Lecture 5 High Speed Flow - II

Learning outcomes:
•Determine stagnation flow conditions using the respective
stagnation equations
•Solve problems related to drag and lift
 Air jet striking a flat plate

θ
This is what we learnt in Fluid 1.

v, A F
Wind striking a flat plate

v F

𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝐷 = ρ𝐴𝑣 2
2
Coefficient of Drag
Douglas, Fluid Mechanics
http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/media_gallery/photogallery/big/800x600_1336634444_A380_MAS_Landing.jpg
Supersonic jets always have sharp cone due to drag
Figure: Effect of Mach number on the coefficient of drag for projectiles (Douglas et al, 2005)
Aerofoil
Lift (perpendicular to motion)

Leading edge

Drag (parallel to motion)

Horizon
Angle of attack

Trailing edge

Thrust (parallel to engine)

Air flow direction
Weight (direction of gravity)
Coefficient of Lift
2𝐹𝐿
𝐶𝐿 = 2
𝜌𝑣 𝐴

𝐹𝐿 : Lift force
𝜌: Density
𝑣: Velocity
𝐴: Area
Whites, Fluid Mechanics
 Stagnation point (low speed)

p
ρT pT
TT
T

1
Incompressible equation: 𝑝𝑇 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣 2
2
 Compressibility is important for
Mach number > 0.4
For high speed flow, assume isentropic
process:
𝛾 𝑝𝑇 𝛾 𝑝 𝑣2
= +
𝛾 − 1 𝜌𝑇 𝛾 − 1 𝜌 2

𝛾−1
𝛾 𝛾−1
𝑇 𝑝 𝜌
= =
𝑇0 𝑝0 𝜌0

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
 Stagnation point (high speed)

p
ρT pT
TT
T

𝛾 𝑝𝑇 𝛾 𝑝 1 2
Compressible equation: = + 𝑣
𝛾−1 𝜌𝑇 𝛾−1 𝜌 2
 Example 5.2
An airplane is flying at 360km/h where
temperature and pressure are 10oC and 0.8atm,
respectively. Find the temperature and pressure
on the surface of the plane, using
(a) Incompressible equations
(b) Compressible equations
[28oC; 0.85atm; 15oC; 0.86atm; see graphs]
Example 5.2 Incompressible

Compressible

Compressible
Incompressible
 Example 5.3
An airplane is flying at 900km/h where
temperature and pressure are -50oC and
0.26atm, respectively. Find the temperature and
pressure on the surface of the plane, using
(a) Incompressible equations
(b) Compressible equations
[-18.9oC; 0.41atm; see graphs]
Example 5.3 Incompressible

Compressible

Compressible
Incompressible