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▐ Objectives
Basic Physical Principles
Mechanical engineering Department
Dr. Mohamed Saber Sokar
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▐ Basic Principles
 Force is the overall effort needed to produce,
change, or stop motion. Designated in Newton (N)
 Pressure is force exerted over a unit area (N/m2)
 Torque is a turning or twisting force applied to a
shaft
 Designated in Newton-meter (N.m)
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After finishing this lecture you should be able to:
 Explain the physical properties related to fluid
power.
 Identify general characteristics of fluids.
 Describe symbols and circuits in fluid power
systems.
 Identify standardization in fluid power.
2 Dr. Mohamed Saber Sokar
▐ Basic Principles
 Energy is the capacity to do work designated in
Joule(J)
 Potential energy is stored energy
 Kinetic energy which is energy in motion
 Work is the application of force through a
distance, designated in Joule(J)
 Power is the rate at which work is performed,
designated in (J/s) or (W)
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▐ General Characteristics of Fluids ▐ Properties and characteristics of fluids

 Density is the mass per unit volume, and is a
 Liquids and gases are both considered fluids
macroscopic concept.
 Each substance is able to flow
 Density at a point is:   lim m
 Each adjusts its shape to fit the container in which  
v 0
V 
it is held m 1
 In general    kg / m3
V v
 For composite material (Multi texture):
VT  V1  V2  ...  Vn
mT m1 m2 mn
   ... 
T 1 2 n
mi
Fraction of each constitute xi 
mT
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▐ Properties and characteristics of fluids ▐ Properties and characteristics of fluids

 Specific gravity (S.G) is the ratio of actual density  Specific weight is the weight per unit volume of
of a substance to the density of water at 4oC.
 It is a comparison of the weight of a a substance at a given temperature and pressure
substance to the weight of an equal
volume of water
(N/m3)
W 
 In general S .G    In general 
W
WWater W V
 Distilled water has a specific gravity of 1, SWater = 1
 Distilled water has an API gravity of 10 m.g
  g N / m3
V
 If liquid sinking in water (such as metals), then S > SW

 If liquid floating above water (such as Oil), then S < SW

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▐ General Characteristics of Fluids ▐ General Characteristics of Fluids

 Bulk modulus (β) is a measure of incompressibility.
 Major difference between liquids and gases is
compressibility  Large values of β, means that the fluid is relatively
incompressible (or less compressible) i.e. stiffer fluid.
 Liquids act much like a solid
 Gases change volume when pressurized Compressive stress dp dp
  
Volumatric strain dV / V d / 
 v 1
 . dv  v . d  0
d dv

 v

For air, β = 1.42 X 105 Pa Air is 15000 times more compressible than water
For water, β = 2.15 X 109 Pa

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▐ General Characteristics of Fluids ▐ Hydrostatic transmission-01

 Pascal’s law is a key principle
related to the operation of a fluid
power system
 States that “pressure applied
to a confined non-flowing
fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all points in
P
the fluid”.

P P P

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▐ Hydrostatic transmission-01 ▐ Hydrostatic transmission-02

 The pressure inside the conduit is constant  Pressure intensifier
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = =
𝑨𝟏 𝑨 𝟐
 The displaced volume in small cylinder moved to
the larger cylinder.
 ∆𝑽 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑺𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑺𝟐
𝑺𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐
= =
𝑺𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏
Power = F. v  The force of the pistons is the same
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐

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▐ Pressure in Fluids ▐ Fluid Reactions to Pressure and Temperature

 Several pressure scales are used to indicate the  Bernoulli’s theorem states
pressure of a fluid P =100 barg the total energy in a
 Gauge pressure P = 101.3 bar
a
volume of flowing fluid is
 Absolute pressure Gauge pressure
p the same at every point in
g
P = 0.0 bar
 Vacuum Absolute pressure g Sea level
its path of flow
pab P = 1.013 bar
a
 Atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure p v2
patm
Pg= ― 1.013 0.0 bar   z  Const.
pa= patm ± pg Pa= 0.0 bar  .g 2 g
 Under normal atmospheric pressure:  Flow equation 𝑚̇
– Gauge pressure scale reads 0 bar
– Absolute scale reads 1.01325 bar =1atm 𝑚̇  (  .v . A) A  (  .v . A) B  (  .v . A) x
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▐ Basic Principles ▐ Ideal gas law

 Heat is generated in a fluid power system
whenever a pressure drop occurs that does not
produce work
 Ideal gas laws are used in many situations in
pneumatic systems
 Approximate how real gases react to pressure,
temperature, and volume changes
 Boyle’s law for constant temperature p v = c
 Charles’ law for constant pressure v/T= c
 Gay-Lussac’s law for constant volume p/T = c
 General gas law combines all three

p   R T
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▐ Standardization
 The four professional organizations in the fluid
power area are:
 National Fluid Power Association (NFPA)
 Fluid Power Distributors Association (FPDA)
 International Fluid Power Society (IFPS)
 Fluid Power Educational Foundation (FPEF)

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