SHEARING FORCE AND BENDING

MOMENT

 DEADLINES:
 Assignment 1 issue: 20th October 2020
 Assignment 1 submission : 24th November
2020
 Assignment 2 issue: 15th December 2020
 Assignment 2 submission : 12th January 2021
 Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey (o.mumuni-timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)
 Mechanical Principles
• Learning Outcomes By the end of this unit students will
be able to:
• 1. Identify solutions to problems within static mechanical
systems.
• 2. Illustrate the effects that constraints have on the
performance of a dynamic mechanical system.
• 3. Investigate elements of simple mechanical power
transmission systems.
• 4. Analyse natural and damped vibrations within
translational and rotational mass-spring systems.
 Topic :Uniformly distributed load /Loaded
component
• Revision of Beams
• Session Aims: Be able to determine the effects of loading in
static engineering systems
• Objectives - learners will be able to:

• Solve problems of support reactions for simply supported

beams carrying concentrated and uniformly distributed
loads
• Define direct stress and strain, elastic behaviour and
modulus of elasticity
• Solve problems on engineering components subject to
direct loading (stress and strain)
• Beams are used in engineering as support for loaded systems
• Examples:
• rectangular section and I-section beams that are used to
support brickwork above windows and doors,
• Rail tracks, Bridge decking supports beams etc.
• Is simply a force that produces a turning effect.
• When using a spanner to tighten a nut, a force tends
to turn the nut in a clockwise direction.
• This turning effect is called the moment of a force or
just moment
the moment M of a force
acting about a point P is
between the line of
action of the force and P i.e.
M=F×d

Where M is the moment in Newtons-metres, F is the force in Newtons and d is the

distance in metres.
• Work example1
• A force of 15 N is applied to a spanner at an effective length of 140 mm
from the centre of a nut. Calculate:
a. The moment of the force applied to the nut,
b. The magnitude of the force required to produce the same moment if the
effective length is reduced to 100 mm.

From the above, M = F x d,

•Turning moment,

M = 15 N x 140 mm = 2100 N
•Turing moment, M is 2100 N mm and
mm
the effective length d becomes 100 mm
= 2100 N mm x 1 mm
Applying M=Fxd
1000 mm
gives : 2100 N mm = F x 100 mm
= 2.1 N m
from which force, F = 2100 N mm
100 mm
21 N
Time for short class exercise
 Equilibrium and the principles of moments
• A beam is said to be in equilibrium when there is no tendency for it to move
• Conditions of static equilibrium:

•Upwards forces = downwards forces •The sum of the CWM about any point = the sum of the ACWM at
any point

•The algebraic sum of the moments is equal to zero, that is ∑

CWM –∑AWM = 0

Rp =F1 + F2

What happens when one person moves

closer to the fulcrum or pivot?

Clearly, the see-saw will tip down at the green end. The reason for this is
that the turning effect of the force is dependant on the distance of the
force from the pivot
Work example
A system of forces is as shown
•If the system is in equilibrium find the distance d
•If the point of application of 5 N force is moved to point P, distance 200 mm from the
support, and the 5 N force is replaced by an unknown force F, find the value of F for
the system to be in equilibrium.
 Recap from previous week
Two very basic principles:

 Principles of moment

Conditions of static equilibrium

Example : Determine the reaction supports A and B, take
P1 = 5.0 KN
P2 = 10.O KN
P3 = 6 .0 KN
 Uniformly distributed loads
• Uniformly distributed loads (UDL) appears as snow loads,
self –weight of the beam, uniform pressure loads, and so
on.

• In all cases they are assumed to spread uniformly over

the length of the beam in which they are apply.
Uniformly distributed loads (UDL)
Determine the magnitude of the reaction A and B. Uniform distributed load w1 =
2 KN/m
Determine the magnitude of the reaction A and B. Uniform distributed load w1 =
2.5 KN/m
 LOADED COMPONENTS
• We would be considering engineering components and
materials that are subjected to loads.
LOADED COMPONENTS
Components are subject to tensile and compressive loads in engineering
structures

Tensile load

compressive load

Stress
If a solid such as a metal bar is subjected to an external force, a resisting
force is set up within the bar and the material is said to be in a state of
stress.
 Two basic types of stress
• Tensile Stress
• the nature of a tensile force is shown as a force applied to a sample
of material so as to elongate or pull apart the sample.
• In this case, the stress is defined as

A tensile force makes the body

longer
Where F = applied force in N
A = cross-sectional area of the
sample in m2
we see that the units of stress are
N/m2 in the SI units
• Compressive Stress
• The only differences between compression and
tensile stress are the direction of the applied force
and the polarity of the change in length.
• Thus, in a compressive stress, the force presses in
on the sample, as shown .

The compressive stress is defined as

 Strain
 A material that is altered in shape due to the action of force acting on it is
said to be strained.

 This means that a body is strained internally even though there may be a
little measurable difference in its dimensions

1. Direct Tensile Strain – resulting from an

axial tensile load being applied
The strain in this case is defined as the
fractional change in length of the sample:

Where ∆l = change in length in m

l = original length in m
 Strain
 Compressive Strain- resulting from an axial compressive load being applied

The resulting strain is also

defined as the fractional
change in length, but the
sample will now decrease in
length.
• Worked Example
• A rectangular steel bar 10 mm x 16 mm x 200 mm long extended by 0.12
mm under a tensile force of 20 KN. Find
• the stress
• the strain
• A tube of a diameter 40 mm is subjected to a load
of 60 KN. Determine the stress in the tube.
 Hooke’s Law and Modulus of Elasticity

• Elasticity – a material is said to be elastic if after being deformed

by a load is returns to its original shape when unloaded
• Hooke’s Law: States that within elastic limit of a material the
change in shape in directly proportional to the applied force
producing it, in orderwards stress is directly proportional to
strain within the limit of proportionality

A good example of application of Hooke’s law is the spring

When the spring is stretched by a distance x to the right, the spring pulls to the
left.
Modulus of Elasticity or Young Modulus
Within the limit of proportionality, stress
directly proportional to (α)
strain, hence
Stress = (a constant) x strain

So that stress/strain = a constant E =

Modulus of Elasticity,

this constant of proportionality will depend

on the material.

E = STRESS
STRAIN
 Shear Stress

Figure a below , shows the

nature of the shear stress.

In this case, the force is applied as

a couple (that is, not along the
same line), tending to shear off the
solid object that separates the force
arms.

In this case, the stress is again

 Shear Strain
Shear Strain –resulting from equal
and opposite cutting forces being
applied

The strain in this case is the

fractional change in dimension of
the sheared member.

This is shown in the cross-sectional

view of Figure b.

where ∆x = deformation in m (as shown in Figure b)

l = width of a sample in m
 Modulus of Rigidity
The relationship between shear stress (τ) and
shear strain (γ) is known as modulus of Rigidity
(G)

Modulus of Rigidity G = Shear stress τ/γ GN/m²

/ Shear strain
 ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS
If a material is sheared beyond a certain limit it
becomes permanently distorted and does not
spring all the way back to its original shape. The
elastic limit has been exceeded.
If the material is stressed to the limit so that it parts
into two (e.g. a guillotine or punch), the ultimate
limit has been reached.
The ultimate shear stress is and this value is used to
calculate the force needed by shears and punches.
 Ultimate Stress

 The ultimate stress is the nominal maximum stress which occurs in a

material before eventual failure.
 When we are designing engineering structures and components the
maximum stress we permit is considerably lower than the ultimate
stress and is called the working stress or maximum permissible stress

P is the limit of proportionality, where the

linear relationship between stress and strain
finishes.
E is the elastic limit. Below the elastic limit,
the wire will return to its original shape.
Y is the yield point, where plastic deformation
begins. A large increase in strain is seen for a
small increase in stress.
UTS is the ultimate tensile stress, the
maximum stress that is applied to a wire without
its snapping. It is sometimes called the breaking
stress. Notice that beyond the UTS, the force
required to snap the wire is less.
S is the point where the wire snaps.
stress-strain graphs of materials that show other properties.

Curve A shows a brittle material. This

material is also strong because there is little
strain for a high stress.

Curve B is a strong material which is

not ductile. Steel wires stretch very
little, and break suddenly.

Curve C is a ductile material

Curve D is a plastic material. Notice a

very large strain for a small stress. The
material will not go back to its original
length.
 Factor of Safety
 Engineering components ,structures and materials need to designed to
cope with all normal working stress, factor of safety is used to in
these materials to give a margin of safety and take account of a
certain factor of ignorance.

 Factor of safety is define as the ratio of the ultimate tensile stress

to that of working stress

Factor of safety = Ultimate tensile stress

Working stress

Working stress = Ultimate tensile stress

Factor of safety