TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
SOIL BODY ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
INFLUENCE OF WATER ............................................................................................................................................ 1
SURCHARGE ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
EARTHQUAKE EFFECT ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Factor of horizontal acceleration Kh ..................................................................................................................... 2
ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF LIMIT STATES / FACTOR OF SAFETY ............ 3
Analysis process: Computation of limit equilibrium.............................................................................................. 3
BISHOP .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
SPENCER ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
OPTIMIZATION OF CIRCULAR SLIP SURFACE ..................................................................................................... 7
REMEDIAL MEASURES OF SLOPE STABILITY ......................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 7
MODIFICATION/CHANGE OF SLOPE GEOMETRY................................................................................................. 7
CONTROL OF SURFACE WATER [DRAINAGE] ..................................................................................................... 7
RETAINING STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................................... 8
INTERNAL SLOPE REINFORCEMENT TO INCREASE THE INTERNAL FRICTION AND LENGTH OF FAILURE
PLANE FOR STABILITY ........................................................................................................................................ 8
OUTPUT SUMMARY OF THE CRITICAL SECTION ..................................................................................................... 9
SUMMARY OF THE OUTPUT OF THE SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 9
RECOMMENDATION FROM THE SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS.............................................................................. 15
ANNEXURE-1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS DESIGN DWGS. ........................................................................................... 16
 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
The scope of the study under this SOW is the Existing Slope land for the Hospital project located at Darchula. The
Slope stability analysis needs to be done on the proposed site for Hospital project. For which the slope stability of
the existing slope under earthquake condition considering the building surcharge load on the slope needs to be
analyzed with factor of safety of the slip failure plane. In order to analyze the existing slope, we have done the detail
topographic survey of the entire building area where the upcoming building needs to be constructed along with the
entire stretch up to the base of the slope where this influence occurs so that we can identify the possible critical
slope near to the upcoming Hospital project. After the analyzing the topographic map of the site, we have identified
critical one sections among three sections which runs beneath the upcoming building footing and has the critical
slope angle and stretch of slope for possible failure plane.

During the slope stability analysis of critical section, soil profile has been taken from the provided soil investigation
report which shows no water table below the existing ground level.

The slope stability problem is solved in a two dimensional environment. The slope can be loaded by a surcharge
of a general shape either on the ground or inside the soil body. The analysis allows for including the effect of
anchors expected to support the slope. An earthquake can also be accounted for in the analysis.

Two types of approaches to the stability analysis are implemented in the program – classical analysis according to
the factor of safety and the analysis following the theory of limit states.

SOIL BODY
The soil body is formed by a layered profile. Each layer is defined by its geometry and material. The material of a
layer is usually represented by a soil with specified properties such as [c, Ø, Ƴ]. The geostatic stress in a soil body
is determined during the analysis.

INFLUENCE OF WATER
1.5m Ground water table is considered from lower ground level and 6m from top of the slope as shown in the soil
test report. Hence, Static head of water table is considered in FEM model.

SURCHARGE
The slope stability analysis takes into account even the surcharge caused by neighboring structures. The surcharge
can be introduced either as a concentrated force or distributed load acting either on the ground surface or inside
the soil body.

Since it is usually assumed that the surcharge is caused by the weight of objects found on the slope body, the
vertical component of surcharge having the direction of weight is added to the weight of blocks (slices). It means
that if the earthquake effects are included this component is also multiplied by the factor of horizontal acceleration
or vertical earthquake. The components that do not act in the direction of weight are assumed in equations of
equilibrium written for a given block (slice) as weightless thus do not contribute to inertia effects of the earthquake.
The surcharge is always considered in the analysis with respect to one meter run. Providing the surcharge,
essentially acting over the area b x l, is introduced as a concentrated force it is transformed before running the
analysis into a surface loading spread up to a depth of slip surface along the slope 2:1 as displayed in figure.

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The analysis then proceeds with the resultant of surface load p having the value:

𝑃
𝑝=
(𝑏 + ℎ𝑠 )𝑙

EARTHQUAKE EFFECT
The program allows for computing the earthquake effects with the help of two variables – factor of horizontal
acceleration Kh.

Factor of horizontal acceleration Kh

In a general case the computation is carried out assuming a zero value of the factor Kh. This constant, however,
can be exploited to simulate the effect of earthquake by setting a non-zero value. This value represents a ratio
between horizontal and gravity accelerations. Increasing the factor Kh results in a corresponding decrease of the
factor of safety FS.

The coefficient of horizontal acceleration introduces into the analysis an additional horizontal force acting in the
center of gravity of a respective slice with the magnitude Kh*Wi, where Wi is the slice overall weight including the
gravity component of the slope surcharge.

The following table lists the values of the factor Kh that correspond to different degrees of earthquake based on M-
C-S scale.

M-C-S degree Horizontal acceleration Factor of horizontal acceleration

(MSK-64) [m/s2] Kh [ in terms of g]
1 0,0 0.0
2 0.0025 0.00025
3 0.005 0.0005
4 0.001 0.0001
5 0.025 0,.0025
6 0.050 0.005
7 0.100 0.010
8 0.250 0.025
9 0.500 0.050
10 1.000 0.100

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11 2.500 0.30 has been assumed in Calculation

ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF LIMIT

STATES / FACTOR OF SAFETY
The verification analysis can be carried out according to the theory of limit states:

𝛾𝑆 𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠 > 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

where: Movr - overturning moment

γs - coefficient of overall stability of structure
Mres - resisting moment

Soil parameters (angle of internal friction, cohesion) are in this case reduced using the design coefficients
introduced in the frame "Settings". The value of utilization Vu is calculated and then compared with the value of
100%. The value of utilization is given by:

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𝑉𝑢 = <1
𝐹𝑆𝛾𝑠

where: FS - factor of slope stability computed with reduced soil parameters

γs - coefficient of overall stability of structure
The second option offers the verification analysis using the factor of safety:

𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑆 = < 𝑆𝐵
𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

where: Movr - overturning moment

Mres - resisting moment
SB - factor of safety for overturning
FS - factor of safety for overturning

Analysis process: Computation of limit equilibrium

The computation of limit equilibrium requires the solution of 6n-1 unknowns, where n stands for the number of
slices dividing the soil region above the potential slip surface. These are:

E - forces developed between slices

N - normal forces acting on slip surface
T - shear forces acting on a slip surface
X - shear forces developed between slices
z - locations of points of applications of forces
li - locations of points of applications of forces
k - factor of horizontal acceleration

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The Spencer method is a general method of slices developed on the basis of limit equilibrium. It requires satisfying
equilibrium of forces and moments acting on individual slices. The slices are created by dividing the soil above the
slip surface by planes, which in general may have different inclinations. Forces acting on individual slices are
displayed in figure.

Each slice assumes contribution due to the following forces:

slice weight, including surcharge having the character of weight including the influence of the coefficient
Wi -
of vertical earthquake
horizontal inertia force representing the effect of earthquake, k is the factor of horizontal acceleration
k.Wi -
during earthquake
Ni - normal force on the slip surface
Ti - shear force on the slip surface
Ei
- forces exerted by neighboring slices, they are inclined from horizontal plane by angle δ
,Ei+1
Fxi
- other horizontal and vertical forces acting on slice
Fyii
Mli - moment of forces Fxi ,Fyi rotating about point M, which is the center of the i–th segment of slip surface
Ui - pore pressure resultant on the i–th segment of slip surface
The following assumptions are introduced in the Spencer method to calculate the limit equilibrium of forces and
moment on individual slices:
 dividing planes between slices are always vertical
 the line of action of weight of slice Wi passes through the centre of the i–th segment of slip surface
represented by point M
 the normal force Ni is acting in the center of the i–th segment of slip surface, at point
 inclination of forces Ei acting between blocks is constant for all slices and equals to δ, only at slip surface
end points is δ=0

The solution adopts the following expressions:

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Equation (1) represents the relationship between effective and total value of the normal force acting on the slip
surface. Equation (2) corresponds to the Mohr-Coulomb condition representing the relation between the normal
and shear forces on a given segment of the slip surface. Equation (3) represents the force equation of equilibrium
in the direction normal to the i–th segment of the slip surface, whereas Equation (4) represents equilibrium along
the i–th segment of the slip surface. FS is the factor of safety, which is used to reduce the soil parameters. Equation
(5) corresponds to the moment equation of equilibrium about point M, where yG is the vertical coordinate of the
point of application of the weight of slice and yM is the vertical coordinate of point M. Modifying equations (3) and
(4) provides the following recursion formula:

This formula allows us to calculate for given values of δ and FS all forces acting between blocks. This solution
assumes that at the slip surface origin the value of E is known equal to E1=0.
Additional recursion formula follows from the moment equation of equilibrium (5) as:

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This formula allows us to calculate for a given value of all arms z of forces acting between blocks, knowing the
value on the left at the slip surface origin, where z1=0.
The factor of safety FS is determined by employing the following iteration process:

1. The initial value of δ is set to zero δ = 0.

2. The factor of safety FS for a given value of δ follows from Equation (6), while assuming the value of En+1 =
0 at the end of the slip surface.
3. The value of δ is provided by equation (7) using the values of E determined in the previous step with the
requirement of having the moment on the last slice equal to zero. Equation (7) does not provide the value
of zn+1 as it is equal to zero. For this value the moment equation of equilibrium (5) must be satisfied.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are then repeated until the value of δ does not change.

Influence of water is introduced in the program with the help of stream pressure instead of pore pressure. The way
of introducing water in the analysis is described hereafter:

For the process of iteration to be stable it is necessary to avoid instable solutions. Such instabilities occur at points
where division by zero in expressions (6) and (7) takes place. In equation (7), division by zero is encountered for δ
= π/2 or δ = -π/2. Therefore, the value of angle δ must be found in the interval (-π/2;π/2).
Division by zero in expression (6) appears when:

Therefore, the value of FSmax being the maximal value of FS satisfying equation (8) is found first. The iteration then
starts from the value of FS “just” right from FSmax and all values of FS entering the iteration process are larger than
FSmax.

BISHOP
The simplified Bishop assumes zero forces between slices Xi. The method is based on satisfying the moment
equation of equilibrium and the vertical force equation of equilibrium.
The factor of safety FS is found through a successive iteration of the following expression:

where: ui - pore pressure within slice

ci, φi - effective values of soil parameters
Wi - slice weight
αi - inclination of the segment of slip surface
li - length of the segment of slip surface

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SPENCER
This method assumes non-zero forces between slices. The resultants of shear and normal forces acting between
slices have constant inclinations. The Spencer method is a rigorous method in a sense that it satisfies all three
equations of equilibrium – the force equations of equilibrium in the horizontal and vertical directions and the moment
equation of equilibrium. The factor of safety FS is found through the iteration of inclination of forces acting between
slices and the factor of safety FS. Further details can be found in section describing the analysis of polygonal slip
surface.

OPTIMIZATION OF CIRCULAR SLIP SURFACE

The goal of the optimization process is to locate a slip surface with the smallest factor of slope stability FS. The
circular slip surface is specified in terms of 3 points: two points on the ground surface and one inside the soil body.
Each point on the surface has one degree of freedom while the internal point has two degrees of freedom. The slip
surface is defined in terms of four independent parameters. Searching for such a set of parameters that yields the
most critical results requires sensitivity analysis resulting in a matrix of changes of parameters that allows for fast
and reliable optimization procedure. The slip surface that gives the smallest factor of slope stability is taken as the
critical one.
This approach usually succeeds in finding the critical slip surface without encountering the problem of falling into a
local minimum during iteration. It therefore appears as a suitable starting point when optimizing general slip surfaces
such as the polygonal slip surface.
The optimization process can be restricted by various constraints. This becomes advantageous especially if we
wish the searched slip surface to pass through a certain region or to bypass this region. Optimization constrains
are specified as a set of segments in a soil body. The optimized slip surface is then forced to bypass these segments
during optimization.

REMEDIAL MEASURES OF SLOPE STABILITY

INTRODUCTION
For long-term slope stability, there are several techniques/methods such as construction of retaining walls
(cantilever type, gravity type, and earth reinforced type), protect surface by rock (soil) nail and shotcrete, regrading
(reducing) of slopes, construct avalanche shed over roads, use of anchored sheet pile or bored pile wall for deep
seated slides, vegetation or bioengineering, make proper drainage system, and other slope stabilization (physical
or chemical) methods etc. However, the recommendation of protection system & design for slope stability will be
defined after analyzing the soil type and its mechanical properties and actual modelling of the topography in 2D/3D
software to identify the failure pattern with or without ground water, static and in dynamic condition. After identifying
the failure pattern, the most suitable and nearest appropriate remedial measures or techniques/methods for long-
term slope stability in future can be recommended.

MODIFICATION/CHANGE OF SLOPE GEOMETRY

1. Removing material from area driving the landslide (with possible substitution by lightweight fill)
2. Adding material to area maintaining stability (counterweight berm or fill)
3. Reducing general slope angle
CONTROL OF SURFACE WATER [DRAINAGE]
1. Surface drains to divert water from flowing onto slide area (collecting ditches and pipes)
2. Shallow or deep trench drains filled with free-draining Geo-membrane materials (coarse granular fills and
Geosynthetics)
3. Buttress counterforts of coarse-grained materials (hydrological effect)
4. Vertical (small-diameter) boreholes, pumped or self-draining

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 5. Vertical (large-diameter) wells with gravity draining
6. Sub-horizontal or sub-vertical boreholes
7. Drainage tunnels, galleries or adits
8. Vacuum dewatering
9. Drainage by siphoning
10. Electro-osmotic dewatering
11. Vegetation planting (hydrological effect)
RETAINING STRUCTURES
1. Gravity-retaining walls
2. Crib-block walls
3. Gabion walls
4. Passive piles, piers and caissons
5. Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete walls
6. Reinforced earth-retaining structures with Geo-strip/sheet- polymer/Geo- reinforcement elements
7. Buttress counterforts of coarse-grained material (mechanical effect)
8. Retention nets for rock slope faces
9. Rock fall attenuation or stopping systems (rock trap ditches, benches, fences and walls)
10. Protective rock/concrete blocks against erosion
11. RCC bored Anchor Piles..

INTERNAL SLOPE REINFORCEMENT TO INCREASE THE INTERNAL FRICTION AND

LENGTH OF FAILURE PLANE FOR STABILITY
1. Rock bolts
2. Micropiles
3. Soil nailing
4. Soil Anchors [Used in the design].
5. Grouting
6. Stone or lime/cement columns
7. Heat treatment
8. Freezing
9. Electro-osmotic anchors
10. Vegetation planting (root strength mechanical effect)

The details of the inputs of Seven critical sections for calculation of slope failure plane, their corresponding details of the
outputs and corresponding remedial measures has been attached in the Annexure -1 of this report.

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OUTPUT SUMMARY OF THE CRITICAL SECTION
The output of the analysis of each of the critical section is as below:

SUMMARY OF THE OUTPUT OF THE SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS AFTER USING SOIL ANCHORS
Ø25mm-6m long @ 2.5m c/c BOTHWAYS
Section Slope Stability Analysis in Earthquake Condition
No Bishop method Fellunus Janbu Spencer
1-1 1.30 1.030 1.232 2.567

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RECOMMENDATION FROM THE SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
After analyzing the output of slope stability analysis done for critical section, the outcomes of the slope stability analysis are
the factor of safety of the slip surface considered which has been elaborately mentioned on the output.
The standard user procedure for any slope to be acceptable is if the factor of safety [FOS] came out to be equal or greater
than 1.00 it implies that the resisting forces [ which in general existing soil condition is gravity loads] is greater than the sliding
forces on the considered section analysis. The defined non-circular slip surface beyond the soil anchor has been evaluated
for factor of safety considering static water head, PGA value as 0.3g horizontal direction. The optimization calculation shows
the FOS value greater than 1.0, for that particular portion of slope plane is considered in FEM model and it seems to be
acceptable in the stages of conditions which has been mentioned in previous section. If FOS of any Slope analysis came out
to be less than 1.0, it is considered to be unacceptable for any time of further construction usage of that particular slope.
It seems that after analyzing the sections, the slope of the proposed site is also stable in major earthquake conditions.

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ANNEXURE-1
 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS DESIGN DWGS.

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