Appendix RW

Appendix RW
Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Retaining Wall Design

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APPENDIX RW - DESIGN OF R.C. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Project:
Consultant: Louis Berger in association with SABA Engineering plc
Designed by : Henok Aberra ( Structural Engineer)
Checked by : Lennart Rahm (Bridge Engineer)
Case: Statical calculation
Date of design :- 29/09/98
General Notes
Specification used : ERA Bridge Design Manual-2002
Back fill material is assumed level and traffic surcharge load is incorporated.
W9
W8
W1
H [height of wall]
W2
W4
W6
W3 W5
W7
Input Dimensions
Recommended value
Height of wall, H = 5.00 m
Stem top thickness,T1 = 0.25 m
Stem bottom thickness,T2 = 0.40 m
Depth of heel cantilever,T5 = 0.40 m
Tappering slope,y1 = 0.10
End depth of heel cantilever,T3 = 0.21 m
End depth of toe cantilever,T4 = 0.30 m
Length of heel cantilever,L1 = 1.95 m
Length of toe cantilever,L2 = 1.00 m 1.01 m
Length of footing, L = 3.35 m 3.50 m
Height of fill, H2 = 4.80 m
Free board of wall height on top = 0.00 m
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Ethiopian Roads Authority Page RW-1
Appendix RW
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Material Properties
Yield stength of reiforcemement steel, fy for f <=20 = 350.0 Mpa

Yield stength of reiforcemement steel, fy for f >20 = 400.0 Mpa
Cylinderical compressive strength at 28 days, fc' = 20.0 Mpa
Unit weight of concrete,gc = 24.00

Unit weight of soil,gs = 19.22
Active earth pressure coef. Ka = 0.38 Soil type fT ff
ff = 38 Deg. Clay 0.85 22
fT = 0.9 Sand 0.8 25
fT*tan ff= 0.70 Gravel 0.9 38
Coef. of friction b/n concrete and foundation material = 0.70
Foundation material (Soil, Rock)= soil
Bearing resistance of the foundation material = 250.00 kN/m2
2
qsurcharge = 16.24 kNm
Load Factors
Max Min
Active Horizontal earth pressure = 1.50 0.90
Vertical earth pressure = 1.35 1.00
Dead load of components = 1.25 0.90
1.0 Dead Load
Resisting
Centroidal moment
distance (Weight
Weight from toe X centroidal
Material Portion [kN/m] [m] distance)
concrete W1 27.6 1.13 31.05
" W2 8.28 1.30 10.76
" W3 3.84 1.2 4.61
" W4 1.20 0.67 0.80
" W5 7.20 0.50 3.60
" W6 4.56 2.05 9.35
" W7 9.59 2.375 22.79
Concrete Total 62.28 82.96
soil W8 176.06 2.375 418.14

soil W9 6.63 1.35 8.95
Surcharge 34.11 2.3 78.44
Soil Total 216.79 505.53
2.0 Lateral Pressure
The surcharge load from highway loading may be taken as given in Table 3-25
Wall Height[m] heq [m] A chart can be prepared for the interpolation
<=1.50 1.70 between heights of 1.5 and 9.0 m.
3.0 1.20
6.0 0.76
>=9.0 0.61
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Appendix RW
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Highway Surcharge load
2.00 y = -0.0034x3 + 0.077x2 - 0.6266x + 2.478
1.50
heq [m]
1.00
Wall Height[m] heq [m]
0.50 1.5 1.70
3.0 1.20
0.00
6.0 0.76
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 9 0.61
Wall height [m]
heq [m] Polynomial (heq [m])
Let P1 & P2 be the earth pressure from the surcharge and linearly varyng load.
Arm from Driving

foundation Moment
Force level about Toe
P1 30.86 2.5 77.14
P2 91.30 1.7 152.16
sum 122.15 229.30
3.0 Bearing pressure beneath footing
The bearing pressure beneath footing is calculated by the factored loads. According to Tables 3-2 & 3-3,
the dead load of the wall and the surcharge loads are factored by the minimum or maximun value; whereas, the lateral
pressure is factored by the maximum value.
a ) With min. factors for dead and surcharge load and max. factor for lateral pressure
The summation of moment about toe, Msum = 236.24 kNm
The eccentricity e , is therefore,

e =L/2-Msum/V = 0.809 m e<L/4, OK !!
I ) When the foundation material is rock e>L/6, Look at Case -2
Case -1 When e<=L/6
q heel = -36.59 kN/m2 OK !!

q toe = 199.48 kN/m2 OK !!
-36.59
199.48
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Appendix RW
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Case -2 When L/6<e<=3/8*L
qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 210.08 kN/m2
L1 =3[L/2-e] = 2.598 m
210.08
L1 = 2.598 m
II ) When the foundation material is soil
qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated.
Le =V/qmax = 1.732 m
V
qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 157.56 kN/m2
qmax = 157.6 kN/m2
Le = 1.732 m
b ) With max. factors for dead and surcharge load and max. factor for lateral pressure
The summation of moment about toe, Msum = 442.22 kNm
The eccentricity e , is therefore,

e =L/2-Msum/V = 0.481 m e<L/4, OK !!
I ) When the foundation material is rock e<=L/6, Look at Case -1
Case -1 When e<=L/6
q heel = 15.22 kN/m2 OK !!

q toe = 205.98 kN/m2 OK !!
15.22
205.98
Case -2 When L/6<e<=L/4
qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 206.96 kN/m2
L1 =3[L/2-e] = 3.581 m
206.96
L1 = 3.581 m
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Appendix RW
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II ) When the foundation material is soil
qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated. V
Le =V/qmax = 2.387 m
qmax = 155.2 kN/m2
2
qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 155.22 kN/m
Le = 2.387 m
4.0 Stability
4.1 Stability against overturning
For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth
of the base. This condition is already checked above.
4.2 Stability against sliding
Driving force = 122.15 kN

Resisting force = 152.44 kN Resisting force > Driving force, OK !!
5. Design of components
5.1 Design of stem
5.1.1 Design for Flexure
The moment at the base of the stem is calculated as;
Net height of fill on stem = 4.60 m
Msurcharge = 65.29 kNm/m

Mvaryng = 118.48 "
Msum = 183.78 "
The factored moment for design is therefore,
Mfact. = 275.67 kNm/m
The cracking moment given by :

Ig =bh3/12 = 5.3E+09 mm4
Mcr =frIg/yt = 75.13 KNm/m yt= 200 mm
fr = 2.817 MPa
The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of :
- 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
- 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations.
Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temprature reinforcement.
Since bar S2 is cut at some point up the spacing at bottom shall not be greater than half the maximum spacing.
Mu = 275.67 KNm/m
Dprov. = 400 mm
As = Mu/ffy(d-a/2) beff = 1000 mm
2
= 2460.47 mm fy = 400 MPa
fc' = 20 MPa
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b) f= 0.9
= 57.89 mm fbar = 20 mm
cover = 50 mm
dprov = 340 mm
b1 = 0.85
use f 20 S1 c/c 120 mm
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Appendix RW
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2
As prov. = 2618 mm Smax = 450 mm
r max. = 0.75rb =0.75(0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163
r prov. = As/bd = 0.0077 OK !!
Half bar cut off location
2
As' =As/2 = 1308.30 mm
The distance from top to the point where half of the reinforcement is not required (i.e "y") can be found by trial and error
to equalize the moment by the factored lateral pressure and the moment that can be resisted by half of the bar.
My My
y
My = factor*(q(y-y*)2/2+kags(y-y*)3/6) ---- (1) of eq (1) of eq (2)
My = fAs'fy(d-As'fy/1.7fc'b)----------------- (2) 2.65 119.52 123
Where d = y/(H-T5)*(T2-T1)+T1-cover-f/2
y* is the free board given on top Hint : It is preferable if My of eq (2) is slightly
greater than My of eq (1).
Extension length reqd beyond the point at which it is no longer required is given by ;
lext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,deff)

= 340 mm
Therefore, the bar can be cut at the following distance from top of wall.
Bar cut off point from top of wall = 2.31 m
5.1.2 Check for Wide beam Shear
Usually, since T2 is not small as compared to the stem height, we take the shear force
at the bottom of the wall.
Vhoriz.factored = 183.23 kN/m
Allowable shear stress is given by : vc = 0.166sqrt(fc') f shear = 0.9
= 0.742 Mpa
The maximum allowable factored shear force that can be resisted by the concrete section is:
Vall =f*vc*b*d = 227.17 kN/m > Vhoriz, OK !
5.2 Design of toe cantilever
5.2.1 Design for Flexure
a
The factored pressure from underneath minus weight of cantilever is,
qtoe = 150.36 kN/m2
2
q a-a = 147.96 kN/m Wc
The factored moment for design is therefore,
Mfact.a-a = 74.78 kNm/m
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Appendix RW
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The factored pressure from underneath minus weight of cantilever is,

qtoe = 148.02 kN/m2
2
q a-a = 145.62 kN/m
Mfact.a-a = 73.61 kNm/m
Therefore, the maximum moment at section a-a for design is,
Mfact.a-a (max)= 74.78 kNm/m
The cracking moment given by Eq.(12.39) as follows:

Ig =bh3/12 = 5.3E+09 mm
4

fr = 2.817 MPa
lesser of :
Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temprature reinforcement.
Since bar T2 is cut at some point up the spacing at bottom shall not be greater than half the maximum spacing.
Mu = 90.16 KNm/m
Dprov. = 400 mm
2
= 924.83 mm fy = 350 MPa
fc' = 20 MPa
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b) f= 0.9
= 19.04 mm fbar = 12 mm
cover = 75 mm
dprov = 319 mm
b1 = 0.85
use f 12 T1 c/c 120 mm
As prov. = 943 mm2 Smax = 450 mm
r max. = 0.75rb =0.75(0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0196
r prov. = As/bd = 0.0030 OK !!
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Appendix RW
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b
qtoe = 150.36 kN/m2
2
q b-b = 157.56 kN/m d
V factored b-b= 104.84 kN/m
2
qtoe = 148.02 kN/m
2
q b-b = 155.22 kN/m
V factored b-b= 103.26 kN/m b
V factored b-b(max) = 104.84 kN/m

= 0.742 Mpa
5.3 Design of heel cantilever
5.3.1 Design for Flexure b a

wt. of soil + Surcharge
a ) With min. factors for dead and surcharge load
and max. factor for lateral pressure
Wc d
Case -1 When the foundation material is rock
2
q a-a = 96.85 kN/m
2
q end = 0.00 kN/m b a
The length of pressure application Lh is,
Lh = 1.20 m
The average pressure by the weight of soil, surcharge and heel cantilever is given as,
2
qsoil+surcharge+cantilever= 113.06 kN/m b a
wt. of soil + Surcharge
Case -2 When the foundation material is soil
qmax = 157.56 kN/m2 Wc d

Lh = 0.33 m
Assume counter clock-wise moment as positive.
Ma-a = 206.29 kNm/m b a
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Appendix RW
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Case -1 When the foundation material is rock
2
q a-a = 126.26 kN/m
2
q end = 15.22 kN/m
The length of pressure application Lh is,
Lh = 1.95 m
The average pressure by the weight of soil, surcharge and heel cantilever is given as,
2
qsoil+surcharge+cantilever= 152.89 kN/m
Case -2 When the foundation material is soil
qmax = 155.22 kN/m2

Lh = 0.99 m
Assume counter clock-wise moment as positive.
Ma-a = 215.07 kNm/m
Therefore, the maximum moment is taken for design.
Mfact.a-a (max) = 215.07 kNm/m

The craking moment given by eq.(8.2) as follows:
Ig =bh3/12 = 5.3E+09 mm4
fr = 2.817 MPa
lesser of :
Mu = 215.07 KNm/m
Dprov. = 400 mm
2
= 1869.26 mm fy = 400 MPa
fc' = 20 MPa
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b) f= 0.9
= 43.98 mm fbar = 20 mm
cover = 50 mm
dprov = 340 mm
b1 = 0.85
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Appendix RW
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use f 20 H1 c/c 160 mm
As prov. = 1964 mm2 Smax = 450 mm
r max. = 0.75rb =0.75(0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163
r prov. = As/bd = 0.0058 OK !!
2
q end = 157.56 kN/m
2
q b-b = 0.00 kN/m
Lh = 0.00 kN/m
2
q end = 155.22 kN/m
2
q b-b = 155.22 kN/m
Lh = 0.65 kN/m
Therefore, the maximum shear at section b-b for design is,
Vfactored = 220.47 kN/m

= 0.742 Mpa
5.4 Shrinkage and temprature reinforcement
According to section 5.10.8, the area of reinforcement for walls and footings in each direction shall not be less than :
As = 0.0015Ag fbar = 10 mm
>= 487.5 mm2
Use f 10 c/c 320 mm
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Appendix RW
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H [height of wall]
Bar Schedule
300
Bar S1
400 400 f 10 S1* c/c 240 mm
300
L= 1400 mm
4753
f 20 S1 c/c 240 mm
L= 5153 mm
400
Bar S2
f 20 S2 c/c 240 mm
2616 L= 3016 mm
400
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Appendix RW
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Bar S3
f 10 S3 c/c 320 mm
4850 L= 5000 mm
150
Bar T1
175
3250
f 12 T1 c/c 240 mm
L= 3425 mm
Bar T2
175
1550
f 12 T2 c/c 240 mm
L= 1725 mm
Bar H1
2262
300
80
f 20 T1 c/c 160 mm
L= 2642 mm
Bar Schedule and quantities per linear meter

Size Length Weight
Bar [mm] Number/m [mm] [kg]
S1 20 4.17 5153 52.96
S1* 10 4.17 1400 3.60
S2 20 4.17 3016 31.00
S3 10 3.13 5000 9.64
H1 20 6.25 2642 40.73
T1 12 4.17 3425 12.67
T2 12 4.17 1725 6.38
Distri. 10 54 1000* 33.30
Grade 20 Concrete--------------------- 2.59 m3
Reinforcement Steel-------------------- 190.27 kg
* indicates that the actual length is the length of the wall minus cover
The fraction number of bar is due to per linear assumption.
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Appendix RW

Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Retaining Wall Design

APPENDIX RW - DESIGN OF R.C. CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Yield stength of reiforcemement steel, fy for f <=20 = 350.0 Mpa

Unit weight of concrete,gc = 24.00

1.0 Dead Load

soil W8 176.06 2.375 418.14

2.0 Lateral Pressure

Highway Surcharge load

2.00 y = -0.0034x3 + 0.077x2 - 0.6266x + 2.478

heq [m] Polynomial (heq [m])

Arm from Driving

3.0 Bearing pressure beneath footing

The summation of moment about toe, Msum = 236.24 kNm

The eccentricity e , is therefore,

I ) When the foundation material is rock e>L/6, Look at Case -2

Case -1 When e<=L/6

q heel = -36.59 kN/m2 OK !!

Case -2 When L/6<e<=3/8*L

qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 210.08 kN/m2

II ) When the foundation material is soil

qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)

From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated.

qmax = 157.6 kN/m2

The summation of moment about toe, Msum = 442.22 kNm

The eccentricity e , is therefore,

I ) When the foundation material is rock e<=L/6, Look at Case -1

Case -1 When e<=L/6

q heel = 15.22 kN/m2 OK !!

Case -2 When L/6<e<=L/4

qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 206.96 kN/m2

II ) When the foundation material is soil

qmax*Le =V and qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)

From the above two eq's qmax and Le can be calculated. V

4.1 Stability against overturning

4.2 Stability against sliding

Driving force = 122.15 kN

5.1 Design of stem

5.1.1 Design for Flexure

The moment at the base of the stem is calculated as;

Net height of fill on stem = 4.60 m

Msurcharge = 65.29 kNm/m

The factored moment for design is therefore,

Mfact. = 275.67 kNm/m

The cracking moment given by :

use f 20 S1 c/c 120 mm

r max. = 0.75rb =0.75(0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)))= 0.0163

r prov. = As/bd = 0.0077 OK !!

Half bar cut off location

lext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,deff)

Bar cut off point from top of wall = 2.31 m

5.1.2 Check for Wide beam Shear

5.2 Design of toe cantilever

5.2.1 Design for Flexure

qtoe = 150.36 kN/m2

The factored moment for design is therefore,

Mfact.a-a = 74.78 kNm/m

The factored pressure from underneath minus weight of cantilever is,

Mfact.a-a = 73.61 kNm/m

Therefore, the maximum moment at section a-a for design is,

Mfact.a-a (max)= 74.78 kNm/m

The cracking moment given by Eq.(12.39) as follows:

Mcr =frIg/yt = 75.13 KNm/m yt= 200 mm

use f 12 T1 c/c 120 mm

qmaxLe =V and qmaxLe*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)

qmaxLe =V and qmaxLe*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)