Ultimate: Strength

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N F O R C E D C O N C R E T E C O L U M N
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Floor
COLUMN CATEGORIES COLUMN AXIAL LOADS

Columns directly support the
Pedestals. Pedestals are upright compression floor/s above it
members with height less than three times its
least lateral dimensions; may be designed with Columns
unreinforced or plain concrete with maximum Where: )+ +)-
)=
deisgn compressive stress equal to ∅0. 8 5 &'( , 2
where ∅ = 0.65.
/+ +/-
/=
Short Columns. If columns fail due to initial 2
material failure (crushing of concrete with L
buckling of steel bars or yielding), it is classified
as short column. The load it can support is
controlled by the dimensions of the cross- S1
sections and the strength of the material of
which it is constructed. S
S2
Long Columns. Long columns are more slender
thus fails nby buckling of the member (bending
deformations increase with secondary moments, S3
P – Δ effect).
L1 L2
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Wu
Girder
Column
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
RD
L3
L2
L1
Ground
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
RD
L3
L2
L1
Ground
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
LONGITUDINAL BARS– provided to sustain compressive due
to axial load and tensile forces due to bending moments
CONFINEMENT – individual hoop ties with cross ties or

continuous spiral bar to provide :
a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent buckling when

concrete cover spalls.
b) To prevent splitting of the column due to shear failure
c) To confine the concrete column core for increase strength and
S
stability
S
CONFINEMENT COLUMN CONFINEENT
REQUIREMENT Tied 16db
Smax ≤ 48dties
Min. dimension
Spiral
TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

DESIGN PRINCIPLE
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
NOTE: If cs > 150 mm, cross ties must be provided.

If cs < 150 mm, cross ties are not needed.
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMETNS

1.545
4077 Steel Ratio
01 ≥ 4
4 =>?
3 9::
0.01 ≤ < = ≤ 0.08
=@
1.545 MIN. NUMBER OF BARS

4077
01 ≥ 4
TIED – 4 (one bar per corner)
4
3 9:: SPIRAL – 6
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Axially Loaded Columns
Fails with crushing of concrete and AB ≤ ∅AC where:

buckling of long bars in compression
(compression controlled) E. FG &HI JKL4 MHNO7P1
∅=D
E. QG &HI /RKISN MHNO7P1
Combined Axial and Bending
Under combined axial and bending, it fails AB ≤ ∅AC where:

either by crushing of concrete
(compression controlled) or yielding of
TB ≤ ∅TC E. FG &HI JKL4 MHNO7P1
steel in tension (tension controlled). ∅UU = D
E. QG &HI /RKISN MHNO7P1
∅?U = E. VE
cc – compression controlled
tc – tension controlled
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Axially Loaded Columns
Pure Axial Load Capacity WX = YZ + Y[\ + Y[]
Pf where: YZ = E. ^G_(U =U ; a' = a: − acd

Y[ = =>? _g
W X = E . ^ G _ (U ( a : − a c d ) + = > ? _ g
NSCP PROVISION
PERMISSIBLE NOMINAL AXIAL CAPACITY fPn £ faPo

- consider minimum eccentricity,
f = 0.65
emin = 0.10h TIED
a = 0.80
Mc+ M' Mc- f = 0.75
∅ Wj = ∅ k [ E . ^ G _ (U ( a : − a cd ) + = >? _ g ] SPIRAL
a = 0.85
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Design a square tied column F at the 2nd floor 5.5 m 6m

B C
A
of an 8-storey building. The total floor dead L
2.5 m
load is 3 kPa and the live load is 4.8 kPa with the
E F G
distance between floors is 3 m and girders 250 S
mm by 400 mm below the slab. Use f’ç = 21 2.5 m
MPa, and fy = 420 MPa. Initially assume gross J K
I
steel ratio of 2%. Include the design of ties and
2.5 m
sketch of the cross sections selected, including
M N O
bar arrangements. Form sizes are in 50 mm
increments. Neglect girder unbalanced
moment.
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
no pc+
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS pc-
Eccentrically Loaded Columns
ac+ ac-
Plastic
Centroid
Geometric
Centroid
p'
pq'
no no
L
no
Mc+ M' Mc-

DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
no
Capacity of Columns with Eccentricity
As eccentricity increases
• area of concrete decreases (c, Cc and Cs
DECREASE)
PC
• Tensile stress in bars increases (T
INCREASES)
• Pn decreases, Mn increases
At balanced condition, e = eb
• Extreme tension bars yield (fs = fy)
Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force

becomes limited (T = Asfy) (Mn decreases)
For very large eccentricities, column behaves like
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
no
DECREASE)
PC
INCREASES)
c
εs
0.003
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
no
DECREASE)
PC
INCREASES)
c
εs
0.003
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
no
DECREASE)
PC
INCREASES)
c
εs
0.003
a beam (C = T) (Pn = 0)
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Analysis of Column Strength under Combined Axial and Bending . 4
a
s.
pq'
4′
nM
u
S=
0r
+
J
M'
M′c
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Analysis of Column Strength under Combined Axial and Bending
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5 LOADING CONDITIONS PURE AXIAL
1. Pure Axial
∅ W j = ∅ k [ E . ^ G _ (U ( a : − a c d ) + = > ? _ g ]
2. Balanced Condition ∅ v j = ∅ Wj ( w x y C = E . \ E z )
“h” is always perpendicular
3. Compression Controlled fPn £ faPo to the axis of bending
f = 0.65
4. Tension Controlled TIED
a = 0.80
5. Pure Bending f = 0.75
SPIRAL
a = 0.85
BALANCED CONDITION
FEE| *T = Asfy – automatic for extreme tension,

U{ = other tension, check fs
FEE + _g
Solve for: Pnb, Mnb, ϕPnb, ϕMnb
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5 LOADING CONDITIONS Compression Controlled
1. Pure Axial Assume value for “c” , c > cb
Extreme T is non yielding (fs < fy) use ϕ = 0.65
2. Balanced Condition
Therefore, Pn > ϕPn , Mn < ϕMn
3. Compression Controlled
Tension Controlled
4. Tension Controlled
Assume value for “c” , c ≤ c5 ; c5 = 3d/8
5. Pure Bending Extreme T is beyond yielding (fs = fy) use ϕ = 0.90
Therefore, Pn < Pnb , Mn < Mnb
Pure Bending
ϕPn = 0 Equate Cc + C’s = T

ϕMn (consider the column as DRRB)
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE
d
SECTION PROPERTIES:
d' fc’ = 21 MPa
fy = 275 Mpa
b = 250 mm
b h = 400mm
dties = 10 mm
cc = 40 mm
db = 16 mm
d = 342 mm
h
d’ = 58 mm
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
P
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS p ress
io n
Co m
Ax ial
Column Interaction Diagram Pure
Po en ding
imu mB
Min
Interaction diagrams are useful for
re
studying the strengths of columns led Failu
o l
n C ontr = 0.002
with varying proportions of loads sio }y
pres , }t <
ϕ⍺Po Com c > c b
and moments. Any combination of
loading that falls inside the curve is Desoign strength with
satisfactory, whereas any ϕ = 0.65
combination falling outside the ϕ linearly increases from

0.65 to 0.90
curve represents failure.
ion
C o ndit
nced c = cb
Bala
ed
o n troll .005
ion C }t = 0
Tens c < c b ,
ϕ = 0.90
g
B endin
Pure
M
Min ϕMn
10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interactio
DESIGN PRINCIPLE 2.0
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L4–60.7 h
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS z = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi h
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
Column Interaction Diagram 0.07 = 0.7
Kmax
1.6
Interaction diagrams are useful for studying 0.06
Pn
the strengths of columns with varying 0.05 e
1.4
proportions of loads and moments. Any
0.04
combination of loading that falls inside the 1.2 fsfy = 0
0.03 This line of constant
curve is satisfactory, whereas any combination
Kn = Pn fc' Ag
eh = 0.5 was plotted
0.02 by authors for use in
falling outside the curve represents failure. 1.0
0.25 solving Example 10.7.
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
t = 0.0035
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Rn = Pnefc' Agh
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the column shown that can be applied at an eccentricity of
200 mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
450 mm 75 mm
4 – 25 mm
4 – 25 mm
400 mm
600 mm
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
DESIGN PRINCIPLE Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h
2.4
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L3-60.7 h
g = 0.08 h
f /c = 3 ksi
2.2 fy = 60 ksi
0.07 = 0.7
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04
1.4 fs/fy = 0
0.03
Ag
1.2
c
/
Kn = Pn / f
0.02 0.25
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.6 0.75
0.4
t = 0.0 1.0
t = 0.00035
t = 0.00 4
0.2 5
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h
DESIGN PRINCIPLE 2.4
g = 0.08
h
f /c = 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07
= 0.8
2.0
0.06 Kmax
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04
fs/fy = 0
1.4
0.03
Ag
1.2
c
/
0.02 0.25
Kn = Pn / f
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.6 0.75
0.4
1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.004
t = 0.00 5
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
R =P e/f/ A h
= 0. 04
0.2 005 1.0
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N0.0

F0.00
O R0.05
C E0.10
D 0.15
C O0.20
N C0.25
R E0.30
T E0.35C O LUMN
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
DESIGN PRINCIPLE Rn = Pn e / f /
Ag h
c
2.4
g = 0.08 h
A rectangular column shown in the interaction 2.2
f /c = 3 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
diagram is acted upon by the following loads: 0.07 = 0.7
2.0
• Axial load due to dead load = 450 kN Kmax
0.06
• Axial load due to live load = 500 kN 1.8

e Pn
0.05
• Bending moment due to dead load = 134 kNm
1.6
• Bending moment due to live load = 150 kNm 0.04
1.4 fs/fy = 0
The column is to be analyzed and designed using
0.03
Ag
the strength method. Use b = 400 mm, h = 600 1.2
c
/
Kn = Pn / f
0.02 0.25
mm, and • = 0.70.
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
a. Determine the eccentricity of the column, in
millimeters, 0.6 0.75
b. Determine the area of the required steel

0.4
reinforcement. t = 0.0
t = 0 0035
1.0
t = 0.0.0
05
4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Rn = Pn e / f / c Ag h

Ultimate: Strength

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Ultimate: Strength

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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

COLUMN CATEGORIES COLUMN AXIAL LOADS

CONFINEMENT – individual hoop ties with cross ties or

a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent buckling when

TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

NOTE: If cs > 150 mm, cross ties must be provided.

VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMETNS

1.545 MIN. NUMBER OF BARS

Axially Loaded Columns

Fails with crushing of concrete and AB ≤ ∅AC where:

Combined Axial and Bending

Under combined axial and bending, it fails AB ≤ ∅AC where:

Axially Loaded Columns

Pure Axial Load Capacity WX = YZ + Y[\ + Y[]

Pf where: YZ = E. ^G_(U =U ; a' = a: − acd

PERMISSIBLE NOMINAL AXIAL CAPACITY fPn £ faPo

Design a square tied column F at the 2nd floor 5.5 m 6m

Mc+ M' Mc-

Beyond balanced condition, extreme T force

FEE| *T = Asfy – automatic for extreme tension,

ϕPn = 0 Equate Cc + C’s = T

combination falling outside the ϕ linearly increases from

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN : R E I N0.0

• Axial load due to live load = 500 kN 1.8

b. Determine the area of the required steel

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