Technical Manual: ZXMP S320 (V1.0)

ZXMP S320 (V1.
0)
SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment
Technical Manual
ZTE CORPORATION
ZXMP S320 (V1.0)
SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment
Technical Manual
Manual Version 20041025-R1.0

Product Version V1.0
Copyright © ZTE Corporation
All rights reserved.
No part of this documentation may be excerpted, reproduced, translated, annotated or

duplicated, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of ZTE
Corporation.
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Postcode: 518057
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Preface
About This Manual

This manual is designed for the Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH based multi-service
node equipment (ZXMP S320 for short).
The suit of manuals that works with this manual is as follows:
Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment Technical
Manual
Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment Hardware
Manual
Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment Installation
Manual
Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment Maintenance
Manual
How to Use This Manual

This manual describes the architecture, technical indices, system functions, networking
modes, and system configuration of the ZXMP S320, to help the user to fully
understand the system and form a foundation for reading other documentation of the
equipment and the operation and maintenance of the equipment. To facilitate users to
understand the SDH equipment, this manual also contains basic knowledge of SDH
technology for reference.
The organization of the manual is as follows:
Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge briefly introduces digital communication, SDH system

for optical communication and telecommunication management network (TMN) for
users to understand the subsequent chapters. This part can be used as reference for
users during their using the manuals.
Chapter 2 System Structure introduces the background, standards complied, system

functions, operating principles, system hardware structure, software structure of the
network management system ZXONM E300, and system characteristics.
Chapter 3 Technical Indices provides various parameters and indices of the system.
Chapter 4 Interfaces describes the interfaces and interface standards of the ZXMP
S320.
Chapter 5 System Functions describes the functions of the ZXMP S320 and the
implementation process of these functions, including service function, system control
and communication function, overhead processing function, timing synchronization
output function, alarm input/output function, cross-connect function and protection
function.
Chapter 6 Networking & System Configuration talks about the networking modes
and system configuration with practical networking cases both as the traditional SDH
equipment and as Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) equipment, to help the user to
understand the networking capability and service provisioning capability of the system.
Appendix A Application of Dual Power Supply & Front Outlet introduces the dual
power input and front outlet application of the ZXMP S320, and the components and
boards required from dual power input and front leading out.
Appendix B Abbreviations lists the abbreviations involved in this manual for

reference.
Conventions
Four eye-catching symbols will appear in this manual to indicate the places worthy of
special attentions during operation.
Attention, Caution, Warning, and Danger: alerting

you to some important instructions.
Statement: Since the product and technology are subject to updating and
upgrading, the information contained herein may not be in perfect
compliance with the products. Please contact our local office for
updating/upgrading information of the products.
Contents
1 Basic Knowledge .....................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Brief Introduction to Communication Network .............................................................................1-1
1.1.1 Classification of Communication Networks .......................................................................1-1
1.1.2 Basic Elements of a Communication Network ...................................................................1-2
1.1.3 Development Trends of Communication Networks............................................................1-3
1.2 Brief Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication......................................................................1-3
1.2.1 Three Low-Loss Windows of Fiber Communication ..........................................................1-3
1.2.2 Structure of Optical Fiber....................................................................................................1-4
1.2.3 Classification of Optical Fibers...........................................................................................1-5
1.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ..........................................................................................1-7
1.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................1-7
1.3.2 Defects of PDH and Birth of SDH ......................................................................................1-7
1.3.3 Advantages of SDH...........................................................................................................1-10
1.3.4 SDH Rates.........................................................................................................................1-12
1.3.5 SDH Frame Structure ........................................................................................................1-12
1.3.6 SDH Multiplexing/Mapping Structure and Process ..........................................................1-14
1.4 Functions of SDH Overhead ........................................................................................................1-17
1.4.1 Overhead Types.................................................................................................................1-17
1.4.2 SOH Arrangement.............................................................................................................1-18
1.4.3 Arrangement of High-Order POH .....................................................................................1-23
1.4.4 Arrangement of Low-order POH.......................................................................................1-25
1.5 Logical Composition of SDH Equipment ....................................................................................1-26
1.5.1 TM.....................................................................................................................................1-26
-i-
1.5.2 ADM ................................................................................................................................. 1-26
1.5.3 REG .................................................................................................................................. 1-27
1.5.4 DXC.................................................................................................................................. 1-28
1.6 Physical Topology of SDH Transport Network ........................................................................... 1-29
1.7 SDH Self-Healing Network ......................................................................................................... 1-31
1.7.1 Network Survivability ...................................................................................................... 1-31
1.7.2 Types and Principles of Self-Healing Network................................................................. 1-32
1.8 Synchronous Timing.................................................................................................................... 1-39
1.8.1 SSM Function of the SDH Interface................................................................................. 1-39
1.8.2 SSM Function of Synchronous Interface.......................................................................... 1-43
1.9 Telecom Management Network (TMN) Basics ........................................................................... 1-44
1.9.1 Working Principle ............................................................................................................. 1-44
1.9.2 SDH Management Network (SMN) ................................................................................. 1-47
1.9.3 TMN (SMN) System Functions........................................................................................ 1-49
1.10 Overview of MAN..................................................................................................................... 1-50
1.10.1 Basic Concepts................................................................................................................ 1-50
1.10.2 Basic Structure................................................................................................................ 1-50
1.10.3 Characteristics of Optical MAN ..................................................................................... 1-52
2 System Structure..................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment of ZTE..................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Introduction to the ZXMP S320 .................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3 Overall system structure ................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.1 Hardware system ................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 NMS Software System ....................................................................................................... 2-6
2.4 System Characteristics................................................................................................................. 2-10
2.4.1 Highly Integrated Design.................................................................................................. 2-10
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2.4.2 Flexible Installation Method and Power Supply Design...................................................2-10
2.4.3 Powerful Flexible Service Management ...........................................................................2-10
2.4.4 Data Processing Function.................................................................................................. 2-11
2.4.5 SSM-based Timing Synchronous Processing.................................................................... 2-11
2.4.6 Perfect Protection Mechanism and High Reliability .........................................................2-12
2.4.7 Good Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Operation Safety.................................2-12
2.4.8 Abundant interface functions ............................................................................................2-12
2.4.9 Powerful and Easy-to-use NMS........................................................................................2-13
2.5 Standard Compliance ...................................................................................................................2-14
3 Technical Indices .....................................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Equipment Structure Indices ..........................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Power Supply .................................................................................................................................3-2
3.2.1 Power Supply Range ...........................................................................................................3-2
3.2.2 Power Consumption Indices................................................................................................3-2
3.3 Environment Conditions ................................................................................................................3-3
3.3.1 Grounding Requirements ....................................................................................................3-3
3.3.2 Temperature and Humidity Requirements...........................................................................3-3
3.3.3 Requirements for Cleanness................................................................................................3-4
3.3.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility ...........................................................................................3-4
3.4 Optical Interface Performance .......................................................................................................3-6
3.4.1 Transmission Code Pattern..................................................................................................3-6
3.4.2 Eye Pattern of Optical Transmitting Signals .......................................................................3-6
3.4.3 Optical Interface Parameters ...............................................................................................3-8
3.5 Electrical Interface Performance..................................................................................................3-10
3.5.1 1544 kbit/s Interface..........................................................................................................3-10
3.5.2 2048 kbit/s Electrical Interface .........................................................................................3-10
-iii-
3.5.3 34368 kbit/s Electrical Interface ....................................................................................... 3-11
3.5.4 44736 kbit/s Interface ....................................................................................................... 3-12
3.5.5 155520 kbit/s Electrical Interfaces.................................................................................... 3-13
3.6 Jitter and Shift Performance ........................................................................................................ 3-14
3.6.1 Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface and Output Jitter of Network Interface ......... 3-14
3.6.2 Jitter Created by Regenerators .......................................................................................... 3-14
3.6.3 Jitter Transfer Characteristics of the Regenerator............................................................. 3-15
3.6.4 Jitter and Shift Tolerance at the SDH Input Interface ....................................................... 3-15
3.6.5 Mapping Jitter of PDH Tributary Port .............................................................................. 3-17
3.6.6 Combined Jittering of PDH Tributary Port....................................................................... 3-17
3.6.7 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 1.5M Tributary Port.................................................... 3-18
3.6.8 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 2M Tributary Port....................................................... 3-18
3.6.9 Max. Output Jitter of Network Threshold of 34M Tributary Port .................................... 3-18
3.6.10 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 34M Tributary Port................................................... 3-19
3.7 Clock Timing and Synchronous Characteristics .......................................................................... 3-20
3.8 Bit Error Indices .......................................................................................................................... 3-20
3.9 Protection Switching Time .......................................................................................................... 3-20
4 Interfaces ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Backplane Interfaces...................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Tributary Board/Switching Board Interface................................................................................... 4-3
4.3 Board Interfaces............................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.4 Interface Standard .......................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.4.1 155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s Optical Interface............................................................................ 4-5
4.4.2 155 Mbit/s Electrical Interface ........................................................................................... 4-5
4.4.3 34/45 Mbit/s Electrical Interface ........................................................................................ 4-5
4.4.4 2Mb/s Electrical Interface................................................................................................... 4-6
-iv-
4.4.5 2.048 Mbit/s Network Clock Synchronous Interface ..........................................................4-6
4.4.6 Two-line Interface of Orderwire..........................................................................................4-6
4.4.7 User Data Path Interface .....................................................................................................4-6
4.4.8 Local terminal F interface ...................................................................................................4-6
4.4.9 Ethernet Interfaces ..............................................................................................................4-6
4.4.10 ATM interface....................................................................................................................4-6
5 System Functions.....................................................................................................................................5-1
5.1 Service Functions...........................................................................................................................5-1
5.1.1 SDH Optical Interface.........................................................................................................5-2
5.1.2 Electrical Interface ..............................................................................................................5-3
5.1.3 Audio Data Interface ...........................................................................................................5-3
5.1.4 Orderwire Function .............................................................................................................5-4
5.1.5 MAN Service Functions......................................................................................................5-4
5.2 System Control and Communication .............................................................................................5-8
5.3 Overhead Processing......................................................................................................................5-8
5.4 Synchronous Timing ......................................................................................................................5-9
5.5 Alarm Input/Output ......................................................................................................................5-10
5.6 Cross-Connect Function...............................................................................................................5-10
5.7 Protection Function ...................................................................................................................... 5-11
5.7.1 Equipment-Level Unit Protection ..................................................................................... 5-11
5.7.2 Network-Level Service Protection .................................................................................... 5-11
6 Networking & System Configuration....................................................................................................6-1
6.1 Networking Mode ..........................................................................................................................6-1
6.1.1 Point-to-Point ......................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.2 Chain ...................................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.3 Ring.....................................................................................................................................6-3
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6.1.4 Tangent Rings ..................................................................................................................... 6-5
6.1.5 Intersected Rings ................................................................................................................ 6-6
6.1.6 Star...................................................................................................................................... 6-7
6.1.7 Mesh ................................................................................................................................... 6-8
6.2 System Configurations................................................................................................................... 6-9
6.2.1 Layout of Slots.................................................................................................................... 6-9
6.2.2 Description of the Board Configuration ........................................................................... 6-10
6.3 Board Configuration .................................................................................................................... 6-14
6.3.1 Board configuration of STM-4 level application.............................................................. 6-14
6.3.2 Board Configuration of STM-1 Level Application........................................................... 6-15
6.3.3 Optical Interface Type Selection....................................................................................... 6-15
6.3.4 Standby Tributary Board Configuration ........................................................................... 6-15
6.3.5 Tributary Socket Board Configuration.............................................................................. 6-16
6.4 Conventional SDH Equipment Configuration ............................................................................. 6-17
6.4.1 TM .................................................................................................................................... 6-17
6.4.2 ADM ................................................................................................................................. 6-18
6.4.3 REG .................................................................................................................................. 6-19
6.4.4 Configuration Description ................................................................................................ 6-20
6.5 MAN Networking Application .................................................................................................... 6-21
6.5.1 Chain................................................................................................................................. 6-21
6.5.2 Tree ................................................................................................................................... 6-23
6.5.3 Ring .................................................................................................................................. 6-24
6.5.4 Mesh ................................................................................................................................. 6-25
6.6 Cases............................................................................................................................................ 6-26
6.6.1 Networking Requirements ................................................................................................ 6-26
6.6.2 Networking Analysis ........................................................................................................ 6-26
-vi-
6.6.3 Networking Configuration ................................................................................................6-28
6.6.4 NE Configuration ..............................................................................................................6-28
6.6.5 Other Configuration ..........................................................................................................6-29
6.6.6 Features of Networking.....................................................................................................6-30
Appendix A Application of Dual-Power Supply & Front Outlet........................................................... A-1
A.1 Dual-Power Connection Box ....................................................................................................... A-1
A.2 Front Outlet Kit ............................................................................................................................ A-3
A.3 NCP Board with Alarm Input Interface........................................................................................ A-5
Appendix B Abbreviation ......................................................................................................................... B-1
-vii-
List of Figures
Fig. 1.2-1 Section Structure of Bare Fibers.......................................................................................1-4
Fig. 1.2-2 Section Structure of Fiber Core ........................................................................................1-5
Fig. 1.3-1 Add/Drop Signal Comparison between SDH and PDH ................................................. 1-11
Fig. 1.3-2 SDH Frame Structure .....................................................................................................1-12
Fig. 1.3-3 SDH Multiplexing Structure Stipulated by the ITU-T ...................................................1-14
Fig. 1.3-4 SDH Multiplexing Structure Stipulated by China ..........................................................1-16
Fig. 1.4-1 Byte Arrangement in STM-1 ..........................................................................................1-18
Fig. 1.5-1 TM Model.......................................................................................................................1-26
Fig. 1.5-2 ADM Model ...................................................................................................................1-27
Fig. 1.5-3 REG Model.....................................................................................................................1-27
Fig. 1.5-4 Model Diagram of Digital Cross-connect Equipment (DXC) ........................................1-28
Fig. 1.6-1 Physical Topologies for SDH Network ..........................................................................1-29
Fig. 1.7-1 Two-Fiber Unidirectional PP Switching Ring ................................................................1-35
Fig. 1.7-2 Two-Fiber Unidirectional MSP Switching Ring.............................................................1-36
Fig. 1.7-3 Four-fiber Bidirectional MSP ring..................................................................................1-37
Fig. 1.7-4 Two-Fiber Bidirectional MSP Switching Ring...............................................................1-38
Fig. 1.8-1 Content of S1 Byte .........................................................................................................1-39
Fig. 1.8-2 Application of SSM........................................................................................................1-42
Fig. 1.8-3 Sa Bits .............................................................................................................................1-43
Fig. 1.9-1 Relationship between TMN and Telecommunication Networks ....................................1-44
Fig. 1.9-2 Physical Structure of TMN.............................................................................................1-45
Fig. 1.9-3 TMN Management Layers.............................................................................................. 1-47
Fig. 1.9-4 Relation between SMS, SMN and TMN ........................................................................1-48
Fig. 1.10-1 Basic Structure of MAN ...............................................................................................1-51
-i-
Fig. 2.1-1 MAN Transmission Products of ZTE............................................................................... 2-1
Fig. 2.2-1 ZXMP S320 ..................................................................................................................... 2-3
Fig. 2.3-1 Functional Structure of ZXMP S320................................................................................ 2-4
Fig. 2.3-2 Function Relationship of Hardware Platforms of ZXMP S320 ....................................... 2-5
Fig. 2.3-3 Layered Structure of ZXONM E300 EMS/SNMS........................................................... 2-7
Fig. 3.4-1 Eye Pattern Template for Optical Transmitting Signals ................................................... 3-7
Fig. 3.6-1 Jitter Transfer Characteristics of Regenerator ................................................................ 3-15
Fig. 3.6-2 Jitter Tolerance of STM-N TM Input Interface .............................................................. 3-16
Fig. 3.6-3 Input Jitter Tolerance of STM-N SDH Regenerator....................................................... 3-16
Fig. 3.6-4 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 1.5M Port .......................................................................... 3-18
Fig. 3.6-5 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 2M Port ............................................................................. 3-18
Fig. 3.6-6 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 34M Port ........................................................................... 3-19
Fig. 4.1-1 Interface Area of ZXMP S320.......................................................................................... 4-1
Fig. 5.6-1 Service Cross-Connect of ZXMP S320.......................................................................... 5-10
Fig. 5.7-1 Multiplex Section 1+1 Protection Mode ........................................................................ 5-12
Fig. 5.7-2 MS 1+1 Protection Mode ............................................................................................... 5-12
Fig. 5.7-3 Two-Fiber Unidirectional MSP Switching Ring ............................................................ 5-13
Fig. 5.7-4 SNCP.............................................................................................................................. 5-15
Fig. 5.7-5 Two-Fiber Unidirectional PP Ring................................................................................. 5-16
Fig. 6.1-1 Networking Topologies of ZXMP S320........................................................................... 6-1
Fig. 6.1-2 Point-to-point Networking of ZXMP S320...................................................................... 6-2
Fig. 6.1-3 Chain Networking of ZXMP S320................................................................................... 6-2
Fig. 6.1-4 Ring Networking of ZXMP S320 .................................................................................... 6-3
Fig. 6.1-5 Tangent Rings Networking of ZXMP S320 ..................................................................... 6-5
Fig. 6.1-6 Intersected Rings Networking of ZXMP S320 ................................................................ 6-6
Fig. 6.1-7 Star Networking of ZXMP S320...................................................................................... 6-7
-ii-
Fig. 6.1-8 Mesh Networking of ZXMP S320....................................................................................6-8
Fig. 6.2-1 Slots on ZXMP S320 ........................................................................................................6-9
Fig. 6.3-1 Board configuration of ZXMP S320 in STM-4 level application ..................................6-14
Fig. 6.3-2 Board Configuration of ZXMP S320 in STM-1 Level Application ...............................6-15
Fig. 6.4-1 TM Interfaces of ZXMP S320 ........................................................................................6-17
Fig. 6.4-2 Typical Configuration of a Single TM of ZXMP S320 at STM-1 level .........................6-17
Fig. 6.4-3 Typical Configuration of a Single TM of ZXMP S320 at STM-4 Level........................6-18
Fig. 6.4-4 The ZXMP S320 ADM Interfaces ..................................................................................6-18
Fig. 6.4-5 Typical Configurations of the ADM at the STM-1 Level...............................................6-19
Fig. 6.4-6 Typical Configurations of the ADM at the STM-4 Level...............................................6-19
Fig. 6.4-7 The ZXMP S320 REG Interfaces ...................................................................................6-19
Fig. 6.4-8 Typical Configurations of the REG Equipment at the STM-1 Level .............................6-20
Fig. 6.4-9 Typical Configurations of the REG Equipment at the STM-4 Level .............................6-20
Fig. 6.5-1 SFE4 Chain Network Application ..................................................................................6-22
Fig. 6.5-2 Tree Network Application of SFE4 Boards ....................................................................6-23
Fig. 6.5-3 Ring Network Application of SFE4 Boards ...................................................................6-24
Fig. 6.5-4 Mesh Network Application of SFE4 Boards ..................................................................6-25
Fig. 6.6-1 Site Locations .................................................................................................................6-26
Fig. 6.6-2 Networking .....................................................................................................................6-28
Fig. A.1-1 Dual-Power Connection Box .......................................................................................... A-1
Fig. A.1-2 Standard ZXMP S320 Chassis with a Dual-Power Connection Box .............................. A-2
Fig. A.2-1 Front Outlet Kit............................................................................................................... A-3
Fig. A.2-2 Rear-Fixed Chassis of the ZXMP S320 (Installed with the Front Outlet Kit) ................ A-4
Fig. A.3-1 NE Control and Processing Board .................................................................................. A-5
-iii-
List of Tables
Table 1.4-1 List of C2 Byte Coding Specifications.........................................................................1-24
Table 1.8-1 List of SSM Codes .......................................................................................................1-40
Table 1.8-2 NEs and Synchronous Sources.....................................................................................1-42
Table 2.5-1 Recommendations and Specifications Complied by ZXMP S320...............................2-14
Table 3.1-1 Dimensions and weight of the ZXMP S320...................................................................3-1
Table 3.2-1 Power Consumption of the Units of the ZXMP S320....................................................3-2
Table 3.3-1 Requirement for Environment Temperature and Relative Humidity .............................3-3
Table 3.3-2 Transmission Emission Technical Indices......................................................................3-4
Table 3.3-3 Radiation field intensity indices.....................................................................................3-4
Table 3.3-4 ESD indices....................................................................................................................3-4
Table 3.3-5 Radio-sensitivity indices ................................................................................................3-5
Table 3.3-6 Group pulse sensitivity indices ......................................................................................3-5
Table 3.3-7 Lightning Surge Sensitivity Indices – -48V DC Power Supply Surge Immunity Test...3-5
Table 3.3-8 Lightning Surge Sensitivity Indices – Outdoor Signal Line Surge Immunity Test ........3-5
Table 3.3-9 Conducted interference sensitivity indices.....................................................................3-5
Table 3.4-1 Eye Pattern Frame Parameters for Optically Transmitted Signals .................................3-7
Table 3.4-2 Parameters of STM-1 Optical Interface .........................................................................3-8
Table 3.5-1 1544 kbit/s Digital Interface Technical Indices............................................................3-10
Table 3.5-2 Requirements List of Return Loss................................................................................3-10
Table 3.5-3 Requirements on 2048 kbit/s Output Port Waveform .................................................. 3-11
Table 3.5-4 34368 kbit/s output port specifications ........................................................................ 3-11
Table 3.5-5 Min. value of the reflection loss on the input interface................................................3-12
Table 3.5-6 Technical Indices of 44736 kbit/s Digital Interface .....................................................3-12
Table 3.5-7 Requirements List of 155520 kbit/s Output Port Waveform........................................3-13
-i-
Table 3.6-1 Indices of Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface of SDH Equipment.................. 3-14
Table 3.6-2 Indices of Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface of SDH Equipment.................. 3-14
Table 3.6-3 Jitter transfer parameters of regenerator ...................................................................... 3-15
Table 3.6-4 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance (UIP-P) of SDH TM.................................................... 3-16
Table 3.6-5 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance (UIP-P) of SDH TM.................................................... 3-16
Table 3.6-6 Input Jitter Tolerance Parameters of STM-1 and STM-4 Regenerator ........................ 3-17
Table 3.6-7 Mapping Jitter of PDH Tributary Port ......................................................................... 3-17
Table 3.6-8 Combined Jitter of PDH Tributary Port....................................................................... 3-17
Table 3.6-9 Max. Output Jitter (Network Threshold) of 34M Tributary......................................... 3-18
Table 3.7-1 MTIE Indices in the Locked Mode.............................................................................. 3-20
Table 3.7-2 TDEV indices in the locking mode.............................................................................. 3-20
Table 5.1-1 Types and Reference Transmission Distance of Optical Interface Boards .................... 5-2
Table 5.1-2 Types of the PDH Electrical Interface Boards............................................................... 5-3
Table 6.2-1 ZXMP S320 Slot Resources .......................................................................................... 6-9
Table 6.3-1 List of Tributary Socket Board Resources................................................................... 6-16
Table 6.6-1 Board Configuration o NEs ......................................................................................... 6-29
-ii-
1 Basic Knowledge
1. Brief introduction to communication networks
2. Brief introduction to fiber communication
3. Introduction to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
1.1 Brief Introduction to Communication Network
1.1.1 Classification of Communication Networks
There are many methods for classifying communication networks. The same
communication network can be classified in many modes according to different terms.
1. Based on the services implemented, communication networks fall into:
1) Telephone communication network
2) Computer communication network
3) Data communication network
4) Broadcast television network
5) Integrated service digital network
2. Based on the service scope, communication networks fall into
1) Local network
2) Long distance network
3) International network
3. Based on the transmission media, communication networks fall into:
1) Microwave communication network
2) Fiber communication network
3) Wireless communication network
1-1
ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment Technical Manual
4. Based on the topology structure, communication networks can fall into:
1) Chain networks
2) Ring Network
3) Star network
4) Mesh network
5) Hybrid network
1.1.2 Basic Elements of a Communication Network
The basic elements of a communication network are as follows:
1. Terminal equipment
The terminal equipment is the originating point and the terminating point that
correspond to the source and the sink. It also includes some conversion and
inverse conversation devices.
Different types of terminal equipment can bear different communication services.

For example, the telephone set is the terminal equipment bearing the telephone
service, and the data terminal is the terminal equipment bearing the data service.
2. Transmission link
A transmission link is the connection media of network nodes, through which

information and signals are transmitted. In addition to the channel part, it
includes conversion and inverse conversion devices such as wired transmission
system, carrier transmission system, digital microwave transmission system,
optical transmission system and satellite transmission system, all of which can
serve as the transmission link of a communication network.
3. Transit and switching equipment
The transit and switching equipment is the core part of modern communication
networks. Its basic functions are to converge, transfer, connect and distribute the
access and switching nodes. Circuit switching, message switching and packet
switching are three common switching methods used.
1-2
Chapter1 Basic Knowledge
4. Access part
The access part is the transmission entity between service node interfaces and
user network interfaces. It connects users to service nodes via standard
interfaces.
1.1.3 Development Trends of Communication Networks
With the rapid development of the information society, communication networks are
required to provide diversified information services. The modern communication
networks just adopt computer-based intelligent terminal technologies and database
technologies to meet such development trends as digitization, integration, broadband
orientation, intelligence and customization.
1.2 Brief Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication

Optical fiber refers to photoelectric transfer fiber. Fiber communication is a kind of
communication mode in which optical signals are used as carriers and fibers are used
as transmission media.
The fiber communication has the following merits:
1. Wide transmission frequency band
2. Large communication capacity
3. Low loss
4. No electromagnetic interference
The fiber communication technology is developing fast in recent years.
1.2.1 Three Low-Loss Windows of Fiber Communication
The optical wave is the most common electromagnetic wave, whose wavelength is
within microns with frequency between 1014 Hz and 1015 Hz. The currently used
wavelength scope by the optical communication is near the infrared wave area, whose
wavelength is between 0.8µm and 1.8µm.
At present, the three practical wavelengths applied to optical fiber communication are
0.8µm, 1.31µm and 1.55µm. The three commonly used low-loss windows are around
0.8µm, 1.31µm and 1.55µm in the optical fiber communication.
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The 0.8µm (short wavelength) window was discovered first, as the transmission
wavelength of the first developed semiconductor laser (GaAlAs) is in this range.
With the in-depth research into the optical fiber loss mechanism, it is found out that the
transmission loss of optical fiber is still less at the long wavelengths 1.31µm and
1.55µm. Therefore, long-wavelength fiber communication attracts great attention and
rapidly develops.
1.2.2 Structure of Optical Fiber
Optical fibers currently used for communication are double-layered and concentric
cylinders with small cross-sections made from quartz glass (SiO2), and are called bare
optical fiber if not coated or sheathed with plastic cover, as shown in Fig. 1.2-1
2a
2b
Fig. 1.2-1 Section Structure of Bare Fibers
A bare fiber is composed of fiber core and fiber cladding. The central part with high
refractive index is called core, and its refractive index is n1, and its diameter is 2a. The
central part with low refractive index is called cladding, and its refractive index is n2,
and its diameter is 2b. The values of a and b will be different according to different
wavelengths and modes of the light signals transmitted in the optical fibers.
As quartz glass is brittle and easy to break, the surface of a bare fiber should be coated
twice to form fiber cores, thus protecting its surface and increasing its tensile strength.
As shown in Fig. 1.2-2, the fiber core consists of core, cladding, coating layer and
plastic sheath layer. Outside the cladding is a thin coating, which is silicone resin or
polyurethane. The outer plastic of the coating (or called second coating) is mostly made
of such plastics as nylon or polythene.
1-4
2a
2b
1. Core 2. Cladding 3. First coating 4. Second coating (plastic)
Fig. 1.2-2 Section Structure of Fiber Core
1.2.3 Classification of Optical Fibers
Optical fibers can be classified according to the following standards: Raw material,
manufacturing method, transmission mode, refractive index distribution on the cross
section of the fiber, and the working wavelength. The quartz series of fibers currently
used in communication are usually categorized in the following two ways:
1. By distribution of the refractive index
1) Uniform fibers: Both the refractive indices of the fiber core n1 and that of the
cladding layer n2 are constants and n1>n2. The refractive indices rate at the
juncture between the fiber core and the cladding layer changes in a ladder shape.
Fibers with these features are called uniform fibers.
2) Non-uniform fibers: The fiber refractive index n1 decreases by a certain rule with
the increase of the core radial and the refractive index will be n2 at the juncture
between the fiber core and the clad layer. Fibers with these features are called
non-uniform fibers.
2. By the number of transmission modes
Mode is a distribution form of the electromagnetic field, so when the mode

changes, the distribution form also changes. According to the number of
transmission modes within the fibers, fibers can be classified into single-mode
fibers and multi-mode fibers.
1-5
1) Single-mode fibers (SM): SM fibers have small diameters, which are about 4µm
~ 10µm. Theoretically, they can only transmit one mode. As SM fibers only
transmit the main mode and completely avoid the mode chromatic dispersion,
such fibers enjoy a broad transmission band and a large transmission capacity,
making them suitable for large-capacity, long-distance fiber communication.
2) Multi-mode (MM) fibers: Under certain working wavelength, multiple modes

are transmitted in the optical fibers. The diameter of the multimode fiber core is
usually 50µm ~ 75µm, while its diameter of the cladding is 100µm ~ 200µm.
This kind of fibers has relatively poor transmission performance, narrow
bandwidth and small transmission capacity.
As single-mode fibers feature broad bandwidth, easy upgrade and expansion and low
cost, it is internationally recognized that only single-mode fibers are used as the
transmission media in synchronous digital optical transmission systems. Among the
three optical transmission windows, 850nm window is only used for multimode
transmission; windows 1310nm and 1550nm are used for the single-mode
transmission.
The transmission distance of optical signals in fibers is affected by two factors:
1. Dispersion: Extends the digital pulse width transmitted in fibers and causes
InterSymbol Interference (ISI), thus reducing the signal quality. When the ISI
deteriorates the transmission performance to a certain degree, the transmission
system will be unable to work.
2. Loss: The strength of the optical signals transmitted in fibers will gradually
decrease as the transmission distance increases due to loss. When the optical
power decreases to a certain extent, the transmission system will be unable to
work.
To prolong the system transmission distance, measures have been taken in reducing
dispersion and loss described above.
The 1310nm optical transmission window is called the zero chromatic dispersion
windows, in which optical signals have the Min. chromatic dispersion. The 1550 nm
window is called the Min. loss window, in which optical signals have the Min. loss.
Three specifications for common optical fibers are stipulated in the ITU-T
recommendations:
1-6
1. G.652 fiber: It is also known as the standard fiber, and its zero dispersion
wavelength is 1310 nm, and the attenuation is least when the wavelength is 1550
nm. Therefore, the G.652 fiber can work in the 1310 nm and 1550 nm windows.
2. G.653 fiber: It is also known as the dispersion shifted single-mode fiber. It

moves the zero chromatic dispersion point from 1310 nm to 1550 nm via
changing the inner refractive index of the fiber, thus successfully implementing
the low attenuation and zero chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm. This kind of
optical fiber works in the 1550 nm window.
3. G.654 fiber: It is also known as 1550 nm-wavelength lowest-attenuation fiber. It

is advantageous in that the lowest attenuation at 1550 nm is 0.15 dB/km. It
works in the 1550 nm window. This kind of fiber is hard to produce, and the cost
is high. It is applied to the submarine fiber communication requiring quite long
transmission distance of regenerator section.
1.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
1.3.1 Overview
SDH stipulates features of the digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing
mode, transmission rate level and interface code pattern. It provides a frame that is
supported globally, on which a world-class communication transmission network has
been be developed, with such features as flexibility, reliability and convenience for
management. This transmission network is easy to expand, suitable for development of
new telecom services. In addition, it creates the possibility for the equipment of
different manufacturers to interwork, which is just the persistent pursuit of network
constructors.
1.3.2 Defects of PDH and Birth of SDH
Before SDH is applied, the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) was employed in
the transmission system. PDH multiplexes the low-speed signal to the high-speed
signal via bit filling and code bit interleaving, and it can independently transmits the
national toll and local network services. When the network is to be expanded, new
PDH equipment can be added. However, along with development of the
telecommunication network, PDH gradually exposes its inherent disadvantages:
1-7
1. There exists only regional digital signal rate and frame structure instead of those
satisfying international standards. There are three signal rates in the world:
European series, North American series and Japanese Series.
Europe adopts the 2M system; North America and Japan adopt the 1.5M system;
China adopts the European system. The rate standards of the European system
are: 2 Mbit/s (E1), 8 Mbit/s (E2), 34 Mbit/s (E3) and 140 Mbit/s (ET4). The rate
standards of the North American system are 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), 6.3 Mbit/s (T2) and
45 Mbit/s (T3), and T3 can also be presented as DS3. The rate standards of the
Japanese system are 1.5 Mbit/s, 6.3 Mbit/s and 32 Mbit/s. The rate standards of
the European system are: 2 Mbit/s (E1), 8 Mbit/s (E2), 34 Mbit/s (E3) and 140
Mbit/s (ET4). The rate standards of the North American system are 1.5 Mbit/s
(T1), 6.3 Mbit/s (T2) and 45 Mbit/s (T3), and T3 can also be presented as DS3.
The rate standards of the Japanese system are 1.5 Mbit/s, 6.3 Mbit/s and 32
Mbit/s. The above-mentioned three signal rates are not compatible with one
another, which makes it difficult for international interworking.
2. There is no worldwide standard optical interface specification. The dedicated

optical interfaces independently developed by different manufacturers are
incompatible with one another. The flexibility of networking is restricted; hence
network complexity and operation costs are increased.
3. PDH is a multiplexing structure based on the point-to-point transmission. It

supports only point-to-point transmission, and forms a lineal network in
segments.
Its disadvantage is that it can only provide protection based on segments, and
cannot perform ring protection for multiple routes that work together. Therefore,
PDH network topology suffers from lack of flexibility, low use rate of digital
equipment, and inability of providing optimal route selection.
4. Operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of traditional PDH basically

rely on the manual cross-connect of digital signals and service-suspension test.
Since no overhead bit is arranged in the PDH signal frame structure for network
OAM, the absence of such bits makes it hard to establish the centralized
transmission NMS. It is also hard to meet the users’ requirements for the
dynamic networking and new service access.
1-8
5. In addition to the low speed signals, such as 2 Mbit/s of the European system,
1.5 Mbit/s of the North American system, and 1.5 Mbit/s and 6.3 Mbit/s of the
Japanese system adopt synchronous multiplexing in the PDH multiplexing
structure; other signals mostly adopt asynchronous multiplexing. It means some
extra bits are filled to synchronize signals of each tributary with the multiplexing
equipment and multiplex them into high-speed signals. In this mode, it is
difficult to identify and extract the low-speed tributary signals from the
high-speed signals. To add/drop a voice channel, the only way is to demultiplex
the whole high-rate line signals step by step to low-rate line signals to be
extracted. After a voice channel is added/dropped, the low-rate line signals are to
be multiplexed step by step into high-rate line signals for transmission.
For example, if you want to drop 2 Mbit/s low-speed tributary signals from the
140 Mbit/s traffic by using PDH, first the optical signals need to be converted
into electric signals via optical/electric conversion, then these electric signals
will go through 140 Mbit/s → 34 Mbit/s (140M demultiplexed to 34M), 34
Mbit/s → 8 Mbit/s and 8 Mbit/s → 2 Mbit/s to drop the voice channel as 2
Mbit/s; These electric signals will then go through 2 Mbit/s → 8 Mbit/s (2M
multiplexed to 8M), 8 Mbit/s → 34 Mbit/s and 34 Mbit/s → 140 Mbit/s for
transmission. For details, please refer to Fig. 1.3-1. The PDH system has the
following disadvantages: Complicated multiplexing structure; lack of flexibility;
large amount of hardware, high adding/dropping service cost; complicated
implementation of the digital cross-connect function.
To satisfy the needs of modern telecommunication network development, it is

hard to solve the above problems based on the original system and technical
framework. The best solution is to reform the technical system. As a new system
integrating high-speed, large-capacity optical transmission technology and
intelligent network technology, SDH is in the focus.
1-9
1.3.3 Advantages of SDH
The birth of SDH is to overcome the disadvantages of PDH, so the target goes before
the specifications and last is the equipment development; this process is just opposite to
that of PDH. Obviously, it is possible to define the system and equipment to the most
ideal manner that will meet the requirements of future telecommunication networks.
The following main features of SDH represent these requirements. The following
features of SDH represent these requirements.
1. Unify the regional standards of North America, those of Japan and those of
Europe at the STM-1 level or higher levels. The digital signals do not have to be
converted into another standard for cross-national communication, so for the
first time, the international standards of digital transmission systems are
achieved in a real sense.
2. With the uniform standard optical interfaces, horizontal compatibility on the

basic optical fiber segment is made possible, which means that equipment from
different manufacturers can be interconnected on the optical lines to meet the
requirements for a multi-manufacturer environment.
3. The synchronous multiplexing mode and flexible multiplexing mapping

structure are applied to SDH. The traffics at various levels are arranged regularly
within the frame payload which is synchronous with the network. Therefore,
only software is needed to add/drop high-rate signals into low-rate tributary
signals once and for all, which is the so-called one-step de-multiplexing feature.
After adoption of the SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM), software can be used
to directly drop the 2Mbit/s low-speed tributary signal from the 155 Mbit/s
traffic, as shown in Fig. 1.3-1. This avoids the gradual mux/demux process over
all the high-speed signals and saves the investment for the whole set
back-to-back multiplexing equipment. Adding/dropping services become easy
with SDH, the network structure and equipment will be greatly simplified. The
digital cross-connect becomes easy.
1-10
140/34(Mbit/s) 34/140(Mbit/s)
Optical PDH
signal Optical/
Demultiplexing Electrical/
Electrical
Multiplexing Optical
conversion 34/8(Mbit/s)
8/34(Mbit/s)
Demultiplexing Multiplexing
8/2(Mbit/s) 2/8(Mbit/s)
Demultiplexing Multiplexing
2Mbit/s(Electrical signal）
SDH
155Mbit/s 155Mbit/s
ADM
Optical interface Optical interface
2Mbit/s(Electrical signal）
Fig. 1.3-1 Add/Drop Signal Comparison between SDH and PDH
4. SDH adopts a large number of software applications to conduct network

configuration and control so that the flexible configuration and convenient
dispatching can be achieved.
5. Abundant overhead bits have been allocated in the SDH frame structure, which
occupy 5% of the total signals. Software can be employed to process the
overhead bits so that the network OAM ability can be greatly enhanced.
6. SDH network is completely compatible with the existing network, or compatible

with various speeds of the current PDH. This means that SDH supports the
constructed PDH network and the PDH can be conveniently upgraded to Shoat
the same time, SDH network is also compatible with new service signals such as
ATM cell, which indicates SDH enjoys perfect backward and forward
compatibility. At the same time, SDH network is also compatible with such new
service signals as ATM cell, which indicates that SDH has perfect backward and
forward compatibility.
1-11
1.3.4 SDH Rates
The speed level of SDH signals is denoted as STM-N, in which N is a positive integer.
Currently, SDH only supports some N values, that is, only 1, 4, 16 and 64, in which
STM-1 is the most basic and most important module signal at the speed of 155.529
Mbit/s. The STM-N signals of highest levels are obtained through bit interleaving of
the basic module STM-1. STM-4 is 622.080 Mbit/s, STM-16 is 2488.320 Mbit/s and
STM-64 is 9953.280 Mbit/s.
1.3.5 SDH Frame Structure
The SDH frame structure is shown in Fig. 1.3-2.
9 × N Line (byte) 261 × N line (byte)
RSOH Transmission
dirrection
3
Management unit pointer
4 （ AU PTR ) 9 line
STM- N (Payload)
5
MSOH
125 µ s
270 × N line
Fig. 1.3-2 SDH Frame Structure
1. Transmission in the SDH system is carried out in the unit of byte. Its frame
structure is a rectangle block based on the byte structure, with 270 × N columns
and 9 rows of 8-bit bytes.
2. The rectangular frames of SDH are transmitted row by row on optical fiber after
parallel/serial conversion at the optical transmit end and are recovered into
rectangular massive ones for processing after serial/parallel conversion at the
optical receive end.
3. In the SDH frames, transmission order of the bytes is from the left to the right.
After the first byte on the upper left corner has been transmitted, other bytes
from the left to the right, from the first row to the next row will be transmitted
until the whole 9 × 270 × N bytes have been transmitted. The system will then
start the transmission of the next frame and transmission goes on like this frame
1-12
after frame. 8000 frames can be transmitted per second and the constant frame
length is 125µs.
4. SDH frame frequency is 8000f/s, which indicates that a specific byte in the
signal frame is transmitted 8000 times in a second, so the bit rate of this byte is
8000 × 8bit=64 kbit/s,which is the transmission rate of a digital voice channel.
Take the STM-1 level for example, whose rate is 270 (270 columns/frame) × 9 (9 rows
in total) × 64 kbit/s (64kbit for each byte) = 155520 kbit/s = 155.520 Mbit/s.
As shown in Fig. 1.3-2, the STM-N frame structure consists of three parts:
1. Section Overhead (SOH) area
The SOH is the obligatory additional bytes, which ensures that the information
payload can be normally and flexibly transmitted and are used for network
OAM.
The 1st ~ 3rd rows and the 5th ~ 9th rows in the 1st ~ 9th × N rows in the SDH
frame are allocated to section overhead. The SOH can be further divided as
follows:
1) RSOH (regenerator section overhead): The 1st ~ 3rd rows are allocated to RSOH
that can be accessed either at the regenerator or at the terminal equipment.
2) MSOH (multiplex section overhead): The 5th ~ 9th rows are allocated to MSOH
that transparently pass through the regenerator, and can be only terminated at the
terminal equipment.
2. Information payload area
The information payload area is used to store service information in the SDH
frame structure.
Horizontally, the 10th × N ~ 270th × N columns, and vertically, the 1st ~ 9th rows
belong to the information payload area. As part of the payload, the path
overhead (POH) bytes are also transmitted on the network and used for
monitoring, management and control of the path performance.
3. Administration Unit - Pointer (AU-PTR ) area
AU-PTR is a kind of indicator and used to indicate where the first byte of the
information payload is precisely located in the STM-N so that information
decomposition can be correctly done on the receiving end.
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It is located in the 4th row between the 1st and the 9th × N column in the STM-N
frame structure. It is an important innovation to adopt pointer mode in the
SDH so that multiplexing synchronization in the plesiochronous environment
and frame location of the STM-N signals can be accomplished.
1.3.6 SDH Multiplexing/Mapping Structure and Process
The International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization

Sector (ITU-T) stipulated a complete set of multiplexing structure (as shown in Fig.
1.3-3), through which three series of digital signals of the PDH can be multiplexed to
STM-N signals. To make sure that every payload has only one multiplexing/mapping
path, a simple multiplexing/mapping structure is stipulated as shown in Fig. 1.3-4,
which is a subset of the standard multiplexing/mapping structure used in China.
×N ×1
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139264kbit/s
×1
×3 ×3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
×7
44736kbit/s
AU-3 VC-3 C-3
34368kbit/s
×7 ×1
Pointer Processing TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6312kbit/s
×3
Multiplexing 2048kbit/s
×4 TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Alignment
Mapping TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1544kbit/s
Fig. 1.3-3 SDH Multiplexing Structure Stipulated by the ITU-T
Each signal loaded into the payload area of SDH frame structure needs to go through
such three steps as mapping, alignment and multiplexing.
1. The mapping process is equal to the encapsulation process of a signal, which

synchronizes different tributary signals with the relevant VC-n (Virtual
Container-n).
Data streams at different rates enter their relative interface containers (C) first so
that the most common signals of the PDH enter the limited standard containers
to accomplish the adaptation function, such as rate justification.
1-14
These containers are information structures used to load service signals of

different rates and implement the adaptation function (for example, rate
adaptation). Currently there are 5 kinds of standard containers: C-11, C-12, C-2,
C-3 and C-4.
Container C-12 is defined by China corresponding to 2.048 Mbit/s, container

C-3 corresponds to the rate 34.368 Mbit/s and container C-4 corresponds to the
rate 139.264 Mbit/s. The digital stream coming out of the standard containers
and the POH (path overhead) form the virtual container (VC). This process is
called mapping.
For example, for the 2M signals from various channels, some may be 2.0481
Mbit/s while others may be 2.0482 Mbit/s due to different clock accuracies.
These will receive error tolerance justification in C in order to be adapted to
standard signals at consistent rates.
2. Alignment means adding justification pointers to correct the frequency

difference of the tributary signals and thus achieve phase alignment.
VC is an important information structure in SDH, supporting the connection on

the path layer. The VC enveloping rate synchronizes with the network, so the
enveloping of different VCs is synchronized to each other. However,
plesiochronous tributary signals of different capacities are allowed inside the
encapsulation.
The VC transmission in the SDH always keeps unchanged except at the

assembling point and the disassembling point (the boundary of the PDH network
and the SDH network), so VC can be added/dropped at any point in the path as
an independent entity. It is also convenient to perform synchronous multiplexing
and cross-connect processing. VC can be divided into low-order VC and
high-order VC. Here, VC-12 and VC-3 are low-order virtual containers, while
the VC-4 is a high-order virtual container (the VC-3 in the AU-3 is a high-order
virtual container; however, if you multiplex the VC-3 into VC-4 through TU-3,
the VC-3 here should be a low-level virtual container). The digital stream from
the VC then enters the administration unit (AU) or the tributary unit (TU) via the
specified route. In the SDH frame, VC-n is an independent entity and cannot be
split up during the transmission. In the SDH frame, VC-n is an independent
entity and cannot be split up during the transmission. So the conversion from
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VC-n to TU-n and from VC-n to AU-n is a process of speed adaptation, which is
also known as the alignment process in the multiplexing structure.
3. Multiplexing refers to bit interleaved multiplexing, which is used to adapt

signals from multiple low-order or high-order channels into the multiplex
section layer.
AU is a kind of information structure that provides adaptation function to the

high-order channels and the multiplexing section layer. It consists of high-order
VC and AU-PTR. AU-PTR indicates the position of the high-order VC in
STM-N frame and so the position of the high-order VC in STM-N can be
floating. However, the position of AU-PTR itself in STM-N frame is fixed. One
or several AUs (administration units) that have fixed locations in the STM-N
frame form the administration unit group (AUG). It is composed of three AU-3s
or a single AU-4 in a bit interleaved mode. Similarly, TU is a kind of
information structure that provides adaptation function to low-order channel and
the high-order channels, which consists of VC and TU-PTR. TU PTR is used to
indicate the position of the low-order VC in the frame structure. One or several
TUs that have fixed positions in the high-order VC payload form the TUG
(Tributary Unit Group). At last, the N AUGs and the added SOHs form the final
STM-N frame structure.
×N ×1
139264kbi t / s
STM- N AUG AU- 4 VC- 4 C- 4
×3
×1 34368kbi t / s
TUG- 3 TU- 3 VC- 3 C- 3
×7
TUG- 2
×3
Pointer processing
2048kbi t / s
TU- 12 VC- 12 C- 12
Multiplexing
Alignment
Mapping
Fig. 1.3-4 SDH Multiplexing Structure Stipulated by China
Take the multiplexing/mapping process of the 2M tributary signals for example.

Signals with a nominal speed of 2.048 Mbit/s first enter C-12 for adaptation and the
C-12 with POH mapping form the VC-12. After the alignment, the PTR in the TU-12
1-16
can indicate the VC-12 phase; after equal byte interleaving in the 3 TU-12, they are
multiplexed to TUG-2. In the same way, 7 TUG-2 are multiplexed to TUG-3 after byte
interleaving process; the 3 TUG-3 and the high-order POH form the VC-4 payload
after byte interleaving. After alignment, the VC-4 payload and the PTR form the AU-4;
the single AU-4 is directly placed in the AUG; through byte interleaving in the N
AUGs, the N AUGs and the added SOH form the STM-N signals.
1.4 Functions of SDH Overhead
1.4.1 Overhead Types
Two types of overhead - Section OverHead (SOH) and Path OverHead (POH) are
arranged in the SDH frame structure and are used for maintenance of the section layer
and the path layer, which indicates that overhead in the SDH system is used by layer.
1. SOH
SOH contains frame information and the information used for maintenance,
performance monitoring and other operation functions. The Section OverHead
(SOH) can be further divided into Regeneration Section OverHead (RSOH) and
Multiplex Section OverHead (MSOH). Here, RSOH can be accessed in the
regenerator or the terminal equipment. MSOH passes the regenerator
transparently, and can terminate only at the assembling and disassembling points
of the AUG, or the terminal equipment. In SOH, the 1st ~ 3rd rows are allocated
to RSOH, while the 5th ~ 9th rows are allocated to MSOH.
2. POH
POH can be divided into two types: Low-order VC POH and high-order VC
POH.
1) Low-order VC POH: VC-1/VC-2 can be formed by attaching the low-order VC

POH to C-1/C-2. Its main functions are monitoring the VC channel functions,
transmitting maintenance signals and indicating the alarm status.
2) High-order VC POH: Appending the VC-3 POH to C-3 or the combination of

several TUG-2s can form VC-3; appending the VC-4 POH to C-4 or the
combination of several TUG-3s can form VC-4. The functions of the high-order
VC POH include monitoring VC path, transmitting maintenance signals,
indicating alarm status and multiplexing structure.
1-17
1.4.2 SOH Arrangement
The SOH in the SDH frame structure includes framing bytes (A1, A2), regenerator
section trace byte (J0), data communication channel (D1 ~ D2), orderwire bytes (E1,
E2), user path (F1), Bit Interleaved Parity (BIP) eight bit code (B1), BIP N × 24 bit
code (B2), and automatic protection switching path (K1, K2). The position and
function of the SOH bytes are described as follows:
1. Location of SOH bytes
The arrangement of different SOH bytes in the STM-1 frame is shown in Fig.
1.4-1:
9 Byte
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 JO ×＊ ×＊
B1 △ △ E1 △ F1 × × RSOH
D1 △ △ D2 △ D3
Management unit pointer

line B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2 × ×
△ stands for the bytes related to the transmission media (temporary).

× stands for the reserved bytes for domestic use.
＊ stands for non-scrambled bytes for domestic use.
All unmarked bytes are determined by future international standards
(application related to media, appended domestic application and other
uses)
Fig. 1.4-1 Byte Arrangement in STM-1
In SDH, the SOH bytes of the STM-N frame are also interleaved SOHs of N
STM-1 frames. However, only the SOH of the first STM-1 is kept completely,
while the SOH of other N-1 STM-1 frames only reserve the framing bytes such
as A1, A2 and B2, and omit other bytes.
The position of one SOH byte in the STM-N frame can be indicated with the
coordinate vector S (a, b, c). Here, “a” indicates the number of rows with the
value range of 1 ~ 3 or 5 ~ 9; “b” indicates the number of columns with the
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value range of 1 ~ 9; and “c” indicates the number of interleaving layers in the
multiplexing column with the value range of 1 ~ 64. The relationship between
the actual row number, column number of the bytes in the STM-N and a, b and c
is shown as follows:
Row number= a
Column number= N (b-1) + c
2. SOH functions
1) Framing bytes: A1 and A2
The bytes A1 and A2 in SOH can be used to identify the start position of the
frame. A1 and A2 have fixed binary values, or11110110 for A1 and 00101000
for A2. When 5 continuous frames cannot receive correct A1 and A2 bytes, or 5
continuous frames cannot be differentiated, the receiving end will then enter
“Out-Of-Frame (OOF) status and generate an OOF alarm.
If OOF lasts for 3 ms, we can consider that the Loss Of Frame (LOF) status
starts. Then the equipment will generate the LOF alarm and insert the Alarm
Indication Signal (AIS), and then the whole service is interrupted. If under the
LOF status, the receiving end is in the frame alignment status for over 1 ms,
then the equipment recovers to the normal status.
2) Regenerator section trace byte: J0
This byte can be used to repeatedly send the API (Access Point Identifier) of the
section so that the receiving end can make sure that it is in continuous
connection with the specified sending end. This byte within the network of the
same operator can be any character; while on the network edge between two
different operators, the J0 bytes on the receiving end and the sending end of the
equipment should be matched. With the J0 byte, operators can detect and solve
the problems promptly so that the network resumption time can be shortened.
There is another usage for J0 byte. The J0 byte in each STM-1 of the STM-N
frame is defined as STM identifier C1 to indicate the position of the STM-1 in
the STM-N. It indicates which STM-1 (interleaving layer number) this STM-1 is
in the STM-N and which column (multiplexing column number) the C1 is in the
STM-1 frame.
1-19
3) DCC (Data Communication Channel): D1 ~ D12
The DCC in the SOH can be used to form the transmission link of the SDH
management network (SMN).
Although there are control channels in the traditional PDH system, they are all
dedicated ones, which means that other equipment cannot access. On the
contrary, the DCC is universal, built in the SOH. All of the network elements
enjoy such a feature, which means that a uniform management network can be
conveniently formed, avoiding equipping each piece of equipment with a data
communication channel.
Here, bytes D1 ~ D3 are called as regenerator section DCC, used for

transmission of OAM (Operation, Maintenance and Management) information
between regenerator section terminals, at a rate of 192 kbit/s (3 × 64 kbit/s).
Bytes D4 ~ D12 are known as multiplex section DCC, used for transmission of
OAM information between multiplex section terminals, at a rate of 576 kbit/s (9
× 64 kbit/s). The total 768 kbit/s of data communication channels provide
powerful communication infrastructure for the management and control of the
SDH network.
For example, one of the important targets of the SDH network management
control is to perform rapid distributed control. With the DCC, the best routing
table calculated from the network management system can be quickly
transmitted to the network elements via the DCC at any time.
4) Orderwire bytes: E1 and E2
These two bytes are used to provide voice channels for orderwire
communication. E1 belongs to RSOH and is used for the local orderwire path. It
can be accessed in the regenerator. E2 belongs to MSOH and is used for the
direct orderwire path. It can be accessed at the multiplex section terminal. The
orderwire channel is at the rate of 64 kbit/s.
5) User path: F1
This byte is reserved for users’ (often the network provider) private use and can
be used to provide temporary data/voice connection for special maintenance
purposes.
1-20
6) BIP-8 code: B1
B1 byte (8 bits) is used to monitor bit errors of the regeneration section, which is
the BIP code with even parity. BIP-8 code calculates all the bits of the previous
STM-N frame after scrambling, and places the result in the position of B1 byte
before scrambling. This kind of bit error monitoring is one of the features of
SDH, which implements automatic bit error monitoring for a regenerator section
in a simple way. However, this method cannot detect the bit errors when even
number of bit errors occurs in the same monitoring group. Fortunately, there is
small chance of such a case, therefore the overall bit error detection probability
is great.
7) Bit interleaving parity check N × 24-bit code (BIP-N × 24)
B2 byte is used to monitor bit errors of the multiplex section. Three B2 bytes
(totally 24 bits) are arranged in the section overhead for this purpose. B2 byte is
the BIP N × 24 code that uses even parity check method, whose generation
manner is similar to BIP-8.
BIP-N × 24 codes calculate all the bytes except for the 1st to the 3rd rows in SOH
for the previous STM-N frame and places the result in the position of B2 byte
before scrambling. There are N × 3 B2 bytes in the STM-N frame, and every
three B2s correspond to a parity-check code of an STM-1 frame.
In addition to byte B1 and byte B2 arranged in the regeneration section and the
multiplex section in the SDH for bit error monitoring, one B3 byte in the POH
of the VC-3/VC-4 high-order path and the 1st and 2nd bits in the POH of the
VC-1/VC-2 low-order path are also arranged for the same purpose. The
monitoring of the bit error performance is perfect in SDH. Each layer of the
network that is divided into 4 different levels has performance monitoring,
which can monitor bit errors to the extent as small as a regeneration section or as
large as any VC-1/VC-2.
8) APS (Automatic Protection Switching) path bytes: K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)
K1 and K2 are used as the APS signaling for multiplex section protection (MSP).
As K1 and K2 (b1 to b5) are used in embedded signaling path dedicated for
protection purpose, the quick protection response can be performed. K1 and K2
(b1 ~ b5) provide the network protection mode. Their basic working principles
are: If a working path is faulty, the downstream nodes will quickly detect the
1-21
fault, and employ the uplink protection fiber to transmit byte K1, which contains
the faulty path number. After the upper stream end has received byte K1, it will
bridge the optical fiber of the downlink working path to the downlink protection
fiber; and at the same time, the protection bytes K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5) are sent
out via the protection fiber in the downlink direction, in which byte K1 works as
the changeover requirement and byte K2 (b1 to b5) is used for
acknowledgement. After receiving byte K2 (b1 ~ b5), the downstream end
confirms the serial number of the channel and bridges the downlink working
path with the downlink protection fiber. At the same time, based on the K1
requirement, it bridges the uplink working path with the uplink protection fiber.
To accomplish bidirectional changeover, the downstream end sends byte K2 (b1
~ b5) via the uplink protection fiber. After receiving byte K2 (b1 ~ b5), the
upstream end bridges the uplink working path with the uplink protection fiber in
order to switch the two working path fibers to two protection fibers and
accomplish the automatic protection switching.
9) Synchronization status byte: S1 (b5 ~ b8)
In STM-N frame structure, the 5th to 8th bits of the first S1 byte (9, 1, 1) of the
first STM-1 frame indicate the synchronization status message. These four bits
may be encoded in 16 different ways, so they can indicate 16 different
synchronization quality levels. The lower the S1 (b5 ~ b8) value is, the lower the
corresponding clock quality level is. On this basis, the equipment judges quality
of the received clock signal, and decides whether to perform the clock source
switching, that is, to switch over to the clock source of higher quality.
10) MS-REI (Multiplex Section - Remote Error Indication) byte: M1
M1 byte is actually a feedback message, which is returned by the receiving end

to the sending end. The content of M1 byte is the number of the error blocks
detected by the BIP-NX24 (B2) on the receiving end so that the sending end can
know the bit error status on the receiving end.
11) Some special bytes related to transmission media
These bytes are used for special purpose related to the transmission media, such
as the early stage alarm of protection switching in the microwave SDH, the
power control of automatic transmission, rapid non-destructive changeover
control and propagation monitoring.
1-22
1.4.3 Arrangement of High-Order POH
High-order POH include the trace byte (J1) for VC-3/VC-4 POH paths, path BIP-8
code (B3), signal label byte (C2), path status byte (G1). The position and function of
each high-order POH byte are described as follows:
1. Location of high-order POH bytes
VC-3 is composed of 9 rows and 85 columns. The 9 bytes of the first column
function as VC-3 POH. VC-4 is composed of 9 rows and 261 columns, and the 9
bytes of the first column function as VC-4 POH. The 9 bytes contained in the
VC-3/VC-4 POH are denoted with J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 and N1.
2. Functions of high-order POH bytes
1) VC-3/VC-4 POH path trace byte: J1
This byte can be used to repeatedly send the high order path access point
identifier (HO APId) so that the receiving end of the path can make sure that it is
in continuous connection with the specified sending end, as a result, the path
connection status can be traced. The operator can detect and handle the failure in
advance by using byte J1 and prevent the transmitted services from being
affected so that the network restore time can be shortened.
2) Path BIP-8 code: B3
B3 byte (8 bits) is used to monitor bit errors of the path, which is the BIP
code with even parity. The BIP-8 code calculates all the bits of the
previous VC-3/VC-4 and places the result in the position of the B3 bytes
in the current VC3/VC-4.
3) Signal label byte: C2
C2 byte is used to indicate the composition or maintenance status of VC-3/VC-4,

and the corresponding hexadecimal code of this byte and their meanings are
listed in Table 1.4-1.
1-23
Table 1.4-1 List of C2 Byte Coding Specifications
C2 8-bit Code Hexadecimal Code Meaning

Signals not loaded or monitored signals that have not
00000000 00
been loaded
00000001 01 Load non-specific payload
00000010 02 TUG structure
00000011 03 Locked TU
34.368 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s signals asynchronous
00000100 04
mapping into C-3
00010010 12 139.264 Mbit/s signals asynchronous mapping into C-4
00010011 13 ATM mapping
00010100 14 MAN (DQDB) mapping
00010101 15 FDDI
11111110 FE 0.181 test signal mapping
11111111 FF VC-AIS (only used in serial connection)
4) Path status byte: G1
G1 is used to send back the terminal status and performance information on the
path sink end to the source end of the VC-3/VC-4 route so that the status and
performance of the full duplex paths can be monitored on any end or at any
point in the path.
5) Path bytes of the path user: F2 and F3
The two bytes provide communication between path units, which is related to
the payload.
6) Location indication byte: H4
The byte not only indicates common location for the payload, but also indicates
special payload location. For example, it can be used to indicate the multi-frame
location for the VC-1/VC-2.
7) APS path byte: K3 (b1 ~ b4)
It is used for the APS command of high-order path level protection.
8) Network operator byte: N1
The byte provides Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM) function for the
high-order path.
1-24
9) Reserved bit: K3 (b5 ~ b8)
These bytes are reserved for future use, and the receiver may ignore their values.
1.4.4 Arrangement of Low-order POH
Lower-order POH refers to the POH bytes (V5, J2, N2, K4) of VC-1/VC-2 paths. The
position and function of the lower-order POH bytes are described as follows:
1. Location of low-order POH bytes
The VC-1/VC-2 POH consists of V5, J2, N2 and K4, which are located in the
first bytes of 4 continuous VC-1/VC-2 frames, that is, every 4 frames (500µs)
can accomplish a complete transmission of the VC-1/VC-2 POH.
2. Functions of low-order POH
1) V5 byte
V5 byte provides functions such as the bit error checking, signal label and path
status for the VC-1/VC-2 paths. The 1st and the 2nd bits of the byte V5 monitor
the performance of the path bit error; the 3rd bit is used for path Remote Error
Indication (REI); the 4th bit is used for path Remote Failure Indication (RFI); the
5th, the 6th and the 7th bits provide VC-1/VC-2 with signal label function; the 8th
bit is used for path Remote Deficiency Indication (RDI) of the VC-1/VC –2.
2) Path trace byte: J2
This byte can be used to repeatedly send the Low-Order Path Access Point
Identifier (LOAPId) so that the path receiving end can make sure that it is in
continuous connection with the specified sending end.
3) Network operator byte: N2
The byte provides Tandem Connection Monitor (TCM) function for the
low-order path.
4) APS path byte: K4 (b1 ~ b4)
These four bits are used to provide the APS command for the low-order PP.
5) Reserved bits: K4 (b5 ~ b7)
These three bits are optional bits reserved for the source end of the path that
generates K4 to decide whether to be used.
1-25
6) Reserved bit: K4 (b8)
This bit is reserved for future use, and the receiver should ignore its value.
1.5 Logical Composition of SDH Equipment

An SDH transmission network is composed of different types of NEs connected via
fibers to complete the transmission functions, including service adding/dropping,
cross-connect and network failure self-healing. The common network elements in SDH
network are Terminal Multiplexer (TM), ADM, Regenerator (REG) and Digital
Cross-Connect device (DXC).
1.5.1 TM
TM is used on the terminal station of the network as shown in Fig. 1.5-1.
S
T
M
-
N
TM
2 3 1 S
M 4 4 T
b M 0 M
i b M -
t i b M
/ t i
s / t
s /
s
Fig. 1.5-1 TM Model
Its function is to multiplex the low-speed signals on the tributary port into the
high-speed STM-N of the line port or to drop low-speed tributary signals from the
STM-N. Its line port can input/output a line of STM-N signals, while the tributary port
can input/output several channels of low-speed tributary signals. When the low-speed
tributary signals are being multiplexed into the STM-N frame of the line signals, the
location of the tributary signals in the line signal STM-N can be randomly assigned.
1.5.2 ADM
ADM is used at the transfer point on an SDH transmission network, such as the middle
node of a link or a node in a ring, and is the most important NE commonly used on an
SDH network, as shown in Fig. 1.5-2.
1-26
S
T
M
-
N
S
T
M
-
N
ADM
2 3 1 S
M 4 4 T
b M 0 M
i b M -
t i b M
/ t i
s / t
s /
s
Fig. 1.5-2 ADM Model
ADM has two line ports and one tributary port. Each of the two line ports is
connected with the optical fibers at one side (one receiving fiber and one sending fiber
at each side). For convenient description, we classify them as west lint port (W) and
east line port (E). The function of an ADM is to multiplex the low-speed tributary
signals to the line or to drop low-speed signals from the received line signals on the
line ports. Additionally, the STM-N signals on the East/West lines can be
cross-connected. Additionally, the STM-N signals on the East/West side line can be
cross connected. ADM is one of the most important NE in the SDH network and can
work as other equivalent NEs. The ADM can complete the functions of other NEs. For
example, one ADM is equivalent to two TMs.
1.5.3 REG
There are two kinds of regenerators on an optical transmission network. One is the pure
optical regenerator, performing optical power amplification and lengthening the optical
transmission distance. The other is the electrical regenerator used for pulse
regeneration and shaping. It achieves the purpose of transmitting signals without any
waveform distortion or line noise accumulation via Optical/Electrical conversion (O/E),
electrical signal sampling, signal decision, regeneration and shaping, and
Electrical/Optical (E/O) conversion. In this text the later regenerator is discussed,
which has only two line ports as shown in Fig. 1.5-3.
STM-N STM-N
REG
Fig. 1.5-3 REG Model
The function of the REG is to send the received optical signals after such processing as
O/E, sampling, decision, regeneration shaping and E/O on the opposite end.
1-27
A real REG only needs to handle the RSOH in the STM-N frame and doesn’t have any
cross-connect function. Whereas both ADM and TM need to add the lower-rate
tributary signal to the STM-N, so they need to process both RSOH and MSOH. In
addition, both ADM and TM enjoy cross-connect function.
1.5.4 DXC
DXC is to cross-connect the STM-N signals. It is actually equivalent to a cross-connect

matrix for cross-connecting signals, as shown in Fig. 1.5-4.
DXC
N Channels
M Channels
Fig. 1.5-4 Model Diagram of Digital Cross-connect Equipment (DXC)
DXC can cross connect the inputted M channels of STM-N signals to the N channels of
STM-N output signals, whose core part is the cross-connection matrix that can perform
low-level crossing of the high-speed signals.
DXCm/n is often used to indicate the type and performance of a DXC (m ≥ n), in
which m indicates the highest DXC speed level that can be accessed, while n indicates
the lowest speed level at which cross-connect can be done in the cross-connect matrix.
The bigger m is, the bigger the bearer capacity of DXC will be; the smaller n is, the
bigger the cross flexibility of DXC. The figure 0 indicates the 64 kbit/s circuit rate, and
1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate 1 to 4 group rates in the PDH system. Here, 4 also indicates the
STM-1 level in the SDH system, and 5 and 6 indicate the STM-4 and STM-16 levels in
the SDH system. For example, DXC1/0 indicates that the highest rate at the access port
is the PDH primary group signal, and the lowest rate of cross-connect is 64 kbit/s.
DXC4/1 indicates that the highest rate at the access port is STM-1 while the lowest rate
of cross-connect is the PDH primary group signal.
1-28
1.6 Physical Topology of SDH Transport Network

The physical topology of the network refers to the network shape, or the geometric
arrangement of the network nodes and the transmission lines, which reflects the
physical connectivity of the network nodes. The efficiency, reliability, and economy of
the network are related to the network structure to great extent. There are five basic
network topologies, as shown in Fig. 1.6-1 when used in the SDH network.
1. Chain TM ADM ADM TM
2. Star TM DXC/ADM TM
TM TM TM
3. Tree DXC/ADM ADM ADM TM
TM TM
TM
ADM
4. Ring
ADM ADM
ADM
5. Mesh
DXC/ADM DXC/ADM
DXC/ADM DXC/ADM
Fig. 1.6-1 Physical Topologies for SDH Network
1-29
1. Chain
We can connect all the nodes in the network in serial connections and keep the
first and the last nodes open to form the chain topology. In this topology, to
connect two non-neighboring nodes, all the nodes between them should be
connected. Chain topology is a relatively economical network topology of the
early SDH application. But it cannot deal with node/link failure, so its
survivability is not so ideal.
2. Star (hub)
We may connect a special hub node with all the rest of the nodes on a
communication network, while the latter cannot directly connect with each other,
thus forming a star (or hub) topology. In this topology, connection between any
two nodes except the hub node is achieved via the hub node, which also
performs routing for the passing information flow and accomplishes the
connection function. The hub node can connect many optical terminals to form a
uniform network so that centralized bandwidth management is made possible.
This structure relies largely on the hub node, featuring potential bottleneck and
failure of the hub node.
3. Tree
By connecting the end nodes of the point-to-point topology units with some
special nodes, the tree topology is formed. The tree topology can be considered
as a combination of the chain topology and the star topology. It is suitable for
broadcasting services; however, bottleneck and optical power budget limit still
exist, so it is not suitable for providing bidirectional communication services.
4. Ring
You can connect all the nodes on the network in serial mode and keep the first
and the last nodes connected to form the ring topology where no node is open. If
you connect the first and last open nodes of the chain topology network, a ring
topology network will be formed. On a ring network, to connect two nodes that
are not adjacent, all the nodes between them should be connected. The best thing
of this network topology is that it enjoys high survivability, which is crucial to a
modern large-capacity fiber network, so the ring network wins special regards
on the SDH network. The advantage of this network topology is that it enjoys
1-30
high survivability, which is crucial to a modern large-capacity fiber network, and

so the ring network wins special regards in the SDH network.
5. Mesh
A mesh network can be formed by directly connecting many nodes on a

communication network. If all the nodes are connected with each other, it is
called an ideal mesh network. In a non-ideal mesh network, any two nodes
without a direction link can be connected via connections of other nodes. The
mesh network is free from the influence of node bottleneck and node failure and
there are multiple routes for selection, which gives rise to high reliability.
However, due to its complicated structure and high costs, it is only suitable for a
backbone network with heavy but evenly distributed traffic.
In sum, all the above network topologies have their own characteristics and are
suitable for networks to a certain extent. Which network topology is to be
selected depends on numerous factors. For instance, a network should be of high
survivability and easy to configure, and its structure should be fit for the
introduction of new services.
In an actual network, different topologies may be applied to different network

parts. For example, the ring and star topologies (or sometimes the chain
topology) are generally employed in the local network (the access network or
user network). In the local inter-exchange tandem network, the ring and chain
topologies are generally employed. The mesh topology is employed in the toll
network.
1.7 SDH Self-Healing Network
1.7.1 Network Survivability
Network survivability has become a important design index since the modern society
tends to rely more and more on telecommunication.
Self-healing network can automatically restore the carried services from failure before
it is even detected by users. Its basic principle is to enable the network to detect any
failure and re-establish communication. The self-healing network is only responsible
for re-establishing communication instead of repairing and replacing the malfunctioned
parts that still need to be done manually.
1-31
1.7.2 Types and Principles of Self-Healing Network
According to its definition, a self-healing network can be implemented by many means.

The following common factors should be taken into account for all self-healing
networks: Initial cost, traffic proportion to be restored, extra capacity to accomplish
restoration, service restoration rate, flexibility in upgrading or adding nodes, and easy
operation and maintenance. Implementation of the self-healing network can be
classified into two basic modes: the line protection switching and self-healing ring
network. The self-healing ring network can be further divided into multiple types. The
protection modes and implementation methods of various self-healing networks are
introduced below.
1. Line protection switching
The line protection switching mode is the simplest way, which is usually
adopted by the traditional PDH system. It can be also employed in the SDH
system. Its working principle is: When the service transmitted in the working
fiber is interrupted or its performance has deteriorated to a certain degree, the
system switching equipment will automatically switch the main signals to a
standby fiber transmission system. Thus, the receiving end will still receive
normal signals, without being aware of the fault occurring to the network. This
protection mode enjoys short service resumption time (shorter than 50 ms
allowed), which is effective to the optical or electric part failure of the network
node. However, the above protection mode does not work when the fibers (often
all the active and standby fibers in the same cable core) are cut off.
A further improvement is to employ geographically standby routes. The active

and standby optical fibers are laid via different physical routes. In this way,
when the fiber cable for the active path is cut off, the fiber cable for the standby
path will not be affected, which means that the signals can still be safely
transmitted to the peer end. This method enjoys such advantages as convenient
configuration, simple network management and rapid service restoration.
However, this solution needs at least double fibers and line equipment and
usually the standby route is long, so the cost of this solution is high. Additionally,
this protection measure is only suitable for point-to-point protection, since it
protects transmission links only but provides no failure protection for network
nodes. For two points with stable and heavy traffic in between, the standby route
line protection method proves to be effective.
1-32
2. Self-healing ring network
Connecting the network nodes to form a ring can further improve the network
survivability and cost effective.
The network node of the self-healing ring network may be the DXC or the ADM.
Usually ADM is adopted, whose intelligent add/drop capability is used to form
the self-healing network. This is one of the SDH characteristics. Active research
work is also being conducted currently in this area.
Self-healing ring network can be divided into two types: Path protection (PP)
switching ring and MSP ring.
From the point of view of the functional structure, the PP switching ring and MS
protection switching ring belong to subnet connection protection (SNCP) and
PP.
For the PP switching ring, the protection of the service information is based on
each path. It decides whether to conduct changeover based on the signal quality
of each path in the ring.
For the MSP ring, the protection of traffic is based on the multiplex section.
Changeover is conducted according to the signal quality of the multiplex section.
When a failure occurs, all the signals of the multiplex section need to be
switched over to the protection loop.
An important difference between the PP switching ring and the MSP ring is that
the first one usually uses dedicated protection, which means the protection
section is also transmitting service signals in normal situation, while the second
one usually uses shared protection, which means that the protection section is
usually idle in the normal situation and the protection timeslots are shared by
each node pair.
Self-healing rings can be classified into unidirectional self-healing rings and

bidirectional self-healing rings according to the transmission direction of the
information between the nodes in the ring. In normal situation, the receiving and
sending of all the service signals in the unidirectional ring are transmitted in the
same direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise) in the ring; while the receiving and
sending of all the service signals in the bidirectional ring are transmitted in the
opposite directions in the ring.
1-33
The self-healing ring network includes 1:1 protection and 1+1 protection based
on the utilization status of the service path and protection path. In the 1:1
protection mode, the service signals are transmitted only on the working path
under normal conditions and additional service signals are transmitted in the
protection path. When failures occur on the working path, the node will discard
all the additional service signals on the protection path and switches to service
signal transmission so that protection of the service signals can be achieved.
In the 1+1 protection mode, the service signals are connected simultaneously
with the working path and the protection path, and the node in charge of service
reception receives the better service signals from the working path and the
protection path, which means when a failure occurs on the working path, the
node will automatically switch to the protection path to receive the service
signals.
Self-healing rings can also be classified into two-fiber rings and four-fiber rings
according to the Min. quantity of fibers used between each pair of nodes in the
ring.
Different self-healing ring structures can be obtained from the above

classification methods. Usually, a PP switching ring adopts unidirectional
two-fiber mode, while an MSP ring can adopt both unidirectional mode and
bidirectional mode, so it can be either two-fiber mode or four-fiber mode. Let’s
take the following four nodes for example, to describe four typical, practical
self-healing ring structures.
1-34
1) Two-fiber unidirectional PP switching ring
The two-fiber unidirectional PP switching ring adopts 1+1 PP mode. Service

signals are sent out on both the working path and the protection path, and only
the signals with good quality can be received. PATH-AIS is the switching
criterion. APS protocol is not needed. It has two fibers, one is the S fiber used to
transmit service signals, while the other one is the P fiber for protection. It
adopts “bridge at the front end & switching at the terminal end” structure, which
means that in nodes A and C, signals entering into the ring are simultaneously
sent to fibers S and P, and signals of tributary node are obtained by changeover.
The two-fiber unidirectional PP switching ring is shown in Fig. 1.7-1.
CA AC CA AC
S1 S1
P1 P1
A A
D D B
B C
P1 C P1
S1
S1
Switching
CA AC
CA AC
Fig. 1.7-1 Two-Fiber Unidirectional PP Switching Ring
As shown in Fig. 1.7-1, in node A, the tributary signal AC that enters the ring
and goes to node C is sent simultaneously to both fibers S1 and P1. The service
signals in fiber S1 are sent to the tributary node C in the clockwise direction,
while signals in fiber P1 are sent to the same destination in the anti-clockwise
direction. The tributary node C on the receiving end receives tributary signals
from two directions simultaneously, and then node C will decide signals from
which path to be the selected tributary signals according to its quality.
Usually, signals sent from S1 fibers are considered as the active signals. When
the fiber cable between nodes B and C is cut off, on node C, as the AC signal
coming from A via S1 is lost, according to the changeover rules, the switch will
switch from S1 to P1, and the AC signals coming from node A via P1 will be
used as the tributary signals so that the service signals can be maintained. After
the fault is removed, the switch will return to its original place.
1-35
2) Two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring
The two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring is shown in Fig. 1.7-2. In the two-fiber
unidirectional multiplexing section switching ring, the node has a protection
switch on each high-rate line before the tributary signal add/drop function. In the
normal situation, the low-rate tributary signals are added and dropped on S1,
while P1 is idle. Signals from A to C or from C back to A are transmitted in the
clockwise direction along fiber S1, so it is a unidirectional ring.
CA AC CA AC
S1 S1
P1 P1
A A
D B D B
C C
P1 P1
S1 S1
Switching
CA AC CA AC
Fig. 1.7-2 Two-Fiber Unidirectional MSP Switching Ring
In Fig. 1.7-2, when the fiber cable between node B and node C is cut off, the
switching control switch between node B and node C will use APS protocols to
execute loop-back function. On node B, the AC signals on S1 return to P1 via
the switching control switch, and transmitted in the anti-clockwise direction
through node A and node D and reaches node C, finally, the signals will loop
back to S1 via the switching control switch on node C and terminates at the
tributary. This loop-back switching function can guarantee the continuity of the
ring even under failure circumstances and the low-rate tributary signals will not
be interrupted. After the failure has been removed, the switching control switch
will return to its original position.
1-36
3) Four-fiber bidirectional MSP ring
In the four-fiber bidirectional multiplex section switching ring, two fibers are
corresponding to service fibers S1 and S2 in the receiving and sending directions,
and the other two are corresponding to the protection fibers P1 and P2 in the
receiving and sending directions.
The four-fiber bidirectional MSP ring is shown in Fig. 1.7-3.
CA AC CA AC
S1 S1
P1 P1
S2 S2
P2 P2
A A
D B D B
P2 C C
P2
S2 S2
P1 P1
S1 S1
CA AC CA AC Switching
Fig. 1.7-3 Four-fiber Bidirectional MSP ring
As shown in Fig. 1.7-3, the low-speed tributary signals destined for node C enter
into the ring via node A and are transmitted in the clockwise direction along S1;
while the low-speed signals that return from node C to node A are transmitted in
the anti-clockwise direction along S2, so it is a bidirectional ring. The protection
fibers P1 and P2 are idle. When the cables between node B and node C are cut
off, the two switching control switches on both node B and node C will execute
the loop-back function by using the APS protocol so that the ring continuity can
be maintained. Fibers S1 and P1 can be connected, fibers S2 and P2 can also be
connected. The AC signals follows S1 to return back to P1 via the switching
control switch on node B, and travel to node C in the anti-clockwise direction
via node A and node D, and finally return to S1 via the switching control switch
on node C and terminates at the tributary. CA signals work similarly. Its
principle is similar to that of the two-fiber unidirectional multiplex section
switching ring mentioned above. After the fault is eliminated, the changeover
control switch will return to its original position.
1-37
4) Two-fiber bidirectional MSP ring
As shown in Fig. 1.7-3, the service signals on S1 and the protection signals on
P2 are transmitted in the same direction, or the clockwise direction. By using
timeslot interchange (TSI) technology, signals on S1 and P2 can be put on the
same fiber, which is called the S1/P2 fiber. On the fiber, half of the timeslots
(the odd number timeslots) are used to transmit the service signals, while the
other half of the timeslots (the even number timeslots) are used to transmit
protection signals. It is the same with the S2/P1 fiber. The timeslots of the
protection signals on S1/P2 can protect the service signals on S2/P1, while the
timeslots of the protection signals on S2/P1 can protect the service signals on
S1/P2. So, the four-fiber ring can be reduced to a two-fiber ring. Usually the
odd/even timeslot protection is adopted in a two-fiber bidirectional MSP ring.
Other modes may also be used, for example, the first half of timeslots are used
to transmit service signals; and the second half to transmit protection signals.
The two-fiber bidirectional MSP ring is as shown in Fig. 1.7-4.
CA AC CA AC
S 1 /P 2 S 1 /P 2
S 2 /P 1 S 2 /P 1
A A
D B D B
C C
S 2 /P 1 S 2 /P 1
S 1 /P 2
S 1 /P 2
S w itc h in g
CA AC CA AC
Fig. 1.7-4 Two-Fiber Bidirectional MSP Switching Ring
When the fiber cable between node B and node C is cut off, the switching
control switches in node B and node C will connect fibers S1/P2 with fibers
S2/P1 based on the APS protocols, and move the service signals from fiber
S1/P2 and fiber S2/P1 to the protection timeslot of another fiber by using TSI
technology in order to accomplish the changeover function, whose changeover
time is less than 30 ms. For example, the service signal odd timeslots on S1/P2
can be shifted to the protection signal even timeslots on S2/P1. All service
signals are transmitted in a piece of optical fiber and the timeslot interchange
like this is needed in the four sites A, B, C and D. When the faults are removed,
the switches will return to their former positions.
1-38
1.8 Synchronous Timing

Network synchronization is an important integral part of network planning, especially
to the SDH network based on synchronous transmission. The best synchronization is
obtained between NEs only after the network synchronization is reasonably planned.
The ZXMP S320 provides a synchronization scheme based on the Synchronization
Status Messaging (SSM) information. SSM can be used to ensure that NEs can select
an effective timing source with the best synchronization quality, thus to prevent clocks
from forming a loop and ensure the synchronous timing performance of the network.
1.8.1 SSM Function of the SDH Interface
The service add/drop and rerouting capabilities of an SDH network enable a network to
be applied with unprecedented flexibility and high survivability and in turn makes the
selection of network synchronization timing more complex. On an SDH network, the
timing reference allocation between nodes is made by means of a great number of
low-level SDH NE clocks. The quality of the timing reference must be labeled by some
means. SSM is the information to display the timing reference quality.
SSM information is transmitted by the 5th ~ 8th bits of byte S1 in an SDH multiplex
section overhead, as shown in Fig. 1.8-1.
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
SSM
Fig. 1.8-1 Content of S1 Byte
The four bits have 16 different kinds of coding schemes representing 16 different
synchronization quality levels, as shown in Table 1.8-1.
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Table 1.8-1 List of SSM Codes
Descriptions of SDH
Descriptions of SDH
S1 (b5 ~ b8) S1 (b5 ~ b8) Synchronization Quality
Synchronization Quality Grades
Grades
Unknown synchronization quality
G.812 local exchange clock
0000 (existing synchronization 1000
signal
networks)
0001 Reserved 1001 Reserved
0010 G.811 clock signal 1010 Reserved
Synchronous Equipment
0011 Reserved 1011
Timing Source (SETS)
G.812 transit exchange clock
0100 1100 Reserved
signal
Not to be used for
0111 Reserved 1111
synchronization
On an SDH network, the timing reference allocation between nodes is made by means
of a great number of low-level SDH network clocks. As the quantity of NEs on the
synchronization link increases, the quality of timing reference signals will be gradually
degraded. Therefore, when there are several synchronization paths with the same
quality level to be selected for an NE, adoption of the synchronous path where the Min.
quantity of NEs pass through will help improve the timing performance of the SDH
network. Therefore, when there are several synchronization paths with the same quality
level to be selected for NE, the adoption of the synchronous path where the Min.
quantity of NEs pass will help improve the timing performance of the SDH network.
Based on this principle, ZTE designs S1 byte patent algorithm to enable an NE to
select the clock reference signals of the highest quality grade and with the shortest
synchronization path. The clock selection follows the following rules:
1. When an NE can select one from many valid clock sources, it will first select the
clock with the highest quality level according to the quality level information of
the clock source.
2. When the quality levels of many NE clock sources are the same, NE will select
the clock source passing a Min. number of NEs along the transmission path.
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3. The NE forwards to the downstream NE the quality level information of the

currently adopted clock source and the quantity of passed NE via S1 bytes; and
sends the “unavailable” status information to the upstream NE. (Upstream NE is
relative to downstream NE. If NE B extracts clock from NE A, then NE A is the
upstream NE of NE B, and NE B is the downstream NE as opposed to NE A.)
Fig. 1.8-2 is an application example of SSM.
PRC
PRC
PRC
Unavail
able A Unavail
able
B D
PRC C PRC
PRC
Unavailable
Synchronization trail (used) PRC

SSM
Synchronization trail (unused) Unavailable ｝
(a)
PRC
PRC
PRC
Unavail Unavail
A
able able
B D
PRC C PRC
Unavail
able
PRC
Synchronization trail (used) PRC

｝ SSM
Synchronization trail (unused) Unavailable
(b)
1-41
SETS
Unavail SETS
A Unavail
able able
B D
SETS C SETS
SETS
Unavailable
Synchronization trail (used) SETS

Unavailable ｝ SSM
Synchronization trail (unused)
(c)
Fig. 1.8-2 Application of SSM
As shown in Fig. 1.8-2, each NE has two options of synchronous clock sources. The
synchronous source settings of each NE are shown in Table 1.8-2.
Table 1.8-2 NEs and Synchronous Sources
NE Clock Source List

NE A External clock source and internal clock source
NE B Line clocks 1 and 2
NE C Line clocks 1 and 2
NE D Line clocks 1 and 2
At NE A, the selectable synchronous sources are the external access clock PRC and
internal clock source. According to principle 1, NE A automatically selects the external
clock source PRC, and forwards its synchronous quality information to other NEs. At
NE B, the selectable synchronous sources are the A-B line clock and A-D-C-B line
clock. According to principle 2, NE B automatically selects the A-B line clock as the
synchronous source. Similarly, NE D automatically selects the A-D line clock as the
synchronous source. At NE C, either the A-B-C line clock or the A-D-C line clock can
be selected. In Fig. 1.8-2 (a), NE C selects the A-B-C line clocks. According to
principle 3, each NE at work will send to the upstream NE the “unavailable” status
information.
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As shown in Fig. 1.8-2 (b), when the line between NE B and NE C is cut off, NE C
selects the A-D-C line clocks, and sends the “unavailable” status information to its
upstream NE D.
In the case of no external clock source: As shown in Fig. 1.8-2 (c), when the external
clock source connected to the NE A is interrupted, NE A enters the clock holdover
mode and then transits to the free-run mode upon end of the holdover mode. In this
case, the NEs are still synchronous with NE A and the clock source degrades as the
Synchronous Equipment Timing Source (SETS) of the NE.
1.8.2 SSM Function of Synchronous Interface
The SSM function of the 2 Mbit/s synchronous interface of the equipment is used to
transfer the PDH synchronous status message. SSM information of the synchronous
interface is transmitted via one (depending on the user) of idle bits San (n being 4, 5, 6,
7 or 8, and representing the 4th ~ 8th bits in TS0 timeslot) in TS0 timeslot of odd frames
in G.704 multiframe. Four odd frames are considered as a group and one San bit in each
odd frame forms four and a half bit bytes from San1 to San4, as shown in Fig. 1.8-3. Then,
they are used to define synchronization quality grades and both their bit patterns and
synchronization quality grades are defined the same as S1 byte in SDH is (please refer
to Table 1.8-1).
San1， San2， San3， San4

（ n=4,5,6,7,8）
Fig. 1.8-3 Sa Bits
1-43
1.9 Telecom Management Network (TMN) Basics
1.9.1 Working Principle
The TMN working principles will be described as follows in terms of management

frame, physical structure, interface and layers of the TMN.
1. Management frame of TMN
In order to integrate and unify the telecommunication network to perform

effective management, ITU-T brings forward the concept of the
telecommunication management network (TMN). The basic concept of TMN is
to provide an organized architecture to achieve interworking between various
types of operating systems (NMS) and telecom equipment. It exchanges
management information via a centralized system structure with standard
interfaces (including protocols and information specifications), thus
implementing the automatic and standard management of telecommunication
networks, and providing various management functions. In concept, TMN is a
network dedicated to NMS independent of the telecommunication network. It
has interfaces with the telecommunication network, and can receive information
from the telecommunication network and control its operation. TMN usually
uses part of the telecommunication network facilities to provide communication,
so the TMN and the telecommunication network may overlap.
The relationship between TMN and the telecommunication network is shown in

Fig. 1.9-1.
TMN
Operating Operating Operating
system system system
Data communication Workstation

network
Transmission Transmission
Switch Switch Switch
system system
Telecommunication network
Fig. 1.9-1 Relationship between TMN and Telecommunication Networks
1-44
2. TMN physical structure
The physical structure of TMN describes the physical entities and their
interfaces within the TMN. A simplified view of the TMN physical structure is
shown in Fig. 1.9-2
TMN OS
Q3/F/X
WS
DCN
Q3/F
Q3
Q3 MD
Qx
DCN
Qx Qx
QA NE QA NE
Fig. 1.9-2 Physical Structure of TMN
In Fig. 1.9-2, OS means the operating system, or the network management

system, which executes OSF. It is actually a large-scale system program of
management network resources. MD means the mediating device that executes
MF, performing the mediation between OS and NE. It can also provide QAF and
WSF, sometimes even OSF. MD can be implemented in the hierarchical mode.
QA indicates the Q adapter, which is the device used to accomplish the
adaptation and interconnection between NE and the non-TMN interface.
The Data Communication Network (DCN) is a communication network in the

TMN that supports DCF. It achieves functions of the lower three layers of the
OSI reference model, but does not provide functions from the 4th to the 7th
layers. The DCN can be composed of different types of sub-networks (such as
X.25 or DCC) by interconnection.
The NE consists of the telecommunication equipment (or part of it) that executes
NEF and the supporting equipment. It may include other TMN functional blocks
such as MF. Usually, an NE has one or more standard Q interfaces, and it may
also include F interface.
The workstation (WS) is the device that executes WSF, performing the
conversion between the f reference point information and the g reference point
displaying format.
1-45
3. TMN interfaces
To simplify the interconnection between equipment made by different

manufacturers, the standard TMN interface shall be stipulated, which is critical
to the TMN. The standard interface requires uniform specifications on the
protocol stacks and the messages carried by protocols.
1) Q interface: generally it corresponds to the Qx interface, which interconnects

MD and MD, NE and MD, QA and MD and NE and NE (at least one of them
includes the MF function).
In the traditional PDH system, the Qx interface usually contains the functions of
the three lower layers of the OSI reference model, so it is suitable for connecting
simple equipment such as multiplexer and line systems, whose protocol stacks
can adopt A1 or A2 protocol stacks of ITU-T Recommendation G.773, in which
A1 protocol stack is connection-oriented while the A2 is connectionless (LAN
technology).
In the SDH system, the Qx interface usually contains functions of all the seven
layers of the reference model, whose protocol stacks can be CONS1, CLNS2
and CLNS1 of ITU-T Recommendations Q.811 and Q.812. Here, CONS1 is the
X.25 packet network interface, CLNS1 is the connectionless interface using the
LAN technology, but CLNS2 is the connectionless interface using the
interconnection protocol on basis of the X.25 protocol.
2) F interface: Corresponds to reference point f and connects the remote

workstation with OS or MD via DCN. G interface corresponds to the g reference
point, while X interface corresponds to the x reference point. Usually, the X
interface has higher requirements for security than the Q interface.
4. TMN layer classification
According to ITU-T M.3010, the TMN management layer model is divided into
six layers: Network Element Layer (NEL), Element Management Layer (EML),
Network Management Layer (NML), Service Management Layer (SML) and
Business Management Layer (BML).
1-46
Fig. 1.9-3 shows the TMN management hierarchical classification from the highest
layer to SML. Here NE can be SDH equipment, PDH, switch or any equipment to be
managed.
SMS
SML
NMS NMS
NML
EMS EMS
EML
NEL
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE NE
Fig. 1.9-3 TMN Management Layers
1.9.2 SDH Management Network (SMN)
1. SMN and TMN
The SDH management network (SMN) is a sub-set of TMN that manages SDH
network elements.
It can be further divided into a series of SDH management sub-networks (SMS).

These SMSs consist of a series separate ECCs and intra-station data
communication links, to form a part of the whole TMN. An important feature of
SMN is having intelligent network elements and using the embedded ECCs. The
combination of the two greatly shortens the TMN information transfer and
response time. The network management functions can also be downloaded via
ECC to network elements, in order to perform the distributed management. It
can be concluded that the essential characteristics of SDH is that it enjoys
powerful and effective network management.
1-47
It can be concluded that the essential characteristics of SDH is that it enjoys

powerful and effective network management capacity. The relationship among
TMN, SMN and SMS is shown in Fig. 1.9-4.
TMN
SMN
SMS-1 SMS-2 SMS-n
Fig. 1.9-4 Relation between SMS, SMN and TMN
The Unitrans ZXONM NMS can be an SDH Management Subnet (SMS), or an

SDH Management Network (SMN). With its relation with the Telecom
Management Network (TMN), as shown in Fig. 1.9-3, TMN is the most
common management network category. SMN, as its subset, is responsible for
the management of SHD NEs, and in turn consists of several SMSs.
As Unitrans ZXONM NMS is a part of the TMN, it can provide the standard
interface to accept the management from the superior network management
center.
The logical channel for transmitting NMS messages within the SDH system is
ECC and its physical channel should be DCC. It uses the 192 kbit/s and 576
kbit/s channels formed by the D1 ~ D3 bytes in the Regenerator Section
Overhead (RSOH) and the D4 ~ D12 bytes of the Multiplex Section Overhead
(MSOH), which are called DCC (R) and DCC (M). The DCC (R) can access
regenerator stations and terminal stations, while DCC (M) is the high way for
network management information between terminal stations.
2. SDH management interface
The major operation interfaces concerning the SDH management network are
the Qx interface and the F interface. SMS communicates with TMN via the Qx
interface.
1-48
1.9.3 TMN (SMN) System Functions
The ITU-T has specified five major functions of the NMS: Configuration Management,
Fault Management, Performance Management, Security Management and Accounting
Management.
1. Configuration management
Configuration management is to configure the resources and services of the

transmission network including the configuring of network data, equipment data,
link channels, protection switching function, synchronous clock source
allocation strategy, orderwire equipment, line interface parameters, tributary
interfaces, NE time, and the query, backup and restoration of configuration
information, and the query and measurement of path resources.
2. Fault management
Fault management is to detect, analyze and locate the equipment faults,

including the setting of alarm levels, real-time display of alarms, setting of alarm
confirmation, shielding, filtering, reversion and sound, query of current history
alarms, alarm locating and alarm statistical analysis.
3. Performance management
To check and analyze various performances of the equipment, including the

setting of performance thresholds, query of current and history performance data
and performance data analysis.
4. Security management
Security management is to provide security guarantee for equipment

maintenance, including the setup of user levels, operation rights and
management areas, user login management and operation log management.
5. Accounting management
To provide basic information related to billing, including circuit establishment

time, duration and QoS, and others.
Sometimes maintenance management is also listed as a separate functional

module. Maintenance management is used to provide means for the normal
operation of equipment and problem location, including loop-back control,
alarm insertion and bit error insertion.
1-49
1.10 Overview of MAN

In recent years, with the rapid development of IP and Ethernet data services, services
such as Internet access and IP-based virtual private network, IP phone, multimedia
application, and e-commerce all require a data network that features broad coverage,
high bandwidth, and convenient service. At the same time, the vibrating economic,
dense population, compact coverage area, and active information exchange of the cities
lead to the rocketing development of information construction. This poses higher
requirements for Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
1.10.1 Basic Concepts
MAN is considered a broadband network with unified protocol that connects

enterprises and administrative units like government organs and educational institutes,
companies, and families. It provides packet-based comprehensive data services of
voice, image, video, and other multimedia applications, covering local public networks
in cities and suburbs.
MAN is based on statistics and packet technologies, with such features as clear
network layered structure, high commercial level of products and technologies, great
expandability, flexible management of subscribers and services, and high reliability.
MAN also has the following characteristics: Broadband-based capacity and rate, high
efficiency of information transmission, versatility of access methods, local availability
of content acquisition, personalization of subscriber access, characteristic provisioning
of services, fast launching of new services, flexibility of capacity expansion and
extension, and predictability of upgrade.
1.10.2 Basic Structure
MAN can be categorized horizontally and vertically:
1. Vertical categorization
Vertical categories consist of access layer, convergence layer and core layer.
1) Access layer: Implements the access of different types of users, such as routers
and LAN.
2) Convergence layer: Functions to converge the scattered access points,

implement data multiplexing, data transport, and data switching and provide
flow control and user management functions such as MSTP and OADM.
1-50
3) Core layer: Implements the high-speed information exchange networkwide, and

achieves the interconnection with the backbone networks, including MAN
OADM equipment.
The basic structure of MAN is shown in Fig. 1.10-1.
Backbone
layer
OADM OADM
Core layer DWDM/OXC/fiber
PSTN
OADM
Service and
Management Center
Convergence
layer MSTP
MAN OADM/MSTP
MSTP
MSTP
Access layer
ATM
Router LAN
MSTP: Multi-Service Transport Platform OADM: MAN OADM
Fig. 1.10-1 Basic Structure of MAN
In the initial stage of network construction, the convergence layer and the core
layer can be combined based on the scale of the network, forming a two-layer
structure of access layer and convergence layer.
2. Horizontal categorization
Horizontal categorization consists of service layer and transport layer.
1) Service layer: Implements narrowband voice, Internet services, remote

computing and event processing, e-commerce, videoconferencing, videophone,
multimedia comprehensive information service, computer remote
communication and control, line leasing, and other services. It is formed with
different types of ATMs and IP equipment.
1-51
2) Transport layer: Carries different types of services on the service layer of the
optical MAN, and provides efficient, large-capacity, low-cost uniform platform
of different services. It is formed with DWDM and SDH equipment.
1.10.3 Characteristics of Optical MAN
As the bridge between users and backbone network, the optical MAN can be divided
vertically into layers with different characteristics.
1.10.3.1 Characteristics of core layer of optical MAN
1. Powerful service access capability
With the constant development of MAN services, the needs for bandwidth
increase in an exponential way. They require large-capacity optical MAN. In this
regard, the initial stage of the core layer system should have at least 10G of
capacity, feasible to be further expanded.
2. Multi-service convergence and transparent transmission capability
As the optical MAN should be able to carry the traditional narrowband voice
services and data services at different rates and of different formats, it requires,
first of all, that the core layer can efficiently implement the convergence of
different low-rate services and encapsulate multiple services at different rates
and of different protocols into one single wavelength to save wavelength
resources and construct the network more economically, which fully utilizes the
existing network resources. Secondly, it requires that the core layer can transport
the carried services in their own formats, to avoid the introduction of extra
overhead for protocol conversion or frame format matching, which in a way
make full use of the bandwidth resources too.
3. Highly reliable equipment and strong network protection capability
Network security and reliability are the guarantee of normal transmission of

services. It requires multiple hardware redundancy protection for the equipment,
and at the network level, it requires layered protection at the path and the
multiplex section levels.
4. It has a lower networking cost.
1-52
1.10.3.2 Characteristics of convergence layer of optical MAN
1. Dynamic bandwidth allocation
The diversity of the carried services on the optical MAN determines that the
network should be able to allocate bandwidth flexibly according to the needs of
the users, implement end-to-end service configuration on the network
management layer, and provide different bandwidth for services at different
levels.
2. Bandwidth convergence of data service like ATM and IP services
One of main features of data service is traffic burst. Under a normal

circumstance, each data port will not reach full capacity. The bandwidth
convergence function of the convergence layer can effectively use the
transmission bandwidth, which supplements each other with the dynamic
allocation of the bandwidth.
3. Implementation of virtual data network (VDN)
By making use of the data service processing function of the convergence layer
transmission equipment, a large number of VDNs can be provided on the
existing transmission network. The user services of the VDN on the same
transmission network are separated, which improves the security of data.
On the VDN, the transmission equipment evolves into virtual network bridge
and virtual router, implementing data network layer functions such as VP-RING,
VLAN, and L2 switching. The appearance of VDN helps to extend the existing
data network.
4. Layered service protection capability
In addition to the common network protection and recovery, the convergence

layer can provide different protection schemes for services at different levels,
which improves the operation efficiency of the network.
5. It has a lower networking cost.
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1.10.3.3 Characteristics of access layer of optical MAN
1. Abundant interfaces
The transmission equipment of the access layer provide SDH, PDH, FE,
low-rate data and voice interfaces to meet the diversified needs of the users.
2. It has a low networking cost, good expandability, and environment adaptability.
3. It has flexible networking and protection functions.
1-54
2 System Structure
1. Introduction to the MAN series transmission products of ZTE
2. Brief introduction to functions, structure, characteristics, and standards

compliant of the ZXMP S320
2.1 SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment of ZTE

The SDH based multi-service node equipment of ZTE can be applied on the core layer,
the convergence layer, and the access layer, providing the user with future-oriented
total solutions of MAN.
Fig. 2.1-1 shows the applications of the SDH based multi-service node equipment of
ZTE. The series consists of ZXMP S395, ZXMP S390, ZXMP S385, ZXMP S380,
ZXMP S360, ZXMP S330, ZXMP S320, ZXMP S310 and ZXMP S100.
Fig. 2.1-1 MAN Transmission Products of ZTE
2-1
2.2 Introduction to the ZXMP S320

The ZXMP S320 is an STM-4 compact MAN system based on SDH equipment of ZTE,
targeting at the MAN access layer.
1. Standards compliant
The ZXMP S320 strictly complies with ITU-T recommendations and relevant
national standards, compatible with European SDH mapping path standards. It
can provide networking capabilities in up to four STM-1 optical directions and
two STM-4 optical directions, and can be smoothly upgraded from STM-1 to
STM-4. It can realize access and process of both data service and conventional
SDH service.
2. Service capabilities
1) Data services
The ZXMP S320 can provide ATM interface, FE interface, and interfaces for
low-speed data services.
2) Common SDH services
The ZXMP S320 can provide STM-1 and STM-4 SDH standard interfaces and
PDH electrical interfaces at the rates of 2.048 Mbit/s, 34.368 Mbit/s, and
139.264 Mbit/s.
3. Protection function
The ZXMP S320 provides perfect NE-level and network-level protection

mechanism to ensure normal service transmission even under some faulty status.
The NE-level protection includes 1+1 hot standby of important boards and 1:N
protection of tributary boards, while the network protection includes MSP and
PP.
4. NMS software
The ZXMP S320 adopts the Unitrans ZXONM E300 Optical Network Product
NE/Subnet Uniform Network Management System (ZXONM E300). The NMS
has the NE management layer function and part of the network management
layer function. It can uniformly manage the MAN equipment and the traditional
SDH equipment of ZTE.
2-2
Chapter 2 System Structure
5. Equipment structure
The ZXMP S320 is small in size, has a highly integrated modular design, can be
installed and powered in many ways, and applies to different environments.
The outside view of the ZXMP S320 is shown in Fig. 2.2-1.
Fig. 2.2-1 ZXMP S320
2-3
2.3 Overall system structure

The block diagram of the functions of the ZXMP S320 is shown in Fig. 2.3-1.
Fig. 2.3-1 Functional Structure of ZXMP S320
In terms of its function layers, the ZXMP S320 comprises the hardware system and
NMS software system, which are independent of each other but work in cooperation.
The NMS software system manages and monitors the hardware system and the
transmission network and works in coordination with the transmission network. The
hardware system of the ZXMP S320 is the main body of SDH equipment and can work
independently of the NMS software system after software setting.
2.3.1 Hardware system
With the “platform” design concept, the ZXMP S320 hardware system consists of NE
control platform, clock processing platform, service cross-connect platform, overhead
processing platform, power support platform and service access platform.
By setting up, transplanting and integrating various functional platforms, the ZXMP
S320 generates various functional units or boards that can be combined into an SDH
device with perfect functions and flexible configurations. TM, ADM & REG,
depending on networking requirements, are the three types of SDH equipment that can
be configured with the ZXMP S320.
The relation among the service platforms is shown in Fig. 2.3-2.

2-4
Cross-connect
ATM interface processing platform
(receive) ATM service ATM service ATM interface (transmit)
（ 155M） processing platform processing platform （ 155M）
cross-connect
Payload data
Ethernet interface Ethernet interface
Ethernet service Ethernet service
(receive) (transmit)
processing platform processing platform
（ 10/100M）（ 10/100M）
Traditional PDH Traditional PDH
interface (receive) interface (transmit)
processing platform
processing platform
Overhead
Overhead
SDH interface SDH interface
(receive) (transmit)
Overhead cross-
connect
Orderwire, voice,
Orderwire, voice,
and data output
and data input
Communication
processing platform
Clock processing NE control Power support

platform platform platform
NMS terminal
Fig. 2.3-2 Function Relationship of Hardware Platforms of ZXMP S320
1. NE control platform: As the interface between the NE equipment and

background NMS, it is the core of the hardware platform. Other platforms
receive NMS control commands and report NE running information via the NE
control platform.
2. Power support platform: Adopts centralized power supply for other platforms.
3. Clock processing platform: Providing all the platforms in the equipment with
system clocks (from various sources). It can also output the clock as the timing
resource of other devices to ensure the synchronization of the whole network.
4. Communication processing platform: Also called ECC processing platform. The

equipment uses the DCC channel to load the control information between NEs,
and the communication processing platform extracts the ECC information out of
the SDH optical interface and sends it to the NE control platform.
2-5
5. Ethernet service processing platform: Consists of the transparent transmission of

Ethernet services and the Ethernet transport of data with data switching function.
6. ATM service processing platform: Implements the convergence, transport, and

cell switching of the ATM services.
7. Overhead processing platform: Splits the section overhead and payload of the
SDH frame structure and processes the overhead.
8. Cross-connect processing platform: Consists of payload data cross-connect and

overhead cross-connect. It is also a core component of the system. The payload
cross-connect is the service link between the SDH signal and SDH signal and
between SDH signal and PDH signal. The overhead cross-connect receives the
overhead bytes processed by the overhead processing platform, implements the
byte switching, and realizes the NE audio data supplementary functions and
more.
2.3.2 NMS Software System
The ZXMP S320 adopts the ZXONM E300 NMS to manage and monitor the hardware
system and the transmission network and thus coordinates network operation.
1. Structure of the NMS
The ZXONM E300 is designed in a four-layer structure, consisting of the

equipment layer, the NE layer, the NE management layer and the subnet
management layer. It can also provide the Cobra interface for the NMS layer.
The layered structure of the ZXONM E300 is shown in Fig. 2.3-3:
2-6
Network Network
management System management System
Network
management layer Corba Corba
GUI(Cient)
F
Subnet management
system
Manager 3
Subnet
management layer F F
GUI(Cient) GUI(Cient) GUI(Cient)
F
F F F
NE/Subnet management
system NE/Subnet management NE/Subnet management
LMT
NE management Manager 1 system …… system
layer Manager 2 Manager n
Qx Qx Qx
f
GNE/Agent
GNE/Agent
ECC
ECC ECC
ECC
NE/Agent NE/Agent
NE/Agent NE/Agent
ECC ECC
ECC ECC
NE/Agent ECC
NE/Agent NE/Agent GNE/Agent
NE layer
Equipment layer S S S S S S
MCU …… MCU MCU …… MCU MCU …… MCU
Fig. 2.3-3 Layered Structure of ZXONM E300 EMS/SNMS
1) Layered structure
z The equipment layer (MCU): Is responsible for the board alarm and
performance status, receiving commands from the network management system
to control the boards for conducting specific operations;
z NE layer (NE): In the NMS it is Agent, which carries out the management
function for individual NEs. When the NE is powered on for initialization, the
configuration processing of each board is performed. In its normal operating
status, it is responsible for monitoring the alarm and performance states of the
whole NE, and receives monitoring commands of the NE management layer
(Manager) through the Gateway Network Element (GNE) and processes them.
z Network management layer (manager): It is responsible for the control and

coordination of a series of NEs, which include Manager, GUI and Local
2-7
Maintenance Terminal (LMT). The core of the NE management layer is

Manager (or server), which can simultaneously manage multiple subnets,
control and coordinate NE equipment. GUI provides graphical user interfaces,
converts the user management requests into commands in the internal format,
and then delivers them to the Manager. LMT accomplishes a simple synthesis of
GUI and Manager by controlling the user authority and software functional parts,
and provides a simple NE management function. It is applied in the
commissioning maintenance of local NEs.
z Subnet management layer: Its structure is similar to that of the NE management

layer. The NE configuration and maintenance commands are indirectly
accomplished through the NMS in the NE management layer. The subnet
management system sends a command to the NE management system, which
forwards it to the NE. After that, the NE responds to the subnet management
system through the NE management system. In addition, it can provide the
network management layer with the Cobra interface.
2) Interface descriptions
z Qx interface: It is the interface between the Agent and the Manager as shown in
Fig. 2.3-3, or the interface between the NCP board and the computer where the
Manager program exists. It complies with the TCP/IP.
z F interface: It is the interface between the GUI and the Manager as shown in Fig.
2.3-3, that is, the interface between the GUI and the computer where the
Manager program exists. It complies with the TCP/IP.
z f interface: It is the interface between the Agent and LMT as shown in Fig. 2.3-3,
that is the interface between the NCP board and the maintenance terminal. On
the maintenance terminal, related NMS software is installed. This interface
complies with the TCP/IP.
z S interface: It is the interface between Agent and MCU as shown in Fig. 2.3-3,
that is the communication interface between the NCP board and other boards, S
interface adopts the point-to-multi-point communication mode based on the
HDLC communication mechanism.
z ECC interface: It is the interface between Agents as shown in Fig. 2.3-3, or the
communication interface between NEs. ECC interfaces uses DCC for
2-8
communication, possibly supports customized communication protocol and

standard protocol at the same time, and implements bridge function on Agent.
2. Management scope of NEs
The ZXONM E300 NMS has forward and backward compatibility, and can
manage the SDH equipment, the DWDM equipment, and the optical MAN
transmission equipment of ZTE.
3. Overview of the functions
Through the ZXONM E300 NMS, such functions as configuration management,

fault management, performance management, security management, system
management and maintenance management can be implemented.
For details of the NMS, please refer to the descriptions in the NMS manuals.
2-9
2.4 System Characteristics
2.4.1 Highly Integrated Design
The ZXMP S320 adopts a large amount of surface mounting components and the
complete set of ZTE’s independently-developed 0.35 µm large scale SDH Application
Specific Integration Circuits (ASICs), significantly improving the equipment’s
integration, and realizing complete SDH NE functions of STM-1/STM-4 level in a
19-inch 4U chassis. According to requirements of actual networking, the ZXMP S320
can be flexibly configured as a line TM, ADM, and REG. In the STM-1 level
application, the system can add/drop 63 × E1, 64 × T1, 3 × E3 and 3 × T3 signals
directly or add/drop E1, T1, E3 and T3 signals equivalent to one STM-1 at the same
time. In the STM-4 level application, besides adding/dropping tributary services
equivalent to those of one STM-1, the system also provides four STM-1 optical
tributaries. The system supports point-to-point, chain, ring, star, and mesh networking.
2.4.2 Flexible Installation Method and Power Supply Design
The ZXMP S320 provides flexible installations as rack-mount, table-mount and

wall-mount in standard 19-inch rack The ZXMP S320 provides different types of
power supply units for +24 or –48V primary DC power supply to adapt to different
application environment.
To meet the user’s special requirements, the ZXMP S320 provides a front cabling kit
and a dual-power cable gland to support the front cabling mode and dual-power input.
Front cabling and dual-power are described in details in .Appendix A
2.4.3 Powerful Flexible Service Management
In STM-1 level applications, the Max. cross-connect capacity of the ZXMP S320 is up
to 504 × 504 VC-12 (672 × 672 VC-11). In STM-4 level applications, the
cross-connect matrix provides 8 × 8 VC-4 space division cross-connect and 1008 ×
1008 VC-12 (1344 × 1344 VC-11) time division cross-connect. The ZXMP S320
performs full cross-connect between aggregate and aggregate, aggregate and tributary,
and tributary and tributary timeslot, and provides flexible bandwidth management, thus
enhancing the networking capability of the equipment and dispatching capability of
network services.
2-10
The circuit structure of the ZXMP S320 is implemented by the backplane + board
plug-in unit mode, and adopts different board configurations depending upon needs.
The equipment with different functions are constituted to meet the users’ demands on
networking, service interface and capacity.
2.4.4 Data Processing Function
The ZXMP S320 has expanded the capability of data service access and processing on
the basis of the traditional SDH equipment, and features high performance-to-cost ratio,
abundant interfaces and slots and wide application range. Its data processing functions
include:
1. Fast Ethernet (FE) interface function
The ZXMP S320 can provide multiple FE interfaces. These FE interfaces are
adaptive 10/100M interfaces compliant with the IEEE 802.3 Specifications for
the implementation of VDN functions.
2. Access of low-rate data services
At the access layer of optical MAN, the system can provide users with low-rate
data service interfaces compliant with the V.28 and V.11 standards, and supports
direct access of 2/4-line analog audio signals to meet users’ needs to the utmost
extend.
3. ATM interface
The ZXMP S320 provides 155M ATM service interfaces and supports 4 types of
services -CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBT and UBR. It can implement ATM service
access and cell switching, 3:1 service convergence and VP protection loop, and
ATM service transmission on the metropolitan area optical network.
2.4.5 SSM-based Timing Synchronous Processing.
The ZXMP S320 has multiple synchronization source options, including internal
timing source, two 2048kbit/s external BITS signals, six timing signals extracted from
the optical line signals, and four timing signals extracted from 2M tributary signals.
The ZXMP S320 supports processing on the S1 byte of the synchronous status field,
and identifies timing quality with the SSM. At the same time, it supports the SSM
function of the BITS interface, which enables the NE to select the synchronous path
with highest quality level to ensure network synchronization, and avoid timing loop
2-11
possibly caused by timing reference switching. In addition, the ZXMP S320 also
provides 2-channel 2048 kbit/s clock signal output interfaces with SSM functions.
2.4.6 Perfect Protection Mechanism and High Reliability
The ZXMP S320 is developed and produced in conformity with the ISO9000 quality
certification system. With advanced overall technique, its circuit structure of backplane
+ board plug-in unit is helpful for maintenance, and facilitates fault location and
isolation. As a result, a fault of a board will not result in breakdown of the whole
system. The system can conduct hot standby for some boards to achieve
equipment-level unit protection. The system introduces in multi-layer protection
mechanism of equipment-level unit protection and network-level service protection,
further enhancing system reliability.
Equipment-level unit protection: The board hot standby can be conducted for the
system clock board, power supply board, STM-1 level cross-connect board of the
ZXMP S320, and its tributary board supports 1:N (N≤4) protection.
Network-level service protection: The line network provides linear multiplex section
1+1 or 1:1 protection, the ring network provides two-fiber unidirectional PP rings,
two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring, and the mesh network provides SNCP.
ATM service protection: Supports VP-AIS and the VP protection with LOS, LOF, OOF,
LAIS, PAIS, and PRDI alarms in the physical layer.
2.4.7 Good Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Operation Safety
During the circuit board design, component selection, technique structure design and
equipment label design, adequate considerations have been taken on the EMC,
operation safety, fireproof, and explosion protection so that the ZXMP S320 has
standard label, and excellent EMC and safety performances.
2.4.8 Abundant interface functions
The ZXMP S320 can provide the standard SDH 622.080 Mbit/s optical interface,
155.520 Mbit/s optical interface (or electrical interface), and PDH 1.544 Mbit/s, 2.048
Mbit/s, 34.368 Mbit/s, 44.736 Mbit/s tributary interface.
The ZXMP S320 transmits audio/data services with audio/data interface via the 2M
channel or idle overhead byte. It can provide 30-channel RS232/RS422/RS485 data
2-12
interfaces or 30-channel 2/4 line audio interfaces at most. The ZXMP S320 OW board
directly provides a RS232 interface, and transmits data via overhead bytes.
It processes Ethernet services relying on a 4-port smart fast Ethernet board. It provides
4 10/100M adaptive Ethernet interfaces on user side and 8 system ports on system side.
It processes ATM services relying on the ATM processing board. Its board provides
four 155M ATM optical interfaces on user side and two 155M ports on system side.
The ZXMP S320 provides two standard 2.048Mbit/s BITS clock input interfaces, six
8K line clock input references and 5-channel optional tributary clock input references.
It also provides two standard 2.048Mbit/s external clock output interfaces. Its interface
performances are in conformity with G.703 and the frame structures with G.704.
The ZXMP S320 provides output of alarm signals in 3 levels: minor alarm, major
alarm, and critical alarm. The ZXMP S320 provides fan monitoring to monitor the
work status of the fans of the equipment via the NMS software. In addition, the ZXMP
S320 specially provides 4-channel alarm Boolean value input interface to monitor the
equipment room environment on temperature, fire, smoke, access control with the
NMS software after connected to relevant monitoring units, thus performing remote
monitoring on equipment work environment.
2.4.9 Powerful and Easy-to-use NMS
The ZXMP S320 can be managed by the ZXONM E300 NMS. The NMS can manage
the Unitrans series of ZTE, including SDH equipment, DWDM equipment and MAN
equipment, and support combined networking of these equipment.
The ZXONM E300 NMS is equipped with functions for NE management layer and
some functions of NMS layer. It implements fault (maintenance) management,
performance management, configuration management, security management and
system management. With a graphic man-machine interface and audible & visual alarm
function, the ZXONM E100 NMS is easy to use.
2-13
2.5 Standard Compliance

From physical interfaces, network management to information models, the ZXMP
S320 is fully compliant with the ITU-T Recommendations about SDH. It also reserves
the possibility of being compatible with the future recommendations of ITU-T.
The ZXMP S320 is designed with conformity to ITU-T and relevant SDH
specifications of the former Ministry of Post and Telecommunication, as shown below:
Table 2.5-1 Recommendations and Specifications Complied by ZXMP S320
Standard Name Standard Content

G0.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of digital interface
G0.707 Network node interface of synchronous digital series
G0.773 Q interface protocol stack of transmission equipment management
G.774.1-5 SDH NE-level management information model
G0.781 Structure recommended by SDH multiplexing equipment
G0.782 Types and general characteristics of SDH multiplexing equipment
G0.783 SDH functional component characteristics
G0.784 SDH management
G0.803 Transmission network structure based on digital synchronous system
G0.813 Timing requirement applicable to slave clock of SDH equipment
G0.823 Control of 2048 kbit/s-hierarchy-based jitter and shift in digital network
G0.825 SDH-based control of jitter and shift in digital network
Error performances and indices of digital channels of international constant bit
G0.826
rate on or above primary rate.
G0.831 Management capability of transmission network of digital synchronous system
G0.841 Types and characteristics of SDH network protection system
G0.957 SDH-related equipment and system optical interface
G0.958 SDH-based optical cable digital line system
GB/T15941-1995 Network access requirements of SDH-based optical cable system
Q0.811 Lower-layer protocol frame of Q3 interface
Q0.812 Higher-layer protocol frame of Q3 interface
Optical synchronous transmission network technology system -post and
TZ015 telecommunication communication network technology system of the former
Ministry of Post of Telecommunication.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access
IEEE 802.3
Method and Physical Layer Specifications
Technical requirements for SDH-based multi-service transmission points
YD/T1238
(MSTP)
2-14
3 Technical Indices
1. Introduction to the structure indices of the ZXMP S320
2. Introduction to the power supply indices of the ZXMP S320
3. Introduction to the environment conditions indices of the ZXMP S320
4. Introduction to the interface indices of the ZXMP S320
5. Introduction to the jitter and shift indices of the ZXMP S320
6. Introduction to the clock timing performance, bit error performance, and

protection switching time of the ZXMP S320
3.1 Equipment Structure Indices

The dimensions and weight of the ZXMP S320 are shown in Table 3.1-1.
Table 3.1-1 Dimensions and weight of the ZXMP S320
Component Dimensions Weight

ZXMP S320 chassis 199.6mm (H) × 482.8mm (W) × 321.6mm (D) 5.7kg
Fan unit 43.6mm (H) × 394.4mm (W) × 220.5mm (D) 1kg
Power Board (PWA and PWB) 128mm (H) × 49.6mm (W) × 220mm (D) —
Optical interface board (OIB1) 118.5mm (H) × 24.6mm (W) × 220mm (D) —
Other boards 128mm (H) × 24.6mm (W) × 220mm (D) —
The chassis weight refers to the weight of an empty chassis with the fan unit in. The fully-configured ZXMP S320 weights 11kg.
3-1
3.2 Power Supply
3.2.1 Power Supply Range
The ZXMP S320 uses –48 V or +24 V DC power, with the following allowed
fluctuation ranges:
Nominal voltage value: -48 V Allowed fluctuation range: -60 V ~ -38 V
Nominal voltage value: +24 V Allowed fluctuation range: +19 V ~ +30 V
3.2.2 Power Consumption Indices
Power consumption: The total power consumption of the ZXMP S320 is different if its
configurations are different. The power consumption of all boards and units of the
ZXMP S320 is shown in Table 3.2-1. The actual power consumption of the equipment
is calculated based on the quantity of configured boards. The power supply board
efficiency is 0.72, and the Max. equipment power consumption is no more than 100W.
Table 3.2-1 Power Consumption of the Units of the ZXMP S320
No. Name Code Power Consumption (W)

1 Fan unit FAN 2.5
2 NE control and processor board NCP 12
3 System clock generator SCB 6.5
4 Orderwire board OW 5.5
5 Cross-connect board CSB 8
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical O4CSS /
6 11 / 16
interface board O4CSD
7 STM-1 optical interface board (AU-4) OIB1S / OIB1D 5.5 / 7
8 34M/45M tributary board ET3D/ET3E 4
9 2M tributary board (AU-4) ET1 7
10 General E1/T1 tributary board ET1G 7
11 4-port smart fast Ethernet board SFE4 26
12 2-port 155M ATM processing board AP1S2 15
13 Audio interface board AI 5
14 Data interface board DTI 1.5
15 Tributary changeover board A TSA
16 T3/E3 tributary changeover board TST 1.5
3-2
Chapter 3 Technical Indices
3.3 Environment Conditions
3.3.1 Grounding Requirements
The grounding resistance for the AC working ground is less than or equal to 4Ω.
The grounding resistance for the DC working ground is less than or equal to 4Ω.
The grounding resistance for the safety protection ground is less than or equal to 4Ω.
The grounding resistance for the lightning protection ground is less than or equal to
4Ω.
The combined grounding resistance for the equipment is less than or equal to 1 Ω.
The chassis of the ZXMP S320 should be connected to a protection ground. The
working ground and protection ground (if available) of the user’s equipment room
should be connected to the corresponding grounding copper bars. If only one
grounding copper bar is available in the user’s equipment room, the working ground
and protection ground of the equipment room may be combined, with the grounding
resistance meeting the above requirements.
3.3.2 Temperature and Humidity Requirements
The requirements of the ZXMP S320 for environment temperature and relative
humidity are shown in Table 3.3-1.
Table 3.3-1 Requirement for Environment Temperature and Relative Humidity
Checked Item Index

Long-term work +5°C ~ +40°C
Ambient Temperature
Short-term work 0°C ~ +45°C
Long-term work 10% ~ 90% (+35°C)
Relative Humidity
Short-term work 5% ~ 95% (+35°C)
In the above table, the temperature and humidity is measured at 2 m above the floor
and 0.4 m in front of the equipment when there is no protection panel around the
equipment. The short-term working condition refers to the continuous working no more
than 48 hours with annual accumulation no more than 15 days.
3-3
3.3.3 Requirements for Cleanness
The cleanness requirements for the equipment room are as follows:
1. The equipment room should be free of explosive, conductive,

magnetic-conductive or corrosive dust;
2. The concentration of dust particles with the diameter greater than 5µm should be
4 3
= 3 × 10 particles/m ; and
3. The equipment room should be free of gases (like SO2, NH3) that may corrode
the metal parts or deteriorate the insulation performance.
3.3.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility
1. Interference characteristics (compliant with international standards: CISPR 22 A

level)
The transmission emission technical indices are shown in Table 3.3-2.
Table 3.3-2 Transmission Emission Technical Indices
Threshold (dBµV)
Test Frequency (MHz)
Quasi-peak Mean Value
0.15 ~ 0.5 79 66
0.5 ~ 30 73 60
The specifications of radiation field intensity are shown in Table 3.3-3.
Table 3.3-3 Radiation field intensity indices
Quasi-peak Threshold dBµV/m

Test Frequency (MHz)
10m 3m
30 ~ 230 40 50
230 ~ 1000 47 57
2. Immunity performance
The anti-interference performance involves ESD, radio-sensitivity, electric

instantaneous shock (group pulse) sensitivity, lightning surge sensitivity and
conductive interference sensitivity, as shown in Table 3.3-4 ~ Table 3.3-9.
Table 3.3-4 ESD indices
Contact Discharge Air Discharge Test Standard
3-4
6 kV 8 kV The function deterioration is allowed, but not frame loss

or synchronization loss.
Note: In conformity with international standard IEC1000-4-2.
Table 3.3-5 Radio-sensitivity indices
Test frequency (80 MHz ~ 1000 MHz)

Electric Field
Amplitude Modulation Test Standard
Intensity
No error alarming occurs during continuous
3V/m 80%AM (1 kHz)
interference
Table 3.3-6 Group pulse sensitivity indices
Cable Voltage Repeated Frequency Test Standard

Power cable 1kV 5 kHz Function loss and
self-recovery
Signal cable 500V 5 kHz Function loss and
self-recovery
Table 3.3-7 Lightning Surge Sensitivity Indices – -48V DC Power Supply Surge Immunity Test
Generator waveform 1.2/50µs (8/20µs)

Test Mode Test Voltage Criterion for Test Results
Line to line ±0.5kV Function loss and self-recovery
Line to ground ±1kV Function loss and self-recovery
Table 3.3-8 Lightning Surge Sensitivity Indices – Outdoor Signal Line Surge Immunity Test
Generator Waveform 10/700µs

Test Mode Test Voltage Criterion for Test Results
Line to ground ±1kV Function loss and self-recovery
Table 3.3-9 Conducted interference sensitivity indices
Test frequency 0.15 MHz ~ 80 MHz
3-5
Test Intensity Amplitude Modulation Test Standard

3V No error alarming occurs during continuous
80%AM (1 kHz)
interference
3.4 Optical Interface Performance
3.4.1 Transmission Code Pattern
Operations of the optical fiber systems show that different line patterns have little
difference in actual performance. To regulate an international line pattern standard,
ITU-T has employed the simplest scramble mode. The line rate of this code pattern
does not increase and there is no optical power cost. The problem of bit error
monitoring can be solved by the special bit error monitoring byte in the overhead and
does not rely on the line code pattern itself. The shortcoming is that it cannot
completely avoid the occurrence of long series of consecutive “0” or “1” in the
information sequences. In actual application, as long as the Q value (quality factor)
periodically extracted by the receiver from the circuit is high enough, then no problem
will occur.
The optical interface line code pattern of the ZXMP S320 is the scrambled NRZ code,
in conformity with regulations of the level-7 synchronous scramblers in ITU-T
Recommendation G.707.
3.4.2 Eye Pattern of Optical Transmitting Signals
Usually, sending optical pulse might have phenomena of advancing edge, falling edge,
overshoot and undershoot, and oscillation, resulting in the deterioration of receiver
sensitivity. To prevent over degradation of the receiver sensitivity, the waveform for
sending signals should be restricted. Normally, the pulse shape of the
optically-transmitted signals sent from the transmitter will be specified by the eye
pattern frame that is sent at the sending point S.
The eye pattern frame of the ZXMP S320 is in conformity with Fig. 3.4-1, with the
parameters listed in Table 3.4-1.
3-6
Extent
1＋y1
Logic “ 1” average
1
level
y2
0.5
y1
Logic “ 0” average
0
level
-y1 Time
x1 x2 x3 x4 1
UI
Fig. 3.4-1 Eye Pattern Template for Optical Transmitting Signals
Table 3.4-1 Eye Pattern Frame Parameters for Optically Transmitted Signals
Parameter Item 155 Mbit/s Interface : 622 Mbit/s Interface

x1/x4 0.15/0.85 0.25/0.75
x2/x3 0.35/0.65 0.40/0.60
x3-x2 ----------- -----------
y1/y2 0.20/0.80 0.20/0.80
Note: The filter in Appendix A of G.957 is used to make the measurement.
3-7
3.4.3 Optical Interface Parameters
The STM-1 optical interface parameters of the ZXMP S320 are shown in Table 3.4-2,
and those of STM-4 are shown in Table 3.4-3.
Table 3.4-2 Parameters of STM-1 Optical Interface
Checked Item Unit Value

Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) STM-1 155520
Classification code S-1.1 L-1.1 L-1.2
Operating wavelength range nm 1261 ~ 1360 1280 ~ 1335 1480 ~ 1580
Type of light source MLM MLM SLM SLM
Max. RMS spectral width (ο) nm 7.7 3 – –
Max. – 20 dB spectral width nm – – 1 1
Transmitter
Min. side mode compression ratio dB – – 30 30
At S point
Average transmitting power
Feature
Max. average sending power dBm –8 0 0
Min. average sending power dBm –15 –5 –5
Min. extinction ratio dB 8.2 10 10
Range of attenuation dB 0 ~ 12 10 ~ 28 10 ~ 28
SR point Max. dispersion ps/nm 96 246 NA NA
Optical Min. return loss of the optical fiber
dB NA NA 20
channel (including any union) at point S
Feature Max. discrete reflectance between SR dB NA NA –25
points
Min. sensitivity dBm –28 –34 –34
Receiver
Min. overload point dBm –8 –10 –10
At Rpoint
Max. optical channel penalty dB 1 1 1
Feature
Max. reflectance of receiver on R point dB NA NA –25
3-8
Table 3.4-3 Parameters of STM-4 Optical Interface
Item Unit Value

Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) STM-4 622080
Application classification code S-4.1 L-4.1 L-4.2
1293 ~ 1274 ~ 1300 ~ 1296 ~ 1280 ~ 1480 ~
Operating wavelength range Nm
1334 1356 1325 1330 1335 1580
Type of light source MLM MLM MLM MLM SLM SLM
Max
root-mean-square Nm 4 2.5 2 1.7 – –
spectral width (σ)
Max. – 20 dB spectral
Nm – – – – 1 <1*
Transmitter width
R point Min. side mode
DB – – – – 30 30
Feature compression ratio
Max. average sending
DBm -8 -8 2 2 2 2
power
Min. average sending
DBm -15 -15 -3 -3 -3 -3
power
Min. extinction ratio DB 8.2 8.2 10 10 10 10
Range of attenuation DB 0 ~ 12 0 ~ 12 10 ~ 24 10 ~ 24 10 ~ 24 10 ~ 24
Max. dispersion ps/nm 46 74 92 109 NA *
Min. return loss of the
SR point optical cable
DB NA NA 20 20 20 24
Optical (including any union)
channel at point S
feature Max. discrete
reflectance between
DB NA NA -25 -25 -25 -27
SR points
Reflectance
Worst sensitivity dBm -28 -28 -28 -28 -28 -28
Min. overload point dBm -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8
Receiver
Max. optical channel
R point dB 1 1 1 1 1 1
penalty
Feature
Max. reflectance of
dB NA -27 -14 -14 -14 -27
receiver on R point
* indicates to be determined according to international standards in the future, NA indicates not required.
3-9
3.5 Electrical Interface Performance
3.5.1 1544 kbit/s Interface
For 1544 kbit/s interface specifications, please refer to Table 3.5-1.
Table 3.5-1 1544 kbit/s Digital Interface Technical Indices
Checked Item Parameter

Interface location Digital distribution frame
Bit rate 1544 kbit/s
Wire pair in each transmitting direction One symmetric line pair
Code AMI or B8ZS
Load impedance testing 100 Ω, resistance
Nominal pulse form Rectangle
Power at 772 kHz +12 dBm to +19 dBm
Signal level The power is at least 25 dB lower than that at 772
Power at 1,544 kHz
kHz.
3.5.2 2048 kbit/s Electrical Interface
1. Allowable attenuation and return loss of input ports:
Add the input interface a connection line, whose attenuation is approximately

proportional to the rule of f . And the allowable attenuation is within the
range of 0 ~ 6 dB (at 1024 kHz). Its return loss should meet the requirements in
Table 3.5-2.
Table 3.5-2 Requirements List of Return Loss
Frequency Range (kHz) Return Loss (dB)

51 ~ 102 > 12
102 ~ 2048 > 18
2048 ~ 3072 > 14
2. Immunity performance of the input interface
The immunity performance of the input interface lies in no bit errors occur when
a following interference signals is input.
Interference signal: It has the same nominal frequency, tolerance, waveform and
code pattern as the main signals but different sources. The ratio of main signals
to interference signals is 18 dB.
3-10
3. Over-voltage protection of the input and output ports
The input and output ports must bear 10 continuous standard pulses (5 positive
and 5 negative) without being damaged. The rising time of a standard pulse is
1.2 µs. The width is 50 µs and the voltage amplitude is 20 V.
4. Output port waveform
The output port waveform meets with requirements of Table 3.5-3.
Table 3.5-3 Requirements on 2048 kbit/s Output Port Waveform
Name 75 Ω Interface 120 Ω Interface

Wire pair in each transmitting direction Coax Symmetrical
Load impedance testing 75 Ω 120 Ω
Mark peak voltage 2.37 V 3V
Space peak voltage 0 ± 0.237 V 0 ± 0.3 V
Nominal pulse width 2.44 µs 2.44 µs
Positive to negative pulse amplitude ratio at the 0.95 ~ 1.05 0.95 ~ 1.05
middle point of pulse width.
Positive to negative width ratio at the middle point 0.95 ~ 1.05 0.95 ~ 1.05
of nominal amplitude.
3.5.3 34368 kbit/s Electrical Interface
1. Output port specifications
For output port specifications, please refer to Table 3.5-4
Table 3.5-4 34368 kbit/s output port specifications

Pulse form Rectangle
Wire pair(s) in each direction One coaxial pair
Load impedance testing 75Ω, resistance
Nominal peak value voltage of “mark” pulse 1.0 V
Peak value voltage of "space" (without pulse) 0V ± 0.1 V
Nominal pulse width 14.55 ns
Positive to negative pulse amplitude ratio at the middle point of pulse width 0.95 ~ 1.05
Positive to negative width ratio at the middle point of nominal amplitude 0.95 ~ 1.05
2. Input port specifications
1) Allowable attenuation
3-11
Assume that the attenuation of the wire pair follows the rule of f , the
attenuation at frequency of 17184 kHz should be within the range of 0 ~ 12 dB.
2) Reflection loss
The minimum reflection loss of the input port is shown in Table 3.5-5.
Table 3.5-5 Min. value of the reflection loss on the input interface
Frequency Range (kHz) Reflection Loss (dB)

860 ~ 31720 12
31720 ~ 34368 18
34368 ~ 51550 14
3) Immunity capability of the input port
The immunity performance of the input port lies in no bit errors occurs when a
following interference signals is input.
Interference signal: It has the same nominal frequency, tolerance, waveform and
code pattern as the main signals but different sources. The ratio of main signals
to interference signals is 20 dB.
3.5.4 44736 kbit/s Interface
For 44736 kbit/s digital interface specifications, please refer to Table 3.5-6.
Table 3.5-6 Technical Indices of 44736 kbit/s Digital Interface

Location Digital distribution frame
Bit rate 44736 kbit/s
Wire pair in each
One coaxial pair
transmitting direction
Code B3ZS
Load impedance testing 75 Ω, resistance
Nominal pulse form Rectangle, formed by the cable loss.
When transmitting all-“1s” code pattern, the power measured in the 3
kHz bandwidth should be as follows:
Signal level
22368 kHz: -1.8 dBm ~ +5.7 dBm
The power is at least 25 dB lower than that at 22,368 kHz.
3-12
3.5.5 155520 kbit/s Electrical Interfaces
1. Allowable attenuation of the input port and return loss of the input and output
ports
Input allowed attenuation: 0 dB ~ 12.7 dB (In 78 MHz).
Input and output return loss: ≥ 15 dB (8 MHz ~ 240 MHz).
2. Over-voltage protection of the input and output ports
The input and output ports must bear 10 continuous standard pulses (5 positive
and 5 negative) without being damaged. The rising time of a standard pulse is
1.2 µs. The width is 50 µs and the voltage amplitude is 20 V.
3. Output port waveform
For the waveform of the 155 Mbit/s output port, please refer to Table 3.5-7.
Table 3.5-7 Requirements List of 155520 kbit/s Output Port Waveform

Nominal pulse form Rectangle
Each transmission direction One coaxial
Load impedance testing 75 Ω
Peak-peak voltage 1V ± 0.1V
Overshoot ≤ 5% of the tested voltage value
Rising time between 10% and 90% of the
≤ 2 ns
tested amplitude
Converting timing tolerance Negative ± 0.1ns
Positive:
Timing On the edge of unit interval ±0.5ns
In the center of unit interval ±0.35ns
140 Mbit/s interface: 7 MHz ~ 210 MHz, ≥15 dB
Reflection loss
155 Mbit/s interface: 8 MHz ~ 230 MHz, ≥15 dB
3-13
3.6 Jitter and Shift Performance
3.6.1 Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface and Output Jitter of Network
Interface
The STM-N interface inherent jitter of SDH equipment is defined as the jitter amount
of the equipment at the STM-N output interface when there is no input jitter. Due to the
random feature of jitter, the test value might be over the index, and it is acceptable
when over 99% test values satisfy the indices during the test (about 1 to 2 minutes).
The STM-N network interface output jitter of SDH equipment is defined as the output
jitter value at the output interface of any level of STM-N on the SDH network.
As to the ADM, TM and DXC equipment of the ZXMP S320, the indices of the
inherent output jitter of the STM-N interface meet the requirements (G.783) in Table
3.6-1 and Table 3.6-2.
Table 3.6-1 Indices of Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface of SDH Equipment
STM Interface Test Filter Jitter Peak-Peak Value

50 Hz ~ 1.3 MHz 0.50 UI
STM-1
65 kHz ~ 1.3 MHz 0.10 UI
1000 Hz ~ 5 MHz 0.50 UI
STM-4
250 k Hz ~ 5 MHz 0.10 UI
Table 3.6-2 Indices of Inherent Output Jitter of STM-N Interface of SDH Equipment
STM Interface F1 (Hz) F3 (kHz) F4 (MHz) B1 (UIpp) B2 (UIpp)

STM-1 optical 500 65 1.3 1.5 0.15
interface
STM-1 electrical 500 65 1.3 1.5 0.075
interface
STM-4 optical 1000 250 5 1.5 0.15
interface
3.6.2 Jitter Created by Regenerators
Add a 12 kHz high-pass filter =0.01Uirms (G.958).
3-14
3.6.3 Jitter Transfer Characteristics of the Regenerator
The jitter transfer characteristic of the regenerator is defined as the relationship of the
ratio of the output STM-N signal jitter to the input STM-N signal jitter to vary with the
frequency.
The jittering transmission characteristic of ZXMP S320 SDH regeneration relay is

shown in Fig. 3.6-1.
P
Jitter gain
（ dB)
0 fc Frequency
Fig. 3.6-1 Jitter Transfer Characteristics of Regenerator
The jitter transfer parameters of regenerator are shown in Table 3.6-3.
Table 3.6-3 Jitter transfer parameters of regenerator
STM-N fc (kHz) P (dB)

A 130 0.1
STM-1
B 30 0.1
A 500 0.1
STM-4
B 30 0.1
3.6.4 Jitter and Shift Tolerance at the SDH Input Interface
The capability of STM-N input interface to stand jitter and shift is specified and tested
with the digital test signal in sine-modulated phase.
The input jitter and shift tolerance of the ZXMP S320 SDH TM comply with the
requirements in Fig. 3.6-2 and Table 3.6-4 and Table 3.6-5.
The input jitter tolerance of the regenerator of the ZXMP S320 SDH satisfies the
requirements in Fig. 3.6-3 and Table 3.6-6.
3-15
Peak-peak jitter and wander

(logarithm)
A0
A1
Slope is 20dB/10 octave
A2
A3
A4
f0 f12 f11 f10 f9 f8 f1 f2 f3 f4 Frequency
Fig. 3.6-2 Jitter Tolerance of STM-N TM Input Interface
Table 3.6-4 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance (UIP-P) of SDH TM
A0 (18 µs) A1 (2 µs) A2 (0.25 µs) A3 A4

STM-1 2800 311 39 1.5 0.15
STM-4 11200 1244 156 1.5 0.15
Table 3.6-5 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance (UIP-P) of SDH TM
f0 f12 f11 f10 f9 f8 f1 f2 f3 f4

-5 -4 -3 -2
STM-1 1.2 × 10 1.78 × 10 1.6 × 10 1.56 × 10 0.125 19.3 500 6.5k 65k 1.3M
-5 -4 -3 -2
STM-4 1.2 × 10 1.78 × 10 1.6 × 10 1.56 × 10 0.125 9.65 1000 25k 250k 5M
A2
Input Jitter
Slope is 20dB/10 octave
Extent (UI)
A1
0 f2 f1 Frequency
Fig. 3.6-3 Input Jitter Tolerance of STM-N SDH Regenerator
3-16
Table 3.6-6 Input Jitter Tolerance Parameters of STM-1 and STM-4 Regenerator
f2 (kHz) f1 (kHz) A1 (UIP-P) A2 (UIP-P)

A 65 6.5 0.15 1.5
STM-1
B 12 1.2 0.15 1.5
A 250 25 0.15 1.5
STM-4
B 12 1.2 0.15 1.5
3.6.5 Mapping Jitter of PDH Tributary Port
The mapping jitter of the PDH tributary port is shown in Table 3.6-7 (G.783).
Table 3.6-7 Mapping Jitter of PDH Tributary Port
Filter Characteristics Max. Peak-Peak Jitter

G.703 Interface Mapping
f1 high-pass f3 high-pass f4 low-pass
f1-f4 f3-f4
10 Hz 40 kHz To be To be
1544 kbit/s 8 kHz
20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec determined determined
20 Hz 18 kHz(700Hz) 100 kHz To be
2048 kbit/s 0.075 UI
20 dB/dec 20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec determined
100 Hz 10 kHz 800 kHz To be
34368 kbit/s 0.075 UI
20 dB/dec 20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec determined
400 kHz
44736 kbit/s 10 Hz 30 kHz 0.4 UI 0.1 UI
-20 dB/dec
3.6.6 Combined Jittering of PDH Tributary Port
The combined jitter of the PDH tributary port is shown in Table 3.6-8 (G.783).
Table 3.6-8 Combined Jitter of PDH Tributary Port
Filter Characteristics Max. Peak-Peak Jitter

G.703
Mapping
Interface f1 high-pass f3 high-pass f4 low-pass
f1-f4 f3-f4
10Hz 40 kHz To be
1544 kbit/s 8 kHz 1. 5UI
20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec determined
20 Hz 18 kHz (700 Hz) 100 kHz
2048 kbit/s 0.4 UI 0.075 UI
20 dB/dec 20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec
100 Hz 10 kHz 800 kHz
34368 kbit/s 0.4 UI 0.075 UI
20 dB/dec 20 dB/dec -20 dB/dec
400 kHz To be
44736 kbit/s 10 Hz 30 kHz 1. 5UI
-20 dB/dec determined
3-17
3.6.7 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 1.5M Tributary Port
The input jitter and shift tolerances of 1.5M tributary port are shown in Fig. 3.6-4
(G0.824).
Jitter Extent (UI)

5
0.1
0.12 6 Jitter Frequency

(kHz)
Fig. 3.6-4 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 1.5M Port
3.6.8 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 2M Tributary Port
The input jitter and shift tolerances of the 2M tributary port are shown in Fig. 3.6-5
(G0.823).
Jitter Extent (UI)

1.5
0.2
2.4 18 Jitter Frequency

(kHz)
Fig. 3.6-5 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 2M Port
3.6.9 Max. Output Jitter of Network Threshold of 34M Tributary Port
The max. output jitter of the 34M tributary port is shown in Table 3.3-9 (G.709).
Table 3.6-9 Max. Output Jitter (Network Threshold) of 34M Tributary
Measurement Filter Interface Threshold

f1 ~ f4: 100 Hz ~ 800 kHz B1: 1.5UIpp
f3 ~ f4: 10 kHz ~ 800 kHz B2: 0.15UIpp
3-18
3.6.10 Input Jitter and Shift Tolerance of 34M Tributary Port
The input jitter and shift tolerances of the 34M tributary port are shown in Fig. 3.6-6
(G0.823).
Jitter Extent (UI)

1.5
0.15
1 10 Jitter Frequency
(kHz)
Fig. 3.6-6 Input Jitter Tolerance of the 34M Port
3-19
3.7 Clock Timing and Synchronous Characteristics

Output jitter: When passing through the monopole band-pass filter with the corner
frequency of 20 Hz ~ 100 kHz, the output jitter is ≤ 0.05 Uipp (G.813).
Shift transfer performance: Within the 1 Hz ~ 10 Hz passband range, the phase gain is
< 0.2 dB (G.813).
Free-run output frequency deviation: < 4.6 ppm (G.813)
Capture and out of lock range: ≥ 4.6 ppm (G.813)
Shift of locked mode: Please refer to Table 3.7-1 and Table 3.7-2 (G.813)
Table 3.7-1 MTIE Indices in the Locked Mode
Observation Interval τ MTIE Limits

0.1s < τ ≤ 1s 40 ns
1s< τ ≤ 100s 40 τ 0.1ns
100s<τ ≤ 1000s 25.25 τ 0.2ns
Table 3.7-2 TDEV indices in the locking mode
Observation interval τ TDEV limits

0.1s < τ ≤ 25s 3.2 ns
25s< τ ≤ 100s 0.64 τ 0.1ns
100s< τ ≤ 1000s 6.4 τ 0.2ns
3.8 Bit Error Indices

After 24-hour continuous bit error performance test, the number of bit errors is 0
(YD/T768-95).
3.9 Protection Switching Time

The switching time of the multiplex section is less than 30 ms, and the switching time
of the channel is less than 10 ms.
3-20
4 Interfaces
This chapter introduces the interfaces and interface standards of the ZXMP S320.
4.1 Backplane Interfaces

The PDH 2M/1.5M and 34M/45M electrical tributary wires of the ZXMP S320 are all
led out from the interfaces on the backplane, and the tail fibers are led out either from
the optical interfaces on the optical board or from the tail fiber through hole on the
backplane after they are led through the wiring area on the fan unit in the chassis to the
backplane. The data and audio service interfaces are on the panels of the boards. The
interfaces on the backplane are distributed as in Fig. 4.1-1.
Fig. 4.1-1 Interface Area of ZXMP S320
4-1
The names and the functions of interfaces of the ZXMP S320 backplane are as follows:
1. POWER: -48V (+24V) power socket.
2. Qx: Ethernet interface, RJ45 socket, the local management equipment interface
of SMCC.
3. f (CIT): Craft Interface Terminal, compliant with RS232C Specifications, using

DB9 sockets, connectible to the local maintenance terminal (LMT) to monitor
the equipment.
4. SWITCHING INPUT: Boolean value input interface, using DB9 socket, capable
of receiving 4 groups of TTL level standard Boolean value as monitoring alarm
input, and capable of transferring alarm signals about temperature, fire, smoke,
access control to the NMS for monitoring.
5. Alarm output interface, DB9 socket, used to connect the alarm box provided by
the user and output the alarm information of the equipment.
6. BITS: BITS interface area, with the sockets defined as follows.
R1: The first BITS input interface, using non-balanced 75 Ω coaxial socket.
T1: The first BITS output interface, using non-balanced 75 Ω coaxial socket.
120 Ω BITS: Balanced 120 Ω BITS interface, which uses DB9 socket, provides
two input interfaces and two output interfaces.
R2: Interface of the BITS input 2, unbalanced 75 Ω coaxial socket.
T2: Interface of the BITS input 2, unbalanced 75 Ω coaxial socket.
7. Orderwire phone set interface, using RJ11 socket, used to connect orderwire
phone sets.
8. Tributary interface area: Using five groups of sockets, working with the
tributary socket board to provide up to 63 2M or 64 1.5M signal interfaces. The
34M/45M interface with tributary protection is also provided by this interface
area.
4-2
Chapter 4 Interfaces
4.2 Tributary Board/Switching Board Interface

With the tributary socket board and tributary switch board, the ZXMP S320 can
provide diversified tributary interfaces to meet the requirements for different interfaces,
and can also provide 1:N (N ≤ 4) tributary board protection function.
1. ETA
Tributary socket board A: A 64-core socket is adopted, and a 75 Ω micro-coaxial

cable and a 64-core SCI connector are used for signal output. The Max. capacity
is 63ohm 2M.
2. ETB
Tributary socket board B. The 75ohm coaxial socket is adopted, the 75 Ω

coaxial cable and coaxial connector are used for the signal outlet, and the Max.
capacity is 16 2M.
3. ETC
Tributary socket board C: A 75 Ω coaxial socket is adopted, and a 75 Ω coaxial

cable and a coaxial connector are used for signal output. The Max. capacity is
63ohm 2M.
4. EFD
Tributary socket board D: Two 64-core sockets are adopted. 120 Ω balanced
twisted pair cable and 64-core connectors are used for the connection of signal
output, and the Max. capacity is 63 2M.
5. TSA
Tributary switching board A that can be used to switch and output the E1/T1 and
E3/DS3 tributary signals. In the case of E1/T1 tributary signal output, it uses
both the balanced output (120 Ω, 100 Ω) and the unbalanced output (75 Ω), and
holds the Max. capacity of 63E1 and 64T1. In the case of E3/DS3 tributary
signal output, it provides three E3/DS3 unbalanced outputs (75 Ω).
6. TST
T3/E3 tributary changeover board: It is used to switch and output the E3/DS3
tributary signals. It adopts the BNC coaxial socket, and can provide three
E3/DS3 unbalanced outputs (75 Ω).
4-3
4.3 Board Interfaces

1. SDH optical interface
The optical interface of the ZXMP S320 is located on the panel of the optical
interface board, and the interface connector type is SC/PC.
2. OW board data interface
The OW board provides a serial interface compliant with the RS232C standard,
which is led out from the DB9 socket (with hole) on the OW board.
3. DI board interface
The DI board provides data interfaces compliant with the RS232, RS422 and
RS485 standards, with signals led out from the DB25 sockets (with holes) on the
board panel.
4. AI board interface
The AI board provides 2-line or 4-line audio interfaces, with signals led out from
the DB25 sockets (with holes) on the board panel.
5. SFE4 board Ethernet interface
The SFE4 board provides 4 10/100M adaptive 10/100BASE-TX interfaces to

support full-duplex and half-duplex work modes, which are led out from the
standard RJ45 sockets.
6. AP1S2 board ATM optical interface
The AP1S2 board provides two 155M ATM optical interfaces. The interface
connector is of the LC/PC type.
4-4
Chapter 4 Interfaces
4.4 Interface Standard

The external interfaces of the ZXMP S320 comply with the ITU-T recommendations,
with the details of each interface and its standard compliance as follows.
4.4.1 155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s Optical Interface
ITU-T G0.707 Network node interface of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
ITU-T G0.957 Optical interfaces for equipment and systems relating to the
synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
ITU-T G0.691 Optical interfaces of single-channel SDH system and STM-64

system with optical amplifiers
ITU-T G0.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with optical amplifiers
ITU-T G0.825 Control of jitter and shift within digital networks which are based
on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
4.4.2 155 Mbit/s Electrical Interface
ITU-T G0.707 Network node interface of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
ITU-T G0.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces
ITU-T G0.825 Control of jitter and shift within digital networks which are based
on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
4.4.3 34/45 Mbit/s Electrical Interface
ITU-T G0.704 The synchronous frame structure used in 1.544 Mbit/s, 6.312
Mbit/s, 2.048 Mbit/s, 8.448 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s series.
ITU-T G0.825 The control of jitter and shift within digital networks which are
based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
GB 7611-87 Parameters of digital interface for PCM systems over

telecommunication network
4-5
4.4.4 2Mb/s Electrical Interface
ITU-T G0.704 The synchronous frame structure used in 1.544 Mbit/s, 6.312
Mbit/s, 2.048 Mbit/s, 8.448 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s series
ITU-T G0.825 The control of jitter and shift within digital networks which are
based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
GB 7611-87 Digital interface parameters in PCM communication network
4.4.5 2.048 Mbit/s Network Clock Synchronous Interface
ITU-T G0.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of series of digital interfaces
4.4.6 Two-line Interface of Orderwire
Frequency ranges from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz, with PCM modulation and 64 kbit/s bit rate
4.4.7 User Data Path Interface
The user data path interface is of 64 kbit/s bit rate, and is compliant with ITU-T
G.703.The physical/electrical characteristics of series of digital interfaces
4.4.8 Local terminal F interface
F interface is of 9.6 kbit/s bit rate, and is compliant with:
ITU-T V.24 List of definitions for the interchange circuits between data terminal
equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)
ITU-T V.28 Electrical characteristics for unbalanced double-current interchange

circuits
4.4.9 Ethernet Interfaces
IEEE 802.3 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T physical interfaces.
4.4.10 ATM interface
ITU-T I.432 B-ISDN user network interface - The physical layer characteristics.
The ZXMP S320 provides STM-1 optical interfaces, STM-4 optical interfaces, with
SC/PC optical connectors. One set of the ZXMP S320 can provide two STM-4 optical
interfaces and four STM-1 optical interfaces at most.
4-6
5 System Functions
1. Introduction to the service functions of the ZXMP S320
2. Introduction to the non-service functions of the ZXMP S320
5.1 Service Functions

The service functions supported by the ZXMP S320 consist of traditional SDH
equipment functions and MAN equipment functions. Traditional SDH equipment
functions further consist of optical/electrical interface functions, orderwire telephone
functions, and audio data functions.
5-1
5.1.1 SDH Optical Interface
The ZXMP S320 provides STM-1 optical interfaces, STM-4 optical interfaces, with
SC/PC optical connectors. A ZXMP S320 can provide two STM-4 optical interfaces
and four STM-1 optical interfaces at most.
The optical boards of the ZXMP S320 provide multiple types of interfaces. Table 5.1-1
provides references for each type of optical interface in relation with the transmission
distance. For more details of each optical interface, please refer to Chapter 3.
Table 5.1-1 Types and Reference Transmission Distance of Optical Interface Boards
Reference
Optical Board
Optical Board Name Interface Type Transmission Capacity
Code
Distance
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSS -I4 I-4 ≤ 2km 1 line/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSS -S4.1 S-4.1 ≤ 15km 1 line/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board OL4-L4.1 L-4.1 ≤ 40km 1 line/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSS -L4.2 L-4.2 ≤80km 1 line/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSD -I4 I-4 ≤ 2km 2 lines/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSD -S4.1 S-4.1 ≤ 15km 2 lines/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSD -L4.1 L-4.1 ≤ 40km 2 lines/board
Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board O4CSD -L4.2 L-4.2 ≤ 80km 2 lines/board
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1S-S1.1
S-1.1 ≤ 15km 1 line/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSS-S1.1)
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1S-L1.1
L-1.1 ≤40km 1 line/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSS-L1.1)
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1S-L1.2
L-1.2 ≤ 80km 1 line/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSS-L1.2)
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1D-S1.1
S-1.1 ≤ 15km 2 lines/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSD-S1.1)
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1D-L1.1
L-1.1 ≤ 40km 2 lines/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSD-L1.1)
STM-1 optical interface board (full cross-connect OIB1D-L1.2
L-1.2 ≤ 80km 2 lines/board
STM-1 optical interface) (O1CSD-L1.2)
Note: In actual application, the transmission distance of individual optical interfaces may be different due to various factors such as fiber type and line
quality.
5-2
Chapter 5 System Functions
5.1.2 Electrical Interface
The ZXMP S320 now provides 1.5 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s PDH
electrical interfaces, and will provide the STM-1 electrical interface in the future.
5.1.2.1 STM-1 Electrical Interface
The ZXMP S320 can provide the STM-1 level standard electrical interface via the
EIB1 board (to be provided in the future).
5.1.2.2 PDH Electrical Interface
The ZXMP S320 provides 1.544 Mbit/s, 2.048 Mbit/s, 34.368 Mbit/s, and 44.736
Mbit/s PDH electrical interfaces.
The PDH electrical interfaces provided by the various types of PDH electrical interface
boards of the ZXMP S320 are listed in Table 5.1-2; for the indices of the interfaces,
refer to 3.
Table 5.1-2 Types of the PDH Electrical Interface Boards
Interface Reference
Board
Board Name Type Transmission Capacity
Code.
Distance
ANSI mapping structure E1/T1
ET1N-E1 75Ω E1 ≤ 100m 16 lines/board
tributary board (ET1N)
ANSI mapping structure E1/T1
ET1N-T1 100Ω T1 ≤ 200m 21 lines/board
tributary board (ET1N)
34M tributary board ET3E 75Ω E3 ≤ 50m 1 lines/board
45M tributary board ET3D 75Ω DS3 ≤ 30m 1 lines/board
Note: As the electrical transmission distance is largely affected by the model of used cable and environment interference,
the transmission distance given in the table is only for reference, and the actual transmission distance adopts actual test
value with no affect on service performance.
5.1.3 Audio Data Interface
The audio data interfaces of the ZXMP S320, including the 2 line/4 line non-feeding
analog audio service, RS-232 and RS-422, support multiple work modes, for example,
point-to-point, straight through, and broadcast.
The audio service interfaces of the ZXMP S320 are implemented by the AI board, each
of which can process the 6-channel 2 line/4 line audio service.
5-3
The data service interfaces of the ZXMP S320 are implemented by the DI board, which
can process 6-channel RS232/RS485 or 3-channel RS422 data service. The interface
standard adopts V.28 or V.11 (optional).
5.1.4 Orderwire Function
The orderwire function of the ZXMP S320 is implemented by the OW board, which
can provide a 2-line phone set interface and implement orderwire telephone function.
The OW board also can provide a standard RS232C codirectional data interface via the
F1 byte overhead to implement point-to-point data transmission between SDH NEs.
In the transmission network composed of the ZXMP S320, the orderwire directions are
15 at most. The orderwire telephone supports 3 call modes: point-to-point call,
point-to-multipoint group call and call as the caller.
5.1.5 MAN Service Functions
5.1.5.1 Ethernet Service Function
1. Self learning of MAC addresses
The SFE4 board of the ZXMP S320 has the functions of automatically learning
MAC addresses, able to establish automatically the address information of
network sections in the MAC address table. The system default MAC address
aging time is 300 seconds, which can be modified via the NMS software.
2. Dynamic bandwidth allocation
The ZXMP S320 can implement dynamic bandwidth allocation via the SFE4
board. The SFE4 board can provide 8 outbound ports with the bandwidth
between 2M and 100M at the SDH side, the Max. total bandwidth being 155M.
3. Support to tagged VLAN
The ZXMP S320 supports port-based tagged VLANs. Compliant with the IEEE
802.1Q Specification, a tagged VLAN adds a 4-byte tag into the data frame of a
traditional VLAN to include the service priority and VLAN ID information. The
priority range is from 0 to 7, and the range of VLAN IDs is from 1 to 4094.
Settings of static VLANs include the settings of VLAN IDs and port selection.
Each VLAN can contain multiple ports, and services can be sent and received
only between ports with the same VLAN IDs.
5-4
4. Spanning tree protocol (STP)
When the VLANs of the ZXMP S320 are set to a loop, you can enable the
looped SFE4 board to run the STP by means of NMS settings. The purpose of
this protocol is to let the network dynamically discover a loop-free subset (tree)
of the topological structure and ensure the Max. connectivity. This not only
ensures the good connectivity of the network, but also effectively avoids the
possible "broadcast storm" caused by the loop.
5. Support to QoS and flow control
By means of settings of service priority, bandwidth occupation and time delay,

the QoS ensures that multiple independent services can work under the same
port according to the configuration, making the best use of port resources
without mutual interference. Usually, when one system port may transmit
services from multiple sources and the total flow may get beyond the
transmitting bandwidth of the transmitting port, enable the QoS settings of the
port.
The flow control is the mechanism adopted by the port in the communication
when it finds the resource is not enough and requests the postponed transmission
by the peer party, thus to avoid packet loss.
QoS and flow control conflict with each other and cannot exist at the same time.
Settings should be made according to the specific service requirements.
6. Implementation of virtual data network (VDN)
A large number of VDNs can be built by means of the Ethernet interfaces

provided by the optical transmission equipment of the access layer to provide
data service for users over the existing transmission network. As supplement to
the existing data networks, and extending the data networks, VDNs allow
isolation of services of different users within the same transmission network to
satisfy the users’ requirement for data security.
The ZXMP S320 effectively organizes various optical network nodes and data
ports via the SFE4 board and the advanced software processing technology to
implement flexible, high-efficiency VDNs. The SFE4 board provides 4 user
ports, each containing multiple VLANs, and runs independent STP to avoid
5-5
looped services. It possesses the QoS and flow control function to ensure both
the bandwidth utilization rate and high quality of services.
5.1.5.2 ATM Service Functions
1. Service type
Support CBR service, realtime VBR service, non-realtime VBR service, and
UBR service.
2. Point-to-point connection function
Support PVC connection establishment via commands, including

point-to-multipoint connection, multipoint network connection, and
network-level interconnection on two or more physical interfaces.
3. Multicast function
Upon ATM switching, support the multiplexing of one input ATM source flow
(VP/VC) into multiple output ATM links. ATM multicast can be divided into
two modes: space multicast and logical multicast.
4. Control function
z Connection control
Support the establishment and cancel of user data paths (VP/VC) between ATM
interfaces, including VPI/VCI management, bandwidth management and
internal route selection, and so on.
z Business Management
Supports the predictable QoS in terms of statistics through the node ATM traffic.
It consists of service description connection request parameter, user parameter
control/network parameter control (UPC/NPC), equivalent evaluation of burst
service, CAC, user data buffer, and QoS type management.
5. Support VP or VPG based protection changeover
z Switching conditions
ATM layer alarm: VP-AIS
Physical layer alarm: LOS, LOF, OOF, LAIS, LOP, and LCD.
5-6
z Changeover-related time
Changeover time: The changeover time of a single VPG one-end changeover is

sub-50 ms.
Delay time: The waiting time between the detected service failure to changeover.
If the service is restored during this period, no changeover is required. Range:
0-10 seconds. It is allowed to set 100 ms grades.
Waiting to restore time: Refers to the waiting time between the service
restoration to the service fault cleared. During this period, if the service fails,
the fault status will not be cleared. Range: 0-30 seconds. It is allowed to set
minute grades.
5-7
5.2 System Control and Communication

The system control and communication functions are carried out by the NCP board.
They include:
1. Collects and processes alarms and performance of all boards in the equipment
and reports to the background NMS.
2. Receives various configuration and maintenance commands from the NMS to

the equipment, and forwards them to the boards.
3. Controls the alarm output of the equipment, monitors external alarm input, and
resets each board compulsorily.
5.3 Overhead Processing

The overhead processing of the ZXMP S320 is jointly performed by boards such as the
optical interface board and OW board.
One HW bus between the OW board and each optical interface is used to transmit
overhead bytes such as E1, E2 and F1. The OW board conducts 36 × 36 64 kbit/s full
cross-connect on overhead bytes from the HW bus.
After the section overhead and the payload data in the SDH frame structure are split by
the OL1 board, OL4 board, and LP16 board, the overhead bytes are processed
differently: the idle overhead bytes are extracted and synthesized into the HW bus to
the OHP board; the K1/K2 bytes are extracted for the MSP switching; and the ECC
information is read for forwarding the NCP board control information.
The overhead byte processing when sending signals is reverse to above-mentioned

processes: insert OW bytes and idle overhead bytes, K1/K2 bytes, ECC bytes to
corresponding location in the overhead to synthesize SDH signals and send them to the
destination NE.
5-8
5.4 Synchronous Timing

The timing synchronization is implemented by the SCB board, and the ZXMP S320
has timing synchronization functions as follows:
1. Clock source selection
The following selections are available for the system clock source: line clock or
internal clock, which traces the external timing benchmark or locks a direction.
2. Clock source switching
When the clock source is lost, higher quality clock source recovers, or the
current clock source quality deteriorates, the clock source changeover occurs.
The system clock supports both automatic switching and manual switching. The
user can set the switching rule via the NMS or directly select a clock source.
3. Clock Output
The ZXMP S320 can refer to the current clock reference of the system and
output the standard 2 Mbit/s clock.
4. Timing processing
The system employs the S1 byte to select timing source configuration, transmit
clock source quality information. When clock switching occurs, the system can
automatically switch to the clock source of the currently highest quality level
according to S1 byte information and avoid clock looping.
5-9
5.5 Alarm Input/Output

The ZXMP S320 provides an external alarm Boolean value, or the SWITCHING
INPUT interface. Four TTL level Boolean values are input as monitor alarm input.
When alarms of fans, door opening and temperature in the external environment are
detected, reports can be sent to the NMS via the NCP board for monitoring.
The alarm output interface of the equipment is the ALARM interface of the power
supply alarm unit, and is used for outputting the alarm status of the equipment to the
first cabinet of each row or alarm cabinet of the room equipment. The alarm status can
be indicated by the on/off signals sent during the on/off of the relay.
5.6 Cross-Connect Function

The ZXMP S320 can conduct low-order full cross-connect on the signals of the
aggregate board and tributary board. When the CSB is adopted, the cross-connect
capacity of the ZXMP S320 is 504 × 504 TU-12 (672 × 672 TU-11); for O4CS or
O1CS, it is 1008 × 1008 TU-12 (1344 × 1344 TU-11).
With the powerful cross-connect function of the ZXMP S320, the connection functions
such as straight through, broadcast, add/drop and cross-connect can be implemented.
The through, broadcast and add/drop modes belong to the subset of the cross-connect
functions. Inside the equipment, both the tributary interface signals and the line
interface signals enter the cross-connect network, therefore the services between the
interfaces can be cross-connected flexibly, as illustrated in Fig. 5.6-1.
STM- 1 STM- 1
STM- 4 STM- 4
STM- 1 1. 5M/ 2M/ 34M/ 45M PDH
Fig. 5.6-1 Service Cross-Connect of ZXMP S320
5-10
5.7 Protection Function

The ZXMP S320 can provide perfect protection function, including equipment level
hardware unit protection and network-level service protection.
5.7.1 Equipment-Level Unit Protection
The equipment-level unit protection provides protection for important unit boards via
hardware redundancy, or hot standby. Upon failure of some working units of the
equipment, the system can switch automatically to the standby units so that the service
will not be affected. . The ZXMP S320 can provide the equipment-level unit protection,
including power supply board 1+1 protection, system clock board 1+1 protection,
cross-connect board 1+1 protection, tributary interface board 1:N protection, optical
interface board 1+1 protection, among which the optical interface board 1+1 protection
can be included in network service protection.
5.7.2 Network-Level Service Protection
The ZXMP S320 provides perfect protection mode for network services. The
equipment structure supports structure PP and SNCP.
5.7.2.1 Trail Protection
Trail protection means that the work path will be substituted by the protection path
when the work path fails or its performance is worse than a threshold. At present, trail
protection refers to MS protection, which detects failure events with MS terminal
(MST) function and re-configures SDH network units with protection switching
function of MSP sub-layer. The coordination of SDH network units is done via the APS
protocol. The protection modes supported by the ZXMP S320 include MS 1+1
protection, MS 1:1 protection and two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring protection.
1. MS 1+1 protection
The characteristic of MS 1+1 protection is that two parallel multiplex sections

send STM-N signals at the same time and the receiving terminal chooses the
better one, as shown in Fig. 5.7-1.
5-11
Working channel
Protection channel
Spanning Switching
Fig. 5.7-1 Multiplex Section 1+1 Protection Mode
When service signals are transmitted, the MS is connected with the work path
and the protection path at the same time. In normal conditions, service signals
are obtained from the work path, but when alarms of work path are detected, the
system will switch to the protection path to receive service signals.
2. MS 1:1 protection
The characteristic of the MS 1:1 protection is that the protection channel is

shared: when no protection is needed, the protection path can transmit additional
service, as shown in Fig. 5.7-2.
Working
services Working channel
Protection Protection channel

services
Spanning Switching
Fig. 5.7-2 MS 1+1 Protection Mode
Service signals are not always connected with both the work path and the
protection path, so the protection path can transmit additional service signals.
Upon failure of the work path, the protection path will discard additional service,
and perform bridging and switching to protect service signals according to the
APS protocol.
5-12
3. Two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring
This is a special protection ring for the MS. Characteristics: 1:1 protection,
unidirectional working, with the working and protection paths allocated on
different fibers. Each node has a protection switching control switch on its
high-speed line before the add/drop of tributary signals, as shown in Fig. 5.7-3.
CA AC
S1
P1
D B
C
P1
S1
(a)
CA AC
CA AC
S1
P1
D B
C
P1
S1
Switching
(b)
CA AC
Fig. 5.7-3 Two-Fiber Unidirectional MSP Switching Ring
In normal conditions, the add/drop of low-rate tributary signals is performed on

the S1 fiber, while the protection P1 fiber is idle. When the two fibers between
node B and C are cut off, the protection switching control switches at node B
and C near the cutting-off point will perform the loop-back function according
to the APS protocol: At node B, high-speed line signals (AC) on S1 fiber return
5-13
from P1 fiber via the switching control switch and pass through node A and D
anti-clockwise and reach node C, and loops back to S1 fiber via the switching
control switch of node C and is finally dropped. Other nodes (A and D)
functions to ensure that the service signals transmitted on P1 fiber can be
bridged normally at the node and be transmitted smoothly to other nodes.
The loop-back switching function can ensure the continuity of the ring in faults
and that the service signals on low-rate tributaries won’t be interrupted. When
the faults are removed, the switching control switch resets.
5-14
5.7.2.2 SNCP
SNCP can be used in any network layer. When the working subnet connection fails or
its performance is worse than a threshold limit, the working subnet connection will be
replaced by the protection subnet connection. The protected subnet connection can be
further formed by cascading lower-level subnet connection and link connection.
SNCP is the only service protection mode adapting to complex network topology
structure.
The way to monitor subnet connection includes inherent monitoring and non-intrusive
monitoring. The SNC/I provides protection based on service layer failure. The
protection process and failure detection process are implemented by two adjacent
layers. The service layer performs the failure detection process, and informs the status
to the client layer via service signal failure (SSF) information; the SNCP with
non-intrusive monitoring (SNC/N) targets at service failure and client-layer failure or
deterioration.
The SNCP can adopt 1+1 mode, as shown in Fig. 5.7-4. The transmitting terminals are
bridged with each other and service is transmitted on the connection of the working
and protection subnet layer. The receiving terminal on the SNC chooses the better
signals, and no APS protocol is needed during protection switching.
Protection subnet
connection
Node A Node B
Working subnet
connection
Fig. 5.7-4 SNCP
With HPC and LPC functions, the ZXMP S320 realizes VC-4, VC-3, VC-11, VC-12
high-order and low-order SNCP.
The PP ring is a typical example of SDH SNCP. The ZXMP S320 can realize two-fiber
unidirectional PP ring protection.
5-15
The two-fiber unidirectional PP ring is described as follows:
CA AC
S1
P1
D B
P1
S1
(a)
CA AC
CA AC
S1
P1
D B
P1
S1
(b) Switching
CA AC
Fig. 5.7-5 Two-Fiber Unidirectional PP Ring
5-16
The unidirectional PP ring adopts “bridging at the head, switching at the end” structure,
as shown in Fig. 5.7-5 (a).
Service signals and protection signals are carried by the S1 and P1. For example, at
node A, the tributary signals (AC) with node C as the destination enter the optical fiber
S1 and P1 of transmitting direction at the same time, which is the 1+1 mode. The S1
optical fiber transmits the service signals to tributary node C clockwise; while P1 sends
the same service to the tributary node C anti-clockwise. The tributary node C of the
receiving end receives the signals from two directions at the same time, and it will
choose one as the tributary signals according to their quality. Normally, the signals sent
from the S1 are the primary signals. Likely, the tributary signals (CA) that are inserted
from point C and with node A as the destination are sent to node A in above-mentioned
manner.
When two optical fibers between node B and C are cut off at the same time, the
situation is shown in Fig. 5.7-5 (b). At node C, since AC signals from A via S1 are lost,
the switching control switch will switch from S1 to P1 according to principle of
priority channel and receive the AC signals from A via P1 as the tributary signals, so
that the service signals between A and C can be maintained instead of lost. After the
fault is removed, the switch will return to its original place.
5-17
6 Networking & System Configuration
1. Introduction to the networking modes of the ZXMP S320
2. Introduction to the system configuration for typical NEs
3. Networking cases of the ZXMP S320
6.1 Networking Mode

When serving as traditional SDH equipment, the ZXMP S320 possesses powerful
cross-connect capability, and the capacity of its cross switch fabric can reach 16 ×16
VC-4. The cross-connect levels are VC-4, VC-3, VC-12, and VC-11. The ZXMP S320
adopts independent bus structure and the slot of each interface board has independent
bus leading into the cross switch fabric, so that service cross-connect between all
interface boards can be implemented.
The system provides group interfaces in four directions and abundant tributary
interfaces, with flexible configuration to implement multiple networking modes, as
shown in Fig. 6.1-1.
1.Point to point 2.Chain 3.Ring
4.Tangent rings 5.Intersected rings 6.Star 7.Mesh
Fig. 6.1-1 Networking Topologies of ZXMP S320
6-1
6.1.1 Point-to-Point
Point-to-point network can be used in inter-office trunk, capacity expansion or be used

to replace the original PDH line system. Fig. 6.1-2 shows the point-to-point networking
diagram of the ZXMP S320.
TM TM
Fig. 6.1-2 Point-to-point Networking of ZXMP S320
The aggregation rate of ZXMP S320 point-to-point networking includes STM-1 and
STM-4. TM constitutes non-protection point-to-point networking while dual-TM
constitutes STM-1 level link 1+1 protection.
Under the 1+1 protection mode, the two aggregate boards provide mutual protection to
enhance the reliability of the service transmission. The disadvantage is that it lowers
the service access capability. The non-protection configuration mode enhances the
service access capability but it lowers the service transmission reliability.
6.1.2 Chain
The chain network applies to the communication network in which the traffic is
distributed in form of chains, and to the chain-shaped branch network. The chain
networking of the ZXMP S320 is illustrated in Fig. 6.1-3.
TM ADM ADM TM
Fig. 6.1-3 Chain Networking of ZXMP S320
The aggregation rate of ZXMP S320 chain networking includes STM-1 and STM-4.
TM and ADM constitute non-protection chain network while dual-TM and dual-ADM
constitute 1+1 protection chain at STM-1 level.
When the configuration is in 1+1 protection mode, the two aggregation boards protect
each other. This improves the reliability of the service transmission, but reduces the
service access capability. The configuration of non-protection mode improves the
ability of service access but reduces the reliability of service transmission.
6-2
Chapter 6 Networking & System Configuration
6.1.3 Ring
Ring network applies where the distributed NEs can form a ring. As a ring network is
characterized by self-closing line interface, services in the ring can be transmitted
end-to-end in two directions (eastward and westward), therefore, the network has
strong survivability and a service self-healing ability. The ring network for the ZXMP
S320 is illustrated in Fig. 6.1-4.
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
Fig. 6.1-4 Ring Networking of ZXMP S320
The ZXMP S320 can form a two-fiber unidirectional PP ring and a two-fiber
unidirectional multiplex section switching ring at STM-1 and STM-4 levels, and a
two-fiber bidirectional multiplex section switching ring at STM-4 level. By the abstract
functional structure, PP ring and MSP ring belong to SNCP and trail protection.
1. Two-fiber unidirectional PP ring
The advantages of the path changeover ring are the fast and flexible protection
changeover and the capability to provide changeovers with various capacity
levels. The changeover is determined locally and is independent of the network
topology. It is applicable to various complex network topologies and is not
confined to the ring. It is more applicable to dynamic network environments,
such as cellular telecommunication network.
The disadvantage of the path changeover ring is that all the tributary signals are
in the “sending signals at the same but receiving the optimal ones” structure, that
is, all the tributary signals are transmitted to the receiving node in two directions,
which is equivalent to the transmission in the whole ring. Therefore the total of
the add/drop traffic in each NE, or the ring’s traffic, should be less than or equal
to the equipment capacity.
6-3
The unidirectional path changeover ring is applicable to the access networks,

trunk network, and toll network, where the services is centralized and in small
traffic.
2. Two-fiber unidirectional MSP ring
The unidirectional MSP ring can guarantee the service signal un-interruption in
the low-rate tributary in the case of faults and maintain the continuity of the ring.
Moreover, the previous working mode will be restored after the faults are
removed. The disadvantage is that the APS protocol is required in the
changeover, resulting in delayed fault response/restoration.
3. Two-fiber bidirectional MSP ring
The two-fiber bidirectional multiplex section switching ring has the ability of
large traffic transmission, up to K/2 X STM-N. Here, K refers to the ring
network node quantity, STM-N refers to the highest speed of the ring network.
Multiplex section switching ring has a large capacity of service transmission,
flexible switching. However, as it is required to process APS protocol at the time
of switching, the fault response/recovery time is long.
The dual-fiber bidirectional MSP ring is applicable in STM-16 large traffic

transmission, suitable for trunk network or toll network with large-amount
traffic distribution.
6-4
6.1.4 Tangent Rings
Two ring networks are connected to the same node, which is composed of the ZXMP
S320 configured with four optical interfaces. The two rings are in the mode of
two-fiber unidirectional PP ring or two-fiber unidirectional multiplex section switching
ring protection. The equipment on the tangent point implements the service dispatching
between the two rings. The ring-crossing service can be protected by using the SNCP,
and the applicable rate of the tangent ring network is based on the rate of the ring
network. Fig. 6.1-5 shows the tangent ring networking diagram of the ZXMP S320.
ADM ADM
ADM ADM ADM
ADM ADM
Fig. 6.1-5 Tangent Rings Networking of ZXMP S320
The tangent ring network provides inter-ring service protection. The two ring networks
can be configured with the same protection type, or different protection types.
The tangent rings are also applicable in complex transmission backbone network of the
local network to provide multiple PPs and key node protection. The disadvantage is
that when the tangent ring network element fails, the inter-ring service will not be
guaranteed. The disadvantage is that when the tangent ring network element fails, the
inter-ring service will not be guaranteed.
6-5
6.1.5 Intersected Rings
Two ring networks are connected to two nodes, each of which is composed of the
ZXMP S320 configured with four optical interfaces. The two rings are in the mode of
two-fiber unidirectional PP ring or two-fiber unidirectional multiplex section switching
ring protection. The equipment on the intersection point implements the service
dispatching between the two rings. The ring-crossing service can be protected by using
SNCP, and the applicable rate of the intersection ring network is based on the rate of
the ring network. Fig. 6.1-6 shows the intersection ring networking topology of the
ZXMP S320.
ADM ADM
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
ADM ADM
Fig. 6.1-6 Intersected Rings Networking of ZXMP S320
The intersection ring network provides inter-ring service protection. The two ring
networks can be configured with the same protection type, for example, intersection of
two path rings. They can also be configured with different protection types, for
example, the intersection of a path ring and a multiplex section ring.
The intersection network can implement Dual Node Interconnection (DIN), provide
multiple PP and major node protection, and apply to the LAN transmission trunk
network.
6-6
6.1.6 Star
In the star network, the connection between any two nodes but the junction center node
is conducted through the junction center node. The ZXMP S320 provides the service
convergence in six optical directions, including two STM-4 and four STM-1. Fig. 6.1-7
shows the star networking diagram of the ZXMP S320.
TM
TM TM
TM TM
Fig. 6.1-7 Star Networking of ZXMP S320
The ZXMP S320 star network can be used in port tandem. These ports can be
independently connected to the service, or form a backup relationship with each other.
At the tandem point, service leading between tributaries can be achieved through the
tandem point, thus forming direct service connection.
The star network applies to the access network of centralized services, and often
applies to the junction center node in a network and to the trunk tandem between a
lower level office and a higher level office.
6-7
6.1.7 Mesh
In a mesh network, there are more than two routes between any two nodes. Once any
fault occurs, the affected services can be processed in an alternative way through the
cross-connect capability of the equipment. Therefore, the mesh network has high
reliability and strong survivability. The SNCP can be adopted as the service protection
mode of a mesh network. Fig. 6.1-8 shows the mesh networking diagram of ZXMP
S320.
ADM
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
Fig. 6.1-8 Mesh Networking of ZXMP S320
The service protection level between NEs in a mesh network is high, but the
requirement for the NE cross-connect ability is also high, and the utilization of the
transmission path between NEs is relatively low. It applies to the major trunk route and
the junction center network.
6-8
6.2 System Configurations
6.2.1 Layout of Slots
ZXMP S320 has totally 15 slots, which are arranged as shown in Fig. 6.2-1. Each slot
in the figure is labeled with codes and a No.
BET1
OIB1
OIB1
PWA
PWA
NCP
CSB
CSB
SCB
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.2-1 Slots on ZXMP S320
Except slot 6# and 7#, each slot in the ZXMP S320 cabinet is labeled with slot No. and
slot code under it for reference at the time of installation. After a board is inserted in to
its slot, the panel will hide the labels.
The configurable boards in each slot are shown in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1 ZXMP S320 Slot Resources
Slot No. Slot Code Slot Description Configurable Boards

Slot for the power supply, supporting dual-board hot
1, 2 PWA PWA, PWB
standby
3 NCP Slot for the network element control processing NCP
4, 5 SCF System clock slot, supporting dual-board hot standby SCB
6, 7 OIB1 Slot for the lines OIB1, AP1S2
Slot for the cross-connect board, supporting CSB
8, 9 CSB CSB, O4CS, O1CS
dual-board hot stndby
10, 11, 12 ET1 Slot for the active tributary ET1, ET3, AI, DI, SFE4
13 ET1 Slot for the active tributary ET1, AI, DI, SFE4
14 BET1 Slot for the standby tributary ET1, ET3, SFE4
15 OW Orderwire slot OW
Note: When selecting the tributary socket board ETB, insert the ET1 board into slot 12.
6-9
6.2.2 Description of the Board Configuration
1. NE control and processor board
All NEs must be configured with this board.
2. OW board
It is unnecessary if there is no need for the orderwire telephone or idle overhead

byte processing. Otherwise it should be configured.
3. System clock board
All NEs must be configured with up to two system clock boards, which work in
1+1 hot standby mode. In the case that the hot standby protection is not needed,
one system clock board is enough.
4. Power board
Select PWA or PWB according to the primary power supply voltage.
All NEs should be configured with up to two power supply boards, which work
in 1+1 hot standby. In the case that the hot standby protection is not needed, one
system clock board is enough.
5. Cross-connect board
When a full cross-connect optical interface board is provided, the cross-connect

board is unnecessary.
If the full cross-connect optical board is unavailable, all NEs (such as ADM, TM)
but REG must be configured with up to two cross-connect boards, which work
in 1+1 hot standby. In the case that the hot standby protection is not needed, one
cross-connect is enough.
When a cross-connect board is configured, the full cross-connect optical

interface board can not be configured. Now up to four STM-1 optical interfaces
can be provided, but the STM-4 optical interface can not be provided.
6. Full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board
The cross-connect function and the STM-4 optical interface should be taken into
account when configuring the full cross-connect STM-4 optical interface board.
When a cross-connect board is provided, the full cross-connect optical interface

6-10
Each NE can be configured with just one full cross-connect optical interface
board. When a full cross-connect optical interface board is configured, the
cross-connect is unnecessary.
When the cross-connect board is not configured, each NE (such as ADM and
TM) but REG must be configured with a full cross-connect optical interface
board.
Determine the quantity of required STM-4 optical interface boards according to

the quantity of required STM-4 optical interfaces, and determine the required
optical interface type according to the required transmission distance. When an
STM-4 optical interface is required, an STM-4 optical interface board must be
configured.
For TM without protection, configure one single-channel full cross-connect

STM-4 optical interface board.
For ADM without protection, configure one dual-channel STM-4 optical

interface board.
For ADM with MSP, configure one dual-channel STM-4 optical interface board.
7. Full cross-connect STM-1 optical interface board
The cross-connect function and the STM-1 optical interface should be taken into
account when configuring the full cross-connect STM-1 optical interface board.
When a cross-connect board is provided, the full cross-connect optical interface

Each NE can be configured with just one full cross-connect optical interface
board. When a full cross-connect optical interface board is configured, the
cross-connect is unnecessary.
When the cross-connect board is not configured, all NEs (such as ADM and TM)
but REG must be configured with a full cross-connect optical interface board.

optical interface type according to the required transmission distance. When
more than four STM4 optical interfaces are required, an STM-1 optical interface
board must be configured.
6-11
For TM without protection, configure one single-channel full cross-connect

STM-1 optical interface board.

interface board.
For ADM with MSP, configure one dual-channel STM-1 optical interface board.
8. STM-1optical line board

optical interface type according to the required transmission distance.
For TM without protection, configure one single-channel STM-1 optical

interface board.
For TM with MSP, configure two single-channel STM-1 optical interface

boards.

interface board.
For ADM with MSP, configure one dual-channel STM-1 optical interface board
or two single-channel STM-1 optical interface boards.
9. ET1 tributary board
Determine the quantity of the required E1 tributary boards according to the

required E1 tributary services.
For NE with less than 16 ports of add/drop E1 services, configure one 16-port
ET1 tributary board.
For NE with more than 16 ports of add/drop E1 services, when every 16 ports
are added, one E1 tributary board is needed. And up to four E1 tributary boards
can be configured to support up to 63 add/drop E1 tributary boards.
There can be no more than four active tributary boards configured for the system.
And the total adding/dropping services on all the active tributary boards cannot
exceed those on one STM-1. For example, after one 34M board is configured,
the system can still add/drop 42 E1s.
6-12
10. 34M/45M tributary board
Determine the quantity of required 34M/45M tributary boards according to the

quantity of required 34M/45M tributary service boards.
For NE with add/drop 34M/45M service, one 34M/45M tributary board can be
configured for every add/drop 34M/45M. Up to three 34M/45M tributary boards
can be configured to support three add/drop 34M/45M.
And the total adding/dropping services on all the active tributary boards can not
exceed those on one STM-1.
11. ET1G tributary board
Each ET1G tributary board can provide 16 E1/T1. The number of ET1G
tributary boards to be configured should be determined by the amount of
required E1/T1 tributary services. The system supports at most 4 ET1G tributary
boards to add/drop 63 E1 or 64 T1.
And the total adding/dropping services on all the active tributary boards can not
exceed those on one STM-1.
12. Audio interface board and data interface board
Determine the number of audio/data interface boards to be configured according

to the number of audio or data interfaces required. The audio/data boards need to
occupy the tributary slots, therefore, when the tributary services are in full
configuration, the audio/data boards can’t be configured.
13. SFE4 board
Each SFE4 board provides four 10/100M Ethernet interfaces. The number of
Ethernet interface boards to be provided should be determined by the number of
Ethernet interfaces required. SFE4 boards occupy the tributary slots, so when all
the tributary slots are used, it is not possible to configure SFE4 boards.
14. AP1S2 board
Each AP1S2 board provides two 150M ATM optical interfaces. Determine the
number of AP1S2 boards required according to the number of ATM interfaces
required. This board occupies slot 6 or 7 on the line board.
6-13
6.3 Board Configuration

The ZXMP S320 can be configured as the TM, ADM, and REG. Users can configure it
with different boards according to the networking requirement, thus to implement
different NE functions with it.
In the case that STM-4 optical direction or six optical directions are needed, the STM-4
level application mode should be selected. In the case that up to four STM-1 optical
directions are needed, either the STM-1 level application mode or the STM-4 level
application mode can be selected.
6.3.1 Board configuration of STM-4 level application
The board configuration diagram in the STM-4 level application is shown in Fig. 6.3-1.
BET1
O1CS
O4CS
OIB1
OIB1
PWB
PWA
PWB
PWA
NCP
SCB
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
o o
r
r
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.3-1 Board configuration of ZXMP S320 in STM-4 level application
In Fig. 6.3-1, common slots are shown in gray. These boards are usually needed if the
NE of ADM and TM are configured. The boards in other slots are to be configured
according to the actual service need. When an NE does not need the orderwire and
overhead cross switch functions, it is not necessary to provide an OW board.
Notes:
The full cross-connect optical interface board (O1CS or O4CS) can only be configured
in one slot (slot 8 or slot 9). When one slot is inserted with a full cross-connect optical
board, the other slot cannot be used for any other board.
6-14
6.3.2 Board Configuration of STM-1 Level Application
In the STM-1 level application, the ZXMP S320 provides up to four STM-1 optical
directions and one STM-1 tributary service (including E1, T1, E3, T3 and audio/data
services). The board configuration in STM-1 level application is shown in Fig. 6.3-2.
BET1
PWB
PWA
PWB
PWA
OIB1
OIB1
NCP
CSB
CSB
SCB
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
o
r
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.3-2 Board Configuration of ZXMP S320 in STM-1 Level Application
In Fig. 6.3-2, the common slots are shown in gray, and these boards are usually needed
if ADM and TM are configured. Herein, the quantity of each of the power supply board
(PWA or PWB), the cross-connect board (CSB or CBSE) and the system clock board
(SCB), which are to be configured, can either be one or two of the same type for hot
standby. The boards in other slots are to be configured according to the actual service
need. When an NE does not need the orderwire and overhead cross switch functions, it
is not necessary to provide an OW board.
6.3.3 Optical Interface Type Selection
The ZXMP S320 provides two types of optical interface boards, or O4CS and OIB1,
which also have different interface types. See section 5.1.1 for the reference
transmission distance corresponding to each optical interface board. Note that the
transmission distance of each optical interface in the actual application varies due to
the fiber type, the line quality and other factors.
6.3.4 Standby Tributary Board Configuration
When the ZXMP S320 requires the tributary board protection function, the 1:N
tributary board protection should be configured. For a T1/E1 tributary board, N ≤ 4.
For an E3/T3 tributary board, N ≤ 3. The standby tributary board is always inserted in
14# slot, and its type should be consistent with that of the tributary board. It is also
needed to configure proper tributary switching board according to the service interface
type, thus to implement the tributary board protection.
6-15
6.3.5 Tributary Socket Board Configuration
The tributary socket board of ZXMP S320 should be selected according to the quantity
and types of required interfaces and their correspondence to the tributary board
configuration of the system. When the 1:N tributary board protection function is
needed, select corresponding tributary switching board to implement the signal output.
Notes:
When selecting the tributary socket board ETB, insert the ET1 board into slot 12.
The tributary socket board resources provided by the system are listed in Table 6.3-1.
Table 6.3-1 List of Tributary Socket Board Resources
No. Type Board Type Description

1 ETA 63 × 2M, SCI coaxial, tributary socket board
2 ETB 16 × 2M, 75 Ω coaxial, tributary socket board
3 ETC 63 × 2M, 120 Ω coaxial, tributary socket board
4 EFD 63 × 2M, 120 Ω coaxial, tributary socket board
5 TST 3 × 34 M (45M), 75 Ω coaxial, tributary changeover board
63 × 2M/64 × 1.5M, balanced 120 Ω/100 Ω random configuration,
6 TSA
compatible with 3 × 34M (45M), 75 Ω coaxial, tributary switching board.
6-16
6.4 Conventional SDH Equipment Configuration
6.4.1 TM
The ZXMP S320 TM terminates the aggregation signals on the line side, adds/drops
the SDH/PDH tributary signals on the terminal side, and terminates SDH overhead on
the line side.
The ZXMP S320 TM falls into STM-1 level and STM-4 level, and has all standard
PDH electrical tributary interfaces and SDH optical interfaces, as shown in Fig. 6.4-1.
ZXMP S320 STM- 1

TM STM- 4
STM- 1 1. 5M/ 2M/ 34M/ 45M
Fig. 6.4-1 TM Interfaces of ZXMP S320
Fig. 6.4-2 shows the typical configuration of a single TM of the ZXMP S320 at the
STM-1 level. Fig. 6.4-3 shows that of a single TM of the ZXMP S320 at the STM-4
level.
OIB1S
PWB
PWA
NCP
CSB
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-2 Typical Configuration of a Single TM of ZXMP S320 at STM-1 level
6-17
O4CSS
OIB1S
PWB
PWA
NCP
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-3 Typical Configuration of a Single TM of ZXMP S320 at STM-4 Level
6.4.2 ADM
The ZXMP S320 ADM can add/drop tributary signals in every direction. The tributary
signals that are not added/dropped can directly go through without damage. The
receiving side of ADM in one direction terminates SOH and the sending side in the
same direction adds SOH again. In the management network, the ADM can terminate,
transit and originate the DCC information, and can also directly let the DCC
information pass through.
The ZXMP S320 ADM can implement the add/drop multiplexing at STM-1 and
STM-4 levels, and can add/drop standard PDH electrical tributary interface and SDH
optical interface. The interface diagram of the equipment is illustrated in Fig. 6.4-4.
STM- 1 ZXMP S320 STM- 1

STM- 4 ADM STM- 4
STM- 1 1. 5M/ 2M/ 34M/ 45M
Fig. 6.4-4 The ZXMP S320 ADM Interfaces
6-18
Fig. 6.4-5 shows the typical configuration of the ZXMP S320 ADM at the STM-1 level.
Fig. 6.4-6 shows the typical configuration of the ZXMP S320 ADM at the STM-4
level.
OIB1S
OIB1S
PWB
PWA
NCP
CSB
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-5 Typical Configurations of the ADM at the STM-1 Level

O4CSD
OIB1S
PWB
PWA
NCP
SCB
ET1
ET1
ET1
ET1
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-6 Typical Configurations of the ADM at the STM-4 Level
6.4.3 REG
The ZXMP S320 REG regenerates and amplifies a signal. It only processes RSOH, but
not a service signal. MSOH will transparently go through REG.
The ZXMP S320 REG can implement the regeneration at STM-1 and STM-4 levels.
Fig. 6.4-7 shows the block diagram of the ZXMP S320 REG interfaces.
STM- 1 ZXMP S320 STM- 1

STM- 4 REG STM- 4
Fig. 6.4-7 The ZXMP S320 REG Interfaces
6-19
Fig. 6.4-8 shows the typical configuration of the ZXMP S320 REG at the STM-1 level.
Fig. 6.4-9 shows the typical configuration of the ZXMP S320 REG at the STM-4 level.
OIB1S
OIB1S
PWB
PWA
NCP
SCB
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-8 Typical Configurations of the REG Equipment at the STM-1 Level
O4CSD
PWB
PWA
NCP
SCB
OW
or
7 6
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 6.4-9 Typical Configurations of the REG Equipment at the STM-4 Level
6.4.4 Configuration Description
1. Configure the optical interface board, tributary interface board, data board and
audio board on the basis of the service quantity.
2. Determine the optical interface type on the basis of the site distribution and
networking requirement.
3. Select the power supply board type on the basis of the primary power supply
voltage, or PWA for –48V, PWB for +24V.
4. The power supply board, cross-connect board and clock board can be configured
doubly, working in 1+1 hot standby mode.
5. If the idle overhead processing and the orderwire function are not needed, the
OW board can be omitted.
6-20
6. When adopting the tributary socket board ETB, insert the tributary board into
12# slot.
7. If the 1:N tributary board protection is needed, insert a corresponding tributary

board into the standby tributary slot (14# slot), and select a tributary switching
board of appropriate specifications.
8. The equipment in STM-1 level can be configured with link protection. The two
interface boards that protect each other should be installed in #6 and #7 slot.
Only the optical interface that is installed in #7 slot can be set as the active
optical interface board.
6.5 MAN Networking Application

When the ZXMP S320 is equipped with SFE4 boards, the equipment possesses not
only the functions of traditional SDH equipment, but also the data processing function
of MAN equipment.
The Ethernet interfaces of the SFE4 board are connected with the user Ethernets, each
SFE4 board can provide connections of a Max. of 4 user Ethernets. After the Ethernet
data are mapped into SDH frames, they undergo inter-service switching in the
cross-connect boards. The Ethernet at the transmitting end and that at the receiving end
can either belong to different Ethernet interfaces of the same SFE4 board or different
SFE4 boards. If the Ethernet networks at the two ends belong to the SFE4 boards
configured in different ZXMP S320s, the service switching will be implemented by
means of fiber transmission between the ZXMP S320 systems.
The working mechanism of the SFE4 boards is L2 switching, and therefore powerful
networking capability is provided. The following paragraphs will describe the
networking applications of several types of SFE4 boards. To highlight the application
of MAN, the networking diagram only presents the SFE4 boards of the ZXMP S320.
6.5.1 Chain
Chain networking is a basic function of the SFE4 boards, and reflects the basic the
Ethernet service switching capability of the SFE4 boards. SFE4 boards can transmit the
non-VLAN and VLAN services on user Ethernet networks to the configured ports. The
networking is illustrated in Fig. 6.5-1.
6-21
SFE4 board 1 SFE4 board 2 ... SFE4 board n
User Ethernet 1 User Ethernet 3

User Ethernet 2 User Ethernet 4 User Ethernet n
Fig. 6.5-1 SFE4 Chain Network Application
On a chain network, it can implement the basic Ethernet service switching, and send
the non-VLAN and VLAN services on the user Ethernet networks to the configured
ports. To handle channel congestion, flow control or QoS can be employed.
The major purpose of flow control is to avoid packet loss during congestion. When
congestion occurs, the flow control function of the ports of the SFE4 boar system
should be enabled at both ends of congestion.
QoS is another method to handle congestion. It ensures that multiple independent

services can work under the same port as configured, making the best use of the port
resources without mutual interference. If multiple VLAN services share the same
connection of limited bandwidth in a chain network, QoS configuration should be
carried out on the corresponding ports. Such configuration covers primarily service
types, service types vs. priority levels, bandwidth allocation relation, and the mode of
using QoS.
Notes:
Since QoS and flow control have different goals and they conflict with each other, they
cannot exist at the same time.
6-22
6.5.2 Tree
A tree network constructed by SFE4 boards is illustrated in Fig. 6.5-2.
User Ethernet 7
SFE4 board 2
SFE4 board 1 SFE4 board 3
SFE4 board 4
User Ethernet 3
User Ethernet 4
Fig. 6.5-2 Tree Network Application of SFE4 Boards
A tree network is similar to chain network: The SFE4 can implement Ethernet service
switching and transmit the non-VLAN and VLAN service on user Ethernets to the
configured ports. To avoid packet loss during congestion, the flow control or QoS
function can also be used.
In a tree network, suppose that the 3 system ports of SFE4 board 1 have service links
with the system ports of SFE4 board 2, SFE4 board 3 and SFE4 board 4, when the total
flow of all the SFE4 board system ports in the network is lower than 100M, then the
flow control function of the 6 interconnected SFE4 board system ports can be enabled
to prevent loss of packets.
Suppose the services flowing to SFE4 board 2, SFE4 board 3 and SFE4 board 4 are
sent via the same system port of SFE4 board 1, when the flow of this system port is
higher than 100M, the QoS function of the system port must be enabled to handle the
congestion. The method is the same as described in Section 6.5.1. In addition, QoS
configuration must be implemented on the related system ports, and such configuration
includes primarily service types, service types vs. priority levels and bandwidth
allocation relation.
6-23
Notes:
Since QoS and flow control have different goals and they conflict with each other, they
cannot exist at the same time.
6.5.3 Ring
A ring network composed of SFE4 boards is illustrated in Fig. 6.5-3.
User Ethernet 5
SFE4 board 2
SFE4 board 1
SFE4 board 3
User Ethernet 1
User Ethernet 2
User Ethernet 3
User Ethernet 4
Fig. 6.5-3 Ring Network Application of SFE4 Boards
On a ring network, while ensuring Ethernet service switching, it is necessary to

configure the STP of the virtual bridge to prevent looped services. The virtual bridge is
generated when the SFE4 boards are contained in a VLAN.
The STP is intended to let the network bridge dynamically discover a loop-free subset
(tree) of the topological structure to ensure the Max. connectivity and effectively
prevent “broadcast storm” that may brought by a loop. Data is forwarded and received
between effective ports of the spanning tree, rather than ports not included in the
spanning tree.
6-24
6.5.4 Mesh
A mesh network composed of SFE4 boards is illustrated in Fig. 6.5-4.
User Ethernet 7
SFE4 board 2
SFE4 board 3
SFE4 board 1
User Ethernet 6
User Ethernet 5
SFE4 board 4
User Ethernet 1
User Ethernet 2
User Ethernet 3
User Ethernet 4
Fig. 6.5-4 Mesh Network Application of SFE4 Boards
The mesh network application is the same as the ring network application, and hereby
description of it is omitted.
6-25
6.6 Cases
6.6.1 Networking Requirements
There are five sites: A, B, C, D, and E. 15x 2M bidirectional services exist between
every two sites. And 5x 2M bidirectional services exist between site A and site E. Site
B and site C are connected with a user Ethernet, and Ethernet data are transmitted
between them; the orderwire phone service should be available among all the sites.
Fig. 6.6-1 shows the physical location of each site.
km 15 k
15 m
E 15km
D 15 km B
km 15
User Ethernet 2
C
User Ethernet 1
Fig. 6.6-1 Site Locations
6.6.2 Networking Analysis
1. Network topology
The network topology structure should be determined on the basis of the site
distribution in networking. Generally, due to the fine self-healing ability of the
ring network, as long as the route permits, the ring network is recommended.
Some special condition is exceptional, for example, networks along the railway
or highway are often chain networks. However, if there is adequate line optical
fiber, ring network may prove a good choice. You can consider hybrid
networking for complex site distribution.
6-26
In this instance, according to the geological location of each site and the service
distribution, we include A, B, C and D into a ring network, and make E as a
subchain of D.
The Ethernet services between site B and site C are transported over a chain
network.
2. Setting the rate and protection mode
For subsequent expansion, the ring network rate should be set as 622 Mbit/s,
while the chain network rate should be set as 155 Mbit/s. The ring network can
be configured with the MS protection ring. The ring network can be configured
with the MSP ring. The chain network between E and D has no protection.
3. Setting the access NE
An access NE refers to the NE that accesses the NMS computer in the network.
It should be selected according to the user’s requirement and generally in major
sites of centralized traffic.
In this case NE A is set to access NE.
4. Setting the net head
A net head refers to the NE that provides the synchronous clock in the network,
or the NE that introduces the external clock source. To facilitate routine
maintenance, it is recommended to combine the net head and the access NE in
the same NE. In this instance, set NE A as the net head, with the clock source
type as the internal clock.
5. Selecting the ECC version
NMS software falls into two types of ECC protocol versions, or private ECC
and IP ECC. The selection is based on the quantity of the NEs in a single subnet.
The private ECC is only selected when the network that has been configured
with the private ECC version is upgraded. Otherwise the IP ECC version is
selected. In this case, IP ECC is selected.
6-27
6.6.3 Networking Configuration
Work out the networking diagram on the basis of the networking requirement and the
networking analysis result, as shown in Fig. 6.6-2.
NMS
NE A
Two-fiber bidirectional
Chain 155Mbit/s MSP ring
NE E NE D 622Mbit/s NE B
NE C
Fig. 6.6-2 Networking
6.6.4 NE Configuration
1. The backplanes of all NEs are MB1B boards compliant with the ETSI system
(AU4 multiplex structure).
2. Each NE requires to be configured with NCP board, PWA board, OW board and
SCB board. NE E should also be configured with CSB boards, using switching
chips of the ETSI system (AU4 multiplex structure). The PWA, SCB and CSB
boards can be provided in 1+1 hot standby mode.
3. Select the optical interface board on the basis of the optical interface rate. And
select the optical interface type on the basis of the transmission distance and
other actual conditions. In this instance, the optical boards in use include OIB1S
and O4CSD, their optical interface types are S-1.1 and S-4.1.
4. Determine the quantity of the tributary board ET1 according to the 2M service
quantity. Meanwhile, select different ET1 board types according to the user’s
requirement for the tributary interfaces.
5. As NE A has large tributary traffic, it is configured with 1:N tributary protection

in this instance to further improve its reliability of service access.
6-28
6. NEs B and C are equipped with SFE4 boards to implement Ethernet service
switching between sites. Determine the amount of Ethernet services, the
capacity of user ports and system ports to be occupied, support to VLAN, and so
on, and perform setting through the NMS software.
Notes:
The system ports interconnect NE B and NE C should have the same capacity.
As a summary of the above stated items, Table 6.6-1 displays the equipment board
configuration of each site.
Table 6.6-1 Board Configuration o NEs
Quantity of Interface Board

Interface Board Type
NE A NE B NE C NE D NE E
MB1E 1 1 1 1 1
NCP 1 1 1 1 1
SCF 2 2 2 2 2
PWA 2 2 2 2 2
CSB − − − − 1
OW 1 1 1 1 1
O4CS 1 1 1 1 −
OIB1S − − − 1 1
ET1 5 1 1 1 1
TSA 1 − − − −
ETB − 1 1 1 1
SFE4 − 1 1 − −
6.6.5 Other Configuration
After completing the networking configuration and the board configuration, the
specific condition of the equipment installation and running should be taken into
account, thus to complete all the configurations of the equipment, including the
installation mode, the installation accessories, the type and length of the cable and tail
fiber, and NMS UPS, DDF and ODF. To determine it, please refer to Unitrans ZXMP
S320 (V1.0) SDH based Multi-Service Node Equipment Installation manual.
6-29
6.6.6 Features of Networking
In this instance, the networking takes the form of the ring-chain topology. In the whole
network, only the chain section between NE D and NE E has no protection. A fiber cut
occurring in other sections does not affect the service transmission. The failure of any
individual site but NE D does not affect the service transmission between other sites.
The reliability of service transmission is guaranteed.
The MS ring can implement the re-use of the intra-ring timeslots. In this instance the
service capacity of the ring network reaches STM2*4/2. If other inter-ring NEs have
tributary services with each other, more advantages can be seen.
Some self-healing function is implemented in the networking of this instance, which,

along with the board hot standby and the tributary 1:N protection, implements a
relatively powerful protection function. This instance applies to LANs or transmission
end networks that have small traffic and require high service reliability.
6-30
Appendix A Application of Dual-Power
Supply & Front Outlet
This part describes the application of dual-power input and front outlet for the ZXMP
S320. Details are also stated for the dual-power connection box, front outlet kit, NCP
board with alarm input interfaces.
For more details of the components, the interfaces of the boards, and the connecting
cables, please refer to Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based Multi-Service Node
Equipment Hardware Manual and Unitrans ZXMP S320 (V1.0) SDH Based
Multi-Service Node Equipment Installation Manual.
A.1 Dual-Power Connection Box
The dual-power connection box is used to provide dual power inputs for the ZXMP
S320 to enhance the reliability of the equipment power supply. The outline dimension
of the dual-power connection box is 24mm × 82mm × 60mm (H × W × D), as shown in
Fig. A.1-1.
Power input interface 2. Casing
Fig. A.1-1 Dual-Power Connection Box
The dual-power connection box contains a DPB board, which provides two groups of
power input sockets, and beside each group of power input sockets, a power supply
status indicator (green LED) is provided. When the power supply is normal, the
corresponding indicator is on, and when the power supply becomes faulty, the indicator
goes off.
A-1
If the ZXMP S320 needs to provide two power input interfaces, the dual-power
connection box must be installed. If the ZXMP S320 is installed with a front cabling kit,
the dual-power connection box has been installed in the front cabling kit as a part of
the kit, so no independent installation of the box is needed.
If the ZXMP S320 is not installed with the front cabling kit, the dual-power connection
box can be installed on the back of the chassis independently.
Take a standard chassis for example, the dimensions of a chassis after the installation
of a dual-power connection box are 223.7 mm × 482.6 mm × 285.5 mm (height ×
width × depth), as shown in Fig. A.1-2.
Fig. A.1-2 Standard ZXMP S320 Chassis with a Dual-Power Connection Box
A-2
Appendix A Application of Dual-Power Supply & Front Outlet
A.2 Front Outlet Kit
The front outlet kit is fixed on the back of the ZXMP S320, which is used for the
connection of equipment backplane interfaces and tributary socket board (tributary
switch board) interfaces in the interface area of the front outlet kit, to meet the on-site
front outlet and maintenance requirements.
The dimensions of the front outlet kit are 264.3 mm × 430.5 mm × 126.5 mm (height ×
width × depth), as shown in Fig. A.2-1.
Interface area 2. Casing 3. Fixing hole
Fig. A.2-1 Front Outlet Kit
A-3
All types of chassis of the ZXMP S320 can be equipped with a front outlet kit. Take the
rear fixed chassis for example, the dimensions of the chassis with a front outlet kit
mounted: 286.7 mm × 482.6 mm × 342 mm (H × W × D), as shown in Fig. A.2-2 .
Fig. A.2-2 Rear-Fixed Chassis of the ZXMP S320 (Installed with the Front Outlet Kit)
Notes:
If the user selects a ZXMP S320 with front outlet, the front outlet kit has been installed
upon delivery. So it will not be installed on site.
A-4
Appendix A Application of Dual-Power Supply & Front Outlet
A.3 NCP Board with Alarm Input Interface
Note:
When installing the front outlet kit for the ZXMP S320, make sure to configure a NCP
board with an alarm input interface.
The outline of NCP board with a alarm input interfaces is shown in Fig. A.3-1.
S3
ON
GB1
2
DIP
3
B1
4
HL3
HL2
1. Indicator 2. Reset switch 3. Ring button 4. Input interface for alarm Boolean switch
Fig. A.3-1 NE Control and Processing Board
Between this NCP and ordinary NCP board, there are some similarities and
dissimilarities as follows:
1. Same working mechanism, DIP switch operation and indicator status.
2. An alarm input interface is available on the former board for alarm Boolean
input. The alarm status corresponding to Boolean connection and disconnection
can be set via the NMS software.
3. When the system adopts dual-power input, the NCP board can conduct fault
monitoring for each set of power supply.
A-5
Appendix B Abbreviation
ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer

AIS Alarm Indication Signal
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AU Administrative Unit
AUG Administration Unit Group
AU-n Administration Unit, level n
AU-PTR Administration Unit Pointer
BBE Background Block Error
BBER Background Block Error Ratio
BER Bit Error Ratio
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply
BML Business Management Layer
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CDM Code Division Multiplexing
CLP Cell Loss Priority
CMI Coded Mark Inversion
C-n Container- n
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CV Code Violation
DB Data Base
DBMS Data Base Management System
DCC Data Communications Channel
DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
DCF Data Communications Function
DCN Data Communications Network
DDN Digital Data Network
DLL Dynamic Link Libraries
DNA Distributed Network Architecture
DNI Dual Node Interconnection
DQDB Distributed Queue Double Bus
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
DWDM Dense Wavelength-division Multiplexing
B-1
DXC Digital Cross Connect

ECC Embedded Control Channel
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
EM Element Management
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference
EML Element Management Layer
EMS Element Management System
EOS Ethernet Over SDH
ES Error Second
ESD Electronic Static Discharge
ESR Error Second Ratio
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FE Fast Ethernet
FEBBE Far End Background Block Error
FEES Far End Errored Second
FESES Far End Severely Errored Second
GUI Graphical User Interface
HDLC High Digital Link Control
HPC Higher order Path Connection
HW High-Way
IEC International Electro technical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers
IP Internet Protocol
International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
ITU-T
Standardization Sector
L2 Layer 2
LAN Local Area Network
LAPD Link Access Procedure On D-channel
LAPS Link Access Procedure for SDH
LCD Loss of ATM Cell Delineation
LCT Local Craft Terminal
LOF Loss Of Frame
LOP Loss Of Pointer
LOS Loss Of Signal
LPC Lower order Path Connection
MAC Medium Access Control
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
B-2
MCF Message Communication Function

MCU Micro Control Unit
MD Mediation Device
MF Mediation Function
MII Medium Independent Interface
MM Multi Mode
MS Multiplex Section
MS-AIS Multiplex Sections - Alarm Indication Signal
MSOH Multiplex Section OverHead
MSP Multiplex Section Protection
MS-PSC Multiplex Sections - Protection Switching Count
MS-PSD Multiplex Sections - Protection Switching Duration
MS-SPRing Multiplexer Section Shared Protection Ring
MST Multiplex Section Terminal
MTIE Maximum Time Interval Error
NE Network Element
NEF Network Element Function
NEL Network Element Layer
NML Network Manager Layer
NMS Network Management System
NRZ Non-Return-to-Zero
OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OFS Out of Frame Second
OOF Out of Frame
OS Operation System
OSF Operation System Function
OSI Open System Interconnect
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PGND Protection GND
PHY physical Layer Device
PJE- Pointer Justification Event -
PJE+ Pointer Justification Event +
POH Path OverHead
PPP Point to Point Protocol
PRC Primary Reference Clock
QA Q Adaptor
QAF Q Adaptor Function
QoS Quality of Service
B-3
RAM Random Access Memory

RDI Remote Defect Indication
REG Regenerator
REI Remote Error Indication
RFI Remote Failure Indication
RIP Router Information Protocol
RMII Reduced Medium Independent Interface
RS Regenerator Section
RSOH Regenerator Section OverHead
SAR Segmentation and Reassembly
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SEC SDH Equipment Clock
SEMF Synchronous Equipment Manage Function
SES Severely Errored Second
SESR Severely Errored Second Ratio
SETS Synchronous Equipment Timing Source
SM Single Mode
SMCC Sub-network management control center
SML Service Management Layer
SMN SDH Management Network
SMS SDH Management Sub-Network
SMT Surface Mount Technology
SNC Sub network Connection
SNCP Sub network Connection Protection
SOH Section Overhead
SPRING Shared Protection Ring
SSF Service Signal Fail
SSM Synchronization status messaging
SSM Synchronous State Message
STM-N Synchronous Transport Module Leve-N
TCP Transport Control Protocol
TDEV Time Deviation
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TM Terminal Multiplexer
TMN Telecommunications Management Network
TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
TU Tributary Unit
TUG-m Tributary Unit Group, level m
TU-m Tributary Unit, level m
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
B-4
UAS Unavailable Second

UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
UNI User-Network Interface
UPC Usage Parameter Control
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VC Virtual Channel
VC Virtual Container
VCI Virtual channel Indicator
VC-n Virtual Container, level n
VDN Virtual Data Network
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
VP Virtual Path
VPI Virtual Path Indicator
VPG VP Group
WAN Wide Area Network
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WS Work Station
WSF Work Station Function
ZXMP Zhong Xing Metrotransmission Platform
B-5

Technical Manual: ZXMP S320 (V1.0)

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ZXMP S320 (V1.

Manual Version 20041025-R1.0

Copyright © ZTE Corporation

All rights reserved.

No part of this documentation may be excerpted, reproduced, translated, annotated or

Technical Support Website: http://support.zte.com.cn

Customer Support Center:

Tel: (+86755) 26771900 800-9830-9830

Fax: (+86755) 26770801

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About This Manual

The suit of manuals that works with this manual is as follows:

How to Use This Manual

The organization of the manual is as follows:

Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge briefly introduces digital communication, SDH system

Chapter 2 System Structure introduces the background, standards complied, system

Appendix B Abbreviations lists the abbreviations involved in this manual for

Attention, Caution, Warning, and Danger: alerting

1 Basic Knowledge .....................................................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Brief Introduction to Communication Network .............................................................................1-1

1.1.1 Classification of Communication Networks .......................................................................1-1

1.1.2 Basic Elements of a Communication Network ...................................................................1-2

1.1.3 Development Trends of Communication Networks............................................................1-3

1.2 Brief Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication......................................................................1-3

1.2.1 Three Low-Loss Windows of Fiber Communication ..........................................................1-3

1.2.2 Structure of Optical Fiber....................................................................................................1-4

1.2.3 Classification of Optical Fibers...........................................................................................1-5

1.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ..........................................................................................1-7

1.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................1-7

1.3.2 Defects of PDH and Birth of SDH ......................................................................................1-7

1.3.3 Advantages of SDH...........................................................................................................1-10

1.3.4 SDH Rates.........................................................................................................................1-12

1.3.5 SDH Frame Structure ........................................................................................................1-12

1.3.6 SDH Multiplexing/Mapping Structure and Process ..........................................................1-14

1.4 Functions of SDH Overhead ........................................................................................................1-17

1.4.1 Overhead Types.................................................................................................................1-17

1.4.2 SOH Arrangement.............................................................................................................1-18

1.4.3 Arrangement of High-Order POH .....................................................................................1-23

1.4.4 Arrangement of Low-order POH.......................................................................................1-25

1.5 Logical Composition of SDH Equipment ....................................................................................1-26

1.5.3 REG .................................................................................................................................. 1-27

1.5.4 DXC.................................................................................................................................. 1-28

1.6 Physical Topology of SDH Transport Network ........................................................................... 1-29

1.7 SDH Self-Healing Network ......................................................................................................... 1-31

1.7.1 Network Survivability ...................................................................................................... 1-31

1.7.2 Types and Principles of Self-Healing Network................................................................. 1-32

1.8 Synchronous Timing.................................................................................................................... 1-39

1.8.1 SSM Function of the SDH Interface................................................................................. 1-39

1.8.2 SSM Function of Synchronous Interface.......................................................................... 1-43

1.9 Telecom Management Network (TMN) Basics ........................................................................... 1-44

1.9.1 Working Principle ............................................................................................................. 1-44

1.9.2 SDH Management Network (SMN) ................................................................................. 1-47

1.9.3 TMN (SMN) System Functions........................................................................................ 1-49

1.10 Overview of MAN..................................................................................................................... 1-50

1.10.1 Basic Concepts................................................................................................................ 1-50

1.10.2 Basic Structure................................................................................................................ 1-50

1.10.3 Characteristics of Optical MAN ..................................................................................... 1-52

2 System Structure..................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 SDH Based Multi-Service Node Equipment of ZTE..................................................................... 2-1

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