Tarea 4

1. The atmospheric pressure decreases with height. The pressure at a height  above sea level is given
approximately by the barometric formula  = 0 exp (−  ), in which  = 00289 Kg mol−1 ,
and  = 981 ms−2 . Assume the enthalpy of vaporization of water is ∆vap = 406 kJ mol−1 and
predict the boiling temperature of water at a height of 25 miles. Assume a reasonable  .
2. At atmospheric pressure, CO2 turns from solid to gas, i.e. it sublimates. Given that the triple point
of CO2 is at  = 21658 K and  = 5180 kPa, how would you obtain liquid CO2 ?
3. In a two-component system, what is the maximum number of phases that can be in equilibrium?
4. Determine the number of degrees of freedom for the following systems:
(a) Solid CO2 in equilibrium with CO2 gas.
(b) An aqueous solution of fructose.
FeO(s)+H2 (g).
(c) Fe(s)+H2 O(g)
5. The composition of the atmosphere can be found in thermodynamic tables.
(a) Calculate the partial pressures of N2 , O2 and CO2 .
(b) Using the Henry’s law constants calculate the concentrations of N2 , O2 and CO2 in a lake.
6. (a) The solubility of N2 (g) in water is about the same as in blood serum. Calculate the concentration
(in mol L−1 ) of N2 in the blood.
(b) The density of seawater is 101 g/mL. What is the pressure at a depth of 100 m? What will be the
blood serum concentration (in mol L−1 ) of N2 at this depth? If divers rise too fast, the excess N2 can
form bubbles in the blood, causing pain, paralysis and distress in breathing.
7. Ethylene glycol (OH-CH2 -CH2 -OH) is used as an antifreeze (its boiling point is 197 ◦ C and its freezing
point is −174 ◦ C).
(a) Look up the density of ethylene glycol in thermodynamic tables and write a general formula for the
freezing point of a mixture of  mL of ethylene glycol in 100 L of water for  in the range 0 − 100
mL.
(b) If the lowest expected temperature is about −100 ◦ C, what is the minimum amount (in mL/liter
H2 O) of ethylene glycol that you need in your coolant?
(c) What is the boiling point of the coolant that contains 300 mL of ethylene glycol per liter of water?
8. A 189 g pellet of an unknown compound was dissolved in 50 mL of acetone. The change in the boiling
point was 064 ◦ C. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound. The density of acetone is
07851 g/mL and the value of b may be found in thermodynamic tables.
9. A solution of 400 g hemoglobin in 100 mL water was prepared and its osmotic pressure was measured.
The osmotic pressure was 00130 atm at 280 K. (a) Estimate the molar mass of hemoglobin. (b) If
400 g of NaCl were dissolved in 100 mL of water, what would the osmotic pressure be? (Molecular
weights of some proteins: ferricytochrome c 12744; myoglobin 16951; lysozyme 14314; immunoglobulin
G 156000; myosin 570000)
10. The concentration of NaCl in seawater is approximately 05 M. In the process of reverse osmosis,
seawater is forced through a membrane impermeable to the ions to obtain pure water. The applied
pressure has to be larger than the osmotic pressure.
(a) At 25 ◦ C what is the minimum pressure needed to achieve reverse osmosis? What is the work done
in obtaining 10 L of pure water from seawater?
(b) If the cost of 1 kWh of electrical energy is about $015, what would be the energy cost of producing
100 L of water from seawater through reverse osmosis if the process is 50% efficient in using the electric
power to obtain pure water?
(c) Suggest another process to obtain pure water from seawater.