PILE

FOUNDATION

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 WHAT IS PILE FOUNDATION ?

• Pile foundations are principally used to transfer the loads from superstructures, through
weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible and
stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of a foundation and
resisting horizontal loads.

• They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made

from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber

• They are typically used for large structures, and in

situations where soil is not suitable to
prevent excessive settlement.
• A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material
such as concrete that is pushed into the ground to act
as a steady support for structures built on top of it.
• A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is
more than three times its breadth. FIG NO:PILE FOUNDATION
SOURCE:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pile_foundations

 CONCEPT

• A pile foundation is defined as a series of columns

constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit
loads to a lower level of subsoil.

• A pile is a long cylinder made up of a strong material,

such as concrete. Piles are pushed into the ground to
.
act as a steady support for structures built on top of
them.

• Piles transfer the loads from structures to hard strata,

rocks, or soil with high bearing capacity. The piles
support the structure by remaining solidly placed in
the soil.

• As pile foundations are set in the soil, they are more

FIG NO: INSTALLING PILES
SOURCE:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pile_foundations tolerant to erosion .

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 TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

1) DRIVEN PILES:

• Driven piles, also known as displacement piles, are a commonly-used form of building
foundation that provide support for structures, transferring
their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and
suitable settlement characteristics.

• Driven piles are commonly used to support buildings, tanks, towers, walls and bridges, and
can be the most cost-effective deep foundation solution.

• They can also be used in applications such as embankments, retaining walls, bulkheads,
anchorage structures and cofferdams.

2) BORED PILES:

• Bored piles, also known as replacement piles, are a commonly-used form of building
foundation that provide support for structures, transferring
their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and
suitable settlement characteristics.

• Bored piles are used primarily in cohesive subsoils for the formation of friction piles and
when forming pile foundations close to existing buildings.

• They are popular in urban areas as there is minimal vibration, where headroom is limited,
where there is no risk of heave, and if there is a need to vary the length of the piles.

FIG NO: BORED PILE FOUNDATION

SOURCE: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/bored-pile-foundation/84417/

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 TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

3) SCREW PILES

• Screw pile foundations are a type of pile foundation with a helix near the pile toe so that
the piles can be screwed into the ground.

• The process and concept is similar to screwing into wood.

• A screw pile may have more than one helix (also called a screw), depending on the usage
and the ground conditions.

• Generally, more helices are specified if a higher load is required or softer ground in
encountered.

4) PILE WALLS

• Sheet piles are sections of sheet materials with interlocking edges that are driven into
the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support.

• Sheet piles are most commonly made of steel, but can also be formed
of timber or reinforced concrete.
• Sheet piles are commonly used for retaining
walls, land reclamation, underground structures such
as car parks and basements, in marine locations for
riverbank protection, seawalls, cofferdams, and so on.

• Sheet piles have a tendency to deviate from a vertical

plane during driving and instead lean sideways.

• This is due to encountering obstacles within the soil

which act as deflection.
FIG NO: PILE WALLS FOUNDATION
SOURCE: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/bored-pile-foundation/84417/

4) MICROPILES

Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have
sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. Very broadly, foundations can be
categorized as shallow foundations or deep foundations.

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 APPLICATION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

• Pile foundations are principally used to transfer the loads from superstructures, through
weak, compressible strata or water onto stronger, more compact, less compressible and
stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of a foundation and resisting
horizontal loads.
• They are typically used for large structures, and in situations where soil is not suitable to
prevent excessive settlement.
• As pile foundations carry a lot of load, they must be designed very carefully. A good
engineer will study the soil the piles are placed in to ensure that the soil is not overloaded
beyond its bearing capacity.
• Every pile has a zone of influence on the soil around it. Care must be taken to space the
piles far enough apart so that loads are distributed evenly over the entire bulb of soil that
carries them, and not concentrated into a few areas.

 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

1) TIMBER PILES:
• Timber piles are the oldest of all the contemporarily used piles. They are usually precast
displacement piles installed with the driving method, or less commonly, the vibratory
method.
• The natural convergence of pile shafts allows us to obtain a relatively high pile load
capacity.
• Properly applied, they are a highly economical, efficient and safe foundation solution,
both for temporary and permanent structures.

FIG NO: TIMBER PILES

SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-their-use-in-construction/

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 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

• A timber pile is usually designed for a maximum load of

15 to 25 tons/pile. Additional strength can be obtained
by bolting fish plates to its side.
• These piles last for about 30 years. The breadth of these
piles ranges from 12 to 16 inches.
• These piles can be used as a foundation for structures
with moderate load and as a foundation for temporary
structures.

FIG NO: TIMBER PILES

SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-
2) STEEL PILES: their-use-in-construction/

• Driven steel piles are installed using impact or vibration hammers to a design depth or
resistance.
• Driven piles gain geotechnical capacity efficiently by displacing the soil around the shaft and
compacting the soils at the toe during installation.
• Steel tubes can be driven either closed or open ended.
• The energy to drive the piles is provided by either a high frequency oscillating hammer or a
percussion hammer.

• A steel pile can be a rolled section, a

fabricated shape, or a piece of sheet pile.
• Two or more sections of sheet piles may be
connected together in a box shape and
driven as one pile.
• The most important advantage of using a
steel pile is its load-carrying capacity.
• A steel pile can take up to 100 tons per pile.
Steel piles are most commonly used for

FIG NO: STEEL PILES foundations of large structures with heavy

SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-their-
use-in-construction/ loads.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

3) CONCRETE PILES:
• Concrete piles are common structural foundation elements used to support offshore
structures such as bridges, oil-rigs, and floating airports.
• The use of offshore structures is still a fairly new technique and there is still much research to
be done in this field.
• The loading of an offshore structure consists of two components: vertical structural loads
and lateral wave loads.
• The interaction of these two loading components has a significant impact on how the pile
reacts and the way the stresses are distributed through the pile.
• In addition, the pile will react differently when subjected to a small structural load than to a
large structural load.
• These can take very heavy loads, and save time
during construction, as the pile casting process is
eliminated.
• No protective coating is given to the steel, as
during driving, this would be scraped away by the
soil.
• In areas with corrosive soil, concrete piles should
FIG NO: CONCRETE PILES be used.
SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-
their-use-in-construction/

• Concrete piles are used for constructing various

civil engineering and construction structures.
• They are customizable via pile cropper, suitable
across a huge range of applications and ground
conditions.
• This is especially true when reducing these items
to the recommended pile cut off level.
• Concrete piles are more difficult to spice than
steel, are more easily damaged during driving, and
typically require larger lifting equipment than steel
piles.
FIG NO: CONCRETE PILES
SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-
their-use-in-construction/

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 MODES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

1) PRECAST PILES:
• Precast piles are used more commonly than precast footings. Normally, these piles have a
square, round or octagonal cross-sectional shape.
• Precast concrete pile companies have developed standard details for their product.
• Precast concrete piles are used when soil conditions are not adequate for spread footings.
The piles are used to support the rest of the bridge structure upon the soil.
• Precast concrete piles are constructed by hammering the piles into the soil to a depth greater
than 40m by an adjustable hydraulic or diesel hammer.
• Precast concrete piles are widely used because of their versatility and suitability for most
ground conditions. These piles can be used for the foundation of all types of engineering
structures under nearly every soil condition.
• Precast concrete piles are installed in the ground by using pile driving equipment.
• Due to the possibility of carrying vertical and horizontal loads as well as bending
moments, precast piles are used for the foundation of all sorts of engineering structures
under virtually every soil conditions.

FIG NO: PRECAST PILES

SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-their-use-in-construction/

• Precast concrete have much faster foundation time, highest foundation quality, real-time
load test etc.
• Precast concrete piles can be driven under water. If the subsoil water contains more
sulphates, the concrete of cast in situ piles would not set.
• Thus precast concrete piles have added advantage in such a circumstance.

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 MODES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

2) CAST-IN SITU PILES:
• Bored cast in situ pile is constructed by digging a hole in the ground by suitable means such as
rotary method with the use of temporary or permanent casing or drilling mud.
• After that, the construction is finalized by filling the hole with reinforced concrete.
• In this article, different aspect of bored cast in situ concrete pile construction along its
application conditions will be discussed.
• If noise prevention to the buildings located around the construction is mandatory or undesired,
then the construction of bored cast in situ pile is the most suitable option.
• Bored cast in situ pile is ideal as end bearing pile, exclusively when it need to be socketed into
rock.
• When high capacity pile is required, then this type of pile is an ideal choice. According to IS 2911
part 01- Section 02- 2010, such type of pile preferred for weights ranges from 150tonnes to
300tonnes.

FIG NO: CAST-IN SITU PILES

SOURCE: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-pile-foundation-and-their-use-in-construction/

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 COMPONENETS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

1) PILE CAPS:
• Pile caps are constructed by excavating an area around the group of piles to
enable formwork to be inserted.
• The pile tops may be trimmed to ensure they are at the same height.
• A reinforcement cage is then built and positioned in the formwork cast box and fastened to
the piles.
• The concrete is then poured and left to cure, after which the formwork is removed.
• The pile cap should overhang the outer piles, typically by a distance of 100-150 mm on all
sides, depending on the size of the piles.
• The pile cap achieves greater rigidity from the increased depth, which enables it to
evenly spread the load to all piles in the group.
2) PILES:
• Piles, a post like foundation member used from prehistoric times. In modern civil
engineering, piles of timber, steel, or concrete are driven into the ground to support a
structure; bridge piers may be supported on groups of large-diameter piles.
• Piles are driven into the ground by pile drivers, machines consisting usually of a high frame
with appliances for raising and dropping a pile hammer or for supporting and guiding a
stream or air hammer.

FIG NO: COMPONENTS OF PILES

SOURCE: https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/10/11/types-of-pile-testing/

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 COLUMNS, NO OF PILES IN ONE PILE CAP.

• Pile caps are constructed to hold the pile and superstructure together at the ground level
or below the ground level while transferring loads of the superstructure to the
foundation.

• pile caps are constructed to connect one pile, two piles, three piles, four piles or a group
of files. Dimensions of the pile caps are decided based on the loads and connecting
arrangement of the superstructure and the pile foundation.

• The pile cap may be designed by assuming that the load from column is dispersed at 45˚
from the top of the cap up to the mid depth of the pile cap from the base of the column
or pedestal. The reaction from piles may also be taken to be distributed at 45˚ from the
edge of the pile, up to the mid depth of the pile cap.

 ASSUMPTIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF PILE CAPS:-

(i) Pile cap is perfectly rigid.

(ii) Pile heads are hinged to the pile cap and hence no bending moment is transmitted to
piles from pile caps.

(iii) Since the piles are short and elastic columns, the deformations and stress distribution
are planer.

FIG NO: Different pile cap with number of piles: a) two; b) three; c) four; d) five; e) six; f) seven

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 TESTING OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

1) DYNAMIC LOAD TEST:
• The ultimate strength of each pile must fulfill the structural and geotechnical limits for a safe
foundation to perform as required.
• A pile load test is a direct method of determining the ultimate geotechnical capacity of the
pile.
• Dynamic load testing with the aid of Pile Dynamic Analyzer (PDA) is a fast and reliable way to
evaluate the bearing capacity of the pile.
• This testing can help you pick up the right pile type that can withstand the strains on the pile
during driving and gives cautious if the pile driving reaches its required length thus avoiding
unnecessary long piles.
• It also provides information about structural integrity, driving stresses, and hammer
efficiency. If a dynamic load test is out of the equation, then a static load test can be
performed.
2) STATIC LOAD TEST
• Like the dynamic load test, a Static Load test can be done to evaluate the bearing capacity of
the pile. In the Static Load Test, the test load will be applied by hydraulic jacking against Kent
ledge (concrete blocks) with the load being measured by calibrated and certified pressure
gauges on the selected pile.
• The pile settlement will be recorded by means of dial gauges registering against a reference
beam; optical level may be used to confirm the readings. The pile will be tested by increment
loading according to the required standard with the record kept of time, load and settlement.

FIG NO: STATIC LOAD TEST

SOURCE: https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/10/11/types-of-pile-testing/

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 TESTING OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

3) PILE INTEGRITY TEST:
• The integrity test is an essential part of quality control in either cast-in-place or pre-cast
concrete.
• This is because the possible structural defects from pile installation such as cracks, changes in
cross-sections and the like can be detected by the use of this method.
• It is a Non-distracted Test (NDT) method that can evaluate the continuity and consistency of
pile material, length, and cross-sectional area.
• Integrity test for cast-in-place concrete and pre-cast concrete with low strain method and
ultrasonic method provides acceleration and velocity.
• The primary shockwave which travels down the length of the pile is reflected from the toe by
the change in density between the concrete and the substrate.
• However, any discontinuities and defects encountered within its length will be reflected and
added to the return signal. A hammer is used for impacting the pile head and should be
applied vertically with the pile.
• Since Integrity Test uses echoes or sounds to measure the pile discontinuities, accelerations,
and velocities, it does not provideFIGany
NO:information
CENTRE LINE PLAN
regarding the pile bearing capacity like the
dynamic and static load test are capable of.
• It limits in evaluating the section of the piles that are below the cracks that cross into the
entire pile cross section.

FIG NO: PILE INTEGRITY TEST

SOURCE: https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/10/11/types-of-pile-testing/

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 CENTRE LINE PLAN FOR PILE FOUNDATION.

FIG NO: CENTRE LINE PLAN

FIG NO: CENTRE LINE PLAN

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 REFERENCE:
 https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/10/11/types-of-pile-testing/
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pile-layout-and-pile-damage-
locations_fig1_324016496
 https://cadbull.com/amp/125833/Pile-layout-and-pile-cap-layout-plan-details-
of-house-dwg-file
 http://www.meghobihar.com/layouts/tower2_sht1.pdf
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pile_foundations

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