnkaf i ashafn
parsifnoa i af iee) amlhløf
aeahti sifiri
Lgîkafas?
- Ibrn trljha
>2
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hìsnr
Hìsnr Unj
Unjjao
jaoii eua hif
hifslm
slmarn
arnmi
mi
higi ufi ma jis gnyiras
lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn af aj
slkji PP y tngblìf eua aj
gîxl
gîxlgi
gi ax
axpi
pifa
faft
ftaa qu
quaa gî
gîss
rasnjtø ma fuastri pnçs, Unjjaoi
fis `nha saftlr irkujjisi, pirqua
fiss rah
fi rahuar
uarmn
mn qua jis pa
parun
runfis
fis
tafagis nj piatn gîs krnfma ma
timi
timi aj sl
slkj
kjii PP
PP.. Un
Unjj
jjao
aoii eu
euaa
ufnn pa
uf pars
rsif
ifnn qu
quaa hi
higi
gi ti
timi
miss
Unjjaoi uf krnf jltarnti
fisitris pnsø pir jis lfeirtuflis Uiz y Amlhløf?
af aj gufmi
ma jn vlmn, guh`i ma asti sa Tarlh`a
Tarlh`a ^uara
^uaravnjÿ
vnjÿ
puama nprahlnr af sus ibrns qua Oisa
Oisap`
p` Knbr
Knbrlaj,
laj, y
Mnfy Gnfuaj
ashrlblø, timis snbagis qua af Ejiras Hnstljji
sus piaiassçn
çnss afhif
iftr
trnngis aj
suer
suerlg
lgla
laft
ftii ma jn `u
`ugn
gnfl
flmn
mnmm
pjnsgnmis jatrn pir jatrn, qua
timi
timi aj ra
rahi
hirr
rrlm
lmii qu
quaa Un
Unjj
jjao
aoii
`lzzi fi eu
`l euaa fnmn safh
fhlj
ljji
ji y
guh`i gafis ja raknjnrif fnmn,
timi sa jikrø n bnsa ma asgari y
snhnrlelhnhløf ma su pnrta.
>8
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
euarif?
Jis `arnjmis fakris
(><>0, Aj piagnrli
mastnhø pir su afirga
vnjir jçrlhi).
piatn
]rljha (><22), piagnrli
Enbjn
fivajnsnjvnoa
hirtn (><28),
]ufkstafi (><8>),
fivajn sihlnj
Unjjaoi `n slmi y sarî
lfsplrnhløf pnrn parsifns qua sa
nvafturnf n sakulr jn jltarnturn,
yn qua af vlmn eua fuastri
gîxlgi rappra
ra rassaftnfta, su
figbra as mleçhlj i lgpislbja ma
Ulmai
ijvlmnr, sus ashrltis y sus
pnjnbrns quamnrif
Blikrneçn ma lfgirtnjlznmis pnrn aj gnþnfn y
Hìsnr Unjjaoi timis mabaf ma snbar qulìf eua
Unjjaoi y aj pirquì ma sus
ashrltis.
- Ulmn ma Hasnr
Unjjaoi
Aj `iknr gîs slkflelhntlvi pnrn Ulmai?
- Eitikrneçns ma
maj hasnrr vn
hasn vnjj
jjao
aoii eu
euaa Xn
Xnft
ftln
lnki
ki ma Kuarrari Ousti
nutir h`uhi, astn sa afhuaftrn ublhnmi
Jaflf Ejirlnfi
af jn sarrnfçn maj mapnrtngafti
- Ulmai
ma jn jlbartnm, vnjjaoi fnhlø uf Amlhløf?
>5 ma gnrzi ma ><02, sus pnmras
Mnfy Gnfuaj
euarif
euarif mif ern
ernfhl
fhlshi
shi ma pn
pnujn
ujn
Ejiras Hnstljji
vnjjaoi y ma Gnrçn ma jis snftis
ma Gafmizn su pnmra nj hunj sa
mlstlfkuçn pir sar ma hnpnz ma
>=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
su gn
gnmmra miþn Gn
Gnrç
rçnn ma ji
jiss
Xnftis Gafmizn ufn guoar qua
mamlhnbn su tlagpi af jis
jnbiras ma su krnfmlisi `iknr,
eruti
eruti ma as
asnn ra
rajn
jnhl
hløf
øf tu
tuvi
vi >2
`loi
`loiss sl
slaf
afmi
mi jn ga
gafi
firr ha
hasn
snr
r
vnjjaoi.
jlta
jltarn
rntu
turn
rn af jn uf
uflv
lvaars
rslm
lmnnm
fnhhli
fn liffnj ma ]ru
ruol
oljj
jjii, mi
mifm
fmaa
jn piasçn hnstajjnfn
- Unjjaoi af prlsløf
>1
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
>5
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
- ¹Huîj eu
eua jn rnzøf Fuastri krnf piatn y nutir Hasnr Uiz y amlhløf?
ma Unjjaoi pnrn Unjj
Unjjao
aoii sa lf
lfsp
splrø
lrø af su kr
krnf
nf
Kilhih`an
pubjlhnr aj piagnrli trljha, n jn krnf
Huzhnfi Brafmn
piagnrli ]rljha9 trnka
trnkaml
mlnn qu
quaa fu
fuas
astr
trii nu
nuti
tirr `n
Astaenfl
vlvlmi n sus 24 nþis.
Mnfy Gnfuaj
Fuastri krnf piatn y ashrltir
Ejiras Hnstljji
Unjjaoi tuvi ufn krnf pìrmlmn af
jis nþis ma ><>0 parmlø n jn
parsifn qua gîs ngnbn af jn
nrr
rriionmi n uf hnjnbizi af
]ruoljji mifma pargnfahlø >>2
>;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
- Nrt
rtççhuji ‚]rl
rljjha‗ gîs
engi
en lgpirtnfta
gisi
si pi atnn ypa
piat rahifihlmi
paru
runf
nfii Hì maj
Hìsn
snr
r Køgaz Ejiras
>0
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
- Tirtn
Tirtnmn
mn ma
majj jl
jlbr
brii Unjjao
Unjjaoii as uf
ufnn ib
ibrn
rn hn
hnpl
pltn
tnjj ma jn
piasçn uflvarsnj gimarfn y jn
Hugbra maj vnfkunrmlsgi
piìtlhi af jn jafkun aspnþijn
Unjjaoi higafzø n ramnhtnr astis
ashrltis af ><>0 pari su gnyir
pnrta ^uì pnsø ramnhtnfmi aj
piagnrli trljha eua af aj nþi
slkulafta y af ><22 euarif sus
ÿjtlgis piagns eua lgprasn jn
prlgarn amlhløf af jis tnjjaras ma
jn pafltafhlnrçn ma Jlgn hif 244
aoagpjnra
aoag pjnras.s. Unjja
Unjjaoioi praih
praihupnm
upnmii Earfnfmi Ribarti
`nstnn aj pufti ma fi snba
`nst snbarr higi
tltujn
tltujnrr su pi piagn
agnrlirli ìj mahmahlml
lmløø
iptn
ip tnrr pi
pirr rarapa
patl
tlrr vn
vnrlrlns
ns va
vahahass
tras taflafmi af huaftn qua jns Mnfy Gnfuaj
pnjnbrns rapatlmns sa lbnf Ejiras Hnstljji
maei
ma eirg
rgnfnfmi
mi `n`nst
stnn eieirg
rgnr
nr tra
trass
]rls trnha y sa ja trnbø jn jafkun
y ei eirg
rgøø hif uf sas asaai trtrlj
ljhha
Afti
Af tifh
fhas
as sa qu quam amøø pa pafs
fsnt
ntlv
lvii
pari axhjngø buafi jjngnrì nj
jlbr
jlbrii tr trlj
ljha
ha asastn
tn va varsrslø
løff sa
sarîrî
nutì
nu tìft
ftlh
lhn.
n. Aj pi piagagnr nrli
li as astî
tî
hifeir
hif eirgnm
gnmii pir ;; pi piagn
agn slf
tçtuji y slf lftarrugplr y krnhlns
n astn pahujlnrlmnm ma astruhturn
jis ørknfis aj figbra ma
trljhanfn
Unjjao
Unjj aoii af su pi piag
agnrnrli
li tr
trlj
ljha
ha
hnmn piagn ashrlti aj raejaon jn
trls
trlsta
tazn
zn y jn mu mujz
jzur
urnn pn
pnrn
rn ns
nsçç
pimar Rasnjtnr uf siji Uiz?
- ¹^uì maguastrn af saftlglafti yn qua jns
aj varsi9 hlrhufstnf
hlrhu fstnfhlns
hlns hunf
hunfmi
mi ashr
ashrlblø
lblø Køgaz Ejiras
trljha jn astnbn pnsnfmi guy gnj Earfnfmi Ribarti
pari jibarçn ma uf gimi mujha
vaçn njakra y mahlmlø pjnsgnr af
sus piagns
- Jis saftlglaftis Knbrlaj? Lfv
Lfvast
astlkn
lknfmi
fmi gî
gîss n Uiz y amlhløf?
magistrnmis af
><
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
saftlglaftis y agihlifas
afhiftrn
afhi ftrnmis,
mis, higi sa prasaftn
prasaftn
af aj piagn ma trljha fÿgari LL,
af aj hunj axprasn y rajntn jn
tagpirnjlmnm elfltn ma jn
parsifn, hifmuhlìfm
hifmuhlìfmiji
iji nj mijir
suerlg
suerlglaf
lafti,
ti, lfh
lfhjus
jusii `n
`nstn
stn jis
gîs tnfklbja hunfmi sa
axpa
axparl
rlga
gaft
ftnn aj hî
hîfh
fhar
ar.. As n`
n`çç
Knbrlaj? Aj pi
piag
agnn PP
PPPU
PULL
axprasn aj riha hif jn bajjazn,
hif jn pnz jn nrgifçn y jn
slgatrçn, astn vaz afhnrfnmn af
afta higi jn mlisn Uafus, af
ufnn lm
uf lman
anjl
jlzn
znhl
hløf
øf hj
hjîs
îslh
lhnn ma
majj
ngir, glaftrns qua jn fivln, jn
24
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Ast`aenfy? Af aj piagn
PPPULP, `nbjn ma jis pjnharas
ma ml
mlse
seru
rutn
tnrr ji
jiss gnfo
gnfonr
nras
as,, ji
jiss
njlgaftis, jis jlhiras, jis
hlknrris, aj pnf, aj hneì, y sibra
timi aj pimar tafar snjum pnrn
vlvl
vlvlrr uf
ufnn vl
vlmn
mn pj
pjaf
afnn y pi
pima
mar
r
kiznr ma ajjn.
Ast`aenfy? Hn
Hnba
ba rah
rahnjh
njhnr
nr qua
Hasnr Unjjaoi higi piatn
parunfi ashrlblø, axprasø, y
gnfleastø af uf jlbri jjafi ma
fuaavn atn
fu tnppn ma su aoa
oarh
rhlh
lhli
li
2>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
piìtlhi y `ugnfçstlhi
`ugnfçstlhi
aftirf
aftirfii ma Un
Unjj
jjao
aoi,
i, hi
higi
gi jn
guarta ma su gnmra, n su
`argnfi y aj tlagpi qua astuvi
af prlsløf ma gnfarn lfoustn.
N qulaf vn mlrlklmn
Raej
Raejax
axli
lifn
fngi
giss - Tirq
Tirqua
ua aj fi
figb
gbra
ra Hasnr Unjjaoi raspifmlø af ufn Uiz y amlhløf?
aftravlstn qua sa ja `lsi af aj @arfîfmaz Hnrbnonj
trljha?
nþi ma ><8>, aj parlimlstn
aspnþij Hasnr Kifznjas Rinfi Juls Glkuaj
- Gafsnoa ma jn ibrn ja prakufti sibra aj slkflelhnmi
maj tçtuji ma su piagn ‚]rljha‗,
n ji hu hunj
nj aj pi
piatatnn ra
rasp
spif
ifml
mlø?
ø?
‚N`, puas ]rljha fi qulara mahlr
fnmn. Fi afhiftrnbn, af gl neîf,
flfkufn pnjnbrn hif mlkflmnm ma
tçtuji, y aftifhas jn lfvaftì‗.
22
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Higi sa - ]rljha af jn nhtunjlmnm Jn ibrn trljha, as ufn ibrn guy Uiz y amlhløf?
guastrn jn ibrn afrl
afrlqu
quah
aham
amir
irnn y nj
njki
ki hi
hife
feus
usnn Irtlz Hnjmarøf
Uarsis
]rljha aj mçn ma Mnfyajn Nftunfatta
mçn pnrn
pjnsgnmis aj mçn njkufis, pari
`iy ma `iy parsifnjgafta `ny ufn pnrta qua
Hasn
Hasnrr Un
Unjj
jjaaoi fn
fnrr
rrnn qu
quaa sa
nslgljn guh`i n jn nhtunjlmnm,
asta varsi mlha? ‚Nj birma ma uf
sapujh
sapujhri
ri eji
ejirah
rahlmi
lmi trn
trnfsh
fshurr
urraf
af
mis gnrçns jjirnfmi, jjirnfmi n
gnras‗.
28
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
¹Huîjj eu
¹Huî euaa su lg
lgpr
pras
aslø
løff ma jn
ibrn trljha9 (Çtnji Rify Girnjas
Mlarn nutir ma jn ibrn? Aj nujjnr
ma jns `irglkns)
Buafi af prlgar juknr uf pihi
hifhartnfta pirqua as ufn ibrn
mlstlftn, uf jlbri lffivnmir, y ji
qua `nha vnjjaoi as `nhar
axtrag
axt ragii su vnvnfku
fkunrm
nrmlsg
lsgi.
i. Tir
asi jjakn `nhar ufn ibrn mleçhlj,
pir jn eirgn fugarisn qua tuvi
vnjj
vn jjaaoi pnrn ei eirg
rguj
ujnnr uf
ufiis
varsis qua fi sa noustnbnf n jn
trn
rnmmlhløf piìtlhn ma nquaj
aftifh
aft ifhas,
as, pir
pirqua
qua pim
pimagi
agiss va
var
r
qua astan piagn
mlstlfti eua titnjgafta
ji ma n`irn
Ulmais (vçn ziig) Raspifsnbja?
Aftravlstn ¹Hraa qua jn ibrn ji puamn jaar y Mnfy Gnfuaj
aftafmar hunjqular parsifn aj mçn Ejiras Hnstljji
ma `iy9
Hjnri, pari sl uf oivaf jaa jn
ibrn sa ja vn n rasujtnr mleçhlj,
lgnkçfnta slsl jn gnyirçn ma kafta
ma asa aftifhas fi ji aftafmlø
guh`i slafmi pars rsiifns ma
jahturn hujtns aj mçn ma `iy vn n
rasujtnr mleçhlj.
Jaarjn hif uf higaftnrlstn qya
yn ji `nyn jalm pnrn qua ji puamn
jaar, nufqua fi slagpra as nsl,
pirqua jn piasçn as higpjlhnmn
`ah`n ma agihløf i nvahaas pir
rltgi. Mnrja fi siji ufn jahturn
slfi vnrlns af mlstlftis
gigaftis
Hifhjusløf Ulmai Buafi pimagis hifhjulr Uiz y amlhløf?
mlhlafmi
tnft
tnftis
is glqua
glst astn
star
arlis, ibrn
lis, `nþnfz
afsa
af trnçmi
saþnfzns
ns,, Mnfy Gnfuaj
2=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
pnrn
figbramagistrnr quaìj. flfkÿf
arn mlkfi pnrn
Ulgiss hu
Ulgi hunj
nj eu
euaa aj gi
gitl
tlvi
vi ma
Ejiras Hnstljji
`nhar astn ibrn tnf higpjlhnmn
lfhjusi n pimar lftarpratnrjn.
Xnbar jn vlmn ma fuastri piatn y
jn `argisn ibrn qua ashrlblø as
gnrnvljjisi y quamn guh`i pir
nprafm
nprafmar,
ar, si
siji
ji as
aspa
parng
rngis
is qu
quaa
asta
asta mi
mihu
huga
gaft
ftnj
nj `n
`nyn
yn sl
slmi
mi ma
krnf nyumn a lfeirgntlvi pnrn tu
parsifn. Krnhlns.
Krnhlns.
Hrìmltis
21
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
LLL.
LLL. Gn
Gnrh
rhii ta
taør
ørlh
lhii /
Xubtagns gafiras Npajjlmis y figbras
Xubtagns
Kilhih
Kilh ih`a
`ann Hu
Huzh
zhnf
nfii Br
Braf
afmn
mn
8.2 Agprafmlglafti Aj agprafmlglafti hujturnj
hujturnj Astaenfl
Agprafmlglafti
Agprafmlg lafti hujtur
hujturnj?
nj? Higi
priyahti. Ejiras Hnstljji Mnfy Gnfuaj
25
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Nftunfatta
Hîtamrn Unjjaoi
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N >
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
lffivDs. `ttps?//slhraaslff
`ttps?//slhraaslffivns.hig/hasn
ivns.hig/hasnr-vnjjaoi-af-aj-hirnzif-ma
r-vnjjaoi-af-aj-hirnzif-ma-su-puabji/
-su-puabji/
Hltn taxtunj
2;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
qua sup
supii ma sue
suerlg
rlglaf
lafti,
ti, ma jn gls
glsarl
arln,
n, ma jn lfo
lfoust
ustlhl
lhlnn qul
qulaf
af as
astuv
tuvii afh
afhnrh
nrhajn
ajnmi
mi
lfoustngafta.. S…W Eua aj piatn sçgbiji maj ngir `ugnfi, ma jn uflmnm y ma jn asparnfzn.
lfoustngafta
Af sus piagns afhuaftrnf su gîs elaj axprasløf? aj flþi, aj pibra, aj `igbra qua suera, qua
suaþn y qua asparn. S…W Tir ajji S…W hunfmi ji jaagis, saftlgis af ji gîs prieufmi ma
fuastri
fuastri sar qua njki guy fuastri astî njjç pras
prasafta
afta.. Xu piasçn rasuga timi aj lfelflti
jn irenfmnm. Unjjaoi eua Hifslmarnmi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn maj
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
Unjjaoi eua uf piatn, qua `lzi ma su mijir jn bnsa ma su piasçn. Eua aj `igbra `argnfi,
qua sup
supii ma sue
suerlg
rlglaf
lafti,
ti, ma jn gls
glsarl
arln,
n, ma jn lfo
lfoust
ustlhl
lhlnn qul
qulaf
af as
astuv
tuvii afh
afhnrh
nrhajn
ajnmi
mi
lfoustngafta.. Xu sçgbiji eua maj ngir `ugnfi, ma jn uflmnm y ma jn asparnfzn. Afhiftrngis
lfoustngafta
af sus piagns su gîs elaj axprasløf? aj flþi, aj pibra, aj `igbra qua suera, qua suaþn y qua
aspa
as rn.. Hu
parn Hunf
nfmi
mi ji ja
jaag
agis
is ji ta
tafa
fagi
giss pr
pras
asaf
afta
ta.. Xu piasçn
piasçn rasuga
rasuga timi
timi aj lfelfl
lfelflti
ti
suerlglafti
suerlglafti ma jn `ugn
`ugnflmnm. Unjjaoi eua Hifslmarnmi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras
flmnm.
ma jn piasçn maj slkji PP y aj gîxlgi axpifafta ma jns jatrns af su pnçs. (Bnrrati, @. O,
24>; pîrr. >-=)
Higaftnrli
Unjjaoi eua ufn parsifn qua suerlø guh`i af aj trnfshursi ma timn su vlmn y asti sa puama
nprahlnr af njkufns ma sus ibrns qua ashrlblø, timis snbagis qua af sus piasçns
eua fnmn eîhlj ma ranjlznr, hugpjlø sus iboatlvis hif asgari y mamlhnhløf, ìj fi sa rlfmlø.
20
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
2<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N >
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? Tarelj ma Unjjaoi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Unjjaoi uf krnf lffivnmir ma jn piasçn af aj slkji PP . (24><, > gnrzi). ]v Aspnþij.
`ttps?//tvaspnfij.fat/aspahlnjas/2
`ttps?//tvaspnfij.fat/aspahlnjas/24></8/>/hsnr-nbrn`ng
4></8/>/hsnr-nbrn`ng-vnjjaoi-krnf-lffivnmir-
-vnjjaoi-krnf-lffivnmir-
ma-jn-piasn-maj-slkji-xx
Hifslm
Hifslmarn
arnmi
mi ufi ma jis gny gnyira
irass Unjjaoi
Unjjaoi eua hifslmarn
hifslmarnmi
mi ufi ma jis
lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn maj slkji gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn
PP y aj gîxlgi axpifafta ma jns
jatrns af su pnçs,
pnçs, Hìsnr Nbrn`ng Hi Hifs
fslm
lmar
arnm
nmii uf
ufii ma jijiss maj slkji PP y aj gîxlgi
Unjjaoi Gafmizn eua uf piatn y gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn
axpifafta ma jns jatrns af su pnçs,
ashrltir parunfi. piasçn maj slkji PP y aj
gîxlgi
gîx lgi axpifa
axpifafta
fta ma jns ‚aj
‚aj gîs
gîs kr
krnf
nfma
ma pi
piat
atnn hntø
hntøjl
jlhi
hi
jatrns
jatrns af su pnçs, ‚aj gîs masma Mnfta, y pir hntøjlhi
Af ipiplf
lflø
løff maj
maj hrçt
hrçtlh
lhii ]`
]`ig
ignsns krnfma piatn hntøjlhi masma aftl
aftlaf
afmi
mi uf
uflv
lvar
arsn
snj‗
j‗ y ‚aj
‚aj gî
gîss
Gartif, ‚aj‚aj gîgîss krkrnf
nfma
ma pi atnn Mnfta, y pir hntøjlhi
piat
hntøjlhi masma Mnfta, y pir hntøjlhi aft aftlaf
lafmi
mi uflvar
uflvarsnj
snj‗‗ y ‚aj krnfma piatn maj slkji PP af timis
aftlafmi uflvarsnj‗ y sakÿf Gnrtlf gîs krnfma piatn maj slkji jis lmligns‗3 pubjlhø af Jlgn sus
Xayg
Xaygiuiur-X
r-Xgl
glt`
t`,, ‚aj
‚aj gîgîss kr
krnfma PP af timis jis lmligns‗
nfma
piatn maj slkji PP af timis jis mi
miss pr
prlg
lgar
aris
is pi
piag
agnr
nrli
lis?
s? Jis
Jis
lmligns‗ `arnjm
`arnjmis
is fakris
fakris (><>0)
(><>0) y ]rl
]rljha
jha
Unjjaoi pubjlhø af Jlgn sus mis Unjjaoi pubjlhø af Jlgn sus (><22) astn slkflelhn yn jn hranhløf
84
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
prlgaris piagnrlis
piagnrlis?? Jis `arnjmis
fakris (><>0),
(><>0), hif piasçns qua, sl mi
miss prlg
prlgar
aris
is piag
piagnrnrli
lis?
s?
blaf af aj nspahti eirgnj sif Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>0)
timnvç
timnvçnn ma eljeljlnh
lnhløf
løf gimarf
gimarflst
lstn,
n, y ]rljha (><22) astn
hifstltuyaf n jn vaz aj higlafzi ma slkflelhn yn jn hranhløf ma
jn bÿsquamn ma ufn mlearafhlnhløf uf jafk
jafkun
unoa
oa pi
piìt
ìtlh
lhii guy
guy
axpr
axpras
aslvn3 y ]rljha (><22
lvn3 (><22)), ib
ibrnrn parsifnj, hilfhlmlafmi hif
qua slkflelhn yn jn hranhløf ma uf jn lrruphløf maj
jafk
jafkun
unoa
oa pipiìt
ìtlh
lhii gu
guyy papars
rsif
ifnj
nj,, vnfkunrmlsgi n flv
lvaaj
hilfhlmlafmi hif jn lrruphløf maj gufmlnj.
vnfkunrmlsgi n flvaj gufmlnj.
Hltn ma rasugaf
Unjjaoi eua hifslmarnmi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn maj slkji PP y aj
gîxlgi axpifafta ma jns jatrns af su pnçs, ‚aj gîs krnfma piatn hntøjlhi masma Mnfta, y
pir hntøjlhi aftlafmi uflvarsnj‗ y ‚aj gîs krnfma piatn maj slkji PP af timis jis
lmligns‗3 pubjlhø af Jlgn sus mis prlgaris piagnrlis? Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>0) y
]rljha
]rljha (><22)
(><22) as
astn
tn slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhn yn jn hra
hranh
nhløf
løf ma uf jafkun
jafkunoa
oa pi
piìtl
ìtlhi
hi guy pa
parsi
rsifn
fnj,j,
rajntis, Asa glsgi nþi pnrtlø `nhln Auripn y su guarta raslmlø af Tnrçs.
Ulvlø maj parlimlsgi higpjagaftnmi hif trnbnois ma trnmuhhløf y mihafhln. (24><, >
gnrzi). ]v Aspnþij.
8>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Higaftnrli
Unjjaoi eua hifslmarnmi higi ufi ma jis gnyiras lffivnmiras ma jn piasçn af aj slkji
PP y tngblìf eua aj gîxlgi axpifafta ma fuastri pnçs, ga slafti irkujjisi nj snbar qua
tafagis nj piatn gîs krnfma ma timi aj slkji PP3 Unjjaoi eua y sarî ufi ma jis gaoiras y
ÿflhis af su tlpi, lfhjusi hif aj pnsnr maj tlagpi, sus ibrns higi Jis `arnjmis fakris y
]itnj
82
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N >
Raspifsnbja?
Tarlh`a ^uaravnjÿ, Oisap` Knbrlaj
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//www.brltnfflhn.hig/blikrnp`y/Hasnr-Unjjaoi
Unjjaoi“s elrst biic ie piags, Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>03 ‚]`a Bjnhc @arnjms Sir
Gassaf
Gassafkar
karsW‗
sW‗),
), s`i
s`iwam
wam `lg stljj
stljj ufm
ufmar
ar t`a sty
styjls
jlstlh
tlh lfejua
lfejuafha
fha ie Tn
Tnrfn
rfnssl
sslnf
nflsg
lsg nf
nfmm
Gimarflsg
Gimarflsg lf `ls axpjirn
axpjirntlif
tlif ie w`nt wara ti ba `ls gnoir t`agas?
t`agas? `ls jiss ie sahu
sahurlty
rlty
w`af `ls git`ar nfm nf ijmar brit`ar mlam3 `ls rasujtlfk safsa ie t`a eutljlty nfm lf`araft
jlgltntlifs ie jlea3 nfm t`a lfnbljlty ie `ugnf balfks ti nh`lava t`alr pitaftlnj bahnusa ie
Lf ><24
><24 Un
Unjj
jjao
aoi“
i“ss lfvi
lfvijv
jvag
agaf
aftt lf pijl
pijltl
tlhn
hnjj gn
gntt
ttar
arss hi
hifh
fhar
arfl
flfk
fk Lf
Lfml
mlnf
nfss ja
jamm ti `l
`lss
lgprlsifgaft eir fanrjy t`raa gift`s. ]`ls axparlafha `alk`tafam `ls eaajlfk ie jiss nt
t`a mant` ie `ls git`ar nfm hiftrlbutam ti n stnta ie maprasslif t`nt wns ti tirgaft `lg
t`a rast ie `ls jlea. Ashnjns gajikrnelnmns (><223 ‚Guslhnj Xhnjas‗), n hijjahtlif ie s`irt
stirlas, nfm gnfy ie t`a gira higpjax piags ie ]rljha (><223 Afk. trnfs. ]rljha) wara
88
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
hifhalvam murlfk `ls lgprlsifgaft. Lf `ls gnoir wirc ]rljha, Unjjaoi slkfnjam `ls
lffivntlifs, nfm stnrtjlfk lgnkary, wlt` w`lh` `a siuk`t ti axprass t`a mlspnrlty t`nt `a
eajtt axl
eaj axlsta
stamm bat
batwaa
waaff `ug
`ugnf
nf nsplrn
nsplrntli
tlifs
fs nf
nfmm t`a jlg
jlgltn
ltntli
tlifs
fs lgp
lgpisa
isamm if pa
paipj
ipjaa by
blijiklhnj axlstafha
axlstafha nfm sihln
sihlnjj irknflzntlif.
Netar pubjls`lfk Enbujn snjvnoa (><283 ‚Xnvnka Xtiry‗), n s`irt psyh`ijiklhnj fivaj
nbiut t`a mahjlfa ie n gaftnjjy mlsturbam Lfmlnf, Unjjaoi jaet eir Tnrls nfm favar raturfam
ti `ls fntlva jnfm. Jlea lf Tnrls wns mleelhujt eir `lg3 `a bnrajy gnma n jlvlfk erig
trnfsjntlifs, jnfkunka tutirlfk, nfm pijltlhnj wrltlfk. But w`lja `a eajt jlca nf iutslmar
bahnusa ie `ls Lfmlnf `arltnka, `a suhhaamam lf astnbjls`lfk hiftnhts wlt` janmlfk nvnft-
knrma nrtlsts. @a capt lf tiuh` wlt` Taru by pubjls`lfk nrtlhjas lf Ngnutn, t`a oiurfnj
eiufmam by `ls erlafm Oisì Hnrjis Gnrlîtakul, eiufmar ie t`a Taruvlnf Higguflst Tnrty.
]rnmuhhløf
Aj prlgar jlbri ma piagns ma Unjjaoi, Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>03 "Jis `arnjmis fakris
pnrn njhnfznr
njhnfznr su pitafhlnj mablm
mablmii n jn iprasløf sihlnj y jn lfoustlh
lfoustlhln.
ln.
ji jjav
jjavøø n sar
sar afhn
afhnrh
rhaj
ajnm
nmii murn
murnft
ftaa hnsl
hnsl tras
tras ga
gasa
sas.
s. Astn
Astn ax
axpa
parl
rlaf
afhl
hlnn nu
nuga
gaft
ftøø su
8=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
guslhnjas‗), ufn hijahhløf ma huaftis, y guh`is ma jis piagns gîs higpjaois ma ]rljha
ibrn prlfhlpnj ]rljha, Unjjaoi saþnjø su rupturn titnj hif jn trnmlhløf nj lfhirpirnr
jns qua bushnbn axprasnr jn mlspnrlmnm qua saftçn qua axlstçn aftra jns nsplrnhlifas
irknflznhløf sihlnj.
Maspuìs ma pubjlhnr Enbujn snjvnoa (><283 ‚Xnvnka Xtiry‗), ufn brava fivajn pslhijøklhn
sibra aj mahjlva ma uf lfmli hif trnstirfis gaftnjas, Unjjaoi sa eua n Tnrçs y fufhn
rakrasø n su tlarrn fntnj. Jn vlmn af Tnrçs ja rasujtnbn mleçhlj3 Npafns sa knfnbn jn vlmn
eirnstari mablmi n su `arafhln lfmln, jikrø astnbjahar hiftnhtis hif mastnhnmis nrtlstns ma
ravlstn eufmnmn pir su nglki Oisì Hnrjis Gnrlîtakul, eufmnmir maj Tnrtlmi Higuflstn
Higaftnrli
Unjjaoi sa axprasø hif mijir y nfkustln, pnrn ìj asti eua uf lfhaftlva qua ji nyumø n snjlr
supi higi nhtunj y as pir asi qua timis mabagis ma nmglrnr su krnf jnbir qua ranjlza,
timis snbagis ji krnfma qua eua y sakulrî slafmi nsç pnsa guh`i tlagpi aj figbra ma
81
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
85
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N 2
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? Blikrneçn ma Unjjaoi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`tp?//www.sarjlb.hig/pmelbris/<;00=845441<1.pm
Hltn taxtunj
‚Hasnr vnjjaoi (>0<2-><80) fnhlø af Xnftlnki ma H`uhi, ufn paquaþn hlumnm af aj firta
ma jis Nfmas Tarunfis. Afhjnvnmn af jns njturns y ma mleçhlj nhhasi, `nbçn prasarvnmi su
miha `argnfis.
`argnfis. (…) Aftra ><41 y ><40 astî af @ungnh`uhi, af jn ashuajn sahufmnrln,
hlumnm histarn gîs lgpirtnfta af aj firta maj pnçs, nufqua fi puama hiftlfunrjis yn qua
8;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
maba agpaznr n trnbnonr. (…) Af ><>8 ratign sus astumlis eirgnjas af jn Qflvarslmnm ma
]ruoljji. (…)
]ruoljji. (…) Af ><>1 sa krnmÿn higi bnh`ljjar hif ufn tasls sibra aj Rignftlhlsgi af
Astumln Jayas, nufqua fi jjaknrî n rahlblrsa higi nbiknmi‗ (Irtakn, ><;1, >, 2,8)
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
arn ma rnzn gastlzn `nbjnbn lmlign aspnþij. Unjjaoi arn ma jis ÿjtlgis miha `argnfis y
jns lfmçkafns y jn jafkun quah`un rimanbn aj vnjja ma Xnftlnki. Af ><41 y ><40 vnjjaoi
histarn lflhln sus astumlis uflvarsltnrlis y pir gitlvis ma trnbnoi vnjjaoi maon sus astumlis
y ag
agpl
plaz
aznn n tr
trnb
nbno
nonr
nr . Un
Unjj
jjao
aoii hi
hift
ftlf
lfun
un su
suss as
astu
tuml
mlis
is af ><
><>8
>8 af jn uf
uflv
lvar
arsl
slmn
mnmm
eirgnjgafta. Af >4>1 hifhjuya sus astumlis y sa krnmÿn higi bnh`ljjar hif ufn tasls
astumlnr fuavngafta sibra jns jayas, pari fi jjaki n krnmunrsa higi nbiknmi. (Irtakn,
Higaftnrli
Hasnr Unjjaoi arn ufn parsifn ma jn zifn rurnj y arn ÿjtlgi ma jis >2 `argnfis, masma
flþi vnjjaoi tafçn aj lftarìs sibra jn jltarnturn, pari fi ja eua higi aj quarçn pirqua af su
vlmn ja prasaftnbn jis ibstîhujis, n pasnr ma timi vnjjaoi sakuçn juh`nfmi pnrn pimar
hiftlfunr sus astumlis pirqua vafçn ma ufn engljln ma bnois rahursis ahiføglhis, pari n
pasnr ma timi Unjjaoi jjaki n krnmunrsa higi bnh`ljjar, y maspuìs hiftlfun sus astumlis
80
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
8<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N 2
Raspifsnbja?
Kuarrari Ousti Jaflf Ejirlnfi
Xubtagn? Blikrneçn ma Unjjaoi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//prioaht
`ttps?/ /prioahts.fhsu.amu/
s.fhsu.amu/prioaht/
prioaht/nhiftrnhir
nhiftrnhirrlafta/
rlafta/enjjY45
enjjY45/Bruzunj.
/Bruzunj.pme
pme
=4
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Af aea
aeahti, af su
hti, suss jl
jlbr
bris
is si
sibr
braa jn
Qfløf Xiv
Qfløf Xivlìt
lìtlhn
lhn (af pnrtlhujnr af aj
prlgari) sa raejaon ufn sihlamnm nÿf Af sus ibrns
raejaon qua jnjltarnrlns
jltarnrlns Unjja
sihlamnmUnjjaoi
oi aftra aj pnsnmi pari qua as
n uf
af mabnta, af tafsløf aftra aj pnsnmi
mabnta
mab nta aftra
aftra aj pnsnmi
pnsnmi pari
pari npnraftagafta marritnmi. (Bruzunj, N,
npnrafta
tag
gafta marritnmi y jn
qua as npnraftagafta
asparnfzn ma uf euturi tngblìf 2445, T. 28)
marritnmi.
npnr
npnraf
afta
taga
gaftftaa hnmn
hnmn vazvaz gafi
gafiss
lfhlarti (Bruzunj, N, 2445, T. 28)
Hltn ma rasugaf
Unjja
Unjjaoi
oi tigi jn mahl
mahlsløf
sløf ma vlnonr
vlnonr tras vahas
vahas n jn ufløf
ufløf sivlìtlhn
sivlìtlhn,, hif aj elf ma
taxtis vnjjaoi quarçn maonr jn varmnm qua njkufis maj gamlis ntnhnbnf jn ravijuhløf
higuflstn3 Af sus ibrns jltarnrlns Unjjaoi raejaon qua jn sihlamnm n uf mabnta aftra
aj pnsnmi pari qua as npnraftagafta marritnmi. (Bruzunj, N, 2445, T. 28)
Higaftnrli
uf rajnti
rajnti aj piat
piatnn parun
parunfi
fi Has
Hasnr
nr Unjj
Unjjaoi
aoi hun
hunfmi
fmi vln
vlnoi
oi n Rusln
Rusln fi eua lfvltnm
lfvltnmii pir aj
=>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
]itnj
=2
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N 2
Raspifsnbja?
Kuarrari Ousti Jaflf Ejirlnfi
Xubtagn? Blikrneçn ma Unjjaoi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//biics.kiikja.hig.pa/bii
`ttps?//biics.kiikja.hig.pa/biics9lm7]yKI^
cs9lm7]yKI^
«t`riuk`iut t`a ><24s, vnjjaoi saags ti `nva baaf vnhljjntlfk batwaaf hiftrnmlhtiry
urkas nfm hifvlhtlifs - batwaaf n jifklfk ti nfh`ir `lgasaje lf rntlifnj hartnlfty nfm n
sygpnt`y eir vltnj - lsg. @a ietaf axprassas n bajlae t`nt, iut ie t`a h`nis ie t`a pist -
wnr yanrs, t`ara wljj agarka siga ¨histruhtlva gitir eirha¨, nbja ti eufhtlif vltnjjy.
ufjlca `ls Auripanf hiftagpirnrlas, `iwavar,w`i eiufm, n vltnjlty lf t`a Faw [irjm
jnhclfk lf t`a, ivar-harabrnjlzam hujtura iet`a wast, Unjjaoi `nm fit`lfk but hiftagpt eir
gist ie tls jntlf Ngarlhnf hiftagpirnrlas w`i saagam lfhnpnbja ie hrantlfk n faw splrlt
=8
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rnmuhhløf
N ji jnrki ma jn mìhnmn ma ><24, Unjjaoi pnraha `nbar astnmi vnhljnfmi aftra lgpujsis y
slgpntçn pir aj vltnjlsgi. N gafumi axprasn jn hraafhln ma qua, maj hnis ma jis nþis ma jn
piskuarrn, surklrî njkufn "euarzn gitrlz hifstruhtlvn", hnpnz ma eufhlifnr vltnjgafta.
Xlf agb
agbnrk
nrki,
i, n mle
mleara
arafhl
fhlnn ma sus hiftag
hiftagpir
pirîfa
îfais
is au
aurip
ripais
ais,, qua afhift
afhiftrnr
rnrif
if ufn
Unjj
Unjjao
aoii fi saft
saftçn
çn gî
gîss qu
quaa ma
masp
spra
rahl
hlii pi
pirr jn gn
gnyi
yirç
rçnn ma su
suss hi
hift
ftag
agpi
pirî
rîfa
fais
is
jntlfingarlhnfis qua pnrahçnf lfhnpnhas ma hranr uf fuavi aspçrltu ma varmnm pnrn vlmn y
snfn lfsplrnhløf `ugnfn kafulfn. asta vltnjlsgi nyumn n axpjlhnr jn nhtltum qua tigø af
Higaftnrli
masma itrn parspahtlvn y masma jn prlsløf nfta asta pnfirngn Unjjaoi plafsn qua masma jn
==
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
=1
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N 8
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Unjjaoi. `tps?//www.varslifrisnrli.hig/nssas/lgk/2=0/jiki-al-24>0.svk
Hltn taxtunj
«Hunfmi ja prakuftnf nj pripli nutir sibra aj slkflelhnmi maj tçtuji, mlha? ]rljha suafn
higi aj figbra ma uf pîonri.
pîonri . \ n pnrtlr ma n`ç lfvaftn jn piasçn, higi gimi ma utljlznr
aj jaf
jafkun
kunoa
oa rig
rigpla
plafmi
fmi hi
hiff aj slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhnmi,
mi, pri
primuh
muhlaf
lafmi
mi slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhnmi
mi ma
maeir
eirgnf
gnfmi
mi jns
pnjnbrns, bushnfmi njtarfntlvns n jis hifvafhlif
hifvafhlifnjlsgis…
njlsgis…AfAf ufn aftravlstn af ><84, af
Gnmrlm, Unjjaoi mlha? ‚N`, puas, ]rljha fi qulara mahlr fnmn. Fi afhiftrnbn, af gl neîf,
flfkufn pnjnbrn hif mlkflmnm ma tçtuji y aftifhas jn lfvaftì? ]rljha. ¹Fi as ufn pnjnbrn
`argisn9 Tuas yn fi pafsì gîs, ]rljha‗. ³
«]rljha as purn rabajmçn jlfkúçstlhn. Xl pafsngis jn piasçn higi uf ntnqua maj jafkunoa
hiftrn aj jafkunoa glsgi, ]rljha as asi? uf lftafti ma utljlznr piìtlhngafta uf nrgn pnrn
higbntlr
higb ntlr jns lfstl
lfstltuhli
tuhlifas
fas qua gnftlafaf
gnftlafaf aj hiji
hijiflnjl
flnjlsgi,
sgi, vlkafta a lgbn
lgbntlbja
tlbja higi
slagpra.
Axta
Axtafm
fmla
lafm
fmii ji
jiss jç
jçgl
glta
tass ma
majj ja
jafk
fkun
unoa
oa ax
axtl
tlaf
afma
ma ns
nslg
lgls
lsgi
gi ji
jiss jç
jçgl
glta
tass ma
majj gu
gufm
fmi.
i.
=5
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
gnjaftafmlmi. ³
gnjaftafmlmi. ³ (Risnrli, 24><, pîrr. 8).
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
«Aj nutir mli aj slkflelhnmi maj tçtuji mlhlafmi qua trljha suafn higi aj figbra ma uf
pîonri, \ n pnrtlr masma asa gigafti agpjai jn piasçn higi uf gìtimi qua utljlzn aj
jafkun
jafkunoa
oa rig
rigpla
plafmi
fmi hihiff tim
timii slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhnmi
mi bus
bushn
hnfmi
fmi slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhnmi
mi y mae
maeirg
irgnfm
nfmii jns
pnjnbrns.
Gîs af ufn aftravlstn Mnja Gnmrlm Hìsnr Unjjaoi fis mn n hifihar qua? ]rljha fi qulara
mahlr fnmn. Ìj fi afhiftrnbn af su neîf flfkÿf `igbra mlkfi uf tçtuji y aftifhas ji
lfvaftø privlflafmi jn pnjnbrn ]rljha.
«Aj figbra ma ]rljha as ufn pnjnbrn ma purn Rabajmçn jlfkúçstlhn yn qua sl fis pifagis n
pafsnr jn piasçn
piasçn as agpjan higi
higi uf ntnqua
ntnqua hiftrn fisitris glsgis.
glsgis. ]rljha fis afsaþn
afsaþn asi
uf lftafti ma agpjanr piìtlhngafta ufn nrgn pnrn nbntlr timn lfstltuhløf qua astî puasti
hif aj hijiflnjlsgi
Aj nutir agpjan jn jlfkúçstlhn `nstn sus jçgltas y jis jçgltas maj gufmi. Aj plma qua
fisitris glsgis tafkngis qua higprafmar ma ufn vaz aj jafkunoa, qua fi as nbstrnhhløf
fl saþnjas pnrn higuflhnrfis. Jafkunoas piasçns y gnjaftafmlmis ³(Risnrli,
gnjaftafmlmis ³(Risnrli, 24><, pîrr.
8).
Higaftnrli
Hìsnrr Unjja
Hìsn Unjjaoi
oi mn hifihar
hifihar qua ìj puam
puamaa rabnsnr jis jçgltas ma sç glsgi y jis jçgltas maj
gufmi yn qua ìj fi pafsø qua nj pifar uf figbra qua pnrn fi qulara mahlr fnmn af
nbsijuti pari hif jn trnyahtirln maj tlagpi asa tçtuji qua ji `lzi mlkfi tignfmi higi
ufn pnjnbrn ma Rabajmçn jlfkúçstlhn y fis lfhaftlvn n qua fisitris agpjangis jn piasçn
=;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
higi uf gamli pnrn higbntlr n jis qua fis iprlgaf utljlznfmi uf jafkunoa quì rigpn aj
slkflelhnmi.
]itnj
=0
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N 8
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Brnvi,
Brnvi, Eamarl
Eamarlhi.
hi. (Ml
(Mlhla
hlagbr
gbra
a ma 2444)
2444) Jn pnj
pnjnbr
nbrn
n ]rljha
]rljha?? irl
irlkaf
kaf,, mashrlp
mashrlphlø
hløf
f a `lpøa
`lpøasls
sls ma
jahurn. `ttps?//www.ramnjyh.irk/pme/542/542=024=.pme
« Jçqulm
Jçqulmnn y aueøflhn, jn pnjnbrn
aueøflhn, Jn pnjnbrn qua mn tçtuji nj
qua mn tçtuji nj sakufmi Jn pnjn
pnjnbr
brnn qu
quaa mn tç
tçtu
tuji
ji nj saku
sakufm
fmii pi
piag
agnr
nrli
li ma Hì
Hìsn
snr
r
piagnrli ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi saku
sakufm
fmii pi
piag
agnr
nrli
li ma Hìsn
Hìsnr
r
(J
(Jlg
lgn,
n, ><2<22)
2) as tngb
tngblì
lìff aj Unjjaoi as faijiklsgi maj jlbri. Unjjaoi as faijiklsgi maj jlbri.
prlgar faijiklsgi maj jlbri. Nufqua aj jahtir snba qua sa Nufqua aj jahtir snba qua sa trntn
Nufqua aj jahtir snba qua sa trntn trntn ma ufn pnjnbrn lfvaftnmn,
ma ufufnn pn
pnjn
jnbr
brnn lfva
lfvaft
ftnm
nmn,
n, jn jn pimarisn samuhhløf qua ìstn ma uf
ufnn pnjn
pnjnbr
brnn lf
lfva
vaft
ftnm
nmn,
n, jn
pimarisn samuhhløf qua ìstn aoarha af ìj, ji hifmuha
aoarha af ìj, ji hifmuha lrragamlnb
lrrag amlnbjagaf
jagaftata n hifsujtnr
hifsujtnr pimarisn samuhhløf qua ìstn
lrragamlnbjagafta n hifsujtnr aj aoarha af ìj, ji hifmuha
=<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ml
mlhhhl
hlif
ifnnrl
rli,
i, hi
hiff jn sahraahratn
tn
as
aspa
parn
rnfz
fznn ma mnr
mnr njjç
njjç hif
hif asta
asta
vihnbji ma npnrlafhln magnslnmi aj mlhhlifnrli,
hnstlzn pnrn sar ufn purn lrragamlnb
lrragamlnbjagaf
jagafta
ta n hifsujtnr
hifsujtnr aj
lgnklfarçn varbnj..
mlhhlifnrli, sa trntn, maj
Hltn ma rasugaf
14
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Jn pnjnbrn qua mn tçtuji nj sakufmi piagnrli ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi as faijiklsgi maj jlbri.
Nufqua aj jahtir snba qua sa trntn ma ufn pnjnbrn lfvaftnmn, jn pimarisn samuhhløf qua
aspnþij, \ as qua, pir gamli ma ìj, aj jahtir pafatrn aj mibja aspnhli, jÿmlhi y piìtlhi, ma
af aj glstarli nj irlkaf maj faijiklsgi, qua sijçn mnr axpjlhnhlifas mlearaftas. Brnvi,
Eamarlhi. (Mlhlagbra ma 2444)
Higaftnrli
su sakufmn hranhløf hif aj vnjir uf tçtuji lfvaftnmi, n guh`is jas `n enshlfnmi tnj
hranhløf ma gimi qua ji `nf bushnmi af mlhhlifnrli jlfkúçstlhis y itris jas mnf ufns
hrçtlhns ma qua eua puri nznr pari af sç su lftarpratnhløf nÿf fi as guy hjnrn sakÿf
mlvarsis tastlgiflis aj glstarli astî qua vn n mnr axpjlhnhlifas mlearaftas n Asta tçtuji.
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
1>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
12
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N 8
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Hjnytif, G. (24>>). Tiatry lf plaha? Hìsnr Unjjaoi nfm jyrlh gimarflty. Qflvarslty ie
`ttps?//blt.jy/8`vXmqa
Hnjleirfln Trass. `ttps?//blt.jy/8`vXmqa
Jisnmn. ]rljha, `ls sahifm biic, eajj lfti n vilm, ns lts nut`ir tarsa jy mahjnram3 but t`nfcs
ti t`a lftarvaftlif ie "t`a kiim enlrlas," ns Ounf Jnrran hnjjam t`ag-Karnrmi Mlaki, Oisì
Barkngçf nfm Jn rran `lgsaje”n sahifm amltlif wns pubjls`am lf ><84, nfm mlm lts pnrt
lf nttrnhtlfk t`a nttaftlif ie ranmars ie piatry ti lts nut`ir w`i wns, nt t`nt pilft, stljj
lkfiram nfm njranmy eirkittaf. Unjjaoi mlam lf ><80 wlt`iut saalfk t`a rast ie `ls piatlh
wirc avaf pnrtlnj jy pubjls`am, axhapt eir n eaw piags t`nt nppanram lf gnknzlfas. Netar
]rljha, t`af, vlrtunjjy njj ie Unjjaoi's piatry ls pist`ugius. [`af t`a elrst amltlif ie Jis
`arnjmis fakris hnga iut lf glm Oujy ><><, Unjjaoi `nm njranmy wrlttaf savarnj ie t`a
piags t`nt wiujm eirg ]rljha? lf t`a sah sahifm
ifm `nje ie t`nt yan
yanr,
r, `a pribnbjy writa gnfy
it`ars, lfhjumlfk gnfy ie t`isa t`nt avica `ls rajn tlifs`lp wlt` Itljln Uljjnfuavn, w`lh`
wns bricaf iee alt`ar t`nt vary Oujy, Hiyfì hifoahturas, ir ajsa lf Gny, le wa nra ti
bajlava
><>0 nfmUnjjaoi's
><22 nraerlafm
erlafm Ounf
hruhlnj Aspaoi Nsturrlznkn.
lf Unjjaoi's Ba aviju
jlea nfm lf t`a t`n
t`ntt nstlif
lt gny, t`apiatry.
ie `ls yanrs
yanrs batwaaf
Hjnytif, G.
(24>>).
18
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rnmuhhløf
Jisnmn. ]rljha, su sakufmi jlbri, hnyø nj vnhçi, higi tnonftagafta mahjnrø su nutir3 pari
krnhlns n jn lftarvafhløf ma "jns `nmns buafns", higi jns jjngø Ounf Jnrran -Karnrmi
Mlaki, Oisì Barkngçf y aj pripli Jn rran- sa pubjlhø ufn sakufmn amlhløf af ><84, qua
`lzi su pnrta pnrn ntrnar jn ntafhløf ma jis jahtiras ma piasçn `nhln su nutir qua, af asa
gigafti, timnvçn
su ibrn piìtlhn arn lkfirnmi
sa pubjlhnrn y yn ijvlmnmi.
fl slqularn Unjjaoisnjvi
pnrhlnjgafta, gurlø af ><80
njkufis slf qua
piagns aj rasti ma
npnrahlmis af
ravlstns. Maspuìs ma ]rljha, aftifhas, prîhtlhngafta timn jn piasçn ma Unjjaoi as pøstugn.
Hunfmi snjlø jn prlgarn amlhløf ma Jis `arnjmis fakris n gamlnmis ma oujli ma ><><,
Unjjaoi yn `nbçn ashrlti vnrlis ma jis piagns qua eirgnrçnf ]rljha? af jn sakufmn gltnm
ma asa nþi pribnbjagafta ashrlblø guh`is itris, aftra ajjis guh`is ma jis qua avihnf su
rajnhløf. rajnhløf hif Itljln Uljjnfuavn, qua sa rigplø asa glsgi oujli, hifoaturn Hiyfì,
i blaf af gnyi, sl hraagis nj nglki ma Unjjaoi, Ounf Aspaoi Nsturrlznkn. Xan higi
euara, jis nþis aftra ><>0 y ><22 sif hruhlnjas af jn vlmn ma Unjjaoi y af jn avijuhløf ma
su piasçn. Hjnytif, G. (24>>).
Higaftnrli
Xakÿf jis Jisnmn hnyø nj vnhçi pir mahjnrnhlifas ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi pari krnhlns n jn
lftarvafhløf ma jns ½½`nmns buafns½½ higi jis jjngø tuki su pubjlhnhløf ma trljha npiyi
pir pnrta ma jis jahtiras ma piasçn af asa gigafti fi lkfirnbnf ji qua Unjjaoi lftaftø y
snjvi jis gigaftis qua jis piagns arnf prîhtlhngafta ufn ma jns qua ji rasnjtnbn
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
11
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N =
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
AjAgpr
AjAgpras
asnrl
nrli.g
i.gx.
x. (24>;)
(24>;).. Jis agp
agpraf
rafmam
mamira
irass hujur
hujurnja
njass y aj usi ma jn hra
hranv
nvlmn
lmnm.
m. gbn y
`ttps?//gbn.ngarlhnahifigln.hig/n
`ttps?//gbn.ngarlhnahifigln.hig/nrtlhujis/fitns/jis-agpraf
rtlhujis/fitns/jis-agprafmamiras-hujturnjas-y-aj-u
mamiras-hujturnjas-y-aj-usi-
si-
ma-jn-hrantlvlmnm
Hltn taxtunj
Qf agprafmamir hujturnj as nquaj qua usn su tnjafti y hrantlvlmnm higi gntarln prlgn
pnrn masnrrijjnr priyahtis qua rasuajvnf i lfhlmnf af ufn pribjagîtlhn sihlnj. asti ji
ranjlznf n trnvìs ma tnjjaras, saglfnrlis u ibrns ma tantri, matnjjn af aftravlstn Gnrhajn -
Olgìfazz Jøp
Olgìfa Jøpaz,
az, sub
submlr
mlrah
ahtir
tirnn ma Taq
Taqua
uaþns
þns Agp
Agpras
rasns
ns Huj
Hujtur
turnja
njass ma jn Xah
Xahrat
ratnrç
nrçnn ma
Hujturn ma jn Hlumnm ma Gìxlhi.
15
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
‚Jis agprafmamiras hujturnjas sif guy lgpirtnftas af aj pnçs, fi søji kafarnf raqulsn
ahiføglhn
ahiføglhn,, slfi slgbøjlhn3
slgbøjlhn3 hran
hranff agpj
agpjai
ai y blaf
blafastn
astnrr sihl
sihlnj.
nj. Xl sa lfvlarta af agprasns
hujturnjas, sa kafarn lfhjusløf sihlnj y mlvarslmnm hujturnj.
hujturnj. Tir aoagpji, pifar af gnrh`n
ufn ibrn brlfmn agpjai n gîs ma 84 îrans, higi siflmi, juz, gnrcatlfk, aftra itrns‗,
prahlsn.
Astis priyahtis tlafaf uf pnrn quì? priguavaf jis marah`is `ugnfis, lfhjusløf sihlnj,
raspati n jn lkunjmnm saxunj y qua timis sa ufnf n trnvìs ma jn hujturn.
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
Jis agprafmamiras hujturnjas pripifaf lmans hrantlvns y sus pripuastns vnf masma
tnjjaras, saglfnrlis u ibrns ma tantri. Jis agprafmamiras hujturnjas ierahaf bafaelhlis
ahiføglhis y sihlnjas.
sihlnjas. Astis kafarnf lfhjusløf sihlnj y mlvarslmnm hujturnj.
hujturnj . Kafarnf
agpjai n gîs ma 84 îrans jnbirnjas. Astns
jnbirnjas. Astns pripuastns priguavaf timi ji qua sa ufa n
trnvìs ma jn hujturn. Astis agprafmlglaftis tlafaf ufn avijuhløf af aj gaoir ma jis hnsis
jikrnf ufn gaoirn. (AjAgprasnrli.gx, 24>;)
Higaftnrli
`nhar n trnvìs ma ibrns ma tantri, saglfnrlis timn hjnsa gamlis numlivlsunjas. Jns
pripuastns agprafmamirns
agprafmamirns pu
puamaf
amaf agpaz
agpaznr
nr mìbljas, pari sa eirtnjahaf hif gamlmn
gamlmn nvnfzn
aj priyahti.
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Jn pnrîernsls maj hiftaflmi taxtunj as higpjatn, jøklhn y hjnrn3 npjlhn jn firgn maj
lmlign.
]itnj
10
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N =
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//gbn.ngarlhna
`ttps?//gbn.ngarlhnahifigln.hig/n
hifigln.hig/nrtlhujis/fitns/jis-agpraf
rtlhujis/fitns/jis-agprafmamiras-hujturnjas-y-aj-u
mamiras-hujturnjas-y-aj-usi-
si-
ma-jn-hrantlvlmnm
Nj lkun
lkunjj ququaa hunjq
unjqul
ulaar agpr
agpraasn, jis
jis priy
priyaahtis
htis ma ]imii
]im pr
priy
iyah
ahti
ti ag
agpr
praf
afma
mami
mir
r
agpraf
agp rafmlg
mlglaf
lafti
ti hujtur
hujturnj
nj fahasl
fahasltnf
tnf hiftnr
hiftnr hif uf pjn
pjnff ma
maba
maba hift
hiftnr
nr hif
hif uf pj
pjnf
nf ma
fakihli, qua puama sar jn tìhflhn ma jis fuava pnsis qua
nyumn n hifsijlmnr aj gimaji. jn mlearafhln hif asta tlpi ma maba]i
]imi
ma mi hift
ba hipriy
priyah
nrahti
ftnr tif ag
hif
hi agpr
ufpraf
afma
pj mami
pjnf
nf mir
mar fakihlis. Af asta tlpi ma
higpnþçns as qua jis agprasnrlis sa haftrnf af axprasnrsa. fakihlis. Jis nrtlstns sa haftrnf agprafmlglafti Jis nrtlstns sa
af axpras
axprasnrs
nrsaa slf lgpirt
lgpirtnr
nr sl
‚Aj nrtlstn vn `nhar su primuhti i sarvlhli slf lgpirtnrja sl sa haft
haftrn
rnff af axp
xpra
rassnrs
nrsa slf
vafma i fi asa as aj aspçrltu maj
vafma i fi, hisn qua fi suhama hif itri tlpi ma fakihlis,
agprafmlglafti hujturnj lgpirtnr sl vafma i fi asa as aj
qua sl fi as raftnbja fi hiftlfÿnf hif aj priyahti‗, nhjnrø
Olgìfaz Jøpaz aspç
aspçrl
rltu
tu maj
maj ag
agpr
praf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti
huj
hujtur
turnj,
nj, bushnf
bushnf su pÿbjlhi y
Aftifhas, aj nrtlstn tlafa qua bushnr n su pÿbjlhi y `nhar ufn Jis
Jis nrtl
nrtlst
stns
ns qu
quaa agpr
agpraf
afmn
mnff npjl
npjlhn
hnff astr
astrnt
ntak
akln
lns,
s, pu
puas
as jn
jnss
astr
astrnt
ntak
akln
ln ml
mlea
eara
raft
fta,
a, nufq
nufqua
ua sa ja npuanpuast
stnn gîs
gîs n jn bushnf su pÿbjlhi y npjlhnf
raftnbljlmnm sihlnj, jns agprasns hujturnjas tngblìf sif uf astrnt
astrntakl
aklns,
ns, puas
puas jns agprasns agprasns hujturnjas tngblìf sif
agprasns
buaf fakihli. hujturnjas tngblìf sif uf buaf uf buaf fakihli . pari Af aj
fakihli
prikrngn Lgnklfnhløf af
givlglafti, ma jn sahratnrçn ma
Njkuf
Njkufis
is hif
subslstlr agprafmami
agprafmamiras
npiyi ras hifslmarn
hifslmarnffpari
kubarfngaftnj, quaasti
su fi
priyahti
priya
as hti
nsç, maba
puas
1<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hltn ma rasugaf
]imi priyahti agprafmamir maba hiftnr hif uf pjnf ma fakihlis. Af asta tlpi ma
aspçrltu maj agprafmlglafti hujturnj, bushnf su pÿbjlhi y npjlhnf astrntaklns, puas jns
ma fakihlis maba astnr mlvarslelhnmi y fi npistnrja siji n ufn hisn nsç jns agprasns
puamaf jjaknr n tafar >1 sarvlhlis, pari asti raqulara ma fi sar mapafmlafta ma njkufn
agprasn i maj kiblarfi i nj gafis fi gîs maj 84% maj priyahti pnrn qua san vlsti higi
Higaftnrli
Jis priyahtis hujturnjas astîf bnoi uf pafsnglafti gîs sihlnj. Jns pripuastns ma astis
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ufn agprasn i maj astnmi hjnri qua puamaf ihurrlr njlnfzn pari asi as guy mlstlfti n
snbar agpjanr astrntaklns hif raspati nj pÿbjlhi y var nj agprafmlglafti higi ufn
ipirtuflmnm ma nprafmar.
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
]itnj
5>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N 1
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? Agprafmlglafti hujturnj
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Agpr
Agpraf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti Hujt
Hujtur
urnj
nj.. (s
(s.. e.).
e.). Ra
Rahu
hupa
parn
rnmi
mi 24 ma sa
sapt
ptla
lagb
gbra
ra ma 24
2424
24,, ma
`tps?//hnpsujnsmaagprafmlglafi.wirmprass.hig/igafi/agprafmlglafi-
`tps?//hnpsujnsmaagprafmlglafi.wirmprass.hig/igafi/agprafmlglafi-
2/hujurnj/
Hltn taxtunj
Aj AgAgprpraf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti Hujt
Hujtur
urnj
nj prat
prataf
afma
ma qua
qua aj agpr
agpraf afma
mami
mirr ma
masn
snrr
rrij
ijja
ja prpriy
iyah
ahti
tiss
pnrtlhlpntlvis af jis hunjas sa puamnf kafarnr lfstltuhlifas hrantlvns, gamlnfta pjnfas ma
fakihlis
faki hlis qua mlrahhlifaf
mlrahhlifaf sus astrntaklns
astrntaklns ma eirgn higpatlt
higpatltlvn.
lvn. Aj Agprafmlg
Agprafmlglafti
lafti
Hujturnj bushn qua jis agprafmamiras masnrrijjaf timi su pitafhlnj primuhtlvi af jns
mlea
mleara
raft
ftas
as hn
hnma
mafn
fnss ma vn vnji
jirr ma jns
jns lfmu
lfmust
strl
rlns
ns hu
hujt
jtur
urnj
njas
as,, ns
nsçç hi
higi
gi jijiss nr
nrtl
tlst
stns
ns,,
hrantlvis, primuhtiras, kastiras y irknflznhlifas hujturnjas higufltnrlns. Hif asti sa
lftaftn eirtnjahar timis jis asjnbifas y nhtlvlmnmas trnfsvarsnjas, nsç higi aj mlsaþi ma
astrntaklns irlaftnmns `nhln jn kafarnhløf i jn hifsijlmnhløf ma rajnhlifas y aftrngnmis
ma prî
prîhtl
htlhn
hns,
s, hlr
hlrhul
hultis
tis,, nk
nkaft
aftas,
as, irk
irknfl
nflzn
znhli
hlifas
fas a lfstlt
lfstltuhl
uhlifa
ifass maj hngpi
hngpi hu hujtu
jturnj
rnj
hifhablmns higi ufn titnjlmnm. Agprafmlglafti H. (s. e.).
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
52
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Aj ag
agpr
praf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti hujt
hujtur
urnj
nj hifs
hifsls
lsta
ta qu
quaa jn pa
pars
rsif
ifnn agpr
agpraf
afma
mami
mirn
rn ma
masn
snrr
rrij
ijja
ja
hnrnh
hnrnhtar
tarçst
çstlhn
lhnss jis hu
hunja
njass pua
puamn
mnff kn
knrnf
rnftlz
tlznr
nr ufn hrantl
hrantlvlm
vlmnm
nm af jis fakihl
fakihlis
is y ufn
astrntakln higpatltlvn.
Aj agpra
agprafml
fmlgla
glafti
fti hu
hujtu
jturnj
rnj Bus
Bushn
hn nq
nquaj
uajjis
jis qua puamnf
puamnf masnrr
masnrrijj
ijjnr
nr priyah
priyahtis
tis af
mlearaftas lfstltuhlifas hujturnjas. Ma asta gimi jis agprafmamiras pimrîf ajnbirnr
nhtl
nhtlvl
vlmn
mnma
mass tr
trnf
nfsv
svar
arsn
snja
jass higi
higi aj mlsa
mlsaþi
þi ma as
astr
trnt
ntak
akln
lnss qu
quaa sa agpj
agpjan
anrî
rîff af
irknflznhlifass maj hngpi hujturnj.
irknflznhlifa
Higaftnrli
]itnj
58
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N 1
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? Agprafmlglafti hujturnj
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Gnry
Gnrysi
sijj Hnst
Hnstlj
ljji
ji.. (24>
(24>1)
1).. ]A
]AXL
XLX
X MI
MIH]
H]IR
IRNJ
NJ AG
AGTR
TRAF
AFML
MLGL
GLAF
AF]I
]I \ HQ
HQJ]
J]QR
QRN
N
`ttps?//nhhamnhrls.ujpkh.as/bltstran
`ttps?//nhhamnhrls.ujpkh.as/bltstrang/>4118/2>5>;/=/4;
g/>4118/2>5>;/=/4;885=0Y44444
885=0Y44444Y4444.pme
Y4444.pme
Aj agprafmlgla
agprafmlglafti,
fti, nmagîs,
nmagîs, sa Aj agprafmlglafti, sa `n
`n hihifs
fslm
lmar
arnm
nmii uf eafø
eaføga
gafi
fi Aj agprafmlglafti, sa `n hifslm lmaarnmi uf eaføgafi
sl
slst
stìg
ìglh
lhi,
i, aj huhunj
nj raqu
raqulara fi hif
lara ifsl
slma
marn
rnmi
mi uf eaføeaføga
gafifi sls
slstìg
tìglhi
lhi,, raqula
raqulara
ra fi søj
søjii ma
søj
søjii ma lfmlvl
lfmlvlmui astìf sls
muiss qua astìf slstìg
tìglhi
lhi,, raq
raqula
ulara
ra fi søj
søjii ma lfmlvlmuis n nsuglr aj rlaski y aj
mlspuastis n nsuglr aj rlaski y aj lfmlvlmuis n nsuglr aj rlaski y ra rati
ti ma hra rannr uf pr
prih
ihas
asii ma
rati ma hranr ufn fuavn agprasn aj rati ma hranr uf prihasi ma hngbli a lffivnhløf, nmagîs ma
i lflhlnr uf prihasi ma hngbli a hngbli a lffivnhløf, nmagîs ma aftirfis qua eigaftaf jn
lf
lffi
fivn
vnhl
hløf
øf,, sl
slfi
fi nmag îs ma aftirfis qua eigaftaf jn lflhl
nmagîs lflhlntlvn
ntlvn lfmlvlmunj.
lfmlvlmunj. Qf bu
buaf
af
aftirfis qua eigaftaf jn lflhlntlvn lfmlvlmunj. fÿ
fÿga
gari
ri ma astu
astuml
mliis sa `nf
`nf
lflhlntlvn lfmlvlmunj. haftr
aftrnnmi af lmaft
maftle
lelh
lhnnr ji
jiss
enhtiras qua eigaftnf aj
agpraf
agprafmlg
mlglaf
lafti,
ti, nsç higi
higi jis
ibstîhujis qua lgplmaf i jlgltnf
Af asta
asta saftlm
saftlmi,
i, uf buaf
buaf fÿgari
fÿgari Qf buaf fÿgar
fÿgarii ma astumlis
astumlis sa
5=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
su masn
masnrr
rrij
ijji
ji33 axls
axlsta
taff en
enht
htir
iras
as
Astn tairçn pjnftan qua aj eirgnjas a lfeirgnjas qua lfejuyaf
hiftaxti sihlnj y hujturnj lfejuya af jn nhtl
nhtlvl
vlmn
mnmm ag
agpr
praf
afma
mamir
mirn,
n,
Aj hift
hiftax
axti
ti si
sihl
hlnj
nj y hujtu
hujturn
rnjj
af aj lfmlvlmui,
lfmlvlmui, aj agprafmami
agprafmamir,
r, mifma jn hujturn eirgn pnrta ma jis
lfej
lfejuy
uyaa af aj lfml
lfmlvvlm
lmui
ui,, aj
qulaf as aj nkafta afhnrknmi ma enhtiras lfeirgnjas qua nyumnf n
agprafmamir, qulaf as aj nkafta
jn hranhløf ma fuavns agprasns y axpjlhnr aj gnyir i gafir
afhnrknmi
afhnrknmi ma
ma jn hran
hranhløf
hløf y ma
ma jj
jjav
avnr
nr n hn
hnbi
bi lgpi
lgpirt
rtnf
nfta
tass ejirahlglaf
ejirahlglafti.
ti. Aj hiftaxti
hiftaxti sihlnj
sihlnj y
agbnrki, nsç higi jjavnr n hnbi lgpirtnfta
hngblis. Xlf agbnrki,
hngblis. tass hujturnj lfejuya af aj lfmlvlmui, aj
hngblis. Xa `n rahifihlmi af jn
sa `n rahifihlmi af jn hujturn uf agpraf
agp rafmam
mamir,
ir, qulaf
qulaf as aj nkafta
nkafta
hujturn uf enhtir lgpirtnfta, af
enhtir lgpirtnfta, af jn ravlsløf afhn
afhnrkn
rknmi
mi ma jn hra
hranh
nhlø
løff y ma
jn ravlsløf ma jn jltarnturn fi as
ma jn jl jlta
tarn
rntu
turn
rn fi as eîh eîhlj jjavnr n hnbi lgpirtnftas hngblis.
eîhlj afhiftrnr astumlis pravlis
afhift
afh iftrnr
rnr astuml
astumlis
is pravli
pravliss qua Xa `n rahifihlmi af jn hujturn uf
qua trntaf ma axpjlhnr aj høgi
trntaf ma axpjlhnr aj høgi asta enhtir lgpirtnfta, af jn ravlsløf ma
asta enhtir ma hiftaxti lfejuya
en
enht
htir
ir ma hi hifftaxt
taxtii lfej
lfejuy
uyaa jn jltarnturn fi as eîhlj afhiftrnr
pisltlvn i fakntlvngafta.
pisltlvn i fakntlvngafta sibra astu
astuml
mlis
is pr
prav
avli
liss qu
quaa tr
trnt
ntaf
af ma
Gnrysij H.(24>1)
jis lfmlvl
lfmlvlmuis. Gn
muis. Gnry
rysi
sijj H. axpjl
axpjlhn
hnrr aj høgi
høgi asta
asta en
enht
htir
ir ma
(24>1) hifta
taxxti lfejuya pisltlvn i
fakntlvngafta. Gnrysij H.(24>1)
51
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hltn ma rasugaf
Higaftnrli
@n slmi hifslmarnmi uf eaføgafi slstagîtlhi qua fi siji mabaf nsuglr rlaskis jis
parsifns qua lmaftlelhnf guh`is enhtiras qua eigaftnf aj agprafmlglafti nsç tngblìf
enhtir
enhtiras
as lfe
lfeørg
ørgnja
njass higi
higi tng
tngblì
blìff lfe
lfeirg
irgnja
njass qua lfejuy
lfejuyaf
af guh`i
guh`i af jn nhtlvl
nhtlvlmnm
mnm
agprafmamirn .
55
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
]itnj
5;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N 1
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//www.rasanrh`knta.fat/pubjlhntli
`ttps?//www.rasanrh`knta.fat/pubjlhntlif/2<<1>4=21YHu
f/2<<1>4=21YHujturnjYaftraprafaurs`
jturnjYaftraprafaurs`lp
lp
Hujtur
Hujturnj
nj Aft
Aftrap
rapraf
rafaur
aurs`l
s`lpp (njsi
(njsi rae
raearr
arram
am ti ns hu
hujtu
jturap
rapraf
rafaur
aurs`l
s`lpp ir nrt
njartfass
njartfass ti rava
ravafua-k
fua-kafar
afarntlfk
ntlfk nrblt
nrbltrnka
rnka t`nt ls hnpn
hnpnbja
bja ti gnstar,
gnstar, gamlnta,
gamlnta, nfm
lftarprat n higpjax nfm hiftrnmlhtiry prihass erig t`a hrantlif ie fivaj hujturnj lmans,
gat`ims,
gat`ims, ir nrta
nrtaenhts
enhts t`riu
t`riuk`
k` t`alr sihl
sihlnj
nj nhh
nhhaptn
aptnfha
fha nfm usnbljlty
usnbljlty ns hujturnj
hujturnj
lffivntlif
lffivntlifss up ti, elrst nfm eirag
eiragist,
ist, axpj
axpjiltlf
iltlfkk t`alr higgarhln
higgarhlnjj pitaftln
pitaftlnjj ns
hujturnj
hujturnj kiim
kiimss nfm sarvlhas
sarvlhas.. ]`ls trnfs
trnfsear
ear nfm hifvarsli
hifvarsliff hnpnhlty
hnpnhlty raqulras
raqulras n
50
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rnmuhhløf
nrtçst
nrtçstlhi
lhi)) hn
hnrnh
rnhtar
tarlzn
lzn ufn ase
asearn
arn ma nht
nhtlvl
lvlmnm
mnmas
as su
suoat
oatns
ns n uf hn
hngbl
gblii hifstn
hifstnfta
fta af
aftra
tra
hngpis
hngpis nftas
nftas mashi
mashifah
fahtnm
tnmis
is ma jns nrt
nrtas
as,, aj sahti
sahtirr hujtur
hujturnj
nj y aj agprasn
agprasnrln
rlnj.j. Astn
Astn
higi lffivnhlifas hujturnjas, `nstn, nfta timi, axpjitnr su pitafhlnj higarhlnj higi
hifvafhlifnjas
hifvafhlifnjas lfsartnmns af uf hiftaxti (i aftirfi) hrantlvi y ma gafta nblartn.
Higaftnrli
jns
jns irkn
irknfl
flzn
znhl
hlif
ifas
as hran
hrantl
tlvn
vns,
s, yn qua
qua af hifs
hifsah
ahua
uafh
fhln
ln ma ji
jiss bl
blaf
afas
as si
siff ma uf
ufnn
higi ufn gafta nblartn qua matarglfn aj masnrrijji ma jis nrtlstns y ma jns asearns ma
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
;4
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N 5
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Nhis
Nhistn
tn A. (Ouf
(Oufli
li ma 24>=
24>=).
). Ag
Agpr
praf
afml
mlgl
glaf
afti
ti hu
hujt
jtur
urnj
nj?? irnjahlgl
irnjahlglafi
afi ma `nbljlmnma
`nbljlmnmass
sihlnjas. QHN]IJLHN.HI
`ttps?//rapisltiry.uhntijlhn.amu.hi/bltstran
`ttps?//rapisltiry.uhntijlhn.amu.hi/bltstrang/>4<08/2512/>/Ag
g/>4<08/2512/>/Agprafmlglafti%24hu
prafmlglafti%24hujturnj
jturnj
%2irtnjahlglafti%24ma%24`nbljlmnm
%2irtnjahlglafti%24ma%24`nbljlmnmas%24sihlnjas
as%24sihlnjas%24Triyahti
%24Triyahti
%24TNFLHN.pme
Hltn taxtunj
hngbli
hngbli y ma hi
hifst
fstruh
ruhhlø
hløff ma nhh
nhhlif
lifas
as qua hif
hiftrlb
trlbuyn
uynff ma gnf
gnfarn
arn slk
slkfle
flelhn
lhntlv
tlvnn aj
masnrrijji
masnrrijji lftakrnj.
lftakrnj. S…W Asn fahaslmnm pripln maj prikrngn qua pir su njti flvaj ma
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
aftrakn ma ufn guastrn ajnbirnmn pir jn glsgn pibjnhløf higi guastrn ma sar flþis
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
mnr n hifihar
hifihar jns `nbljlmnmas
`nbljlmnmas sihlnjas
sihlnjas ma jis pnrtlhlpnft
pnrtlhlpnftas.
as. Jn pibjnhløf gistrnrn qua
Higaftnrli
af snjlr nmajnfta. Tari fnmla puama hifihar jns `nbljlmnmas ma fnmla pir ji tnfti fi sa
fi
fitn
tn guh`
guh`ii af jns
jns pa
pars
rsif
ifns
ns.. Tari
Tari ouft
ouftns
ns pu
puam
amaf
af ma
magi
gist
strn
rnrr qu
quaa si
siff kr
krnf
nfma
mass
agprafmamiras.
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
;8
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N 5
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Nmagîs, jn jnss ta
tahf
hfij
ijik
ikçn
çnss `n
`nff Jn tahfijikçn `n gaoirnmi Jn tahfijikçn `n lmi
hngb
hngblnlnmi
mi pn pnrn
rnml
mlkkgn
gnss af aj jn lman ma agprafmlglafti,
agprafmlglafti hujturnj.
hujturnj. Hif jns n`irn sa puama agprafmar
agprafmar avijuhlifnfmi jn lman ma
]LH, ufn parsifn puama hif jn hujturn slf agprafmlglafti, n`irn sa puama
agpr
ag praf
afma
marr af hu hujt
jtur
urnn sl
slff sa
sar
r gntarl
gnt arlnjl
njlzn
znrr aj nrta.
nrta. ]imi
]imi
asti fuavi vn maonfmi ntrîs agpr
agpraf
afma
marr hif
hif jn hujt
hujtur
urnn ma
fahasnrlngafta nrtlstn. Krnhlns n aj nrta.
astns `arr
`arrnglaft
nglaftnsns tahfi
tahfijøklhn
jøklhns,
s, gn
gnfi
fi sl
slff gn
gnta
tarl
rlnj
njlz
lznr
nr aj nrta
nrta..
pimagis tafar ufn lman ma N`
N`ir
irnn aj nrta
nrta vn qu
quam
amnf
nfmi
mi ma
fakihli slf ibjlknhløf ma jnmi af agprafmlglafti. (Bajji,
gntarlnjlznr
gntar lnjlznrjn
jn nrtçs
nrtçstlhng
tlhngafta
afta33 yn
afhi
afhift
ftrn
rnra
ragi
giss ititrn
rn gngnfa
farnrn ma 24>0, pîrr.>).
pjnsgnrjn hif jn tahfijikçn. Tir
tnfti, as
astn
tngi
giss nfnfta
ta uf fu fuav
avii
eaføgafi ma magihrntlznhløf ma
;=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hltn ma rasugaf
Aj agprafmlglafti astî af aj pafsnglafti ma timns parsifns, y aj îgblti hujturnj sa astî eirtnjahlafmi, pnrn
nsç tafar ufn ahifigçn euarta, hif jn elfnjlmnm ma hranr fuavns agprasns.
Jn tahfijikçn `n lmi avijuhlifnfmi jn lman ma agprafmlglafti, n`irn sa puama agprafmar hif jn hujturn ma
gnfi slf gntarlnjlznr aj nrta. N`irn aj nrta vn quamnfmi ma jnmi af agprafmlglafti. (Bajji, 24>0, pîrr.>).
Higaftnrli
Aj agprafmlglafti vn gaoirnr hnmn mçn, af aj saftlmi qua gîs kafta vn n aftrnr af asta
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
;5
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N 5
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn gafir?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
‚]`a aftraprafaur ls n parsif w`i stnrts n faw nhtlvlty, ahifiglh, sihlnj, pijltlhnj, ath..
But t`ls stumy wa eihusam if stumylfk t`a aftarprlslfk aftraprafaur, t`ara ls n parsif
w`i lmaftlelas n buslfass ippirtuflty nfm irknflzas t`a rasiurhas faamam ti lgpjagaft lt.
Lt ls higgif ti usa t`a targ ti maslkfnta n ‚parsif w`i hrantas n buslfass‗ ir ‚buslfass
mavajips.‗ Lf t`ls pnpar wa wljj eihus if w`nt lt ls stumylfk aftraprafaurs`lp w`lh` wljj
spah
spahln
lnjl
jlza
zamm amuh
amuhnt
ntli
liff pr
prik
ikrn
rng
g nfm
nfm elfn
elfnjj
jjyy wa wl
wljj
jj ra
raea
earr ti vn
vnju
juas
as ie hu
hujt
jtur
urnj
nj
aftraprafaurs`lp‗‗ (@lmnjki,
aftraprafaurs`lp ( @lmnjki, 24>8, p.=5)
;;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rnmuhhløf
‚Aj agprafmamir as ufn parsifn qua lflhln ufn fuavn nhtlvlmnm, ahiføglhn, sihlnj,
ufn parsifn qua sa lmaftlelhn ufn ipirtuflmnm ma fakihli y irknflzn jis rahursis
fahasnrlis pnrn lgpjagaftnrjn. As higÿf pnrn usnr aj tìrglfi pnrn maslkfnr n ufn
Af asta nrtçhuji fis haftrnragis af quì as aj astumli maj agprafmlglafti qua nyumnrî n
higpra
higprafma
fmarr jns hn
hnrnh
rnhtar
tarçst
çstlhn
lhnss maj agp
agpraf
rafmam
mamir,
ir, yn san fnh
fnhlmi
lmi i eir
eirgn
gnmi
mi pir uf
agprafmlglafti hujturnj‗
hujturnj‗ (@lmnjki, 24>8, p.=5)
Higaftnrli
raelara n jis vnjiras, sa `nbjn ma agprafmlglafti hujturnj. ]imi astî af tafar ufn lman ma
høgi agprafmar i lflhlnr ufn fuavn nhtlvlmnm ma timns jns eirgns qua sa puamn.
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
;<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N ;
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? Mihugaftnj @lstørlhi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Hltn taxtunj
Xlrn @arfîfmaz (244=) maelfa nj mihugaftnj `lstørlhi higi ‚jn axpjlhnhløf varnz pir
pnrta maj ranjlznmir ma ufis `ah`is pratìrltis, vnjlìfmisa fi søji ma eljgnhlifas ma
nrh`lvi. Xlfi tngblìf ma eitikrneçns, ibrns ma nrta, gnpns, krîelhis, parlømlhis, pjnfis
rahlaftas ma juknras `lstørlhis, aftravlstns n tastlkis a lfhjusi rahifstruhhlifas pnrhlnjas
ma suhasis
suhasis‗.
‗. Gifta
Giftarma,
rma, Gnsijlv
Gnsijlvar
ar y Xijî sistlafaf
sistlafaf qua aj giftnoa
giftnoa mihugaft
mihugaftnj
nj as jn
eirgn prlvljaklnmn maj mihugaftnj `lstørlhi hunfmi sa trntn ma ajnbirnhløf ma uf mlshursi
`lstørlhi bîslhngafta hif gntarlnjas ma nrh`lvi. (Brêþaz,24>4)
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Higaftnrli
]itnj
0>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N ;
Xubtagn? Mihugaftnj `lstørlhi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
ma NR]AX? `ttps?//www.fuavnra
`ttps?//www.fuavnravlstn.fat/nrta/nhtunjlmn
vlstn.fat/nrta/nhtunjlmnm-maj-mihugaftnj-`lstirlh
m-maj-mihugaftnj-`lstirlhi/
i/
Trihasi pnrn ibtafar aj rasugaf
Astis eljgas tignf ajagaftis Astis eljgas tignf Aftra aj hlfa ma fi elhhløf
ma jn ranjlmnm, blaf aj
ajag
agaf
afti
tiss ma jn ra
ranj
njlm
lmnm
nm Nhtun
Nhtunjlmnm
jlmnmas,
as, jis «rijjis
«rijjis ma fitlhlns³
fitlhlns³
mlra
mlraht
htng
ngaf
afta
ta i ma sa
saku
kufm
fmnn ut
utlj
ljlz
lznf
nfmi
mi gnta
gntarl
rlnj
njas
as yn ma nhtu
nhtunj
njlm
lmnm
nm,, qu
quaa guh`
guh`ns
ns vaha
vahass
gnfi (utljlznfmi gntarlnjas yn axlstaftas pnrn ierahar ufn eirgnf ufn pnrta ma ufn sarla
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
mihugaf
mihugaftnj
tnj ma «ra
«rahif
hifstl
stltuhl
tuhløf
øf
`lstørlhn³, qua sa mlearafhlnf maj «rah
«rahif
ifst
stlt
ltuhl
uhløf
øf `lst
`lstør
ørlh
lhn³
n³,,
rast
rastii ma mi
mihu
huga
gaft
ftnj
njas
as.. Af ji
jiss timnvç
timnvçnn pima
pimagis
gis mle
mleara
arafhln
fhlnr
r
eljgas ma giftnoa i ma tras tlpis ma pajçhujns.
«rahifstltuh
«rahifstltuhløf
løf `lstør
`lstørlhn³
lhn³ timnvç
timnvçnn Mapafml
Mapafmlafm
afmii qua sa utl
utljlz
jlznf
nf
pimagis mlearafhlnr tras tlpis ma
pajçhujns. Mapafmlafmi ma sl jis vnrlnrî jn astruhturn majj
ma
mihugaftnj
gntarlnjas qua sa utljlznf sif i fi
ma pr
prllgarn gnf
nfii, vnrlnrî jn
astruhturn maj mihugaftnj.
Af aj prlgar eljga ma
rahifstltuhløf `lstørlhn, Tntlfi
Af aj prlgar eljga ma
sajahhlif
sajahhliføø y uflø ernkgaftis
rahi
rahifs
fstl
tltu
tuhl
hløf
øf `lst
`lstør
ørlh
lhn,
n,
ma fit
fitlhl
lhlnrl
nrlis
is y ma paj
pajçhu
çhujns
jns
Tntl
Tntlfi
fi sa
saja
jahh
hhli
lifø
fø y uf
uflø
lø
nrkugaftnj
nrkugaftnjas
as ma jn pisku
piskuarrn
arrn
ernkgaftis ma fitlhlnrlis y
aspnþijn,
aspnþijn, nþnmlafmi
nþnmlafmi n su vaz
ufnn gÿ
uf gÿslslhn
hn y jn jnss hn
hnfh
fhli
lifa
fass ma pa pajç
jçhu
hujn
jns,
s, nþ nþnm
nmla
lafm
fmii nhtunjlmnmas fl rapirtnoas-, utljlznfmi aj
gÿsslh
gÿ lhnn y jn jnss hnhnfhfhli
lifa
fass
hnrnhtarçstlhns ma asa parçimi. gntarlnj yn rimnmi, qua sa higblfnf hif
hnrnhtarçsçsttlhns ma asa
\ af aj sakufmi hnsi, higblfø aftr
aftrav
avls
lstn
tnss y aj pupuft
ftii ma vlvlst
stnn maj
maj
parçimi. aj sakufmi
fitlhlnrlis y mihugaftnjas ma ranjlznmi
ranjlznmir.r. Tari hnba aspahlelhn
aspahlelhnrr gaoir
higblfø fitlhln
lnrrlis y
jiss nþ
ji nþis
is trtral
alft
ftnn af As Aspn
pnþn
þn,, ngbis
ngb is tlp
tlpis
is ma mihuga
mihugaftn
ftnjas
jas hif jis
mihugaftnjas oufti n
oufti n lgîkafas ma mlnrlis ma slkulafta
slkul aftass aoagpjis.
aoagpjis. Mihugaftn
Mihugaftnjasjas qua
lgîk
lg îkaf
afas
as ma ml mlnr
nrli
liss ma jn
jn ìpihn y aj siflmi irlklfnj ma pnrtaf, puas, ma jn lman ma «ljustrnr³ uf
ìpihn y aj siflmi irlklfnj ma
jnss pa
jn pajç
jçhu
hujn
jnss -n -njk
jkuf
ufns
ns ma nspahti maj prikrngn i ma jn tagîtlhn
jns pajçh çhuujns, N elf ma
elhhløf,
elhhløf, nufqu
nufquaa ma npnrl npnrlafhln
afhln kafarnj maj hursi, af aj hnsi gîs `nbltunj
iera
ie raha
harr uf ufnn pn pnfi
firîrîgl
glhn
hn
mihuga
mih ugaftn
ftnj-,
j-, n elf ma ier ieraha
ahar
r ma tafar ufn numlafhln ashijn jnrr.
tast
tastlg
lgififln
lnjj ma majj pa parl imii.
rlim
ufn pnfirîglhn tastlgiflnj maj
S HL]N]LIF Ois44 Zj 8402 W
parlimi. S HL]N]LIF Ois44 Zj S HL]N]LIF Ois44 Zj 8402 W
8402 W
Hltn ma rasugaf
08
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
guh`ns vahas eirgnf ufn pnrta ma ufn sarla hifhratn, qua sa amltnf hif ufn parlimlhlmnm
elon
elon rap
rapirt
irtnoa
noass ma lfe
lfeirg
irgnh
nhløf
løf,, tnj hi
higi
gi pim
pimagi
agiss var pir jns fu
fugar
garisn
isnss hnm
hnmafn
afnss
tajavlslvns,
tajavlslvns, mabl
mablmnga
mngafta
fta giftn
giftnmis,
mis, qua `nbl
`nbltunjg
tunjgafta
afta sa lftak
lftakrnf
rnf af jis fitlhlnrli
fitlhlnrliss
i, gîs nmajnfta, af jis mihugaftnjas. Tir itrn pnrta, jis jjngnmis mihugaftnjas Eljgas
hif aftravlstns y aj pufti ma vlstn maj ranjlznmir. Tari hnba aspahlelhnr gaoir ngbis tlpis
ma mihugaftnjas hif jis slkulaftas aoagpjis. Mihugaftnjas qua pnrtaf, puas, ma jn lman
ma «ljustrnr³ uf nspahti maj prikrngn i ma jn tagîtlhn kafarnj maj hursi, af aj hnsi gîs
Higaftnrli
Af pjafi slkji PPL `nf gimlelhnmi tnftns hisns, higi pir aoagpji yn fi as jjngnmi
‚mihugaftnj `lstørlhi‗ slfi as gns hifihlmi higi ‚hlfa mihugaftnj‗ gimlelhnfmi jis
tìrglfis, pari su hifslstafhln y su elfnjlmnm as jn glsgn, prieufmlznr hif `ah`is
Ulmn y Ibrn ma Hasnr Unjjaoi. As ufn fuavn gnfarn ma lfeirgnrfis nharhn ma Unjjaoi.
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
0=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
01
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ;
Raspifsnbja?
Knrhçn Uafturn Ast`aenfy Uarøflhn
Xubtagn? Mihugaftnj `lstirlhi
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
GhMi
GhMiffiuk
iuk`, C. (> ma Maha
ahagbar 448).. HIFX]R
bar ma 2448) HIFX]RQH]
QH]LFK
LFK N @LX]IR
@LX]IRLHN
LHNJ
J
MIHQGAF]NR\? N MLRAH]IR'X ]NJA. Ibtaf
Ibtaflmi
lmi ma TARXTA
TARXTAH]L
H]LUAX
UAX??
`ttps?//www.`lstirlnfs.irk/pubjlhntlifs-nfm-mlra
`ttps?//www.`lstirlnfs.irk/pubjlhntlifs-nfm-mlrahtirlas/parspahtlva
htirlas/parspahtlvas-if-
s-if-
`lstiry/mahagbar-2448/hifstruhtlfk
`lstiry/mahagbar-2448/hifstruhtlfk-n-`lstirlhnj-mihugaftnry-n-mlra
-n-`lstirlhnj-mihugaftnry-n-mlrahtirs-tnja
htirs-tnja
]`a `lstirlhnj mihugaftnry ls njsi n hifstruhtlif raejahtlfk t`a blnsas ie lts eirg.
Mihugaftnrlas saac ti afknka t`a vlawar agitlifnjjy lf t`a h`nrnhtars nfm stiry. Ns
[`lta pilfts iut, ifa wny ti hranta t`ls bifm ls ti gnca t`a vlawars eaaj t`nt t`a
strass
strass t`a hig
higgif
gifnjl
njltla
tlass lf `ug
`ugnf
nf ba`
ba`nvl
nvlir
ir t`n
t`ntt hri
hriss
ss tag
tagpir
pirnj
nj nfm huj
hujtur
turnj
nj
biufmnrlas rnt`ar t`nf t`a mleearafhas nfm strnfkafass ie t`a pnst. ]`ls hifvaftlif
eir astnbjls`lfk engljlnrlty ls mua lf jnrka pnrt ti t`a gima ie prasaftntlif. Eljg ls n
tlga-bnsam gamlug nfm t`a vlawar `ns fi hiftrij ivar t`a rnta nt w`lh` lfeirgntlif
ls ra
raha
halv
lvam
am.. Lf
Lfei
eirg
rgntl
ntlif
if gu
gust
st,, t`
t`ar
araei
aeira
ra,, ba an
ansl
sljy
jy uf
ufma
mars
rstii
tiim.
m. [`
[`lj
ljaa el
eljg
jg ls
nmglrnbjy sultam eir jlfanr stirytajjlfk, lt ls n mleelhujt gamlug lf w`lh` ti prasaft
05
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
higp
higpja
jax
x nr
nrku
kuga
gaft
ftnt
ntli
lif.
f. Lt
Ltss ga
ganf
nfss ie par
parsu
suns
nsli
lif
f nr
nraa pr
prlg
lgnr
nrlj
ljy
y t`
t`ri
riuk
uk`
` t`
t`aa
]rnmuhhløf
Aj mihugaftnj `lstørlhi as tngblìf ufn hifstruhhløf qua raejaon jis saskis ma su eirgn.
`lst
`lstir
irln
ln.. Hi
Higi
gi sa
saþn
þnjn
jn [`
[`lt
lta,
a, ufn
ufn eirg
eirgnn ma hr
hran
anrr as
asta
ta vç
vçfh
fhuj
ujii as `n
`nha
harr qu
quaa ji
jiss
aspahtnmiras slaftnf qua jis suoatis ma jn pajçhujn sif parsifns higi ajjis.2 Higi
ra
rasu
sujt
jtnm
nmi,
i, gu
guh`
h`is
is mi
mihu
huga
gaft
ftnj
njas
as `lst
`lstør
ørlh
lhis
is afen
afentl
tlzn
znff ji
jiss pu
puft
ftis
is af hi
higÿ
gÿff af aj
higpirtnglafti `ugnfi qua hruznf jns eriftarns tagpirnjas y hujturnjas af juknr ma jns
ji tnf
tnfti,
ti, jn lfeirg
lfeirgnh
nhløf
løf maba
maba aftaf
aftafmar
marsa
sa eîhljg
eîhljgaft
afta.
a. Xl blaf
blaf jn pa
pajçh
jçhujn
ujn sa nm
nmnpt
nptnn
nmgl
nmglrn
rnbj
bjag
agaf
afta
ta n jn fnrr
fnrrnh
nhlø
løff jlfa
jlfanj
nj,, as uf gaml
gamlii ml
mleç
eçhl
hljj pn
pnrn
rn pr
praasa
saft
ftnr
nr uf
ufnn
Higaftnrli
jn eirgn ma sar ufn parsifn, tngblìf jn lfeirgnhløf maba aftafmarsa y sar prahlsn pnrn
nsç pimar aftafmar qua as ji qua trntn aj mihugaftnj. @iy af mçn uf mihugaftnj `lstørlhi
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
00
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N 0
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttp?//hlpama`.bji
`ttp?//hlpama`.bjikspit.hig/24>;/42
kspit.hig/24>;/42/jn-sijlmnrlmnm-af-jn-ibrn-ma
/jn-sijlmnrlmnm-af-jn-ibrn-ma-hasnr.`tgj
-hasnr.`tgj
Hltn taxtunj
«Jn piasçn vnjjaolnfn ravajn aj krnmi ma sijlmnrlmnm qua slafta pir aj qua suera . Aj suerlglafti fi
as ji glsgi qua jn trlstazn3 sa puama sar njakra af aj suerlglafti, af hngbli fufhn, njakra af
`argnfnrsa hif timis jis `igbras qua sueraf, puas pnrn jikrnr jn `ugnflznhløf sa maba `nhar
ranjlmnm jn sijlmnrlmnm, `nstn lfhjusi mnr jn pripln vlmn, higi ji `lhlarif jis vijuftnrlis ma
0<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Aspnþn, huyn raslstafhln sijlmnrln `nhçn qua siji astuvlarn? ‚`arlmi girtnjgafta af vlmn‗ ³
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
«Jn piasçn vnjjaolnfn ravajn jn sijlmnrlmnm pir jis qua sueraf . Xuerlr fi as lkunj qua astnr trlsta,
puamas sar njakra glaftrns sueras, pari fufhn, njakra af jn trlstazn
trlstazn.. Jn trlstazn trna qulabra,
hifsijlma hif qulafas sueraf, jjaknfmi n mnr jn vlmn, higi ji `lhlarif jis vijuftnrlis ma Aspnþn,
ji qua `nhçn qua siji astuvlarn? ‚`arlmi girtnjgafta af vlmn‗ ³ (HLTAMA@, 24>;, pîrr. 2)
Higaftnrli
Unjjaoi fis guastrn aj jnmi maj `igbra, af aj qua timis sif hifshlaftas pir jis qua
sueraf i nj gafis nsç mabarçn sarji, y qua aj suerlglafti fi as njki pir ji qua aj `igbra
tlafa qua pnsnr siji, y jn vlmn ma nquajjis vnja guh`i, tngblìf fis guastrn higi aj
glsgi sa mn huaftn nj suerlr, y qua nj lkunj qua ìj guh`is gîs sueraf, slafmi uf krnf
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]itnj
<>
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N 0
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
Oustlhln-af-Jn-Ibrn-ma-Hasnr-Unjjaoi
«Jn ax axhj
hjng
ngnh
nhlø
løff pi
pirr jn ou oust
stlh
lhln
ln Jn axhjng
axhjngnh
nhløf
løf pir jn oustlh
oustlhln
ln
`ugnfn as ufn hifstnfta af jn vlmn y Jn axhjn
xhjngn
gnhhløf
løf pipirr jn `ugn
`ugnfn
fn as uf
ufnn hifs
hifstn
tnft
ftaa af jn
af jn ibrn ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi.
Unjjaoi . Nuf oustlhln `ugnfn as ufn
hunfmi hnba saþnjnr qua ìj fi as aj hifstnfta af jn vlmn y af jn vlmn y af jn ibrn ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi,
prlgari fl aj ÿflhi nrtlstn qua ibrn ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi, yn yn qua masma aj lflhli ma su ibrn
nbirmn jn oustlhln higi tagn qua masma aj lflhli ma su
astìtlhi, gîs sç sa hifstltuya af uf ibrnn nsuga
ibr nsuga jn oustlh
oustlhln
ln ma nsuga jn ou
ousstlhln ma gimi
eufmngaftnj puas masma aj
axpifafta eufmngaftnj puas gimi `ugnfçstlhi `ugn
`ugnfç
fçst
stlh
lhi,
i, Tnrn
Tnrn Un
Unjja
jjaoi
oi ji
jiss
lflhli ma su ibrn ajnbirn ufn astìtlhn
oustlhlarn y nsuga jn oustlhln ma uf pljnras ma jn oustlhln `ugnfn, as jn
gimi `ugnf
`ugnfçslgi
çslgi prieuf
prieufmi,
mi, sihl
sihlnj,
nj,
jlbartnm, jn lkunjmnm y jn
ìtlhi y asparnfznmir, mlsaþnfmi nsç
uf astlji lfìmlti af jn jçrlhn fnhlifnj, er
ernt
ntar
arfl
flmn
mnmm nqua
nquajj
jjns
ns qu
quaa astî
astîff
`lspnfingarlhnfn y gufmlnj,
gufmlnj, higi
<2
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
sa avlmafhln af aj hifoufti ma su
ibrn fnrrntlvn,
fnrrntlvn, piìtlhn,
piìtlhn, apls
aplstijnr
tijnrli,
li,
tantri y hrøflhns
Hltn ma rasugaf
«Jn axhjngnhløf pir jn oustlhln `ugnfn as ufn hifstnfta af jn vlmn y af jn ibrn ma Hìsnr
Unjjaoi, yn qua masma aj lflhli ma su ibrn nsuga jn oustlhln ma gimi `ugnfçstlhi, Tnrn
nqua
nquajj
jjns
ns qua
qua as
astî
tîff hift
hiftrn
rnpu
puas
astn
tnss nj lf
lfml
mlvl
vlmu
munj
njls
lsgi
gi y ak
akiç
içsg
sgii qu
quaa pr
prig
igua
uava
va aj
hnpltnjlsgi, nmagîs slafmi astn jn puartn ma n higpatafhlns y kuarrns qua arrnmlhnf jn
Higaftnrli
Jn oustlhln as njki pir ji qua nÿf aj sar `ugnfi fi `n jjnki prnhtlhnr maj timi, y timi ajji
ji pimagis var raejaonmi af jis gimajis pijçtlhis hnpltnjlstns, qua blaf as hlarti qua
gaoirn aj krnmi ma vlmn ma qulafas ji prnhtlhnf i ji pifaf af gnrh`n, gîs fi as njki qua
jikrn aj bafaelhli ma timis, yn qua astn pnrn trnar bafaelhlis hifslki, maba tafar a
<8
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
lgpifar asn lman ma qua hnmn ufi knfn, ji qua `n trnbnonmi i ji qua `n snhrlelhnmi,
glaftrns qua qulafas fi puamaf sa plarmaf af asa hnglfi, asti tngblìf trna hifslki
kuarrns, yn jn hiftlfun juh`nr af var qulaf as gaoir ji `nha ntriz pnrn jis magîs.
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
]itnj
<=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N 0
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttps?//www.brltnfflhn.hig/blikrnp`y/Hasnr-Unjjaoi
«Unjjaoi“s elrst biic ie piags, Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>03 ‚]`a Bjnhc @arnjms Sir
Gassaf
Gassafkar
karsW‗
sW‗),
), s`i
s`iwam
wam `lg stljj
stljj ufm
ufmar
ar t`a sty
styjls
jlstlh
tlh lfejua
lfejuafha
fha ie Tn
Tnrfn
rfnssl
sslnf
nflsg
lsg nf
nfmm
Gimarflsg
Gimarflsg lf `ls axpjirn
axpjirntlif
tlif ie w`nt wara ti ba `ls gnoir t`agas?
t`agas? `ls jiss ie sahu
sahurlty
rlty
w`af `ls git`ar nfm nf ijmar brit`ar mlam3 `ls rasujtlfk safsa ie t`a eutljlty nfm lf`araft
jlgltntlifs ie jlea3 nfm t`a lfnbljlty ie `ugnf balfks ti nh`lava t`alr pitaftlnj bahnusa ie
sihlnj ipprasslif nfm lfoustlha. Unjjaoi hnga ti bajlava t`nt t`a jnfkunka ie piatry
s`iujm ba mavilm ie njj trnmltlifnj mavlhas lf lts mashrlptlif ie t`a `ugnf hifmltlif, nfm
<1
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
t`nt jltarntura s`iujm njsi sarva t`a hnusa ie t`a gnssas. Gnrxlsg saagam ti `lg ti ba t`a
ifjy wny ie rahtleylfk t`a nbusas nfm lfoustlhas `a snw lf sihlaty, nfm twi vlslts ti
Russln lf ><20 nfm ><2< sarvam ti ralfeirha `ls pijltlhnj higgltgaft.³. (]lccnfaf, 24>5,
pîrr. 8-5)
]rnmuhhløf
STrlgar jlbri ma piagns ma Unjjaoi, Jis `arnjmis fakris (><>03 "Jis `arnjmis fakris Si
pnrn njhnfznr su pitafhlnj mablmi n jn iprasløf sihlnj y jn lfoustlhln. Unjjaoi jjakø n hraar
qua aj jafkunoa ma jn piasçn mabarçn astnr masprivlsti ma timis jis rahursis trnmlhlifnjas
hnusn ma jns gnsns. Aj gnrxlsgi ja pnrahçn jn ÿflhn eirgn ma rahtlelhnr jis nbusis a
lfoustlhlns qua vaçn af jn sihlamnm, y mis vlsltns n Rusln af ><20 y ><2< slrvlarif pnrn
Higaftnrli
Jn oustlhln af sus nspahtis rajavnftas jjaknrçn n sar aj gitir ma jn ufløf astn sarçn ji qua
timi aj puabji plma yn qua masma qua sa hifiha, aj `ugnfi n vlvlmi sugarklmi af uf
gufmi jjafi ma masaquljlbrli, af mifma qulaf puama as qulaf maba plsitanr n jis qua fi,
as pir ajji qua sl jn oustlhln astnbjahlmn higi vlrtum, hngblnrln ji qua hifihagis n`irn
<5
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
tngblìf masma jns nhhlifas qua jjakuagis n tignr af fuastri mçn n mçn.
]itnj
<;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N <
Raspifsnbja?
Xubtagn? ]rljha Af Jn Nhtunjlmnm
Hltn taxtunj
Fi ga matafmrì af aj flvaj purngafta varbnj ma uf eaføgafi piìtlhi tnf higpjaoi. Astn
fi as jn sama, fl tngpihi tafki jis eufmngaftis fl jn vihnhløf pnrn ajji, pari `ny mis
puftis qua masanrçn saþnjnr, y fi sa raelaraf nj jafkunoa af sç gls
glsgi,
gi, slfi n su pribnbja
kastnhlø
kastnhløff nfçg
nfçglhn
lhn y hujtu
hujturnj.
rnj. As avlmafta, higi yn `n slmi ibsarvnmi, qua trns ma jn
astnhløf gimarflstn ma Jis @arnjmis Fakris, af ><22, hif ]rljha, Unjjaoi lfnukurn uf
jafkunoa higpjatngafta rafivnmi, `argìtlhi y numnz `nstn ji tagarnrli, qua ravajn
hjnrng
hjnrngaft
aftaa su era
erahu
huaft
aftnhl
nhløf
øf ma jns vnf
vnfkun
kunrml
rmlns
ns jlt
jltarn
arnrln
rlnss ma jn ìp
ìpihn
ihn.. As lffaknbja
tngblìf qua mlh`i jafkunoa sa hrlstnjlzn juaki af Tnrçs hunfmi, maspuìs ma jnrkis nþis ma
lftafsn bntnjjn axlstafhlnj y pijçtlhn, aj piatn yn gnmuri y af pjafn pisasløf ma sus
gamlis, ashrlba Tiagns `ugnfis y Aspnþn npnrtn ma gç asta hîjlz. Xu axprasliflsgi
varbnj fi as ma gnfarn, fi as nprafmlmi ma jn vnfkunrmln nrtçstlhn miglfnfta af nquajjis
<0
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
nþis. \ fi pimçn sarji, yn qua aj axprasliflsgi njagîf arn guy pihi sakulmi af Tnrçs
pir aftifhas, mifma gîs blaf sa mlsputnbnf jn ashafn aj givlglafti mnmî y jis prlgaris
njbiras
njbiras maj surra
surranjlsg
njlsgii brati
bratiflnfi
flnfi.. Xlf
Xlf ag
agbnr
bnrki,
ki, yi mlr
mlrçn
çn qua ast
astnn sa
sahua
huafhl
fhln,
n, ast
astnn
lftarp
lftarprat
ratnh
nhløf
løf avi
avijut
jutlvn
lvn ma jn pn
pnjnb
jnbrn
rn vn
vnjja
jjaoln
olnfn,
fn, fi as sue
suelhl
lhlaft
afta,
a, nu
nufqu
fquaa npn
npnraz
razhn
hn
pareahtngafta hi`arafta.
hi`arafta. (Amunrmi Alajsif, 24>;, p. =).
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
Higaftnrli
Hasnr vnjjaoi agpjanbn uf jafkunoa eirgnj y afvijvafta hif jn elfnjlmnm ma hngblnr n jns
parsifns, kafarnfmi jn jahturn y aj ngir pir jn hujturn, aj pjnsgn af sus ibrns
saft
saftlg
lgla
laft
ftis
is ra
rasa
sarv
rvnm
nmis
is ma su lfen
lfenfh
fhln
ln,, y timi
timiss ji
jiss `a
`ah`
h`is
is pi
pirr ji
jiss qu
quaa pn
pnsi
si..
Higpnrîfmiji hif jn nhtunjlmnm sa n parmlmi aj ngir `nhln jn jahturn, asa ngir qua
Unjjaoi pratafmçn trnsjnmnr n timis n trnvìs ma sus ibrns.
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
ELH@N <
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn?
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hltn ma rasugaf
Higaftnrli
Hasnr vnjjaoi hifslmarn guh`i aj vnjir ma jn gnmra pasa qua af sus tlagpis fi sa ja mnbn
aj glsgi vnjir sihlnj higi aj ma `iy af mçn, sl agbnrki aj af su piagnrli rahifiha aj
vnjir ma astn, `nhlafmi rahnjhnr qua aj `iknr slf ufn gnmra fi eufhlifn lkunj.
Aj agprafmlglafti Tuftnoa
]itnj
>42
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N <
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn?
`ttps?//www.afitas.
`ttps?//www.afitas.hig/tiplhs/trljha/lf-mapt`#?~?ta
hig/tiplhs/trljha/lf-mapt`#?~?taxt7]`a%24Tiag&
xt7]`a%24Tiag&taxt7]rljha%24ls
taxt7]rljha%24ls
%24n%24hijjahtlif%24ie,tikat`ar%2
%24n%24hijjahtlif%24ie,tikat`ar%24lf%24n%24pia
4lf%24n%24piatlh%24saquafha
tlh%24saquafha.&taxt7Nf
.&taxt7Nf
%24nwnrafass%24ie%24H%H8%N<
%24nwnrafass%24ie%24H%H8%N<snr%24Unjjaoi,gn
snr%24Unjjaoi,gnca%24siga%24
ca%24siga%24safsa%24ie
safsa%24ie
%24lt..
%24lt
Lf t`a elrst piags, t`a mlstnft pnst ls rahnjjam ns t`a piat ragagbars `ls h`ljm`iim nfm
rapjnys hartnlf cay gigafts lf `ls pnst, suh` ns pnraftnj nbnfmifgaft. Lt ls n engljlnr
wirjm t`nt t`a piat ravlslts, nfm `a elfms `lgsaje n blt put iee by t`nt engljlnrlty”n
engljlnrlty w`lh` ganfs t`nt fit`lfk ls faw. ]`a puzzjlfk fntura ie tlga hifharfs `lg lf
t`asa raejahtlifs, ns mias n safsa ie lfnmaqunhy lf `ls saxunj rajntlifs. Lf piag PL, t`asa
bnslh t`agas higa tikat`ar, nfm erig t`af if t`a piat“s gamltntlifs bahiga gira
ibsasslva, mnrc wlt` axnsparntlif nfm gajnfh`ijy”fit lf nf neeahtam wny, but lf
Unjjaoi“s iwf slfhara, le njgist asitarlh, vilha, ns `a axpjnlfs lf piag JU. (T`ljlp C.
Onsif. aFitas.hig, Lfh. 2442,
2442, p. =).
>48
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rnmuhhløf
Higaftnrli
Hasnr vnjjaoi supi utljlznr jis trnugns higi lfsplrnhlifas pnrn pjnsgnrjis af su krnf
piagnrli trljha, aj nbnfmifi axlsta masma gîs ntrîs ma jn ìpihn ma vnjjaoi y slkua
axlstlafmi af jn nhtunjlmnm. Unjjaoi lfsplri asis saftlglaftis af jn ashrlturn mîfmifis ufn
jahhløf y ma `ugljmnm y snblmurçn pnrn snjlr nmajnfta `iy af mçn a lkfirnr jis `ah`is maj
pnsnmi.
]itnj
>4=
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N ]AP]QNJ
ELH@N >4
Raspifsnbja?
Raearafhln blbjlikrîelhn
`ttp?//www.gnknrhlnkuarrn.hig/24>2/>4/trljha-ma
`ttp?//www.gnknrhlnkuarrn.hig/24>2/>4/trljha-ma-hasnr-vnjjaoi/
-hasnr-vnjjaoi/
Hltn taxtunj?
‚]rljha as aj jlbri gîs trnfskrasir ongîs ashrlti af aspnþij y timi nquìj qua isa
aferaftnrsa hif sus varsis mabarî nhaptnr qua astn piasçn axlka uf jahtir guy ntafti.
ntafti .
Hnmn varsi fahasltn ma uf higpjaoi prihasi ma nfîjlsls pnrn axprlglr -i lftaftnrji, nj
gafis- timi su rlhi ouki.‗ (Knrhçn, 24>2, pärr->)
Hltn ma pnrîernsls
]rljha as aj jlbri gîs rnmlhnj ashrlti af aspnþij, ji qua magnfmn qua jis jahtiras sanf
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Higaftnrli
Aj piagn ]rljha as ufi ma jis jlbris gîs prieufmis af jn jafkun aspnþijn, pir ji qua
raqulara uf pÿbjlhi jahtir snblis y nfnjçtlhis, pnrn qua nsç puamnf axtrnar timns jns pnrtas
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
ELH@N MA RAXQGAF
Xubtagn?
Raearafhl
Raearafhlnn blbjlikrî
blbjlikrîelhn
elhn?? Nrhiyn, A .(s.e). Ibrn piìtlhn ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi
`ttps?//www.nhtunjlmnmjltarnturn.hig/ibrn-piatlh
`ttps?//www.nhtunjlmnmjltarnturn.hig/ibrn-piatlhn-ma-hasnr-vnjjaoi/
n-ma-hasnr-vnjjaoi/
Aj jlbri ]rljha eua aj sakufmi ashrlti pir Aj jlbri ]rljha eua aj sakufmi ashrlti pir
Hìsnr Unjjaoi y uf nftas y uf maspuìs hif Hìsnrr Unjja
Hìsn Unjjaoioi jis pi
piagn
agnss qua eirgnf
eirgnf
raspahti nj prlgari. Jn ìpihn af qua eua pnrta maj jlbri sif gîs fakntlvis, hif
ashrlti, trns jn guarta ma su gnmra, uf saftl
saftlgla
glafti
ftiss ma axhjus
axhjusløf
løf y vlijaf
vlijafhln
hln n
ernh
ernhns
nsii ng
ngiriris
isii y hif
hif asashî
hîfm
fmnj
nji,
i, aj timi ji qua `nbçn vlvlmi aj piatn.
enjjahlglafti ma su nglki, jn pìrmlmn maj
trnbnoi, nsç higi aj parlimi qua pnsø af jn
hîrha
hîrhajj `lz
`lzii qua jis pia
piagn
gnss qua eirgn
eirgnff
pnrta maj jlbri euarnf gîs fakntlvis, hif
saftlglaftis ma axhjusløf y vlijafhln n
timi ji qua `nbçn vlvlmi aj piatn.
Asta piagnrli sa higpifa ma uf titnj ma Asta piagnrli sa higpifa ma uf titnj ma
;; piagns, slf qua flfkufi ma ajjis jjava ;; piagns, slf qua flfkufi ma ajjis jjava
uf tçtu
tçtuji
ji,, slfi
slfi sisiji
ji uf
ufnn fufugagarn
rnhl
hløf
øf uf tçtuji, hnmn ufi as lfmapafmlafta aftra
ri
riggnfn,
fn, titntitnjg
jgaafta
fta mlear
learaafta ma su sç.
nftarlir jlbri, af aj qua hnmn ufi tafçn uf
tçtuji y astnbnf afkjibnmis af krupis. Af
hngbli, hif ]rljha hnmn ufi as
lfmapafmlafta aftra sç.
Af hunfti n su tìhflhn piìtlhn, `ny ufn Af hu
hunf
nfti
ti n su tì
tìhf
hflh
lhnn pi
piìt
ìtlh
lhnn utljlzn
rupturn hif raspahti n ji qua sa hifihçn pnjnbrns guy hujtns, qua `nha qua san
maj
maj piapiatn.
tn. Af as asta
ta hnsi
si,, rigp
rigpaa hif hif guy higpjlhnmi ma aftafmar , sa lfvaftn
hunj
hunjqu
qulalarr lglglt
ltnh
nhlø
løff i lfej
lfejua
uafh
fhln
ln qu quaa pnjnbrns, utljlzn
pnjnbrns, utljlzn pnjnbrns
pnjnbrns hlaftç
hlaftçelhns
elhns a
tuvlarn, sa jlbarn ma jns gìtrlhns y jn rlgn, lfhjusi axpraslifas pipujnras.
y ututlj
ljlz
lznn pnpnjn
jnbr
brns
ns guguyy hujt
hujtns
ns,, n vavaha
hass
nftlkuns, qua `nha qua san guy
higp
higpjl jlhn
hnmimi ma afta aftafm
fmar
ar.. Nm
Nmagagîs
îs,, sa
>4;
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Hltn ma rasugaf?
aj piatn. Asta piagnrli sa higpifa ma uf titnj ma ;; piagns, slf qua flfkufi ma ajjis
jjava uf tçtuji, hnmn ufi as lfmapafmlafta aftra sç. Af hunfti n su tìhflhn piìtlhn utljlzn
pnjnbrns guy hujtns, qua `nha qua san guy higpjlhnmi ma aftafmar, sa lfvaftn pnjnbrns,
Higaftnrli?
]rljha eua aj sakufmi jlbri ma Hìsnr Unjjaoi, af asta jlbri sa vaf raejaonmis timis jis
½pribjagns maj nutir n trnvìs ma sus piagns, pir itri jnmi, asta jlbri axlka uf pÿbjlhi
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
Xubtagn? ]rljha
Raea
Raeara
rafh
fhln
ln blbj
blbjli
likr
krîe
îelh
lhn?
n? Kiim Ranms ( 244>)
`tps?//www.kiimranms.hig/biic/s`iw/>5;=21.]rljha
Hltn axtrnfoarn?
@lspnflh jattars ns' ]`a [nstajnfm' nfm ']`a Hnftis' lf t`a Nfkjip`ifa wirjm, nfm njj t`a
gira ngnzlfk eir `nvlfk baaf higpisam lf ragita Taru. Eujj ie faijiklsgs nfm
sygbijs, t`a biic ls ifa t`nt faams ti ba ra-trnfsjntam ietaf, but t`ls ls ifjy t`a sahifm
varslif ti nppanr lf t`a QC, nfm t`a eiurt` lf t`a QXN. N bljlfkunj biic, t`a Xpnfls`
taxts nra bnsam upif t`a vary jntast sh`ijnrs`lp, nfm nra prasaftam wlt` eujj axpjnfntiry
nffitntlifs eir t`a Afkjls`-spanclfk ranmar. Npnrt erig t`a hnfiflhnj taxt ie ']rljha', t`a
biic njsi lfhjumas nf nppafmlx ie n eurt`ar alk`t piags t`nt wara jaet iut ie t`a elfnj
pubjls`am varslif
varslif ie t`a biic, bu
butt w`lh` lt
]rnmuhhløf?
>4<
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
]rljha 'as ufi ma jis krnfmas gifugaftis ma jn piasçn `lspîflhn maj slkji PP, tnf
lgpirtnfta af jns jatrns `lspnfns higi' ]`a [nstajnfm 'y' ]`a Hnftis 'af aj gufmi
nfkjøeifi, y tnfti gîs nsigbrisi pir `nbar slmi higpuasti af aj ragiti Tarÿ. Jjafi ma
faijiklsgis y sçgbijis, aj jlbri as ufi qua fahasltn sar ra-trnmuhlmi hif erahuafhln, pari
astn as siji jn sakufmn varsløf qua npnraha af aj Ralfi Qflmi y jn hunrtn af jis Astnmis
Qflmis. Qf jlbri higpjatngafta bljlfkúa, jis taxtis af aspnþij sa bnsnf af jns ÿjtlgns
lfkjasn. Nmagîs maj taxti hnføflhi ma ']rljha', aj jlbri tngblìf lfhjuya uf npìfmlha ma
itris ih`i piagns qua quamnrif euarn ma jn varsløf elfnj pubjlhnmn maj jlbri, pari qua as
Higaftnrli?
]rljha as ufi ma jis jlbris gîs rahifihlmis nj flvaj gufmlnj, pir ji qua tlafa qua
Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml
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Triyahti ma Agprafmlglafti ma Ml