Foundation Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT FOUNDATION

DESIGN DATA
Span of bridge L 25 m
Unit weight of water Yw 10 kN/m³
Unit weight of backfill soil Ys 18 kN/m³
Unit weight of concrete Yc 24 kN/m³
Soil bearing capacity 310.7 kN/m³
Horizontal seismic coefficient αh 0.12
Vertical seismic coefficient αv 0.08
Variation in temperature θ 15 °C
Angle of internal friction of soil φ 28.5 degree
Thickness of bearing (400x400x60) tb 50 mm
Number of plates embedded n 5 no.
Thickness of each plate tp 3 mm

Elevation of High Flood Level From Hydrology report 243.83 m

Free board 1.2 m
Elevation of Soffit level 245.03 m
Depth of superstructure deck 2.40 m
Elevation of Deck surface 247.48 m
Scour Depth From Hydrology report dm 3.18 m
Abutment scour level /Pier 240.65 m
Stem base level 238.65 m
Stem Dimenssion
Stem Length Ls 8.40 m
Stem Height Hs 5.88 m
Rectangular width wrs 1.20 m
Triangular width wts 0.40 m
Base width wb 1.60 m

Abutment Cap
Height of cap ( 0.46 - 0.6 m) Hc 0.50 m
Width of cap Bc 1.25 m

Back wall dimension

Height of back Wall Hb 2.45 m
Width of back wall Bb 0.30 m
Fillet Dimension
Width of fillet wf 0.25 m
Height of rectangle Hr 0.25 m
Height of triagle Htr 0.25 m
Total Height Hf 0.50 m

Return(Wing) wall dimension

Width of wing wall Bw 3.00 m
Thickness of wing wall tw 0.30 m
Height of rectangle Hrw 0.60 m
Height of triangle Htw 1.30 m
Total height Hw 1.90 m

Approach slab dimension

Length of slab Las 3.00 m
Width of slab was 6.00 m
Slab thickness tas 0.30 m

1 of 7
 Foundation Design

Backfill dimension
Backfill length Lbf 8.40 m
Backfill width Bbf 2.50 m
Backfill height Hbf 8.53 m

Foundation slab dimension

Depth of Footing slab Df 1.40 m
Width of Toe Bt 3.00 m
Width of Heel Bh 2.50 m
Offsets of base slab from stem edge offset 0.20 m, each side
Overall length of footing slab (across the traffic) L_total 8.80 m
Overall width of footing slab (along the traffic) B_total 7.10
Bearing centre from dirt wall 0.325 m
Bearing centre from toe Lc 3.98 m

Height of abutment H 8.83 m

Overall height of abutment from the footing base H_total 10.23 m
Equivalent Live Load Surcharge height [IRC:6-2000, 217.1] 1.20 m
Equivalent abutment height for earth pressure calculation Heqv 10.03 m

Loading from Superstructure

Reaction at Bearing
Non-seismic condition
Dead load
Vertical reaction 672.16 kN
Horizontal reaction 0.00 kN
Live load
Vertical reaction 305.26 kN
Horizontal Rxn 0.00 kN

Seismic condition
Dead load
Vertical reaction 725.94 kN
Horizontal reaction 0.00 kN
Live load
Vertical reaction 329.68 kN
Horizontal Rxn 0.00 kN

Dead load from Superstructure

Dead load from Girder = 672.163 kN
Assuming weight of bearings and expansion joints = 20 kN
Total dead load = 692.163 kN
Length of abutment = 8.40 m
DL per metrelength of abutment = 82.400 kN/m
Live load from Superstructure
Class A loadings
Maximum Reaction = 305.258 kN
Impact Factor= (1+4.5/(9+L)) = 1.132
Maximum Reaction including impact = 345.66 kN
L.L. per length of abutment = 41.15 kN/m
Total load from Superstructure = 123.55 kN/m

ANALYSIS OF FORCES
Self weight of abutment
Taking moment from the end of the toe
Area Lever arm Weight
Designation
m2 x (m) y (m) (kN)
Rectangular base slab 9.94 3.55 0.7 2099.33
Rectangular stem 7.056 4 4.34 1490.23
Triangular stem 1.176 3.27 3.360 248.37
Abutment cap 0.625 4.025 7.530 132.00
Back wall 0.735 4.45 9.005 155.23
Rectangular Fillet 0.063 4.725 9.805 13.20
Triangular fillet 0.031 4.683 9.430 6.60
Total 19.626 4144.958
Position of CG 3.749 2.740
Position of CG relative to superstructure load point -0.226 m

0.3 0.85

2 of 7
 Foundation Design

3.0 0.3 0.85

0.3
2.45
0.6 0.325

1.30
0.5

3.00
-0.226
5.88

2.740 3.749

1.40
1.20 0.40
T

2.50 1.60 3.00

Weight of backfill
Area Lever arm Weight Moment
Designation
m2 X (m) Y (m) (kN) (kN)
Approach slab 0.900 6.100 10.080 129.6 790.560
Rectangular wing wall 1.800 6.100 9.630 12.96 79.056
Triangular wing wall 3.900 5.600 8.897 28.08 157.248
Back fill soil 21.325 5.850 5.665 3224.34 18862.389
Total 27.925
Position of CG 5.839 7.276

Non-seismic forces
Lever arm Moment
Horizontal forces W (kN) Y (m) kN m
Braking force: 55.4 11.43 633.222
Frictional force 67.315 7.78 523.709
Static earth pressure 2136.019 4.213 8998.192
DL of superstructure 0 7.78 0.000
Maximum Live load 0 7.78 0.000

Vertical forces W (kN) X (m)

DL of superstructure 692.16 3.98 2751.349
Critical live load 345.660 3.98 1373.999
Self weight of abutment 4144.958 3.749 15540.232
Soil mass 3224.34 5.85 18862.389
Approach slab 129.600 6.10 790.560
Wing wall 41.040 5.758 236.304

Effect of buyoncy
(IRC:6-2000, 216.4 (a) X (m)
Depth of submerged part of abutment 3.18 m
Width of stem at HFL point 1.384 m
Volume of submerged part of stem 40.799 m³
Volume of the footing base 87.472 m³
Volume of submerged part of abutment 128.271 m³
Net Upward pressure due to buyoncy -641.354 kN 3.55 -2276.806
(Taking 1/2 of the volume)

Seismic forces

Horizontal seismic forces: W (kN) Y (m)

Superstructure: 0 7.78 0.000
Abutment & footing 497.395 2.740 1362.616
Backfill soil mass: 386.9208 5.665 2191.906
(This force acts at 0.5*H+Footing thickness)
Approach slab: 15.552 10.08 156.764
Wing wall 4.925 9.128 44.955

Vertical seismic forces: W (kN) Y (m)

Superstructure: 81.426 3.98 323.668

3 of 7
 Foundation Design

Abutment & footing 331.597 3.749 1243.219

backfill soil mass: 257.947 5.850 1508.991
Approach slab: 10.368 6.100 63.245
Wing wall 3.283 5.758 18.904

Summary of forces

Dry case, Non-seismic (combination I)

Description Forces (kN) Moment (kN.m)
Vertical Horizontal Overturning (Mo)Stabilizing(MR)
DL of superstructure 692.16 0.00 0.000 2751.349
Live load 345.660 0.00 0.000 1373.999
Abutment & footing 4144.958 15540.232
Approach slab 129.600 790.560
Wing wall 41.040 236.304
Soil mass and pressure 3224.340 2136.019 8998.192 18862.389
Tractive/Braking force 55.40 633.222
Frictional force 67.315 523.709

Total 8577.762 2258.733 10155.122 39554.833

Dry case, Seismic (combination VI)

Description Forces (KN) Moment (kN.m)
Vertical Horizontal Overturning (Mo)Stabilizing(MR)
Non seismic forces
DL of superstructure 692.16 0.00 0.0 2751.349
Live load 345.660 0.00 0.0 1373.999
Abutment & footing 4144.958 15540.232
Approach slab 129.600 790.560
Wing wall 41.0400 236.304
Soil mass and pressure 3224.340 2136.019 8998.2 18862.389
Tractive/Braking force 55.400 633.2
Frictional force 67.315 523.7

Additional seismic forces

Superstructure: 81.426 0.000 0.000 323.668
Abutment & footing 331.597 497.395 1362.616 1243.219
backfill soil mass: 257.947 386.921 2191.906 1508.991
Approach slab: 10.368 15.552 156.764 63.245
Wing wall 3.283 4.925 44.955 18.904

Total 9262.383 3158.601 13866.409 42712.859

Flooded case, Non-seismic (combination I-a)

Description Forces (KN) Moment (kN.m)

Vertical Horizontal Overturning (Mo)Stabilizing(MR)
DL of superstructure 692.16 0.00 0.000 2751.349
Live load 345.660 0.00 0.000 1373.999
Abutment & footing 4144.958 15540.232
Approach slab 129.600 790.560
Wing wall 41.040 236.304
Soil mass and pressure 3224.340 2136.019 8998.192 18862.389
Tractive/Braking force 55.40 633.222
Frictional force 67.315 523.709
Buyoncy -641.354 -2276.806

Total 7936.408 2258.733 10155.122 37278.027

Flooded case, Seismic (combination VI-a)

Description Forces (KN) Moment (kN.m)

Vertical Horizontal Overturning (Mo)Stabilizing(MR)
Non seismic forces
DL of superstructure 692.16 0.00 0.0 2751.349
Live load 345.660 0.00 0.0 1373.999
Abutment & footing 4144.958 15540.232
Approach slab 129.600 790.560
Wing wall 41.0400 236.304
Soil mass and pressure 3224.340 2136.019 8998.192 18862.389
Tractive/Braking force 55.400 633.222
Frictional force 67.315 523.709
Buyoncy -641.354 -2276.806

Additional seismic forces

4 of 7
 Foundation Design

Superstructure: 81.426 0.0000 0.000 323.6679

Abutment & footing 331.597 497.3950 1362.616 1243.2185
backfill soil mass: 257.947 386.9208 2191.906 1508.9911
Approach slab: 10.368 15.5520 156.764 63.2448
Wing wall 3.283 4.925 44.955 18.9043

Total 8621.03 3163.53 13911.363 40436.0535

Check for Stability and Bearing Pressure

Factors of safety (IRC:78-2000, 706.3.4)
Non-seismic Seismic
Against overturning 2 1.5
Against sliding 1.5 1.25
Against deep seated failure 1.25 1.15

We have,
Total length of the footing B= 7.1 B/6 = 1.183
Frictional coefficient (IRC:78-2000, 706.3.4) f= 0.5
Maximum Allowable Bearing Pressure q= 496 kN/m3
(from the test report)

Non seismic case Dry Flooded

Stability against overturning (MR/MO) 3.895 Satisfied 3.671 Satisfied
Stability against sliding (f*V/H) 1.899 Satisfied 1.757 Satisfied
Eccentricity e1 = B/2 - (MR-MO)/V < B/6 0.123 Satisfied 0.132 Satisfied
Max net pressure = (V/B)*(1+6e/B) < q 151.508 Satisfied 141.243 Satisfied
Min net pressure = (V/B)*(1- 6e/B) > 0 123.068 Satisfied 112.803 Satisfied

Seismic case Dry Flooded

Stability against overturning (MR/MO) 3.080 Satisfied 2.907 Satisfied
Stability against sliding (f*V/H) 1.466 Satisfied 1.363 Satisfied
Eccentricity e1 = B/2 - (MR-MO)/V < B/6 0.436 Satisfied 0.473 Satisfied
Max net pressure = (V/B)*(1+6e/B) < q 202.821 Satisfied 193.164 Satisfied
Min net pressure = (V/B)*(1- 6e/B) > 0 93.670 Satisfied 82.797 Satisfied
Hence the dimensions of the abutment and footing are safe.

Design of footing slab

Calculation of moments and shear forces at the footing due to base pressure
Non seismic cases Seismic cases
Case I Case I-a Case VI Case VI-a
Dry Flooded Dry Flooded
Effective moment (MR- MO) 29399.710 27122.904 28846.4507 26524.690
Critical downward load, V = 8577.762 7936.408 9262.383 8621.029
Distance of CG of forces, X = M/V 3.427 3.418 3.114 3.077
Eccentricity, e=(B/2)-X 0.123 0.132 0.436 0.473
Maximum pressure at Toe, smax = 151.508 141.243 202.821 193.164
Minimum pressure at Heel, smin = 123.068 112.803 93.6702412 82.797

Upward pressure (shear) at C, sc = 133.08 122.82 132.10 121.66

Upward pressure (shear) at B, sb = 139.491 129.226 156.701 146.530

Moment at C due to upward pressure 395.019 362.941 332.754 299.222

Moment at B due to upward pressure 663.761 617.569 843.514 799.287

Calculation of moments and shear forces at the footing due to abutment and soil

Case I Case I-a Case VI Case VI-a

Forces at B Dry Flooded Dry Flooded

Weight of Toe slab 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8

Lift due to buyoncy 0 -42 0 -42
Soil mass 0 0 0 0
Seismic loads 0 0 8.064 8.064

Forces at C

Weight of Heel slab 84 84 84 84

Lift due to buyoncy 0 -35 0 -35
Soil mass 366.402 366.402 366.402 366.402
Seismic loads 0 0 6.720 6.7200

5 of 7
 Foundation Design

Downward forces (shear) at B = 100.8 58.8 108.864 66.864

Downward forces (shear) at C = 450.402 415.402 457.122 422.122

Downward moments at B = 151.2 88.2 163.296 100.296

Downward moments at C = 563.003 519.253 571.403 527.653

Resultant forces at Toe and Heel Non Seismic cases Seismic cases
Case I Case I-a Case VI Case VI-a
Dry Flooded Dry Flooded

Net Bending moment at B (Toe side) = 512.561 529.369 680.218 698.991

Net Bending moment at C (Heel side) = -167.9834 -156.3114 -238.6486 -228.4306

Net Shear force at B = 38.691 70.426 47.837 79.666

Net Shear force at C = -317.320 -292.585 -325.019 -300.463

Taking the critical values,

Critical moment at Toe side = 698.991 kNm / meter

Critical moment at Heel side = -238.6486 kNm / meter

Critical Shear at Toe side = 79.666 kN/meter

Critical Shear at Heel side = -325.019 kN/meter

Design cosntants:
Concrete grade, fck = 20 MPa
Steel Grade, Fe = 500 MPa
Allowable compressive stress in concrete, σcbc = 6.678 MPa
Allowable tensile stress in steel, σst = 240 MPa
Modular ratio, m = 10

Neutral axis factor, k = m * σcbc / ( m *σcbc + σst ) k 0.2177

Lever arm factor: j = 1 - k / 3 j 0.9274
Resisting moment coefficient, R = 0.5 * σcbc * j * k R 0.674
Minimum slab thickness, dmin = sqrt ( M / R * b ) dmin 1018.329 mm
Provided overall depth D 1400.0 mm
Effective cover d' 70 mm
Actual effective depth deff 1330 mm
Satisfied
Reinforcement required
Reinforcements at toe side
Tension Reinforceent
Area of tensile reinforcement, Ast = M / ( j* deff *σst ) = 2361 mm²/m
Adopting 25 mm dia. Bars: = 25 mm
Cross section Area of 25 mm bar 490.87 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As* B/Ast = 207.90 mm
Provided Spacing of bars = 120 mm
Reinforcement bar nos = 9.0 nos./m
Area provided of φ 25 bars @ 120 c/c at toe side, Ast (prov.) = 4418 mm²
Development length to be provided, Ld = 46Ф = 1150 mm

Compression Reinforceent
Provide 50 % of tensile renforcement at compression side 50 %
Hence, area of compression reinforcement, Asc = 2208.93 mm²
Adopting 25 mm dia. Bars: = 25 mm
Cross section Area of 25 mm bar = 490.87 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As* B / Ast = 222.22 mm
Provided Spacing of bars = 175.00 mm
Reinforcement bar nos = 6.0 nos
Area provided of φ 25 bars @ 175 c/c at compression side, Asc (prov.) = 2945.24 mm²
Development length to be provided, Ld = 46Ф = 1150 mm

Check for shear

Maximum Shear stress developed at toe side, tv = 0.019 N/mm²
Total area of longitudinal reinforcement provided = 7363.11 mm²
100 Ast / bd = 0.554 %
pt% tc
0.25 0.22
0.554 0.317
0.5 0.3
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.317 N/mm²
(IRC:21-2000, 304.7.1.3) > tv Satisfied
Since tv < tc , Shear stress is within safe permissible limit.

6 of 7
 Foundation Design

Hence, no shear reinforcement is required.

Reinforcements at heel side

Tension Reinforceent
Area of tensile reinforcement, Ast = M /( j * deff * σst ) = 806.14 mm²/m
Adopting 20 mm dia. Bars: = 20 mm
Cross section Area of 20 mm bar = 314.16 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As * B / Ast = 389.71 mm
Provided Spacing of bars = 150.00 mm
Reinforcement bar nos. = 7.0 nos
Area provided of φ 20 bars @ 150 c/c at tension side, Ast (prov.) = 2199.11 mm²
Development length to be provided, Ld = 46Ф = 920 mm
Minimum area of reinforcement required, Asmin = 0.12% bd = 1596.00 mm²
< As Safe
Compression Reinforceent
Provide 50 % of tensile renforcement at compression side 50 %
Hence, area of compression reinforcement, Asc = 1099.56 mm²
Adopting 20 mm dia. Bars: = 20 mm
Cross section Area of 20 mm bar = 314.16 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As * B / Ast = 220 mm
Provided Spacing of bars = 175 mm
Reinforcement bar nos = 6 nos
Area provided of φ 20 bars @ 175 c/c at compression side, Asc (prov.) = 1884.96 mm²
Development length to be provided, Ld = 46Ф = 920 mm

Check for shear

Maximum Shear stress developed at heel side, tv = 0.0929
Total longitudinal reinforcement provided = 4084.07
100 Ast / bd = 0.292 %
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.18 N/mm² satisfied
No additional shear reinforcement required.

Distribution bars
Provide distribution bars @ 20% of longitudinal bars 20 % 816.814 mm²
Adopting 16 mm dia. Bars: Area of one bar 16 mm 201.062 mm²
Adopting 12 mm dia. Bars: Area of one bar 12 mm 113.097 mm²

Area Spacing
At toe side top face : 589.05 mm² 200 mm c/c
Provided area 1005.31 mm² 5 nos/metre 16 mm
At toe side bottom face : 883.57 mm² 150 mm c/c
Provided area 1407.43 mm² 7 nos/metre 16 mm
At heel side top face : 376.99 mm² 200 mm c/c
Provided area 565.49 mm² 5 nos/metre 12mm
At heel side bottom face : 439.82 mm² 150 mm c/c
Provided area 791.68 mm² 7 nos/metre 12mm
Total provided area of distribution bar 32.93 %
Satisfied

7 of 7