ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

A/ Lý thuyết
Đại từ quan hệ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ

Who Là m chủ ngữ , đạ i diện ngô i ngườ i This is a girl who eats bing chilling

Là m chủ ngữ hoặ c tâ n ngữ , đạ i diện ngô i đồ The table which is red has 4 legs
which vậ t, độ ng vậ t
Bổ sung cho cả câ u đứ ng trướ c nó

whose Chỉ sở hữ u cho ngườ i và vậ t The man whose shoes are black is old

The woman whom I met yesterday is

whom Đạ i diện cho tâ n ngữ chỉ ngườ i
our new teacher

Đạ i diện cho chủ ngữ chỉ ngườ i, vậ t, đặ c biệt She and her diamonds that people are
That trong mệnh đề quan hệ xá c định (who, which looking at are sparkling
vẫ n có thê sử dụ ng đượ c)

(***) Ngoà i ra ta cò n có thể sử dụ ng mộ t số trạ ng từ quan hệ sau:

1. When = in/on/at + Which (Thay thế từ chỉ thờ i gian, thườ ng là “then”)
December, which Christmas is celebrated in, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.
=> December, when Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.
2. Where = in/on/at + Which (Thay thế cho từ chỉ nơi chố n, thườ ng là “there”)
City Park, which we used to go to, has been closed down.
=> City Park, where we used to go, has been closed down..
3. Why = for the reasons (Chỉ nguyên nhâ n)
Ví dụ : I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.

II. Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ

a. Mệnh đề xác định
- Là mệnh đề đượ c dù ng để xá c định danh từ đứ ng trướ c nó , cầ n thiết cho ý nghĩa củ a câ u, khô ng có
nó câ u sẽ khô ng đủ nghĩa. Tấ t cả cá c đạ i từ quan hệ đượ c sử dụ ng trong mệnh đề xá c định.
E.g: Do you know the name of the man who came here yesterday. (“the man” ở đâ y là ngườ i đà n ô ng
nà o thì mình chưa biết => cầ n mệnh đề who bổ trợ nghĩa)
=> Mệnh đề xá c định khô ng có dấ u phẩ y
b. Mệnh đề không xác định
- Là mệnh đề cung cấ p thêm thô ng tin về ngườ i hoặ c vậ t, khô ng có nó thì câ u vẫ n đủ nghĩa.
E.g: Miss Hoa, who taught me English, has just got married (có tên cô Hoa => đã biết là ai => mệnh đề
who chỉ bổ trợ thêm thô ng tin, nếu khô ng có mệnh đề who ta vẫ n hoà n toà n hiểu nghĩa)
=> Mệnh đề khô ng xá c định có dấ u phẩ y

Để có thể xá c định đượ c loạ i mệnh đề quan hệ, bạ n hã y chú ý đến danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa. Đố i
vớ i Non-defining relative clauses, danh từ đượ c bổ nghĩa trong mệnh đề thườ ng là :

 Danh từ riêng
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  Tính từ sở hữ u (my, his, her, their)
 Danh từ đi vớ i this , that, these, those

Một số lưu ý khi dùng mệnh đề quan hệ 

Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới Ví dụ : 
từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with
(chỉ áp dụng với whom và which). him last year.
→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is
a nice teacher.
→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is
a nice teacher.
Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng Ví dụ : She can’t come to my birthday party,
trước. which makes me sad.
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có Ví dụ : 
thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ như whom, which. The girl you met yesterday is my close friend.
(trong defining clause) The book you lent me was very interesting.
Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng: Ví dụ : I have two sisters, both of whom are
some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, students. She tried on three dresses, none of
none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which fitted her.
which và whose.

B/ BÀI TẬP
Clarify defining & non-defining clause

1.Situation: I have two brothers.

 A. My brother who lives in Tokyo usually visits home at Tet.

 B. My brother, who lives in Tokyo, usually visits home at Tet.

2.Situation: I have a sister.

 A. My sister who works in Hanoi is getting married next week.

 B. My sister, who works in Hanoi, is getting married next week.

3.Situation: Brian's mother has broken her leg.

 A. Brian's mother who is 60 now has broken her leg.

 B. Brian's mother, who is 60 now, has broken her leg.

4.Situation: Susan is a dress fanatic.

 A. The dress that she bought yesterday is beautiful.

 B. The dress, which she bought yesterday, is beautiful.

5.Situation: Lan has two cats. They are both brown.

 A. Lan's two cats which hate bathing are brown.

 B. Lan's two cats, which hate bathing, are brown.

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.

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 1. She is talking about the author book is one of the best-sellers this year.
A. which B. whose C. that D. who
2. He bought all the books are needed for the next exam.
A. that B.what C. those D. who
3. The children parents are famous teachers, are taught well.
A. that B. whom C. whose D. their
4. Do you know the boy we met at the party last week?
A. which B. whose C. where D. whom
5. The exercises which we are doing very easy.
A. is B. has been C. are D. was
6. Was Neil Armstrong the fisrt person set foot on the moon?
A. when B. which C. who D. whom
7. This is the village in my family and I have lived for over 20 years.
A. which B. that C. whom D. where
8. My mother, everyone admires, is a famous teacher.
A. where B. whom C. which D. whose
9. The old building is in front of my house fell down
A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom

Exercise 2: Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

1. I This is the bank was robbed yesterday.
2. A boy brother is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man robbed the bank is my old friend.
4. He wore a mask made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend waited outside in the car.
6. The woman gave him the money was young.
7. The bag contained the money was yeilow.
8. The people were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10. A woman daughter was crying tried to calm her.

Exercise 3: Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence using relative pronouns in the
brackets.
1. We want to visit a temple. 11 opens at 7.00. (that)
→ The temple
2. A boy s bike was taken. He went to the police station. (whose)
→ The boy
3 A friend met me at the airport. He carried my suitcase. (who)
→ The friend
4. Nam cooked a meal. It was delicious. (that)
→The meal
5. The friend is staying with me. She comes from Vietnam. (who)
→ The friend

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 6. I found man’s wallet. He gave me a reward. (whose)
→ The man
7. I go to the shop in the centre. It is cheaper. (that)
→ The shop in the centre
8. I went to a girl’s party. She phoned me. (whose)
→ The girl

Exercise 4. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who,
where, when, why, or which.

Here is the beach__________ is the safest for swimmers.

Mr. Bike will buy the house_________ is opposite to my house.

I’ve ever read the book__________ Huong gave me yesterday.

The man__________ I saw last weekend said something totally different.

The town__________ we are living is noisy and crowded.

Sunday is the day__________ we usually go fishing on.

Sunday is the day__________ we usually go fishing.

The boy__________ sister is in my class can speak Japanese and Korean languages.

The dictionary___________ is on the table belongs to Long.

He wore a hat__________ made him look like a cowboy.

The year__________ we came to live here was 1975.

I wish to see the factory__________ your father used to work.

Mr. David, __________ son studies with us, has never been to Vietnam.

A bricklayer is a person __________ builds houses.

We’re going to London, __________ is famous for Big Ben.

This house, __________ Pele used to live, is being made into a museum.

That’s the house__________ I was born in.

The student__________ did this exercise might be very intelligent.

Peter couldn’t come to the party last night, __________ was really a pity.

Ly Duc,__________ won 2 gold medals at the Games, comes from Vietnam.

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Exercise 5. Fill in each gap with a suitable relative pronoun: which, that, whose, whom, who,
where, when, why, or which.

Stop him. He’s the man__________ stole my wallet.

Mr. David, _________comes from England, has never been to Vietnam.

I’m staying with the boy__________ brother looks very handsome.

He talked about the books and writers__________ made us bored.

The city__________ I lived as a child has been pulled down now.

Henry, ________ you’ll meet tomorrow, is also a member of the board.

Can you answer the questions__________ I ask you?

The lady__________ son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school.

The woman__________ book I borrowed is very generous.

He is the only friend__________ I like.

He can’t swim, __________ makes me surprised.

We are visiting Ha Long, __________ is in the north of Viet Nam.

This is the place__________ the battle took place 40 years ago.

The town__________ we are living in is noisy.

They have invented a television set__________ is small as a watch.

We visited children__________ parents are dead.

I’m talking about Tom, __________ is really friendly.

I’ll never forget the day__________ I first met her.

This is the hotel__________ we stayed last summer.

Tell me the reason__________ you have cancelled the tour.

Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences using relative clause

1. Most of the people speak German. They live in Australia.

→
2. This bus isn't running today. It goes to Hung Yen.
→
3. I don't like the man. He is going out with my sister.
→
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 4. Michelangelo is one of Italy's greatest artists. He lived until he was 90.
→
5. Mary was staying with her friend. He has a big house in Scotland.
→
6. The person asked me some very difficult questions. He interviewed me.
→
7. Charlie Chaplin became a very rich man. He was from a poor family.
→
8. That bike was too expensive. He wanted to buy it.
→

Exercise 7. Rewrite the sentences using relative clause

1. France is the country. The best wine is produced there.
..................................................................................................................................................................
2.1945 was the year. The Second World War ended then
..................................................................................................................................................................
3. That's the hotel. I stayed there last summer.
..................................................................................................................................................................
4. July is the month. Most people often go on holiday then.
..................................................................................................................................................................
5. The books are very interesting. They were bought long ago.
..................................................................................................................................................................
6. My uncle bought a boat. The boat costs thirty thousand dollars.
..................................................................................................................................................................
8. He often tells me about his village. He was born in that place.
..................................................................................................................................................................
9. The man is our English teacher. He comes from Australia.
..................................................................................................................................................................
10. I found a man's wallet. He gave me a reward.
..................................................................................................................................................................
11. This is the book. I'm looking for it.
..................................................................................................................................................................
12. The lady gave me good advice. I spoke to her an hour ago.
..................................................................................................................................................................
13. Who was the last person who saw the young man alive? (TO SEE)
..................................................................................................................................................................
14. Sai Gon Times was the only newspaper which appeared that day. (TO APPEAR)
.................................................................................................................................................................
15. This is the second person who was killed in that way. (BE)
..................................................................................................................................................................

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Exercise 8. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding
sentence.

1. Mr. Pike, __________ is our boss ,has just come back from Paris.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
2. The botanists are examining the plants__________ were brought from Africa.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
3. Do you know the hotel__________?
A. at which she is staying B. where she is staying
C. she is staying at D. all are correct
4. That is the new teacher about__________ the students are talking.
A. that B. who C. whose D. whom
5. This subject__________ going to discuss, is very important.
A. which we are B. which are we
C. that we are D. A and C are correct
6. The scientist__________ invention was a success became famous.
A. who B. whose C. which D. that
7. I knew some people__________.
A. who could help you B. whom could help you
C. whose help could you D. could help you
8. That is the dress__________.
A. which made by Mary B. which making by Mary
C. was made by Mary D. made by Mary
9. The bicycle__________ is very modern.
A. I told you about which B. which about I told you
C. about I told you which D. about which I told you
10. Many diseases__________ are no longer dangerous today.
A. why people died of year ago B. which people died years ago
C. of that people died years ago D. that people died of years ago
11. Have you made a decision on the day__________?
A. which you will set off B. when you will set off
B. at which you will set off D. where you will set off
12. The road__________ is shaded with trees.
A. on which we go to school every day C. from which we go to school every day

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 B. at which we go to school every day D. where we go to school every day
13. I’m standing at the window__________.

A. in which I can see the lake B. where I can see the lake

C. at which I can see the lake D. from which I can see the lake

14. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop__________.

A. when you can find valuable old books
B. why you can find valuable old books
C. where you can find valuable old books
D. which you can find valuable old book
Exercise 9: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the following
sentences that needs correcting:

We will go to see the film “Titanic” if the weather is fine or not.

Had he planned on going, he will have let us know.

If you hadn’t left the car unlocked, it wouldn’t have be stolen.

On the way home, we saw a lot of men, women, and dogs which were playing in the park

Both Mr. and Mrs. Smith are explaining the children the rules of the game.

You can enjoy a sport without joining in a club or belonging to a team.

Unlike many writings of her time, she was not preoccupied (bậ n tâ m) with morality.

The man whom remained in the office was the manager.

This novel, which written by a well-known writer, should be read.

My friend George, that arrived late, was not permitted to enter the class.

III. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

Vớ i cá c mệnh đề quan hệ rú t gọ n, bạ n nên sử dụ ng cấ u trú c nà y như thế nà o?

1.Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).

Ví dụ : 

The man who is standing over there is my father → The man standing over there is my father.

The couple who live next door to me are professors → The couple living next door to me are
professors.

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2.Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).

Ví dụ : 

The instructions that are given on the front page are very important → The instructions given on the
front page are very important.

The book which was bought by my mother is interesting → The book bought by my mother is
interesting.

3. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu

Mệnh đề quan hệ đượ c rú t thà nh cụ m độ ng từ nguyên mẫ u (To-infinitive) khi trướ c đạ i từ quan hệ có
cá c cụ m từ : the first, the second, the last, the only hoặ c hình thứ c so sá nh bậ c nhấ t.

Ví dụ :

John was the last person that got the news → John was the last person to get the news.

He was the best player that we admire →   He was the best player to be admired.

He was the second man who was killed in this way →   He was the second man to be killed in this way.
 
BÀI LUYỆN TẬP

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Exercise 1 - Rewrite the sentences, where possible replacing the underlined relative clauses
with their shortest possible forms. Enter them into the boxes, as in the example.

0. The people who are crossing the street are trying to get a better view.

The people crossing the street are trying to get a better view.

1. The woman who is talking to your mother is my aunt.

2. The man who is standing by the window is my uncle.

3. All those who do not need to buy tickets please go straight in.

4. The first vineyard which I ever saw was in Germany.

5. Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, is one of the great internet successes.

6. Animals which share the savannah include wildebeest and gazelles.

7. All the candidates who were selected were given a second interview.

8. All those who passed the test were given a second interview.

9. LOL, which stands for Laughing Out Loud, is now in the OED.

10. The bouquet was made from flowers which were grown locally.

11. This the man who I was talking to you about.

12. The man who won yesterday's lottery lives next door.

13. Ocean is the first class which has My meomeo, Baovangloi, Tulau, Nhihihi,
Thaothothe, Nguyen Ngongac, Anh tuvung, Mai hocbai, Chau chấ u, Huy
phaingoan

- THE END -

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