FDF

Winter car maintenance knowledge: Do we need to change all kinds of oil during the season?
Does the antifreeze coolant need to be replaced? (Hereinafter referred to as antifreeze) the
answer is obviously yes, but the replacement is often referred to the time cycle rather than the
season; For example, the replacement cycle of the common type is recommended to be three
years, while the long-acting type can be used to six years. In practical application, if the addition
method of the period is reasonable, an appropriate extension of one year is not a problem.
Because the main material and type of this solution is "EG· glycol water-based type", in other
words, EG is mixed with water in a maximum ratio of 6:4; When the proportion of EG reaches
60%, there will be the lowest freezing point of minus 48.3℃. The antifreeze sold in each region
will be based on the lowest temperature in different regions, and the proportion of EG used will
be within the range of 10%~60%. (More than 60% of the freezing point also rises.)
The rest includes corrosion inhibitors, colorants, some glycerin or propylene glycol, etc., but the
main ingredient, of course, is water; This solution will make the corrosion inhibitor function
worse and worse in the high temperature environment, but it can be used normally within the
recommended period without injuring the car.
There are only two important points about antifreeze:
Color combination
Supplementary way
The function of the colorant is merely to warn, for EG is almost as poisonous as a cobra; The
proportion of aqueous solution reached the standard of 1.6 g/l, which was the lethal amount for
adults. So bright colors must be used as reminders, but why choose different colors?
The reason is that the color of other oil used by different brands of cars cannot be consistent. For
example, some cars should use blue or antifreeze when using pink glass water, so as to ensure
that the fault can be found when leaking. And some cars will use blue glass water, antifreeze
nature can no longer use blue. This is why there are color distinctions, which can be mixed at the
same base cost, because ingredient formulas are not sophisticated techniques.
"Supplement way" is the core factor to determine the service life of antifreeze, antifreeze will be
normal loss in the process of use; The reason is that the water composition in the high
temperature environment will naturally evaporate. Although it is slow, a significant decline can
always be seen every few months, and the stronger the performance, the faster the car is
consumed.
In this case, distilled water (water to remove impurities such as magnesium and calcium
carbonate) should be added during the replenishment. If antifreeze is added at a high frequency,
the proportion of solution EG will increase while the proportion of water will decrease. Over
time will reduce the flow performance of antifreeze, and the freezing point of the solution; If the
ambient temperature of the car is low, is it possible for the water tank to freeze in winter? When
water turns into ice, it expands in volume and may burst the tank as a result. So the reduction can
be supplemented with distilled water, the replacement cycle is no longer repeated.
Do you need to change the "low-temperature type" oil in winter? The answer is clearly no!
Because the oil itself to have the concept of "low temperature flow property, such as 0 w - 40
standard oil, to be able to apply the most low temperature environment for below 35 ℃ or less,
within the scope of the normal starting engine can form effective lubrication in a short time, but
the closer the oil freezing point will let the flow performance is poor, but shall not exceed the
threshold value is more effective than conventional three to five seconds to form lubrication
speed slow down a little. (Lubrication formation rate includes the time of ignition and start
process)
Winter takes out the combination of initials and Numbers, representing the concept of the
freezing point temperature of the oil. The value obtained by adding Numbers (-35) is the setting
temperature of the oil. Common standards are as follows.
W - 0 to 35 ℃
5 w - 30 ℃
10 w - 25 ℃
It follows that there are not many car users who have to deal with temperatures below minus 35
degrees in winter. For oil sold in different regions, the freezing point standard is at least enough
to meet the actual environmental requirements of the lowest temperature. Therefore, there is no
need to change the oil deliberately in winter, unless there are thousands of kilometers of cross-
region driving planning; For example, from tianya Haijiao drive to Mohe Heihe, suitable for the
equator of the oil must not meet the low temperature demand in the north, only in this case only
need to replace.
(The high-temperature viscosity standard should not be adjusted, because the operating
temperature of internal combustion engine is basically constant, and the high-temperature flow
performance of engine oil is also a fixed standard)
02
Regular part
1: It is necessary to change the car glass water in winter "anti-freeze type". Cars driving at
medium to high speeds always encounter a lot of flying insects. These shellac will form a mark
on the front gear and give the impression of road recognition, so even if it is necessary to clean
the front gear; The cleaning process of course needs to have the function of dissolving oily
material glass water, so must choose the antifreeze type.
The main ingredient of glass water is actually ethylene glycol, which is the reason for its bright
color; And the manufacturing process is also very simple, so you can mix it up, or even mix it
yourself, adding some ethanol (alcohol) can also have an anti-freeze effect.
2: Winter tires don't mean much, except in extremely cold areas. The so-called winter tires are
essentially not very high degree of reinforcement, synthetic rubber in the 7 degrees Celsius
below, can guarantee a softer and less noise tire and improve grip type.
However, for car users who mainly commute on urban roads and are not sensitive to tire noise,
the low-temperature grip of ordinary road tires can also ensure normal driving. And winter tires
on the ice and snow can not improve the effect, anti-skid chain is the best cost-effective option.
Then the combination of high purchase and replacement costs, it would seem that this kind of
tire does not make sense.
3: Will low temperature cause damage to the surface structure? The answer is negative again, the
car paint surface structure is mainly divided into four layers, the outermost varnish is originally a
protective layer, this polymer material in the face of low temperature or high temperature is not
what to worry about.
Many northern car manufacturers make commercial cars that land in cold parking lots. What has
happened to these cars? And the standard high temperature baking paint for baking bread can be
burnt, the normal environment high temperature will not damage the car paint.
Conclusion: The oil that a car needs to be replaced regularly is mainly the lubricating oil of the
engine and transmission, as well as the brake fluid and antifreeze coolant. However, in addition
to antifreeze, the standard for replacement is the reference mileage to decide whether to replace.
As for the temperature change will not affect the normal running of the car, the car maintenance
agencies in each area will use consumables in line with the standards of the car place. So the car
isn't always something to worry about, it's just an ordinary commute.
For more, remember to visit AMR 2021:https://auto-
maintenance.cn.messefrankfurt.com/.../en.html
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Do you also need to maintain the new energy vehicles that are more and more popular every year?
, air pollution is one of the most important every urban air environmental construction project, around the
world, another major factor in air pollution is the automobile exhaust, automobile tail gas containing
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other solid particles has a harmful effect on the human body,
especially the leaded gasoline, the greater the harm of human body. So in recent years the rise of new
energy vehicles is not groundless, environmental protection and energy conservation is its label,
affordable application license plate is easy to highlight it, so today maple car car to talk about the new
energy car maintenance knowledge, to see the owner of a green card friends understand?
New energy vehicles and ordinary car maintenance difference
A battery-based car and an engine-based car have different parts, different main parts, different names
and, of course, different maintenance methods. Ordinary car maintenance is mainly based on the engine
system, which needs to change the oil regularly, filter and other parts as auxiliary, while new energy car is
mainly driven by the motor, which needs to carry out routine maintenance and cleaning of the battery
pack and motor. In terms of maintenance, new energy car is much less than ordinary car maintenance.
How to maintain the battery
The battery of new energy vehicle is one of the most important components, charging is its daily
encounter, but to do both to protect the battery and can be fully charged, the owners should remember the
following points: try not to overcharge, discharge and insufficient charging, because these situations are
very easy to lead to battery life shortened; Normally, the battery charger should be placed in a ventilated
and dry place. Don't let it touch water. Everyone knows the consequences of electricity meeting water.
Regularly check the battery pack for dust, and if the range drops significantly, be sure to go to the
relevant store for repair and inspection.
Appearance maintenance reminder
Other maintenance projects of new energy vehicles are similar to those of ordinary cars. It is usually
necessary to check the light, windshield wiper, car paint, etc., whether the chassis parts are aging, whether
the tires have indentation and wear conditions. Once the problems are found in these routine inspections,
they must be solved in a timely manner to avoid affecting the normal driving of the owners.
Car repair? Maintenance? For more information about the automotive aftermarket, welcome to AMR
2021!
22
What is an air gun?
The wind gun is a kind of pneumatic tool, because it works when the noise is relatively loud, so named,
also known as pneumatic wrench. Its power source is the compressed air output by the air compressor.
When the compressed air enters the air gun cylinder, it drives the impeller inside to rotate, generating the
rotation power. The impeller then drives the connected hitting parts for a hammer-like movement, and
after each strike, the screw is tightened or removed.
It is an efficient and safe tool to remove and install screws. The force produced by a big wind gun is
equivalent to that of two adults using a two-meter-long spanner to tighten the screws with greater force.
Its force is usually proportional to the pressure of the air compressor. The force produced by a big
pressure is larger than that of a small one. So once the pressure is too high, it is easy to damage the screws
when tightening them.
Suitable for any place where screws need to be removed. We often see the wind gun tire is the wind gun
to remove the tires from the car, and then to repair the tires. It is simply the fastest tool for removing
screws. 3/4 medium wind gun, high torque strength, moderate weight, made of high nickel alloy steel,
light and durable, strong design, specialized in automobile maintenance industry, shipbuilding, metallurgy
and mining industry, oil field, railway and heavy machinery bolt unloading.
Above is the little common sense about the car, you can choose to maintain your car according to your
needs.
AMR is the leading exhibition platform of automobile maintenance in Asia, and also the first choice
platform for post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The 2019 exhibition
attracted 1,241 exhibitors and 59,102 visitors from around the world, with a total exhibition area of
120,000 square meters. Read more, please go to website: https://auto-
11
How to choose a tyre inflator?
A lot of owners think that it is not useful to buy a car tire air pump, the big deal every time when
maintenance, by the way to measure the tire pressure, filling the gas will be done, use frequency is not
high. Actually this kind of idea is wrong, vehicle-mounted inflator pump belong to the necessities of the
accessory, because we found that the tire pressure is insufficient, is usually the vehicle in normal use, if
the tire to the nail, or some other tool, tire quickly out of gas, it is unlikely that you will be able to just in
the garage, once appear this kind of circumstance, if the car without air pump, it is very embarrassing. In
addition, some car owners have installed a tire pressure monitoring system but have no on-board air
pump. Knowing the tire pressure alarm, they cannot inflate it immediately, which is also very
embarrassing.
So how to choose and buy a good car inflator?
1, must not buy those tens of dollars of the air pump, because the real metal cylinder block, red copper
movement of the air pump cost price to RMB 70-80 or so, very cheap air pump must not buy, bought
after not using a few times can not use, the gain is not worth the loss.
2, the digital display air pump does not display the air pump is stable and reliable: the digital display
looks high-end, but it is not practical, in many cases, there are inaccurate display, as intuitive as the tire
pressure gauge, because the tire pressure gauge is mechanical, will not make mistakes, while the digital
display is electronic, it is easy to have problems.
3, true double cylinder and false double cylinder: many businesses in order to lower the price, at the
expense of safety, the use of plastic cylinder block, poor quality movement, to the equipment caused very
unstable factors.
4, the barometer/tire pressure gauge copper core: if it is copper core barometer and tire pressure gauge,
heat conduction and heat dissipation will be better, so as to avoid the tire pressure gauge in the case of
overheating, the possibility of inaccurate measurement data.
5. It is better to have multiple functions, such as lighting fixtures, which are mainly for use at night.
6, the air needle, air nozzle all complete: these accessories can expand the use of air pump, generally in
addition to cars, basketball, steam boat and other inflatable devices can be used.
7. It is better to have an inflatable windpipe. The length of the windpipe above 3 meters is enough for us
to deal with all models.
8. The working noise given in the product parameter configuration is 90 dB (data reference: 20-40 dB is
alarm sound). If the noise is too loud, such as more than 150 dB, it is recommended not to buy.
Finally, if it is winter, the temperature will drop significantly, and the pressure on the wheels will drop
more. Remind everyone to check their own tire pressure, timely to fill the tire air.
Above is about the vehicle-mounted air pump purchase knowledge, we can according to their own needs
to choose suitable for their own products.
22
What is the key to extend the service life of pneumatic gun?
Pneumatic gun is one of the tools used in automobile maintenance. It can be divided into wind gun, stroke
gun and small wind gun. The pneumatic wind gun is a tool to provide high torque output with minimal
consumption. Its power source is compressed air from the air compressor. When the compressed air
enters the air gun cylinder, the compressed air drives the inner rotation of the impeller and generates
rotation power. Then, the impeller drives the connection of the percussion components hammer type
movement, after each knock tighten or remove the screw.
Users should follow the idea of "maintenance is better than maintenance", and correctly use and maintain
pneumatic cannons in daily life:
1. Use the pneumatic cannon correctly and do not operate illegally to avoid damaging the tools or injuring
the users.
2. In order to ensure the stability of the performance of the tool, it is necessary to supply the air gun with
oil regularly (it is recommended to supply the air gun with oil every day when it is used with high
frequency). The lack of oil will make the tool hot, cause wear, bad action, performance degradation and
so on, which will greatly affect the tool life.
3. Regularly check the air inlet hose and joint of the pneumatic air gun for leakage and looseness, in case
the compressed air pressure into the pneumatic air gun is not enough, too low air pressure will not play
the tool effect, too high air pressure will quickly reduce the tool life.
These are just routine maintenance methods. If you want to extend the life of a pneumatic gun, it is
essential to clean up the pneumatic system. In short, it's two words: "dry" and "clean."
Why is "dry" and "clean" the key to prolong the service life of pneumatic cannons? As a power source, air
compressor in providing pneumatic air gun with the required power of compressed air, the moisture in the
air will inevitably with compressed air into the pneumatic air guns, pneumatic air gun oil metamorphism,
and improve the lubricating oil solidifying point, is not conducive to low temperature flow property, at
the same time also will weaken the strength of the oil film, reduce the lubrication performance, lead to
parts wear and tear. The moisture will interact with the iron scraps falling into the lubricating oil and
generate iron soap. When the iron soap is mixed with pollutants such as dust, grease and gum in the
lubricating oil, it will generate oil sludge, which will accumulate in the pneumatic wind gun, causing
insufficient oil supply on each friction surface and accelerating the wear and aging of the parts.
How do you "dry" and "clean"? In fact, specific maintenance methods are also three points:
1. Daily maintenance of the air compressor and frequent discharge of condensed water in the oil and gas
separation tank. (Discharge method of condensed water: it shall be carried out after the machine is shut
down and there is no pressure in the oil and gas separation tank, and the condensed water is sufficiently
cooled and settled.)
2. Add air filtration system to filter moisture in the air, such as dryer; Or increase the air line gas storage
system to fully precipitate the moisture in the air and expel it, such as gas tank.
3. Regularly clean the sediment in the air pipeline. The metal pipeline is often blocked due to rust and
corrosion.
In general, the pneumatic cannon not only brings the working convenience to the user, but also needs the
user to cherish and maintain it. As the saying goes, it is better to err on the side of kindness than to err on
the side of kindness. Maintenance personnel should adhere to the "maintenance is better than
maintenance" philosophy, maintenance tools for daily maintenance.
So that's a little bit of common sense about pneumatic cannons.
What is the key to extend the service life of pneumatic gun?

Pneumatic gun is one of the tools used in automobile maintenance. It can be divided into wind gun, stroke gun
and small wind gun. The pneumatic wind gun is a tool to provide high torque output with minimal
consumption. Its power source is compressed air from the air compressor. When the compressed air enters the
air gun cylinder, the compressed air drives the inner rotation of the impeller and generates rotation power.
Then, the impeller drives the connection of the percussion components hammer type movement, after each
knock tighten or remove the screw.
Users should follow the idea of "maintenance is better than maintenance", and correctly use and maintain
pneumatic cannons in daily life:
1. Use the pneumatic cannon correctly and do not operate illegally to avoid damaging the tools or injuring the
users.
2. In order to ensure the stability of the performance of the tool, it is necessary to supply the air gun with oil
regularly (it is recommended to supply the air gun with oil every day when it is used with high frequency). The
lack of oil will make the tool hot, cause wear, bad action, performance degradation and so on, which will
greatly affect the tool life.
3. Regularly check the air inlet hose and joint of the pneumatic air gun for leakage and looseness, in case the
compressed air pressure into the pneumatic air gun is not enough, too low air pressure will not play the tool
effect, too high air pressure will quickly reduce the tool life.
These are just routine maintenance methods. If you want to extend the life of a pneumatic gun, it is essential to
clean up the pneumatic system. In short, it's two words: "dry" and "clean."
Why is "dry" and "clean" the key to prolong the service life of pneumatic cannons? As a power source, air
compressor in providing pneumatic air gun with the required power of compressed air, the moisture in the air
will inevitably with compressed air into the pneumatic air guns, pneumatic air gun oil metamorphism, and
improve the lubricating oil solidifying point, is not conducive to low temperature flow property, at the same
time also will weaken the strength of the oil film, reduce the lubrication performance, lead to parts wear and
tear. The moisture will interact with the iron scraps falling into the lubricating oil and generate iron soap.
When the iron soap is mixed with pollutants such as dust, grease and gum in the lubricating oil, it will generate
oil sludge, which will accumulate in the pneumatic wind gun, causing insufficient oil supply on each friction
surface and accelerating the wear and aging of the parts.
How do you "dry" and "clean"? In fact, specific maintenance methods are also three points:
1. Daily maintenance of the air compressor and frequent discharge of condensed water in the oil and gas
separation tank. (Discharge method of condensed water: it shall be carried out after the machine is shut down
and there is no pressure in the oil and gas separation tank, and the condensed water is sufficiently cooled and
settled.)
2. Add air filtration system to filter moisture in the air, such as dryer; Or increase the air line gas storage
system to fully precipitate the moisture in the air and expel it, such as gas tank.
3. Regularly clean the sediment in the air pipeline. The metal pipeline is often blocked due to rust and
corrosion.
In general, the pneumatic cannon not only brings the working convenience to the user, but also needs the user
to cherish and maintain it. As the saying goes, it is better to err on the side of kindness than to err on the side of
kindness. Maintenance personnel should adhere to the "maintenance is better than maintenance" philosophy,
maintenance tools for daily maintenance.
So that's a little bit of common sense about pneumatic cannons.
AMR is the leading exhibition platform of automobile maintenance in Asia, and also the first choice platform
for post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The 2019 exhibition attracted 1,241
exhibitors and 59,102 visitors from around the world, with a total exhibition area of 120,000 square meters.
Read more, please go to websit
How are lubricants made?
Where do the barrels of oil on the market come from?
First, let's start with the base oil. Because base oil is one of the most important components of lubricating
oil. As we all know, lubricants are divided into mineral and synthetic forms. These two different types of
lubricants also have different origins.
Mineral base oils are refined from crude oil, which is then subjected to complex decompression,
distillation, dewaxing, hydrogenation and other operations to produce the mineral base oils available to
us. Synthetic oil is made artificially by extracting carbon from coal or natural gas. Synthetic oil has a
longer life and a more stable viscosity than mineral oil, and is now the main raw material for high-end oil
manufacturing. The base oil is transported by tanker to the lubricating oil factory.
Say that finish base oil, have to say our lubricating oil another important component, additive. Base oils
alone cannot meet today's stringent lubricating oil requirements, so a variety of additives are required. At
present, high-end additive manufacturing technology is still monopolized by foreign technology, which
we still need to work hard. It is worth mentioning that the additives are usually black, and many drivers
say that the lighter the oil, the better! In fact, the color of the oil is too light usually means that the dosage
is insufficient.
Base oil and additives will be mixed in this super VAT, as for the proportion of additives? That's the
family's secret. Here, maybe some friends are about to ask. How can a 5w-30 oil be distinguished from a
5w-40 oil?
There are two kinds of oil labels, one is the quality level is we often say SN\SM, one is the viscosity level
such as 5W\30, 5W\40. High grade base oils and additives must be used to blend high grade products. Of
course, the base oil itself is viscosity difference, such as 0w-30 level of oil requires a lighter component,
the viscosity of the smaller base oil blending, if it is 10w-50 products need a larger viscosity of the base
oil blending. Of course, usually a product will use many different viscosity base oil fusion to achieve the
design viscosity.
In this way, the oil is mixed out, after the factory can be filled? Not yet. We need a series of data checks
on the oil after blending. Good blending products are required to be sent to the laboratory to do manual
testing, high temperature kinematic viscosity, low temperature flow performance, pour point, flash point,
viscosity index, etc., must be tested.
After all the indicators tested qualified, finally can be filled! The automatic filling line improves the
efficiency on the basis of ensuring the accuracy. Filling good lubricating oil, and then by the logistics
company distribution throughout the country to sell, this is the birth of the whole process of lubricating
oil.
AMR is the leading vehicle repair and maintenance exhibition platform in Asia, and the preferred
120,000 square meters.
Learn more exhibition information and industry information, please go to website: www.amr-
china.com.cn
Source: Great Wall oil

Why does the oil go white?
The oil inside the engine is milky white whether to take in water, can you have an effect to the car, what reason
causes, what good solution is there?
Clean up the standards of the lubricating oil before use should be translucent, in the process of engine
operation, because of the mechanical agitation mixed with air, so that the transparency of poor. Generally
speaking, the oil in this situation can be left for 30 minutes to return to its original state.
The oil is milky and foamy because of the emulsification of the oil. This change is most likely caused by the
following:
1. Internal leakage of the engine, such as damage to the cylinder pad or cracks in the liner, causes the engine
coolant to mix with the lubricating oil, which contains water.
2. Emulsification of lubricating oil is caused by water in the lubricating oil.
3. When the engine temperature is low, the water in the combustion tail gas enters the lubricating oil, so it
cannot be evaporated in time and accumulates in the lubricating oil.
4. The crankshaft of the engine is not properly sealed, resulting in water intake.
5. Poor quality of lubricating oil.
Under normal circumstances, the allowable water content in lubricating oil is less than 0.03%. When the water
content is more than 0.1%, the additives (antioxidants, detergents, dispersants, etc.) in the lubricating oil may
fail, accelerating the oxidation process of the lubricating oil. The organic acids generated by the oxidation of
lubricating oil and the acidic oxides in the exhaust gas of the engine react with water to form inorganic acids,
which will increase the corrosion of the engine.
When there is more water in the lubricating oil, the lubricity of the lubricating oil will become worse and the
viscosity will decline. Serious mechanical accidents such as engine shaft holding and tile burning are caused
by heavy load. Therefore, when the owner found that the lubricating oil white, should cause attention, do not
start the vehicle, immediately check the condition of the engine, and replace the regular brand of high-quality
lubricating oil. Kunlun tianrun kr9-t series full synthetic high-performance engine lubricating oil upgrade anti-
wear technology, with excellent high and low temperature performance, can give the engine more
comprehensive protection, is a good choice.
Of course, at ordinary times when the car, the owner also want to consciously prevent oil emulsion:
First of all, develop good car habits: each car needs to be heated in advance, timely change the oil for their own
vehicles; Second, often check the air filtration and other parts, especially wet areas, reduce the possibility of
water.
AMR is the leading vehicle repair and maintenance exhibition platform in Asia, and the preferred platform for
post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The 2019 exhibition attracted 1,241
The role of lubricating oil.

As we all know, engine oil is used in an engine to effectively reduce the friction between its internal parts, thus
promoting the engine to work well. But does the oil just lubricate? Of course not, but what else can it do?
Cleaning action.
Clean action is to point to the besmirch such as the charcoal that clean combustion produces, oil, or besmirch is
decomposed in oil, perhaps use oily besmirch filter to get rid of besmirch. The engine oil cleans the engine and
removes any remaining impurities from the filter, protecting the metal surface from the acid that forms during
combustion. At the same time, the engine oil can also remove combustion residues, oil combustion products or
oxidation products, and quickly settled to the bottom of the sump. So the oil looks black and dirty, and it's
impossible to tell whether it's good or bad just by looking at it.
Cooling action.
Cooling effect, that is, the effect of cooling the engine. The engine oil AIDS the cooling system and takes
away the heat generated by the piston. Gasoline is ejected from the reverse side as the piston is cooled.
Therefore, the engine oil must have good cooling performance, and can withstand high temperature.
Antirust effect.
The rustproof effect is to prevent rusting, just as the metal parts in the engine should be prevented from rusting,
just like the oil on the sword, etc. These are due to another important feature of lubricating oil waterproof, can
make the engine oil can effectively play the role of rust prevention.
Antioxidant activity.
The engine oil fully protects all parts of the engine. The high temperature produced by the engine will
accelerate the oxidation of the engine oil, therefore, the engine oil must have a good oxidation resistance, in
order to ensure that the engine oil can be in a certain oil cycle to maintain the normal viscosity, to protect all
parts of the engine work properly.
Buffering effect.
The engine oil can withstand a certain impact load from the bearing transmission, ACTS as a buffer, thereby
eliminating the impact load between the bearing and other parts of the engine to a certain extent.
Sealing action.
Finally, the sealing effect, the sealing effect of the engine oil is to make the engine piston and cylinder seal up,
this sealing degree is very important, can effectively prevent cylinder gas, ensure the engine effective power
output, improve the vehicle dynamic performance. This is the function of dropping oil into the gap between the
piston and the cylinder to maintain the cylinder pressure.
AMR is the leading vehicle repair and maintenance exhibition platform in Asia, and the preferred platform for
post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The 2019 exhibition attracted 1,241
The use of automobile lubricants five misunderstandings

Many car owners friends on the understanding of automotive lubricants there are some misunderstandings, so
today's small editor to give you a detailed description of the use of automotive lubricants notes.
Myth 1: Lubricants often do not need to change the oil is often checked is correct, but only to supplement not
replace can only make up for the lack of oil quantity can not completely compensate for the loss of lubricant
performance. Lubricants in the use of the process due to pollution, oxidation and other reasons will gradually
decline in quality, while there will be some consumption, so that the quantity is reduced. In fact, the lubricant
should be replaced after a certain amount of time.
Myth 2: Additives are of great use Really high-quality lubricants are a variety of engine protection functions of
the finished product, the formula already contains a variety of additives, if blindly add other additives not only
can not bring additional protection to the vehicle but easy to react with the chemicals in the oil, resulting in a
decline in the overall performance of the oil. Especially now many additives fake and inferior products, for the
engine damage is quite large.
Myth 3: The lubricant is blackened and the lubricant used in modern cars is generally added with a static
decomposition agent. This static agent will adhere to the piston of the film and black carbon wash down, and
scattered in the oil, reduce the engine high temperature sediment generation, so the lubricant after a period of
use color easy to blacken, but this time the oil is not completely spoiled. So this statement is inaccurate.
Myth 4: The amount of lubricant that can be added more and more should be controlled between the upper and
lower tick marks of the oil ruler. Because too much oil will break into the combustion chamber between the
cylinder and the piston to burn to form a carbon.
These carbon saccharines increase the compression ratio of the engine and increase the tendency to cause
detonation, and the red heat in the cylinder can also cause early combustion, such as falling into the cylinder
will aggravate the wear of cylinders and pistons, but also accelerate the contamination of lubricants.
Secondly, too much lubricant increases the stirring resistance of the crankshaft linkage, which increases the
fuel consumption.
Myth 5: domestic car use imported oil As the saying goes that mountain pigs can not eat fine, a lot of things
are needed according to local conditions, according to the time, not imported oil will be better, because most of
the imported oil viscosity is low, not adapted to the requirements of domestic car oil viscosity.
In addition, the material of various mating components of the domestic engine is thermally expanded
coefficient and the matching gap is larger than that of imported cars, and most domestic car engines do not
have an oil radiator.
If the blind use of imported oil will be due to the engine in the normal operating temperature oil is too thin oil
pressure is low, or even can not meet the required work pressure can not meet the needs of normal lubrication,
so that the engine wear intensified.
As a car owner we are not finished after buying a car, at the same time we have to take good care of the car,
often give it repair and maintenance, check the performance of the car, so that our car live longer.
To protect your car, learn more about the car. For more automotive knowledge, follow AMR Beijing
International AUTO MAINTENANCE&REPAIR Fair. AMR Beijing provides an important platform for the
exchange of business and technical knowledge in various fields of the channel and automotive repair and
maintenance industry. The 2020 exhibition will open all eight pavilions of the new National Exhibition, with
an exhibition scale of about 120,000 square meters, and is expected to attract more than 1,300 overseas
exhibitors and 59,102 professional visitors.
Automotive lubricants small common sense
Lubricants are the source of automotive power, although we all know the importance of automotive
lubricants, but most car owners are still in the "oil blindness" stage. Oil as a lubricant of the car, not only
play a lubrication, anti-wear effect, but also cooling, cleaning, rust prevention, anti-corrosion, anti-
oxidation and other roles, the quality of lubricants on the normal operation of the engine has a very
important impact, today to introduce the car lubricants common sense.
To use lubricants correctly, you must first understand the classification criteria for the registration of
lubricants.
SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers) uses the viscosity grade classification. Owners can
choose the oil based on the ambient temperature of their car. For example, SAE15W-40, 10W-40, 5W-40,
w-front number smaller indicates that the lower the low temperature viscosity, the better the protection of
the engine cold start, w after the number is the oil high temperature index.
API (American Petroleum Association) uses oil quality rating, which divides lubricants into gasoline
engines (S) and diesel engines (C). Gasoline lubricants are represented by S, followed by an English letter
(e.g. SE, SF, SH, SJ, SL, SM), the higher the order of the letters, the higher the quality of the lubricant.
Automotive lubricants are not as expensive as possible.
Some car owners in the choice of oil mistakenly think that a brand of oil is a brand of car's special oil, in
fact, otherwise, as long as the level and viscosity requirements meet the requirements of your car use, you
can buy. Oil is not the more expensive the better, choose oil should be based on the requirements of the
engine.
International AUTO MAINTENANCE&REPAIR Fair. AMR Beijing provides an important platform for
the exchange of business and technical knowledge in various fields of the channel and automotive repair
and maintenance industry. The 2020 exhibition will open all eight pavilions of the new National
Exhibition, with an exhibition scale of about 120,000 square meters, and is expected to attract more than
1,300 overseas exhibitors and 59,102 professional visitors. Go to the official website: www.amr-
china.com.cn
Car maintenance must master these important periods.
How many your car has been driving for several years? Have you done maintenance on time? Do you know
the precautions for each stage of car maintenance? Today to tell you.
Before the age of 1 year, the car is the same as when the youth, is a blank sheet of paper, it is the need to
cultivate the time of carving. Therefore, this time should pay attention to the regular maintenance on time, so
that the car lay a good foundation, practice good physical fitness, so that the possibility of problems will be
greatly reduced.
Car 1-3 years old at this time of love car is like just graduated to participate in the work of college students, all
aspects have reached the best state, but usually pay attention to some routine maintenance projects, such as oil
change reven. In addition, when driving to pay special attention to check the condition of the car, to develop a
good habit of checking the condition of the car at any time, routine inspection items including tires, brake
system, engine, chassis and so on.
At the age of 3-5, the car is arguably in its infancy, and all aspects have reached its peak. But pay attention to
check the brake pads, fuel pumps, shock absorbers, etc. , found that the problem should be repaired in time, do
not leave any "root of the disease", because after this stage the vehicle began to go downhill.
Car 6-10 years old at this time the car has entered the year of inscrutable, gradually began to be unable to heart.
Minor illnesses are common, especially car air conditioning, car paint, power system and other problems are
more prominent. The vehicle's power performance is seriously reduced, generally due to the oil road system is
caused by pollution, should be cleaned up on time engine, oil changes and so on. At this time the car is the
same as middle-aged people, to carry out regular medical examination, have a disease do not carry hard, timely
to repair the repair shop for maintenance, in order to continue its career.
Car 10-15 years old at this time the car has reached the age of faltering, because china's non-operating cars
have been cancelled mandatory scrap policy, but at this time drive such a "old car" on the road or be careful to
be wise, drive it do not pursue speed and passion. After all, it has accompanied you through a lifetime, the rest
of the life is better for it.
Car 15 years of age and older may May 1, 2013 issued the mandatory scrapping of private cars regulations,
more than 15 years of vehicles need to be tested once in six months, three consecutive failed tests to carry out
mandatory scrapping. In addition, the new rules provide for the driving 600,000 kilometers of old cars to guide
the scrapping.
Follow AMR Beijing International AUTO MAINTENANCE&REPAIR Fair. AMR Beijing provides an
important platform for the exchange of business and technical knowledge in various fields of the channel and
automotive repair and maintenance industry. The 2020 exhibition will open all eight pavilions of the new
National Exhibition, with an exhibition scale of about 120,000 square meters, and is expected to attract more
than 1,300 overseas exhibitors and 59,102 professional visitors.
What is the reason for the white, black and blue smoke from the car's exhaust?
Look at the car exhaust can also quickly judge the car's problem, mainly look at the color, car exhaust healthy
color should be colorless or slightly white, if this color proves that your car is very healthy, you can use with
confidence.
White smoke: If the beginning of white smoke, and is very thick kind of white smoke, it is a bit like smoking
out of similar ah, if it happens in winter, it may be caused by bad fuel vaporization, fuel has not been
completely burned in the engine, from the exhaust pipe out, this situation generally only in the first start of the
car will appear, When the engine temperature rises, this phenomenon disappears, which is not a big problem.
Blue smoke: mainly oil, if the engine smoke, basically the engine burning oil, at the same time there will be
low oil level, it is best to go to the 4S shop inspection.
Black smoke: the air filter is dirty, the intake is insufficient, the carburetor is faulty, the electric vehicle without
the carburetor, or the oxygen sensor in the exhaust pipe is contaminated, can not provide the correct
information to the gas supply computer. These problems will cause the valve to accumulate carbon, affect the
sealing of the combustion chamber, resulting in the engine power decline, resulting in the vehicle's power
decline, slow acceleration, no energy.
International AUTO MAINTENANCE&REPAIR Fair. AMR Beijing provides an important platform for the
exchange of business and technical knowledge in various fields of the channel and automotive repair and
maintenance industry.
Auto parts replacement cycle A car has thousands of parts, as an ordinary car owner, we can not and do not
need to understand the use of these parts, but in order to drive safety and extend their service life, for some
vulnerable parts common sense problem car main attention.
Let me share with you the knowledge of auto parts, I believe you will have a deeper understanding of your car.
1, tire replacement cycle: 50,000 to 80,000 kilometers to change tires regularly, a group of tires again durable,
can not be used for a lifetime. Under normal circumstances, a tire is replaced by a period of 50,000 to 80,000
km. If there is a crack on the side of the tire, it should be replaced for safety reasons even if the mileage is not
reached. When the tread depth is less than 1.6 mm, or the tread has reached the wear indication mark, it must
be replaced. 　　
2, wiper sliver replacement cycle: 1 year for the replacement of wipers, it is best to replace once a year. Daily
use of wipers, to avoid "dry scraping", so that it is easy to damage the wiper sliver, serious will cause damage
to the car glass. Owners are best to spray cleaner and lubricity more than a bit of glass liquid, and then start
wipers, usually when washing the car should also clean a rain scrape. 　　
3, brake pads replacement cycle: 30,000 kilometers of brake system inspection is particularly important,
directly affect the safety of life, in general, brake pads will increase with the mileage, and gradually wear. If
the brake pads are less than 0.6 cm thick, they must be replaced. Replace the brake pads every 30,000 km
under normal driving. 　　
4, battery replacement cycle: 60,000 kilometers battery is usually in 2 years or so to check the replacement.
Usually in the vehicle stall, the owner as little as possible to use the vehicle's electrical equipment, to prevent
the battery loss. 　　
5, engine timing belt replacement cycle: 60,000 km engine timing belt is best in 2 years or 60,000 km when
checking or replacing. However, if the vehicle is fitted with a timing chain, it does not have to be replaced with
"2 years or 60,000 km". 　　
6, oil filter change cycle: 10,000 km air filter is mainly to block the engine in the process of intake dust and
particles, if the filter for a long time can not be cleaned and replaced, can not be dust and foreign objects shut
out. If dust is inhaled in the engine, it will cause abnormal wear on the cylinder wall. Therefore, the air filter is
best every 5000 km cleaning, with the air pump blowing clean can, do not wash with liquid. The air filter
needs to be replaced every 10,000 km. 　　
7, Air filter replacement cycle: 10,000 km Air filter is mainly used to block the engine in the intake process of
dust and particles, if the filter is not cleaned and replaced for a long time, can not be kept out of dust and
foreign objects. If dust is inhaled in the engine, it will cause abnormal wear on the cylinder wall. Therefore, the
air filter is best every 5000 km cleaning, with the air pump blowing clean can, do not wash with liquid. The air
filter needs to be replaced every 10,000 km. 　　
8, gasoline filter replacement cycle: 10,000 kilometers of gasoline quality is constantly improving, but
inevitably mixed with a part of impurities and moisture, so gasoline into the gasoline pump must be filtered to
ensure that the oil road is smooth, the engine is working normally. Since the gasoline filter is a one-time use, it
needs to be replaced every 10,000 km. 　　
9, spark plug replacement cycle: 30,000 kilometers spark plug directly affect the engine's acceleration
performance and fuel consumption performance, such as a long period of lack of maintenance or even not
replaced on time, will lead to serious carbon accumulation of the engine, cylinder work disorder. The spark
plug 30,000 km needs to be replaced once. When selecting a spark plug, first determine the model and heat
level used in the car. When you are driving and feel that the engine is not powered enough, you should check
for maintenance once. 　　
10, shock absorber replacement cycle: 100,000 km oil leakage is a precursor to damage to the shock absorber,
in addition, on the bad road road driving bumps significantly increased or brake distance length is also a sign
of damage to the shock absorber.
Common problems with automotive circuits

The common circuit problems of automobilemainly include the following aspects: First, the loss or damage of
the car key, this time can be used to directly connect the two posts of the switch or directly connect the wire
method to solve this problem. The second is leakage in the car's split head, this time can be removed from the
car split head of the spring piece, and then put the insulation object in, and then add spring pieces in the split
head, so that you can solve this problem. Again, there is leakage of electricity in the car's sub-electrical cover,
can be used small fire baking clean leakage or ship inspection office to solve. Finally, the car's capacitor is
damaged. At this point, the horn capacitor can be selected to replace it.
Car engine has too high water temperature problem caused the car engine has too high water temperature
causes mainly include the following aspects: First, the lack of cold water, in order to make this problem
resolved, you can first drive the car to a cool position, wait until the car's engine water temperature drop, then
put cold water into the people, to reconcile it. If you need to turn on the engine immediately, you must first
soak the towel in the cool water, then cover the towel on top of the engine, and then slowly open, and then put
the cold water into the person to avoid being burned by water vapor.
Second, due to leakage caused by rising engine water temperature, this time can first use tape to fix the
antifreeze pot. Again, it is the thermostat's fault. The temperature of the rmostat in the upper ,-- the engine, dan
thermostat failure, can not be adjusted by the water temperature according to a reasonable water supply to the
water tank, which will also cause the car has too high water temperature. In this case, the thermostat needs to
be repaired or replaced four times.
The ARM CHINA 2020 is a leading exhibition platform for auto maintenance and maintenance in Asia, as
well as the preferred platform for post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The
ARM CHINA 2020 will open on March 15, 2020 solstice 18, we will meet you in Beijing.
Auto Maintenance and Repair Expo (AMR) is Asia's leading automotive maintenance repair and car care
show. As the premium choice for the China's aftermarket, it connects China with the rest of the world.
The show covers every aspect of the auto service, parts, maintenance and repair technology and equipment
sector including garage equipment, testing & diagnostic equipment and tools, coating, collision repair, car care
and car wash, chain stores, training, software lubricants and spareparts. The broad product spectrum attracts
trade visitors such as 4S shops, car care shops, car manufacturers, chain stores, distributors & wholesalers, test
stations, transportation companies, tyre shops and workshops to source and look for business opportunities
every year.
Common car repair and maintenance problems

(1)Odor of the automobile engine After a long period of driving, over time, the sealed rubber mats around the
car engine will age, which will cause odor in the car engine. This time can be replaced by the timely
replacement of the seal rubber ring to solve this problem.
(2) The cause of the odor of the automobile exhaust may be the exhaust pipe or the fault of the oil road. To
solve this --issue problem, the exhaust pipe and oil road must first be carefully checked and repaired".
3) The phenomenon of automatic stalling when the car is changing gear If the automatic stall ingress when the
car is changing, first of all, whether they have strictly in accordance with the driving rules of operation to
consider, after determining the operating norms, and then the stability of the car idle to consider, if the car has
a normal idle speed, It may be due to the carburetor blockage caused by a fire failure, this time the carburetor
should be cleaned.
(4) The phenomenon of automatic stalling when the car turns around the corner when the car automatically
stops when the car turns around is not a common problem of running long-distance cars, the main reason for
this situation is that the long-distance car in the exhaust exhaust impurities when very difficult, these impurities
after a long period of accumulation will produce carbon accumulation. To solve this problem, it is necessary to
clean up the carbon build-up.
The ARM CHINA 2020 is a leading exhibition platform for auto maintenance and maintenance in Asia, as
well as the preferred platform for post-market procurement and overseas market expansion in China. The
ARM CHINA 2020 will open on March 15, 2020 solstice 18, we will meet you in Beijing.
Auto Maintenance and Repair Expo (AMR) is Asia's leading automotive maintenance repair and car care
show. As the premium choice for the China's aftermarket, it connects China with the rest of the world.
The show covers every aspect of the auto service, parts, maintenance and repair technology and equipment
sector including garage equipment, testing & diagnostic equipment and tools, coating, collision repair, car care
and car wash, chain stores, training, software lubricants and spareparts. The broad product spectrum attracts
trade visitors such as 4S shops, car care shops, car manufacturers, chain stores, distributors & wholesalers, test
stations, transportation companies, tyre shops and workshops to source and look for business opportunities
every year.
These car maintenance knowledge do you understand?

For good drivers, it is necessary not only to be skilled in driving skills, but also to repair common problems
with vehicles. Learning to fix common problems can save us a lot of repair costs. Today we have some
common car repair and maintenance knowledge.
The steering wheel suddenly sinks In the driving car suddenly sinks, the direction of rotation has a sense of
resistance, the steering wheel does not automatically return to the center after turning. In this case, there is a
higher likelihood of different tire pressures on both sides of the front wheels, or there may be problems with
the power supply system and the assist lubricant.
The water tank is leaking The engine requires not only oil, but also the circulating cooling of the water. If the
water tank leaks, stop it immediately. If a leak is found at the bottom, it may be a leak in the water tank or
kettle. If it's light-colored water and it's blistered, glass water may be leaking. You can also drive in this case.
However, if the flow of yellow, green, pink antifreeze, proof that the water tank leak, at this time to wait for
the trailer support.
Oxidation, cracking, fading, water marks car for a long time parked outside, sunlight, dust, gum, bird
droppings and other accelerated paint aging. Many of the oxidized vehicles, as we can see with the naked eye,
turn edits black or yellow. It's easy to solve this series of problems, wash the car and wax. Car wash is not only
to clean the body, but also to protect the paint method, so that the paint is bright and durable, waxing can also
effectively prevent rain, dust, UV damage to the paint, the body surface is brighter and more beautiful.
Engineering Basics.
Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Force is what causes an
object to accelerate in linear kinematics. Similarly, torque is what causes an angular acceleration. Hence,
torque can be defined as the rotational equivalent of linear force.
Moment of inertia, in physics, quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body—i.e., the opposition
that the body exhibits to having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application of a torque
(turning force). ... The axis may be internal or external and may or may not be fixed.
Performance
Max Power 136

Displacement (cc) 5883 cc
Fuel Tank (Litres) 350 Ltr
Transmission Manual
Gradeability (%) 22 %
Gearbox 6-Speed
Turning Radius (mm) 8350
Engine Cylinders 6
Engine Tata CuMmins 6BT BS-III
Max Torque 490Nm
352 mm dia., Single Plate dry friction type, with

Clutch
ceramic lining
Max Speed (km/h) 102
Emission Norms BS-III
Design & Build
GVW / GCW (Kgs) 16200 kg
Wheelbase (mm) 4225 mm
Payload (Kgs) 11250 Kgs
Front Tyre 10 x 20 - 16 PR
Rear Tyre 10 R 20-16 PR
Overall Length (mm) 7710
Overall Width (mm) 4225
Overall Height (mm) 2704
Kerb Weight (Kgs) 4950
Ground Clearance (mm) 260
Body Option Customizable
Tiltable Cabin No
Axle Configuration 4x2
Cabin Type Sleeper Cabin
Chassis Type Chasis with Cabin
Comfort
A/C No
Cruise Control No
Navigation System No
Telematics No
Adjustable Driver Seat No
Tiltable Steering No
Arm-rest No
Seat Type Standard
Steering Power Steering
Driver Information Display Yes
Safety
Rear Suspension Semi elliptical Leaf s PR ings suspension
Front Suspension Semi Elliptical Leaf S PR ing
Extra heavy duty Forged "I" beam reverse Elliot type

Front Axle
Axle,
Rear Axle Single speed, Hypoid gears, Extra heavy duty Axle
Brakes Air Brakes
ABS No
Parking Brakes Yes
Tubeless Tyres No
Seat Belts Yes
Hill Hold No
Fog Lights No
Power Steering Yes

Others
Water Tank Type No
No. Of Valves No
Pump Type No
Bulker Type No
Bulker Discharge Pipe No
Bulker Air Inlet Pipe No
Bulker Equipments No
Bulker Electricals No
Floor Material No
Side Board Material No
Size (Cu. M) No
Rear Board Material No
Width {mm (ft.)} No
External/Interior Surface No
Height {mm (ft.)} No
Refrigerating Unit No
No. Of Axles No
Temperature Range No
Axle Types No
Body Brakes Air Brakes
Landing Gear No
Electricals No
Floor Type No
Length {mm (ft.)} 5486(18)
Body Material No
Ladder type heavy duty frame with rivetted and

Chassis
bolted cross members
Canopy Length No
Water Tank Capacity (KL) No
The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tires
THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO RUN FLAT TIRES

 Uncategorized
The EngineerApril 25, 20210

Definitive Guide, Noisy Tires, Run Flat Tyres, The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tyres, tyres, Tyres
Dangerous
The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tires
Note – Tyre vs. Tire. For British motorists, the rubber wheel-covering is called a tyre – for the
Americans, it’s a tire.
Run Flat Tires
Run-flat tires are tires that can run even after they’ve punctured.
These tires are specifically designed to run for a short duration after it is punctured so that you
get enough time to run the vehicle to an auto repair shop.
Run-flat tires are becoming more common in everyday cars. Goodyear started manufacturing
run-flat tires for NASCAR cars in 1966.
It was introduced in the mid-1980s specifically for commercial purposes.
As the technology proved its usefulness, most of the standard car models are equipped with such
tires.
Run-flat tires can run for about 80 km after it suffers a punctured wound.
This grace period allows the driver to drive the car to his garage or repair shop.
Types of Run Flat Tires:
There are two types of run-flat tires:
1. Self-supporting type
2. Support ring type
Self Supporting System:
In a self-supporting type, the tire features a reinforced sidewall construction that will continue
supporting the wheels in the event of air pressure loss.
This design helps to operate the tires even after the loss of air from the tires for the specified
distance.
Self Supporting Type | The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tyres
Support Ring System:
In a support ring system, a ring of hard rubber is provided within the tire to support the weight of
the vehicle in the event of air loss.
Support Ring type | The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tyres
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS):
Vehicles employing run-flat tires are installed with a tire pressure monitoring system to monitor
pressure losses in the tires.
Drivers might be unaware that their vehicle’s tires are punctured in the case of run-flat tires.
TPMS alerts the driver of any pressure losses in the tires.

Advantages of Run Flat Tires:
1.
We don’t have to change the tires in dangerous situations.
If a tire burst while driving on a highway, we don’t have to stop and change the tires
immediately.
An average run-flat tire can run up to 80 km after a tire burst.
2.
It provides better control over the vehicle. In a conventional tire burst, drivers might panic and
lose control which can be hazardous.
Disadvantages of Run Flat Tires:
1. It is expensive than a normal tire.

2. The driving experience is not comfortable. Since run-flat tires are stiff, they tend to provide a
harsh ride.
3. There is no wide range of specialized tread types in run-flat tires. Tires, especially for an off-road
experience, have not been specifically designed.
More Detail
The Definitive Guide to Run Flat Tyres
How long can you drive on a punctured run-flat tire?
 Once a run-flat tire suffers a puncture, you can’t keep driving on it forever – usually, you will be
able to drive at c.
 30 mph for another 50 miles – plenty of time to get to your nearest garage.
 The exact range depends on variables like your driving speed, the load of your vehicle, and
driving conditions.
Vehicles fitted with Run Flat as ‘Original Equipment’ (OE)
An increasing amount of vehicle manufacturers are opting to fit new cars with run-flat tires – so
when you buy, for example, a new BMW 5 series or Mini, it will come with four run-flat tires.
This means that it will not have a spare tire or tire changing equipment included as standard.
Fitting ‘Conventional’ Tyres to a Run Flat Equipped Vehicle
If your car was originally supplied with Run Flat tires, it is possible to change to ‘conventional’
tires.
However, if the vehicle was designed with Run Flat tires in mind, bear in mind you could be left
stranded without a spare!
Make sure you also buy a new spare tire and tire changing equipment.
Why change from run-flat to conventional tires?
We are not recommending that you change the type of tire originally supplied your vehicle with.
Changing to standard tires could affect your car’s handling, so you must always consult the
manufacturer before making this type of change.
However, some people choose to do this for the following reasons:

 Conventional tires are generally cheaper than run-flat tires and have better availability
 Some drivers find that conventional tires give a smoother, less bumpy ride than run-flat tires
 In line with most leading tire retailers, National will not repair a run-flat tire following a puncture
Fitting Run-Flat to an older vehicle (‘retro fitting’)

If you are considering changing to run-flat tires on a vehicle that previously fitted with ‘normal’
tires, then there are several points to consider:
Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
Run flats must only be installed on a car which has TPMS/tire pressure monitoring system.
TPMS alerts the driver to a puncture, so they are aware that they have a limited time to replace
their tire, and so they drive within the limits of their deflated tire (see our section on tire pressure
for more detail)
Vehicle Suspension
You should also note that you may need some changes made to your vehicle’s suspension.
Because of their stiffer construction, run-flat tires contribute to a vehicle’s suspension when
fitted as original equipment.
Read More:
Noisy Tires?
Read: WHEELS: PARTS, SIZES, BOLT PATTERNS, WHEEL OFFSET, ONE-PIECE

VS TWO-PIECE WHEEL AND HOW THEY MADE
WHEELS: PARTS, SIZES, BOLT PATTERNS, WHEEL OFFSET, ONE-PIECE VS TWO-PIECE WHEEL AND HOW
THEY MADE
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Automotive
Properties of Diesel Fuel
PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL

 Automotive
 Car Talk
 Maintenance Tips
The EngineerApril 27, 20210

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The properties of diesel fuel are at times varied from other fuels such as gasoline.
However, there are also some similarities, such as the fact that they both burn in a fuel cylinder
to make the engine work, and it goes without saying that they both power vehicles.
Did You Know? | WONDERING “WHY ARE DIESEL ENGINES NOISY?” THE REASONS
But how different are gasoline and diesel fuel really?
There are several differences between the properties of gasoline and diesel fuel, for example:
 Diesel requires less refining
 It is heavier, thicker, and oilier
 It has an increased evaporation time
 Can be compressed more
Diesel is used to fueling and power a large range of vehicles, including:
 Buses
 Cars
 Boats
 Trains
 Farm equipment, the list goes on!
Also, read:
 HOW DO GASOLINE ENGINES DIFFER FROM DIESEL ENGINES?

 WHY ARE DIESEL ENGINES USED IN HEAVY VEHICLES? EPIC REASONS
 TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING DIESEL ENGINE
More technical properties of diesel include:
 Centane number: minimum 40 (as of 2000)

 Cloud point: -34 degrees celsius (maximum)
 Water and sediment: 0.02% (maximum volume)
 Microbiological contamination: Bacteria – SRB causes corrosion and sludge development
 Fame content (biopart): approximately 7%
 Density: 0.832 kg/L
 Sulphur content: 500ppm
 CFFP – cold filter plugging point: up to -5 degrees celsius
 Heating (calorific) value: 45.5MJ/kg
 Flash point: 40 degrees celsius (minimum)
 Viscosity: (at 40 degrees celsius) 2.5-3.5mm2/s
 Carbon residue: 0.1% (maximum mass)
 Ash: 0.01% (maximum)
 Oxidation stability: up to 0.025mg/ml
Also, read:
 PROFESSIONAL TIPS ON HOW TO START A FLOODED ENGINE

 HOW OFTEN TO CHANGE AIR FILTER IN CAR? THE ANSWER
Abstract:
Diesel fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by

distillation of crude oil.
The important properties which are used to
characterize diesel fuel include cetane number (or
cetane index), fuel volatility, density, viscosity, cold
behavior, and sulfur content.
Diesel fuel specifications differ for various fuel grades
and in different countries.
How do gasoline engines differ from diesel engines?
Read More:
 3 INTAKE MANIFOLD LEAK SYMPTOMS (AND REPLACEMENT COST)
 WHAT ARE THE INTAKE MANIFOLD GASKET LEAK SYMPTOMS?
 INTRODUCTION OF ENGINES
 Piston and Piston Rings
Read More:
FUEL SYSTEM: COMPONENTS, WORKING PRINCIPLES, SYMPTOMS
AND EMISSION CONTROLS
FUEL SYSTEM: COMPONENTS, WORKING PRINCIPLES, SYMPTOMS AND EMISSION CONTROLS
Typical Emission reduction hardwares of a diesel engine

DOC is used to oxidize hydro carbon (HC) and Carbon mono oxide (CO).
SCR and Urea (diesel exhaust fluid) injection is used to reduce NOx exhaust emissions.
Pearson
March 18, 2017
Retired motor SGT, ASE certified truck tech
Is it possible to make motor engines which can run on both petrol and diesel at the same
time?
It is not only possible, but it was done over 40 years ago.
This is the LDT 465 engine:
It was used in these, the M35 2 1/2 ton truck:
It uses a fuel density compensator in the injection pump to adjust the amount of fuel
delivered based on how viscous the fuel is. It also uses a swirl chamber in the top of the
piston to help with combustion.
The engine could run on diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, heating oil, or gasoline.
Gasoline wasn’t advised for long use unless a little oil was mixed into it to help lubricate the
injection pump, but it would run on it.
This engine was designed in the 1960s, and was in use into the early 2000s. With more
modern materials, it would likely be easier to use gasoline without the lubrication problems.
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From your Digest
Subhasis Dutta Roy
Updated August 10, 2019
Studied Mechanical Engineering & Pure Science (Graduated 1997)
What is the number of wheels in a rail engine?
There are three types of wheel arrangements in Locomotives of Indian Railways. “ B,B”,
“Bo,Bo" and “Co, Co".Here is the picture for you to understand easily.
In “B B” type one traction motor driven the two axle. There are total 4 axle and two traction
motors in this type Locomotive. Now this Locomotive is obsolete in Indian Railway. WAG 1/4
was a this type Locomotive. Here is a pic of WAG 1/4
In “Bo, Bo” type each axle have his individual traction Motor. There are four axles and eight
wheels in this type of Locomotive. WAP 5 is one of such Locomotive in Indian Railways. Here
is a picture of WAP-5.
The difference between a Bo-Bo and a B-B is that the two axles in a B bogie are coupled
together, either by a coupling rod (once common but now obsolete) or because they are
both driven by the same motor.
The last type is “Co Co”. In this type there are six axles in a Locomotive. Each axle has two
wheels so there are 12 wheels in this types of Locomotive. All axles are driven by separate
traction motor. Now in Indian Railways most all locomotives use this type of wheel
arrangement. Example are WAP 7, WAG 5, WAG 7, WAP 4. Here is a picture of WAP 7.
Images Source Google.
Engine Breathing System
Intake System Components
1. precleaner
2. main filter
3. intake ducting/piping
4. turbocharger(s) and turbocharger controls
*Read - https://bit.ly/3fRsYyP
5. charge-air cooling circuit
*Read - https://bit.ly/2HSZXGl
6. intake module for mixture management of EGR
*Read:
- EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) - https://bit.ly/3nOXFZj

- SYMPTOMS OF A BAD EGR VALVE (AND REPLACEMENT COST) - https://bit.ly/3vKjHz0
7. intake manifold
*Read :
- HOW AN INTAKE MANIFOLD WORKS - https://bit.ly/3enIdQP
- 3 INTAKE MANIFOLD LEAK SYMPTOMS (AND REPLACEMENT COST) -

https://bit.ly/3vTHdKh
- WHAT ARE THE INTAKE MANIFOLD GASKET LEAK SYMPTOMS? - https://bit.ly/33ADi97
8. valve porting and cylinder head design
*Read:
- VALVE MECHANISM CONSTRUCTION - https://bit.ly/3vJLD6j
- VALVE SELECTION HANDBOOK | PDF - https://bit.ly/3vMdtP7
- WHAT DOES A PCV VALVE DO? BEST ANSWER - https://bit.ly/3f1Pchk
...............................................................
- Exhaust System Components -
1. valve configuration and exhaust tract geometry
2. exhaust manifold
Read:
- SYMPTOMS OF AN EXHAUST LEAK - https://bit.ly/3b8uhIs
3. turbocharger(s) and turbocharger controls
4. EGR system
5. exhaust piping
6. diesel particulate filter
7. pyrometer
8. catalytic converter
9. selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
10. muffler
*Read - https://bit.ly/33LZj5l
https://youtu.be/sIaoOKQlfJI
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MANUAL TRANSMISSION: COMPONENTS, TYPES, WORKING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

A manual transmission is a house of various components like gears, shafts and various selecting mechanism
that is arranged in special fashion to provide appropriate torque and speed ratios to compete with the
challenges provided by the different road conditions, the shifting from high torque to high speed and vice-versa
is performed manually by symmetrical pushing and pulling of the gear lever by the driver.
The vehicle with MT usually comes with an n-speed manual with or without reverse configuration where ‘n’
denotes the number of speed ratios or shifts for example-Maruti Suzuki swift comes with 5-speed 1-reverse
manual transmission.
COMPONENTS OF A MANUAL TRANSMISSION
1. Clutch Pedal:
The clutch pedal is a hydraulically controlled piece of gear that disengages the clutch when you depress it.
2. Clutch:
This is a system of components which is used to transmit engine torque to the transmission. It consists of a
pressure plate, diaphragm spring, clutch disc, throw-out bearing, and other smaller components. The clutch
disc is a friction pad which is sandwiched between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
3. Flywheel:
As it relates to manual transmissions, the flywheel is the component which delivers engine torque to the clutch
disc. This circular mass has a smooth surface which the clutch disc interacts with.
Understanding how a clutch works are fairly important to understanding the transmission overall.
4. Selector Fork
This arm is used to move the collars along the output shaft (to select gears) and can be moved using the gear
shift.
5. Collar(s)
The collar is what is used to select different gears. It slides between gears and can mesh with them. The collar
is splined to the output shaft, whereas the gears rotate with the lay shaft (and thus are on bearings on the output
shaft). By locking the collar with a selected gear, engine torque passes from the lay shaft to the output shaft
Which brake is commonly used in railway trains?
Railway trains used mechanical brakes operate through air pressure.
Two main substances can transfer pressure from one point to another easily . One we get as
a form of liquid and another one we get as gaseous.
The easiest available liquid that can transfer pressure is water and second one is oil.
Water used in hydraulic jack.
Oil used to transfer pressure to operate brakes manly in cars.

Both the above substances can use for a short distance of pressure transfer.
For longer distance like trains air is most suitable and easily available substance than can
effectively transfer pressure throughout the trains for approximately one km long.
A pipe combination of metal and hard rubber is laying throughout the trains. This pipe
holds the pressure. Pressure creates through running of compressors at locomotive.
Fluctuation of this pipe’s pressure triggered a mechanical operation of individual wagon or

coach connected with this pipe.
This fluctuations are operates mainly from locomotive through Loco Pilot by a handle.
At wagon or coach there are mainly three mechanical instruments that play the main roles
to apply or release the brakes.
DV: - Distributor valve.
AR: - Auxiliary Reservoir.
BC: - Brake Cylinder.

When pressure fluctuates (drops) by loco pilot from locomotive, it activates and unbalances
the DV. Then unbalance DV open a path to enter the proportionate air pressure to BC (Brake
Cylinder) from AR (Auxiliary Reservoir)
This air pressure operates a mechanical arrangement to apply brakes on wheels.
The brakes are now use as brake shoe or disk as per requirements of trains.
You can get full details of how brakes applies on trains you can read Subhasis Dutta Roy's
answer to What happens in case the brakes of a passenger train fail?
Subhasis
What is red diesel and what is it used in?
What is red diesel and what is it used in?

Red diesel is diesel fuel that has had a dye added to it. The dye is for identification purposes
only and doesn’t change the fuel itself.
Red diesel is for use on off road vehicles only. It is sold for the cost of the diesel fuel less
certain road taxes. Since these vehicles never go on the highways, they get to buy the fuel
without the road taxes.
Vehicles that can use red diesel are construction machinery, mining machinery, farm
machinery, diesel engine vehicles that are never used on public roadways and the like.
The fines for using red diesel in a non-conforming vehicle, such as your diesel pickup truck
or semi tractor that is used on the roadways, are very steep
Product Name: Ashok Leyland Taurus 2516/2 (6x4)
Category: Truck
This is a 159 PS (117 KW) @ 2400 rpm powered vehicle with a L62N 6 cylinder
turbocharged after cooled diesel engine. The vehicle is well equipped with a
power steering and dual line full air brakes.
Additional features
Application Operates in iron ore, coal and other mines / Operates in road constructions /
used to move materials like blue metal, sand, earth work etc in civil constructions and
irrigation / canal projects.
Engine L62N 6 cylinder Turbocharged after cooled diesel (Bharat Stage II)
Max Power 159 PS (117 KW) @ 2400 rpm
Max Torque 59 Kgm (580 Nm) @ 1080 - 1400 rpm
Clutch SinglePlate dry friction type , 380mm Dia
Gear Box 6 speed synchromesh
Rear Axle Tandem heavy duty hypoid gear driven
Suspension Semi elliptical multi leaf springs in front and rear
Steering Power Steering
Brakes Dual line full air
Wheel Base 3810 mm (150")
Over all length 6625 mm
Tyre 10 x 20 - 16PR
FES / Cab All steel G 45
Loading Capacity 14 Cu. M Box / 12 Cu. M Scow
Max Speed 67.3 kmph
Max Gradeability 21.40%
GVW 25000 kg
What makes a hemi engine special?
Originally Answered: What is so special about a Hemi engine?
In a nutshell? Airflow is what the hemi special - most people will cite the hemispherical
combustion chamber with its centrally located spark plug as the reason for the engine’s
success. However the primary advantage of the hemi combustion chamber was the angle of
the intake and exhaust valves and how they moved into the combustion chamber. The laid
back angle of the valves allowed for better intake and exhaust port flow and as the valve
opened it moved away from the chamber walls unshrouding the valves and increasing
airflow. This gave the hemi engine a major advantage over its contemporaries when it came
to making power since an engine is essentially an air pump and the more air and fuel that
can be moved into the cylinder the more power the engine will make.
The centrally located plug was a nice plus as well as the minimized surface area which also
bumped power by rejecting less heat into the cooling system.
What people tend to ignore is that a hemi combustion chamber tends to be an open
chamber design with very little quench and when such a chamber design is paired with
large intake and exhaust ports low lift, low speed and part throttle operation suffer as well
as emissions. The chamber design also requires a significantly domed piston to achieve high
compression ratios which effectively forms a barrier to flame propagation across the
chamber and offsets some of the hemi chamber’s advantages.
The modern hemi attempts to address this by adding quench pads and reduced chamber
volume leading to a truncated hemi chamber closer to Ford’s Boss 429 “crescent” chamber
which was also dubbed a “semi-hemi” but required a dual spark plug ignition system with a
waste fire plug to help address emissions concerns.
As cylinder head airflow technology improved on more conventional parallel valve designs
the airflow gap has narrowed allowing more conventional cylinder heads to nearly match
the hemi head’s airflow capability yet avoid the pit falls of the open chamber combustion
chamber. GM’s famous modern LS and LT engines are a good example of this and almost
any multivalve engine can match the hemi head as well ( albeit 4 valve heads tend to be a
sort of “semi-hemi” with their truncated chamber often referred to as a “pent roof”
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How can you tell if your spark plugs and wires need to be changed?
Question: “How can you tell if your spark plugs and wires need to be changed?”
(I have spent decades building high performance engines.)

Spark plugs need to be changed according to the service interval specified in either the
owner’s manual or the car’s service manual. Modern spark plugs, particularly those with
platinum or iridium tips, when used on a car with high voltage ignition and using unleaded
gasoline, only need to be changed every 60,000 to 100,000 miles. Though leaving spark
plugs in too long. particularly on certain Ford Company motors, can lead to extraction and
breakage problems.
Ignition wires and their accompanying spark plug and ignition coil boots need to be
changed if time and heat cycles have caused them to deteriorate leading to misfiring.
This misfiring can be detected by hesitstation upon acceleration or starting difficulties,
particularly during damp or wet weather. Misfiring will usually be indicated by the Service
Engine Light and codes readable using the OBDII port. Severe leaks of current between
adjacent spark plug wires can sometimes create blue arcing visible in a dark garage. Again,
this is more likey to occur in damp weather.
And arcing can sometimes be detected by carbon deposits visible on plug insulators and
metal parts.
Why do many cars still have timing belts when it is possible for them to have other
options instead, and timing belts seem likely to do so much damage to the engine if they
go wrong?
Everything has changed over the years. When I started wrenching, it was common to have
to replace a timing chain and gears at about a hundred thousand. That interval, with the
proper maintenance, can now be as long as five hundred thousand or more.
Belts, well they have made better belts as time went on but still, as was said, two kinds of
motors. But I find them scattered throughout the manufactures. I just use Alldata to look up
each individual engine.
They had to tighten up the tolerances to get enough performance out of many motors
which is why if the belt breaks, there is a reasonable chance that you will bend at least a few
valves. Pulling the engine apart to replace those can cost about as much as many cars are
worth. So, in a sense, it totals them.
Free spinning motor has a little less performance but it only leaves you standing on the side
of the road. A timing chain isn't likely to do that unless you ignore a lot of noise for a very
long time.
Belts and the parts for belts are still very cheap to make compared to chains. It is an easy
out for the manufacturer to put off some of the cost of the car on the owner. Personal
decision whether it is worth it or not.
I have always prefer chains. I believe they are more predictable.
What does the term nail head mean on car engines?
Question: “What does the term nail head mean on car engines?”
This cross sectional drawing of a Buick Nailhead V8 should explain things.

These Nailhead V8s were built from 1953 through the mid-1960s. If you are familiar with
American V8 engine architecture, two things would stand out in that drawing. The first is
that the valves stems are positioned vertically relative to the engine block and at a 45
degree angle relative to the piston top or block deck. The second is that the valve heads are
smaller in diameter than those in other engines of similar displacement. The valves look like
inverted skinny nails rather than fat mushrooms. Thus, the derivation of the term Nailhead
used to describe these engines, the term “head” referring to the engine’s cylinder head.
But why were those Buick engines designed that way? Isn’t it always desirable to have larger
diameter rather than smaller diameter valves? Well no it isn’t.
Given engines of similar displacements, smaller diameter valves, although they will give you
lower flow volumes through the manifolds and valve openings, they will produce higher
flow velocities. That decrease in volume might in turn somewhat limit the engine’s top
speed; but in exchange it will increase the engine’s torque, especially if combined with a
long duration camshaft, one that holds the valves open for a larger number of degrees of
crankshaft rotation. The Buick Nailhead V8s paired such relatively small diameter valves with
long duration camshafts.
Moreover, purposely using smaller valves so as to increase flow rates through the intake
manifold and past the valves generates desirable turbulence in the combustion chamber.
This enhances both exhaust gas scavenging and fuel/air homogeneity within the
combustion chamber. That increases both efficiency and power.
The vertical orientation of the valves also permitted a less restrictive transition from the
intake manifold to cylinder heads than that in V8s where the valve stems were oriented so
that their stems were perpendicular to the deck of the block. In the Nailheads the intake
air/fuel mixture flowed directly into the combustion chamber without having to make a 90
degree bend in the process.
Torque, not horsepower, is what gives you a sensation of power when you open the throttle
from a standing start. And torque provides passing power at highway speeds. Torque allows
an engine to move a heavy body and chassis. And torque is what makes an engine feel as if
it is turning effortlessly and has much more power than it needs.
The Buick Nailheads were designed to be Torque Engines. That fact is apparent in the
nomenclature used for a classic Buick Nailhead Wildcat 445 used in the 1966 Buick Skylark
GS muscle car.
Ordinarily you would think that the designation 445 stood for 445 cubic inches. Not in this
case. The displacement of the Wildcat 445 Nailhead was actually 401 cubic inches. It
produced 340 horsepower. But the Nailhead developed a massive 445 pound feet of torque!
The engine was proudly named for its torque output.
The 1966 Buick Skylark GS Sportcoupe Power Pack mated to a 4-Speed Manual Gearbox did
0 to 60 in 6.3 seconds! That was damned fast…especially for a car that weighed in at 3,700
pounds!
The Buick Nailhead V8s were designed around a different design theory than other
contemporary American V8s. They were torque engines, rather than horsepower engines.
1953 Buick Skylark Convertible. Those spoke wheels (real ones) were factory installed
equipment on that model.
1953 Buick Skylark 322 cubic inch Nailhead V8. Note the distinctive vertical Nailhead valve
covers. The tall black cylinder at the front of the engine behind the belt driven pulley was
the resevoir for the power steering unit. The glass bottle containing blue fluid back by the
firewall was the windshield washer reservoir. The hemispheric metal object on the center of
the firewall is the vacuum operated winshield wiper motor. Note the elongated 6-cap 12-
volt battery indicating that this year had a 12-volt, rather than a 6-volt, electrical system.
Which is the right way to check the car engine oil: using an oil life indicator or by miles (as
recommended by the car mechanic)?
An automotive technician’s opinion:
After 33 years in the business I consider myself very knowledgeable and experienced.
However, I don't think I know more than the team of engineers that designed your engine.
Follow the manufacturer’s maintenance recomendataions. The maintenance reminder light

is synched to follow those recomendations. Most of these reminder lights are simply
mileage based but some systems do analyse how you drive your car and trigger
maintenance based on driving patterns.
Also, the reminder light is only indicating your car needs maintenance. The scheduled
maintenance that is due may or may not include an oil change. Your owners manual will
specify what is required at specific mileage intervals.
Finally, the absolute most important thing about changing your oil is not the interval or the
brand of oil used. The most important thing is the type and weight of the oil.
Modern oils are exceptionally good and will still protect your engine if you go a bit past the
change interval. But your engine was designed to work with a specific weight of oil. If you
use a different weight it will not flow properly and will either reduce your fuel mileage or
shorten the life of your engine.
Also, the manufacturer's recommended oil change interval is based on the type of oil they
recommend. If your manual specifies synthetic oil, the change interval will be based on the
life expectancy of synthetic and vise versa for mineral oil.
Learn about the #Air_suspension system
#Introduction: An air suspension system has an airbag spring that inflates and deflates to change the height of
the car. A tank supplies air to the airbag by the pushing of the pump.
#components:1:Air compressor: Air compressor sucks the atmospheric air and compresses this air. Then it
sends to the air tank.
2:#Air_tank: It reserves compressed air. There has a relief valve. It controls the air pressure.
3:#Air_filter: It cleans the air dust and sends the fresh air to the solenoid valve.
4:#hight_sensor: It mesure the car chassis high to road height.
5:#Control_Module: It collects data all the sensor and sends this data to the solenoid valve.
6:#solenoid_valves: It sends this compressed air to all the airbag springs and controls the airbag spring
pressure.
6:#Air_springs/ #strut: Here the compressed air fill or released by the solenoid and springs help absorb and
direct road force, maintaining wheel oscillation, jounce, and rebound.
#work: when your vehicle drives on a bad road and the air springs need air. That time electronic control unit
collects the data from all the sensors. It allows the solenoid valve to open. Then the electronically controlled
solenoid valve fills or is released with compressed air to the airbag springs and makes your vehicle so
comfortable. It sends this compressed air to all the airbag springs and controls the airbag spring pressure to
absorb the shaking.
join our #YouTube_channel: https://cutt.ly/Anr248n
if you learn somethings in this blog plz like and follow our page... Chinmoy automobile blog
#automobile #PCM #automotive #brake #suspension #air
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Steve Best
I worked as a tech in a Michelin tire factory. Natural rubber ages and cracks due to the effects of oxygen, ozone and UV unless
measures are taken to block these effects. Butyl, neoprene or other synthetics are used to block these effects. They are an expense
so the better tires get more. Carbon black is a cheap filler giving wear resistance. No significant effect on cracking in typical use
Standard atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi1. If the compression ratio is 8:1, the pressure in
the cylinder is 8 x 14.7 psi or 117.6 psi. At a ration of 10:1 the pressure in the cylinder is 10 x
14.7 psi or 147 psi.

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Max Power 136

Fuel Tank (Litres) 350 Ltr

Turning Radius (mm) 8350

Engine Tata CuMmins 6BT BS-III

Max Torque 490Nm

352 mm dia., Single Plate dry friction type, with

Max Speed (km/h) 102

Emission Norms BS-III

Design & Build

GVW / GCW (Kgs) 16200 kg

Wheelbase (mm) 4225 mm

Payload (Kgs) 11250 Kgs

Overall Length (mm) 7710

Overall Width (mm) 4225

Overall Height (mm) 2704

Kerb Weight (Kgs) 4950

Ground Clearance (mm) 260

Body Option Customizable

Axle Configuration 4x2

Cabin Type Sleeper Cabin

Chassis Type Chasis with Cabin

Adjustable Driver Seat No

Seat Type Standard

Steering Power Steering

Driver Information Display Yes

Rear Suspension Semi elliptical Leaf s PR ings suspension

Front Suspension Semi Elliptical Leaf S PR ing

Extra heavy duty Forged "I" beam reverse Elliot type

Brakes Air Brakes

Parking Brakes Yes

Seat Belts Yes

Power Steering Yes

Water Tank Type No

Bulker Discharge Pipe No

Bulker Air Inlet Pipe No

Side Board Material No

Rear Board Material No

Width {mm (ft.)} No

Height {mm (ft.)} No

Body Brakes Air Brakes

Length {mm (ft.)} 5486(18)

Ladder type heavy duty frame with rivetted and

Water Tank Capacity (KL) No

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