LESSON 15: RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 WHO: dùng để thay thế cho người, làm chức năng chủ ngữ = that
Eg: The man who saw the accident yesterday is my neighbour
 WHOM: Dùng để thay thế người, làm chức năng tân ngữ = that
Eg:The man whom I saw yesterday is Mr. Baker.
Cũng có thể dùng who hoặc that
 WHICH: dùng để thay thế cho vật, con vật , sự việc/ hành động, làm chức năng chủ ngữ
hay tân ngữ.
Eg 1: The car which I recently bought is very expensive
Eg 2: The street which leads to my house is rather slippy
 WHICH : dùng để thay thế cho mệnh đề đi trước. =that
Eg: It is very hot, which makes us tired
 WHOSE : dùng để chỉ sở hữu của vật hoặc người đi trước.
Eg 1: The child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
Eg 2: The house whose windows are broken is mine= the house, the windows of which are
broken, is mine
 OF WHICH: chỉ dùng cho sở hữu của vật đứng trước.
Eg: Two rabbit came out of the hole, both of which are killed immediately.

II. TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ

Where: ( =in/ at which)
Eg: The place where we met was an old pagoda.
When( = at/ on which)
Eg: Sunday is the day when I am busy teaching English to my students.
Why: ( theo sau ‘reason”) = for which
Eg: This is the reason why / for which I left early.

III. DEFINING AND NON- DEFINING RE. CLAUSES

1. NON- DEFINING RE. CLAUSES
Subject Object possessive
For person who Whom/ who whose
For things which Which Whose/ of which
1. DEFINING RE. CLAUSES
Subject Object possessive
For person Who/ that Whom/ who/that whose
For things Which/ that Which/ that Whose/ of which
 So sánh sự khác nhau:
Mệnh đề quan hệ ko xác định Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
Eg: Jane’s father, who I met last Eg: The man I told you is a
night, was a famous doctor. thief.
+ Có thể lược bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ + ko thể lược bỏ MĐQH
+Ko dùng “That” + có thể dùng “that”
 + có dấu phẩy + ko có dấu phẩy

IV. CÁCH DÙNG ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ THAT

1. That dùng trong so sánh bậc nhất
Eg: He was the best man (that) I have ever seen.
2. That dùng sau các từ và cụm từ như: all, some, any, only, the first, the last và it was/ it is
Eg 1: I have said all that I want to say.
Eg 2: You are the only girl that I love very much
Eg 3: Anyboys that want to succeed must work hard.//
Eg4 : It was the first time that I heard of it
3. That dùng sau các đại từ bất định như: anybody, noone, nobody, nothing, something,
someone…..
Eg: She always had everything that she wanted
4. That dùng thay thế cho người, con vật và sự vật
Chú ý: That không dùng sau dấu phảy “,” và không dùng sau giới từ

V. RELATIVES PRONOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

Vị trí: Giới từ + Đại từ quan hệ
Có 2 đại từ quan hệ có thể đi kèm với giới từ đó là: Whom (chỉ người) va Which( chỉ vật)
Eg1: He is the man about whom I told you
Eg2: The movie at which I looked yesterday was very fantastic

VI. RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-

INFINITIVE.
1. Động từ nguyên thể có thể được dùng :
a. Sau “ the first/ second/ third…” và sau “the next/ the only “ và au cấp so sánh hơn nhất.
Eg: -The last person who leaves will have to turn off the lights.
The last person to leave will have to turn off the lights.
-She was the last candidate who was interviewed last Sunday
=> She was the last candidate to be interviewed
a. Khi câu nói diễn tả mục đích hoặc sự cho phép.
Eg 1: He has a lot of books that he can read
He has a lot of books to read
Eg 2: They need a garden which ( that) they can play in.
They need a garden to play in.
2.→ Phân từ một( V-ing)
Phân từ hai ( PII)
a. Phân từ 1 được dùng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề quan hệ mang nghĩa chủ động
Eg: The girl who is playing with a dog is Mai’s sister.
The girl playing with a dog is Mai’s sister.
b. Phân từ 2 được dùng để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ mang nghĩa bị động
Eg: The picture which was drawn by a blind has won the first prize
The picture drawn by a blind has won the first prize

VII. THE OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.( Lươc bỏ đại từ quan hệ)

1. Đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ
 Eg: The woman who/ that lives next door is a doctor.
2. Đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò làm tân ngữ
Eg: The woman (who/ whom / that )I wanted to see was away.
Chúng ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ khi nó đóng vai trò làm tân ngữ, khống sau “,”, không sau
giới từ.

VIII. CLEFT SENTENCES. 1. Subject focus

( Câu tách) 2.Object focus
3. Adverbial focus
1. Subject focus Eg: Tom gave a rose to Mary
It was Tom who/ that gave a rose to Mary
2. Object focus Eg: The girl saw the cat
It was the cat that the girl saw.
3. Adverbial focus Eg: The girl saw the cat in the garden.
It was in the garden that the girl saw the cat.

Exercise 1.Choose the best answer

1. The book______ I need can’t be found in the library. a. who b. whom

c. which d. whose
2. Here is the beach _________is the safest for swimmer. a. whom b.
which c. who d. whose
3. The woman __________I don’t remember is a doctor. a. who, b.
whom c. which d. whose
4. We must find a time ____________we can met and a place ____________- we can talk.
a. where/ when b. which / when c. when / where d. when / which
5. Let me see all the letters-_________ you have written.
a. that b. which c. whose d. a & b
6. He introduced me to his students , most of ___________were from abroad.
a. who b. that c. whom d. whose
7. A man brought in a small girl ________ hand had been cut. a. whose b. who c. that d.
whom
8. I have not decided the day_______ I’ll go to London.
a. which b. on which c. when d. b & c
9. The man _________spoke to John is my brother. a whom b. who c. whose
d. which
10. That is the new teacher about_________ the students are talking.
a. that b. who c. whose d. whom
11. You didn’t tell us the reason _________we have to cut down our daily expenses.
a. for that b. for which c. why d. b & c
12. The child smiled at the woman ____________ he didn’t know.
a. whom b. whose c. which d. who,
13. Don’t sit on the chair the leg__________ is broken.
a. which b. of which c. whose d. of whose
14. I must thank the man from________ I got the present.
a. who b. whom c. that d. which
15. I used to have a doll ________
a. which was brought in India b. in which was brought in India
c. what was brought in India d. was brought
in India
16. The house _________
a. which in I was born is for sale b. where I was born in is for sale
c. in which I was born is for sale d. in where I was born is for sale
17. I love my teacher __________
a. I have great confidence in her b. in her I have great confident
c. at whom I have great confidence d. in whom I have great confidence
18. The boy ______-I spoke on the phone last night is very interested in Mathematics.
a. to who b. to whom c. to that d. to which
19. That’s the man_______ house was burned down.
a. his b. that his c. whose d. whom
20. The girl ________ is a smart student in my class.
a. who standing over there b. standing over there c. is standing over there d. both b and c
are correct

Exercise 2. Choose the best answer

21.The new computer system ________for the post office will allow accounts to be managed over
the Internet. a. design b.designing c. designed
d.which designing
22. Many forest fires are caused by cigarettes ________-out of cars.
a. are throwing b. have thrown c. throw d. thrown
23. The man________part in the robbery refused to give any information.
a. took b. taking c. to take d.
who take
24. The travel agent gave me a brochure_________ all the needed information.
a. contains b.to contain c.containing d.which contain
25.Lady Astor was the first woman_______- her seat in Parliament.
a. take b. to take c. taking d.
who takes
26. The professor is excellent .I’m taking in his course
a. the professor who is excellent I’m taking in his course
b. the professor whose course I’m taking in is excellent course
c. the professor whom course I’m taking in is excellent
d. the professor who’s course I’m taking in is excellent.
27. The man is my father. I respect his opinions most
a. The man who is my father I respect his opinions most b. The man of whom opinion I respect is
my father most.
c. The man who opinions I respect most is my father. d. The man whose opinions I respect most
is my father.
28. She is the most intelligent woman .I’ve ever met this woman
a. she’s the most intelligent woman which I’ve ever met. b. she’s the most intelligent woman
that I’ve ever met.
c. she’s the most intelligent woman that I’ve ever met her. d. she’s the most intelligent woman
whom I’ve met.
29. Do you know the music? It’s being played on the radio
a .Do you know the music that is being played on the radio ?
b .Do you know the music who is being played on the radio ?
c .Do you know the music where is being played on the radio ?
d. Do you know the music when is being played on the radio?
30. I recently went back to Paris .It’s still as beautiful as a pearl
a. I recently went back to Paris which is still as beautiful as a pearl
b. I recently went back to Paris when it is still as beautiful as a pearl
c. I recently went back to Paris where it’s still as beautiful as a pearl
d. I recently went back to Paris that it’s still as beautiful as a pearl
31. You sent me a present .Thank you very much for it.
a. You sent me a present which thank you very much for it. b. Thank you very much for a present
which you sent me.
c. Thank you very much for the present, that you sent me.d. Thank you very much for the present
whom you sent me.
32. He is the man _______ son is a doctor A. whom B. which C. who
D. whose
33. The days were the saddest ones .I lived far from home on those days.
a. The days were the saddest ones where I lived far from home.
b. The days when I lived far from home were the saddest ones.
c .The days which I lived far from home were the saddest ones.
d .The days why I lived far from home were the saddest ones.
34. I never forget the park. We met each other there .
a. I never forget the park when we met each other b .I never forget the park where we met
each other
c. I never forget the park which we met each other d. I never forget the park why we met each
other .
36. There’re five individuals. Their contributions are important
a. There’re five individuals who their contributions are important
b. There’re five individuals of which their contributions are important
c. There’re five individuals who contributions are important
d. There’re five individuals whose contributions are important
37. Last week I went to see the house. I used to lived in it
a. Last week I went to see the house where I used to live in b. Last week I went to see the house
where I used to live
c. Last week I went to seethe house which I used to live d. Last week I went to see the house
when I used to live
38. I don’t want to meet the man .He’s my next door neighbour.
a. I don’t want to meet the man, whom is my next door neighbour
b .I don’t want to meet the man whom is my next door neighbour.
c .I don’t want to meet the man , who is my next door neighbour.
d .I don’t want to meet the man who is my next door neighbour.
39. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop .You can find valuable books in this shop.
a. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop where you can find valuable books
 b. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop which you can find valuable books
c. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop where you can find valuable books in
d. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop, that you can find valuable books
40. I’ll introduce you the man .His support is necessary for your project.
a. I’ll introduce you the man whose his support is necessary for your project.
b. I’ll introduce you the man who support is necessary for your project.
c. I’ll introduce you the man whose support is necessary for your project.
d. I’ll introduce you the man who his support is necessary for your project.

Exercise 3. Choose the best answer.

1.I saw a lot of new people at the party, ____________ seemed familiar.
A. some of whom B. some of who C. whom D. some of that
2. My friend eventually decided to quit her job, ____________ upset me a lot
A. that B. when C. which D. who
3. Is there anything else ____________ you want to ask? A. what B. where C.
whom D. that
4. They have just visited the town ____________ location was little known.
A. where B. whose C. which D. that
5. He lives in a small town ____________.
A. where is called Taunton B. which is called Taunton C. is
called Taunton D.that called Taunton
6. ____________ want to get a good job have to have certain qualifications and experience.
A. Who B. Those which C.Those who D. Those whom
7. The coffee __________ in that restaurant was cold and tasteless.
A. I drank it B. that drank C. which I drank it D. I
drank
8.The week ____ Mike went to camping was the wettest of the year. A.which B.when
C.How D.who
9. Which is the European country ____ economy is growing the fastest ? A.who
B.what C.whose D.that
10. Martin is someone with ____ I usually agree. A. that B. which C.
who D. whom
11. Melanie was looking after a dog ____ leg had been broken in an accident.
A. who B. whose C. that
D. what
12. I'd like to see the photo ____________ . A. took B. you took it C. that
you took D. that you took it
13.There are people __________ no one cares. A. about which B. who C. for whom
D. to whom
14. That is a problem, ____________ the government is now dealing.
A. to which B. with which C. with how D.
which
15. It rained all the time, __________ was a great pity. A. that B. what C.
which D. who
16. The Titanic,_________ , was supposed to be unsinkable.
 A. that sinking in 1922 B. which sank in 1922 C. sink in 1922 D. that sank in
1922
17. Is that the lawyer to ___________ you spoke? A. who B. what C.
whomD. which
18. ____ are kept as pets in almost every country in the world.
A. Cats and dog which B. which cats and dogs C. Cats and dogs D. That cats
and dogs
19. The book __________ my father is interested is very expensive.
A. in which B. which in C. which D. in that
20. I enjoy taking a walk at night _______ the roads are quiet. A. which B. that
C. where D. when

Exercise 4. (homework). Choose the best answer

1. My car broke down, ____________ a real nuisance.
A. that was B. which was C. which were D. where was
2. Do you remember the day __________ into this house?
A. that we moved B. when we moved C. where we moved D. A and B
3. The reason _______ I'm phoning you is to invite you to my birthday party.
A. where B. which C. when D. why
4. The house _______ he lives is very old.
A. which B. when C. in which D. then
5.I recently went back to the village school _______I studied in my chilhood.
A. where B. which C. when D. why
6. A man answer the phone. He said Tom was out.
a. The man answer the phone said Tom was out. b. The man who answer the phone said
Tom was out.
c. The man , whom answer the phone ,said Tom was out. d. The man ,who answer the phone ,
said Tom was out.
7. The story was very funny. The math teacher told the story.
a.The story that the math teacher told was very funny.
b.The story which the math teacher told was very funny.
c.The story the math teacher told was very funny. d. All are correct.
8. The story was very funny. The math teacher told the story.
A.The story that the math teacher told was very funny.
B.The story which the math teacher told was very funny.
C.The story the math teacher told was very funny.
D. All are correct.
9. The girl went to the police station. Her case was stolen.
A. The girl whose case was stolen went to the police station.
B. The girl her case was stolen went to the police station.
C. The girl the case of which was stolen went to the police station.
D. The girl who’s case was stolen went to the police station.
10. Is the man your father? The man is standing at the gate.
A. Is the man whom is standing at the gate your father?
B. Is the man who is standing at the gate your father?
C. Is the man standing at the gate your father?
 D. Both B and C are correct.
11. Can the students give back their books? The students are leaving tomorrow.
A. Can the students whom are leaving tomorrow give back their books?
B. Can the students who leaving tomorrow give back their books?
C. Can the students leaving tomorrow give back their books?
D. Can the students whose leaving tomorrow give back their books?
12. The children were attracted by the show. It was performed by the animals.
A. The children attracted by the show which was performed by the animals.
B. The children were attracted by the show to have been performed by the animals.
C. The show performing by the animals attracted the children.
D. The children were attracted by the show performed by the animals.
13. The tree should be cut down. Its branches are dead.
A. The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down.
B. The tree its branches are dead should be cut down.
C. The tree where the branches of which are dead should be cut down.
D. A and C are correct.
14.. Tell me the countries. People drive on the left there.
A. Tell me the countries which people drive on the left there.
B. Tell me the countries where people drive on the left there.
C. Tell me the countries that people drive on the left there.
D. Tell me the countries when people drive on the left there.
15. The man is my uncle. He is talking to Mr Brown.
A.The man talking to Mr Brown is my uncle.
B.The man is talking to Mr Brown is my uncle.
C.The man talks to Mr Brown is my uncle.
D.The man talked to Mr Brown is my uncle.
16. The road which joins the two villages is very narrow.
A.The road joins the two villages is very narrow.
B.The road joining the two villages is very narrow.
C.The road joined the two villages is very narrow.
D.The road is joining the two villages is very narrow.
17. The man_________ part in the robbery refused to give any information.
A. took B. taking C. to take D. who take
18. The travel agent gave me a brochure _______ all the needed information.
A. contains B.to contain C.containing D.which contain
19.I read `The Old Man and the Sea ’, ________written by Ernest Hemingway.
A. a novel B. that is a novel C. which D. which has
20 Who is it_________is waiting at the gate?
A. whom B. he C. which D. that