SHEARING FORCE AND BENDING

MOMENT

 DEADLINES:
 Assignment 1 issue: 20th October 2020
 Assignment 1 submission : 24th November
2020
 Assignment 2 issue: 15th December 2020
 Assignment 2 submission : 12th January 2021
 Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey (o.mumuni-timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)
Session Aims: Be able to determine the distribution of
shear force and bending moment for a simply supported
beam and cantilevers
Objectives –
Define shear force and bending moment and explain
sign conventions
Demonstrate calculation and diagrammatic distribution
of shear force and bending moment for simple
cantilevers and simply supported beams carrying
concentrated loads
Shearing Force and Bending Moment
Engineering structures
Bending of beams
 Types of forces

Tensile

Compressive

Shear

State the types

of forces acting,
labelled A to F.

Crane Transmission joint

 Bending of beams
 When designing beams to carry given loads, one have to
make sure that the maximum allowable stresses will not be
exceeded.
 As you can be seen in the cantilever in Figure 1(a), the
load F has a shearing effect and thus sets up shear stress
at section Y—Y.

The load also has a bending effect and at any section Y—Y,
this produces tensile stress in the upper layers of the beam
and compressive stress in the lower layers.
 Bending of beams

•There is a layer called the neutral layer or neutral axis

somewhere inside a beam. Although this becomes bent, like all
the other layers, it is in neither tension nor compression and there
is no tensile or compressive stress present.
•For elastic materials which have the same modulus of elasticity in
tension and compression, the neutral axis is located at the
centroid of the cross-section.
 What is shear force?
The shear force at a section of a beam is the force that shears off the
section and is obtained as the algebraic sum of all forces including the
reactions acting normal to the axis of the beam either to the left or right
of the beam.

Consider the shear force in a section x metres from the end

as shown.

Only consider the forces to the left of the section.

DEFINITION: The shear force is the sum of all the force acting to the left of
the section.
Example 1
Calculate the reaction
forces and produce a RA
shear force diagram

Ra Rb
Solution
First finding the support reactions:
Clockwise Moment = Anticlockwise
Taking moment about Ra. Finding the shear force values
SF from A to B = 9.2
(8 x 3) + (6 x 7) + (4 x 10) = Rb x 12
106 = Rb SF from B to C = 9.2 - 8 = 1.2 kN
12
Rb = 8.8 kN SF from C to D = 1.2 - 6 = - 4.8 kN

Downwards forces = upwards force SF from D to E = - 4.8 - 4 = -8.8 kN

8+6+4 = 8.8 + Ra Maximum shear force = +9.2 kN

Now draw the shear force diagram
Ra = 9.2 kN
To include more examples on SFD &
BDM with UDL
Class exercise

Calculate the reaction

forces and produce a shear
force diagram
 Exercises
Draw the shear force diagrams
1 2

3 4

5
6
what is a Bending Moment?
A moment is rotational force that occurs when a force is applied perpendicularly to
a point at a given distance away from that point.
force

It is calculated as the perpendicular force multiplied by the distance from the point.

A Bending Moment is simply the bend that occurs in a beam due to a moment.
remember two things when calculating bending moments;
(1) the standard units are Nm and sign convention

If the forces act up then they will produce

a clockwise turning moment and bend the
beam up on the left.
This is called SAGGING and the bending
moment is positive.
If the force on the left is down, the moment
produced about the point is anti-clockwise
and the beam is bent down.
This is called HOGGING and the bending
moment is negative.
To work out the bending moment at any point, cover (eg. with a piece of paper)
everything to the right of that point, and take moments about that point. ( take
clockwise moments to be positive).

working out the bending moment at point C:

 6kN 8kN 4kN
Example1.
Plot the shear force and bending moment distribution
diagrams for the simply supported beam shown and state A B C D E
the magnitude, nature and position of the maximum
values of shear force and bending moment. 1m 1m 1.5m 1m
RA RE
I. Find the support Reactions:
(RA x 4.5) – (6 x 3.5 ) – (8 x 2.5 ) – (4 x 1 ) = 0 10kN
4.5 RA – 21 – 20 – 4 = 0
RA = 45 / 4.5 = 10kN 4kN
RE = 6 + 8 +4 - 10 = 8kN
2. Find the Shear force: 0 0
SF from A to B = +10kN
SF from B to C = +4kN
-4kN
SF from C to D = -4kN
SF from D to E = -8kN Shear force diagram
-8kN
14kN
Maximum Shear force = +10kN between A and B
10kN
3. Find the Bending Moment values:
BM at A = 0 8kN
BM at B = +(10 x 1) = +10kNm
BM at C = +(10 x 2) - (6 x 1) = + 14kNm
BM at D = +(10 x 3.5) - (6 x 2.5) – (8 x 1.5) = + 8kNm
0 0
BM at E = 0
Maximum bending moment = -14kNm at C Bending moments diagram
Example3. 6kN 10kN
Plot the shear force and bending moment distribution B C D
A
diagrams for the simply supported beam shown and state 1m 1m 1m
the magnitude, nature and position of the maximum values RB RD
of shear force and bending moment.

I. Find the support Reactions: 8kN

(RB x 2) – (6 x 3 ) – (10 x 1 ) = 0
2 RB – 18 – 10 = 0
RB = 18 + 10 / 2 = 14kN
0
RD = 6 + 10 - 14 = 2kN 0
-2kN
2. Find the Shear force: -6kN
SF from A to B = -6kN Shear force diagram
SF from B to C = -6 + 14 = +8kN
SF from C to D = -6 + 14 – 10 = -2kN
+2kN
Maximum Shear force = +8kN between B and C
0 0
3. Find the Bending Moment values:
BM at A = 0
BM at B = -(6 x 1) = -6kNm
BM at C = -(6 x 2) + (14 x 1) = + 2kNm -6kN
BM at D = 0

Maximum bending moment = -6kNm at B

Calculate the reactions R1 and R2
Draw the bending moment diagram
Take moments about R2
𝑅1 × 4 − 80 × 4 × 2 − 200 × 4 − 1 = 0 A B
C
𝑅1 = 310𝑁
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 200 + 80 × 4
270 Nm
𝑅2 = 200 + 320 − 310 = 210𝑁

BM at A = 0 x 0 0
𝑥
BM A-B = (310x) – (80 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ )
2
= 310 − 40𝑥 2
𝑥 = 1, 𝐵𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 310 − 40 = 270 𝑁
x
𝑥2
BM B-C = 310x – 80 ∙ − 200(𝑥 − 1)
2
𝑥 = 4, 𝐵𝑀 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 310 4 − 640 − 600 = 0 𝑁
Class execise
Plot the shear force and bending moment distribution diagrams for the cantilever
shown and state the magnitude and position of the maximum values of shear force
and bending moment. The presence of the UDL produces a gradually increasing
shear force between the concentrated loads
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Example2.
Plot the shear force and bending moment 5kN 3kN
distribution diagrams for the simple cantilever A B C
beam shown and state the magnitude, nature
and position of the maximum values of shear
force and bending moment.

0 0
Shear force from A to B = -5kN,
Shear force from B to C = -5kN -3kN = -8kN
-5kN
Maximum shear force = 8kN between B and C
-8kN
Bending Moment at A=0 Shear Force Diagram
Bending Moment at B=-(5x1) = -5kNm
Bending Moment at C=-(5x3)-(3x2) = -21kNm
Maximum bending moment = -21kNm at C -5kN

The shear force is negative over the whole length of

the cantilever because there is a downward breaking Bending moment Diagram
force to the left of any section i.e. Negative shear.
-21kN

The bending moment is always zero at the free end of a simple cantilever and negative
over the remainder of its length.
 Exercises
Draw the bending moment diagrams
1 2

3 4

5 200kN 50kN
10kN/m

6
5m 3m
11m
Also draw the shear force diagram
 A B C D 10𝑅𝐴 − 25 7.5 − 50 2.5 = 0
10𝑅𝐴 − 187.5 − 125 = 0
RA RB 10𝑅𝐴 = 312.5
109.375 kNm 𝑅𝐴 = 31.25𝑘𝑁

𝐵𝑀 @ 𝐴 = 0
𝐵𝑀 @ 𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 2.5
= 31.25 2.5
= 78.125 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝐵𝑀 @ 𝐶 = 𝑅𝐴 7.5 − 25 5
= 31.25 7.5 − 125
= 109.375 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝐵𝑀 @ 𝐷 = 0
 3
6𝑅1 − 10 3 − 200 3 =0
2
30 + 600
𝑅1 = = 105 𝑘𝑁
6
𝐵𝑀 @ 𝐵 = 105 3 = 315𝑘𝑁𝑚
200𝑥 2
𝐵𝑀 @ 𝑥 = 105𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 3 −
2
= 105𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 3 − 100𝑥 2
Types of support

Simply Support
R
Rollers

Hinged Rx
Ry

Cantilever M
Build-in and free
Rx
Ry
M
Propped Cantilever Rx R2
Ry
Remember:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 × 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
The bending equation

Z also known as section modulus

 The Bending stress distribution can be plotted across
the section of the beam.
x
The bending stress at a point y
y distance from the neutral N A
axis N-A is given by:
x
𝑀𝑦 Section x-x
𝜎=
𝐼
At section x-x, the moment is a constant given by M
The area moment, I, is of the section x-x, which is also a
constant for the given section.
Therefore the bending stress is only dependent on y and
this gives a linear distribution
y
N A

Section x-x
100
 Young’s Modulus

576 × 10−6 𝑚3
From Data sheet
576 × 10−6 = 201.6𝐾𝑁m
 k

0.2m

6. Refer to Exercise B, Q5. The beam has an “I”-section with

dimensions shown below. Using the results calculated 0.2m 1m
previously, plot the distribution of stress across the cross-
section at the point of maximum moment on the beam.
0.5m
6. The simply supported beam shown has a UDL of 10kN/m and 2 point loads of
200kN and 50kN at the specified locations.

a) Plot the Shear Force diagram. Indicate important values on your plot.
b) Plot the Bending Moment diagram. Indicate important values on your plot.
c) The beam has an “I” cross section with dimensions shown. Calculate the
Maximum bending stress and plot the distribution of the bending stress across
the “I” section. Indicate important values on your plot

7. The beam shown below is simply supported at its ends and carries two loads
along its span. The maximum stress on the beam must not exceed 200MPa

a) Calculate the maximum bending moment

b) Determine the elastic modulus
c) From the given table for Universal Beams, select an appropriate ‘I’ section.
 𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= = 𝑀 = 3 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝐼 = 5 . 10−3 𝑚4 𝐸 = 200 . 109 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
𝐸𝐼 200 . 109 . 5 . 10−3
𝑅= = = 0.3333 . 106 𝑚 = 333.3 𝑘𝑚
𝑀 3000

𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= = 𝑀 = 3 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝐼 = 5 . 10−3 𝑚4 𝐸 = 200 . 109 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
𝑦 = 0.06𝑚

𝑀𝑦 3000 . 0.06 3 𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎= = = 36 . 10
𝐼 5 . 10−3
 𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= = 𝑀 = 8 𝑁𝑚 𝐼 = 8000 𝑚𝑚4 𝑅 = 300𝑚
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
𝑀𝑅 8 . 300
𝐸= = × 1012 = 300 . 109 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐼 8000

209500 4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 209500 𝑐𝑚4 = 𝑚 = 2.095 . 10 −3 𝑚4
108
𝑀 = 500 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝑦 500 . 103 . 0.3179
𝜎= = = 75.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐷 = 635.8𝑚𝑚 𝐼 2.095 . 10−3
𝐷 𝐸𝐼 200 . 109 . 2.095 . 10−3
𝑦 = = 317.9𝑚𝑚 = 0.3179𝑚 𝑅= = = 838𝑚
2 𝑀 500 . 103
7. The beam shown below is simply supported at its ends and carries two loads
along its span. The maximum stress on the beam must not exceed 200MPa
a) Calculate the maximum bending moment
b) Determine the elastic modulus A D
c) From the given table for Universal Beams, B C
select an appropriate ‘I’ section.
Take moments about D 109.375kNm
𝑅𝐴 10 − 25 7.5 − 50 2.5 = 0
25 7.5 + 50 2.5
𝑅𝐴 = = 31.25𝑘𝑁 Bending Moment Diagram
10
𝑅𝐷 = 25 + 50 − 31.25 = 43.75𝑘𝑁
From table, the nearest one is
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 2.5 = 78.125𝑘𝑁𝑚
305x165x40
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑅𝐴 7.5 − 25 5 = 109.375𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 109.375𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐼 𝑀 109.375 . 103 −6 𝑚3
𝑧= = = = 546.9 . 10
𝑦 𝜎 200 . 106
= 546.9 𝑐𝑚3
End