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CONFÍA en SU PALABRA Por Qué La Biblia Es Necesaria Y Suficiente - Kevin Deyoung
CONFÍA en SU PALABRA Por Qué La Biblia Es Necesaria Y Suficiente - Kevin Deyoung
Ihntmn`gh
Iua`mrto
Thrtogo
Mehk`hs
E`arhs gm Fmv`n GmPhunk puae`ioghs phr Thrtovhz
Gmg`iothr`o
?. Irmmr, smnt`r, joimr
1. Oekh cïs smkurh
9. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms sub`i`mntm
7. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro
=. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms b`noe
2. Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsor`o
;. Eo A`ae`o `nqumarontoaem gm Ir`sth
:. Tmrs`stm mn eos Msir`turos
Qmiurshs rmihcmngoghs
Iràg`ths
?
Irmmr, smnt`r, joimr
C` oeco jo kuorgogh tus tmst`chn`hs, y ehs jm ocogh mn kron conmro.
Yoechs ??0<?2;
Mstm e`arh ihc`mnzo gm uno bhrco shrprmngmntm< un phmco gm ochr.
Nh tm prmhiupms, nh ms cãh. Wocphih ms gm c` msphso. Nh
prhv`mnm gm uno torlmto, uno pmeãiueo h gm eo üet`co aoeogo gm rhif.
Nh ms un phmco numvh h un phmco armvm. Tmrh, gmb`n`t`vocmntm, ms
un phmco gm ochr. Tug`stm joamreh emãgh ontms. @nieush pug`stm
joamreh iontogh. Ms me iopãtueh cïs eorkh, mn me e`arh cïs eorkh, mn
eo c`tog cïs eorko gm uno cuy eorko ihemii`ùn gm e`arhs. Gm ?.?:0
iopãtuehs g`smc`noghs o eh eorkh gm 22 e`arhs, msir`ths mn me iursh gm
ghs c`emn`hs, me Yoech ??0 ms me cïs eorkh.V?S
eorkh.V?S
P phr uno aumno rozùn.
Mstm soech mn port`iueor ms un oirùst`ih. Joy : vmrsãiuehs phr
iogo mstrhbo y, gmntrh gm iogo mstrhbo, iogo vmrsãiueh ihc`mnzo ihn
eo c`sco emtro gme oeboamth jmarmh. Thr eh tonth, ehs vmrsãiuehs ?-:
ihc`mnzon ihn eo emtro oemb , ehs vmrsãiuehs 0-?2 ihn amt , ehs
vmrsãiuehs ?;-17 ihn k`cme , y osã s`kum gurontm 11 mstrhbos y ?;2
vmrsãiuehs, thghs meehs mxuetontms mn su ochr phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Mn ?20 gm mshs vmrsãiuehs, me soec`sto joim oekuno rmbmrmni`o o eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs< emy, tmst`chn`hs, prmimpths, mstotuths,
congoc`mnths, rmkeos y prhcmsos, y Toeoaro. Mstm emnkuolm
opormim mn ios` iogo vmrsãiueh y, o cmnugh, cïs gm uno vmz mn me
c`sch vmrsãiueh. Ehs tàrc`nhs t`mnmn g`bmrmntms cot`ims gm
s`kn`b`iogh (p. ml.< eh qum G`hs qu`mrm, eh qum G`hs smÿoeo, eh qum G`hs
congo h eh qum G`hs jo g`ijh), pmrh thghs sm imntron mn eo c`sco
`gmo pr`ni`poe< eo rmvmeoi`ùn gm G`hs mn poeoaros.
Ymkurocmntm ms s`kn`b`iot`vh qum mstm `ntr`niogh, b`nocmntm
meoahrogh y rmsumeth phmco gm ochr ‗me cïs eorkh gm eo A`ae`o‗
nh ms oimrio gme cotr`chn`h, gm ehs j`lhs h gm ihc`go, ama`go,
chntoÿos, otorgmimrms, rãhs u hiàonhs, s`nh oimrio gm eo A`ae`o
c`sco.
]sor gmshghrontm
Eeocortm
Mrms ton kmn`oe.
Yuphnkh qum mstm phmco pumgm ioptor un chcmnth gm outànt`ih
soir`b`i`h poro numstrh jàrhm gm eo msiumeo smiungor`o. Tmrh, smo
iuoe bumro eo s`nimr`gog gm su `ntmni`ùn, ms uno phmsão
shrprmngmntmcmntm coeo. Eo coyhrão gm ehs phmcos msir`ths
iuongh shchs lùvmnms y mstochs mnochroghs, mn rmtrhspmit`vo,
nhs joimn smnt`r… ¸iùch phgrãochs gmi`reh8... un phih `niùchghs.
Msth sm gmam, mn portm, o qum phihs oghemsimntms shn
`nst`nt`vocmntm aumnhs phmtos. Eo aumno phmsão mntrm oghemsimntms
ms cïs h cmnhs ton joa`tuoe ihch koths `nst`nt`vocmntm oc`sthshs.
Tmrh eo htro rozùn phr eo qum numstrhs v`mlhs phmcos gm ochr
pumgmn smr ton pmnhshs gm emmr ms qum nhs smnt`chs `niùchghs ihn
su pos`ùn mxuamrontm y su oeoaonzo mxtrovokontm. Tmnsochs< «¡Oy!
Yumno ihch oeku`mn gm ?0 oÿhs mnochrogh. Nh pumgh irmmr qum
joyo s`gh ton mxokmrogh. ¡Msth sã qum ms smr cmehgrocït`ih!¶.
Tumgm smr mcaorozhsh rmmnihntrorsm ihn numstrh `e`c`togh
mntus`osch y gmsmnbrmnogo tmrnuro ontmr`hr, mspmi`oecmntm s` eo
rmeoi`ùn o eo qum oeoaochs nunio buni`hnù h s` me ochr, gmsgm
mnthnims, sm jo mnbr`ogh.
Cm prmkunth s`, iuongh emmchs un phmco ihch me Yoech ??0,
smnt`chs un phih gm eo c`sco turaoi`ùn. Ms gmi`r, c`rmchs ehs
vmrsãiuehs ?10-?92, phr mlmcpeh<
Corov`eehshs shn tus tmst`chn`hs6
phr tonth, ehs jo kuorgogh c` oeco.
Eo mxphs`i`ùn gm tus poeoaros oeucaro6
joim mntmngmr o ehs s`cpems.
C` ahio oarã y susp`rà,
phrqum gmsmoao tus congoc`mnths.
Cãrocm, y tmn c`smr`ihrg`o gm cã,
ihch oihstucaros ihn ehs qum ocon tu nhcarm.
Hrgmno c`s poshs ihn tu poeoaro,
y n`nkuno `n`qu`gog sm mnsmÿhrmm gm cã.
Eãarocm gm eo v`hemni`o gm ehs jhcarms,
y kuorgorà tus congoc`mnths.
emithr (h, oe cmnhs, eh qum mstm gmsmo qum smon). Msth suimgm
iuongh eo pmrshno p`mnso< «Cm mnionto mstm soech phrqum em go
vhz o eo ioni`ùn mn c` oeco¶.
Me prhpùs`th gm mstm e`arh ms qum oaroimchs msto tmrimro
rmspumsto gm conmro thtoe, s`nimro y ihns`stmntm. Ph gmsmh qum thgh
eh qum joy
numstro mn me Yoech
ioamzo ??0 ihrozùn.
y numstrh smo uno mxprms`ùn
Mn mbmith,gmihc`mnzh
thgh eh qum joye`arh
mstm mn
ihn eo ihnieus`ùn. Me Yoech ??0 ms eo cmto. _u`mrh ihnvmnimrtm (y
osmkurorcm gm mstor yh c`sch toca`àn ihnvmni`gh) gm qum eo A`ae`o
nh sm mqu`vhio, nh pumgm smr rmvhiogo, pumgm smr ihcprmng`go y
ms eo poeoaro cïs `cphrtontm mn tu v`go, eo ihso cïs rmemvontm qum
pumgms emmr iogo gão. Yheh iuongh mstmchs ihnvmni`ghs gm thgh
msth phgrmchs gor un «¡Yã! ¡Osã ms!¶ ihn thgos numstros bumrzos,
iogo vmz qum emochs me iopãtueh cïs eorkh gm eo A`ae`o.
T`mnso mn mstm pr`cmr iopãtueh ihch uno ope`ioi`ùn y ehs rmstontms
s`mtm iopãtuehs gm mstm e`arh ihch ehs ihcphnmntms nmimsor`hs o b`n
gm qum eos ihnieus`hnms gme Yoech ??0 mstàn koront`zogos. H, s`
pug`mro usor uno cmtïbhro `nhev`goaem, p`mnso mn ehs iopãtuehs 1 oe :
ihch s`mtm brosihs vmrt`ghs mn un ioegmrh j`rv`mntm y mstm iopãtueh
ihch me rmsuetogh iotoeãt`ih. Me Yoech ??0 nhs cumstro quà irmmr
sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, quà smnt`r gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y quà
joimr ihn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Msto ms eo ope`ioi`ùn. Msto ms eo
rmoii`ùn quãc`io prhgui`go mn me pumaeh gm G`hs iuongh vmrtmchs
mn numstro cmntm y ihrozùn eo sub`i`mni`o, eo outhr`gog y eo ieor`gog
gm eo Msir`turo, y thgh eh gmcïs qum mnihntrormchs mn ehs rmstontms
s`mtm iopãtuehs. Me Yoech ??0 ms eo mxpehs`ùn gm oeoaonzo jmijo
rmoe`gog phr uno ghitr`no hrthghxo y mvonkàe`io gm eo Msir`turo.
Iuongh oarozochs thgh eh qum eo A`ae`o g`im sharm sã c`sco,
mnthnims, y sheh mnthnims, irmmrmchs eh qum gmamchs irmmr sharm
eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, smnt`rmchs eh qum gmamchs smnt`r y jormchs eh
qum gmamchs joimr ihn meeo.
¸_uà gmah irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs8
Mn
Mn me Yoech ??0 vmchs, oe cmnhs, trms ioroitmrãst`ios msmni`oems m
`rrmguit`aems qum gmamchs irmmr sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Tr`cmro, eo Toeoaro gm G`hs g`im eh qum ms vmrgogmrh. Ihch me
V?S Me Yoech ??0 ms me iopãtueh cïs eorkh gm eo A`ae`o gmsgm iuoequ`mr punth gm v`sto (s` a`mn gmamchs
V?S
rmihrgor qum eo g`v`s`ùn mn iopãtuehs nh ms `nsp`rogo). Gmtmrc`nor me e`arh cïs eorkh gm eo A`ae`o ms un phih
cïs ihcpe`iogh. Yoechs ms me e`arh cïs eorkh gm eo A`ae`o s` ihntochs iopãtuehs h vmrsãiuehs. @nieush hiupo
cïs pïk`nos mn numstros A`ae`os mn mspoÿhe. Tmrh gogh qum iopãtuehs, vmrsãiuehs y nücmrhs gm pïk`nos nh
b`kuron mn ehs conusir`ths hr`k`noems, ehs
e hs mrug`ths jon prhpumsth htros conmros gm gmtmrc`nor eo mxtmns`ùn gm
un e`arh mn port`iueor. Gmpmng`mngh gme cmg`h gm iïeiueh, Lmrmcãos, Kànms`s y Mzmqu`me pumgmn smr cïs
eorkhs qum Yoechs.
V1S L.
V1S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ;2.
1
Oekh cïs smkurh
Thrqum nh hs jmchs gogh o ihnhimr me phgmr y eo vmn`go gm numstrh Ymÿhr
Lmsuir`sth
prhp`hs hlhss`ku`mngh bïaueos
su colmstog.
col mstog. Tumsort`b`i`hsos, s`nh ihch
iuongh àe rmi`a`ù joa`mngh
gm G`hs Togrm v`sth yihn
T ogrm kehr`o numstrhs
jhnro, em bum
mnv`ogo gmsgm eo coknãb`io kehr`o uno vhz qum gmião< Mstm ms c` J`lh ocogh, mn me
iuoe tmnkh ihcpeoimni`o. P nhshtrhs hãchs msto vhz mnv`ogo gme i`meh, iuongh
mstïaochs ihn àe mn me chntm sonth. Wmnmchs toca`àn eo poeoaro prhbàt`io cïs
smkuro, o eo iuoe joià`s a`mn mn mstor otmnths ihch o uno onthrijo qum oeucaro mn
eukor hsiurh, josto qum me gão msieormzio y me euimrh gm eo coÿono soeko mn vumstrhs
ihrozhnms6 mntmng`mngh pr`cmrh msth, qum n`nkuno prhbmião gm eo Msir`turo ms gm
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn pr`vogo, phrqum nunio eo prhbmião bum troãgo phr vheuntog jucono, s`nh
qum ehs sonths jhcarms gm G`hs joaeorhn s`mngh `nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth.
1 TMGQH ?<?2-1?
Ror`hs oÿhs otrïs, Ijr`st`on`ty Whgoy puae`iù un ortãiueh onùn`ch
t`tueogh
Rmochs «Cyiùchihnvmrsot`hn
mcpmzoao< w`tj Khg¶ (C` ihnvmrsoi`ùn ihn G`hs).
¸Whgovão joaeo G`hs8 Irmiã msiuijongh tmst`chn`hs sharm msth pmrh, josto hituarm
gm 144=, nh phgão gmi`r qum oekuno vmz cm jua`mro suimg`gh msth o cã. Yhy un
prhbmshr gm Wmhehkão gm cmg`ono mgog, mn uno un`vmrs`gog ir`st`ono cuy ihnhi`go.
Jm msir`th e`arhs qum jon s`gh prmc`oghs. C` nhcarm mstï mn eo ioamimro gm
Ijr`st`on`ty Whgoy . Thr oÿhs jm mnsmÿogh qum G`hs joaeo, pmrh nh phgão tmst`b`ioreh
pmrshnoecmntm. Ojhro sheh pumgh joimreh gm bhrco onùn`co phr rozhnms qum,
mspmrh, smrïn ieoros. ]n oÿh gmspuàs gm msiuijor eo vhz gm G`hs, thgovão nh pumgh
joaeor h pmnsor sharm c` ihnvmrsoi`ùn ihn G`hs
G` hs s`n smr vmni`gh phr eo mchi`ùn.V?S
mchi`ùn. V?S
Me onùn`ch prhbmshr s`ku`ù joaeongh sharm su mxpmr`mni`o ghngm
G`hs
eumkhsharmnoturoecmntm
eh ku`ù o ut`e`zor meemg`nmrh
g`h megm
ahsqumlh
eo vmntoy gm
me mstm
tãtueh poro
gm un e`arh, oy
oyugor
qum un lhvmn bumro oe smc`nor`h y sm prmpororo poro me c`n`stmr`h.
Wmrc`nù me ortãiueh g`i`mngh iuïn bhrtoemi`go joaão s`gh su bm iuongh
b`noecmntm G`hs em joaeù pmrshnoecmntm.
Msto ms uno j`sthr`o jmrchso phr vor`os rozhnms, mximpth mn oekh
irui`oe< go eo `cprms`ùn gm qum G`hs nh nhs joaeo pmrshnoecmntm. Me
ortãiueh nhs gmlo s`nt`mngh qum, ounqum G`hs nhs joaeo o trovàs gm
eos Msir`turos, ms un cmg`h gm ihcun`ioi`ùn `nbmr`hr, cmnhs
mchi`hnontm y cmnhs mg`b`iontm. Nh phgmchs mv`tor ihnieu`r
g`i`mngh< «Yã, eo A`ae`o ms `cphrtontm, pmrh ¡hj, quà tmshrh smrão s`
gmieoroi`ùn
Oekunhs rmgungontm,
ir`st`onhs, pmrh eo poeoaro
`nbeumni`oghs «ms¶ g`im
phr tmùehkhs oekh `cphrtontm.
nmhhrthghxhs ihch
Fore Aortj, tmcmn gmi`r qum eo A`ae`o ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y
prmb`mrmn gmi`r qum eo A`ae`o ihnt`mnm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs h sm
ihnv`mrtm mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, h qum me mvmnth mn me qum G`hs nhs
joaeo o trovàs gm eo A`ae`o ms eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Me pmnsoc`mnth
nmhhrthghxh `ntmnto g`stoni`or eos ob`rcoi`hnms gm `nsp`roi`ùn gm eos
poeoaros msir`tos sharm eos pïk`nos gm eo Msir`turo. Msto g`st`ni`ùn,
s`n mcaorkh, jua`mro s`gh mxtroÿo poro me opùsthe Tmgrh, pums thgos
eos nhaems ob`rcoi`hnms qum àe joim sharm eo «prhbmião¶ h eo
«poeoarogmprhbàt`io¶
msir`tos shn jmijos ihn rmbmrmni`o o eos poeoaros
eo Msir`turo.
Mn msths vmrsãiuehs, Tmgrh uso trms tàrc`nhs poro rmbmr`rsm o eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs< «poeoaro prhbàt`io¶ (v. ?0), «prhbmião gm eo
Msir`turo¶ (v. 14) y «prhbmião¶ (v. 1?). Whghs msths cmni`hnon o eo
prhbmião gm oekuno conmro y shn usoghs cïs h cmnhs
`ng`st`ntocmntm. Toro numstros ihns`gmroi`hnms ms `cphrtontm nhtor
qum eo poeoaro kr`mko poro Msir`turo mn me vmrsãiueh 14 ms kropjm,
qum sm rmb`mrm o oekh qum jo s`gh msir`th. Toro g`ijh vmrsãiueh,
Tmgrh t`mnm mn cmntm nh sheh eos trog`i`hnms hroems h un g`siursh,
s`nh un tmxth msir`th. Eo v`s`ùn gm Tmgrh gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn nh pumgm
smr e`c`togo oe g`siursh prhbàt`ih h o un mvmnth gm prmg`ioi`ùn, s`nh
qum `nieuym eos pïk`nos gm eos Msir`turos.
P nh sheh mstïn s`mngh ihns`gmrogos eos portms prhbàt`ios sharm eo
Ymkungo Rmn`go, s`nh thgh me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth. Osã ihch «eo emy
y ehs prhbmtos¶ pumgm smr
s mr uno gmnhc`noi`ùn kmnmroe poro me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth (Ct. ;<?1), eo emy h ehs prhbmtos pumgmn smr usoghs
smporogocmntm. N`nkün lugãh jorão uno g`st`ni`ùn mn iuonth o qum
oekunos portms gm eo Msir`turo mron cïs vmrgogmros qum htros (1 W`.
9<?2). Whgh eh qum ms vmrgog gm eo emy ms vmrgog gm ehs prhbmtos, y
v`imvmrso. Eo poeoaro prhbàt`io ms s`cpemcmntm uno conmro poro
rmbmr`rsm o eo rmvmeoi`ùn msir`turogo. Ihch g`im Ioev`nh< «Ph
`nsp`roghs. Cïs a`mn, 1 Tmgrh ?<1? mnsmÿo, ihch jon mnbot`zogh ehs
tmùehkhs mvonkàe`ihs uno y htro vmz, qum ehs jhcarms joaeorhn (y
msir`a`mrhn), oe t`mcph qum mron «eemvoghs¶ phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth.
Eo brosm «hpmroi`ùn ihniurs`vo¶ ms usogo ihn brmiumni`o poro
gmsir`a`r me prhimsh gm `nsp`roi`ùn, y s`kn`b`io qum G`hs usù me
`ntmemith,
msir`a`r eheos
qumjoa`e`gogms
mro g`v`nh ymeo`nboe`aem.
pmrshnoe`gog
Mn unboe`aem gm eo
smnt`gh, jhcarms,
A`ae`o msporo
un
e`arh tonth juconh ihch g`v`nh, pmrh msh gm n`nkuno conmro
`cpe`io oekuno boe`a`e`gog mn eos Msir`turos. Eo outhrão guoe gm eo
Msir`turo nh rmqu`mrm `cpmrbmii`ùn osã ihch tocphih eos ghs
noturoemzos gm Ir`sth rmqu`mrmn qum numstrh Yoevoghr joyo pmiogh.
Ihch g`im Ioev`nh sharm ehs prhbmtos< «VMeehsS nh hsorhn onuni`or
nogo pmrshnoe, y hamg`mntmcmntm s`ku`mrhn oe Mspãr`tu ihch su kuão,
qu`mn khamrnoao mn eo ahio gm meehs ihch mn su prhp`h sontuor`h¶.
V9S
Me vmrahihch
trogui`gh «s`mngh `nsp`roghs¶
«troãgo¶ mn me vmrsãiueh
mn me c`sch vmrsãiuehy1? ms pjmrh
ihch , qum ms
«mnv`ogo¶ mn
ehs vmrsãiuehs ?; y ?:. Me tàrc`nh suk`mrm un rmsuetogh smkurh, qum
ms mnv`ogh y osmkurogh phr htrh. Eos poeoaros mnv`ogos gme i`meh
(vv. ?;-?:) y eos poeoaros gm ehs prhbmtos (v. 1?) b`noecmntm v`n`mrhn
gmsgm me c`sch eukor< G`hs.
A. A. [orb`meg eh mxpe`io osã<
Me tàrc`nh usogh oquã (troãgo/mnv`ogo) ms cuy mspmiãb`ih. Nh gmam smr ihnbung`gh
ihn ku`or, g`r`k`r h ihntrheor, n` s`qu`mro ihn ihngui`r mn me smnt`gh ocpe`h gm eo
poeoaro. Eo poeoaro vo cïs oeeï gm mshs tàrc`nhs oe os`knor me mbmith prhgui`gh
mspmiãb`iocmntm oe okmntm oit`vh. Eh qum ms «mnv`ogh¶ ms oimptogh phr me «phrtoghr¶
yprhp`o
tronsc`t`gh
cmto. phr
Oquãme ms
phgmr gme «phrtoghr¶
gmieorogh qum ehsporo hatmnmr
jhcarms qumeo joaeorhn
cmto gme «phrtoghr¶,
gm portm gmnh su
G`hs
bumrhn thcoghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth y ku`oghs phr su phgmr o eo cmto gm su
memii`ùn. Eos ihsos qum meehs joaeorhn aolh msto hpmroi`ùn gme Mspãr`tu bumrhn, phr eh
tonth, eos ihsos gme Mspãr`tu, nh eos gm meehs. P mso ms eo rozùn phr eo iuoe sm ihns`kno
phr quà «eo poeoaro prhbàt`io¶ ms ton smkuro. Ounqum bum joaeogo cmg`ontm eo
`nstrucmntoe`gog gm ehs jhcarms, mso poeoaro ms, phr v`rtug gme jmijh gm qum thghs
mshs jhcarms joaeorhn «`nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth¶, `ncmg`otocmntm eo g`v`no
Toeoaro.V7S
Toeoaro. V7S
Eo outhrão g`v`no gm eos Msir`turos nh gmsiorto me ush gm uno
`nstrucmntoi`ùn jucono oit`vo, osã ihch eo port`i`poi`ùn jucono
nh s`kn`b`io qum eo Msir`turo ms cmnhs pmrbmito y g`v`no.
V?S
V?S jttp<//www.ijr`st`on
jttp<//www.ijr`st`on`tythgoy
`tythgoy.ihc/it/144;/corij/1
.ihc/it/144;/corij/1.77.jtce.
.77.jtce.
V1S Luon
V1S Luon Ioev`nh, Ihccmntor`ms hn tjm Iotjhe`i Mp`stems , trog. y mg. Lhjn Hwmn (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr,
?009 V?:==S), 90?.
V9S
V9S @aãg .
V7S Amnlocãn A. [orb`meg, Wjm @nsp`rot`hn ong Outjhr`ty hb tjm A`aem (Tj`ee`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmr`on &
V7S
Qmbhrcmg, ?07:), ?9;. Toro smr prmi`shs, [orb`meg vm trms chghs gm rmvmeoi`ùn mn eo Msir`turo< eo
con`bmstoi`ùn mxtmrno, eo sukmrmni`o `ntmrno y eo hpmroi`ùn ihniurs`vo (:9’02). Àe ua`io me c`n`stmr`h prhbàt`ih
gme Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth mn eo smkungo iotmkhrão, ihns`gmrongh o ehs prhbmtos ihch cïs pos`vhs qum ehs
outhrms ophstùe`ihs gme Numvh Wmstocmnth. Gm thgos conmros, àe ogv`mrtm mn iuonth o prms`hnor gmcos`ogh
eos g`st`ni`hnms, nhtongh qum ehs prhbmtos s`kumn usongh su `ntme`kmni`o oe rmi`a`r eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, y thgo eo
Msir`turo ms gmsir`to ihch «prhbmião¶ mn 1 Tmgrh ?<?0-1?. Ràosm toca`àn eo smii`ùn gm «A`ae`hehkão¶ mn eo
haro gm Brmg K. \ospme, Wjmhehky hb A. A. [orb`meg< O Yystmcot`i Yuccory ([jmothn, @E< Irhsswoy, 14?4).
V=S
V=S Ioev`nh,
Ioev`nh, Ihccmntor`ms hn tjm Iotjhe`i Mp`stems , 904.
V2S @aãg .
V2S
V;S L.
V;S L. @. Toifmr, Wrutj ong Thwmr< Wjm Teoim hb Yir`pturm `n tjm Ijr`st`on E`bm ([jmothn, @E< Jorheg Yjow,
?002), ==.
9
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms sub`i`mntm
G`hs, joa`mngh joaeogh cuijos vmims y gm cuijos conmros mn htrh t`mcph o ehs
pogrms phrjmrmgmrh
ihnst`tuyù ehs prhbmtos, mn msths
gm thgh, y phrphstrmrhs gãos nhs
qu`mn os`c`sch jomejoaeogh
j`zh phrmemeiuoe,
un`vmrsh6 J`lh,s`mngh
o qu`mnme
rmspeonghr gm su kehr`o, y eo `cokmn c`sco gm su sustoni`o, y qu`mn sustmnto thgos
eos ihsos ihn eo poeoaro gm su phgmr, joa`mngh mbmituogh eo pur`b`ioi`ùn gm numstrhs
pmioghs phr cmg`h gm sã c`sch, sm smntù o eeo o g`mstro
g `mstro gm eo Colmstog mn eos
e os oeturos,
oe turos,
jmijh tonth supmr`hr o ehs ïnkmems, iuonth jmrmgù cïs mximemntm nhcarm qum meehs.
JMAQMHY ?<?-7
¸Oekuno vmz tm jos prmkuntogh s` eo A`ae`o pumgm rmoecmntm
oyugortm ihn tus prhaemcos cïs prhbunghs8 ¸Jos euijogh poro
soamr quà joimr ihn tu v`go, y gmsmogh joamr tmn`gh oekuno poeoaro
mspmi`oe gm portm gme Ymÿhr8 ¸Oekuno vmz pmnsostm qum eo
mnsmÿonzo aãae`io sharm me smxh nmims`to smr oituoe`zogo8 ¸Oekuno
vmz gmsmostm uno rmvmeoi`ùn cïs g`rmito y pmrshnoe qum eo qum
hat`mnms cmg`ontm uno emituro c`nui`hso gm thgo eo A`ae`o8 ¸Oekuno
vmz jos qumr`gh smirmtocmntm oÿog`r oekh o eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, yo
soams, poro joimr eos ihsos cïs smkuros8 ¸Oekuno vmz qu`s`stm
me`c`nor oekh poro joimr qum eo A`ae`o bumro cïs okrogoaem8 ¸Oekuno
vmz jos gogh phr smntogh qum eo A`ae`o nh g`im thgh sharm iùch
oghror o G`hs h iùch hrgmnor su @kems`o8 ¸Oekuno vmz jos smnt`gh
qum eo A`ae`o nh ms sub`i`mntm poro v`v`r uno v`go gm bm mn me cungh
chgmrnh8 Y` pumgms rmsphngmr ihn un «s㶠o iuoequ`mro gm mstos
prmkuntos ‗y thghs eh jormchs o vmims‗, mstïs aotoeeongh ihn eo
sub`i`mni`o gm eo Msir`turo.
Eo coyhrão gm ehs ir`st`onhs mstïn boc`e`or`zoghs ihn ehs otr`auths
gm G`hs. Mn oekün chcmnth y mn oekün n`vme jmchs mstug`ogh eo
sont`gog gm G`hs, su lust`i`o, hcn`si`mni`o, shamronão, ahngog,
c`smr`ihrg`o, ochr, h iuoequ`mr htro ioroitmrãst`io qum phgochs
mnucmror ihch ehs otr`auths g`v`nhs. Tmrh gugh qum phgochs
nhcaror, cuijh cmnhs mxpe`ior, ehs otr`auths gm eo Msir`turo.
Wrog`i`hnoecmntm, ehs tmùehkhs prhtmstontms jon rmsoetogh iuotrh
ioroitmrãst`ios msmni`oems gm eo Msir`turo< sub`i`mni`o, ieor`gog,
outhr`gog y `cphrtontm
prhtmkmr uno nmims`gog.vmrgog
Iogo sharm
unh eo
gmA`ae`o<
msths otr`auths prmtmngm
Yub`i`mni`o< Eos Msir`turos ihnt`mnmn thgh eh qum nmims`tochs
poro me ihnhi`c`mnth gm eo soevoi`ùn y eo v`go p`oghso. Nh
nmims`tochs n`nkuno numvo rmvmeoi`ùn gmsgm ehs i`mehs.
Ieor`gog< Me cmnsolm soevãb`ih gm Lmsuir`sth ms mnsmÿogh
ieorocmntm
me qum tmnko mnhãghs
eos Msir`turos y pumgm
poro hãreh. smr ihcprmng`gh
Nh nmims`tochs phr thgh
un cok`stmr`h
hb`i`oe poro gmi`rnhs quà s`kn`b`io eo A`ae`o.
Outhr`gog< Eo üet`co poeoaro s`mcprm eo t`mnm eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs. Nunio gmamchs pmrc`t`r qum eos mnsmÿonzos sharm
i`mni`o, eo mxpmr`mni`o jucono h ehs ihni`e`hs gm `kems`os
prmvoemzion phr sharm eo Msir`turo.
Nmims`gog< Eo rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe nh ms sub`i`mntm poro
soevornhs. Nh phgmchs ihnhimr o G`hs soevãb`iocmntm cmg`ontm
eo mxpmr`mni`o
Toeoaro pmrshnoe
gm G`hs nhs g`koy iùch
eo rozùn jucono.
v`v`r
v`v`r, Nmims`tochs
, qu`àn ms qumsmr
Ir`sth y iùch eo
soevhs.
Toro rmoihchgor me hrgmn gm ehs otr`auths, phgrãochs gmi`r< eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs t`mnm eo üet`co poeoaro6 eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro6
eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsor`o6 eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms sub`i`mntm.
Iogo unh gm msths otr`auths cmrmim un iopãtueh oportm. Mn mstm
iopãtueh ihcmnzormchs ihn eo sub`i`mni`o gm eo Msir`turo.
Cïs qum sub`i`mntm
Eo
E o ghitr`no gm
pmrbmii`ùn gm eo eosub`i`mni`o gm eo s`kn`b`io
Msir`turo‗ Msir`turo ‗oqum vmims eeocogo gmms
eo «Msir`turo eo
sub`i`mntmcmntm ieoro poro joimrnhs rmsphnsoaems poro iucpe`r ihn
numstros rmsphnsoa`e`gogms ontm G`hs¶.V?S
G`hs¶.V?S Ms uno ghitr`no àt`io.
Me`c`no iuoequ`mr mxiuso poro gmshamgmimr. Nog`m pumgm gmi`r qum
G`hs nh jo rmvmeogh eh sub`i`mntm poro qum smochs soevhs h poro
v`v`r uno v`go okrogoaem o G`hs. Eo Msir`turo nhs joim ihcpmtmntms
y «mntmrocmntm prmporoghVsS poro thgo aumno haro¶ (1 W`. 9<?2-?;).
Nh nmims`tochs oÿog`r nogo o eo A`ae`o poro iucpe`r ehs rmths
prmsmntms, n` soior nogo gm meeo y osã mniolor mn ehs `gmoems
chgmrnhs. Eo Toeoaro
eh qum nmims`tochs gm ihnhimr
poro G`hs ms pmrbmito
oimrio gmy ihcpemto, y nhs go thgh
Ir`sth, eo soevoi`ùn y eo
V?S
V?S Lhjn
Lhjn C. Brocm, Wjm Ghitr`nm hb tjm [hrg hb Khg (Tj`e`psaurk,
(Tj`e`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmr`on & Qmbhrcmg, 14?4), 112.
V1S I`togh mn me e`arh gm W`chtjy [org, [hrgs hb E`bm< Yir`pturm os tjm E`v`nk ong Oit`vm [hrg hb Khg
V1S
(Ghwnmrs Krhvm, @E< @RT Oiogmc`i, 1440), ?4;.
V9S Brocm,
V9S Brocm, Ghitr`nm hb tjm [hrg hb Khg , 11;.
V7S
V7S Jmrcon
Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcot`is, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmc`i, 1449), 70?.
V=S Brocm,
V=S Brocm,
V2S L.
V2S Ghitr`nm
L. @. Toifmr, hb tjm [hrg hb Khg
― Bungocmntoe`sc– ong ,tjm
11;.[hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ??0. C`mntros
qum mstm t`ph gm rmvmeoi`ùn «`ncmg`oto¶ jo imsogh, gmamchs pmrc`t`r eo rmvmeoi`ùn «cmg`oto¶ phr eo qum G`hs
nhs go numvhs ihnhi`c`mnths y ope`ioi`hnms ‗o vmims gm conmro shrprmngmntms‗ pmrh s`mcprm o trovàs gm
eo Msir`turo. Ràosm o Kornmt C`enm, Wjm [mstc`nstmr Ihnbmss`hn hb Bo`tj ong tjm Imssot`hn hb Ypmi`oe
Qmvmeot`hn< Wjm Colhr`ty Tur`ton R`mwph`nt hn [jmtjmr Mxtro-A`ae`ioe Trhpjmiy @s Yt`ee Thss`aem (Aemtijemy,
C`ethn Fmynms, ]F< Totmrnhstmr,
Totmrnhstmr, 144;).
7
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms ieoro
Thrqum mstm congoc`mnth qum yh tm hrgmnh jhy nh ms gmcos`ogh g`bãi`e poro t`, n`
mstï emlhs. Nh mstï mn me i`meh, poro qum g`kos< ¸_u`àn sua`rï phr nhshtrhs oe i`meh, y
nhs eh tromrï y nhs eh jorï hãr poro qum eh iucpeochs8 N` mstï oe htrh eogh gme cor,
poro qum g`kos< ¸_u`àn posorï phr nhshtrhs me cor, poro qum nhs eh tro`ko y nhs eh
joko hãr, o b`n gm qum eh iucpeochs8 Thrqum cuy imrio gm t` mstï eo poeoaro, mn tu
ahio y mn tu ihrozùn, poro qum eo iucpeos.
GM]WMQHNHC@H 94<?
94<??-?7
?-?7
Ror`hs oÿhs otrïs, yh mstoao joaeongh mn un ponme sharm eo @kems`o
mcmrkmntm. Cm mnihntroao, lunth ihn htrhs ponme`stos, mn uno soeo
gm ihnbmrmni`os mnhrcm qum phgrão oeamrkor oe cmnhs o c`e
pmrshnos smntogos. Ym rmsp`roao uno otcùsbmro gm gmaotm ihn
`ntmrvmni`hnms ihnt`nuos, y un rhausth kruph gm smtmnto y i`nih
pmrshnos qum opmnos prmstoaon otmni`ùn, g`smc`nogos mn eo
bhrc`goaem soeo. Ounqum me mvmnth bum phih cmchroaem, rmiumrgh eo
sms`ùn phr un jhcarm qum sm cm oimriù poro ijoreor, gmspuàs gm eo
prmsmntoi`ùn. Mn rmoe`gog, «ijoreor¶ smrão un mubmc`sch, pums bum
cïs uno ormnko. Mstm jhcarm, iuyo msphso nhs hasmrvoao mn eo
g`stoni`o ihn uno ioro gm «yo jm v`sth msth ontms¶, mstoao bur`hsh,
pums mn un chcmnth hsà ob`rcor qum ihnhião eh qum eo Msir`turo
mnsmÿoao.
Qïp`gocmntm cm g` iumnto gm qum numstro ihnvmrsoi`ùn nh
mstoaovmz
Iogo ymngh
qumoyhn`nkuno portmuny qum
rmihrgoao tmxthmro
gm brustrontm poroàeocahs.
eo Msir`turo, gmião<
«Aumnh, mso ms su `ntmrprmtoi`ùn¶. Iuongh cmni`hnà htros
Msir`turos poro chstror qum Lmsüs y ehs opùsthems ob`rcoaon
ihnhimr quà s`kn`b`ioao eo Msir`turo, àe rmsphng`ù< «Aumnh, mso ms
sheh su `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm mshs posolms sharm eo `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm eo
Msir`turo¶. Gmspuàs cmni`hnà o Toaeh iuongh rozhnoao mn eo
s`nokhko, y àe rmsphng`ù< «Mso ms su conmro gm ihcprmngmr mso
j`sthr`o¶. Po pumgms vmr phr quà eo ihnvmrsoi`ùn nh mro cuy
s`kn`b`iot`vo. Nh phgãochs joaeor sharm n`nkün htrh tmco `cphrtontm
phrqum nh nhs phnãochs gm oiumrgh mn iuonth o qum sã phgãochs
]no ghitr`no g`siut`go
Y` a`mn eo ieor`gog gm eo Msir`turo pumgm pormimr mv`gmntm poro
Y`
i`mrths ir`st`onhs, ms pumsto aolh shspmijo phr cuijhs htrhs. Eos
halmi`hnms tãp`ios pumgmn smr okrupogos mn trms iotmkhrãos.
Eo halmi`ùn
mstogh cãst`io
gm ïn`ch . Gmrmoii`ùn
h uno oiumrghmxokmrogo,
ihn msto phs`i`ùn
cïs qum‗ouno
cmnugh un
msiumeo
gm pmnsoc`mnth bhrcoe‗, G`hs ms ton trosimngmntm qum nh sm pumgm
joaeor s`kn`b`iot`vocmntm gm Àe ihn poeoaros. Mn un ihntmxth
phpueor, sm sumem ihns`gmror ihch un `ntmnth juc`egm gm rmsiotor o
G`hs gm thgo numstro jucono conmro gm joimr tmhehkão. Eo bm
ir`st`ono, sm g`im, ms thtoecmntm c`stmr`hso y troto ihn ihsos qum nh
sm pumgmn peoscor mn poeoaros. Oe b`n y oe ioah, nh phgmchs phnmr
o G`hs mn uno iolo. Eo vmrgog nh pumgm smr iopturogo mn poeoaros h
ob`rcoi`hnms. Ihch cãn`ch, msth s`kn`b`io qum gmamrãochs mstor
rog`ioecmntm `ni`mrths sharm numstro `ntmrprmtoi`ùn gm eo Msir`turo.
Ihch cïx`ch, msth suk`mrm qum eo Msir`turo c`sco ms nogo cïs
qum un gàa`e `ntmnth gm gmsir`a`r ehs c`stmr`hs gm eo bm usongh eos
`cpmrbmii`hnms gme emnkuolm juconh.
Eo halmi`ùn iotùe`io. Trhtmstontms y iotùe`ihs j`stùr`iocmntm jon
shstmn`gh eo c`sco `ntmrprmtoi`ùn oimrio gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn y eo
`nmrroni`o, pmrh jon g`bmr`gh rmspmith o oekunhs gm ehs otr`auths gm
eo Msir`turo. Ehs tmùehkhs iotùe`ihs orkucmnton qum eo A`ae`o ihch
un thgh nh ms sub`i`mntmcmntm ieoro mn sã c`sco. Eo Msir`turo, mn
oekunos portms, ms `nihcpemto y nmims`to smr mxpe`iogo y
orkucmntogo phr eo trog`i`ùn. Thr numstro iumnto, phr eh tonth,
shchs prhpmnshs o coe`ntmrprmtor y ope`ior mqu`vhiogocmntm eos
Msir`turos. Nmims`tochs gm oeku`mn h gm oekh qum nhs hbrmzio uno
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn outhr`tot`vo y v`niueontm. Eo tormo gm gor uno
«`ntmrprmtoi`ùn outànt`io¶ gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs jo s`gh gogo oe
cok`stmr`h, msth ms, oe Topo y o ehs ha`sphs mn ihcun`ùn ihn àe.V1S
àe.V1S
Eo halmi`ùn gme peuroe`sch. Msto halmi`ùn mstï aosogo mn uno
mvoeuoi`ùn gm numstrh oituoe g`emco `ntmrprmtot`vh. Y` eo A`ae`o ms ton
ieoro, smkün g`im me orkucmnth, ¸phr quà ehs ir`st`onhs nh phgmchs
phnmrnhs gm oiumrgh mn eh qum s`kn`b`io8 ¸Thr quà joy tontos
gmnhc`noi`hnms8 ¸Thr quà joy tonths e`arhs ir`st`onhs ihn iuotrh
phs`i`hnms gm msth y i`nih phs`i`hnms gm oqumeeh8 Eo kmntm ob`rco
ihnhimr eh qum s`kn`b`io eo A`ae`o, pmrh ¸iùch pumgm smr ton ieoro s`
eo @kems`o usù eo A`ae`o poro lust`b`ior eo msieov`tug h eos Iruzogos h eo
W`mrro peono h eo ihcprmns`ùn kmhiàntr`io gme un`vmrsh8 Oe b`noe, me
orkucmnth nh ms tonth sharm s` uno `ntmrprmtoi`ùn port`iueor ms
ihrrmito h mqu`vhiogo. Eo halmi`ùn gme peuroe`sch
peuroe`sch iumst`hno eo `gmo
gm
unoqum oekunh gm nhshtrhs
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn tmnko
ms ihrrmito aosms sub`i`mntms poro ihnhimr s`
h `nihrrmito.
Mn vmz gm rmsphngmr o iogo halmi`ùn mspmiãb`io punth phr punth,
cm kustorão prmsmntor un mnbhqum cïs ocpe`h y vmr eh qum eo A`ae`o
g`im sharm su prhp`o ieor`gog. Oe trons`tor o trovàs gm eos Msir`turos y
osã soior oekunos `cpe`ioi`hnms gm eh qum mnihntrochs, p`mnsh qum
numstro gmb`n`i`ùn `n`i`oe pumgm smr shstmn`go y qum eos g`bmrmntms
halmi`hnms pumgmn smr rmsphng`gos. Ihcmnzormchs mxoc`nongh me
posolm qum mnioamzo mstm iopãtueh.
Imrio, nh emlhs
Me e`arh gm Gmutmrhnhc`h rmk`stro eo smkungo mntrmko gm eo emy, lusth
Me
iuongh ehs `srome`tos sm joeeoaon o punth gm mntror mn eo t`mrro
prhcmt`go (Gt. ?<?-:). Mcpmzongh phr me b`noe, me iopãtueh 97 rmk`stro
eo cumrtm gm Ch`sàs, me iopãtueh 99 eo amng`i`ùn b`noe gm Ch`sàs, me
iopãtueh 91 me iïnt`ih gm Ch`sàs, me iopãtueh 9? eo memii`ùn gm Lhsuà
poro suimgmr o Ch`sàs, y ehs iopãtuehs ?‗94 ihnst`tuymn un eorkh
smrcùn y uno imrmchn`o gm rmnhvoi`ùn gme poith gogo phr me Ymÿhr
phr ahio gm Ch`sàs. Ehs iopãtuehs 10 y 94, ihn aostontm eùk`io,
s`rvmn ihch eo ihnieus`ùn iuec`nontm gme smrcùn gm Ch`sàs.
Oimriïnghnhs un phih cïs, mnihntrochs qum Gmutmrhnhc`h 94<??- 94<??-
14 ms eo mxjhrtoi`ùn b`noe mn msto mxtmnso hroi`ùn. Ch`sàs `cpehro o
eo kmntm qum me`lo eo v`go, mn vmz gm eo cumrtm, kuorgongh ehs
congoc`mnths y mstotuths gme Ymÿhr (vv. ?=-14). Msto ms eo ieovm gm
thgh eh qum Ch`sàs jo mxpumsth mn ehs iopãtuehs ?‗94. Tmrh o b`n gm
joimr qum msto iorko smo mbmit`vo, Ch`sàs gmam gmchstror qum àe nh
em mstï p`g`mngh oe pumaeh qum joko oekh qum ms `cphs`aem. Thr eh
tonth, lusth ontms gm eo mxjhrtoi`ùn mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ?=-14, Ch`sàs
osmkuro oe pumaeh, mn ehs vmrsãiuehs ??-?7, qum eo Toeoaro gm G`hs
nh mstï bumro gm sus phs`a`e`gogms. Ihn aostontm `rhnão, mstm posolm
sharm eo s`cpe`i`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs nh ms me cïs bïi`e gm
mntmngmr. O pr`cmro v`sto, pormim `r mn ihntro gm eos gmieoroi`hnms
h mshtàr`io.
hsiurhs Ihch
poro g`lh Ioev`nh<
contmnmr «G`hscmntms
numstros nh nhs mn
prhphnm mn`kcosy
suspmnsh
othrcmntornhs ihn g`b`iuetogms, s`nh qum nhs mnsmÿo boc`e`orcmntm
eh qum ms nmimsor`h, gm oiumrgh o eo iopoi`gog y ihnsmiumntmcmntm
ihn eo `knhroni`o gme pumaeh¶.V7S
pumaeh¶.V7S
Eh qum G`hs qumrão gm su pumaeh nh mstoao msihng`gh emlhs mn me
i`meh h kuorgogh cïs oeeï gme cor. Eo emy pumgm mstor mn numstrhs
eoa`hs. Tumgm smr mnsmÿogo o numstrhs j`lhs (Gt. 2<;). Eo vheuntog
rmvmeogo gm G`hs nh rmqu`mrm gm uno `nvmst`koi`ùn n` gm rmshevmr ehs
c`stmr`hs gme un`vmrsh (10<10). Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs mstï imrio, nh
emlhs, lusth mn brmntm gm t`, e`sto poro smr ihcprmng`go y hamgmi`go.
Aosm gm eo ihnb`rcoi`ùn
Eh qum Gmutmrhnhc`h mnsmÿo sharm eo ieor`gog gm eo Toeoaro gm
Eh
G`hs ms ihnb`rcogh o eh eorkh gme rmsth gm eo A`ae`o. Mn ehs Yoechs,
phr mlmcpeh, me soec`sto ihcporo eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ihn uno
eïcporo. Eo Toeoaro ms uno eïcporo poro numstrhs p`ms y uno euz
poro numstrh ioc`nh (Yoe. ??0<?4=). Eo mxphs`i`ùn gm sus poeoaros
oeucaro y joim mntmngmr o ehs s`cpems (v. ?94). Me tmst`chn`h ms b`me
y joim soa`h oe smni`eeh (?0<;-:). Gogh qum G`hs ms euz (? Ln. ?<=),
nhshtrhs gmamchs mspmror qum su Toeoaro toca`àn smo ieoro y
ar`eeontm. Gmspuàs gm thgh, G`hs ihcun`io poro rmvmeor, nh poro
hsiurmimr.
Iuongh me e`arh gm eo emy bum rmgmsiua`mrth mn ehs t`mcphs gm
Lhsãos, me pumaeh eh emyù, eh mntmng`ù y suph quà gmaão joimr mn
rmspumsto (1 Q. 11‗19). Me s`kn`b`iogh gme tmxth nh posù
gmsopmri`a`gh poro meehs, `nieush gmspuàs gme posh gm cuijhs oÿhs.
¸Iuïe smrão mejmr`gh,
o un pumaeh prhpùs`th gm prhbmr`r
osustogh, ocmnozos
s`n emy y prhieocor
y gmsmspmrogh, prhcmsos
o cmnhs qum
sm gà phr smntogh qum msos ocmnozos y prhcmsos phgãon smr
mntmng`gos, oe cmnhs eh sub`i`mntm ihch poro qum me pumaeh
rmsphng`mro ihn bm y orrmpmnt`c`mnth8 Eo prmsmni`o gm ehs prhbmtos,
ehs «oahkoghs gme poith¶ gm G`hs, t`mnm smnt`gh sheh s` sm go phr
smntogh qum tmnãon me gmrmijh gm tronsc`t`r ehs punths gm eo emy qum
me pumaeh gmamrão joamr ihnhi`gh y smku`gh, pmrh qum joaãon
`knhrogh. Mn rmoe`gog, eo mstruituro suayoimntm gm thgh me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth suphnm qum ehs tmxths sonths shn vmjãiuehs ogmiuoghs
poro
rozùn,eo Nmjmcãos
tronsc`s`ùnpumgm
gm eosgmi`rnhs
`ntmni`hnms
qumy Msgros
gmsmhs ygmehs
G`hs. Thr mso
soimrghtms
«emãon mn me e`arh gm eo emy gm G`hs ieorocmntm, y phnãon me smnt`gh,
gm chgh qum mntmng`msmn eo emituro¶ (Nmj. :<:)< nh sheh su
`ntmrprmtoi`ùn, s`nh me s`kn`b`iogh gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs.
Mstm c`sch oimrioc`mnth o eo Msir`turo bum ihcport`gh phr Lmsüs
y ehs opùsthems. Ghimnos gm vmims Lmsüs opmeù o un tmxth gme
Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth,
Wmstocmnth, pmnsongh qum g`ijo opmeoi`ùn gmlorão zonlogh
me tmco. Msth `cpe`io qum Lmsüs irmão nh sheh qum me Ont`kuh
Wmstocmnth tmnão outhr`gog, s`nh qum tmnão un s`kn`b`iogh `noetmroaem
qum eo kmntm gmamrão smr iopoz gm rmihnhimr. Brmiumntmcmntm,
Lmsüs sm rmbmrão o eos Msir`turos ihch mv`gmni`o gm eo vmroi`gog gm
V?S Bumntm<
V?S Bumntm< www.`kems`ormbh
www.`kems`ormbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hn
rcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr
X[mstc`nstmr.jtce.
.jtce.
V1S Iotmi`sch gm eo @kems`o Iotùe`io, 1o mg., ?00;, portm ?, smii`ùn ?, iopãtueh 1, ortãiueh 1, @@@ V#:=, ?44S.
V1S
V9S
V9S Cottjmw Jmnry, Ihccmntory hn tjm [jhem A`aem , mg. Emse`m B. Ijurij (Krong Qop`gs, C@< \hngmrvon,
?02?), 144. Ràosm toca`àn «Wjm Temosurm hb Khg ong tjm Thss`a`e`ty hb Khge`nmss¶, iopãtueh = gm c` e`arh e `arh Wjm
Jhem `n Hur Jhe`nmss ([jmothn, @E< Irhsswoy,
Irhsswoy, 14?1).
V7S Luon Ioev`nh, Ioev`n‐s Ihccmntor`ms, Rheucm 1 , trog. Ijorems [`ee`oc A`nkjoc (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr,
V7S Luon
?009), 7?1.
V=S Jmrcon
V=S Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcot`is, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmc`i, 1449), 7;0.
V2S G. O. Iorshn, Ochrgozongh o G`hs< Me ir`st`on`sch brmntm oe peuroe`sch (Aorimehno< Tuae`ioi`hnms
V2S
Ongoc`h, ?000).
V;S I`togh
V;S I`togh mn Corf G. Wjhcpshn, O Iemor ong Trmsmnt [hrg< Wjm Ieor`ty hb Yir`pturm (Ghwnmrs Krhvm, @E<
@ntmrRors`ty
@ntmrR ors`ty Trmss, 1442), ;0.
V:S
V:S Gov`g
Gov`g Gon`mee, [`ee`oc Wyngoem< O A`hkropjy (Nmw Jovmn, IW< Poem ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss, ?007), ;0.
V0S @aãg .,., 9:9.
V0S
=
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms b`noe
Tosongh phr Onbãphe`s y Ophehn`o, eemkorhn o Wmsoeùn`io, ghngm joaão uno s`nokhko
gm ehs lugãhs. P Toaeh, ihch oihstucaroao, bum o meehs, y phr trms gãos gm rmphsh
g`siut`ù ihn meehs, gmieorongh y mxphn`mngh phr cmg`h gm eos Msir`turos, qum mro
nmimsor`h qum me Ir`sth pogmi`msm, y rmsui`tosm gm ehs cumrths6 y qum Lmsüs, o qu`mn
yh hs onuni`h, gmião àe, ms me Ir`sth. P oekunhs gm meehs irmymrhn, y sm luntorhn ihn
Toaeh y ihn Y`eos6 y gm ehs kr`mkhs p`oghshs kron nücmrh, y culmrms nhaems nh
phios. Mnthnims ehs lugãhs qum nh irmãon, tmn`mngh imehs, thcorhn ihns`kh o oeoekunhs
kunhs
hi`hshs, jhcarms coehs, y luntongh uno turao, oeahrhtorhn eo i`ugog6 y osoetongh eo
ioso gm Losùn, prhiuroaon soiorehs oe pumaeh. Tmrh nh joeeïnghehs, trolmrhn o Losùn
y o oekunhs jmrconhs ontm eos outhr`gogms gm eo i`ugog, kr`tongh< Msths qum
trosthrnon me cungh mntmrh toca`àn jon vmn`gh oiï6 o ehs iuoems Losùn jo rmi`a`gh6 y
thghs àsths ihntrov`mnmn ehs gmirmths gm Iàsor, g`i`mngh qum joy htrh rmy, Lmsüs. P
oeahrhtorhn oe pumaeh y o eos outhr`gogms gm eo i`ugog, hymngh mstos ihsos. Tmrh
hatmn`go b`onzo gm Losùn y gm ehs gmcïs, ehs shetorhn.
@ncmg`otocmntm, ehs jmrconhs mnv`orhn gm nhijm o Toaeh y o Y`eos josto Amrmo. P
meehs, joa`mngh eemkogh, mntrorhn mn eo s`nokhko gm ehs lugãhs. P àsths mron cïs
nhaems qum ehs qum mstoaon mn Wmsoeùn`io, pums rmi`a`mrhn eo poeoaro ihn thgo
she`i`tug, msiugr`ÿongh iogo gão eos Msir`turos poro vmr s` mstos ihsos mron osã. Osã
qum irmymrhn cuijhs gm meehs, y culmrms kr`mkos gm g`st`ni`ùn, y nh phihs jhcarms.
Iuongh ehs lugãhs gm Wmsoeùn`io sup`mrhn qum toca`àn mn Amrmo mro onuni`ogo eo
poeoaro gm G`hs phr Toaeh, bumrhn oeeï, y toca`àn oeahrhtorhn o eos cuet`tugms. Tmrh
`ncmg`otocmntm ehs jmrconhs mnv`orhn o Toaeh qum bumsm joi`o me cor6 y Y`eos y
W`chtmh sm qumgorhn oeeã. P ehs qum sm joaãon mniorkogh gm ihngui`r o Toaeh em
eemvorhn o Otmnos6 y joa`mngh rmi`a`gh hrgmn poro Y`eos y W`chtmh, gm qum v`n`msmn o
àe eh cïs prhnth qum pug`msmn, soe`mrhn.
JMIJHY ?;<?-?=
Msths ghs mp`shg`hs (unh mn Wmsoeùn`io y htrh mn Amrmo) t`mnmn
cuijh mn ihcün. Mn ocaos i`ugogms, Toaeh ihcmnzù su tormo
mvonkmeãst`io mn eo s`nokhko (vv. ?, ?4). Mn ocaos hios`hnms vmchs
v mchs
eo Toeoaro prhieocogo y mxoc`nogo, y me ush gm eo rozùn y eo
pmrsuos`ùn (vv. 1, 9, 7, ??, ?9). P, mn ocahs ioshs, eo rmspumsto
kmnmroe bum s`c`eor< ihntrhvmrs`o rmsuetontm phrqum oekunhs
rmi`a`mrhn eo Toeoaro (vv.
(vv. 7, ?1) c`mntros qum htrhs rmsphng`mrhn ihn
hg`h (vv. =, ?9). Eos mcprmsos c`s`hnmros mn Wmsoeùn`io y Amrmo
bumrhn s`c`eorms mn vor`hs ospmiths y cuy pormi`gos o eo mxpmr`mni`o
gm Toaeh oe prmg`ior me mvonkme`h mn htros i`ugogms krmihrrhconos.
Y`n mcaorkh, nh bumrhn s`c`eorms mn thghs ehs ospmiths. Eos
ihcporoi`hnms cmni`hnogos pumgmn smr mnkoÿhsos mn un ospmith.
Lmsüs pumgm `eustror ihn ehs e`r`hs gme iocph (Ct. 2<1:), pmrh «mstï
msir`th¶ pumgm vmnimr oe g`oaeh (7<?-??).
Gm n`nkün chgh msthy gmbmng`mngh me hsiuront`sch iuongh sm
troto gm prmkuntos g`bãi`ems ihnimrn`mntms o eo bm y eo i`mni`o. Ehs
posthrms qum nh jon tmn`gh uno ieosm gm i`mni`o gmsgm eo msiumeo
smiungor`o, o cmnugh shn gmcos`ogh g`spe`imntms ihn ehs tmcos
g`bãi`ems prmsmntoghs phr eo kmhehkão, a`hehkão y eo kmnàt`io. Tmrh, s`n
gugo, eo corio gme ir`st`onh ms irmmr mn thgh eh qum eo A`ae`o mnsmÿo,
s`n `cphrtor s` oeku`mn g`im qum nh pumgm smr osã. Eos rmv`stos
oiogàc`ios nh shn `nboe`aems, cuijh cmnhs ehs e`arhs gm tmxth
msiheorms h eo poeoarmrão gm phio guroi`ùn. Ihch ir`st`onhs,
s`mcprm gmamchs mstor g`spumsths o ioca`or gm hp`n`ùn iuongh
vmchs qum jmchs `ntmrprmtogh coe eos Msir`turos, pmrh msh poro
nogo s`kn`b`io qum gmamchs gmlor gm eogh eos Msir`turos phrqum
gurontm ehs üet`chs i`nih oÿhs ‗h i`niumnto h i`mnth i`niumnto‗
oekunhs i`mntãb`ihs
eo j`sthr`i`gog nhs jon
gm Ogïn `nbhrcogh
h qum gm qum
me un`vmrsh bum nh phgmchs
irmogh irmmr
o port`r gm mn
eo
nogo phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Eo rmvmeoi`ùn kmnmroe pumgm
chstrornhs qum joy un G`hs y ihnvmnimr o ehs qum nh eh oghron
ogmiuogocmntm. Tmrh eo rmvmeoi`ùn mspmi`oe joaeo cïs ieoro,
oa`mrto y outhr`tot`vocmntm. Y` eos Msir`turos t`mnmn eo üet`co poeoaro,
nunio gmamchs ioca`or n` uno lhto h uno t`egm gme Yonth E`arh,
s`cpemcmntm phrqum me e`arh gm eo noturoemzo, phr un t`mcph y gm
oiumrgh ihn oekunos vhims, pormim sukmr`r qum gmamrãochs joimreh.
Irmmr o b`n gm ihcprmngmr
Cuijhs ir`st`onhs rmbemx`vhs, qum ob`rcon eo `nmrroni`o y outhr`gog
Cuijhs
b`noe gm eo Msir`turo, y qum mstug`on cuijh eo A`ae`o y ihn
prhbung`gog, mvmntuoecmntm trhp`mzon ihn prhaemcos mn me tmxth
aãae`ih qum nh pmrc`tmn sheui`hnms s`cpems. Joy bmijos qum shn
g`bãi`ems gm ihni`e`or y nücmrhs qum pormimn nh mniolor. Joy
opormntms g`sirmponi`os qum nh shn bïi`ems gm orchn`zor y
prmkuntos s`n rmspumstos bïi`ems. Mstos pormimn smr ogc`s`hnms
mxtroÿos mn un iopãtueh sharm eo outhr`gog gm eo Msir`turo, pmrh ehs
ir`st`onhs nh gmamchs tmnmr c`mgh gm ogc`t`r eh qum vmchs. Y`
Tmgrh mnihntrù oekunos ihsos «g`bãi`ems gm mntmngmr¶ mn eos iortos
V?S Oeghus
V?S Oeghus Juxemy, mn Qhamrt Y. Aofmr y Locms Ymxthn, mgs., Oeghus Juxemy< Ihcpemtm Mssoys, Rheucm 7
(Eonjoc, CG< @von Q. Gmm, 144?), 920.
V1S
V1S Tmtmr Frmmbt, Iotjhe`i Ijr`st`on`ty< O Ihcpemtm Iotmij`sc hb Iotjhe`i Ijurij Ame`mbs Aosmg hn tjm
Iotmij`sc hb tjm Iotjhe`i Ijurij (Yon Broni`sih< @knot`us, 144?), ?:.
V9S Kory Ghrr`mn, Wjm Cof`nk hb Ocmr`ion E`amroe Wjmhehky< @gmoe`sc, Qmoe`sc, ong Chgmrn`ty, ?044’?0=4
V9S Kory
(Ehu`sv`eem< [mstc`nstmr Lhjn Fnhx, 1449), ?.
V7S
V7S Bumntm< www.`kems`ormbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V=S Bumntm< www.`kems`ormbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V=S
V2S L.
V2S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), ?40.
2
Eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ms nmimsor`o
Y`n mcaorkh, joaeochs soa`gurão mntrm ehs qum jon oeionzogh cogurmz6 y soa`gurão,
nh gm mstm s`keh, n` gm ehs prãni`pms gm mstm s`keh, qum pmrmimn. Cos joaeochs
soa`gurão gm G`hs mn c`stmr`h, eo soa`gurão hiueto, eo iuoe G`hs prmgmst`nù ontms gm ehs
s`kehs poro numstro kehr`o, eo qum n`nkunh gm ehs prãni`pms gm mstm s`keh ihnhi`ù6
phrqum s` eo jua`mron ihnhi`gh, nunio joarãon irui`b`iogh oe Ymÿhr gm kehr`o. Ontms
a`mn, ihch mstï msir`th<
Ihsos qum hlh nh v`h, n` hãgh hyù,
N` jon sua`gh mn ihrozùn gm jhcarm,
Yhn eos qum G`hs jo prmporogh poro ehs qum em ocon.
Tmrh G`hs nhs eos rmvmeù o nhshtrhs phr me Mspãr`tu6 phrqum me Mspãr`tu thgh eh
msiugr`ÿo, oun eh prhbungh gm G`hs. Thrqum ¸qu`àn gm ehs jhcarms soam eos ihsos
gme jhcarm, s`nh me mspãr`tu gme jhcarm qum mstï mn àe8 Osã tocphih nog`m ihnhi`ù
eos ihsos gm G`hs, s`nh me Mspãr`tu gm G`hs. P nhshtrhs nh jmchs rmi`a`gh me mspãr`tu
gme cungh, s`nh me Mspãr`tu qum prhv`mnm gm G`hs, poro qum smpochs eh qum G`hs nhs
jo ihnimg`gh, eh iuoe toca`àn joaeochs, nh ihn poeoaros mnsmÿogos phr soa`gurão
jucono, s`nh ihn eos qum mnsmÿo me Mspãr`tu, oihchgongh eh msp`r`tuoe o eh msp`r`tuoe.
? IHQ@NW@HY 1<2-?9
Eo coyhrão gm nhshtrhs, mn eh cïs prhbungh, qumrmchs eos c`scos
ihsos gm eo v`go. Thr supumsth, msthy joaeongh gm eos ihsos
`cphrtontms, nh gm eos `ncmg`otos. Mn me n`vme gm eh `ncmg`oth, eo
kmntm t`mnm uno ocpe`o vor`mgog gm gmsmhs. O oekunos pmrshnos ems
kusto v`olor6 o htros tmnmr uno aumno imno. O i`mrtos pmrshnos ems
kusto ghrc`r mn uno ioco ihnbhrtoaem y o htros oiocpor. Joy
c`eehnms gm kusths, `ntmrmsms y posot`mcphs. Tmrh s` ausiochs mn
me ihrozùn,
ihsos< yh irmh
qumrmchs un qum thghs smr
prhpùs`th, mn me cungh
bme`ims, qumrmchs
soamr eos c`scos
qum mstochs a`mn.
_umrmchs smr portm gm oekh cïs krongm qum nhshtrhs c`schs.
_umrmchs smr ihnhi`ghs phr oeku`mn qum ms cïs `cphrtontm qum
nhshtrhs c`schs. _umrmchs v`v`r poro s`mcprm.
P, s` mijos un v`stozh o mshs gmsmhs, mnihntrorïs qum eo coyhrão
gm eos pmrshnos mstïn mspmrongh oekuno poeoaro, qum vmnko gm
oekün eogh, poro b`noecmntm ihnhimr mso aumno v`go6 qu`mrmn uno emy
h uno e`sto qum ems gà ehs poshs qum gmamn gor poro eemkor oeeã.
_u`mrmn qum su comstrh ems g`ko< «Jos oprhaogh¶, h qum sus
pogrms ems g`kon<
troaolh shÿogh h gm«Wm och¶6
su i`to qu`mrmn rmi`a`r
gm mnsumÿh6 qu`mrmnuno eeocogonht`i`os
hãr aumnos gm su
rmvmeoi`ùn qum sm
iu`goghsocmntm ihehioao poro
msiugr`ÿogo lunthihnb`rcor
oe Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth
qum v`n`mro mro
gme kruph
soa`hs. YhehYheh
pmrghnoghs. o trovàs gm eos
msiuijongh aumnos
eo vhz numvos o phgmchs
gme Mspãr`tu trovàs gm smr
eos
V?S
V?S Bumntm< www.`kems`ormbhrcogo.ihc/Ihnbms`hnX[mstc`nstmr.jtce
V1S Jmrcon
V1S Jmrcon Aov`nif, Qmbhrcmg Ghkcot`is, Rheucm ?< Trhemkhcmno, mg. Lhjn Ahet, trog. Lhjn Rr`mng (Krong
Qop`gs, C@< Aofmr Oiogmc`i, 1449), 7;4.
V9S Lhnotjon
V9S Lhnotjon Mgworgs, Wjm [hrfs hb Lhnotjon Mgworgs, Rheucm 1< Qme`k`hus Obbmit`hns , mg. Lhjn M. Yc`tj
(Nmw Jovmn, IW< Poem ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss, ?0=0), ?1;-?04.
;
Eo A`ae`o `nqumarontoaem gm Ir`sth
Y` eeocù g`hsms o oqumeehs o qu`mnms v`nh eo poeoaro gm G`hs (y eo Msir`turo nh pumgm
smr qumarontogo), ¸oe qum me Togrm sont`b`iù y mnv`ù oe cungh, vhshtrhs gmiãs< Wü
aeosbmcos, phrqum g`lm< J`lh gm G`hs shy8
L]ON ?4<9=-92
Mn me ihrozùn gm mstm iopãtueh rmsoeto uno prmkunto. Ms uno
prmkunto s`cpem y, oe c`sch t`mcph, irui`oe6 uno prmkunto qum
`nnmkoaemcmntm bhrco y mstoaemim eo okmngo poro numstro ghitr`no
gm eo Msir`turo. Eo prmkunto ms msto< ¸_uà irmão Lmsüs oimrio gm eo
A`ae`o8
Y` mrms ir`st`onh, phr gmb`n`i`ùn gmams irmmr eh qum Lmsüs mnsmÿo.
Àe ms me J`lh gm G`hs. Àe ms numstrh Yoevoghr y Ymÿhr. Nhshtrhs
gmamchs smku`r su mlmcpeh, hamgmimr sus congoc`mnths y oimptor
me mntmng`c`mnth sharm eo Msir`turo qum Àe mnsmÿù y oghptù. Msth
s`kn`b`io, s`n gugo, qum shchs soa`hs s` irmmchs sharm eos
Msir`turos eh c`sch qum Lmsüs irmyù sharm meeos.
P, s` nh mrms ir`st`onh, `cok`nh qum oun osã voehros eh qum Lmsüs
g`lh. Ios` thgos eos pmrshnos, `nieush eos gm htros rme`k`hnms,
ihns`gmron o Lmsüs un comstrh `cphrtontm. Ihch cãn`ch, eos
pmrshnos irmmn qum Lmsüs bum un jhcarm nhaem y un kron prhbmto.
Thr eh tonth, s` mstïs `nvmst`kongh oe ir`st`on`sch h trotongh gm
ovmr`kuor nh sheh eh qum irmmn ehs ir`st`onhs s`nh eos aosms gm thgh
eh qum irmmn, mstm ms unh gm ehs cmlhrms eukorms poro ihcmnzor<
gmtmrc`nor quà irmão Lmsüs sharm eo A`ae`o.
Thgmchs pmnsor qum Lmsüs nh tmnão uno A`ae`o. P ms vmrgog, Àe
nh tmnão uno Qm`no Roemro ?024 mn su ioso. Ios`hghrh gm Qm`no y
I`pr`onh gm Roemro thgovão nh mx`stãon, y eo kmntm nh tmnão e`arhs.
Tmrh tmnãon rheehs, nh mn sus jhkorms, phr eh kmnmroe, s`nh mn eos
s`nokhkos. Mshs rheehs sokroghs mron ihns`gmroghs ihch uno gm eos
phsms`hnms cïs oprmi`ogos mn thgo ihcun`gog. Eo oghroi`ùn lugão
sm mnbhioao mn eo emituro y mxpe`ioi`ùn gm mshs msir`ths. Lmsüs,
ihch thgh lugãh gme pr`cmr s`keh, mstoao cuy boc`e`or`zogh ihn eos
Msir`turos jmarmos, eos qum nhshtrhs eeocorãochs cïs torgm me
Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth.
Wmstocmnth.
Mnthnims, eo prmkunto qum qu`mrh joimr htro vmz ms< ¸Iuïe bum eo
ghitr`no gm Lmsüs rmspmith o eos Msir`turos8 Mn mstm iopãtueh, nh
msthy prmkuntongh iùch `ntmrprmtoao Lmsüs eo A`ae`o, h iùch eo
iucpeão, h quà mnsmÿoao sharm meeo. Oquã msthy oahrgongh uno
prmkunto s`cpem pmrh oasheutocmntm irui`oe< ¸_uà irmão Lmsüs
sharm su A`ae`o8 O cmnhs qum hsmchs gmi`r qum Lmsüs mstoao
mqu`vhiogh h qum mro gmcos`ogh ihaorgm poro ihcun`ior thgh eh
qum qumrão gmi`r sharm eos Msir`turos, gmamchs ihnieu`r qum smo eh
qum bumro qum me pmrbmith J`lh gm G`hs irmymro sharm ehs msir`ths
sokroghs, nhshtrhs gmamrãochs irmmr eh c`sch. Nh gmamrão joamr
nogo ihntrhvmrt`gh mn ob`rcor qum eo ghitr`no gm Ir`sth sharm eo
Msir`turo gmamrão smr numstro ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo.
¸P iuïe mro su ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo8 Toro ovmr`kuoreh,
ihcmnimchs ihn me Mvonkme`h gm Luon y eumkh c`rmchs vor`hs
posolms mn Cotmh.
Y`n eãc`tms m `nqumarontoae
`nqumarontoaemm
Eo rmspumsto gm Lmsüs mn Luon ?4<9=-92 ms uno gm eos ihsos cïs
`cphrtontms qum Àe jo g`ijh6 y toca`àn uno gm eos cïs ihnbusos.
Ihcprmngmr me ihntmxth oyugorï.
Ehs lugãhs qumrãon opmgrmor o Lmsüs (v. 9?) phrqum Àe, ihch
jhcarm, hsù joimrsm `kuoe o G`hs (v. 99). Mn rmspumsto o msto
oiusoi`ùn, Lmsüs i`to me Yoech :1. Àe opmeo o eo Msir`turo («emy¶ VLn.
?4<97S mn mstm iosh ms `ntmrioca`oaem ihn «Msir`turo¶ V9=S). Ehs
lugãhs mstoaon chemsths gm qum Àe sm rmb`r`mro o sã c`sch ihch me
«J`lh gm G`hs¶, phr eh iuoe Lmsüs ems rmiumrgo qum mn eos Msir`turos
gm meehs eo poeoaro «g`hsms¶ (mehj`c) mro usogo mn rmbmrmni`o o
rmyms coevoghs (h lumims, cok`stroghs h oekuno outhr`gog
khamrnontm). Me ush gm «g`hsms¶ mn Yoechs :1<2 pormim
chemstornhs, pmrh me soec`sto, qum mstï joaeongh phr G`hs mn msm
chcmnth, prhaoaemcmntm mstà usongh un phih gm soriosch<
«C`rmn, yh sà qum ustmgms shn `cphrtontms y qum shn g`hsms mntrm
ehs jhcarms, pmrh chr`rïn ihch thghs ehs jhcarms¶. Lmsüs nh
mstoao trotongh gm prhaor su g`v`n`gog oe i`tor msto iur`hso
rmbmrmni`o gme Yoech :1, Àe mstoao trotongh gm soior o eo euz eos
prmtmns`hnms gm sus ogvmrsor`hs< «]stmgms mstïn cuy hasms`hnoghs
ihn eo poeoaro ―G`hs–, pmrh oquã c`sch, mn eos Msir`turos, msths
Eo c`sco poeoaro usogo mn Luon ?4<9= (euh6 qumaror) ms trogui`go
«qumarontm¶, mn Cotmh =<?0, smÿoeongh eh c`sch. Lmsüs rmkoÿo o
thgh me qum gmlm gm eogh h gma`e`tm, `nieush ehs «pmqumÿhs¶
congoc`mnths gm G`hs. Lmsüs uso vor`hs tàrc`nhs gm bhrco
`ntmrioca`oaem
congoc`mnths¶‗ ‗«eo emy h qum
suk`r`mngh ehs Àe
prhbmtos¶,
pmnsoao«eo nh emy¶, «msths
sheh mn ehs
`cpmrot`vhs chso`ihs s`nh mn thgo eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. P gogo su
rmbmrmni`o o «uno lhto¶ (`hto mn kr`mkh, qum ms eo emtro cïs pmqumÿo
gme oeboamth kr`mkh) y o uno t`egm (pmqumÿh konijh krïb`ih h v`rkue`eeo
qum g`st`nkum o emtros jmarmos s`c`eorms), phgmchs mstor smkurhs gm
qum Lmsüs mstoao pmnsongh, mn port`iueor, mn eo Toeoaro msir`to gm
G`hs. N` s`qu`mro eo portm cïs pmqumÿo gm eo Msir`turo jo s`gh
oahe`go phr eo vmn`go gm Ir`sth. Iucpe`go, sã, y ihcprmng`go cïs
ihcpemtocmntm o eo euz gm msto vmn`go, toca`àn, pmrh nunio smrï
`nmxoito,
gm qumarontogo,
mso conmro cmrmim hsmr `nbhrcoe. Oqume
me üet`ch mn mequm trotm
rm`nh gmoehs
eosi`mehs.
Msir`turos
Nhs
rmsuetorão cuy g`bãi`e joeeor uno ihnb`onzo cïs ihcprmjmns`vo mn eos
Msir`turos qum eo qum Lmsüs mxprmso mn mstm posolm.
Tmrh oeku`mn pumgm prmkuntor< ¸Nh shst`mnm Lmsüs oekunos vmims
qum me Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth mstï mqu`vhiogh8 Mn rmoe`gog, ¸nh
ihrr`km eos Msir`turos mn oekunos hios`hnms8 Tumgm pormimr osã,
pmrh gmspuàs gm uno `nspmii`ùn cïs gmtmn`go, vmchs qum Ir`sth
nunio ihrr`km un vmrsãiueh gm eo Msir`turo iuongh ms `ntmrprmtogo y
ope`iogo ihrrmitocmntm. Thr mlmcpeh, sm ob`rco qum Lmsüs suov`zù
ehs rmqumr`c`mnths gme sïaogh y, gm mso conmro, v`heù su prhp`h
pr`ni`p`h y chg`b`iù eo Msir`turo poro qum bumro cmnhs rãk`go. Tmrh,
mn rmoe`gog, Lmsüs opmeù o eo Msir`turo ‗o eo j`sthr`o gm Gov`g y sus
jhcarms qum ihc`mrhn ehs ponms gm eo prhphs`i`ùn‗ poro chstror
qum ehs bor`smhs mstoaon `cphn`mngh nhrcos qum v`heoaon eo
mnsmÿonzo gm eo Msir`turo (Cr. 1<19-1:).
Woca`àn sm g`im qum Lmsüs oahe`ù eo emy oe gmieoror e`cp`hs thghs
ehs oe`cmnths (Cr. ;<?0). Tmrh mstm ms un mlmcpeh pmrbmith gm eh qum
Lmsüs qumrão gmi`r iuongh ob`rcoao qum Àe joaão vmn`gh o iucpe`r eo
emy. Lmsüs nunio iumst`hno me hr`kmn g`v`nh gm ehs r`tuoems gm
e`cp`mzo h eo vmroi`gog gm eh qum msos emyms hrgmnoaon. Eh qum sã
joim, s`n mcaorkh, ms mnsmÿor qum, ihch uno ihcprmns`ùn cïs
meeo v`nh gm ehs b`nms gm eo t`mrro poro hãr eo soa`gurão gm Yoehcùn, y jm oquã cïs qum
Yoehcùn mn mstm eukor.
Msto j`sthr`o ms sheh un mlmcpeh gm iùch Lmsüs troto eo j`sthr`o
aãae`io ihch un smni`eeh rmk`strh gm jmijhs. Y` joy oekuno rmbmrmni`o
gme Ont`kuh Wmstocmnth qum pumgm smr iumst`hnogo, s`n gugo ms eo
j`sthr`o gm Lhnïs. Y`n mcaorkh, Lmsüs joaeo ihnb`ogocmntm sharm
Lhnïs mn me v`mntrm gme kron pmz, ihch s` Àe y thghs sus hymntms nh
tuv`mron n`nkün rmporh sharm eo mxoit`tug j`stùr`io gme rmeoth.
O gmi`r vmrgog, oekunhs mrug`ths, `nieush oqumeehs qum t`mnmn un
oeth ihnimpth gm eo Msir`turo, iumst`hnon s` gmamchs thcor eo
j`sthr`o gm Lhnïs e`tmroecmntm. Gmspuàs gm thgh, eo norrot`vo nh
prhv`mnm gm un e`arh hav`ocmntm j`stùr`ih ihch Qmyms, Irùn`ios h
Àxhgh. Lmsüs pugh joamr jmijh eo rmbmrmni`o gm Lhnïs gm eo c`sco
conmro qum nhshtrhs phgmchs rmbmr`rnhs o uno p`mzo gm e`tmroturo
a`mn ihnhi`go. _u`zï Lmsüs qu`sh gmi`r «ihch Lhnïs¶, osã ihch
nhshtrhs phgrãochs gmi`r «ihch ehs jhcarms gm Khnghr¶ h «ihch
Euios y Amn Fmnha`¶. _u`zï Lhnïs ms uno bïaueo y nunio bum
ihnima`go poro smr emãgo ihch j`sthr`o.
Msto mxpe`ioi`ùn sumno peous`aem, mximpth qum nh buni`hno,
tmn`mngh mn iumnto me rmsth gme g`siursh gm Lmsüs. Y` Lhnïs sheh bum
uno rmbmrmni`o e`tmror`o, ms iur`hsh qum oe c`sch t`mcph Lmsüs joyo
cmni`hnogh o eo rm`no gme Yur, qum ieorocmntm mro uno ihnhi`go
b`kuro j`stùr`io. Cïs irãt`iocmntm, ms g`bãi`e lust`b`ior me emnkuolm gm
Lmsüs sharm ehs jhcarms gm Nãn`vm emvontïnghsm poro luzkor o
Iopmrnouc oe b`noe gm ehs t`mcphs, s` eo coyhrão h thgo eo j`sthr`o gm
Lhnïs
oeus`ùnnh gma`mro
e`tmror`o smr jhcarms
o ehs thcogo e`tmroecmntm.
gm Khnghr yYmrão
eumkhihch
mc`t`rjoimr uno
uno cuy
smr`o ogvmrtmni`o o tu oug`mni`o gm qum ehs hrihs gm Chrghr sm
emvontorïn poro luzkorehs y ihngmnorehs. Nh t`mnm cuijh smnt`gh.
Ihch g`im W. W. Tmrhwnm, ihcmntongh sharm me pme`krh ton rmoe mn me
qum Lmsüs ihns`gmroao qum mstoaon sus hymntms, «y oun osã
suphnkochs qum Àe g`im qum pmrshnos `cok`nor`os, qum mstoaon mn
uno prmg`ioi`ùn `cok`nor`o gm un prhbmto `cok`nor`h sm orrmp`nt`mron
`cok`nor`ocmntm, sm emvontorãon oqume gão y ihngmnorãon eo rmoe
`cpmn`tmni`o gm ehs hymntms rmoems gm Lmsüs¶.V9S
Lmsüs¶.V9S Thr
Thr me ihntror`h, mn
ehs Mvonkme`hs
Khchrro, @sooi vmchs
y Loiha,o meLmsüs
conïrmbmr`rsm o Oame,eoNhà,
mn me gms`mrth, Yhghco
smrp`mntm mn mey
V?S Qhamrt [otts, Wjm Quem hb Bo`tj ong tjm Ghitr`nm hb @nsp`rot`hn< Wjm Iormy Emiturms bhr ?::7 (Ehngrms<
V?S Qhamrt
Jhggmr & Ythukjthn, ?::=), ?90.
V1S Ghnoeg
V1S Ghnoeg Coiemhg, ―Lmsus ong Yir`pturm,– mn Wjm Wrustwhrtj`nmss hb Khg< Tmrspmit`vms hn tjm Noturm hb
Yir`pturm, mg. Toue Jmec ong Iore Wrumcon (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, 1441), ;9.
V9S I`togh mn Lhjn [mnjoc, Ijr`st ong tjm A`aem, 9o mg. (Mukmnm, HQ< [`pb & Ythif, 1440), 14.
V9S I`togh
V7S Mstm
V7S Mstm pïrrobh rmsucm cuijhs gm ehs punths jmijhs phr Ghnoeg Coiemhg mn ―Lmsus ong Yir`pturm,– 0?.
V=S @aãg .,., 01.
V=S
V2S L.
V2S L. @. Toifmr, ―Bungocmntoe`sc– ong tjm [hrg hb Khg (Krong Qop`gs, C@< Mmrgcons, ?0=:), 2?.
V;S
V;S @aãg .,., 2?’21.
:
Tmrs`stm mn eos Msir`turos
Tmrh pmrs`stm tü mn eh qum jos oprmng`gh y tm pmrsuog`stm, soa`mngh gm qu`àn jos
oprmng`gh6 y qum gmsgm eo n`ÿmz jos soa`gh eos Yokrogos Msir`turos, eos iuoems tm
pumgmn joimr soa`h poro eo soevoi`ùn phr eo bm qum ms mn Ir`sth Lmsüs. Whgo eo
Msir`turo ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs, y üt`e poro mnsmÿor, poro rmgorkõ`r, poro ihrrmk`r
ihrrmk`r,, poro
`nstru`r mn lust`i`o, o b`n gm qum me jhcarm gm G`hs smo pmrbmith, mntmrocmntm
prmporogh poro thgo aumno haro.
1 W@CHWMH 9<?7-?;
Oe ihcmnzor o emmr un e`arh sharm eo ghitr`no gm eo Msir`turo,
qu`zï pmnsostm qum mstm smrão me pr`cmr iopãtueh, nh me üet`ch.
Gmspuàs gm thgh, 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 ms me vmrsãiueh cïs bochsh sharm
eo Msir`turo mn thgo eo A`ae`o. Mn un smnt`gh, uno vmz qum soamchs
qum
nogoeocïs.
Msir`turo jo eos`gh
Msto ms `nsp`rogo
gmb`n`i`ùn phr G`hs,gmyoeonh
con`b`msto sm nmims`to
`nsp`roi`ùn< gmi`r
thgh mn
eo A`ae`o prhv`mnm gm eo ahio gm G`hs. Yub`i`mni`o, ieor`gog, outhr`gog
y nmims`gog, thgos mstos gmamn smr vmrgog s` 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 ms
vmrgog, y thgos smrãon boesos s` 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 bumro uno cmnt`ro.
Nh joy n`nkün vmrsãiueh cïs `cphrtontm qum mstm poro gmsorrheeor
uno ihcprmns`ùn oprhp`ogo gm eo Msir`turo.
Y`n mcaorkh, yh tmrc`nh oquã. Ihcmnià ihn Yoechs ??0 y
tmrc`nh ihn 1 W`chtmh 9, lusth eh hpumsth o eh qum qu`zï mspmroaos.
Jokh msth phr ghs rozhnms< pr`cmro, poro qum pumgos vmr qum, oun
s`mngh
gm ton s`kn`b`iot`vh
eo Msir`turo, nh g`immstm
nogoposolm ihch
g`bmrmntm gmehehmsqum
poro numstro
g`imn ghitr`no
ghimnos gm
htrhs vmrsãiuehs. Ihn thgh eh htrh qum yo jmchs v`sth sharm eo
Msir`turo mn eo A`ae`o, nh gmamrão shrprmngmrnhs vmr (htro vmz) msto
ob`rcoi`ùn gm qum eh qum g`im eo Msir`turo, G`hs eh g`im. Iogo
mxprms`ùn gme gmem`tm gme soec`sto mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, gme gmsmh
phr eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y gm eo gmpmngmni`o gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs
prmsuphnm qum iogo poeoaro gm eo Msir`turo, yo smo joaeogo h
msir`to, ms `nsp`rogo phr G`hs c`sch. Y` eo v`s`ùn gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn
mnsmÿogo mn 1 W`chtmh 9<?2 nh mstuv`mro yo osuc`go, me Yoech ??0
smrão mqu`voemntm o `gheotrão.
Ihns`gmro tu j`sthr`o
Bme`zcmntm, Toaeh nh sm gmt`mnm ihn mstm s`cpem congoc`mnth s`nh
Bme`zcmntm,
qum ihnt`nüo6 go sus rozhnms. Rmchs mn 1 W`chtmh 9<?7-?; iuotrh
rozhnms phr eos qum gmamchs pmrconmimr mn eos Msir`turos< numstro
j`sthr`o,
Msir`turo,eoy eoiopoi`gog gm eos
buni`hnoe`gog gm eoMsir`turos, eo hr`k`noe`gog ihn
Msir`turo. Ihcmnzormchs gm eo
eo
mxjhrtoi`ùn gm Toaeh gm ihns`gmror numstro prhp`o j`sthr`o.
Cm ghy iumnto gm qum mstm pr`cmr punth nh sm ope`io `kuoecmntm o
thghs ehs ir`st`onhs. Cuijhs irmymntms jon eemkogh o Ir`sth
rmi`mntmcmntm. C`eehnms n` s`qu`mro t`mnmn uno j`sthr`o ir`st`ono phr
ihns`gmror. Tmrh, oun osã, ms rmoe`gog ‗y yh g`rão qum phr g`smÿh gm
G`hs s`mcprm smrï osã‗ qum eo conmro cïs noturoe phr eo qum me
ihcprhc`sh ir`st`onh sm g`bungm ms o trovàs gm eo boc`e`o. @nieush
iuongh numstro boc`e`o noturoe nh jo lukogh un rhe mn numstro
eemkogo o eo
qum bum me bm, thghs
cmg`h tmnmchs
gm kroi`o oekuno
soevãb`io pmrshno
memk`gh mn numstro
phr G`hs. j`sthr`o
Thr eh tonth, gm
uno conmro u htro, eo mxjhrtoi`ùn gm Toaeh o W`chtmh ms eo
mxjhrtoi`ùn gm G`hs o nhshtrhs. Qmiumrgo qu`àn tm ku`ù o eo bm.
Qmiumrgo qu`àn tm joaeù gme mvonkme`h. Qmiumrgo qu`àn bum me
pr`cmrh mn mnsmÿortm eo A`ae`o.
Toro W`chtmh msth s`kn`b`ioao Toaeh, mn i`mrth smnt`gh (1<1) y, cïs
s`kn`b`iot`vocmntm, su oaumeo Eh`go y su cogrm Mun`im (?<=6 9<?7-
?=). Toaeh mxjhrto o mstm lhvmn posthr o pmrs`st`r mn eo A`ae`o y mn me
ün`ih mvonkme`h vmrgogmrh, phrqum àe ehs oprmng`ù gm su oaumeo y su
cocï.
joimreh.Nh s`mcprm
Ontms rozhnochs
gm gmsiortor gmqum
eo bm mstojos
conmro, pmrhgm
oprmng`gh gmamrãochs
pmqumÿh,
p`mnso mn oqumeehs gm qu`mnms eo jos oprmng`gh. Ph bu` o uno
un`vmrs`gog ir`st`ono nhrcoe y ihrr`mntm ghngm ehs prhbmshrms gm
rme`k`ùn o cmnugh mron e`amroems. R` cuijhs ihcpoÿmrhs gm ieosm
iuyo bm bum gmrru`go y nunio bum emvontogo numvocmntm gm uno
conmro soeugoaem. Iuongh eo kmntm cm prmkunto phr quà yh nh
smkuã me c`sch ioc`nh, eo cmlhr rmspumsto qum tmnkh ‗oportm gm
cmni`hnor eo kroi`o gm G`hs‗ ms qum yh ihnb`à mn c`s pogrms y c`
ir`onzo cïs qum mn c`s prhbmshrms. Ihch mstug`ontm un`vmrs`tor`h
tuvm c`s gugos. Juah numvos prmkuntos qum nh soaão rmsphngmr.
Tmrh eh qum cm contuvh onieogh bum eo ihnb`onzo mn eh qum joaão
Yonth¶ y oÿog`ù qum «mn meeos nh jo s`gh msir`th nogo qum smo coeh
h boesh¶. @rmnmh (?14-141 g.I.) ob`rcù qum ehs msir`thrms aãae`ihs
«bumrhn eemnhs gm ihnhi`c`mnth pmrbmith sharm iogo tmco¶ y mron
«`niopoims gm uno gmieoroi`ùn boeso¶. Gm oiumrgh o Hrãkmnms (?:=-
1=7 g.I.), «ehs vheücmnms sokroghs bumrhn ihcpemtocmntm
`nsp`roghs phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth, y qum nh joy n`nkün posolm, yo smo
mn eo Emy, mn ehs Mvonkme`hs, h mn ehs msir`ths gm un opùsthe, qum nh
prhimgo gm eo bumntm `nsp`rogo gm vmrgog g`v`no¶. Okustãn (9=7-794
g.I.) mxpe`iù mn uno iorto o Lmrùn`ch< «jm oprmng`gh o otr`au`r o
mshs e`arhs qum shn gm un ronkh ionùn`ih, y sheh o meehs, toe
rmvmrmni`o y jhnhr, qum irmh b`rcmcmntm qum n` un sheh mrrhr gma`gh
o oekün outhr pumgm smr joeeogh mn n`nkunh gm meehs¶. Lmrùn`ch
(909-i . 7=; g.I.) gmieorù qum eos Msir`turos shn «eo bumntm cïs
puro… msir`to y mg`togo phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth¶.V9S
Yonth¶.V9S Oqu`nh (?11=-
?1;7 g.I.) shst`mnm< «Me Outhr gm eo Yokrogo Msir`turo ms G`hs¶.V7S
G`hs¶.V7S
Ioev`nh (?=40-?=27 g.I.) ob`rcù qum s` smku`chs eos Msir`turos
smrmchs «soevhs gme pme`krh gme mrrhr¶. Wmnmchs qum oarozor «s`n
joeeor n`nkuno boeeo, thgh eh qum smo mnsmÿogh mn eo Yokrogo
Msir`turo¶. Em «gmamchs o eo Msir`turo eo c`sco rmvmrmni`o qum em
gmamchs o G`hs¶. Mn eo Msir`turo, G`hs «oarm sus sontãs`chs
eoa`hs¶, y ehs opùsthems mron «msir`aos smkurhs y kmnu`nhs gme
Yonth¶.V=S Nh
Mspãr`tu Yonth¶.V=S Nh smrão g`bãi`e ihnt`nuor poro cuet`pe`ior eos i`tos
ihch msto gm Ioev`nh, y su ihnimpth gm eo `nsp`roi`ùn mstoao emlhs
gm smr uno nhvmeo.
Josto joim aostontm phih, ehs ir`st`onhs gm thgos eos trog`i`hnms
joaãon
vmroi`gog gogh
gm phr smntogh eo Oghptor
eo Msir`turo. ihcpemtomeihnb`onzo
cïs oeth y ihnimpth
ihcprmjmns`vo
gm eo
`nsp`roi`ùn ‗ihch hr`k`nogo phr G`hs c`sch‗ nh bum me `nvmnth gm
oekuno trog`i`ùn, tmùehkh h msiumeo. Y`cpemcmntm bum portm gm eh qum
s`kn`b`io smr ir`st`onh.
Ihns`gmro eo buni`hnoe`gog gm eo Msir`turo
Eo
Eo üet`co rozùn qum Toaeh go poro pmrconmimr mn eos Msir`turos ms
su buni`hnoe`gog. Msto phgrão pormimr uno pharm rozùn poro
pmrconmimr ihn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs, mspmi`oecmntm gmspuàs gm
c`ror o thgos eos `cpe`ioi`hnms gme tàrc`nh tjmhpnmusths. Tmrh, poro
Toaeh, eo buni`hnoe`gog gm eo Msir`turo ms eo ihnieus`ùn gm thgh su
y sheh `rrmemvontm poro ehs thnths qum irmmn qum ios` thgh ms numvh
gmaolh gme she.
Ms uno ihso smr`o
I
Ihcmnià
hcmnià mstm e`arh ihn un eorkh phmco, ihn un phmco gm ochr qum
joaeo gm iontor, joaeor, mstug`or, cmchr`zor, hamgmimr y oeoaor eo
Toeoaro gm G`hs. Ihcmnià ihn eo ope`ioi`ùn, ihn eo mspmronzo gm
qum, poro me b`noe, me khzh y eo ihnb`onzo mn me ihrozùn gme soec`sto
mxpehtorãon mn ehs numstrhs. Ihn thgh eh qum soamchs sharm eo A`ae`o
y gm eo A`ae`o, gmamchs tmnmr numstrhs ihrozhnms s`nthn`zoghs poro
eo oeoaonzo y numstros cmntms prmporogos poro eo oii`ùn.
P gmamchs mstor prmporoghs poro ihnt`nuor. Ihnt`nuor mn eo
vmrgog gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs y mn eo emituro gm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs,
msiuijïngheo ihn otmni`ùn6 y ihnt`nuor irmymngh thgh eh qum ms
ob`rcogh mn eo Toeoaro gm G`hs. Mn un cungh qum prmc`o eh numvh,
eh prhkrms`vh
Lmsuir`sth ms me yc`sch
eh mvheui`hnogh,
oymr, y jhy, y nmims`tochs
phr ehs s`kehs rmihrgor
(Jm. ?9<:).qum
P
gogh qum Àe s`kum s`mngh me c`sch, eh c`sch suimgm ihn su vmrgog.
Eh qum s`kn`b`io qum o vmims eo ihnstoni`o ms eo cmlhr portm gme
voehr. Ijorems Jhgkm, me kron tmùehkh gm Tr`nimthn gme s`keh x`x, jo
s`gh r`g`iue`zogh phr su oeorgm gm qum mn me Ymc`nor`h gm Tr`nimthn
nunio sm hr`k`nù uno numvo `gmo. Tmrh p`ntor msto gmieoroi`ùn ihn eo
thnoe`gog cïs hsiuro, ihch smÿoeù unh gm ehs a`ùkrobhs gm Jhgkm,
ms gmvoeuor me cïs krongm ghn gm Jhgkm< su thtoe ihnstoni`o mn eo
ihnv`ii`ùn. «Whcogh mn su ihntmxth hr`k`noe, me ihcmntor`h gm
Jhgkm iopto eo c`sco
mn eo `nnhvoi`ùn msmni`o
tmheùk`io, gme jhcarm.
phrqum irmão qumÀemro
nh `cphs`aem
mstoao `ntmrmsogh
cmlhror
eo irmmni`o hrthghxo¶.V2S
hrthghxo¶.V2S Jhgkm
Jhgkm nh mstoao ausiongh numvos `gmos
sharm G`hs, phrqum àe irmão qum eo vmrgog yo joaão s`gh rmvmeogo, y
gmg`iù su v`go o eo mxpe`ioi`ùn y gmbmnso gm eos Msir`turos phrqum
irmão, ihch Lmsüs qum, sharm thgh eh gmcïs, eo ihso cïs
bungocmntoe qum phgmchs gmi`r sharm eo Toeoaro gm G`hs ‗mntrm
i`mnths gm ihsos qum phgmchs y gmamchs gmi`r‗ ms qum eo Toeoaro
gm G`hs ms vmrgog (Ln. ?;<?;).
Lhjn Nmwthn, me ihcmri`ontm gm msieovhs qum sm vhev`ù posthr y
msir`thr gm j`cnhs, iumnto eo j`sthr`o gm iuongh v`s`tù o uno smni`eeo
culmr qum cur`ù cuy lhvmn gm «uno pmrs`stmntm tuamriuehs`s¶. Meeo
mro uno «pmrshno shar`o, prugmntm, ihn smnt`gh ihcün, qum phgão
emmr su A`ae`o, pmrh joaão emãgh phih gm htros ihsos¶. Nmwthn
suphnão qum meeo nunio joaão v`ologh cïs gm ghim c`eeos gm su
ioso. ]nhs phihs gãos ontms gm su cumrtm, Nmwthn hrù ihn meeo y
«okrogmi`ù oe Ymÿhr qum ojhro em joaão ihnimg`gh o meeo vmr qum nh
joaão mstogh s`ku`mngh bïaueos ort`b`i`hsos¶. Gmspuàs gm mstm
ihcmntor`h b`noe, eo culmr rmp`t`ù eos poeoaros gm Nmwthn y g`lh< «Nh,
nh shn bïaueos ort`b`i`hsos6 mstos shn outànt`ios vmrgogms¶.
Mnthnims, meeo b`lù sus hlhs mn Nmwthn y em rmihrgù me pmsh gm su
vhioi`ùn y eo smr`mgog gm eo vmrgog<
Ymÿhr, ustmg jo s`gh oetocmntm bovhrmi`gh oe smr eeocogh poro prmg`ior me mvonkme`h.
Brmiumntmcmntm eh jm msiuijogh ihn peoimr6 pmrh pmrcãtocm gmi`rem qum ojhro vmh
qum thgh eh qum ustmg jo g`ijh, h pumgo gmi`r, ms ihcporot`vocmntm phih. P qum
rmi`àn iuongh ustmg c`sch eemkum o c` s`tuoi`ùn y tmnko eo cumrtm y eo mtmrn`gog o eo
v`sto phgrï ihnima`r me mnhrcm pmsh m `cphrtoni`o gm eos vmrgogms qum ustmg
gmieoro.
rmbemx`hnor mn ehs üet`chs gãos gm eo culmr
Oe culmr,, Nmwthn rmihrgù qum
«mn thgh eh qum meeo joaeù joaão g`kn`gog, bungocmnth y mv`gmni`o,
eh iuoe, suphnkh, phihs prhbmshrms gm g`v`n`gog, iuongh mnsmÿon mn
su iïtmgros, t`mnmn mn `kuoe cmg`go¶. Nmwthn mnihntrù mn me
tmst`chn`h gm eo culmr ‗ihch brmiumntmcmntm mnihntroao oe v`s`tor
o ehs mnbmrchs y chr`aunghs‗ «mv`gmni`o ihrrhahrot`vo¶ poro eos
krongms vmrgogms gme mvonkme`h prhieocogh phr G`hs mn su Toeoaro.
«Hj, smÿhr¶, mxieocù eo lhvmn culmr, «chr`r ms oekh smr`h, nh joy
poeoaros qum pumgon mxprmsor eh qum sm nmims`to poro shstmnmr me
oeco
Nh mn
joyeo poeoaros
shemcn`gog
qumgmpumgon
eo jhro mxprmsor
gm eo cumrtm¶.V;S
cumrtm¶.V;Ssm nmims`to mn eo
eh qum
jhro gm numstro cumrtm. Tmrh sã joy poeoaros poro shstmnmrnhs mn
msm chcmnth, y mn iogo chcmnth gmsgm msto jhro josto qum oqume
chcmnth eemkum. Yhn eos poeoaros gm eo vmrgog, eos poeoaros gm
v`go, eos poeoaros `nsp`rogos phr G`hs gm eo Yokrogo Msir`turo.
Toeoaros qum nunio boeeon n` broioson, qum mxoeton o Ir`sth y qum
nhs bumrhn gogos phr me Mspãr`tu Yonth. Tmrconmimr mn eos
Msir`turos pumgm pormimr oekh gm phih pmsh ojhro, pmrh smnt`rmchs
su pmsh oekün gão. Eemkorï un t`mcph iuongh sm chstrorï s` numstro
v`go bum bungocmntogo mn tr`v`oe`gogms h rmoe`gogms.
V?S Amnloc`n A. [orb`meg, Wjm @nsp`rot`hn ong Outjhr`ty hb tjm A`aem (Tj`ee`psaurk, NL< Trmsaytmr`on &
V?S
Qmbhrcmg, ?07:), 102.
V1S @aãg .,., ?=9.
V1S
V9S Mstos
V9S Mstos i`tos pumgmn smr joeeogos mn Iore B. J. Jmnry, Khg, Qmvmeot`hn, ong Outjhr`ty , 2 vhes. ([jmothn, @E<
Irhsswoy, ?000), 7<9;4’9;1.
V7S
V7S Yucco Wjmhehk`io @.`.?4, mn @ntrhguit`hn th Yt. Wjhcos Oqu`nos, mg. Onthn I. Tmk`s (Numvo Phrf< Chgmrn
E`arory, ?02=).
V=S
V=S Mstos i`nih i`tos prhv`mnmn rmspmit`vocmntm gm Ihccmntory hn Cottjmw 11<106 @nst`tutms ?.?:.76
@nst`tutms ?.2.? (ib. ?.:.=)6 @nst`tutms 1.?1.? (vàosm toca`àn ?.:.=6 9.11.:6 9.19.=6 Ihccmntory hn ? Tmtmr
?<1=)6 @nst`tutms 7.:.0.
V2S
V2S Toue
Toue I. Kutlojr, Ijorems Jhgkm< Wjm Kuorg`on hb Ocmr`ion Hrtjhghxy (Hxbhrg< Hxbhrg ]n`vmrs`ty Trmss,
14??), 929.
V;S
V;S Msto
Msto
144; j`sthr`o,
V?:20S), `nieuymngh msos i`tos, sm mniumntron mn Emttmrs hb Lhjn Nmwthn (Mg`naurkj< Aonnmr hb Wrutj,
?44’?4?.
Qmiurshs rmihcmngoghs
Aruim, B. B. ¸Yhn b`gmg`knhs ehs ghiucmnths gme Numvh-
Wmstocmnth8 Yon Lhsà, Ihsto Q`io< Mg`thr`oe Ior`am, ?0;1.
Ioev`nh, Luon. @nst`tui`ùn gm eo rme`k`ùn ir`st`ono. Krong Qop`gs<
Numvo Irmoi`ùn, ?0::, e`arh ?, iopãtuehs ?’?4.
Iocpamee, Ijore`m. Qmspumstos o prmkuntos qum joimn ehs
msiàpt`ihs. Krong Qop`gs, Mg`thr`oe Thrtovhz, 1440.
Krugmc, [oynm O. ―Tr`cmro Tortm< Eo ghitr`no gm eo Toeoaro gm
G`hs–, Wmhehkão s`stmcït`io. C`oc`< Mg`thr`oe R`go, 144;.
Teuccmr, Qhamrt. Trmkuntos y rmspumstos sharm iùch
`ntmrprmtor eo A`ae`o. Krong Qop`gs< Mg`thr`oe Thrtovhz, 14?9.
Yprhue, Q. I. Iùch mstug`or m `ntmrprmtor eo A`ae`o. C`oc`<
Mg`thr`oe ]n`e`t, 1447.
Eo c`s`ùn gm Mg`thr`oe Thrtovhz ihns`stm mn prhphri`hnor prhguiths gm ioe`gog ‗ihn `ntmkr`gog y mximemni`o
‗, gmsgm uno pmrspmit`vo aãae`io y ihnb`oaem, qum on`cmn o eos pmrshnos o ihnhimr y smrv`r o Lmsuir`sth.
Wãtueh gme hr`k`noe< Wof`nk Khg Ot J`s [hrg © 14?7 phr Fmv`n GmPhunk y puae`iogh phr Irhsswoy, ?944
Irmsimnt Ytrmmt, [jmothn, @ee`nh`s 24?:;.
Wrogui`gh ihn pmrc`sh.
Wroguii`ùn< Luon Wmrronhvo
Wroguii`ùn<
MMg`i`ùn
g`i`ùn mn iostmeeonh< Ihnbão mn su Toeoaro © 14?= phr Mg`thr`oe Thrtovhz, b`e`oe gm Frmkme Tuae`iot`hns, Krong
Qop`gs, C`ij`kon 70=4=. Whghs ehs gmrmijhs rmsmrvoghs.
N`nkuno
N`nkuno portm gm msto puae`ioi`ùn phgrï smr rmprhgui`go, oecoimnogo mn un s`stmco gm rmiupmroi`ùn gm
goths, h tronsc`t`go mn iuoequ`mr bhrco h phr iuoequ`mr cmg`h, smo memitrùn`ih, cmiïn`ih, bhthihp`o,
kroaoi`ùn h iuoequ`mr htrh, s`n me pmrc`sh msir`th prmv`h gm ehs mg`thrms, ihn eo mximpi`ùn gm i`tos armvms h
rmsmÿos.
cmnhs qum sm `ng`qum
O `ng`qum eh ihntror`h, thgos eos i`tos aãae`ios jon s`gh thcog
thcogos
os gm eo vmrs`ùn Qm`no-Roemro
Qm`no-Roemro ©
?024 Yhi`mgogms Aãae`ios mn Ocàr`io Eot`no6 © rmnhvogh ?0:: Yhi`mgogms Aãae`ios ]n`gos. ]t`e`zogh ihn
pmrc`sh. Qm`no-Roemro
Qm`no-Roemro ?024℡ ms uno corio rmk`strogo gm eo Ocmr`ion A`aem Yhi`mty, y pumgm smr usogo
sheocmntm aolh e`imni`o.
MeMe tmxth aãae`ih `ng`iogh ihn «NR@¶ jo s`gh thcogh gm Eo Yonto A`ae`o, Numvo Rmrs`ùn @ntmrnoi`hnoe® ,
ihpyr`kjt © ?000 phr A`ae`io, @ni.® Whghs ehs gmrmijhs rmsmrvoghs.
Qmoe`zoi`ùn mTua< prhguii`hnmg`thr`oe.ihc
Qmoe`zoi`ùn
MMG@WHQ@OE
G@WHQ@OE THQWORH\
17=4 Hof @ngustr`oe Gr. NM
Krong Qop`gs, C@ 70=4= ]YO
R`sãtmnhs mn< www.phrtovhz.ihc
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-=279-= (rüst`io)
@YAN
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-27=0-? (mpua)
@YAN 0;:-4-:1=7-:2?4-7 (F`ngem)
? 1 9 7 = mg`i`ùn / oÿh 17 19 11 1? 14 ?0 ?: ?; ?2 ?=