About DNV

The DNV Group - We are a global classification, certification,

technical assurance and advisory company

We are the independent expert in assurance and risk management. Driven

by our purpose, to safeguard life, property and the environment, we
empower our customers and their stakeholders with facts and reliable
insights so that critical decisions can be made with confidence. As a trusted
voice for many of the world’s most successful organizations, we use our
knowledge to advance safety and performance, set industry benchmarks,
and inspire and invent solutions to tackle global transformations.

We are the world’s leading classification society and a recognized advisor for
the maritime industry. We deliver world-renowned testing, certification and
technical advisory services to the energy value chain including renewables,
oil and gas, and energy management. We are one of the world’s leading
certification bodies, helping businesses assure the performance of their
organizations, products, people, facilities and supply chains.

We are also a world-leading provider of digital solutions for managing risk

and improving safety and asset performance for ships, pipelines, processing
plants, offshore structures, electric grids, smart cities and more. Our open
industry assurance platform Veracity, cyber security and software solutions
support business-critical activities across many industries, including
maritime, energy and healthcare.

DNV GL becomes DNV

On 1 March 2021 DNV GL became DNV.

Our Purpose, Vision and Values

Since 1864, our Purpose has been to safeguard life, property and the
environment. Our Vision is to be a trusted voice to tackle global
transformations. Our Values are beliefs that shape our performance;
these ideals are the behaviours expected of all employees in DNV:
We care for each other, our customers, our planet, and we take care of
ourselves.
We dare to explore, to experiment, to be different, and to be courageous,
curious and creative.
We share our experience and knowledge. We collaborate with each other
and our customers, and we continue to grow and develop as a result.

Research and development

Companies rely on our impartial insights to navigate current and future
technology trends and we help qualify and assure bleeding-edge
technologies. We invest 5% of our revenue every year in research and
development.

Global presence
From offices in all corners of the world and operations in more than 100
countries, we work with some of the world’s leading companies. We are
headquartered in Oslo, Norway. See all our offices here.

Diversity in DNV
DNV’s commitment to diversity is both an ethical choice and a business
decision. DNV has employees from 115 nationalities working in 100
countries. We see diversity within our workforce as a way of delivering
excellence, and we recruit the best people regardless of their background.
We seek diversity at all levels of our company in terms of age, gender,
nationality, experience and mindset. Read more about diversity within DNV.

Our organization
DNV is organized in seven business areas and a
global shared services organization, each with
separate management teams and organizational
structures.
Technical assurance - verification
Services for checking compliance to defined safety, environmental,
integrity and functional requirements of designs, plans, facilities and
operations for owners, authorities and other stakeholders.
Technical assurance - inspection
Acting on behalf of customers to support their QA process throughout the
procurement, fabrication, installation & commissioning and operations of
assets.

Noble Denton marine services

Industry-leading delivery of marine advisory and assurance on a global
level, to DNV standards, across full project or asset life cycle.
Risk management advisory
Safeguarding our customers’ risk to personnel, environments and assets
by finding solutions to ensure that the risk of new building and operations
are acceptable.

Asset risk management | Enterprise risk management | Environmental

Risk Management | Information risk management | Knowledge
management | Safety Risk Management | Technical advisory

Technical advisory and laboratories

Supporting our customers select and realise smarter solutions by
providing technical support over the whole life-cycle of an asset.
Offshore classification
DNV offers various Offshore Classification services across Business Areas.

Presence of Black Powder in Gas Transmission Pipelines

Introduction

Black powder, a mix of iron sulfides, oxides, and other material can represent a serious threat to the
integrity of pipelines by plugging pipelines, eroding compressor components, plugging
instrumentation and pipeline drips, preventing valid in-line inspection by In-Line Inspection (ILI) pigs,
and causing damage to customer equipment.

However, black powder may not be a problem until it starts to move due to fluid velocity. The
velocity to cause movement of dry black powder in pipelines is presented for black powder in gas
pipelines. Once black powder starts to move, it will continue to move until the flow rate is reduced
or the gas is compressed. Examples of black powder problems in the field are presented. Movement
of dry black powder can be partially controlled by using corrosion inhibitors, while powder wet with
compressor oil requires higher velocities

Black powder is the least understood but most prominent contamination problem in gas pipelines,
but it is a problem that is increasingly being recognized. Black powder is the name given to the
mixture of iron oxides, carbonates and sulfides found in gas pipelines, and can also include salt,
sand, clay, mineral scales such as calcium carbonates and gypsum, strontium and barium sulfates,
metal powder, welding flux and weld rod stubs.

The sources of black powder include mill scale, corrosion products from inside and upstream
sources, salts and scales from gas wells and wet gas gathering systems, and atmospheric rusting. The
variability of black powder is illustrated by reports of the powder being completely iron sulfide to
completely iron oxide. Red rust (rouge) can be present both from atmospheric oxidation of pipe not
properly stored nor cleaned. Magnetite and elemental sulfur result from air oxidation of pyrophoric
iron sulfide. Dry iron sulfide powder will spontaneously ignite if exposed to air, and represents a
safety, storage and disposal problem. This paper will illustrate that the problem of black powder is as
much one of powder movement as one of the presence of black powder.

Transport of Solids in Pipelines

A technique to calculate the velocity required to sweep solids through horizontal pipelines by fluid
drag has been developed by Wicks. A similar analysis also has been presented by Wicks and Fraser to
predict the entrainment velocity for water in flowing oil, one of the most important and
fundamental analysis techniques for analysis of internal pipeline corrosion. The following analysis
was developed to predict at what fluid velocity particulates can be dislodged from a bed of particles
in the bottom of a pipe, and then carried through the pipeline.

References:

S/N Title Client Year Status

1 180075 Tebodin Project: Black Powder Tebodin Middle East 2018 Completed
Management Company Limited
2 Black Powder in HP pipelines KOC 2017- Completed
2018
Details below of Paper by DNV on Black Powder in HP Pipelines

BID EVALUATION CRITERIA

A. Technical rejection criteria

1.0 Bid should be complete covering all the scope of job / supply and should conform to the
technical specifications indicated in the bid documents, duly supported with technical
catalogues/ literatures wherever required. Incomplete and non-conforming bids will be
rejected outright.

2.0 Eligibility and experience of the bidder: -

Should have carried out at least 50 risk assessment / Fit-For Purpose / Residual Life Assessments
and at least 50 major anomaly assessments / Corrosion Growth Assessment (CGA) for onshore or
offshore pipelines and/or Subsea Umbilical, Riser and Flowline (SURF) equipment during the last 5
(five) years reckoned from the date of opening of the techno- commercial bid.

To this effect, Bidder should submit copies of respective contracts, along with documentary
evidence in respect of satisfactory execution of each of those contracts, in the form of copies of any
of the documents (indicating respective contract number and type of services any other documentary
evidence that can substantiate the satisfactory execution of each of the contracts cited above.

In cases where scope of work involves rendering services and supply of material also, the offer from
a bidder who meets the experience criteria either on its own or based on the experience of
the supporting company shall be accepted.

In case bidder is not able to execute supply of material portion of the scope of work on its
own, then it shall be allowed to supply material through other company provided that the
bidder and the company supplying material belongs to same group of companies

3.0 Bidder should have on his payroll at least one specialist each for following disciplines with
qualification and experience as mentioned against each:

Sl Position Qualification Relevant Experience

no.
1 Integrity Bachelor’s Degree in • At least 10 years’ experience in
management engineering or various aspects related to upstream
engineer equivalent oil & gas subsea pipelines and SURF
Equipment in various fields such as
(primarily for
risk assessment, RBI & mitigation,
onsite oversight failure analysis, fitness for service,
for getting data feature assessment, pigging,
collated and intelligent pigging, cathodic
populated in the Protection, NDT techniques,
specialist suite of corrective action using International
PIMS provided standards, (ASME, API, NACE,
DNV etc.), use of asset management
by the tools, and inspection data
Contractor and management systems, working
for guiding knowledge of support vessels, ROV
Client teams) and diving etc.

AND

• Well versed having at least 2 years

of working experience with the
operation of offered PIMS.
2 Integrity Bachelor’s Degree in • At least 20 years’ experience of
Engineer engineering or working in the field of in various
Specialist equivalent aspects related to upstream onshore
and/or offshore oil & gas subsea
pipelines and SURF Equipment in
various fields such as risk assessment,
RBI & mitigation, failure analysis,
fitness for service, feature
assessment, pigging, intelligent
pigging, cathodic Protection, NDT
techniques, corrosion studies/
premature failure/ Corrosion growth
Analysis, corrective action, using
International standards, (ASME, API,
NACE, DNV etc.) etc.

AND

• Should have been team leader of at

least 3 risk management& mitigation,
failure analysis, fitness for service,
feature assessment, studies etc. in
upstream oil and gas onshore and/or
offshore pipeline industry during last
five years.
3. Senior Corrosion Degree in engineering • At least 20 years of experience in
Engineer or equivalent specialist studies such as corrosion
specialist studies/ premature failure/ Corrosion
growth Analysis/ intelligent pigging,
NACE Certified Senior cathodic Protection, NDT
Corrosion techniques, corrective action using
Technologists International standards (ASME, API,
NACE, DNV etc.).

AND

• Should have been team leader of at

least 3 corrosion studies/ premature
failure/ Corrosion Growth Analysis/
studies of onshore or offshore
pipelines/ SURF equipment in
upstream oil and gas pipelines industry
during last five years.
• All experiences of personnel will be reckoned from the initial date of techno-commercial
Bid opening.