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Topic 3. Electrical Machines

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Electric Machines. Definition,

Índex types. Transformer

The Motor
The Generator

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Electric Machine: Machines that convert energy in one way or

another, one of which, at least, is electrical
Types:

Electric power Electric power Transformer

Electric power Mechanical energy

Motor

Mechanical energy Electric power

Generator

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Static Machines (they do not have moving parts):

Transformer: machines that transform alternating electrical voltage. They raise
or lower the voltage (current) level. Necessary for the efficient distribution of
electrical energy. Depending on the number of wires they can be single or three
phase .

Dynamic Machines (they have moving parts):

Motor : machines that take advantage of the electrical energy they receive and
transform it into mechanical energy. Eg. fan, mixer, vacuum cleaner. According
to the type of energy they receive, they are classified into: direct current motors
and alternating current motors.

Generator : machines that generate electrical energy from the mechanical

energy they receive.

• Alternator: they generate alternating (AC)

• Dynamo: they generate direct current (DC)

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Elemental classification of electrical machines

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Physical fundamentals of transformers.

Faraday's law: an induced voltage appears in a wire due to the change of magnetic
flux (derived from magnetic flux with respect to time)

If a magnetic flux passes through a turn or coil (N turns) of conductive material,

a voltage proportional to the rate of change of the flux is
induced. Transformers physical foundation
:
d
Vinduced = −N
dt
Where N is the number of turns of the coil and  the magnetic flux in the coil.

Example . A coil is wound around

of an iron core. The magnetic flux inside the nucleus is
given by: = 0.05 sin (377t) [Wb]. If there are 15 turns,
calculate the induced voltage.

Sol. Vind.= - 15 x 0,05 x 377cos(377t)=282,75 cos(377t) [V]

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Static electrical machines. Transformer.

A transformer is a static machine capable of changing the values of alternating
voltages and currents. It is formed by a core of material sensitive to
the magnetic field , with a primary winding ( N 1 turns ) connected to a generator and
a secondary winding ( N 2 turns ) connected to a load. The relationship between the
number of turns determines the relationship between the voltages and currents of
the windings.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).

V1 I2 N1
= = =m
V2 I1 N
“m” is the transformer transformation ratio. It is a real number, that is, there is no phase
change between primary and secondary.
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Static electrical machines. Transformer.

V1 I2
N1
= = =m
V2 I1 N 2

Si N2>N1 Si V2>V1 (I 2<I1) Transformer elevator

N1>N2 Si V1>V2 (I 1<I2) Transformer reducing

V1I1 = V2 I 2 Equality in input and output powers

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Power and impedance in an ideal transformer

Pentrada = V1I1 cos1

1 is the angle between primary voltage and primary current

Psalida = V2I2 cos2

1 is the angle between secondary voltage and secondary current

1 =2 I1 I2
Psalida = Pentrada → V2 I2 = V1I1
+ +
The apparent impedance in the primary is:
V V V1 V2 ZL
ZL = = m
' 1 22 = m 2
Z - -
L
I1 I2

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The transformer in the transport of electrical energy

✓The transport of energy to long distance has losses proportional to the

square of the current (P=I2R).

✓In practice , the voltage is raised to reduce the current and therefore
the losses (high voltage lines). Step-up transformer .
✓ Before
distribution to
homes, offices
or factories, the
transformers
lower the voltage
level
again. Step -
down transformer
in transformation
centers
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Tree-phase high voltaje transformer (400 kV / 220 kV – 300 MVA)

Transformer 230 V / 5-20 V for domestic equipment (5-100 VA)

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Mapo f the electricity transmission network in spain

http://www.ree.es/es/actividades/gestor-de-la-red-y-transportista/mapas-de-la-red
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Physical fundamentals of motors .

Induced force in a wire.

First law of Laplace: A driver of length L, tour by one intensity I, is located

inside and inside a amaggnetic field B, this exerts on it a force F

F = L(I B) = LIBsen

 is the angle formed by the conductor
and the lines of force of the magnetic
field

It is the physical foundation of engines.

Example. A wire 1 m long and through which a current of 0.5 A flows is located in a
magnetic field (perpendicular to the wire) whose flux density is 0.25
T. Find the induced force.
Sol. F = 0.125 N
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Dynamic (rotating) electrical machines. Engines.

• They have two parts: a fixed cylindrical part called the stator and
a moving part placed in the cavity of the stator called
the rotor . The air gap between the two is called the air gap.
• The magnetic field existing in the air gap is the means of
coupling between the electrical and mechanical systems.

Estátor
Rotor

air gap
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Dynamic electrical Machines.

Direct current motor.

The stator (inductor) is responsible

for producing the magnetic
field. For this it has a series of
inductor coils located around the
poles of an electromagnet.

The (armature) rotor consists of

armature coils wound on an iron
core. The coils are soldered to a
copper foil ( laminations ) forming
the collector.

The assembly is mounted on a shaft.

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Dynamic electrical machines. DC motor.

Principle of operation
the motor is connected to a power
source power supply, current flows
through the inductor coils current flows
through the inductor coils creating a
magnetic field..

This current also flows through the

induced coils through the brushes
and the collector.
Once the magnetic field is
established, the torques acting on the
induced coils force them to rotate and
with them the entire rotor.
The electrical energy supplied to the motor is transformed into
mechanical rotational energy.

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Physical foundations of generators.

Faraday's Law: Induced voltage in a conductor moving in a magnetic field

d
Vinducido =− =  (v  B)dl
dt

It is the physical foundation of generators.It

transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Example . Calculate the voltage induced in a conductor of length 1 m moving at 5 m / s

in the presence of a magnetic field of 0.5 T, perpendicular to the movement
Sol. 5 T x 0,5 m/s x 1 m = 2,5 V

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Dynamic electrical machines : The single-phase

generator.
When the movements of the armature and the inductor of an alternator
are regular , the induced voltage varies in a cycle

Los The alternators are AC generators The rotor acts as an inductor and the
stator as an armature,

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Dynamic electrical machines: the three-phase

generator
A three-phase generator is made up of three sets of coils whose axes
form 120º angles and a magnet that rotates inside.

When the magnet rotates, an alternating current is generated in each

winding of equal amplitude and frequency and 120º out of phase in
time . Triphasic current..

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Example: three-phase generator of a wind turbine

Today's wind turbines can produce

from 250 W to 7.5 MW of electrical
power, depending on their size
and wind speed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qS3CtSX8Eck

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• Electrical Machines.Jesus Fraile Mora. McGraw-

Hill. 6th edition
• Electrical Machines. Stephen Chapman, McGraw-
Hill

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica