I.

LƯỢC BỎ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ

- Khi nó làm tân ngữ, phía trước nó không có dấu phẩy, không có giới từ (whose không được bỏ) thì được
lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ (which, who, whom,...).
Ví dụ:
+Here is the laptop which I bought = Here is the laptop I bought
+This is my book, which I bought 2 years ago.
 Trước chữ which có dấu phẩy nên không thể bỏ được .
+This is the house in which I live .
 Trước which có giới từ in nên cũng không bỏ which đựơc .
+This is the man who lives near my house.
 Who là chủ từ ( của động từ lives ) nên không thể bỏ nó được .
II. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ RÚT GỌN:
1) Dùng cụm Ving : Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động
The girl who is sitting next to you is my sister = The girl sitting to you is my sister
People who don’t have their passport cannot travel abroad.
= People not having their passport cannot travel abroad.
= People without their passport cannot travel abroad.
* Với động từ chủ động, nếu sau khi rút gọn mà động từ trở thành being thì chúng ta có thể lược bỏ
being luôn (đây cũng là dạng rút gọn bằng danh từ/tính từ)
The man who was in charge of this department has just resigned.
-> The man being in charge of this department has just resigned.
-> The man in charge of this department has just resigned.
2) Dùng cụm Phân từ hai : Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động .
The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. John = The house built now belongs to Mr. Jonh
(dạng 1 và 2 là 2 dạng vô cùng phổ biến)
3) Dùng cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to Vinf): Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ bổ nghĩa như :
the ONLY, the LAST, số thứ tự như: FIRST, SECOND…, so sánh nhất,....
He is the last man who left the ship = He is the last man to leave the ship.
- Động từ là HAVE/HAD
He had something that he could/ had to do = He had something to do
- Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
There are six letters which have to be written today = There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ ngữ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone…. thì có thể không
cần ghi ra.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ ) Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be
We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain = We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain
Mrs Lien, who is really old and weak, rarely goes out. = Mrs Lien, really old and weak, rarely goes out.
III.PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có dùng cái 4 .
2. Nếu không có xem tiếp trước who which… có các dấu hiệu first ,only…không ,nếu có thì áp dụng 3 (to
inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3 . Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P.
* Vẫn lưu ý:
- Xác định động từ là chủ động hay bị động, tránh rút gọn nhầm dạng V-ing và V-ed.
- Nếu trong câu là động từ have/not have, có thể đổi sang with/without.
VD: People who don’t have their ID cards cannot get into the club.
-> People not having their ID cards cannot get in the club.
-> People without their ID cards cannot get in the club.
 BÀI TẬP
Task 1. Rút gọn đi nheng
1.The man who is standing there is a clown.
->
2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
->
3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many
dyes, perfumes and explosives.
->
4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
->
5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
->
6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.
->
7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.
->
8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
->
9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.
->
10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
->
11. The street which leads to the school is very wide.
->
12. The system which is used here is very successful.
->
13. John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor.
->
14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
->
15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.
->
16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.
->
17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
->
18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.
->
19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm.
->
20. The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
->
21. Do you know the boy who is talking to you?
->
22. That book which was written by Ngo Tat To is very interesting.

->

23. Hoang was the first man who go to work early.

->
24. Mr.Jun who lives near her house is a good teacher.
->
25. I’ve just read a book which was called Harry Potter.
->
26. My father who was knocked off his bicycle broke his leg.
->
27. The man who is standing here is my neighborhood.

->

28. The girl who was injured in the accident is my sister.

->
29. Employees who have a C1 German Certificate will be given a raise.
->
->
Task 2. Chọn đáp án đúng.
1.The people___________ at the back couldn’t speak.
A. to sit B. sitting C. sit D. sits
2. Minh was the first student ___________________.
A. interview B. interviewed C. to interview D. to be interviewed
3. The TV _____________ by my mother last week is cheap.
A. bought B. buy C. to buy D. buying
4. Most people __________ to the party didn’t appear.
A. invited B. to invite C. inviting D. invite
5. That is a company ______________ shoes.
A. produces B. producing C. to produce D. produce
6. The cake ________ by his girlfriend is beautiful and lovely.
A. make B. to make C. to be made D. made
7. This system _________ there is very good and successful.
A. to use B. use C. used D. using
Task 3: Nối 2 câu sau thành 1 câu liền mạch (cả 2 cách ko rút gọn và rút gọn)
1.She is the girl. She phoned the police yesterday.
->
->
2. He is the man. He wanted to meet his family last week.
->
->
3. This is Nam. He taught me Maths.
->
->
4. I have a lot of homework. I must do it soon.
->

->
5. Huong, who is young and beautiful, is a famous girl.
->
->
6. The woman is friendly. She works with his father.
->
->