Unit 1

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (born c. 780- died 850) is considered as the father of modern
algebra. Khwarizmi was born in Bagdad during middle ages and his book The Compendious Book
on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, also known as Aljebr in Arabic was the main source
of Modern Algebra. Al-Khwarizmi is particularly remembered for introducing Hindu-Arabic numeral
to Europeans Mathematics. Later, Europeans named him Algorithmi and the term algorithm was
coined after his name.

1.2

Trigonometric Function

Trigonometric functions are the functions which relate an angle of a right angled triangle to the ratios
of the lengths of two sides. They are also known as circular functions or angle functions as they can
map any angles with the respective values. Basically, there are six trigonometric functions: sine,
cosine, tangent their respective reciprocals cosecant, secant and cotangent. They are widely used in
all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics, space explorations, war
strategies, geodesy, and many others. 

Diophnatus

Diphantus (born in about 200 AD) of Alexandria in Egypt is considered as the father of study of
polynomials. Although very little information comes to us about him, his book Arthmetica has
survived. It was one of most important book on algebra in Greek Mathematics. He lived during roman
rules in Egypt and his writing shows his awareness about Greek and Babylonian mathematics. Here is
one riddle about his life. Can you form a polynomial out of it and solve to get his age. Some people
might argue him to be the father of algebra. However, his explanations in the book are mostly focused
on solving a particular problems rather than dealing with the entire system.

'Here lies Diophantus,' the wonder behold.

Through art algebraic, the stone tells how old:
'God gave him his boyhood one-sixth of his life,
One twelfth more as youth while whiskers grew rife;
And then yet one-seventh ere marriage begun;
In five years there came a bouncing new son.
Alas, the dear child of master and sage
After attaining half the measure of his father's life
chill fate took him. After consoling his fate
by the science of numbers for four years, he ended his life.'

Solve it to get how long Diophantus lived.

Conditions when an expression is or is not a polynomial

 In particular, for an expression to be a polynomial term, it must contain no square roots of variables,
no fractional or negative powers on the variables, and no variables in the denominators of any
fractions.
6x–2 This is NOT a polynomial term because the variable has a negative power.
1
This is NOT a polynomial term because the variable is in the denom inator.
x2
√ x This is NOT a polynomial term because the variable is inside a radical.
4x2 This IS a polynomial term because it obeys all the rules.
Chapter 4

George Bernard Dantzig (1914-2005) was one of prominent mathematicians of the 20 th century. For
his development of simplex algorithm in 1947, he is credited as father of linear programming. During
that time, Dantzig was working for the American Air Force and he was tasked to work out a method
the Air Force could use to improve their planning process. This led to his original example of finding
the best assignment of 70 people to 70 jobs showing the usefulness of liner programming. In 1963,
Dantzig’s Linear Programming and Extensions was published by Princeton University Press. As his
book presented rich insights, it became the bible of linear programming.

Now, Dantzig's work allows the airline industry to schedule crews and make fleet assignments,
shipping companies to determine how many planes they need and where their delivery trucks should
be deployed, and the oil industry to determine how much of its raw product should become different
grades of gasoline and how much should be used for petroleum-based by-products. The Linear
Programming is used in manufacturing, revenue management, telecommunications, advertising,
architecture, circuit design and countless other areas.

Unit 2 Continuity

Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (1815-1897) is a German Mathematician, one of the founders of
modern theory of function. He formalized the definition of the continuity of a function, proved
the intermediate value theorem and studied the properties of continuous functions on closed bounded
intervals. He worked as a high school teacher for long. He planned to be a mathematician even when
he was young but he could not complete his university degree. Later he trained himself as a teacher at
a school and continued self study of mathematics. He developed various method of mathematical
analysis. Thus, he is considered as the father of modern mathematical analysis. His student George
Cantor was also a great mathematician and founder of the set theory.

Unit 3 Matrix

Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) was an English mathematician and a leader of the British School of
Mathematics that emerged in the 19th century. Cayley was a talented student and had emerged as the
champion student of the year 1842 in Trinity College. Besides his study on mathematics, he practiced
law form 1849-1863 and published at least 300 papers on mathematics. In 1863 he was offered a
professorship in Cambridge University. Then he left his career as a lawyer and devoted himself in the
mathematical research. Cayley made important contributions to the algebraic theory of curves and
surfaces, group theory, linear algebra, graph theory, and elliptic functions. He formalized the theory
of matrices. Although the term matrix was coined by English mathematician James Sylvester, the full
theory or matrix was developed by Cayley. Thus, he is considered as the father of theory of matrix in
mathematics.