Syed Babar Ali

School of Science and Engineering

EE 556 Power System Planning – Fall 2019

Instructor: Fiaz A. Chaudhry, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Lecture 15 - Transmission Planning
Transmission Planning Decision Making
Short-Term
Planning Activity Short-Term Transmission Plan

Cost out Overall Plan Options, Reliability Design Criteria,

Decisions Required Reinforcement decisions, Acquire Switching Station Property,
Line Right of Way, specially in urban areas near rapidly growing
cities, New Generation Connections

Dependant on Lead Time for Financing Projects 4 To 8 years

Time Span of Study
ahead
Transformation and Lines in Service Year, Transformer and
Transmission
Conductor Capacity, Voltage, Terminal Buses, Station Design,
System
Shunt and Series Compensation, Insulation Type and Material,
Analysis Required
Equipment Specifications, Power Quality Studies

Load Flow, Optimal Power Flow, Capacitor Placement

Optimization, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability, Short Circuit,
Analytical Tools Area Reliability, Transients Program for Specifying Equipment,
Insulation Coordination, Harmonic Analysis, Resource Analysis,
Economic and Financial Analysis, Composite Reliability
Evaluation
Transmission Planning Decision Making
Long-Term

Planning Activity Long-Term Transmission Plan

Decisions Required When and Where and How Much More New
Transmission Capacity be Needed

Time Span of Study 8 To 20 Years ahead

Transmission Transformation, Line Series Compensation, Approximate in

System Service Year, Geographic Terminal Locations,Voltage, Power
Analysis Required Transfer Capacity Needed to Transport Alternative Generation
Scenarios, Maximum Short Circuit Levels for Station Design

Load flow, Transient Stability, Short Circuit, Economic and

Analytical Tools Financial Analysis, Reliability Evaluation
Transmission Planning Process
 Review Transmission Planning Criteria
 Decide horizon year and intermediate years based on the load
forecast and generation plan
 Assess bulk interface flows and perform conceptual analysis
 Incorporate generation expansion plan and substation-wise load
forecast in existing system power flow (study) model
 Prepare preliminary transmission expansion plan
 Test against the set criteria until satisfied - Simulations
 Prepare preliminary station layouts and Unit Cost Estimates
 Recommend bulk transmission expansion plan
 Estimate costs for recommended transmission plan
 Provide cost input to overall power system expansion plan
Transmission Planning Criteria
Steady-state Performance
1. Voltage
◦ ± 5% of nominal under normal (N-0) condition
◦ ± 10% of nominal under abnormal (N-1) condition
2. Transmission Line Loading
◦ 80% of its rating under N-0 condition

◦ 100% of its rating under N-1 condition

3. Transformer Loading
◦ 80% of its rating under N-0 condition
◦ 100% of its rating under N-1 condition
Note: Single Contingency (N-1) means loss of any one element in the system such as a
Line, a Transformer or a Generating unit
Transmission Planning Criteria
Transient Stability (Disturbance) Performance
4. Transient Stability Criteria
◦ 3-Phase to ground fault on transmission line for 5 cycles (normal
clearing) under N-0 condition (pre-fault)
◦ 1-phase to ground fault on transmission line for 9 cycles (stuck
breaker/ backup clearing) under N-0 condition (pre-fault)

5. Frequency
◦ 49.8 – 50.2 Hz under normal (N-0) condition
◦ 49.4 – 50.5 Hz under abnormal (N-1) condition

Note: No Loss of Load for a Single Generator Contingency (N-1)

Transmission Planning Approach
Typical Steps
 Horizon and Intermediate Years
 Identify and Assess Power Transfer Interfaces

 Preliminary Transmission Expansion Plan

 Preliminary Selection of Transmission Alternatives
 Build Power System Models for Selected Alternatives
 Simulations
 Estimate Costs for Recommended Expansion Plan
 Transmission Expansion Planning Report
Transmission Planning Approach
Horizon and Intermediate Years
 Horizon Year (Based on planning period) : 2040
 Intermediate Years (End of five year plans or in accordance with
the timing of new generation facilities):
For example:
 End of Nth 5-year Plan 2023
 End of (N+1)th 5-year Plan 2028
 End of (N+2)th 5-year Plan 2033
 Horizon Year 2040
Transmission Planning Approach
Power Transfer Interfaces
Transmission Planning Approach
Power Transfer Interfaces

Power Transfer Interfaces

Transmission Planning Approach
Preliminary Selection of Transmission Alternatives
 Selection of Technology,Voltage Level and Number of Circuits for
Horizon Year
 Interconnection of Remote Generations
 Development of Alternative Transmission Schemes and
Identification of Facility Requirements
 Timing of New Generation Facilities and Analysis of Horizon and
Intermediate Years
Transmission Planning Approach
Building Power System Models
Aux
WAPDA, GENCOs, IPPs, PAEC, Etc
Load

Generation

Transmission Network

500/220kV 132kV 66 or 11kV

33 or
11kV
Lumped Load
Import, Export and Bulk Loads
at Substations

K-Electric, Inter Area Ties, Railway Traction, Bulk Supply

Transmission Planning Approach
Substation-wise Load Forecast
 Substation Peak Demand
 Zonal Peak Demand

 System and Zonal Diversity Factors

 System Load Factor
 Non-Compensated Power Factor at each substation
 Load Composition at each substation
Transmission Planning Approach
Generation Expansion Plan
 Plant and units sizes
 Locations

 Dynamic Models and Parameters


Transmission Planning Approach
Transmission Network
 Review and Update of Existing Transmission Network
Configuration including 132/33 or 132/11 kV Transformers
 Calculation and Validation of Transmission Line Parameters
 Updating of Transformer Data
 Updating of Shunt and Line Reactor Data
 Updating of Shunt and Series Capacitors and Static Var
Compensators
 Input Load and Generation Data and Select a Representative
Load Model at Each Substation
Transmission Planning Approach
Simulations
 Load Flow Studies
 Short Circuit Studies
 Transient Stability Studies
 Power Quality Studies (Basic Level)
 Load Flow Studies
1. 1. Tool: Simulates steady state performance of a power system.
1. 2. Input Data: Positive sequence data of all elements of power system
(Gen., T/Ls, T/Fs, Loads, Capacitors and Reactors) are modeled.
2. 3. Prepare Base Cases and Conduct Simulations
3. 4. Results show;
 Power dispatch and flows on Gen., T/Ls and T/Fs
 Voltage (magnitude & angle) at substations
 Voltage drop
 Active and reactive power losses
4. 5. Purpose is to identify reinforcements/expansions against the criteria:
 Need for additional transmission elements
 Need for additional generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR
support, or
 Placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system
voltages within specified limits
Load Flow Studies – Sample plot
 Short Circuit Studies
1. 1. Data: Positive, Negative and Zero seq. data of system elements.
2. 2. Simulation: Current calculations under fault conditions.
3. 3. Output includes:
 3-phase and 1-phase fault currents
 Contribution of fault currents from various sources, i.e., utility
sources, motors, and generators
 Thevenin Equivalent Impedances, X/R ratios
4. 4. Results are used to:
 Check interrupting ratings of the existing switchgear equipment in
the system - can withstand the short-circuit energy.
 Propose appropriate interrupting ratings for new or to be replaced
switchgear equipment.
 Relay settings and coordination
 Short Circuit Studies – Sample output
. PSS/E SHORT CIRCUIT OUTPUT MON, APR 19 2010 11:29 . HOME BUS IS : .
. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY FOR UAE CCPP . 4369 [UAE-FBD 132.00] .
. MAXIMUM SHORT CIRUIT LEVELS IN YEAR 2012-13 . .
. *** FAULTED BUS IS : 4369 [UAE-FBD 132.00] *** . 0 LEVELS AWAY .
AT BUS 4369 [UAE-FBD 132.00] AREA 5 (KV L-G) V+: / 0.000/ 0.00 (KV L-G) VA: / 0.000/ 0.00 V0: / 21.988/ -171.04
V+: / 52.651/ 8.55 V-: / 30.664/ -171.76
THEV. R, X, X/R: POSITIVE 0.00092 0.01536 16.713 NEGATIVE 0.00092 0.01537 16.714 ZERO 0.00052 0.01103 21.173
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T O N E P H A S E F A U L T
X--------- FROM ----------X AREA CKT I/Z /I+/ AN(I+) /Z+/ AN(Z+) APP X/R /IA/ AN(IA) /ZA/ AN(ZA) APP X/R
MACHINE 1 AMP/ 6007.7 -80.42 7426.9 -80.54
MACHINE 2 AMP/ 1887.2 -79.83 2060.6 -79.93
MACHINE 3 AMP/ 1989.1 -75.45 2877.9 -77.17
4330 [NISHT-1 132.00] 5 1 AMP/OHM 4284.6 -75.41 1.98 77.68 4.580 4190.8 -75.35 3.94 77.90 4.665
4330 [NISHT-1 132.00] 5 2 AMP/OHM 4284.6 -75.41 1.98 77.68 4.580 4190.8 -75.35 3.94 77.90 4.665
4334 [NISHAT-N 132.00] 5 3 AMP/OHM 4851.7 -75.98 1.46 77.90 4.665 4536.3 -76.14 3.03 78.56 4.943
4334 [NISHAT-N 132.00] 5 4 AMP/OHM 4920.3 -80.65 1.44 82.57 7.673 4581.8 -79.82 3.00 82.24 7.339
4368 [GTPS-2 132.00] 5 1 AMP/OHM 1434.8 -81.62 0.40 77.61 4.551 1913.2 -80.96 1.15 77.33 4.448
4368 [GTPS-2 132.00] 5 2 AMP/OHM 1434.8 -81.62 0.40 77.61 4.551 1913.2 -80.96 1.15 77.33 4.448
TO SHUNT (AMPS) 0.0 0.00 631.0 98.96
TOTAL FAULT CURRENT (AMPS) 31063.9 -78.14 34294.6 -78.33
 Transient Stability Studies
1. 1. Data: Dynamic data and models of generators, exciters, governors or
other controllers are represented.
2. 1. Simulations: Transient and dynamic responses of a system are observed
through time domain simulations after occurrences of large disturbances
against the stability criteria:
 Occurrence of faults (3-phase, 1-phase, etc.)
 Tripping of a T/L
 Tripping of a generator
 Load shedding
 Single pole reclosing
3. 3. Evaluates variations:
 Generator (voltage, angle, frequency, speed)
 Bus Voltage
 Active/reactive power flows on T/Ls etc.
Transient Stability Studies – Sample plots
Power System Modeling Considerations
Per Unit System Calculations
The per-unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of
the actual/physical value of quantity to its base value.
Per-unit value = physical value/base value
There are four basic electrical parameters involved in
system calculations to define per unit system. These are:
 Voltage
 Current
 Impedance
 Power
Only two of these four values are selected as base values
and the other two are derived from them.
Power System Modeling Considerations
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) Curve – AC Lines
The power delivered by a transmission line when it is terminated at its surge
impedance is called Surge Impedance Loading.

SIL = V2/Zc, Where

Surge Impedance (Zc) = √L/C in ohm
L = Series Inductance per unit length

C = Shunt capacitance per unit length

 SIL is the loading of a transmission line where the reactive power loss due to load
current is equal to the reactive power generated by the line capacitance.

 Allowable loading of a transmission line may be 'given as per unit of its SIL.

 SIL concept is useful in determining and comparing approximate load carrying

capability of transmission lines.

 SIL Loading Curve.

Power System Modeling Considerations
SIL Curve – AC Lines
Power System Modeling Considerations
Thermal Limit of Transmission Lines
Thermal limit of a transmission line is determined by its maximum current
capability (lmax) which is described as:
Imax = [(qc + qr – qs)/R]½
Where
qc = Convected heat loss to surrounding air (W/foot)
(depends on conductor diameter, wind speed, ambient temperature,
conductor temperature and air density)
qr = Radiated heat loss from the line (W/foot)
(depends on 4th power of ambient and conductor temperatures and
conductor emissivity)
qs = Solar heat input from the sun (W/foot)
(depends on sun's altitude, line direction and conductor solar absorption
coefficient)
R = Resistance of the line (ohm/foot)
Thermal Limit = √3 VL Imax
Power System Modeling Considerations
Power System Elements
Generators
 Represented by active power (in MW) at the specific bus. Its maximum generating and
absorption reactive power limits are also specified in MVAR respectively. MVA is also
mentioned.
Transmission Line
 Represented by per unit values of its resistance and reactance while capacitance is
expressed as line charging on 100 MVA base. MVA rating is expressed as Rate A, B, C.
Transformer
 Generally represented by its %age reactance between high to low voltage winding and
tap ratio. The other important inputs include MVA rating, max & min. tap voltages, no.
of taps and tap step. Transformer resistance is usually neglected being very small as
compared to reactance.
Shunt Devices
 Two type of shunt devices used to provide reactive power compensation in a power
system.
Power System Modeling Considerations
Power System Elements
 Shunt Capacitors, expressed in actual MVAR values, are directly connected to
buses.
 Line Shunt Reactors are expressed along with branch data as per 100 MVA base.
Bus reactors are directly connected to Buses and expressed in actual MVAR
values.
Loads
 Loads are represented on buses as MW for active power demand and MVAR for
reactive power demand. The MVAR value depends on the power factor assumed
for the load.
 The loads are obtained from the substation-wise forecast
 Thank you

Fiaz.Chaudhry@lums.edu.pk

+92 (321) 999-0780