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Purposes Only.
No Copyright infringement
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materials and sources used.
The Author/s reserves the
rights.
 Prepared By:
Ma. Teresa A. Monderin, RN- MAN
 NATURE OF RESEARCH

comes from French word cerchier

meaning to seek/search; and with prefix
re meaning again; therefore it is the
replication of the search
 systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer
question or solve problems
a systematic, intensive process of
carrying out scientific method of
analysis to discover and develop
an organized body of knowledge
attempt to gain solution to a
problem (Treece and Treece)
goal: to develop, refine and
expand the body of knowledge
SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY DESIGNED TO
DEVELOP KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ISSUES OF
IMPORTANCE TO THE NURSING
PROFESSION INCLUDING:
NURSING PRACTICE, EDUCATION,
ADMINISTRATION AND INFORMATICS.
GOAL: general knowledge to guide
-

nursing practice and improve the health

and quality of life of nurse’s clients.
Evidenced-based practice
the practice of health care in which
the practitioner systematically finds,
appraises, and uses the most current
and valid research findings as the basis
for clinical decisions.
 Allow nurses to practice action that is
costly and on the same time consider
social relevance and effectiveness of their
practice.
Essential to understand the
varied dimensions of their
professions.
- To describe,
- To explain,
- To predict,
- To control, and
- To initiate activities to
promote desired client
behaviors.
Research Producer
Consumer
utilization
 Validation as a Profession
 Scientific Basis for
Practice
 Accountability of the
Profession
◦ Basic Research (Pure Research)
is experimental and theoretical work
undertaken to acquire new knowledge
without looking for long-term benefits
other than the advancement of
knowledge.
o Applied Research
research undertaken to solve
practical problems rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge
sake
Example:
Action research is a methodology
that combines action and research
to examine specific questions,
issues or phenomena through
observation and reflection, and
deliberate intervention to improve
practice.
According to Setting
o Laboratory research
oSimulated
environment
o usually with animals
o disadvantages
oField Research
According to Time Involved
1. LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
a research conducted over an
extended period of time.
 Either PROSPECTIVE or
RETROSPECTIVE
 Either Panel Studies or Cohort
Studies
ex. Bone anatomical changes
 individuals are followed over time and
data about them is collected as their
characteristics or circumstances
change.

individuals are sampled and

information is collected about their
past.
 EX POST FACTO study
chart the lives of groups of individuals who
experience the same life events within a
given time period.
 ex: birth cohort studies, students leaving
university at a particular point or new recruits
entering a particular organization

 Follow the same individuals over time and

vary considerably in scope and scale.
 ex. On-line opinion panel, household panel
surveys
According to Time Involved

2. CROSS SECTIONAL STUDIES

analyzes data of variables collected at
one given point in time across a
sample population or a pre-defined
subset.
 known as cross-sectional analysis,
transverse study, or
prevalence study.
 Ex. Bone anatomical changes
https://www.questionpro.com/
https://learning.closer.ac.uk/learning-modules/introduction/types-of-longitudinal-research/longitudinal-versus-cross-sectional-
studies/

CROSS SECTIONAL VS
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
- Advantage vs. disadvantage
 ◦ Experimental
- elements of randomization,
manipulation and control
◦ Non-experimental

According to Specific Design Used

Quantitative VS Qualitative
Design
Quantitative Research
 is research concerned with
the measurement of
attitudes, behaviours and
perceptions and includes
interviewing methods such
as telephone, intercept and
door-to-door interviews as
well as self-completion
methods such as mail outs
and online surveys.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
is research undertaken to
gain insights concerning
attitudes, beliefs,
motivations and behaviours
of individuals to explore a
social or human problem
and include methods such as
focus groups, in-depth
interviews, observation
research and case studies.
 MAIN TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

CASE STUDY

GROUNDED
THEORY

PHENOMENOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHY

HISTORICAL
According to Specific Design Used

1. Pragmatic approach to research (Mixed

Methods)
involves using the method which appears
best suited to the research problem
 grant themselves the freedom to use any of
the methods, techniques and procedures
typically associated with quantitative or
qualitative research.
 recognize that every method has its
limitations and that the different approaches
can be complementary.
According to Specific Design Used

2. Advocacy/participatory approach to
research (Emancipatory)
 feel that the approaches to research described so far do not
respond to the needs or situation of people from
marginalized or vulnerable groups
 are likely to have a political agenda and to try to give the
groups they are studying a voice
adopt a less neutral position than that which is
usually required in scientific research.
 findings of the research might be reported in
more personal terms, often using the precise
words of the research participants.
 This type of research could by criticized for not
being objective
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ASSUMPTIONS (POSITIVIST ( NATURALISTIC
PARADIGM) PARADIGM)

1. Ontologic Reality Reality is

(What is the exist-there multiple and
nature of are real
reality?) world driven
subjective
by real
natural
causes
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ASSUMPTIONS (POSITIVIST ( NATURALISTIC
PARADIGM) PARADIGM)

2.Epistemologic  Inquirer  Inquirer

(How the
independent interact
inquirer related
to those being from those with those
research/) being being
research research
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ASSUMPTIONS (POSITIVIST ( NATURALISTIC
PARADIGM) PARADIGM)

3. Axiologic

(What is the  Values and  Subjectivity

role of values beliefs are and values
in the to held on are inevitable
inquiry?) check and desirable
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ASSUMPTIONS (POSITIVIST ( NATURALISTIC
PARADIGM) PARADIGM)
4. Deductive  Inductive (specific
to general)
Methodologic (general to  Emphasis is on the
(How specific)
entirety of same
Emphasis is on
knowledge is phenomenon,
discrete, holistic
observed?) specific  Emerging
concepts interpretation
Verification of grounded in
researcher’s participants
hunches experiences
 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
ASSUMPTIONS (POSITIVIST ( NATURALISTIC
PARADIGM) PARADIGM)
4. Fixed design Flexible
Methodologic Tight design
(How controls over Context-
knowledge is context bound
observed?) quantitative qualitative
analysis analysis
Seeks Seeks patterns
generalizatio
ns
(depends on how much knowledge exist
about the Phenomenon)
-EXPLORATORY
- DESCRIPTIVE
- CORRELATIONAL
- EXPERIMENTAL
 Phase 1. Conceptual Phase
Step 1. Formulating and delimiting the
Problem
- developing research problem
and research questions
- give attention to substantive
issues, clinical issues
and methodologic issues.
Step 2. Reviewing the Related
Literature
literature review
precedes
delineation of the
research problems
MAJOR STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE STUDIES

Step 3. Undertaking clinical

fieldwork
- in addition to written
accounts, this entails going
to clinical area and actually
observing the practice.
- It will help in the
development of the
problem and even variables
that may affect the
research.
Step 4. Defining the framework and
developing conceptual definitions

Step 5. Formulating Hypothesis

-researcher’s
expectation about
the relationships of
the variable under
study
- predictions of
expected outcomes
 Phase 2: The Design and Planning
Phase
Step 6. Selecting a research design

- overall plan for obtaining

answers to the questions
being studied and for
handling some of the
difficulties encountered
during the research process.
Step 7. Developing
protocols for
interventions
- use only in
experimental research.
Example: effects of
music to blood sugar

Step 8. Identifying the

population to be studied
- aggregate or totality of
those conforming to a
set of specifications.
 Step 9. Designing the
sampling plan
- subset of population
- criteria, sampling
techniques, size.

Step 10. Specifying methods to measure

the research variables
- self-reports,
observations,
instruments, data
collection plan.
Step 11.
Developing methods
for safeguarding
Human/ Animal
rights,

Step 12. finalizing and

reviewing the research
plan
-pre-testing the
questionnaire, pilot
study, proposal
 Phase 3: Empirical phase

Step 13.
Collecting the data

Step 14.
Preparing the Data
for analysis.
 Phase 4. Analytical Phase

Step 15. Analyzing the

data
-statistical analysis

Step 16.
Interpreting the
results
 Phase 5. The Dissemination Phase

Step 17. Communicating

the findings
- research reports: term
papers, journal articles,
presentation to professional
conferences, journal
articles.

Step 18. Utilizing the

findings in Practice
 FLEXIBLE
APPROACH, MORE
CIRCULAR THAN LINEAR IN
DIRECTION
Conceptualizing and Planning Qualitative
Study

Identifying the research problem

-topics are usually broad, poorly
understood and little is known,
- topics is narrowed down
based on reflection and
discussion with colleague
-much maybe known about the
topic quantitatively but not
qualitatively.
 Doing Literature reviews
- usually done at the end of
the study however there
are those who do
preliminary review for
guidance only.

- Due to type of questions,

little then is literature
gathered before the study
 Research design in Qualitative studies
-EMERGENT DESIGN: the design that
emerges during the course of data
collection
- not rigid on the design since it is of no
concern to extraneous variables.
- things to plan is time for field
work, test of equipments
needed, training research
assistants, interpreter,
consultants, transcribers
and support staff.
 Addressing ethical issues

- big concern for

qualitative studies
Conducting the Qualitative Study
-tasks of sampling, data
collection, data analysis and
interpretation typically takes
place iteratively.
- researcher begin to identify
themes and categories
- Data Saturation

-Method of verification:
- trustworthiness
 Disseminating qualitative findings
- sharing results also in journals but
unlike quantitative that reports
numeric, qualitative presents
rich verbatim passages directly
from the participants.
 REFERENCES
Polit, Denise & Beck, Cheryl, Essentials of Nursing Research, Appraising
Evidence for Nursing Practice, 9th Edition, Wolters Kluwer Health (2018)

Polit, Denise & Beck, Cheryl, Nursing Research, 11th Edition, Wolters Kluwer
Law & Business, (2020)

https://learning.closer.ac.uk/learning-modules/introduction/types-of-
longitudinal-research/longitudinal-versus-cross-sectional-studies/
https://www.questionpro.com

https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/types-of-research/
https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-
research/Types-of-research/The-four-main-approaches