A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 1

A Global
Snapshot
of English
Proficiency

2020

The state of English around the world
In 2019 English was the most widely spoken language worldwide,
counting both native and non-native speakers. It is in regular use by
approximately 1.5 billion people – a fifth of the world’s population.1
As English has become a core skill for workplace readiness, businesses
and other organizations are seeking effective ways to measure
language proficiency and language-learning outcomes.
A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 2
With the increase of automation and artificial intelligence in the
workplace, both to optimize work processes and production
efficiencies, individuals in front-line or customer service positions will
need to focus on developing skills identified in Pearson’s Future of
Skills research study that make us uniquely human, such as originality,
fluency of ideas, and most especially communication2, in order to
compete in a rapidly changing job landscape.
The recently published Pearson Global Learner Survey indicates
that learners believe English is the gateway to working globally from
anywhere3. 80-90% of learners in countries like India, China and
Brazil view English as an important skill for career progression and
achievement.
There has been a definitive shift in thinking from Accent
Neutralization to Understandability or Intelligibility. The main
focus on assessing communication skills is now firmly on the ability
to effectively communicate and be understood between both parties.
Strong communication skills is a critical underlying factor for
First Call Resolution, protecting Brand Image, and driving
Net Promotor Scores or Customer Satisfaction.
- Jon Kaplan, CEO of TDS Global Solutions
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 3

Versant English language assessments

Backed by over 25 years of research, Versant English tests have given corporations competitive
With a
advantage to recruit exceptional talent and develop employees’ language skills.
0.97
Using advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology and an integrated skills approach to correlation
(1.00 is perfect), Versant scores
measure communication, Pearson English’s Versant tests provide near instant results to
are virtually indistinguishable
accurately and reliably measure candidates’ communication skills, no matter where you are in from trained human raters
the world.

The Versant suite of tests include:

Single skill screening tests of speaking or writing. Short 20-minute tests used to screen
applicants, new hires or students.
1.5 million
Four skills screening tests (4 Skills Essential). Quick tests that use integrated
communicative skills to effectively screen candidates’ overall English performance.

Placement and Professional English 4 skills. Comprehensive tests that provide a deep
analysis of strengths and weaknesses to inform learning and development needs.
delivered in 2020

Fast score
turnaround

95%
of test results are
available within
5 minutes
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 4

What makes Versant so unique

Versant tests are developed to the highest standards, with proven quality and accuracy. While the technology that powers the test is highly
sophisticated, Versant tests are quick to administer and results are easy to understand.

Reliable. AI-based scoring provides Flexible. Easy test administration supports Comprehensive. Rich data and score reports
consistent, fast and bias-free results, no large scale recruitment and flexible delivery, include detailed language capabilities of
matter when and where in the world the test including mobile and optional remote tests takers that help to inform selection and
is taken. monitoring services. future learning needs.

Candidate Responses SCOREKEEPER

 Dashboard  Tests  Personnel  Test takers  Groups 
California State Univ…
John Doe
Account Admin
John Smith

Test Completion Date (GMT) Test Identification Number (TIN)

Versant Professional English Test - Level 2 01 December 2020 12345678
Find a single assignment: Assigned Date: Delivery:
36 1637 5% (162) Understanding the Score
Search assignment Name or ID 08/01/2020 - 08/30/2020  All Overall GSE Score Candidate can manage some slow, short,
Assignments Results Unscorable isolated utterances, or spoken formulas,

60
Overall Score
but has difficulty following any native
The Overall Score of the test represents the ability
51 90 conversation; candidate may often pause to
to understand spoken English and speak it
SCORE DISTRIBUTION Overall Cumulative Score Scale Versant GSE search for words and is difficult to
intelligibly at a native-like conversational pace on
CEFR: B2 understand.
everyday topics. Scores are based on a weighted
combination of four diagnostic subscores.
CEFR LEVEL

Transcriptions
GSE
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 The Global Scale of English (GSE) is a standardized,
25% granular scale from 10 to 90, which measures
67 Speaking 57 Listening 60 Writing 54 Reading

Ratings
English language proficiency.
Visit English.com/gse to learn more.
90
20%
C2

C1
15%
CEFR Level
%
TEST 80
TAKERS
% TEST TAKERS
10%
B2+

5% 70

67
0% B2
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
60
60
VERSANT OVERALL SCORE
60

B1+ 57
54
English Copyright Pearson Education Inc or it affiliates. All right reserved 2020 | Terms of service | Privacy Policy |  Help 50

TIN: 12345678
CEFR GSE Speaking Listening Writing Reading
Current Capabilities in Detail Understanding the Skills

Acoustic Model Current Capabilities in Detail

Speaking: GSE: 67/90
Candidate consistently produces accurate and meaningful complex sentences. Candidate
CEFR: B2 Speaking
Speaking reflects the ability to
Understanding t
speaks with native-like rhythm, phrasing, and overall timing, and clearly produces vowels produce intelligible communication in
and consonants. everyday and workplace situations.

Speaking: GSE: 67/90 CEFR: B2  Tips to improve: Speaking

 Practice listening to interviews on political, social or environmental issues, focusing
The score is based on the ability to
produce consonants, vowels, and

Current consistently
Capabilities in Detail Understanding
reflects tht
stress in a native-like manner, use

Candidate produces accurate and meaningful complex sentences. Candidate

on new terminology. Speaking
 Practice watching movies with a high degree of slang and idiomatic language, looking
accurate syntax, and use appropriate
rhythm, phrasing, and timing.

speaks with native-like rhythm, phrasing, and overall timing, and clearly produces vowels
up any unknown terminology. produce intelligible
everyday and workp
Speaking: GSE: 67/90
and consonants. Cutting Edge Level 2: CEFR: B2 Speaking
Response Model The score is based o
Page 1 of 3
SB: Unit 1.4, Activity 1, 2, 3 SB: Unit 1.7, Activity 1

sentences. Candidate Speaking reflects th

© 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.

 Tips to improve:
Candidate
For more information, visit us online at www.VersantTests.com
consistently produces accurate SB: Unit 1.2,and meaningful
SB: Unit 1.4, Activity 1, 2, 3
Activity 10, 11, 13 SB: Unit 1.9,complex
SB: Unit 1.8, Activity 2, 3
Ordinate and Versant are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). Other names may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

Activity 1 produce consonants

 Practice
speaks listening torhythm,
with native-like interviews on political,
phrasing, and overall social or environmental
timing, and clearlyissues, produces focusing
vowels produce intelligible
stress in a native-lik
onconsonants.
and new terminology. Listening: GSE: 57/90 CEFR: B1+ Listening everyday and workp
Listening reflects the ability to accurate syntax, and
understand specific details and main The score is based o
Candidate understands discussion and speech spoken at a range of conversational
 Practice watching movies with speeds a high and
on unfamiliar degree of slang and idiomatic language,
abstract topics. looking
ideas from everyday and workplace rhythm, phrasing, an
 Tips to improve: produce consonants
up any unknown terminology. Practice listening to interviews on political, social or environmental issues, focusing ability to track meaning and infer the
 Tips to improve: speech. The score is based on the

 Practice listening to interviewson newon political, social or environmental issues,

terminology. messagefocusing
from English that is spoken stress in a native-lik
 Practice watching movies with a high degree of slang and idiomatic language, looking at a conversational pace.
on new terminology. up any unknown terminology.
accurate syntax, and
Scoring Model  Practice watching movies with a high degree of slang and idiomatic language, looking rhythm, phrasing, an
Cuttingterminology.
up any unknown Edge Level 2: Cutting Edge Level 2:
SB: Unit 0.3, Activity 15,16 SB: Unit 2.4, Activity 1, 2

SB: Unit 1.4, Activity 1, 2,SB: 3Unit 2.4, Activity 1,SB:

SB: Unit 2.2, Activity 1, 3, 5
2, 3
Unit 1.7, Activity 1
SB: Unit 2.5, Activity 1, 2
SB: Unit 3.1, Activity 1

SB: Unit 1.4, Activity 1, 2, 3 SB: Unit 1.8, Activity 2, 3

SB: Unit 1.2, Activity 10, 11,
Writing: GSE: 60/90
Cutting Edge LevelCandidate 13 SB: Unit
2: writes clear, smoothly flowing texts on a wide 1.9, Activity 1 CEFR: B2 Writing reflects the ability to produce
variety of subjects using a wide
Writing

accurate and appropriate written

range of grammatical structures and English words with awareness of connotative levels
SB: Unit 1.4, Activity 1, 2, 3
of meaning. SB: Unit 1.7, Activity 1 responses at a functional pace on
everyday and workplace topics. The
 Tips to improve:
SB: Unit 1.4, Activity Practice
1, 2,summarizing
3 SB: Unit 1.8, Activity 2, 3of
score is based on the ability to
a book, commenting on and discussing contrasting points present information in a logical

Listening: SB: Listening

view and the main themes.
Unit57/90
GSE: CEFR: B1+
sequence, use a wide range of
1.2, Activityand
10,
Practice 11,
writing 13
a report aboutSB: Unit
a historical person
underlining key events from his or her life.
1.9, Activity
that you 1 details
admire, including appropriate words, and a variety of

Listening reflects the

sentences structures.

Candidate understands discussion and speech spoken at a range of conversational

Cutting Edge Level 2:
understand specific
Machine speeds on unfamiliar and abstract topics.
SB: Unit 0.1, Activity 5 SB: Unit 1.7, Activity 1
SB: Unit 0.3, Activity 2, 5 SB: Unit 1.8, Activity 2, 3
ideas from everyday
Listening: GSE: 57/90 SB: Unit 1.6, Activity 5, 7 SB: Unit 1.9, Activity 1
CEFR: B1+ Listening
 Tips to improve:
scores predict  Practice
Candidate listening to discussion
understands interviews onandpolitical,
speech social
spokenorat
environmental issues, focusing
a range of conversational
speech. The score is
Listening reflects the
ability to track mean
human scores on new
speeds onterminology.
unfamiliar and abstract topics.
understand specific
message from Engli
ideas from everyday
Page 2 of 3

 Practice watching movies with a high degree of slang and idiomatic language, looking © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved.
at a conversational p
 Tips to improve:
Ordinate and Versant are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). Other names may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
For more information, visit us online at www.VersantTests.com
speech. The score is
up any unknown terminology.
 Practice listening to interviews on political, social or environmental issues, focusing ability to track mean
on new terminology. message from Engli
 Practice watching movies with a high degree of slang and idiomatic language, looking at a conversational p
up any unknown
Cuttingterminology.
Edge Level 2:
SB: Unit 0.3, Activity 15,16 SB: Unit 2.4, Activity 1, 2
SB: Unit 2.2, Activity 1, 3, 5 SB: Unit 2.5, Activity 1, 2
SB: Unit Edge
Cutting 2.4, Activity
Level 2:1, 2, 3 SB: Unit 3.1, Activity 1
SB: Unit 0.3, Activity 15,16 SB: Unit 2.4, Activity 1, 2
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 5

The Global Scale of English What do the scores really represent?

Pearson’s Global Scale of English – Learning Objectives for Professional English

Versant test scores are reported on the Global Scale of English
(GSE), a scale Pearson developed to provide a global standard for 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

measuring progress in English language acquisition.

Speaking Listening Reading Writing
Chief Executive
72 76 74 69
Linked to the Common European Framework of Reference Direct and implement
the policies, objectives
(CEFR) and activities of the
organisation to ensure
continuing operations,
maximum return on
Uses the O*Net database to match job profiles with expected investments, and
Can lead a meeting
about a product
Can follow
a fast-paced
Can extract key
details from
Can write a report
summarising
increased productivity or service offered conversation well quantitative business plans
English proficiency levels by a company or
institution
enough to be able
to contribute
data in complex
documents
and strategies

3 points on the GSE equates to 100-150 hours of language

instruction Accountant 76 62 55 58
Prepare, examine,
analyse and report back
Scores range from 10-90 accounting records,
financial statements,
or other financial
reports to assess Can give a Can understand Can identify key Can write a
accuracy, completeness, progress report detailed details in work- business report
and conformance including key instructions well related documents using a standard
to reporting and milestones and enough to be able template
procedural standards highlighting risks to follow them

Barely able to use

the language Office Clerk 51 49 55 51
Answering
correspondence via
email, communicating
with customers and
addressing complaints,
maintaining filing, Can carry out a Can understand Can identify key Can write a short
databases and work-related phone simple technical details in work- report on a work-
calendars, answering conversation instructions related documents related task or
calls and taking using polite fixed for everyday event
messages expressions equipment

Mechanical Engineer 66 66 62 58
Functions with Take readings from
great comfort dials and meters,
devise and assemble
and facility components
and instructions,
discuss changes in Can give detailed Can understand Can interpret the Can write a
design, drafting and opinions during work- the main ideas of main message description of a
methodology with related meetings complex technical from complex problem with a
other staff if provided with discussions in their diagrams and product or piece
sufficient background field visual information of equipment
information
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 6

About the report

Pearson English researchers analyzed current score data for key Versant language tests as they were used worldwide in 2019. Their findings provide
a current snapshot of English speaking and writing levels among Versant test takers worldwide and how these might be changing.

Data in this report shows the level of English of the test taker sample and is not representative of the level of English in each country as a whole.

9 key regions analyzed

When referencing the data, the predominant countries

represented in each of the 9 regions are:

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa

Asia Pacific: China, Japan
Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica
Europe: France, Germany, Italy
Middle East Central Asia: Jordan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates
North America: Canada, Mexico, United States
South America: Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela
South Asia: India
South East Asia: Philippines
Low usage Medium usage High usage

About the test takers

Seeking employment or placement in a language program

English is not their first language
The majority of test takers sampled are in South Asia, South East Asia, and the Americas
Largest Versant users are corporations, call centers, universities and language training centers
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 7

Key global findings

The research conducted by Pearson English’s research scientists uncovered 6 key findings. Scores shown below are presented on the Global Scale of English.

1. Overall Versant English Speaking Test (VET) mean performance increased 4. Overall Versant Writing Test (VWT) mean performance decreased from
from 2015 to 2019 in 6 of the 9 regions. 2015 to 2019 in 6 of the 9 regions.
VET 2015/2019 mean score comparison by region VWT 2015/2019 mean score comparison by region

90
2015 mean
80
2019 mean 90 2015 mean
70 80 2019 mean
90
60 2015 mean 70
80 60
2019 mean
50
70 50
40
60 40
30 30
50
20 20
40
10 10
GSE
30GSE Africa Asia Central Europe Middle North South South South Africa Asia Central Europe Middle North South South South
Pacific America East America America Asia East Asia Pacific America East America America Asia East Asia
20 Central Central
Asia Asia
10 Region Region
Africa Asia Central Europe Middle North South South South
2. Pacific America
Test takers in North America and
East America
Central America achieved the highest
Central
America Asia East Asia
5. South East Asia (55.8) and South Asia (52.9), the regions where Versant
Asia
level of speaking skills with a mean
Regionof 65.2 and 60.5, respectively. Writing is most widely used, ranked as 5th and 6th in mean performance.

3. The Asia Pacific region, with large numbers of Japanese and Chinese test
90
VWT mean performance by region, 2019
takers, had the lowest VET mean, 17 points below South America.
80
VET mean performance by region, 2019 90
70
90
65.2
60.5 57.3
80
60 56.4 55.8 54.9 53.9
80 53.2 70 66.5 65.0
50 60.6 58.4
70 65.2 60 55.8 52.9
40 60.5 36.0
60 57.3 56.4 55.8 54.9 54.8 46.6 46.3
53.9 53.2 50
30
50
40
20
40 36.0 30
10
30 North Central South South Africa Europe Middle South Asia GSE
20
America America East Asia Asia Region East America Pacific
20 Central
Asia 10
10 North Europe Africa Central South South Asia South Middle
GSE North Central South South Africa Europe Middle South Asia
Pacific
6. North America (61.4) and South
America Asia
America (56.8)
East Asia achieved
Asia Pacific
the highest
Americacombined
East
Central
America America East Asia Asia Region East America
Central overall level of English language proficiency. Asia
Asia
 A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 8

Spotlight on

India
As of 2019, India has employed 4.1 million people, accounting for more than half of the world’s IT Mean performance scores in 2019
outsourcing employees4. IT/BPO call center companies have been frequent users of Versant tests for
voice and chat processes that require communication with native speakers of English.  60
61
A recent customer survey in India found 24 different threshold (or passing) scores in use, ranging from 57
46
51 to 65 (out of the GSE scale of 10-90) indicating there is range of what might be acceptable English 56

proficiency required for different job roles across industries. The mean threshold score was 58 and the
(90)
modal threshold score was 55. VET
(10)
Aggregated writing and listening skills are consistently Average writing and speaking scores have Overall
stronger than speaking and reading skills.  decreased slightly in the last 5 years. Fluency
Pronunciation
Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary
Why could this be? Why could this be?
The IT/BPO industry may no longer be the most Versant English Test
Test takers coming from Tier 2 cities and more rural
areas, where English may not be as widespread and desired career path.
they are unable to practice speaking in English with Qualified talent may be harder to find as
55
others. To compensate, these individuals may study companies shift recruitment to smaller cities.
60 54
harder by joining virtual language exchanges, taking 61
48 1
free online writing courses, or listening to English 46 57 5
54
television shows. 56 53

39
(90) (90)
VWT

38
(10) (10)

34
31
31
Overall Overall (90)

20
Up to a Fluency Grammar

4.1 million x
Pronunciation Vocabulary
(10)
Sentence Mastery Organization
More than Vocabulary Overall
Voice & Tone
Fluency

60%
Reading Comprehension
employed, increase
Pronunciation
Sentence Mastery
Versant Writing
Vocabulary Test
more than half of the world’s of Versant test takers from India
IT outsourcing employees of operations support US since 2015
and UK clients in English5

49
 (90)
Overall Overall
Fluency Grammar
Pronunciation Vocabulary
(10)
Sentence Mastery A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency
Organization 9
Overall
Vocabulary Voice & Tone
Fluency
Reading Comprehension
Spotlight on
Pronunciation
Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary

Philippines
As one of the global hubs for IT enabled Business Process Management (ITBPM) services, Mean performance
49
scores in 2019
the Philippines employs 1.3 million people as of 2019, with estimates ranging from 7-9% growth annually 48
39 46
over the next 5 years.6 44
46

38
60
46 61
In a recent customer survey, passing scores for simple The Philippines is continuing to stay competitive 55

34
54

31
(90)

31
(90)
customer service positions with routine responses in the IT outsourcing industry, with increased 57
was 55-58 while scores for technical support positions success in non-voice applications such as (10)email (10)

was 70+. response handling and chat. Overall

Fluency
VET
Overall
Grammar
(90)

Pronunciation Vocabulary
(10)Organization
CEFR
B1+
CEFR
B2
CEFR
B2+ & above Why could this be? Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary Voice & Tone
Overall
Job role GSE GSE GSE GSE GSE GSE Fluency
Reading Comprehension
55-58 59-62 61-64 62-65 65-70 70+ Companies are able to hire well educated Pronunciation

Simple Customer Service – routine employees at a fraction of the cost compared to Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary
responses with minimal data capture the Western world.
Customer Service – more complex Versant English Test
longer call Depth and quality of the English speaking
population available is high.
Customer Service with a cross sell
The Philippines offers many cultural and business
High Value Customer Support 57
similarities to the markets they serve. 60 56
Technical Support – 2nd level support 61
51
or escalation 55 53
54 59
57 56
Why could this be?
(90)
VWT (90)
Companies recognize that a higher level
of English skills are required for more (10) (10)
Overall
complex job types. Overall

IT/BPO
Fluency Grammar
Pronunciation Vocabulary
The IT & Business Process Association Sentence Mastery Organization
of the Philippines (IBPAP) predicts IT/BPO leadingVocabulary Voice & Tone

5 key industries
is one of the
Reading Comprehension
in the Philippines will shift from low-level contributors to the
Philippines’ gross Versant Writing Test
skills into mid- and high-level skills7, so domestic product
using Versant include
candidates will need to focus study on healthcare, BPO, finance,
English communication and technical skills hospitality, IT/telecom
to be successful in more complex roles.
 (90)

A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 10

(10)
Overall
Fluency
Spotlight on Pronunciation
Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary

Japan
Despite 10 years of English language learning in the formal education system, and one of the Mean performance
55 scores in 2019
60 54
highest spends in Asia on private language schools, spoken and written production skills are amongst61the
48
lowest in the region. Nevertheless, the size of the English language industry itself (estimated at 4around
6 57 51
54
6 53
USD 8.6 billion in 2018 and growing8) demonstrates there remains a huge appetite to learn English in5Japan.
39

38
(90) (90)
Versant score trends show spoken and written More companies are demanding higher levels of
production skills have remained low over time. proficiency in workforce entrants. (10) (10)

34
VET

31
31
Overall Overall (90)
Fluency Grammar
Pronunciation Vocabulary
Why could this be? Why could this be? Sentence Mastery
(10)
Organization
Overall
Vocabulary Voice & Tone
Fluency
A teaching and examination system that is more 82.6% of businesses in Japan believe it’s the most Reading Comprehension
Pronunciation
concerned with the rules of language rather than important skills requirement, and 67% Sentence Mastery
Vocabulary
the application of language. of them believe that it’s lacking.9
Government delays in implementing educational Versant English Test
Within the next three years, companies in Japan believe
reform towards teaching and measuring that the number of proficient English speakers required
communication skills. will double.9
Lack of exposure to real English in the classroom or To stay ahead, companies use Versant during the recruitment 49
media. process to identify genuine English communication skills 48
39 46
and workplace readiness from day one. 44
46

38
60
46 61
55

34
54

31
VWT (90)

31
(90)
57

(10) (10)
Overall Overall

90% + 70%
(90)
More than Fluency Grammar
Pronunciation Vocabulary
of Versant test of companies are using Sentence Mastery Organization
(10)
Voice & Tone
takers in this Versant to measure Vocabulary Overall
Reading Comprehension
Fluency
region are existing the effectiveness of Pronunciation
employees corporate language Sentence Mastery
Versant Writing Test
Vocabulary
in Japanese training programs and
companies. investments.

57
60 56

References
1
The Economist. (2019). Where are the
world’s best English speakers? Retrieved
from https://www.economist.com/graphic-
detail/2019/12/04/where-are-the-worlds-
best-english-speakers
2
Pearson. (2017). The Future of Skills: Jobs
in 2030. Retrieved from https://futureskills.
pearson.com/research/#/welcome-video
3
Pearson. (2020). The Global Learning
Survey. Retrieved from https://www.
pearson.com/content/dam/one-dot-com/
one-dot-com/global/Files/news/gls/Pearson_
Global-Learners-Survey_2020_FINAL.pdf
4
India Brand Equity Foundation. (2017). IT &
ITeS. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/
download/ITITeS-October-2017.pdf
5
India Brand Equity Foundation. (2019). IT
& ITeS. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/
download/IT-ITeS-December-2019.pdf
To learn more about Versant English language tests, go to
A Global Snapshot of English Proficiency 11
6
Magellan Solutions. (2020). 2020 Latest
Report: BPO Industry in the Philippines
Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.
magellan-solutions.com/blog/whats-the-
number-analysis-of-the-latest-statistics-of-
the-bpo-industry
7
Manila Bulletin. (2020). IT-BPM industry
revenue, headcount up in 2019 –
IBPAP. Retrieved from https://mb.com.
ph/2020/05/13/it-bpm-industry-revenue-
headcount-up-in-2019-ibpap
8
Yano Research Institute. (2019). Language
Business Market in Japan: Key Research
Findings 2019. Retrieved from www.
yanoresearch.com/en/press-release/show/
press_id/2240
9
Nippon. (2019). English Abilities Crucial, but
Lacking in Japanese Workplaces. Retrieved
from https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-
data/h00583/english-abilities-crucial-but-
lacking-in-japanese-workplaces.html
www.VersantTests.com