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Electronic II Lab Manual
Electronic II Lab Manual
Lab Manual
Prepared by
IUG - 2009
ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Laboratory Safety
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Faculty of Engineering
Laboratory Experiments:
Objectives:
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Grades:
Reports………………………… 15 Pts
Prelabs………………………… 5 Pts
Project 20 Pts
Lab Policy:
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
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Objectives :
Introduction:
PSpice is a powerful general purpose analog and mixed-mode circuit simulator that
is used to verify circuit designs and to predict the circuit behavior. Its name implies '
Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis ' .
It is recommended to simulate all circuits you will connect in the lab to get the ability
of predicting the practical results thus the intended ideas become more obvious.
PSpice allows you to do different types of analysis according to the purpose of each
circuit. These types are DC bias, DC Sweep, Transient with Fourier analysis, AC
analysis, Parameter sweep and Temperature sweep.
In this lab, we will use three basic types of circuit analysis; transient analysis, AC
frequency sweep and DC sweep. Briefly, these may be described as follows:
The “DC sweep” analysis produces a graph of the voltage (or current) at a
selected point in the circuit as the value of one of the DC sources in the circuit
is swept over some range.
The “Time Transient” analysis produces a graph of the output voltage (or
current) versus time at a selected point in the circuit. Applied sources are
characterized by a time sequence of samples of a voltage or current
waveform.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Procedure :
1. Install OrCAD Program on your computer from your own CD. Try to follow
the instruction of downloading.
2. from ʹ Programsʹ directory, click : OrCAD release 9, Capture CIS. The main
page of OrCAD will appear.
3. To open anew project, click : File, New, Project.
4. In the dialog box, type the name of your project. Check the ʹ Analog or Mixed
– Signal Circuit Wizard ʹ . Browse to the path to be used to store the project at
location Field. Click OK.
5. Another dialog box will appear, it asks you to add libraries you need at your
project. Initially the default libraries are sufficient so Click Finish.
6. A schematic page will appear. Click near the right edge of the screen Then a
tool bar should appear.
Simulation Examples:
As mentioned before, there are different types of analysis are available using
OrCAD, in this laboratory, you will work through an example of each of the three
basic types of analysis.
• DC sweep :
1. Open OrCAD main window, Open a new project .
2. From the tool bar, click ʹ Place partʹ.
3. From source library, choose VDC "Dc source" and click ok. Place it on your
project page.
4. From Analog library, choose R "resistor" and click ok. Place two resistors on
the project page.
5. From tool bar, click ʹ Place wireʹ and connect between the components as
shown at figure(1).
6. From the tool bar, click ʹ Place groundʹ, choose ʹ 0/SOURCEʹ, connect it to the
circuit as shown at figure (1).
7. Save your project.
8. click PSpice, New simulation profile, Type your desired name of the
simulation name. Click OK.
9. Simulation Settings window will appear. Choose ʹ DC Sweep ʹ as the analysis
type.
10. Choose the type of the dc source you want to draw the output with respect to
it . At this example it is a voltage source. Type its name V1.
11. Type the range of V1, start value, final value and increment which is the step
between voltage values.
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Lab Manual
12. It is intended to plot the current versus to the value of voltage source, so the
current should be measured. Put ʹCurrent into Pinʹ as shown at figure (1)
13. click Runʹ. The result of simulation will appear as shown at figure(2).
14. Try to analyze and explain the result, does it as you have predicted ….. ?!!
15. For any details, see ʹ Example1 ʹ video file on the aJached CD.
• AC sweep :
1. Try to follow the same steps at ʹExample1ʹ, to build the circuit shown at
figure(3).
2. The differences between two examples are:
- Use VAC ʺac sourceʺ source instead of VDC, change its value to 1V.
Ac source is used for plotting relations versus frequency.
- Use ʹVoltage levelʹ instead of ʹCurrent into Pinʹ, to plot the output
voltage versus frequency.
- Choose ʺAC Sweepʺ as an analysis type for this example, linear choice.
Type the range of frequency at start frequency, end frequency and
total points.
- Note that the x-axis variable is the frequency while at dc sweep is the
source voltage V1.
- The result of AC sweep simulation is shown at figure(4).
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Lab Manual
• Time Transient :
1. Follow steps at ʹExample2 ʹ to build the circuit shown at figure(5).
2. The differences are:
- Use VSIN ʺsinusoidal sourceʺ source instead of VAC. The sinusoidal
source is used for plotting relations versus for time.
- Double click on the sinusoidal source to change its parameters:
frequency, amplitude and offset voltage.
- Choose ʺTime transientʺ as an analysis type for this example. Type the
duration of simulation you want. Keep it suitable with the frequency
of the sinusoidal input to get obvious simulation result.
- Note that the x-axis variable is the time.
- Showing the input and output signals in the simulation result helps
you during results analysis.
- The result of AC sweep simulation is shown at figure(6).
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Lab Manual
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Lab Manual
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Objectives:
Theoretical Background:
Definitions:
a- Electric current (i or I) is the flow of electric charge from one point to another,
and it is defined as the rate of movement of charge past a point along a
conduction path through a circuit, or i = dq/dt. The unit for current is the
ampere (A). One ampere = one coulomb per second .
Typical standard resistor values are 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6,
6.8, 7.5, 8.2, and 9.1 multiplied by a power of 10
1- Multimeter:
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Lab Manual
It consists of :
- Voltmeter for measuring the A.C or D.C voltage drop a cross any two point
in the circuit, and is connected in parallel.
- Ohmmeter for measuring the resistance, and is connected across the resistant.
2- Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope (abbreviated sometimes as 'scope or O-scope) is a type of
electronic test instrument that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as
a two-dimensional graph which a potential differences plotted as a function
of time. Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any
other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well.
Oscilloscopes are commonly used when it is desired to observe the exact
wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal,
an oscilloscope can show distortion and measure frequency, time between
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
two events (such as pulse width or pulse rise time), and relative timing of two
related signals. (figure2.2)
3- Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of
any given circuit. The traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamics
instrument. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils,
and a movable coil known as the potential coil.
The current coils connected in series with the circuit, while the potential coil
is connected in parallel.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
4- Bread Board:
A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out
an idea. No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and
replace components. Parts will not be damaged so they will be available to re-
use afterwards.
This is in contrast to strip board and similar prototyping printed circuit
boards, which are used to build more permanent soldered prototypes, and
cannot easily be reused.
A typical small bread board is shown in figure below(figure 4), which is
suitable for testing a small circuit.
Connections on Breadboard
Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called ʹholesʹ) arranged on a 0.1ʺ grid. The
leads of most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted
across the central gap with their notch or dot to the left.
Wire links can be made with single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the
standard size). Stranded wire is not suitable because it will crumple when pushed
into a hole and it may damage the board if strands break off.
The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown in
figure (5), it is suggested to use the horizontal holes ; one for the positive power
supply and the other for ground also the lower horizontal holes may be used for a
negative power supply.
The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the centre.
Notice how there are separate blocks of connections to each pin of ICs.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
On larger breadboards there may be a break halfway along the top and bottom
power supply rows. It is a good idea to link across the gap before you start to build a
circuit, otherwise you may forget and part of your circuit will have no power!
Lab Work:
10V 1k V
Figure (6)
V(volt) I(mA)
Table (1)
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Lab Manual
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Experiment 1
Multistage Amplifier – Part 1
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Objectives:
Investigate the multistage amplifier design using simple BJT amplifier circuit,
especially cascade and cascade connections practically and by simulation
Prelab:
1. Connect the first stage amplifier without AC input (only DC), then find and
plot 1st transistor Q-point (Ic and Vce).
2. Like one, find and plot the Q-point of the 2nd transistor.
3. Now connect the multistage circuit with sinusoidal input (50mV, 1 kHz).
4. Plot the input voltage, 1st stage output voltage, 2nd stage voltage. " Don't plot
the signals on the same graphs".
5. Let the output of the first stage on the emiJer (VE1), the second output on the
collector and then plot the input voltage, 1st stage output voltage, 2nd stage
voltage. " Don't plot the signals on the same graphs".
6. Let the output of the first stage on the emiJer (VE1), the second output on the
emiJer (VE2) and then plot the input voltage, 1st stage output voltage, 2nd
stage voltage. " Don't plot the signals on the same graphs".
Theoretical Background:
• Cascade connection :
In which each stage is coupled with the next by a capacitor. Figure (1) shows a
general model for a cascade multistage amplifier configuration.
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Construction
V1 V1 0 V1
0 0
R2
R1 C1 R1 C1
R1 C1
0 0
0
The gain of multistage amplifier is the product of the individual gain stages. For the
generalized example in figure (1), the over all gain can be calculated as :
The input resistance of the multistage amplifier equals to the input resistance of the
first amplifier stage as following:
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
These properties will help us to design a multistage amplifier that has high gain,
high input resistance and low output resistance by carefully combining the basic BJT
amplifier stages.
• Cascode connection :
Lab Work:
2. Connect the multistage circuit, plot the output voltage using (50 mV, 1k Hz)
sinusoidal input. Then determine the voltage gain.
3. Let the output of the first stage on the emitter, plot the output voltage and
determine the voltage gain.
4. Let the output of the second stage on the emitter, plot the output voltage and
determine the voltage gain.
V1
15V 0
R3 R5 R6
R1 1k 10k 1k
C2 C3
10 k
C1 Q1 22u Q2 100u
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Exercises :
0 V1
15 V
R3
1k C2 Vout
R5 10u
22k
Q2N2222
C4 R6
22u 10k
R1
22k
C1 0
Vin
f =1kHz 100u Q2N2222
R2
10k
R4 C3
470 10u
0
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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Experiment 2
Multistage Amplifier – Part 2
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Objectives:
Investigate another types of the multistage amplifier design using simple BJT
amplifier circuit, which are current mirror connection and Darlington connection
practically and by simulation.
Theoretical Background:
2. Darlington connection:
A very popular connection of two bipolar junction transistors for operation as one
transistor. The main feature of it is that the composite transistor acts as a single unit
with a current gain that is the product of the current gains of the individual
transistors, that:
βD = β1 * β2
where βD is the current gain of the Darlington circuit, β1 is the current gain of the
first transistor and β2 is the current gain of the second transistor. Basic circuit of th
Darlington transistor is shown in figure (2).
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Lab Work:
- Measurement of βf :
12V
0
0.1u
3.3 k
220 k Q1
0V
Vdc
1. Increase VDC from zero till you obtain VCE = 0.2 V, this value should be
regarded as VDC1. The value of VDC should then increase to obtain VCE =
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1.5 V. This value of VDC should be recorded as VDC2. Then the vale of βf
can be obtained as:
12V
12.00V
330
R9 R10
7.345V
500 500
I
RL
470 R6 6.043V 6.043V
I
1000 R7 R8
I I
86.55mV 500 500
Q4 Q3 Q5 Q6
714.9mV
Q2N2222 Q2N2222 Q2N2222
Q2N2222
0V
3. Let the load resistance equal to 1 kΩ, then measure Ie1 and Ie2. Are they
nearly equal? Are they nearly to Iref? Summarize your result in table(1).
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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Calculated Iref Measured Iref Measured Ie1 Measured Ie2 Calculated Ie2
Table (1)
4. Let the load resistance equals to 2 kΩ and measure Ie2 and Vce2. Repeat the
measuring for RL = 3 kΩ and 13 kΩ. Record your results in table (2).
Table (2)
18V
3.3 M
Vi
0.5 u
Vo
0.5 u
390
9. Plot the output voltage using (50 mV, 1k Hz) sinusoidal input. Then
determine the voltage gain.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Exercises :
Note :
you can get the value of β and ri of your Darlington transistor from its data
sheet.
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Experiment 3
AC analysis of JFET
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Objectives:
Pre-lab:
Referring to figure (1), design a common source configuration that has an operating
point ( IDQ = 4mA, and Vout = 10V).
Theoretical background :
Bipolar junction transistors have low input impedance, small high frequency gain
and are non linear when |VCE| < 0.2 V. The input impedance is naturally restricted
by the forward-biased base-emitter junction. There are always problems due to the
main charge carriers passing through the region where the majority carriers are of
opposite polarity.
The field effect transistor (JFET) overcomes some of the problems of the bipolar
junction transistor. JFETs come in two types : N- channel and P- channel.
The designation refers to the polarity of the majority charge carriers in the bar of
semiconductor that connects the drain terminal D to the source terminal S. Since the
channel is formed from a single polarity (unipolar) material, its resistance is a
function only of the geometry of the conducting volume and the conductivity of the
material. The JFET operates with all PN junctions reverse-biased so as to obtain a
high input impedance into the gate.
The common source configuration for a FET is similar to the common emitter bipolar
transistor configuration and is shown in figure(1). The common source amplifier can
provide both a voltage and current gain. Since the input resistance looking into the
gate is extremely large the current gain available from the FET amplifier can be large
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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but the voltage gain is generally inferior to that available from a bipolar device. The
source by-pass capacitor is connected to provide a low impedance path to ground for
high frequency components. As a result of presence of by-pass capacitor, AC signals
wi11 not cause a swing in the bias voltage.
Since the FET gate current is small we can make the approximations iD=is and
Vg=Vgs: the source is positive with respect to the gate for reverse bias.
Note: Donʹt forward bias JFET gate, forward gate current larger than 50 mA will
burn out the JFET.
Lab Work:
4. Place Rd with the value calculating in the pre-lab to get the desired operating
point.
6. Switch the power on and confirm the Q-point, try to tune Rs until IQis close
as possible to 4mA.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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Table (1)
14V
0
Rd
C2
Vout
Rs ource C1 10u
10u
Rg
V1
Rs
0
Function Generator
Figure (2)
2. Apply AC sine wave from the function generator (100mV p-p at 1KHz).
6. Plot the input and the output signal on the same paper.
8. Shunt Rs with 10uF capacitor, put AC signal 100mV p-p and observe the
output voltage on the oscilloscope.
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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0.5
Table (2)
Exercises:
1. For the circuit in figure (1), Find JFET power and compare your result with
data sheet.
2. For the circuit of figure (2), Does the output voltage increases or decreases
compared with first steps? Why?
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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Experiment 4
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Objectives:
To study the frequency response and bandwidth of the common emitter CE-BJT, the
common collector CC-BJT, and the common base CB-BJT amplifiers.
Theoretical Background:
The frequency response allows you to determine how the system responds at
different frequencies, finds the stability properties of the system and designs the
appropriate controllers for the system according to required specifications.
Bandwidth is typically measured in hertz, It is the difference between the upper and
lower cutoff frequencies of a filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. In
case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff
frequency. The term baseband bandwidth refers to the upper cutoff frequency.
1
fLs =
2 Π ( Rs + Ri )Cs
where Ri = R1 II R2 II β re
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
1
fLc =
2 Π ( Ro + RL )Cc
where Ro = Rc II ro
1
fLE =
2 Π Re Cc
R s
Re = REII + re
\
where
β
Rs'=Rs ||R1||R2
1
fHi =
2ΠRThiCi
where RThi = Rs II R1 II R2 II Ri
Ri = R1||R2||Bre
Av= ( -Rc||RL)/re
1
fHo =
2 Π R Tho C o
where RTho = Rc II RL II ro
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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Lab work :
10) Repeat above procedures for the circuit at figure 3 and complete table (2).
20 Vdc
3.3 k
R1
R3
47 k
C2 1u
C1 Q1
R5
Q2N2222
10u 1k
V1
1 Vac R2 R4 C3 0
10 k 1k 20u
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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10
100
1k
5k
10k
50k
100k
1M
20 Vdc
3.3 k
R1
R3
47 k
C1 Q1
Q2N2222
10u C2 1u
V1
1 Vac R2 R4
10 k 1k R5
4.7 k
0
0
0
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
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10
100
1k
5k
10k
50k
100k
1M
Exercises :
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ENG. AMANI ABU REYALA Electronics II ENG.DEEB ASAD TUBAIL
Lab Manual
Experiment 05
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Objectives:
• To analysis the FET amplifier in low & high frequencies to show and realize
the response.
Theoretical Background:
1
f =
LC
2π (R o + R L )C C
Where
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V1
20V
RD R4
4.7k
0 C2
0.5u
R1 C1 J1
Cc
R5
10k 0.01u RL
V2 J2N3819
Vs Rsig CG Cs C3 2.2k
RG R2
1000k 2u
RS R3
1k
In high frequency there are parasitic capacitances (Cgd , Cgs , Cds) and wiring
capacitances (Cwi , Cwo) .
For the input circuit the high cutoff frequency is determined by the relation:
1
f =
Hi
2π R ThiC i
For the output circuit the high cutoff frequency is determined by the relation:
1
f =
Ho
2π R ThoC o
Where:
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V1
20V
RD R4
4.7k Cc
0 Cgd C7 C2
Vo
Rsig CG
0.5u
R1 C1 2p J1
6p
Cds C5 Cwo C6 R5
Vs 10k 0.01u
V2 J2N3819 0.5p
Cwi C4 C8 RL 2.2k
RG R2 5p C3
1000k Cgs 4p 2u
R3 Cs
Rs
1k
0
Figure (2) : high frequency FET
Lab work :
10) Repeat above procedures for the circuit at figure 2 and complete table (2).
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10
100
1k
5k
10k
50k
100k
1M
Table (1)
10
100
1k
5k
10k
50k
100k
1M
10M
15M
Table (2)
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Exercises :
3. compare between result that you had got from exercise and compare
with result you had got from practical experience.
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Experiment 6
Differential Amplifier
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Objective:
In this laboratory experiment you will construct and test the differential amplifier
using BJTs.
Theoretical Background:
The differential amplifier is a basic circuit, used in all linear integrated circuits. It is
also the basis for analog to digital and digital to analog converters. Understanding its
operation including the DC bias operation and its response to signal inputs are
important for further study of linear integrated circuits.. The differential mode gain
is Avdm and the common mode gain is Avcm. The differential amplifier circuit is
shown in figure (1).
15 V
1k 1k
10k 10k
Vin1 Vin2
1k
15V
0 0
0
Lab Work:
1. Construct the circuit shown in figure (1). Make the circuit quiescent (no signal
applied) by connecting both bases to ground.
3. Measure the differential gain (only one input used), from each input, and the
common-mode gain (both inputs connected to the same source) by applying
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1kHz sinusoidal input voltages as shown in table (1). For each input
condition (1st – diff. mode, 2nd diff. mode, 3rd common mode).
4. Sketch all waveforms (Vin1, Vin2, Vc1 and Vc2) for each input condition; be
sure to include DC levels, peak to peak voltages, and relative phase
information.
Table (1)
5. Using the measured data in table (1) calculate Avcm, Avdm and CMRR
6. Simulate the circuit shown in figure (1) via PSpice ( DC & AC analysis).
Compare the gain found via measurement and justify any possible
differences ( Vin =50 mV, 1KHz).
Remark : for realistic simulation, you need to create a Pspise model for your
Q2N2222 BJTs. To this end, click the BJT in your PSpise schematic to select it,
and then click Edit, PSpise model, add the line (+ βf = 100) and then save and
close.
Exercises :
1. Calculate the DC Q-points for the transistors shown in the circuit in figure (1).
Assume that βf = 100.
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Experiment 7 & 8
Operational Amplifier
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Objective :
To study how to design and build a basic the Op-Amp used in inverting and non-
inverting amplifiers, inverting summing amplifier, integrator and differentiator.
Pre-lab :
1. Design an inverting amplifiers with gain -1 and -10 and input impedance of
least 1K. Use available resistor values.
2. Design non-inverting amplifiers with gain 1 and 10. Use available resistor
values.
- For part 1 and 2 , plot the voltage gain as a function of the frequency in
the range 0 to 50 kHz ( simulation).
- For part 4 and 5, generate the output voltage waveform if the input is a
sine wave or a square wave of 2 volt peak and of frequency 500 Hz, 1kHz,
and 2 kHz.
Theoretical Background:
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negative going signal at the output, whereas the same signal at the non-inverting (+)
input produces a positive going output. With a differential input voltage, Vin, the
output voltage , Vo will be Avo Vin, where Avo is the open loop gain of the op-amp.
Both input terminals of the op-amp will always be used, regardless of the
application. The output is single ended and is referred to ground. Bipolar (±) power
supplies are most commonly used, which allows both positive and negative output
voltages.
Properties that are useful in describing the operation of operational amplifiers are
listed below and the ideal values given. Figure (1) illustrates the relationships
between the op-amp and these properties.
From these ideal characteristics, we can deduce two very important additional
properties of the operational amplifier. Since the voltage gain approaches infinite,
any output signal developed will be the result of an infinitely small input signal.
Thus, in essence:
2. There is no current flow into either the inverting or the non-inverting signal
input terminal because of the infinite input resistance.
These two axioms will be used repeatedly in the analysis and design of circuits using
op-amps. Once these properties are understood, the operation of virtually any circuit
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using an op-amp can be logically deduced. For the most real op-amps, these ideal
calculations are very close to the actual conditions.
Most linear op-amp circuits can be divided into two general classes; inverting and
non-inverting. Other circuits can be a combination of both. In the next two sections
we briefly review these two basic configurations.
1. Inverting configuration :
The basic inverting configuration is shown in figure (2). Because of the virtual
short and because the non-inverting terminal is grounded, we say that there is a
virtual ground at the inverting terminal. The final closed loop gain expression is :
The negative sign justifies the term " inverting" . In the more general case that
resistors are replaced by impedances.
2. Non-inverting configuration :
The basic non-inverting configuration is shown in figure (3). The final closed loop
gain expression is :
Since the closed loop gain is positive, the term " non-inverting" is justified.
Vi
3
+
Vo
6
OUT
2 Rf
-
LM741
R1
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Vi
3
+
Vo
6
OUT
2
-
LM741
By adding additional input resistors to the basic inverting circuit of figure (2). We
have the summing amplifier (inverting ) shown in figure (5) with three inputs.
The output voltage is given by :
If R1 = R2 = R3 = R , then ;
R1 Rf
V1
R2
V2 2
- Vo
R3 6
OUT
V3
3
+
LM741
0
4. Inverting integrator :
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R
Vi 2
- Vo
6
OUT
3
+
LM741
0
Integrators suffer from DC components in the input voltage. If the input voltage
has a non-zero average value "DC term", then when this term is integrated it
becomes a linear ramp which over time will saturate the op-amp. Furthermore,
small DC voltages and currents present at and between the inputs of the op-amps
(known as input offset voltages and currents) also get integrated and they could
over time saturate the op-amp.
Integrators are widely used in practice because their frequency response has low
pass characteristics, which tends to attenuate noise that may be present in the
input voltage that noise has predominantly high frequency content.
5. Inverting differentiator :
By reversing the resistor and the capacitor in the integrator, we get the inverting
differentiator shown in figure (7). The output voltage is given by :
C
Vi 2
- Vo
6
OUT
3
+
LM741
0
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Lab Work :
Check the designs you have prepared in your pre-lab. Lab results should be included
in your report.
You will use lm741 op-amp in the lab. Figure (8) illustrates its pin diagram.
Exercises:
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Experiment 09
Power transistors
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Objectives:
To learn about power amplifiers types and know the characteristics of each type.
Theoretical Background:
Amplifier classes represents the amount the output various over one cycle of
operation for a full cycle of input signal (return to section 12.1 in your book).
Amplifier efficiency is defined as the ratio between input power to output power.
3. Class A
The power into amplifier is provided by supply. Without input signal the dc current
drawn is the collector bias ICQ . Then the input power drawn from supply is:
Pi(dc)=Vcc *ICQ
V2
Vcc 22V R1 Rc R2
20k 100
0 Q1
C1
10u
V1 Q2N3904
0 0
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4. Class B
Idc= 2*I(p)/pi Pi(dc)= Vcc * Idc Po(ac)= V2L(rms)/RL
V1
R2 R4
R3 22V
68 1k
1
0
Q1
C1
100u
Q2N3904
D1
D1N4002
V3
Vi
R1 RL R6
Q4
C2 1 8
100u
0 Q2N3905 0
R7 R5
V2
68 1
22V
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Lab work :
8) Using wattmeter measure the deliver power by the two power supply .
10) Calculate the efficiency and verify less than maximum efficiency.
Exercises :
2. Using ORCAD plot the output and determine VP_P and then calculate
the efficiency.
3. compare between result that you get in exercise and compare with
result you get from practical experience.
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Experiment 10
SCR&TRIAC
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Objectives:
There are many devices in the SCR (thyristor) family including the power thyristor,
the gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), the field controlled thyristor (FCT), the triac, etc.
A thyristor consists of a 4-layer silicon wafer with 3 P-N junctions. It has two power
terminals, called the anode (A) and cathode (K), and a third control terminal called
the gate (G).
Thyristor has two state Forward biased state if the anode voltage is larger than
cathode voltage, else Reverse biased state.
From the above curve When we apply forward bias voltage a small current flow,
this current called Forward leakage current. Until we reach Forward Breakdown
Voltage the resistance of thyristor will be small and current will flow from anode
to cathode.
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When we apply negative voltage reverse leakage current will flow. Until reverse
breakdown voltage thyristor will damage.
• Excessive temperature.
• Positive current gate pulse: This is the normal way that a thyristor is brought
into conduction. The gate pulse must be of a suitable amplitude and duration,
depending on the size of the thyristor.(We are interested in this method)
It can be turned off only by reducing the anode current below holding current
(current which thyristor turn off when reach it).
TRIAC
The Triac is a member of the thyristor family. But unlike a thyristor which conducts
only in one direction (from anode to cathode) a triac can conduct in both directions.
Thus a triac is similar to two back to back (anti parallel) connected thyristosr but
with only three terminals. As in the case of a thyristor, the conduction of a triac is
initiated by injecting a current pulse into the gate terminal. The gate looses control
over conduction once the triac is turned on. The triac turns off only when the current
through the main terminals become zero.
Lab work :
3) Change the value of resistor R4 in and not the change record your result in
the below table.
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Lab Manual
X1
R4
11600 2N1595
V1
C2
1n
R3
1k
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