Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT

INPUT DATA
Levels
Proposed road level = 382.892
Existing ground level = 379.204
Depth of foundation = 1000 mm
Founding level = 375.704
Depth of superstructure = 750 mm
Size of bearing = 0 x 0 0
Size of pedestal = 0 x 0 x 0
Number of bearings = 0
Bed block level = 382.067
Thickness of wearing coat = 75 mm
C/C distance between face of dirt wall = 8400 mm
Projection of girder = 200 mm
C/C distance between bearing = 8000 mm

Dimensions
Top width of abutment = 700 mm
Bottom width of abutment = 1200 mm
Back batter = 1 in 10.726
Size of foundation = 7000 x 12000 x 1000
Width of toe = 2400 mm
Width of heel = 3400 mm
Length of abutment = 12.00 m

Dirt wall thickness = 400 mm

Dirt wall height = 0.825 m
Top width of Return wall = 0 m
Bottom width of Return wall = 0 m

Fly wing = No
Depth of wing wall = 0.00
Thickness of wing wall = 0.00

Concrete data and Permissible stresses

Grade of concrete = M 30
Grade of steel = Fe 500
3
Unit weight of Concrete = 25 kN/m
2
Allowable Bending Stress = 10.00 N/mm
(IRC:21-2000,Table - 9,Page18)
2
Allowable stress in Steel = 240 N/mm
(IRC:21-2000,Table - 9,Page18)
Modular ratio = 10

Soil data
3
Unit weight of Soil g = 18 kN/m
Angle of internal friction of soil f = 30 o

Surcharge angle b = 0 o

Angle of inclination of wall from o

a = 85
verticle face
Angle of friction between wall o
d = 20
and soil
2
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 290 kN/m
 Abutment Design

Arrangement of Abutment System

e2
300
3500 400 0 RL 382.892 Formation Level in Metre
300 Approach Slab
0 300 200
150 -200 750
RL 382.067 Top of Abutment Cap in Metre
Abutment Cap 400
100 RL 381.667 Top of Abutment stem in Metre
-300 350
-260
700

7188 5463 5363

o
60

G.L RL 379.204

0 RL 376.704
A Top of Footing in Metre
3.50 500
500 1000 RL 375.704
Foundation Level in Metre

-450 3400 500 700 2400

1200
7000
SECTION OF ABUTMENT SYSTEM
Longitudinal eccentricity between CG of
e1 = 0.25 m
Bearing and CG of Abutment Stem
Longitudinal eccentricity from centre of dirt
e2 = 0.15 m
wall to centre of pedestal
Self Weight of Abutment Structure

Lever
Moment @
Arm
Element Description of Length Bredth Weight Toe of
Shape Nos. Depth (D) Area (m2) about
No. structure (m) (B) (kN) Footing
point A
(kN.m)
(m)
1 Footing Rectangle 1 12.0 3 1.00 3 3.000 900.00 2700.000
Triangle 1 12.00 3.40 0.50 0.85 4.733 255.00 1207.000
Rectangle 1 12.00 3.40 0.50 1.7 5.300 510.00 2703.000
2 Abutment Wall Rectangle 1 12.0 0.7 5.363 3.7541 2.750 1126.23 3097.133
Triangle 1 12.0 0.5 5.363 1.34075 3.267 402.23 1313.935
Rectangle 1 12.0 0.7 -0.30 -0.21 2.750 -63.00 -173.250
Triangle 1 12.0 -0.3 -0.30 0.0450 3.000 13.50 40.500
3 Abutment Cap Rectangle 1 12.0 0.4 0.4 0.160 2.600 48.00 124.800
4 Dirt Wall Rectangle 1 12.0 0.4 0.75 0.300 2.600 90.00 234.000
Approach slab Rectangle 1 12.0 0.3 0.3 0.09 2.950 27.00 79.650
5
bracket Triangle 1 12.0 0.3 0.15 0.0225 2.900 6.75 19.575
6 Return Wall Rectangle 2 3.40 0.00 6.188 42.0784 5.300 0.00 0.000
Triangle 2 0.50 0.00 5.363 2.6815 3.433 0.00 0.000
7 Pedestal Rectangle 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2.200 0.00 0.000
8 Fly wing Rectangle 0 -0.450 0.00 0.00 0.000 6.775 0.00 0.000
Triangle 0 -0.450 0.00 -0.26 0.000 6.850 0.00 0.000
9 Soil over burden Rectangle 1 12 3.40 6.188 5.300 4544.47 24085.676
Triangle 1 12 0.50 5.363 3.433 402.23 1380.973
Triangle 1 12 3.4 0.5 5.87 255.00 1496.000
TOTAL 55.81 8517.40 38308.99

C.G of abutment about A 257.01

=
55.81
= 4.60 m
Dead load from superstructure = 394.36 kN
 Abutment Design

SUMMARY OF LOAD CALCULATION

CASE1: WORKING CONDITION

Moment due to Active Earth Pressure = 147.47 x 7.188 x 0.42

= 445.218 kN.m/m

Moment due to Live load Surcharge = 49.240 x 0.5 x 7.188

= 176.969 kN.m/m
x
Total Moment due to soil & surcarge = 622.19 kN.m/m
For 12.00 m carrigeway
Total Moment due to soil & surcarge = 7466.246 kN.m

CHECK FOR STABILITY

(Refer IRC : 78 - 2000, Cl.No.706.3.4, Pg.No.21)
Sl.No. DESCRIPTION VERTICAL HORIZONTA RESISTING OVERTURNI
OF FORCES FORCE L FORCE (kN) MOMENT NG MOMENT
(kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

Dead load from

1 394.36 - 867.59 -
superstructure
Live Load from
2 384.53 - 1057.44 -
Superstructure
Load from
3 Abutment 8517.40 - 38308.99 -
structure
Active Earth
4 Pressure & 859.18 2360.57 - 7466.25
surcharge
5 Braking force - 136.53 - 1145.22

6 Secondary force - 0.00 - 0.00

i) Construction stage
a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.6 x W > 1.5
=
H
0.51 10155.46
=
2497.10
= 2.07
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 2

=
Mo
38308.99
=
8611.47
= 4.45
SAFE
 Abutment Design

ii) Working condition

a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.5
=
H
0.51 10155.46
=
2497.10
= 2.07
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 2

=
Mo
40234.03
=
8611.47
= 4.67
SAFE
CASE 2 : SEISMIC CONDITION

x x
Moment @ bottom of Toe due
= 283.51 7.188 0.5
to seismic due to soil

147.47 x 2.40

= 665.58 kN.m/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due x

to seismic and static due live = 17.79 x 0.66 7.188
load surcharge
= 84.40 kN-m/m

Active earth pressure due to

surcharge for static
= 0.20 x 21.60 xx 0.337
2
= 1.458 kN/m

Total pressure = 1.458 x 7.188

= 10.48 kN/m

Horizontal component = 10.480 x cos 20

= 10.480 x 0.94
= 9.848 kN/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due

= 9.85 0.5 7.188
to static
= 35.39 kN-m/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due

= 500.00 35.39
to seismic
= 464.61 kN-m/m

For 12.00 m carrigeway

Total moment due soil and
= 5575.27 kN-m
surcharge
 Abutment Design

CHECK FOR STABILITY

(Refer IRC : 78 - 2000, Cl.No.706.3.4, Pg.No.21)
Sl.No. DESCRIPTION VERTICAL HORIZONTA RESISTING OVERTURNI
OF FORCES FORCE L FORCE (kN) MOMENT NG MOMENT
(kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

Dead load from

1 394.36 - 1084.49 -
superstructure
Live Load from
2 76.91 - 1057.44 -
Superstructure
Load from
3 Abutment 8517.40 38308.99
structure
Load from soil
4 pressure & 597.17 1640.71 13562.18
surcharge

5 Seismic force - 85.18 500.00

6 Breaking force 136.53 1145.22

7 Secondary force 0.00 0.00

i) Construction stage
a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.25
=
H
0.5 9114.57
=
1862.42
= 2.45
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 1.5

=
Mo
38308.99
=
15207.40
= 2.52
SAFE
ii) Working condition

a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.25

=
H
0.5 9585.83
=
1862.42
= 2.57
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 1.5

=
Mo
40450.92
=
15207.40
= 2.66
SAFE
 Abutment Design

CHECK FOR BASE PRESSURE

For working condition
S.B.C. of soil = 290 kN/m2

Total load W = 10155.46 kN

ML = Mr - Mo
= 40234.03 - 8611.47
= 31622.56 kN.m
x = ML/W = 3.114 m
Length of footing L = 12.00 m
Total width of footing B = 7.00 m
B/6 = 1.17 m

Eccentricity e = B/2 - x
= 0.39 m < (B/6) SAFE
Pressure,
Max Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1+(6e/B)
= 290.00/(12.00x7.00)x(1+6x0.39/7.00)
= 160.91 kN/m2
Min Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1-(6e/B)
= 290.00/(12.00x7.00)x(1-6x0.39/7.00)
= 80.88 kN/m2
Hence Max Pressure < S.B.C SAFE
For seismic condition

S.B.C. of soil = 435 kN/m2

Total load W = 9735.12 kN

ML = Mr - Mo
= 40450.92 - 18722.95
= 21727.98 kN.m
x = ML/W = 2.232 m
Length of footing L = 12.00 m
Total width of footing B = 7.00 m
B/6 = 1.17 m

Eccentricity e = B/2 - x
= 1.27 m > (B/6) UNSAFE
Pressure,
Max Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1+(6e/B)
= 290.00/(12.00x7.00)x(1+6x1.27/7.00)
= 241.86 kN/m2
Min Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1-(6e/B)
= 290.00/(12.00x7.00)x(1-6x1.27/7.00)
= -10.07 kN/m2
Hence Max Pressure < S.B.C SAFE
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF RETURN WALL

0.30 FRL= RL382.892 Due to surcharge Due to Soil

h= 6.188 m
Top of footing =
RL376.704 0.5 h 0.42 h

0.90 1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h

C/s of Return wall

Soil parameters
f = 30 °
b = 0 °
a = 85 °
d = 20 °
g = 18 kN/m3
KA = x 0.337 x

1). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p= = Ka g h
= 0.337 x 18 x 6.188
2
= 37.592 kN/m

Total Pressure= = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 37.592 6.188

= 116.309 kN/m
Horizontal component= = 116.309 x cos x 20
= 109.295 kN/m

Vertical component= = 116.309 x sin x 20

= 39.780 kN/m

lever arm h
Moment @ bottom of Toe= = 109.295 x 0.42 x 6.188
= 284.053 kN.m/m
2). Live load Surcharge
(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill
= 1.2 x 18
= 21.600 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x 18

= 0.337 x 1.2 x 18
= 7.290 kN/m

Total Pressure = 7.290 h

= 7.290 6.188
 Abutment Design

= 45.110 kN/m
x
 Abutment Design

Horizontal component = 45.110 x cos 20

= 42.390 kN/m

Vertical component = 45.110 x sin 20

= 15.429 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Toe = 42.390 x 0.5 x 6.188
= 131.154 kN.m/m

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to soil & surcharge = 55.209 kN/m

Total Horizontal comp.Force due to soil & surcharge = 151.685 kN/m
Total Moment due to soil & surcharge = 415.207 kN.m/m
x
Hight of Dpro at base of wall 6.188 m
Therefore "d" available = 0.900 900 mm

Grade of concrete = 30
Grade of Steel = 500
According to IRC-21:2000
Design Constants:
2
σcbc = 10.00 N/mm
3
σst = 240 N/mm
Modular Ratio m = 10

Neutral Axis k = m σcbc/( mσcbc + σst)

Factor
= 10 x 10.000
= 10 x 10.000 + 240

= 0.29
500
Lever Arm
Factor j = 1-(k/3)

1 - 0.294
=
3

= 0.90

Moment
Factor Q = 0.5 x σcbc x j x k

= 0.5 x 10.000 x 0.90 x 0.29

= 1.33

dreq 415.21 x 1000000

=
1.33 x 1000

= 559.5 mm
 Abutment Design

Dia of bar = 32 mm
Overall Depth Provided = 900 mm
Clear Cover = 50 mm
Center of reinforcement = 16 mm
Effective depth Provided = 834 mm < dreq SAFE
 Abutment Design

Area of Steel Required M x 106

=
j x σst x d

x
Area of Steel Required 415.21 xx 1000000
=
xx 0.902 xx 240 xx 834.000
xx
2
= 2299.85 mm /m

Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12 % of cross sectional area

= 0.12% x 900 x 1000
2
= 1080 mm /m

Ast,req > Astmin

2
Hence required Ast = 2299.85 mm /m
Diameter of bar = 32 mm
2
Spacing required = 349.7 mm
Spacing provided = 125

Provide 32mm dia bars @125mm C/C

Total Steel Provided on
= 6433.98 mm2
Embankment Face
SAFE
Check for Shear
As per IRC-6:2000, Cl:304.7.1.1.1.

Shear Force V = 151.685 kN

Design Shear stress tv = 151.685 x 1000

= 1000 x 834
= 0.181876
=
Pt = (100 x Ast) / (B x d)
Pt = 100 x 6433.98
= 1000 x 834.00
= 0.771
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. 0.37
0.06
0.31 x

tc = 0.37515

0.50 0.771 0.75

tc > tv SAFE 0.271

0.25
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF DIRT WALL

Dirt wall is designed as a cantilever member subjected to following loads

1)Active earth pressure
2)Live load surcharge
3)Braking force

0.4 Live load surcharge Active earth pressure

h= 0.825 m

0.5 h 0.42 h

C/s of Dirt wall 1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h

Height of Dirt wall, h = FRL-Top of Abutment cap

FRL= 382.892 m
h = 382.892 382.067
= 0.825 m h = 0.825

Top of Abutment cap= 382.067 m

Soil parameters
f= 30 ˚
b= 0 ˚
a= 85 ˚
d= 20 ˚
g= 18 kN/m3
KA = 0.337

1). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p = Ka x g x h

= 0.337 18 0.825

= 5.012 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 5.012 0.825

= 2.067 kN/m

Horizontal component = 2.067 x cos x 20

= 1.943 kN/m

Vertical component = 2.067 x sin x 20

 Abutment Design

= 0.707 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Dirt wall = 1.943 x 0.42 x 0.825

= 0.673 kN.m/m

2). Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill

= 1.2 x 18

= 21.600 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x g

= 0.337 x 1.2 x 18

= 7.290 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 7.290 x h

= 7.290 x 0.825

= 6.014 kN/m
 Abutment Design

Horizontal component = 6.014 x cos 20

= 5.652 kN/m
500
Vertical component = 6.014 x sin 20

= 2.057 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Dirt wall = 5.652 x 0.5 x 0.825

= 2.331 kN.m/m

3). Braking Force

Following Vehicles are considered to act on Dirt Wall
a) 70R Bogie
b) Class A ( Two Lane )
According to the IRC-21:2000, Cl:214.20, Page no 33,
braking force is taken as 20% of actual load of wheel on the span
a) 70R Bogie H
1.2

85.00 85.00 a=
Wheel Load 2.13 1.93 0.825 2.025

In Plan
0.22
0.86 0.86
FOOTING
Minimum Axel width in longitudinal direction1.37
= m

Effective width of dispersion, beff = + b1

1.2a (Refer Cl.305.16.2 of IRC:21- 2000)
Braking force acts at 1.2 m above Road level (Refer Cl.214.3 of IRC:6- 2000)
Thickness of wearing coat = 75.0 mm
b1 = 0.86 + 2 x 0.075 = 1.010 m

beff = 1.2 x 2.025 + 1.010 = 3.440 m

beff > Spacing of the wheels (1.2m)
hence dispersion width over laps

Total Dispersion Width = 2.13 + 1.93 + 3.440 / 2

Tb = 5.780 m

Total axel load = 170 kN

Braking Force(20% of axel load), H = 34.0 kN (Refer Cl.214.2 of

Braking Force per metre width = H/Tb IRC:6- 2000)
= 5.882 kN/m
 Abutment Design

b) CLASS A (2 No.)
57.0 57.0 57.0 57.0
Wheel Load 0.9 1.8 1.7 1.8

In Plan 0.25 0.25

0.5 0.5
Minimum Axel width in longitudinal direction 1=.2 m

b1 = 0.5 + 2 x 0.075 = 0.650 m

beff = 1.2 x 2.025 + 0.650 = 3.080 m

 Abutment Design

beff > Spacing of the wheels (1.2m)

hence dispersion width over laps
Total Dispersion Width = 0.5+0.15+0.25+1.8+1.7+1.8+(4.506/2)
Tb = 7.740 m
Total axel load = 228 kN
Braking Force(20% of axel load) = 45.6 kN
Braking Force per metre width = 5.891 kN/m

dia.
Hence @ 'A' 2 Vehicle is critical, hence governs the design
Class
lever arm
Moment due to Braking = 5.891 x 2.025
= 11.93 kN/m

Total Bending Moment = 11.93 + 0.673 + 0.673 + 2.331

= 15.608 kN.m/m

Design S.F = (1.94+5.65+5.89)

= 13.486 kN

Depth Required 15.61 x 1000000

=
1.33 x 1000
dreq = 108.5 mm

Overall Depth Provided = 400 mm

Clear Cover = 50 mm
Diameter of bar = 20 mm
Center of reinforcement = 10 mm
Effective depth Provided = 340 mm > dreq

Area of Steel Required 15.61 x 1000000

=
0.902 x 240 x 340
j st. stress eff.depth
2
= 212.06 mm /m

Astmin = 0.20% x 400 x 1000

2
= 800.00 mm /m

Astreq < Ast min

2
Astreq = 800.000 mm

Spacing required = 393 mm

Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 20mm dia bars @150mm C/C

2
Total Steel Provided on Embankment Face = 2094.40 mm /m
SAFE
 Abutment Design

Check for Shear

(Refer IRC-6:2000, Cl.304.7.1.1.1,

Shear Force V = 13.486 kN

Design Shear stress tv 13.486 x 1000

=
1000 x 340

= 0.040 N/mm2 0.31

0.08
100Ast/(bd) 100 x 2094.40 0.23 x
=
1000 340
x

= 0.616
0.25 0.616 0.50
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. 0.366

tc = 0.347 N/mm2 0.25

tc > tv SAFE
 Abutment Design

LOADINGS

70-R Wheeled

170 170 170 170 120 120 80

1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96

0.2 8
1.17
RA RB

170 x 8.2 + 170 x 6.83 + 170 x 3.78 + 170 x 2.41 + 120 x 0.28 +
RA =
120 x -1.24 + 80x-5.2

= 385 kN

Class A

68 68 68 68 114 114 27 27

3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1

0.2 8
2.8
RA RB

68 x 8.2 + 68 x 5.2 + 68 x 2.2 + 68 x -0.8 + 114 x -5.1 + 114 x -

RA =
6.3 + 27x-9.5 + 27 x

= -104 kN

For two lane of Class A = -209.0 kN

Class 70 R Tracked
Total load = 350 + 350 = 700 kN

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653

4.57
 Abutment Design

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653

0.2 8
0.453
RA RB

50 x 8.2 + 50 x 7.55 + 50 x 7 + 50 x 6.24 + 50 x 5.59 + 50 x 4.94

RA =
+ 50x4.28
500
= 273 kN
 Abutment Design

Eccentricity in transverse direction

Width of carriageway = 12.00 m

No of lanes = 4.00

1 lane of Class A

0.45

0.5

0.15 1.80

12.00

eT = 6 - 1.8
= 4.25 m

2 lanes of Class A

0.45

0.5

0.15 1.80 1.2

12.00

eT = 6 - 3.50
= 2.50 m
 Abutment Design

3 lanes of Class A

0.45

0.5 1.2 1.2

0.15 1.80 1.80 1.80

12.00

eT = 6 - 5.25
= 0.75 m
 Abutment Design

1 lane of Class 70 R

0.45

0.86

0.15 1.93

12.00

eT = 6 - 2.00
= 4.005 m

1 lane of Class 70 R + 1 lane of Class A

0.45

0.86 0.5

0.15 1.93 1.2 1.80

12.00

500 500 277 277

1.93 1.88 1.80

Eccentricity due to load = 2.3001

 Abutment Design

eT = 6 - 3.33
= 2.670 m
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT WALL

The abutment wall is designed as a section subjected to Axial force and Bending moment for the following forces
1) Self weight
2) Dead load from superstructure
3) Vehicular live load from superstructure e= 0.15
4) Braking forces
5) Horizontal forces due to secondary effects
6) Active Earth Pressure 400
7) Live load surcharge
300
0.7 FRL= RL382.892 Due to surcarge Due to Soil150

Abutment Cap
h= 6.188 m 100

0.5 h 0.42 h
Topof foot RL376.704
1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h

Soil parameters
f = 30 ˚
b = 0 ˚
a = 84.673631 ˚
d = 20 ˚
g = 18 kN/m3
Ka = 0.337
Ca = 0.610

1). Self weight

1)Dirt wall = 0.4x0.75x1x25
= 7.5 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @bottom of Wall = 7.5 x 0.15
= 1.13 kNm/m
2)Abutment cap
Rectangular area = 0.4x0.4x1x25
= 4 kN/m
Moment @bottom of Wall = 4 x -0.15
-0.6
Triangular Area = 0.5x-0.3x-0.3x1x25
= 1.125
Moment @bottom of Wall = 1.125 x 0.25
= 0.28125

3)Wall = 0.70x4.96x1x25
= 86.8525 kN/m
 Abutment Design

2). Dead load from super structure

Total, R 394.36 (from staad analysis)

Load per meter width = R 12.00
Wd = 32.86 kN/m
lever arm
Long. Moment ( ML ) = Wd x e1
= 32.86 x 0.25
= 8.22 kNm/m

3). Vehicular live load from super structure

Following Vehicular loads are considered
Eccentricity, e1= 0.25 m

Total R/meter Moment

Type of Load Reaction

in kN Rm ML=Rm*e1
R
A) Class A( 2 No.) -208.98 -17.41 -4.35
B) Class A( 3 No.) -313.46 -26.12 -6.53
C) 70R Tracked 546.13 500.00 125.00
D) 70R Wheeled
280.04 23.34 5.83
+ Class A (1 No.)
D) 70R tracked +
441.64 36.80 9.20
Class A (1 No.)

Hence 70R Wheeled + Class A Vehicle governs the design

Long. Moment ML = 125.00 kNm/m

Total , R= 546.13 kN

Moment
Type of Load eT Resultant
MT=Rm*eT

A) Class A( 1 No.) 4.25 554 2354.50

B) Class A( 2 No.) 2.50 1108 2770.00
C) 70R Wheeled 4.01 1000 4005.00
D) Class A( 3 No.) 0.75 1662 1246.50
E) Class A( 1 No.)
2.67 1554
+ 70R Wheeled 4149.04

Total transverse moment = 4149.04 kNm

Total transverse moment/m = 345.75 kNm/m

4). Braking forces

(20 % of Axle Load upto 2 Lane & 5 % live load for additional lane.)
As IRC-6:2010, horizontal seismic forces in the direction perpendicular to the traffic = 20.00 %
 Abutment Design

Total Axial load(kN) 1st 2nd lane 3rd Lane For Static
Total in Force/A
Type of Load
kN bt /m
2 lane 3 lane 20.00% 5.00% Force
1) Class A 2 VEHICLE
-208.98 -208.98 -41.80 -10.45 -52.24 -52.24 -4.35
2) Class A 3 VEHICLE
-313.46 -313.46 -62.69 -15.67 -78.37 -78.37 -6.53
3) 70R tracked +
441.64 441.64 88.33 22.08 110.41 110.41 9.20
Class A (1 No.)
4) 70R Tracked 546.13 546.13 109.23 27.31 136.53 136.53 11.38
5) Class A( 1 No.)
280.04 280 56.01 14.00 70.01 70.00938 5.83411
+ 70R Wheeled
Max =
Effective width of dispersion,beff=
1.2*a+b1
b1 for Class A = 0.41 beff= 10.48
b1 70R Tracked = 1.00 beff= 11.07 10.48 Hence bef =
b1 70R Wheeled = 1.02 beff= 11.09
 Abutment Design

Total width of dispersion = 10.48 m lever arm for the

total force/trestle= #DIV/0! kN Braking force(m)=
Long. Moment due to braking = 95.44 kNm/m

lever arm for the

secondary forces(m)=

x xx
5). Horizontal forces due to secondary forces

Span length = 8000 mm

Length of Bearing L = 0 mm
Width of Bearing B = 0 mm
Total depth of Bearing D = 0 mm
No. of Steel laminates = 4
Thickness of steel laminate = 3 mm
Shear Modulus G = 1 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
E = 27386.1 N/mm2
a
Co efficient of thermal expansion = 1.17E-05 / oC
(IRC 6-2010, Cl 218.4, Page 46)
o
Maximum Temperature = 37.5 C
(IRC 6-2010, Fig 8, Page 42)
o
Minimum Temperature = 10 C
(IRC 6-2010, Fig 9, Page 43)
o
Temperatue difference t = 27.5 C

Strain due to Temperature = 0.00032

Deformation due to Temperature = Strain x Span

= 0.00032 x 8000
= 2.57 mm

Shear deformation = Deformation / Depth

= 0.21

Force on each bearing = Shear deformation x Shear modulus x Area of bearing

= 0.00 N
= 0.0 kN

Number of bearings = 0
Force on abutment = 0.00 kN
Force / meter length along abutment = 0.00 kN/m

Moment @bottom of Wall = 0.00 x 5.463

= 0.00 kN-m/m
Abutment Design
 Abutment Design

6). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p = Ka x g x h
= 0.337 18 6.188
= 37.592 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 37.592 6.188
= 116.309 kN/m

Horizontal component = 116.309 x cos 20

= 109.295 kN/m

Vertical component = 116.309 x sin x 20

= 39.780 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Abutment = 109.295 x 0.42 x 6.188
= 284.05 kN.m/m

7). Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill
= 1.2 x 18
= 21.600 kN/m2
Active Pressure due to surcharge
= Ka xx 1.2 x 18
= 7.290 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 7.290 x h

= 7.290 x 6.188
= 45.110 kN/m
Horizontal component = 45.110 x cos 20
= 42.390 kN/m
Vertical component = 45.110 x sin 20
= 15.429 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Abutment = 42.390 x 0.5 x 6.188
= 131.154 kN.m/m
x x

Total Vertical Force, P = 687.55 kN/m

Total Longitudinal Moment ML = 644.66 kNm/m

@ @
 Abutment Design

moment for the following forces

750
0.25

Abutment Cap 400

381.667

4.963

700
376.704
C/L of wall
 Abutment Design

(without impact)
 Abutment Design

BM at
Fdl
-36.52
-54.78
77.18
95.44
48.94
95.44

10.48 m
 Abutment Design

8.39

5.463

ear modulus x Area of bearing

Abutment Design
Abutment Design
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT AS WALL

Longitudinal moment ML = 644.66 kNm/m

Effective depth required dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

644.66 x 1000000
= 1.33 x 1000

= 697.15 mm
Overall depth provided = 950.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 25 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 12.50 mm
Effective depth provided = 862.50 mm > dreq
SAFE
Area of Steel Required 644.66 x 1000000
=
0.902 x 240 x 862.50

Ast = x 3452.8 mm2

Spacing required = 142

Spacing provided = 80 mm

Provide 25mm dia bars @80mm C/C

2
Total Steel Provided = 6292.59 mm /m SAFE
 Abutment Design

Check for Shear

(Refer IRC-6:2000, Cl.304.7.1.1.1,

Shear Force V = 151.685 kN/m

Design Shear stress tv 151.685 x 1000

=
1000 x 863

= 0.18 N/mm2 0.42

0.05
100Ast/(bd) 100 x 6292.59 0.37 x
=
1000 x 862.5

= 0.730
0.75 0.730 1.00
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. -0.020

tc = 0.366 N/mm2 0.25

tc > tv SAFE
 Abutment Design

CALCULATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

i) Static case
Active earth pressure is calculated using Columb's theory as per IRC:78 - 2000, Cl.710.1.3

Soil parameters
Unit weight of soil g = 18
Angle of internal friction of soil f = 30
Surcharge angle b = 0
Angle of inclination of wall from horizontal face a = 85
Angle of friction between wall and soil d = 20

F.L
RL 382.892 Due to surcarge Due to Soil

h= 7.188 m

0.5 h 0.42 h
Found. Lvl
RL 375.704 1.2 x Ka x g Ka x g x h
Static Earth Pressure Diagram

Active earth pressure coefficient

sin 2 (f - a )
Ka =
sin 2 a x sin ( a - d ) sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b )
1 +
sin ( a - d) sin ( a + b )

= 0.825736406

0.9913828x 0.904 x 1 + 0.766 x

0.904 x

= 0.337

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure p = Ka x g x h

= 0.337 x 18 x 7.188
2
= 43.667 kN/m

Total Static Pressure PA = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 x 43.667 x 7.188
= 156.94 kN/m

Horizontal component = PA x cos 20

 Abutment Design
x
= 156.939 x 0.94
= 147.474 kN/m

Vertical component = PA x sin 20

= 156.939 x 0.34
= 53.676 kN/m
 Abutment Design

Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill
= 1.2 x 18
= 21.600 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x 18

= 7.290 kN/m
Total Pressure = 7.290 x h
= 7.290 x 7.188
= 52.400 kN/m

Horizontal component = 52.400 x cos 20

= 52.400 x 0.94
= 49.240 kN/m

Vertical component = 52.400 x sin 20

= 52.400 x 0.34
= 17.922x kN/m

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth

= 71.598 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 196.714 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge

For 12.00 m carrigeway

500
Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth
= 859.177 kN
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to soil &
= 2360.570 kN
surcharge

ii) Seismic case

Seismic active earth pressure coefficient

( 1 + Av ) cos2 ( f - l - a) x 1
Ca =
cos l cos a cos ( d + a + l )
2
1 + sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b - l )
cos ( a - b ) cos ( d + a + l )

Where,
l = tan-1(Ah/1-Av)

= 13.6 °

1.067 1
Ca = x
0.749 1 + 0.766 x 0.282
0.9956821 0.778
 Abutment Design

= 0.610

Total AEP due to

PAE = 0.5 x g x h2 x Ca
Static and Siesmic

= 0.5x18x7.188x7.188x0.610
= 283.5 kN/m
 Abutment Design

F.L
RL 382.892 Due to surcarge Due to Soil

h= 7.188 m

0.66 h 0.5 h
Found. Lvl
RL 375.704 0.2 x 1.2 x g x Ca (Ca - Ka) x g x h

Seismic Earth Pressure Diagram

xxx x
Active Earth pressure p = (Ca - Ka) x g x h
= 0.272 x 18 x 7.188
= 35.217 kN/m2

Total Seismic
PAEQ = 0.5 x p x h
Pressure
= 0.5 x 35.217 x 7.188
= 126.57 kN/m

Horizontal component = PAEQ x cos 20

= 126.568 x 0.94
= 118.935 kN/m

Vertical component = PAEQ x sin 20

= 126.568 x 0.34
= 43.289 kN/m

Live load Surcharge x

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge q = 0.2 x 1.2 x Earth fill
= 0.2 x 1.2 x 18
2
= 4.320 kN/m
(Refer IRC:6- 2010, Table 1, Pg.No.6)

Active Earth pressure

p = Ca x q x h
due to surcharge
= 0.610 x 4.320 x 7.188
= 18.93 kN/m

Horizontal component = 18.93 x cos 20

= 18.93 x 0.94
= 17.79 kN/m

Vertical component = 18.93 x sin 20

= 18.93 x 0.34
x
 Abutment Design

= 6.48x kN/m

xxxx x xx ===
Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth x xxx x x x
= 49.764 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 136.725 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge

For 12.00 m carrigeway

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth

= 597.168 kN
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 1640.705 kN
pressure & live load surcharge
 Abutment Design

C:78 - 2000, Cl.710.1.3

kN/m3
°
°
°
°

-a)
sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b ) 2
sin ( a - d) sin ( a + b )

6406
x 2
0.5
x 0.996
Abutment Design
 Abutment Design

1 2

sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b - l )
cos ( a - b ) cos ( d + a + l )

2
Abutment Design
Abutment Design
Abutment Design
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM

The length of column (Height) = 6188mm

The following details obtained from Abutment Stem Design:
Load (Nd) = 687.55kN
Moment (Md) = 644.66kN
Stem thickness (h) = 1200mm
Breadth (b) = 1000mm
Grade of concrete = M30
Grade of steel = Fe500
Tension face reinforcement = 20 @ 180 c/c
Area of 20 mm dia. bars = 314sq.mm

Compression face reinforcement = 12 @ 180 c/c

Area of 12 mm dia. bars 113sq.mm
No. of bars in tension face = 11.11 [or] 12
No. of bars in comp. face = 5.56 [or] 6
Area of steel in tension face ( AS ) = 3770sq.mm
Area of steel in comp. face ( A'S ) = 679sq.mm
Modular ratio ae = 10
As per page 365 of Reynold's Handbook
To find eccentricity,
Md 644.66 x 1000
e = = = 937.6mm
Nd 687.55
h 1200
= = 200.0mm
6 6
h 1200
= = 600.0mm
2 2
3h 3 x 1200
= = 1800.0mm
2 2
Therefore, e > h/2 < 3h/2
Effective cover to tensile steel = 50 + 20 = 60mm
2
Effective depth = 1,200 - 60 = 1140mm
fcu

h = 1200 d = 1140

60
b= 1000
Assumed depth of N.A = 243.00mm 48%
REVISE DEPTH OF N.A
 Abutment Design

K1 = b.x = 1,000 x 243 = 243000sq.mm

To determine the centroid of stressed area
1/2 K1.x + ae.As.d + (ae-1) A's.d'
x =
K1 + ae.As + (ae-1)A's

0.50x243,000x243 + 10x3,770x1,140 + (10x1.5-1)x679x60

= = 251.80mm
243,000 + 10x3,770 +1.5x(10-1)x679

e-x 937.63 - 251.80

b1 = + 1 = + 1 = 1.602
d 1140

x x 243 243
b2 = 1- = 1- = 0.099
2d 3d 2x1,140 3x1,140

d' 60
b3 = (ae - 1) 1- = (10x1.5-1) x 1- = 10.543
x 243
Compressive stress in concrete
Nd.b1
Fcs = d'
b2.b.d + b3.A's. 1-
d
687.55 x 1000 x 1.602
= 60
0.099x1,000x1,140 + 10.543x679x 1-
1140
= 9.204Mpa

Nd
FC =
bx+aeAs+(ae-1)A'S

687.55x 1000
=
1000x243+10x3,769.91+(10-1)678.58

687549.56
=
286806.37

= 2.397Mpa

Fcs max = 500

= 9.20 + 2.40
= 11.60MPa > 10.00Mpa
UNSAFE
 Abutment Design

Calculation of Tensile stress in steel

Permissible tensile stress in steel = 240.00Mpa
fcs (0.5 K1 + b3 A's) - Nd
fst =
As
9.204x (0.5x243,000 + 10.543x679) - 688 x 1000
=
3769.911184
= 131.715Mpa

fst max = ( fst + Fc )

= 131.71 - 2.40
= 129.32MPa < 240.00Mpa
SAFE

Check for the depth of Neutral Axis:

Actual depth of Neutral Axis based on the stress level in concrete and steel and the effective depth is calculated from the
formula
d 1140
xa = fst = 131.71 = 468.92mm
1+ 1+
ae.fcs 10x9.20

468.92 - 243.00 = 48.18% > 5%

% error is assumed N.A = x 100
468.92 REVISE DEPTH OF N.A

CHECK FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMANT IN THE SECTION :

The length of column = 6188.0mm
Min. radius of gyration r = sqrt(I/A)
= sqrt[(1,000x1,200^3) / (12x1,200x1,000)]
= 346.4mm

Effective length factor = 1.75

(Refer IRC:21-2000, Cl.306.1, Table 13)
Effective length leff = 1.75 x 6,188 = 10829.0mm
Slenderness ratio, leff/r = 10,829.00 / 346.41
= 31.26 SHORT COLUMN

Min. steel in pedestal = 0.30% of gross area

(Refer IRC:21-2000, Cl.306.2.2, Pg.No.59) 0.30 x 1,000 x 1,200
= 100 = 3600sq.mm

(Ast + Asc)( 20 f 180 c/c + 12 f 180 c/c )

Actual area of steel provided = 3769.911184 + 678.58401 = 4448sq.mm
> 3600sq.mm SAFE
 Abutment Design

SEISMIC COEFFICIENT

Seismic coefficient is calculated as per provisions made in IRC 6 - 2010, IS 1893 - 1984 and IITK
guidelines.
Soil type = Medium soil
Zone number = V
Zone factor Z = 0.36
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 6, Pg.No.47)
Importance factor I = 1.20
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 7, Pg.No.51)
Reduction factor R = 2.50
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 8, Pg.No.52)

CALCULATION OF TIME PERIOD

(Refer IRC 6 -2000, Appendix - 2, Pg.No.61)
T = 2√D/(1000F)
Where,
T = Fundamental period of the pier/abutment in secs for horizontal vibrations
D = Appropriate dead load of the superstructure and live load in kN
Horizontal force in kN required to be applied at the centre of mass of
F = superstructure for one mm deflection at the top of the pier/abutment
along the considered direction of horizontal force.

Grade of concrete = 30
Dead Load = 394.36 kN
Live load = 546.13 kN
Self Weight of Abutment = 1478.96 kN
Total ( w ) = 2419.44 kN

Height of abutment L = 5363 mm

Breadth of abutment B = 12000 mm

Thickness of abutment wall t = 700 mm

Young's Modulus E = 5000√Fck

2
= 27386.128 N/mm

Moment of inertia Igr = (B x t3 / 12)

12000 x 3.43E+08
=
12

4
= 3.43E+11 mm

T=2√W/(1000F)

FL3 / 3EI = 1

F = 3EI/L3

3 x 27386.13 x3.43E+11
=
 Abutment Design
x x
=
1.542E+11

= 182.6933 kN

T = 0.230 Sec

Sa /g = 2.50
( Refer IRC:6-2010, Cl.219.5.1, Pg.No.50)

Design horizontal seismic coefficient

Z I Sa
Ah =
2Rg

(0.36x1.2x2.5)
=
2x2.5

= 0.216

Av is taken as (1/2)Ah as per IS: 1893: 1984

Av = 0.108
 Abutment Design

For 12.00 m carrigeway

Seismic force at
= 0.216 x 394.36
bearing level
= 85.18 kN

Longitudinal
moment upto = 85.18 x 5.463
footing top level
= 465.35 kN-m

Longitudinal
moment upto
= 85.18 x 6.463
footing bottom
level
= 500.00 kN-m

Per running meter carriage way

Seismic force at
= 7.10 kN/m
bearing level

Longitudinal
moment upto = 38.78 kN/m
footing top level

Longitudinal
moment upto
= 41.67 kN/m
footing bottom
level
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF FOOTING

Abutment hight above footing = 6.4 m

3
Unit weight of soil = 18.0 kN/m
3
Unit weight of concrete = 25.0 kN/m

B 3.4 1.0 2.4 A

0.5 1.0 1.0

2
80.882 kN/m
2
160.914 kN/m

2
119.755 kN/m
2
131.188 kN/m
Upward pressure diagram

115.884
kN/
12.75 kN/ 25 kN/ 25 kN/

Downward pressure diagram

Design of toe slab
Outstand w.r.t face of Column = 2.4 m
Design Bending Moment at face of support = 57.07 + 377.82 72.00
triangle rectangle rectangle

= 362.90 kN-m/m

dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

362.90 x 1000000
= 1.33 x 1000

= 523.06 mm
Overall depth provided = 1000.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 25 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 12.50 mm
Effective depth provided = 912.50 mm > dreq
SAFE
Are of Steel Required 362.90 x 1000000
=
0.902 x 240 x 912.50

Ast = x 1837.2 mm2

Spacing required = 267

Spacing provided = 100 mm

Provide 25mm dia bars @100mm C/C

Total Steel Provided = 4908.74 mm2/m SAFE

 Abutment Design

Check for shear stress

Shear is critical @ distance 'd' from face of support

Centre line of abutment

critcal section

0.9125 1.4875 m

131.19 160.914 kN/m2

kN/m2
2
142.490 kN/m

2.4

Shear Force across the

V = 13.70 + 212.0 37.19
critical section
triangle rectangle rectangle

= 188.47 kN/m

500
Developed Shear Stress t = V
bd

188.47 x 1000
=
1000 x 912.50

= 0.21 N/mm2

100 As 4908.74 x 100

=
bd 1000 x 912.50

= 0.54 %

Permissible Shear Stress

(Refer IRC:21 -2000,Cl.304.7.1.3.3, Table 12B, Pg.No. 37)

For 100 As/bd tc (Mpa)

0.50 0.31
0.75 0.37

Allowable Shear Stress, tc= 0.319 MPa > t SAFE

Design of heel slab

Outstand w.r.t face of Column = 3.4 m

Design Bending Moment at the face of

= 669.81 + 73.70 + 49.13
support

74.89 467.50
 Abutment Design

= 250.24 kN-m/m

dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

250.24 x 1000000
=
1.33 x 1000

= 434.35 mm

Overall depth provided = 1000.00 mm

Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 8.00 mm
Effective depth provided = 917.00 mm > dreq SAFE

Are of Steel Required = 250.24 x 1000000

0.902 x 240 xx 917
j st. stress eff depth

Ast = 1260.63 mm2/m > Ast(min)

Ast(min) = 0.12% x 1000 x 1000

= 1200 mm2/m

Ast,required = 1261 mm2/m

x
Spacing required = 159
Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 16mm dia bars @150mm C/C

2
Total Steel Provided Ast,provided = 1340.41 mm /m SAFE

Check for shear stress

Shear is critical @ face of support
critical section

3.4

80.88 kN/m2

119.8 kN/m2

3.4

Shear Force across the

V = 394.01 + 85.00 341.08
critical section

= 137.92 kN/m
 Abutment Design

Developed Shear Stress t = V

bd

137.92 x 1000
=
1000 x 917

= 0.15 N/mm2

(As per IRC: 21-2000, Table 12A)

100 As 1340.41 x 100

=
bd 1000 x 917
x
= 0.146 %

Permissible Shear Stress

(Refer IRC:21 -2000,Cl.304.7.1.3.3, Table 12B, Pg.No. 37)

For 100 As/bd tc (Mpa)

0.15 0.20
0.25 0.23

Allowable Shear Stress, tc= 0.200 MPa > t SAFE

Abutment Design
 Abutment Design

500