Problem 133

A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in
the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel
burst, sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

Solution:

Part (a)
Tangential stress (longitudinal section):

F=2TF=2T
pDL=2(σttL)pDL=2(σttL)
σt=pD2t=4.5(400)2(20)σt=pD2t=4.5(400)2(20)
σt=45MPaσt=45MPa answer

Longitudinal Stress (transverse section):

F=PF=P
14πD2p=σl(πDt)14πD2p=σl(πDt)
σl=pD4t=4.5(400)4(20)σl=pD4t=4.5(400)4(20)
σl=22.5MPaσl=22.5MPa answer

Part (b)
 From (a), σt=pD2tσt=pD2t and σl=pD4tσl=pD4t thus, σt=2σlσt=2σl, this
shows that tangential stress is the critical.
σt=pD2tσt=pD2t
120=p(400)2(20)120=p(400)2(20)
p=12MPap=12MPa answer

The bursting force will cause a stress in the longitudinal section that is twice to
that of the transverse section. Thus, fracture is expected as shown.

Problem 134
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

Solution:

Total internal pressure:

P=p(14πD2)P=p(14πD2)

Resisting wall:
F=PF=P
σA=p(14πD2)σA=p(14πD2)
σ(πDt)=p(14πD2)σ(πDt)=p(14πD2)
σ=pD4tσ=pD4t
8000=p(4×12)4(516)8000=p(4×12)4(516)
p=208.33psip=208.33psi answer

Problem 135
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a
pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi.

Solution:
The critical stress is the tangential stress
σt=pD2tσt=pD2t
12000=1400(2×12)2t12000=1400(2×12)2t
t=1.4 int=1.4 in answer

Problem 136
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm.
The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the
maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140
MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.

Solution:

Based on circumferential stress (tangential):

ΣFV=0ΣFV=0
F=2TF=2T
p(DL)=2(σtLt)p(DL)=2(σtLt)
σt=pD2tσt=pD2t
60=p(450)2(20)60=p(450)2(20)
p=5.33MPap=5.33MPa

Based on longitudinal stress:

ΣFH=0ΣFH=0
F=PF=P
p(14πD2)=σl(πD)p(14πD2)=σl(πD)
σl=pD4tσl=pD4t
140=p(450)4(20)140=p(450)4(20)
p=24.89MPap=24.89MPa

Use p=5.33MPap=5.33MPa answer

Problem 137
A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are 1/2 in. thick. Find the
maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to
6000 psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.

Solution:

σt=6000psi=6000lb/in2(12in/ft)2σt=6000psi=6000lb/in2(12in/ft)2
σt=864000lb/ft2σt=864000lb/ft2

Assuming pressure distribution to be uniform:

p=γh=62.4hp=γh=62.4h

F=pA=62.4h(Dh)F=pA=62.4h(Dh)
F=62.4(22)h2F=62.4(22)h2
F=1372.8h2F=1372.8h2

T=σtAt=864000(th)T=σtAt=864000(th)
T=864000(12×112)hT=864000(12×112)h
T=36000hT=36000h

ΣF=0ΣF=0
F=2TF=2T
1372.8h2=2(36000h)1372.8h2=2(36000h)
h=52.45fth=52.45ft answer

COMMENT
Given a free surface of water, the actual pressure distribution on the vessel is not
uniform. It varies linearly from zero at the free surface to γh at the bottom (see figure
below). Using this actual pressure distribution, the total hydrostatic pressure is
reduced by 50%. This reduction of force will take our design into critical situation;
giving us a maximum height of 200% more than the h above.

Based on actual pressure distribution:

Total hydrostatic force, F:
FF = volume of pressure diagram
F=12(γh2)D=12(62.4h2)(22)F=12(γh2)D=12(62.4h2)(22)
F=686.4h2F=686.4h2

ΣMA=0ΣMA=0
2T(12h)−F(13h)=02T(12h)−F(13h)=0
T=13FT=13F
σt(ht)=13(686.4h2)σt(ht)=13(686.4h2)
h=3σtt686.4=3(864000)(12×112)686.4h=3σtt686.4=3(8640
00)(12×112)686.4
h=157.34ft

Problem 138
The strength of longitudinal joint in Fig. 1-17 is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the girth is 16
kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal pressure
is 150 psi.

Soltion:

For longitudinal joint (tangential stress):

Consider 1 ft length
F=2TF=2T
pD=2σttpD=2σtt
σt=pD2tσt=pD2t
33000t=21600D2t33000t=21600D2t
D=3.06ft=36.67in.D=3.06ft=36.67in.

For girth joint (longitudinal stress):

F=PF=P
p(14πD2)=σl(πDt)p(14πD2)=σl(πDt)
σl=pD4tσl=pD4t
16000t=21600D4t16000t=21600D4t
D=2.96ft=35.56in.D=2.96ft=35.56in.

Use the smaller diameter, D=35.56in.D=35.56in. answer

Problem 139
Find the limiting peripheral velocity of a rotating steel ring if the allowable stress is 20 ksi
and steel weighs 490 lb/ft3. At what revolutions per minute (rpm) will the stress reach 30 ksi
if the mean radius is 10 in.?

Solution:

Ce
Centrifugal Force, CF:
CF=Mω2x¯CF=Mω2x¯

where:
M=Wg γVg=γπRAqM=Wg γVg=γπRAq
ω=v/Rω=v/R
x¯=2R/πx¯=2R/π

Thus,
CF=γπRAq(vR)2(2Rπ)CF=γπRAq(vR)2(2Rπ)
CF=2γAv2gCF=2γAv2g

2T=CF2T=CF
2γA=2γAv2g2γA=2γAv2g
σ=γv2gσ=γv2g

From the given data:

σ=20ksi=(20000lb/in2)(12in/ft)a2σ=20ksi=(20000lb/in2)(12in/ft)a2
σ=2880000lb/ft2σ=2880000lb/ft2
γ=490lb/ft3γ=490lb/ft3

2880000=490v232.22880000=490v232.2
v=435.04ft/secv=435.04ft/sec answer

When σ=30ksiσ=30ksi, and R=10inR=10in

σ=γv2gσ=γv2g
30000(122)=490v232.230000(122)=490v232.2
v=532.81ft/secv=532.81ft/sec

ω=v/R=532.8110/12ω=v/R=532.8110/12
ω=639.37rad/secω=639.37rad/sec
ω=639.37radsec×1rev2πrad×60sec1minω=639.37radsec×1rev2πrad×60sec1mi
n
ω=6,105.54rpmω=6,105.54rpm answer

Problem 140
At what angular velocity will the stress of the rotating steel ring equal 150 MPa if its mean
radius is 220 mm? The density of steel 7.85 Mg/m3.

Solution:

CF=Mω2x¯
CF=Mω2x¯CF=Mω2x¯

Where:
M=ρV=ρAπRM=ρV=ρAπR
x=2R/πx=2R/π

Thus,
CF=ρAπRω2(2R/π)CF=ρAπRω2(2R/π)
CF=2ρAR2ω2CF=2ρAR2ω2

2T=CF2T=CF
2σA=2ρAR2ω22σA=2ρAR2ω2
σ=ρR2ω2σ=ρR2ω2

From the given (Note: 1 N = 1 kg·m/sec2):

σ=150MPaσ=150MPa
σ=150000000kg⋅m/sec2⋅m2σ=150000000kg⋅m/sec2⋅m2
σ=150000000kg/m⋅sec2σ=150000000kg/m⋅sec2
ρ=7.85Mg/m3=7850kg/m3ρ=7.85Mg/m3=7850kg/m3
R=220mm=0.22mR=220mm=0.22m

Therefore,
150000000=7850(0.22)2ω2150000000=7850(0.22)2ω2
ω=628.33rad/secω=628.33rad/sec answer