ESTIMATION & COSTING

AR604

ESTIMATES
&
TYPES OF
ESTIMATES

Class: 6 T
University: MSRIT-SOA
Done by: Ar.Vidya Mohan 1
AR.Ar.VIDYA
Vidya Mohan
MOHAN
vidyamohan94@msrit.edu
vidyamohan94@msrit.edu
 Unit 1: Estimates &Types of Estimates
Introduction, Terminologies, Procedure of Estimation (Types of
Estimates) – Method of building estimates and Mode of
measurements, estimation of earthwork, woodwork, road work,
building, RCC roof, framed structure and truss.

Unit 2: Material Statement

Estimation of quantities of materials like cement, sand, aggregate, brick,
steel, structural steel for trusses, tiles, paints used in building.

PORTIONS Unit 3: Specifications

Abstract specifications and Detailed specifications for all items of works
exposed in the construction of a building. (10 specifications)

2021-2022 BATCH

Unit 4: Building Rates & Analysis of Rates

Analysis of rates for items in building works (P).
Procedural Definitions: Local SR rates, Measurement book, RA bill,
interim and final certificate, Modifying SR rates to the changes in the cost
of cement change in Land distance for different materials like sand, jelly,
boulders, etc.

Unit 5: Estimation of a Building

Estimation of a building using the given plan and specified items.

Ar. Vidya Mohan

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Estimates & Types
of Estimates

UNIT-1
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 UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION
What is Estimation? How is it related to
Architecture?
Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various
quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a
particular work or project.
In terms of Architecture, Estimation is valuing the approximate cost
of a project before it has begun on site.
In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost, the work
is done in part or by reducing the requirements or specifications are
altered in the design like materials, labor works, etc.
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 NECESSITY/ IMPORTANCE
OF ESTIMATES
 To know about the approximate cost of the building construction.
 To calculate the tax of the building.
 To fix the rent of the building if necessary.
 The know about the various items of works involved in the building
construction and arrange the available materials of the construction.
 To arrange the labors of the construction works.
 To take the approval for the government projects.
 To avail the loan from the bank.

DATA REQUIRED
1. DRAWING

2. SPECIFICATIONS

3. RATES

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 DATA REQUIRED
FOR ESTIMATION
1. Drawing
 Plan, Sections, elevations, sectional elevations, and detailed
drawings to scale, fully dimensioned are required to calculate the
Area specifications of a construction project.

2. Specifications
 General specifications or Brief Specifications - These gives the
nature, quality and work and materials, in general to be used in
the various parts of the work.
 Detail specifications - These give the detailed description of the
various items of work laying down the quantities and qualities of
materials, their proportions, the method of preparation,
workmanship and execution of work.

3. Rates
 The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various
materials to be used in the construction and the wages of
different categories of labor, skilled or unskilled as mason,
carpenter, mazdoor, bhishti, etc., should be available for
preparing estimate.
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TERMINOLOGIES

The Fundamental definitions of

terminologies used in the field of
Construction

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TERMINOLOGIES
1 2
CARPET AREA
The area that can actually be covered by a
carpet or perhaps the area of the apartment
excluding the width of inner walls.
Floor covering area does not include the
area covered by common areas such as
reception, lift, stairs, play area, etc. Carpet
area is the actual area you get for use in a
housing unit.
BUILT UP AREA
Built-up area is the area that uses adding
carpet area and wall area. It is also known
as the PLINTH AREA.
It is the total area measured on the outer
line of the flat, including balcony, terrace,
etc. It refers to the usable (or carpet area as
described below) of the flat plus the area
occupied by the walls and columns.
3
SUPER BUILT UP AREA
Super built-up area or saleable area is the total
built-up area of the flat plus the proportionate
share of the common amenities in the building
complex.
It is also called the saleable area.
Super built-up area= Carpet area + terrace +
balconies + areas occupied by walls
+ area occupied by common/shared construction
(e.g. lift, stairs, clubhouse, etc.) 8
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4 CIRCULATION AREA
It is the floor area of verandahs, passages, corridors,
balconies, staircases, lift etc. which are used for
movements of persons using the building.
It is further classified into Horizontal and Vertical
circulation areas.
6 LAYOUT PLAN
5 SITE PLAN
Plan showing orientation of building,
boundaries of land, position of roads, drains,
sewer line, water pipelines and adjoining
plots of lands (neighborhood area).
North direction is also shown on one corner
of site plan
Plan showing proposed buildings,
structures etc. showing their locations,
size and orientations.
▪ Roads, drains, pipe lines , electric lines,
parks etc are shown.
▪ The boundary, main approach roads and
adjoining areas are also indicated.
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7 CONTINGENCIES
The term indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous
character which cannot be classified under any distinct
item. (3% to 5% of the estimated cost is provided to allow
for contingencies)
A construction contingency is an amount of money set
aside to cover any unexpected costs that can arise
throughout a construction project. This money is on
reserve and is not allocated to any specific area of work.
Essentially, the contingency acts as insurance against
other, unforeseen costs.
9 WORK-CHARGE
ESTABLISHMENT
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Work charged Establishment will include such temporary
establishments as are employed for the execution of the
immediate technical supervision or departmental stores
and machinery in connection with a specific work.
Work-charged employees are temporary staff whose
services are terminated at the expiry of sanctioned period
(1 .5% to 2% of the estimated cost is added)
8 INDEX PLAN
“Index” is the drawing of key plan depicting
details giving the description of the area
plotted, scale used, name of leader of survey
party and the person drawing the plan/map.
etc.
It is normally written in the right hand side
lower corner of the drawing sheet. North
direction is shown at the right hand side top
corner.
BILL OF QUANTITIES
A document used in tendering in the
construction industry in which materials,
parts, and labor (and their costs) are
itemized.
It also (ideally) details the terms and
conditions of the construction or repair
contract and itemizes all work to enable a
contractor to price the work for which he
or she is bidding.
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11 CENTAGE / DEPARTMENTAL
CHARGES 12 SUB-WORK

Centage or departmental charges also known as Large project may consist of small buildings.
Supervision charges for works to meet the expenses of Detailed estimate of each sub-work is
establishment, designing, planning, supervision etc. prepared separately.

(10% to 15% of the estimated cost). When engineering Works like earthwork, concrete work, brick
department takes up work of other department. work etc. Under each sub head there are
different items of work.

13 SCHEDULE OF RATES 14 ADMINISTRATIVE

It is a list of rate of various items of works maintained by
engineering department under the name “Schedule of
Rates Book” based on guidelines drawn by the local or
central government.
“Road Metal Rate Book” is also maintained by PWD.
SANCTION/APROVAL
It is the formal acceptance by the
department concerned of the proposal.
After the approval, design, estimates etc.
are prepared and thereafter execution of
work.

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15 EXPENDITURE SANCTION 16 TECHNICAL SANCTION
It represents allotment of money to meet the expenditure It is the sanction of the detailed estimate,
of the project. design calculation, quantities of work etc.
It is usually accorded by Finance Department at the
government sector or the Client or an investor. Technical sanction is accorded by
Expenditure sanction means the concurrence of the engineering department and execution of
Government to the expenditure proposed in cases where work is carried out once approved.
necessary. In all other cases the act of appropriation or re-
appropriation will operate as sanction to the expenditure.

17 QUANTITY SURVEY 18 TOOLS AND PLANTS

Quantity Surveying is broadly concerned with the The term 'plant' refers to machinery,
estimation, planning and control of the cost on equipment and apparatus used for an
construction projects. It covers a wide range of activities industrial activity. Typically, in
including cost estimation, cost planning, value construction, 'plant' refers to heavy
engineering, feasibility studies, cost benefit analysis, machinery and equipment used during
lifecycle costing and valuation. construction works.
Quantity survey simply means estimating of quantities of Normally contractor has to arrange tools
different items of works involved in the execution of and plants.
project on site based on set data’s available. (1% to 1 .5% of estimated cost is provided)
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 Estimation report gives brief information of whole project. It
should consist of the following :

▪ Brief history (with proposal)

▪ Necessity and feasibility of project
▪ Selection of site
ESTIMATION ▪ Survey
▪ Brief description of works
REPORT ▪ Nature of soil, topography of land etc.
▪ Basis of design calculations
▪ Arrangement for water supply, sanitation and electrical
Good cost estimation is essential for keeping installations etc.
a project under budget. Many costs can ▪ Roads and drains
appear over the life cycle of a project, and an ▪ Temporary accommodations for staff, labor etc included in
accurate estimation method can be the
difference between a successful plan and a misc.
failed one. ▪ Manner of execution
▪ Total cost and how to be financed
▪ Return or revenue income
▪ Rent statement
▪ Time of execution
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TYPES OF
ESTIMATES

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 1. Preliminary/Appx./Abstract/Rough Cost
Estimate

2. Plinth Area Estimate

3. Cube Rate or Cubical Content Estimate

VARIOUS TYPES
OF ESTIMATES 4. Appx. Quantity Method Estimate

5. Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate

6. Revised Estimate

7. Supplementary Estimate

8. Supplementary and Revised Estimate

9. Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate (A.R

or A.M Estimate)
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 1. PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE
Also known as Approximation/Abstract/Rough
Cost Estimate

Preliminary Estimate is prepared by various  Irrigation Channels

ways for different structures as mentioned ▪ Per km basis
below : ▪ Per hectare basis (Area of land commanded)
 Buildings
▪ Per Unit Basis – Per student for schools and hostels, per  Bridges and Culverts – Per running meter of span depending
upon type of structure, type and depth of foundation.
class room for schools, per bed for hospitals, per seat
for cinema and theatre halls, per tenement for
 Sewerage and Water Supply Project
residential buildings.
▪ Per head of population served
▪ Plinth area basis
▪ Per hectare basis (Area covered)
▪ Cubic content basis
▪ Appx. Quantity method
 Over Head water Tank – Per liter or per gallon of tank
depending upon type of structure and height of tank.
 Roads and Highways – Per km basis depending upon 16
nature of road, width and thickness of metaling.
2. PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE (PA Estimate)

P.A. Estimate is an approximate estimate

Plinth area should be calculated for covered area by

taking external dimensions of the building at the floor
level.

Courtyard and other open area should not be

included.

For multi storeyed building Plinth Area for each

storey is determined separately.

Approximate total plinth area may be calculated by

adding 30 to 40% of the already calculated area for
walls, circulation and waste etc.

Plinth area rate is known from cost of similar

building in the locality.
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3. CUBE RATE ESTIMATE
• Cubical content of the building is determined
by multiplying length, breadth and height of
the building.
• External length and breadth at the floor level
are calculated for the purpose.
• Height should be taken from the floor level
to the top of roof.
• For multi storeyed building height is taken
from floor level of one storey to top of next
higher floor.
• Cube rate estimate is more accurate as
compared to the plinth area estimate but is an
approximate estimate as well.
4. APPROXIMATE QUANTITY
METHOD ESTIMATE
• An approximate quantities cost plan is part of
the iterative cost planning process and is a
development of the elemental cost plan. This
method is regarded as being more accurate
and reliable than other estimating methods in
showing where costs are distributed.
• Structure divided into two parts –
(i) Foundation including plinth
(ii) Superstructure
• To find running meter rate of foundation,
appx. quantities of various items are
calculated per running meter.
• Similarly for superstructure appx. Quantities
of brickwork, roof, flooring etc. is calculated
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per running meter.
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 • It is the accurate estimate prepared by working out
quantities of each items of work.

• It is prepared in two stages –

▪ Details of measurements and calculation of

5. DETAILED ESTIMATE quantities.

▪Abstract of estimated cost – 3% to 5% of
estimated cost is added to cover miscellaneous
expenditure.

• Detailed estimate is prepared work-wise. Detailed

estimate consists of –
▪ Report
▪ General Specifications
▪ Detailed specifications
▪ Drawings
▪ Calculation and designs
▪ Analysis of rates

• Detailed estimate is prepared for technical

sanction, for arranging contract and for execution
of project. 19

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ESTIMATION TYPES
6. REVISED ESTIMATE
 Revised estimate is prepared when
original sanctioned estimate is likely
to exceed more than 5%.
 When expenditure on work is likely to
exceed amount of administrative
sanction by more than 10%.
 When there are material deviation
from original proposal even though
cost may be met from sanctioned cost.
 It is accompanied by comparative
statement showing variations in each
item of works and reason for the same.
8. SUPPLEMENTARY &
REVISED ESTIMATE
 When a work is partially
abandoned and estimated cost of
remaining work is less than 95%
of original sanctioned estimate.
 When there are material deviations
7. SUPPLEMENTARY and changes in the design
ESTIMATE
 If at any time before or during the
 It is the fresh detailed estimate of the execution of work, it is found that
additional works in addition to the
original estimate.
original estimate is excessive then
divisional officer may sanction a
 It is required when further revised estimate of reduced
amount.
development is required during the
progress of work.
 Abstract should show the amount of
original estimate and total amount
including supplementary amount.
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9. ANNUAL REPAIR OR MAINTENANCE ESTIMATE

(A.R / A.M ESTIMATE)

Annual repair cost estimate is also called as annual

maintenance estimate which is prepared to know the
maintenance costs of building which will keep the
structure in safe condition.

White washing, painting, minor repairs etc. are taken

into consideration while preparing annual repair
estimate for a building.

It is prepared to maintain structure or work in proper

order and safe condition.

For road works A.R. estimate provides for patch

repairing, repairs of bridges and culverts etc.

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FUNDING
A final Estimate Report consists of required funding for the
project based on different entities of works to be done on site in
order to start and complete the full course of the project as
discussed previously in this chapter.

Rs.1,500,000 Rs.1,500,000 Rs.1,500,000

Category A Category B Category C

Rs.2,500,000 Rs.1,500,000 Rs.1,500,000

Category D Category D Category E

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MODE OF
MEASUREMENTS
The unit of measurement in any construction project
depends on the nature of work being done, size and shape.
 The mode of measurements are determinant of quantities of work being
done. The general rules for measuring units are as follows:

1. Measurement is based on the finished item of work with detailed

description of it. MEASURE
2. Following order should be maintained: Length, breadth, height or
thickness.
 Length/Breadth : 0.01m
 Area : 0.01sqm
 Volume : 0.01 cubic m
 Weight : 0.01 kilograms 23

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 MEASUREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT
ENTITIES OF THE PROJECT
Earthwork is measured in Cubic meter. This includes all
types of Earthwork excavations. Vegetation is removed
separately.
• The item of excavation is paid by cubic m. Hence, the
length, width and depth are measured.
• The measurements of excavation for every 1.5 m depth are
taken separately.
Concrete work is measured in Cubic meter or m3.
This included both RCC and PCC.
• The foundation of concrete is measured in cubic
meters.
• RCC stairs is measured in terms of number of steps.
• The RCC slabs, beams and precast concrete for
posts and struts etc are measured in cubic meters.
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 MEASUREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT
ENTITIES OF THE PROJECT
Road work is measured in square meters and the specification
should state the quantity of materials to be used and the
method of construction.
• Preparation and repair of side berms shall be measured in
kms stating the average filling and width.
• The expansion and construction joints are measured in
running meters and the specification should state the
thickness and the depth of the joint and quality of filler.
Wood work is measured in Cubic meter or m3 or
sq.mt.
• The rectangular wooden beams and vertical
wooden posts are measured in cubic m.
• The wooden door, windows, ventilator and
cupboard shutters are measured in sq.mts
• The wooden stairs is measured in terms of
number of steps.
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 UNIT-1

SUMMARY
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR UNIT-1

 Estimation and Importance of Estimation.

 Different Terminologies and their Definitions

 Types of Estimates and few pointers on each

 Different Modes of Measurements used in Estimation reports.

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 UNIT-1 COMPLETE

THANK
YOU
AR. VIDYA MOHAN

Email:
vidyamohan94@msrit.edu
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