LECT 6.spectral Online Version

Chapter 3: Characterization of
Communication Signals and Systems
Graduate Program
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Spectral Characteristics of Digitally Modulated Signals
 Generally, the available channel bandwidth is limited
 In the selection of the modulation methods, spectral
content of digitally modulated signals be determined
 This helps to take the effect of BW constraint into account
Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 2

Spectral Characteristics of Digitally Modulated Signals
 A digitally modulated signal is a stochastic process since
the information sequences are random
 Need to determined power spectral density (PSD) of these
processes
 From PSD one can find the channel bandwidth required to
transmit the information-bearing signals

Spectral Characteristics of …
 Consider a linearly modulated band-pass signal given by
s(t)  Re v(t) e  j 2 πf c t

 Where (t) is the equivalent low-pass signal
 Autocorrelation function of s(t) is

ss (  )  Re vv (  ) e j 2 πf τ
c

 And its Fourier transform yields the desired expression for
the PSD ss(f) as
1
Φss (f)  Φvv (f  f c )  Φvv (  f  f c )
2
 Where vv(f) is the PSD of (t)

Sem. II, 2013/14 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 5
 To obtain the spectral characteristics of the bandpass
signal s(t), it suffices to determine the autocorrelation
function and power spectral density of the equivalent low-
pass signal (t)
 In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude of the

transmitted signal varies linearly with the modulating digital
signal

 Consider a linear digital modulation method for which (t) is
represented in the general form
n
v(t)  I
n  
n g(t  nT)
 Where:
 {In} represents the sequence of symbols resulting from mapping
k-bit blocks into corresponding points
 1/T = R/k symbols/s is the transmission rate

 The autocorrelation function of (t) is
vv(t τ,t)  Ev(t)v(t τ)

1
2
 EI I  g (t nT)g(t τ  mT)

1  
  
n m

2 m n

 Assuming the sequence of information symbols {In} is wide-
sense stationary with mean μi and autocorrelation function
ii (m) 
1
2

E I n I n  m 
 Then the autocorrelation of (t) will be
 
vv (t  τ,t)     (m  n) g
n   m  
ii

(t  nT) g(t  τ  mT)
 
   (m)  g
m  
ii
n  

(t  nT) g(t  τ  nT  mT)
 The 2nd summation is periodic with T

 Thus the autocorrelation function is also periodic, i.e.,
 vv ( t    T , t  T )   vv ( t   ; t )
 Further the mean of (t)
E[v(t)]  μi  g(t  nT) is also periodic with period T
 (t) is a stochastic process where both the mean and

autocorrelation function are periodic
 Called a cyclostationary or a periodically stationary process
 To compute the PSD of (t+,t), we eliminate the

dependence on variable t by averaging over a single period

 1 T/ 2
 vv( )   vv(t τ;t) dt
T T/ 2
 
1 T/ 2 
 ii (m)   g (t nT)g(t τ  nT mT)dt
n T
T/ 2
m
 
1 T/ 2nT 
 ii (m)   g (t nT)g(t τ  mT)dt
n T
T/ 2nT
m
 In the above expression, the integral can be interpreted as

the time autocorrelation of the function g(t)

 gg (  )  

g  (t) g(t  τ) dt
 So that

 1
 vv (  ) 
T

m  
 ii (m)  gg ( τ  mT)

 The average PSD of (t) is the Fourier transform of the
average of its autocorrelation which may be expressed as
1 2
Φvv (f)  G(f) Φii (f)
T
 Where G(f) is the Fourier transform of g(t) and

Φii (f)   ii
 (m)
m  
e  j 2 πfmT

 Note that the power spectral density depends on the
spectral characteristic of the pulse g(t) and the information
sequence {In}
 Or, the spectral characteristics of (t) can be controlled by
the choice of g(t) and the correlation characteristics of the
information sequence

 Note also that Φii(f) is related to the autocorrelation ii(m) in
the form of an exponential Fourier series with ii(m) as the
Fourier coefficient such that
1 / 2T

j 2  fmT
 ii ( m )  T  ii ( f ) e df
1 / 2 T
 Consider the information symbols in the sequence are real

and mutually uncorrelated such that
 i2   i2 (m  0)
ii ( m )   2
i (m  0)

 Where i2 is the variance of the information sequence; then

Φii (f)  σ i2  μi2  e  j 2 πfmT
m  
 Which is periodic with period 1/T

 The above can be viewed as the exponential Fourier series
of a periodic train of impulses each with an area of 1/T
 I.e, μ 2 
m
Φii (f)  σ i 
2 i
T
 δ(f  T )
m  

 And substituting this in the expression for (f)
2 2 2
σ μ m  m
 G T  δ f  T 
2
Φvv (f)  G(f) 
i i
2
T T
 The first term is a continuous spectrum and its shape

depends on the spectral characteristics of signal pulse g(t)
 The second expression contains discrete frequency

components spaced 1/T apart in frequency
 Each spectral line has power proportional to G(f)2 evaluated at
f=m/T

 And substituting this in the expression for (f)
2 2 2
σ μ m  m
 G T  δ f  T 
2
Φvv (f)  G(f) 
i i
2
T T

 What is the role of the discrete component?
 Bandwidth expansion
 How to reduce its impact?
 Option 1
 If the information sequences has zero mean, i.e. μi =0, the discrete
frequency components will vanish
 This property is most desirable for digital modulation and can be
achieved when the information sequences are equally likely &
symmetrically positioned in a complex plane
 Option 2
 Via the design of g(t), the pulse shaping filter

 Example 1: Consider g(t) to be a rectangular pulse as
shown in the figure below with Fourier transform G(f)
 Rectangular pulse and its energy density spectrum

2
sin πfT  sin πfT 
G(f)  AT and
2
G(f)  (AT)  2

πfT  πfT 

 It contains zeros at multiples of 1/T in frequency and it also
decays inversely as the square of the frequency variable
 As a result, all but one of the discrete spectral components
in (f) vanishes
 Thus, upon substitution for G(f)from above, we get
2
 sin πfT 
Φvv (f)  σ i2 A2T    A2 μi2 δ(f)
 πfT 

Spectral Characteristics of Digitally …
 Example 2: Consider the case where g(t) is a raised cosine
pulse
A 2 T
g(t)  1 cos (t  ) for 0  t  T
2 T 2
Raised cosine pulse and its energy density spectrum

Sem. II, 2013/14 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 22
 Its Fourier transform is given as
AT sin πfT  jπ fT
G(f) e
2 πfT(1 f T )
2 2
 Note the spectrum has zeros at f = n/T; n= +2, +3, +4…….

 Hence, all the spectral components, except those at zero
and f =+1/T vanish
 Compared to that of the rectangular pulse, the spectrum
has a broader main lobe but the tails decay inversely as f6

 Spectrum can also be shaped by operations performed on
the input information sequence
 Example 3: Consider a binary sequence {bn} from which we
form the symbol
In= bn +bn-1
 Where the {bn} are assumed to be uncorrelated random
variables, each having zero mean and unit variance
 The autocorrelation of the sequence {In} is
 ii (m)  E I n I n  m 
2 (m  0)

 1 (m   1
0 (Otherwise )


 The PSD of the input sequence is
Φ ii (f)  2(1  cos 2 πfT)  4 cos 2 πfT
 Then, the corresponding power spectral density of the (low-

pass equivalent) modulated signal becomes
4 2
Φ vv (f)  G(f) cos 2 πfT
T

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Chapter 3: Characterization of

Communication Signals and Systems

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 2

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 3

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 4

 In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude of the

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 6

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 7

vv(t τ,t)  Ev(t)v(t τ)

 EI I  g (t nT)g(t τ  mT)

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 8

 The 2nd summation is periodic with T

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 9

 (t) is a stochastic process where both the mean and

 To compute the PSD of (t+,t), we eliminate the

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 10

 In the above expression, the integral can be interpreted as

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 11

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 12

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 13

 Consider the information symbols in the sequence are real

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 14

 Which is periodic with period 1/T

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 15

 The first term is a continuous spectrum and its shape

 The second expression contains discrete frequency

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 16

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 17

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 18

 Rectangular pulse and its energy density spectrum

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 19

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 20

Raised cosine pulse and its energy density spectrum

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 21

 Note the spectrum has zeros at f = n/T; n= +2, +3, +4…….

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 23

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 24

Φ ii (f)  2(1  cos 2 πfT)  4 cos 2 πfT

 Then, the corresponding power spectral density of the (low-

Sem. I, 2012/13 Digital Communications – Chapter 3: Communication Signals & Systems 25

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