University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Cagayan de Oro Campus

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Unit 2d
Fluid Pressure
on Surfaces:
Angat Dam Dams
CE 316-Hydraulics
Ruth Guinita-Cabahug, DTE
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
 Learning Outcomes
▪ Describe a dam
▪ Describe hydrostatic uplift pressure acting at
the base of the dam
▪ Calculate the hydrostatic forces acting on
dams
▪ Calculate the reactions at the base of dams
▪ Determine the pressure intensity distribution at
the base of the dam due to its reactions
Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams
Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams
Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams

Tumut Pond Dam

was built, in 1965,
as part of the
Snowy Mountain
Scheme, a series of
dams and power
plants to provide
water and
electricity to
Victoria, Australia.
Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams
Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams
Dams are massive structures built for the purpose
of impounding water for use as water supply,
irrigation, hydropower source, etc.

Analysis of dams is carried on the following

aspects:
1) Magnitude and Location of reaction at the base

2) Factor of Safety against sliding

3) Factor of Safety against overturning

4) Excessive bearing pressure at the base

Hydrostatic Pressure on Dams
Types of foundations:
1) Impervious
- there is no hydrostatic uplift at the base

2) Pervious
- there is hydrostatic uplift at the base
 Forces Acting on Dams
▪ Impervious foundations
1) water is at upstream only

W
F

heel toe

RH

where: Rv R

𝐹 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑊 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝐻 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅
𝑅𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅
 Forces Acting on Dams
▪ Impervious foundations (cont’d)

2) water is both at upstream and downstream

W
F1
F2
heel
toe
RH

Rv R
 Forces Acting on Dams
▪ Pervious Foundation (there is uplift pressure)
1) water is at upstream only

F W
𝒅𝟏
heel
toe
RH

𝑷 = 𝜸𝒅𝟏
R
Rv

where:
U 𝑈 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 Forces Acting on Dams
▪ Pervious Foundation (there is uplift pressure) –
cont’d

2) water is on both
sides (upstream
and downstream)

where:
𝐹1 , 𝐹2 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑑2 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑈 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑅𝐻 , 𝑅𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
 Factor of Safety
▪ Against Sliding 𝑭𝑺 𝒔 :
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 (𝑹𝑭)
𝑭𝑺 𝒔 = > 𝟏. 𝟎 (𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆!)
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆/𝒔 (𝑺𝑭)

▪ Against Overturning 𝑭𝑺 𝒐 :
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝑴)
𝑭𝑺 𝒐 = > 𝟏. 𝟎 (𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆!)
𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑶𝑴)
 Sample Problem
Determine the following for the concrete dam
shown in the figure:
1) factor of safety against sliding (m = 0.40)
2) factor of safety against overturning
3) amount and location of resultant reaction at the
base, 𝑹 and ഥ
𝒙
4) pressure distribution at the base

Specific weight of water, 𝛾 = 9.810 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

A. consider no uplift pressure
B. consider uplift pressure to vary from full
hydrostatic head at the heel to zero at the toe
Sample Problem
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
1) Factor of safety against sliding (𝜇 = 0.40)
▪ Assume a 1 meter width of dam and solve for the forces acting
on the dam
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
1) Factor of safety against sliding (𝜇 = 0.40) – cont’d

▪ Assume a 1 meter width of dam and solve for the forces acting
on the dam
1
𝐹𝐻 = 13𝛾 13 𝑥 1.0 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝜸
2

𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑚 𝑉𝑚1 = 2.4𝛾 5.5 𝑥 13 𝑥 1.0

𝑾𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝜸

1
𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑚 𝑉𝑚2 = 2.4𝛾 3 𝑥 13 1.0
2
𝑾𝟐 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝜸
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
1) Factor of safety against sliding (𝜇 = 0.40) – cont’d
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑅𝑆)
𝐹𝑆 𝑠 =
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑆𝐹)
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑆𝐹 = 𝐹𝐻 = 84.5𝛾
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁
𝑓 = 0.40 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
𝑓 = 0.40 171.6𝛾 + 46.8𝛾
𝑓 = 87.36𝛾
Therefore:
87.36𝛾
𝐹𝑆 𝑠 = = 1.034 > 1.0
84.5𝛾
Safe against sliding!
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
2) Factor of safety against overturning, 𝐹𝑆 𝑜

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑅𝑀)

𝐹𝑆 𝑜 =
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑂𝑀)

▪ Resisting Moment (RM)

1 2
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 3 + 5.5 + 𝑊2 3
2 3

𝑅𝑀 = 171.6𝛾 5.75 + 46.8𝛾 2

𝑹𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎. 𝟑𝜸
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
2) Factor of safety against overturning, 𝐹𝑆 𝑜 - cont’d
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑅𝑀)
𝐹𝑆 𝑜 =
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑂𝑀)

▪ Overturning Moment (OM)

1
𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹𝐻 13
3

𝑂𝑀 = 84.5𝛾 4.33

𝑶𝑴 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝜸
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
2) Factor of safety against overturning, 𝐹𝑆 𝑜 - cont’d
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑅𝑀)
𝐹𝑆 𝑜 =
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑂𝑀)

Therefore,
𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎. 𝟑𝜸
𝑭𝒔 𝒐 =
𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝜸
𝑭𝑺 𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟑 > 𝟏. 𝟎

Safe against overturning!

 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
3) amount and location of resultant reaction at the
base, 𝑹 and ഥ
𝒙
▪ Solve for the horizontal
component of the reaction
at the base, 𝑅𝐻

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑅𝐻 = 𝐹𝐻
𝑹𝑯 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝜸
ഥ
𝒙
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
3) amount and location of resultant reaction at the
base, 𝑹 and ഥ
𝒙 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the vertical
component of the reaction
at the base:

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝑉 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
𝑅𝑉 = 171.6𝛾 + 46.8𝛾
𝑹𝑽 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝜸

ഥ
𝒙
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
3) amount and location of resultant reaction at the
base, 𝑹 and ഥ
𝒙 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of
the resultant reaction, R, at
the base:

2
𝑅= 𝑅𝐻 + 𝑅𝑉2

𝑅= 84.5𝛾 2 + 218.4𝛾 2

𝑅 = 234.177𝛾
𝑅 = 234.177 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

ഥ
𝒙 𝑹 = 𝟐 𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
3) amount and location of resultant reaction at the
base, 𝑹 and ഥ
𝒙 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the location, 𝑥ҧ of the
resultant reaction, R, at the base:

෍ 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 0

𝑅𝑉 𝑥ҧ + 𝐹𝐻 4.33 − 𝑊1 5.75 − 𝑊2 2 = 0

𝑊1 5.75 + 𝑊2 2 − 𝐹𝐻 4.33
𝑥ҧ =
𝑅𝑉

But: 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 5.75 + 𝑊2 2
𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹𝐻 4.33

𝑅𝑀−𝑂𝑀 1080.3𝛾 −365.885𝛾

𝑥ҧ = =
𝑅𝑉 218.4𝛾

ഥ
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽

where:
𝑅𝑉 = 218.4𝛾
𝑥ҧ = 3.27 𝑚
Note:
There are 3 possible geometric
shapes of pressure distribution
due to the vertical component of
the reaction at the base, which is
dependent on the value of 𝑥.ҧ
These are: (1) rectangular; (2)
triangular; or (3) trapezoidal.
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Investigate the shape of the pressure distribution at
the base
𝑏
a) If rectangular, 𝑥ҧ = 2

𝑏 8.5
𝑥ҧ = = = 4.25𝑚
2 2
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Investigate the shape of the pressure distribution at
the base
𝑏
b) If triangular, 𝑥ҧ = 3

𝑏 8.5
𝑥ҧ = = = 2.863𝑚
3 3
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Investigate the shape of the pressure distribution at
the base
𝑏 𝑏 where:
c) If trapezoidal, 3 < 𝑥ҧ < 2 𝑥ҧ = 3.27𝑚
𝑏 8.5
= = 2.863𝑚
3 3
𝑏 8.5
= = 4.25 𝑚
2 2
𝒃 𝒃
ഥ = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝒎 <
< 𝒙
𝟑 𝟐
Therefore, pressure distribution
is trapezoidal!
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures 8.5
2
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures, 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐

✓ Consider the rectangular and

triangular components of the
trapezoid and solve for the
magnitudes of the pressures, 𝑷𝟏
8.5 and 𝑷𝟐
2

𝑅𝑉1 = 𝑃1 8.5 𝑥 1.0 = 8.5 𝑃1 Eq (1)

1
𝑅𝑉2 = 𝑃 − 𝑃1 8.5 𝑥 1.0
2 2
𝑅𝑉2 = 4.25𝑃2 − 4.25𝑃1 Eq (2)
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures, 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐

But: 𝑅𝑉 = 𝑅𝑉1 + 𝑅𝑉2

𝑅𝑉 = 8.5𝑃1 + 4.25𝑃2 − 4.25𝑃1

𝑅𝑉 = 4.25𝑃1 + 4.25𝑃2
where: 𝑅𝑣 = 218.4𝛾
218.4𝛾 = 4.25𝑃1 + 4.25𝑃2
𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 51.388𝛾 Eq (3)
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures, 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐
✓ Using Varignon’s Theorem at the toe:

𝟖. 𝟓 8.5 𝑏
𝟐 𝑅𝑉 𝑥ҧ = 𝑅𝑉1 + 𝑅𝑉2
toe
2 3
8.5
218.4𝛾 3.27 = 8.5𝑃1 4.25 + 4.25𝑃2 − 4.25𝑃1
3

714.168𝛾 = 36.125𝑃1 + 12.042𝑃2 − 12.042𝑃1

714.168𝛾=24.083𝑃1 + 12.042𝑃2

2𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 59.306𝛾 Eq (4)

 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures, 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐

✓ Subtract Eq (4) from Eq (3):

𝟖. 𝟓 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 51.388𝛾
𝟐
toe (-)
2𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 59.306𝛾

−𝑃1 = −7.918𝛾
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝜸
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Solution
A. Consider no uplift pressure
4) Pressure distribution at the base due to the vertical
component of the reaction, 𝑹𝑽 (cont’d)
▪ Solve for the magnitude of pressures, 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐

✓ Subst. 𝑃1 = 7.275𝛾 to Eq (3) to

𝟖. 𝟓
𝟐 solve for 𝑃2 :
toe
𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 51.388𝛾 Eq (3)

7.918𝛾 + 𝑃2 = 51.388𝛾
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝜸 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟕 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Alternative Solution
▪ Alternative solution in solving for the maximum and
minimum pressure intensity due to the reaction at the base
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟔𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏− 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏+
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟐 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩

✓ Solve for ‘e’

8.5𝑚 𝑒 = 4.25 − 𝑥ҧ = 4.25 − 3.27
𝑒 = 0.98𝑚

218.4𝛾 6 0.98
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1−
8.5 8.5
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒆 218.4 9.810
ഥ
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.308
8.5
𝑹𝒗 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝜸
4.25𝑚
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Solution
▪ Alternative solution in solving for the maximum and
minimum pressure intensity due to the reaction at the base
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟔𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆 𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏− 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏+
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩

✓ Solve for ‘e’

8.5𝑚 𝑒 = 4.25 − 𝑥ҧ = 4.25 − 3.27
𝑒 = 0.98𝑚

218.4𝛾 6 0.98
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1+
8.5 8.5
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒆 ഥ
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 218.4 9.810
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.692
8.5
𝑹𝒗 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝜸

4.25𝑚
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Pressure Distribution for other Sections
▪ When the pressure ▪ When the pressure
distribution is rectangular, distribution is triangular,
solve for P: solve for P:

𝑃 𝑃

𝐵
8.5 𝑥ҧ =
𝑥ҧ = = 4.25𝑚 3
2 𝑅𝑣 = 218.4𝛾
𝑅𝑣 = 218.4𝛾
1
𝑅𝑣 = 𝑃 8.5
𝑅𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑥 8.5 2

218.4 9.810 = 8.5𝑃 218.4𝛾 = 4.25𝑃

218.4 9.810 218.4(9.810)

𝑃= 𝑃=
8.5 4.25

𝑃 = ______ 𝑃 = ___________
Dams with Water on both Upstream and
Downstream
𝐵
𝑾𝟏
𝑥1
𝑾𝟐
𝑥2

𝑾𝟑

ℎ1
𝑥3
𝐹1
𝐹2 ℎ2
ℎ1 /3 2
ℎ
3 2

𝛾ℎ2
𝛾ℎ1 𝑥ҧ
𝑅𝑣 𝐵
2
𝑈2 2𝐵
( )
3
𝑈1
Dams with Water on both Upstream and
Downstream
Solve for the forces and
location:
1 1
▪ 𝐹1 = 2 𝛾ℎ1 ℎ1 𝑥 1.0 = 2 𝛾ℎ12

1 1
▪ 𝐹2 = 2 𝛾ℎ2 ℎ2 𝑥 1.0 = 2 𝛾ℎ22
1 1
▪ 𝑈1 = 2 𝛾 ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝐵 𝑥1.0 = 2 ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝐵

▪ 𝑈2 = 𝛾ℎ2 𝐵

▪ 𝑅𝑣 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 − 𝑈1 − 𝑈2

𝑅𝑀 −𝑂𝑀
▪ 𝑥ҧ = 𝑅𝑣
Pressure Distribution at the Base
1) Resultant reaction at the middle of the base

▪ Solve for P
𝐵
𝑅𝑣 = 𝑃 𝐵 𝑥 1.0

ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑅𝑣
𝑃 𝑃= (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝐵
𝐵 𝐵
2 2
𝑅𝑣

1𝑚

𝐵
Pressure Distribution at the Base
2) Resultant reaction at the middle third nearer to the toe

𝐵 ▪ Solve for Pmax

𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 1
3 3 3 𝑅𝑣 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 1.0
2
2𝑅𝑣
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑒
𝐵
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥ҧ
𝑅𝑣

1𝑚

𝐵
 Pressure Distribution at the Base
3) Resultant reaction ▪ Solve for 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside the middle third 𝑅𝑣 𝑀𝑐
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
𝐵 𝐴 𝐼
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐵 𝐴 = 𝐵 1.0 = 𝐵
𝑐=
2 𝑀 = 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝐵
𝑐=
2
1
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝐼= 1.0 𝐵3
12
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐵
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 2
𝐵 1 3
𝑥ҧ 12 𝐵
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −
𝐵 2 2
1𝑚 12 𝐵
𝑹𝒗 𝟔𝒆
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏−
𝐵 𝑩 𝑩
 Pressure Distribution at the Base
3) Resultant reaction ▪ Solve for 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside the middle third 𝑅𝑣 𝑀𝑐
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐵 𝐴 𝐼
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐵 𝐴 = 𝐵 1.0 = 𝐵
2 𝑀 = 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝐵
𝑐=
2
1
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝐼= 1.0 𝐵3
12
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐵
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2
𝐵 1 3
𝑥ҧ 12 𝐵
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐵 2 2 𝐵
1𝑚 12 𝐵 𝑒 = − 𝑥ҧ
2
𝑹𝒗 𝟔𝒆
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏+
𝐵 𝑩 𝑩