10th Tamil Guide by Surya Publications

(i)
,sikj;jkpnH
gj;jhk; tFg;g[
2020?21 g[jpa ghlE}ypd;go

3000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l TLjy; tpdh tpilfs;
1000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l TLjy; FW?rpW tpdh tpilfs;
200f;Fk; nkw;gl;l bkhHp gapw;rp TLjy; tpdh tpilfs;
,ytrk;
1. bkhHp gapw;rp g[j;jfk;
2. IDEAL jkpH; tpdh t=;fp
ciuahrphpah;fs;:
Kidth; rp. gue;jhkd;/ r. nrl;L kjhh;rh/ M.A., M.A., M.Phil.,
M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D., B.Ed., TPT, PGDTR, UGC-NET, Ph.D., Dip.Folk, PGDCA
KJfiyj;jkpHhrphpah;/ flY}h;. <nuhL.
tP. mgpn&fh nfj;jhpd;/ M.A., B.Ed., nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ M.A., M.Phil, B.Ed.,
ghisa=;nfhl;il. ghisa=;nfhl;il.
Kidth; g.bg. fypa@h;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,

(,yf;fpaj; njhHd;)/ jkpHhrphpah;/ Fk;gnfhzk;.
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Tirunelveli - Chennai
Price ` 300/-
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(ii)
Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
Kjy; gjpg;g[ : 2019 Vg;uy;

,uz;lhk; gjpg;g[ : 2019 $^d;
@d;whk; gjpg;g[ : 2019 $îy
ehd;fhk; gjpg;g[ : 2020 $dthp
Ie;jhk; (jpUj;jpa) gjpg;g[ : 2020 $^d;
BANK DETAILS
TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 446971431 Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction Branch Name : Palayamkottai
CHENNAI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Corporate Office : Registered Office :

No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, New No. 59, 4th Avenue,
Salai Kumaran illam, Opp. to Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Madurai Road, Ashok Nagar,
Tirunelveli - 627001. Chennai - 600 083.
Phone : 0462 - 233 8899 / 233 8484 Phone : 044 - 2474 4484
Mobile : 94431 58484 / 95978 39822 Mobile : 94421 58484 / 94425 58484
Email : suryaguides@yahoo.com Email : srigangapublications5@gmail.com
Website : www.suryapublications.in
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(iii)
Kft[iu ....
``jkpGauj; jhDah;thd; jkpHd;~~
?ghthzh;
mwpthh;e;j khztr; bry;t=;fns-

`mwpt[ilahh; vy;yhk; cilah;~
vd;w ts;Std; brhy;yha; njhw;wk; bfhz;l khztf; fz;kzpfns-

jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;bgz;fs; bgw;wplt[k;/ gpiHapd;iknahL
fw;Fk; tifapYk;/ ,e;j ``Nh;ah ? ,sikj;jkpnH~~ ciuE}y;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 3000 TLjy; tpdhf;fs; tpilfSld;

 vspa eilapy; ,ay;rhh;e;j bghJf;fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; foj=;fs;
jkpH;ehL muR g[jpa jpUj;j=;fSld; btspapl;Ls;s
2020?Mk; Mz;ow;fhd g[jpa ghlE}ypid EQfp/ Ma;e;J tpdh
tpilfs; brk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gpiHapd;wp khzth;fs; fw;Fk; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpH;g; ghlj;jpy; E}w;Wf;F E}W kjpg;bgz; bgw;W

khzth;fs; cah;rhjid gilj;jpl ,t;t[iu tHpfhl;Lk;.
c=;fs; rhjidf;F v=;fs; thH;j;Jfs;.

``thH;f...tsh;f...jkpH; czh;t[~~
gjpg;gfj;jhh;.
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(iv)
bghUslf;fk;
vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;
md;id bkhHpna* 1
jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; 8
xd;W bkhHp ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; 21 $^d;

ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; 25
vGj;J/ brhy; 31
nfl;fpwjh vd;Fuy;- 45
fhw;nw th- 58
,uz;L ,aw;if/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L* 64 $^d;

Rw;Wr;NHy;
g[aypny xU njhzp 72
bjhifepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 77
tpUe;J nghw;WJk;- 87
fhrpf;fhz;lk;* 100
kiygLflhk; 104
@d;W gz;ghL $îy
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; 111
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 115
jpUf;Fws; 127
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ 136
bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp* 148
ehd;F mwptpay;/ ghpghly; 152 $îy

bjhHpy;El;gk;
tpz;izj; jhz;oa jd;dk;gpf;if 159
,yf;fzk; ? bghJ 166
bkhHpbgah;g;g[f; fy;tp 180
ePjp btz;gh* 191
Ie;J kzw;nfzp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;* 195 Mf!;l;

g[jpa ek;gpf;if 204
tpdh/ tpil tiffs;/ bghUs;nfhs; 208
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(v)
vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;

epfH;fiy 220
g{j;bjhLj;jy; 233
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;* 236

fiy/
MW mHfpay;/ fk;guhkhazk;* 241 Mf!;l;
g[Jikfs; gha;r;ry; 249
mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 252
jpUf;Fws; 267
rpw;wfy; xsp (jd; tuyhW) 276
Vh; g[jpjh> 285
ehfhpfk;/ bka;f;fPh;j;jp 289

VG ehL/ mf;nlhgh;
r@fk;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;* 297
k=;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf.... 306
g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 311
r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk; 321
+hdk; 331
mwk;/
vl;L jj;Jtk;/ fhyf;fzpjk;* 337 mf;nlhgh;
rpe;jid ,uhkhDrh; (ehlfk;) 344
gh?tif/ myfpLjy; 351
b$afhe;jk; (epidt[ ,jH;) 363
rpj;jhS 371
kdpjk;/ etk;gh;
xd;gJ njk;ghtzp* 375
MSik ork;gh;
xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; 384
mzp 387
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(vi)
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
md;id bkhHpna ? mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH-

md;id bkhHpna- mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH-
Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id KfpH;j;j eW=;fdpna-
fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;bfhz;l ehl;oilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Qyfg; nguunr-
bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj- vz;bjhifna- ew;fzf;nf-
kd;D+; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-
?ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;
Ky;iyg;ghl;L fhrpf;fhz;lk;
rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd; tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjpupd;
cWJau; mykuy; nehf;fp/ Ma;kfs; tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
eL=;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;/ `ìfa jpUe;Jw nehf;fy; tUf vd ciuj;jy;
bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyu; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju vGjy; Kd; kfpH;td brg;gy;
,d;nd tUFtu;/ jhau;~~ vd;nghs; bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;
ed;du; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk;. nghbkdpy; gpd; bry;tjhjy;
?eg;g{jdhh; gupe;Jed; Kfkd; tH=;fy; ,t;bthd;ghd;
xGf;fKk; tHpgLk; gz;ng
?mjptPuuhk ghz;oah;
bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp ePjp btz;gh

thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy; mUisg; bgUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy; kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; bjUis
kPshj; Jau;jupDk; tpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh- eP mUj;JtJk; Mtpf;F mUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk;
Msh cdjUns ghu;g;gd; monand. bghUj;JtJk; fy;tpbad;nw nghw;W.
?FynrfuhH;thh; ?fh.g. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh;
jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;
g[z;zpag; g[ytPu; ahd; ,g;nghH;J ,ilf; fhldhu;f;Fg;
gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk;; bghWf;f vdg; gutpj; jhH;e;jhd;
Ez;zpa nfs;tp nahUk; kd;deP Etd;w brhy;yhk;
jz;zpa mKjhy; v=;fs; nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ vd;dh.
?gu+;nrhjp Kdpth;
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(vii)
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
brk;bgh dor;rpW fp=; fpzpnahL rpyk;g[ fye;jhlj;
jpUtiu aiu+h ziukzp bahL bkhsp jpfHiu tlkhlg;
igk;bgh dRk;gpa bjhe;jp bahL+;rpW gz;o rupe;jhlg;
gl;l Ejw;bghyp bghl;blhL tl;lr; Rl;o gjpe;jhlf;
fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;oa NHpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kr;rpf; fjpu;Kj; bjhLkhl
tk;gt sj;jpU nkdpa[ khol MLf br=;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj g[upf;Ff dhLf br=;fPiu ? FkuFUguh;
fk;guhkhazk;
jz;liy kapy;f shlj; jhkiu tpsf;fe; jh=;ff;
bfhz;ly;fz; KHtp nd=;ff; Ftis fz;
tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
bjz;oiu baHpdp fhl;lj; njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lf spdpJ ghl kUjk;tPw; wpUf;F khnjh. ?fk;gh;
bta;nahbdhsp jd;nkdpapd; tphpnrhjpapd; kiwag;
bgha;nahbtD kpilahbshL kpisahbdhLk; nghdhd;
iknahku fjnkhkwp flnyhkiH Kfpnyh
Inahtptd; tobtd;gbjh uHpahtH Filahd;. ?fk;gh;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;
khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpa[k; bghd;Dk;
mU=;fy btWf;ifnahL mse;Jfil mwpah
tsk;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;"
ghy;tif bjupe;j gFjpg; gz;lbkhL
Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;" ?,s=;nfhtofs;
fhyf;fzpjk; njk;ghtzp
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;" etkzp tlf;f apy;nghy;
khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd;- ey;ywg; gliyg; g{l;Lk;
vt;btit jPik vt;btit ed;ik jtkzp khh;gd; brhd;d
vd;g jwpe;J VFbkd; rhiy- jd;dpirf;F ,irfs; ghlj;
jiyth; khWtu;" ju;ghu; khWk;"
Jtkzp ku=;fs; njhWk;
jj;Jtk; kl;Lnk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;-
Jzh;mzpr; Ridfs; njhWk;
bfhs;nthu; bfhs;f" Fiug;nghu; Fiuf;f-
cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ" ctkzp fhdk;bfhy; vd;W
ehnd bjhlf;fk;" ehnd Kot[" xypj;J mGt nghd;nw.
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;od; rl;lk;- ?tPukhKdpth;
?fz;zjhrd;
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(viii)
jpUf;Fws;
bka; czh;jy;
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
bgupahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;
gy;yhu; gifbfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj
ey;yhu; bjhlu;if tply;.
fz;nzhl;lk;
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
Ms;tpid cilik
mUik cilj;bjd; wrhthik ntz;Lk;
bgUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.
mikr;R
braw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;
jpaw;if mwpe;J bray;.
bghUs; bray; tif

bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;
bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs;.
Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;

Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid.
Fobray; tif
Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fobra;J thH;thidr;
Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF.
ey;Fut[
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ.
?jpUts;Sth;
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Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 1
,ay; bkhHp ftpijg; ngiH
md;id bkhHpna
1 ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ve;jkpH;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;
m) ve; + jkpH; + eh M) ve;j + jkpH; + eh
,) vk; + jkpH; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpH; + eh [tpil: ,) vk; + jkpH; + eh]
FWtpdh
1. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-~~
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhg;gpa=;fisj; jtpu v+;rpa[s;s Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fspd;
bgau;fis vGJf.
rPtf rpe;jhkzp/
tisahgjp/
Fz;lynfrp
,itaht[k; v+;rpa Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; MFk;.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 1
1. jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuz=;fshfg; ghtynuW Rl;Ltd ahit>
``md;id bkhHpna! mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-

Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id KfpH;j;j eW=;fdpna-~~
md;id bkhHpna- mHfhd bre;jkpnH-

gHikf;Fg; gHikaha;j; njhd;wpa eW=;fdpna-
Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epiybgw;W murhl;rp brYj;jpa kz;Qyfg; nguunr-
ghz;oadpd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; bgUk; bgUikf;Fupatns-
ghl;Lk;/ bjhifa[k; Mdtns- gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;nf- epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhunk- mHfhd
kzpnkfiyna-
fly; bfhz;l Fkupapy; epiyaha; epd;W murhl;rp bra;j bgUe;jkpH; munr-
bgh=;fpbaGk; epidt[fshy; jiygzpe;J jkpnH cd;id thH;j;Jfpd;nwhk;.
``Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk!”
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2 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
beLtpdh
1.
kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jg; ghliya[k; bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpH;
thH;j;ija[k; xg;gpl;L nkilg;ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
mwpKf ciu:
jhna- jkpnH- tzf;fk;.
jha; gps;is cwtk;kh/ cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;.
vd;W jkpH;j;jhia tz=;fp/ ,=;F kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; ghliya[k;/
bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; ghliya[k; xg;gpl;Lf; fhz;nghk;.
Re;judhu; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ePu; epiwe;j fliy Milahf cLj;jpa Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epd;W epiybgw;w
bgz;zhf g{kpiaa[k;/ kz;Qyfk; nghw;w thH;e;j nguurpna-
ghujj;ij Kfkhft[k;/ gpiw nghd;w gHikf;Fk; gHikahdtns-
bew;wpahft[k;/ ghz;oadpd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; g[fnH-
bew;wpapy; ,l;l bghl;lhf jkpGk;/ ghl;Lk; bjhifna- fPH;f;fzf;nf- rpyk;ng-
jkpHpd; kzk; vj;jpira[k; tPRkhW nkfiyna- vd;W bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; jkpiH
cUtfg;gLj;jpg; ghoa[s;shu; Re;judhu;. KojhH tz=;fp thH;j;Jfpwhu;.
`èPuhU=; flYLj;j epykle;ijf; ``md;id bkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-~~
bfHpbyhGFk;.....~~
epiwt[iu:
,UtUnk jkpHpd; bgUikiaj; jk; ghly;fspy; g{l;o/ fhye;njhWk; ngRk;goahf mHFw
mikj;Jg; ghoa[s;sdu;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay; 1
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bre;jkpH;/ eW=;fdp/ nguuR/ bre;jhkiu ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
gho/ Foj;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
KfpH;j;j = KfpH; + j; + j; + m
KfpH; ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.

m) anrhju fhtpak; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) kzpnkfiy <) rPtf rpe;jhkzp [tpil: m) anrhju fhtpak;]
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2. cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghoaJ vJ>

m) njd;rpl;L M) tz;L
,) njdP <) tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp [tpil: M) tz;L]
3. ``md;id bkhHpna~~ vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;bgWk; @nte;jUs; xUtu;
m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; [tpil: ,) ghz;oad;]
4. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) ghtpaf;bfhj;J M) E}whrpupak;
,) bjd;jkpH; <) gs;spg;gwitfs; [tpil: ,) bjd;jkpH;]
m) jkpH;r;rpl;L M) gs;spg;gwitfs;
,) vz;Rit vz;gJ <) cyfpay; E}W [tpil: m) jkpH;r;rpl;L]
6. bghUj;Jf.
1. khz;g[fH; ? m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. kd;Dk; ? M) jpUf;Fws;
3. tot[ ? ,) gj;Jg;ghl;L
4. ghg;gj;nj ? <) kzpnkfiy
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M
,) 1.M 2., 3.< 4.m <) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
7. `md;id bkhHpna~ ftpij ,lk; bgWk; E}y;
m) E}whrpupak; M) fdpr;rhW
,) vz;Rit vz;gJ <) ghtpaf;bfhj;J [tpil: M) fdpr;rhW]
8. ``Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) f.rr;rpjhde;jd;
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; [tpil: m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
,ay; 1
9. ``Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) f.rr;rpjhde;jd; M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;
,) thzpjhrd; <) Koaurd; [tpil: M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;]
10. `èw;fzf;nf~~ vd;gjpy; Rl;lg;gLk; E}y;fs; vj;jid>
m) 18 M) 10
,) 8 <) 5 [tpil: m) 18]
11. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnkfiy tont-~~ v+;rpa[s;s bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; vj;jid>
m) Ie;J M) @d;W
,) ,uz;L <) vl;L [tpil: M) @d;W]
12. Jiu. khzpf;fk; vd;w ,aw;bgau; bfhz;ltu; ahu;>
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) bgupatd;ftpuhau;
,) njtneag; ghthzu; <) jkpHz;zy; [tpil: m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
13. bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; ghlypy; `gHikf;Fg; gHik~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy;.
m) Kd;id KfpH;e;j M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id
,) Kd;Dk; epidthy; <) Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk;
[tpil: M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id]
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14. `ghg;gj;nj vz; bjhifna~ ? rupahd bghUisf; fz;lwp.

m) ghly; gj;J/ vz; bjhif M) gh gj;J/ vl;Lj; bjhif
,) gj;Jg;ghl;L/ vl;Lj;bjhif <) gj;Jk; vl;Lk; [tpil: ,) gj;Jg;ghl;L/ vl;Lj;bjhif]
15. bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; `Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk;~/ `jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J~ vd;Dk; ,U jiyg;gpYs;s
ghly;fs; vj;bjhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg; bgw;wd>
m) vz;Rit vz;gJ M) cyfpay; E}W
,) E}whrpupak; <) fdpr;rhW [tpil: <) fdpr;rhW]
16. bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhu;e;j me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJ nghy ? gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctikazp M) cUtfmzp
,) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;wzp [tpil: m) ctikazp]
17. bre;jkpH; ? gpupj;J vGJf.
m) bre; + jkpH; M) brk; + jkpH;
,) br + jkpH; <) brk;ik + jkpH; [tpil: <) brk;ik + jkpH;]
18. bre;jkpH;/ bre;jhkiu Mfpa brhw;fspy; ,lk; bgWk; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igr; Rl;Lf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
,) ck;ikj; bjhif <) md;bkhHpj;bjhif [tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif]
19. ce;jp czu;btGg;g cs;sf; fdy; @s ? ,t;toapy; fhQk; eak;
m) nkhid M) vJif
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: m) nkhid]
20. bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj- vz; bjhifna- ew;fzf;nf
kd;D+; rpyk;ng- kzpnkfiy tont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-
,g;ghlypy; mike;j vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;bjGJf.
,ay; 1
m) bjd;dd; M) kd;Dk;;
,) ,d;dWk; <) ,itaidj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;]
21. `md;id bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) Re;judhu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) ghthzu; [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
22. ``rhFk; nghJk; jkpH;goj;Jr; rhf ntz;Lk; ? vd;wd; rhk;gYk; jkpH; kze;J ntf ntz;Lk;~~
vd;W ghoatu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) rr;rpjhde;jd; <) MWKfehtyu; [tpil: ,) rr;rpjhde;jd;]
23. bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gzpfspy; jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;j E}y; vJ>
m) ghtpaf;bfhj;J M) fdpr;rhW
,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu <) cyfpay; E}W
[tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu]
24. bjd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rpl;L Mfpa ,jH;fspd; Mrpupau; ahu;>
m) fz;zjhrd; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
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FWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpGzu;it cybf=;Fk; gug;g fhuzkha; ,Ue;j ,jH;fs;
ahit>
bjd;bkhHp
jkpH;r;rpl;L
2. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
cyfpay; E}W  fdpr;rhW
ghtpaf;bfhj;J  kfg[Ft+;rp
E}whrpupak;  gs;spg; gwitfs;
vz;Rit vz;gJ
3. tz;L ? njd; jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit ,tw;iw xg;gpl;Lg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp
ahJ>
tz;L ? njd;:
cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLfpd;wJ.
jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit:
jkpHu; bre;jkpiHr; Ritj;J jkpHpd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;wdu;.
4. ``md;id bkhHpna~~ vd;w ghlypy; mike;Js;s tpspr;brhw;fis vGJf.

bre;jkpnH-  khz;g[fnH-
eW=;fdpna-  vz;bjhifna-
nguunr-  ew;fzf;nf-
bjd;dd; kfns-  rpyk;ng-
5. gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vit>
vl;Lj;bjhif/ gj;Jg;ghl;L.
,ay; 1
6.
jkpH; vtw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
TWfpwhu;>
gHk;bgUika[k; jdf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[k; ,yf;fpa tsKk; bfhz;lJ jkpH;.
ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ik cilaJ.
ntw;WbkhHpahu; jkpiHf; Fwpj;J ciuj;j g[fH;bkhHpfs;.
Mfpa ,itna jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; TWfpwhu;.
7. ``,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj! vz; bjhifna! ew;fzf;nf!~~
? ,t;toapy; Rl;lg;gLk; bkhj;j E}y;fs; vj;jid>
ghg;gj;J gj;Jg;ghl;L 10
vz; bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif 8
ew;fzf;F gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F 18
bkhj;j E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 36
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rpWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,aw;bgau; : Jiu. khzpf;fk;
Cu; : nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;
bgw;nwhu; : Jiurhkp/ F+;rk;khs;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW/ Iia/ bfha;ahf;fdp/ ghtpaf;bfhj;J/ gs;spg;gwitfs;/ E}whrpupak;/
vz;Rit vz;gJ/ kfg[F t+;rp.
rpwg;g[ : ,tupd; jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;jJ.
fhyk; : 10.03.1933 Kjy; 11.06.1995 tiu
2. `Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~ vd;W ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Twf; fhuzk;
ahJ>
brGik kpFe;j jkpnH- vd;Dapnu- brhy;Ytjw;F mupjhd cd;Dila bgUikfis
vd; jkpH; ehf;F vt;thW jhd; tpupj;Jiuf;Fk;.
gHk;bgUik/ jkf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[/ ,yf;fpa tsk; bfhz;l jkpnH-
cd;Dila epiyj;j jd;ika[k; ntw;WbkhHp ngRgtu;fs; cd;idg; gw;wpf; Twpa
g[fGiua[k; vkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it vGg;g[fpd;wd.
``bre;jh kiuj;njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhu;e;j

me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJnghy ahk;gho~~
vd; jdpj;jkpnH- tz;L bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ nghy eh=;fs;
cd;idr; Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s/ cd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;nwhk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

,ay; 1
1. `èw;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I=;FWE}W

xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J X=;F gupghly;
fw;wwpe;jhu; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;g[wk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;bjhif~~
,r;bra;a[spy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fisg; bgau;f;fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. ew;wpiz = ey; + jpiz
bjhif E}y;fSs; Kjy; E}y;. ey; vd;Dk; milbkhHp bgw;w E}y;.
2. FWe;bjhif:
ey;y FWe;bjhif vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLk;. Fiwe;j moasthy; ghlg;gl;l ghly;fspd;
bjhFg;g[ Mjyhy; FWe;bjhif vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. I=;FWE}W:
Ie;jpizfisg; ghLk; E}y;. FWfpa ghlyofs; bfhz;l E}y;.
4. gjpw;Wg;gj;J:
nru muru;fs; gj;Jg; ngiu 10 g[ytu;fs; gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; ghoaJ gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
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5. gupghly;:
,J mfk;/ g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. jkpHpd; Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E}y;. btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh Mfpa ehy;tifg; ghf;fshYk;/ gytifahd mofshYk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. fypj;bjhif:
Ie;jpiza[k; Ituhy; fypg;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;. fypg;ghtpd; Xir Js;sy; Xir.
`fw;wwpe;njhu; Vj;Jk; fyp~ vdt[k; Twg;gLfpwJ.
7. mfehD}W:
mfk; rhu;e;j ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. fspw;wpahid epiu/ kzpkpilg; gtsk;/
epj;jpyf;nfhit vd @d;W gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
8. g[wehD}W:
g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. 400 ghly;fis cilaJ. jkpHupd; tuyhw;Wg; bgl;lfk;. ,J gHe;jkpHupd;
tPuk;/ gz;ghL/ ehfupfk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk;/ bfhil Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
2. ``ve;jkpH;eh epd; bgUik vLj;nj ciutpupf;Fk;~~ vd;w ghlyoiaf; bfhz;L tFg;giwapy;
Ie;Jepkpl ciu epfH;j;Jf.
tzf;fk;-
jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kg;bgUk; gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ. jkpHu;
mfk;/ g[wk; vd thH;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdu;. jkpHpd; gHikianah my;yJ mjd;
bgUikianah ntW vk;bkhHpa[k; beU=;ftpayhJ. jkpH;bkhHp ,wth ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz
ts=;bfhz;L jdf;bfdj; jdpnehf;Fk; nghf;Fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ``jkpnH kpft[k; gz;gl;l
bkhHpbad;Wk;/ mJ jdf;nf cupa ,yf;fpar; bry;t=;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk; bkhHpbad;Wk;~~
khf;R Ky;yu; vd;Dk; bkhHp E}ywp+u; jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Js;shu;.
epiwthf/ jkpHpd; rpwg;ig epiyf;fr; bra;tJk; nkYk; tsur; bra;tJk; jkpHu;fshfpa
ekJ flikahFk;. ,jid czu;e;J jkpHpd; rPupsikiaf; fhf;f vd;Wk; ghLgLnthk;.
ed;wp-
,ay; 1
tzf;fk;--

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,ay; bkhHp ciueil cyfk;
jkpH;r;brhy; tsk;
1 njtneag; ghthzu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`fha;e;j ,iya[k; fha;e;j njhifa[k;~ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cu=;fs;. ,j;bjhlupy; mof;nfhol;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) ,iya[k; rUFk; M) njhifa[k; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; Xiya[k; <) rUFk; rz;Lk; [tpil: <) rUFk; rz;Lk;]
2. ntu;f;fliy/ kpsfha; tpij/ kh=;bfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gapu;tif
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif
,) bfhGe;J tif <) ,iy tif [tpil: M) kzp tif]
FWtpdh
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rP;g;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
nkw;fz;l bjhlu;fspy; rupahd bjhlu;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o/ v+;rpa gpiHahd bjhlupYs;s
gpiHf;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
,ay; 1
rupahd bjhlu;fs;: gpiHahdj; bjhlu;:

xU jhw;wpy; gy rP;g;g[ xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd. gpiHf;fhd fhuzk;:
x
U rP g g
; py; gy thiHg; g H=; f s; jhW – thiHf;Fiy"
cs;sd. rPg;g[ – thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
rpWtpdh
1. `g[spa=;fd;W MHkhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.~
,Jnghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;jpd; bgau;fisj; bjhlu;fspy; mikf;f.
gps;is – bjd;dk; gps;is th=;fp te;njd;.
tlyp – fhl;oy; gid tlypiag; ghu;j;njd;.
ehw;W – bey; ehw;W el;nld;.
fd;W – thiHf;fd;W el;nld;.
ig=;TH; – nrhsg; ig=;TH; gRikahf cs;sJ.
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beLtpdh
1.
jkpHpd; brhy;tsk; gw;wpa[k; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpH; kd;wj;jpy;
ngRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;g[fis vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
mwpKft[iu
brhy;tsk;
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit
epiwt[iu
mwpKft[iu:
tzf;fk;- md;idbkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH- vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; jkpH;bkhHp
gpwbkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; jiyr;rpwe;j bkhHpahFk;. mk;bkhHpapd; brhy;tsj;ijg; gw;wpf;
fhz;nghk;.
brhy;tsk;:
,yf;fpar; brk;bkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJntDk;/ jkpH;kl;Lk; mjpy; jiy rpwe;jjhFk;.
jkpH;r;brhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk; fhzyhk;.
xUbghUl; gy brhy; tupirfs; jkpiHj; jtpu ntW ve;jj; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd;
mfuhjpfspYk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
``gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fSk; jkpHpy; cs~~ vd;fpwhu;
fhy;Lbty;.
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit:
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; bfhz;nl mikfpwJ.
,d;iwa mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;nfw;g E}y;fisg; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;Jld; gilj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpa nkd;ikf;Fk; kf;fs; mwpt[ilatu;fshf cau;tjw;Fk;/ g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
,ay; 1
bkhHp vd;gJ cyfpd; nghl;o nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU nghu;f;fUtpahFk;. mf;fUtp
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g khw;wg;gl ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpd; bgUika[k; bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[k; Fd;whky; ,Uf;f jkpHpy; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
cyfpd; gpw Ma;t[r; rpe;jidfisj; jkpH;g;gLj;jp vGJk; nghJ gpwbkhHp mwpahj jkpHUk;
mtw;iwf; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jbfhs;s Koa[k;.
bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mij epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
kf;fspilna gue;j kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k;/ MSikiaa[k; epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk;
njitg;gLfpwJ.
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs; fythky; ,Uf;f fhyj;jpw;nfw;g g[jpa fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[iu:
bkd;ikahd jkpiH nkd;ikahd jkpHhf;f mwptpay; bjhHpy;;El;gr; brhw;fisj;
jkpH;g;gLj;jp jkpHpd; bgUikia cyfpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;nthk;.
g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpd; nrit
,d;iwa jkpGf;Fj; njit
ed;wp-
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ku+;broapdpd;W g{ fPnH tpGe;j epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; vJ>
m) mUk;g[ M) kyu;
,) tP <) brk;ky; [tpil: ,) tP]
2. jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ahu;>
m) ghthzu; M) fhy;Lbty;
,) ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: M) fhy;Lbty;]
3. jpUts;Stu; jtr;rhiy mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ>
m) my;Y}u; M) jpUts;Su;
,) fy;Y}u; <) bey;Y}u; [tpil: m) my;Y}u;]
4. Fr;rpapd; gpupt[ vr;brhy;yhy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) nghj;J M) Fr;rp
,) ,Qf;F <) rpid [tpil: ,) ,Qf;F]
5. bghUj;Jf.
1. jhs; ? m) Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
2. jz;L ? M) bel;o/ kpsfha;r;bro Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. nfhy; ? ,) jz;L/ fPiu Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. J}W ? <) bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m M) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4?,
,) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m]
6. bghUj;Jf.
,ay; 1
1. jl;L ? m) fUk;gpd; mo
2. fHp ? M) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. fiH ? ,) fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. mo ? <) @=;fpypd; mo
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M
,) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M]
7. bghUj;Jf.
1. fit ? m) mokuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
2. bfhk;g[ ? M) fpisapd; gpupt[
3. rpid ? ,) fitapd; gpupt[
4. nghj;J ? <) rpidapd; gpupt[
m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< M) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.M 3.m 4.< [tpil: m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<]
m) J}W M) fHp
,) fiH <) fit [tpil: <) fit]
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m) jhs; M) jz;L
,) fpis <) nfhy; [tpil: ,) fpis]
m) fit M) jl;L
,) bfhk;g[ <) rpid [tpil: M) jl;L]
11. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) fit ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
M) bfhk;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
,) nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
<) Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[ [tpil: m) fit?Fr;rpapd; gpupt[]
12. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) jhs;/ jz;L/ nfhy;/ J}W
M) fit/ bfhk;g[/ fpis/ rpid
,) Rs;sp/ tpwF/ bt=;fHp/ fl;il
<) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH [tpil: <) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH]
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,iy ? m) bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
2. jhs; ? M) nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. njhif ? ,) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
4. Xiy ? <) bey;/ g[y; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
m) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M [tpil: M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m]
14. bghUj;jkw;w xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
,ay; 1
m) rz;L M) rUF
,) njhif <) fl;il [tpil: <) fl;il]
m) rz;L ? fha;e;j jhSk; njhifa[k;
M) rUF ? fha;e;j ,iy
,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
<) njhif ? nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
[tpil: ,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy]
16. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) njhif/ Xiy/ rz;L/ rUF M) Jspu;/ Kwp/ bfhGe;J/ bfhGe;jhil
,) g{k;gp+;R/ gp+;R/ tL/ ft;it <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy
[tpil: <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy]
17. Jk;gp ? ,r;brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Jk;gpf;if M) tz;L
,) Je;Jgp <) Jd;gk; [tpil: M) tz;L]
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18. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fSs; ? rupahdtw;iwr; nju;e;bjL.

m) ,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ xiy/ rz;L/ rUF
M) ,iy/ njhif/ jhs;/ jspu;/ FUj;J/ mUk;g[
,) jhs;/ njhif/ J}W/ jl;L/ jz;L/ Xiy
<) ,iy/ jhs;/ Xiy/ jspu;/ bfhGe;J/ rz;L
[tpil: m) ,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ xiy/ rz;L/ rUF]
19. èhLk; bkhHpa[k; ekjpU fz;fs;~ vd;W ghoatu; ahu;>
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) njtneag; ghthzu; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
20. brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j bgUkfdhu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhu; <) kiwkiyaofs; [tpil: M) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
21. ghthzu; E}yfk; xd;iw cUthf;fpatu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) jpU.tp.f <) kiwkiyaofs; [tpil: M) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
22. jkpH;tHpj; jpUkz=;fis elj;jp tUgtu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgUe;njtdhu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
23. tpHpfis ,Hf;f neupl;lhy; Tl jha;j;jkpHpid ,He;Jtplf; TlhJ vd;W vz;zpatu; ahu;>
m) $p. a[. nghg; M) tPukhKdptu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgU=;Fkudhu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
24. ,s=;Fkudhu; ahu; nghy ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf; bfhz;ltu;>
m) jpU.tp.f M) ghthzu;
,) K.t <) $Pth [tpil: m) jpU.tp.f]
,ay; 1
25. ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhz;ltu;

m) jkpHHfdhu; M) mg;ghj;Jiuahu;
,) njtneag; ghthzu; <) ,uh.,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: <) ,uh.,s=;Fkudhu;]
26. tpHpfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jtu;fs; ............/ .............
m) jpU.tp.f./ ,s=;Fkudhu;
M) jkpHHfdhu;/ mg;ghj;Jiuahu;
,) njtneag; ghthzu;/ fhy;Lbty;
<) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;/ Re;judhu; [tpil: m) jpU.tp.f./ ,s=;Fkudhu;]
27. `jkpH;j;bjd;wy;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;ltu; ahu;>
m) ,s=;Fkudhu; M) bgUe;njtdhu;
,) jpU.tp.f <) k.bgh.rp [tpil: ,) jpU.tp.f]
28. cyfpnyna xU bkhHpf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy; ehL vJ> khehl;Lf;Fupa mk;Kjy;
bkhHpa[k; jkpnH vd;W Twpatu; ahu;>
m) knyrpah/ f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; M) rp=;fg;g{u;/ njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,e;jpah/ ,s=;Fkudhu; <) fdlh/ $p.a[. nghg;
[tpil: m) knyrpah/ f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu;]
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29. `gd;bkhHpg; g[ytu;~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;>

m) f.mg;ghj;Jiuahu; M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) $p.a[.nghg; [tpil: m) f.mg;ghj;Jiuahu;]
30. rk;gh bey;ypd; cs; tiffs; vj;jid>
m) 30 M) 60
,) 40 <) 80 [tpil: M) 60]
31. `bkhHp +hapW~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;>
m) f.mg;ghj;Jiu M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) $p.a[.nghg; [tpil: M) njtneag; ghthzu;]
32. `jkpH;r;brhy; tsk;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
m) brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs;/ njtneag; ghthzu;
M) njtneak;/ ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) bkhHp kug[/ K.t
<) Ma;tpay; bewpKiwfs;/ bghw;nfh
[tpil: m) brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs;/ njtneag; ghthzu;]
33. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Rs;sp - 1. fha;e;j Fr;R (Fr;rp)
ii) tpwF - 2. fha;e;j rpWfpis
iii) bt=;fHp - 3. fha;e;j bfhk;g[k; fita[k; moa[k;
iv) fl;il - 4. fha;e;j fHp
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 2/ 1. 3/ 4
,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3]
i) ,sePu; - 1. thiHg;gp+;R
,ay; 1
ii) EHha; - 2. ,sbey;
iii) fUf;fy; - 3. ,sk;ghf;F
iv) fr;ry; - 4. Kw;whj nj=;fha;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
i) rptpay; -
R{l;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
ii) mspay; -
gjuha;g; nghd kpsfha;
iii) brhz;L -
FSFSj;j gHk;
iv) btk;gy; -
RU=;fpa gHk;
m) 4, 3, 2, 1 M) 3, 2, 1, 4
,) 1, 3, 4, 2 <) 1, 3, 4, 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
36. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgona/ me;ehl;L kf;fSf;F vJ mike;jpUf;Fk;>
m) md;bghGf;fk; M) mwpbthGf;fk;
,) fsbthGf;fk; <) fw;bghGf;fk; [tpil: M) mwpbthGf;fk;]
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37. bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpatu; ahu;>

m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) bts;isthuzhu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgUe;njtdhu; [tpil: m) njtneag; ghthzu;]
38. cyfj; jkpH;f; fHfj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;>
m) jdpehafk; mofs; M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) K. tujuhrdhu; [tpil: M) njtneag; ghthzu;]
39. nghu;r;RfPR ehl;od; jiyefu; vJ>
m) bygdhd; M) ypRgd;
,) bfa;nuh <) \uhnu [tpil: M) ypRgd;]
40. ,e;jpa bkhHpfspnyna nkiy ehl;L vGj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;nrwpa bkhHp vJ>
m) ,e;jp M) jkpH;
,) bjY=;F <) t=;fhsk; [tpil: M) jkpH;]
41. fhu;oyh vd;Dk; nghu;r;RfPrpa E}y; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLtJ vJ>
m) Mwhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
M) ehd;fhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
,) brk;bkhHp khehl;L kyu;
<) jkpHpyf;fpa tuyhW K.t. [tpil: m) Mwhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;]
42. bfhGe;jhil vd;gJ ahJ>
m) bey;/ g[y; Mfpatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
M) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
,) bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
<) fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp [tpil: <) fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp]
FWtpdh
,ay; 1
1. jhtuj;jpd; mog;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd brhw;fs; ahit>

jhs;/ jz;L/ nfhy;/ J}W/ jl;L/ fHp/ fiH/ mo.
2. jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gpupe;J bry;Yk; gpupt[fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
fit/ bfhk;g[/ bfhg;g[/ fpis/ rpid/ nghj;J/ Fr;rp/ ,Qf;F.
3. jhtu=;fspd; fha;e;j gFjpfSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Rs;sp/ tpwF/ bt=;fHp/ fl;il.
4. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ Xiy/ rz;L/ rUF.
5. jhtu=;fspd; Edpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit> (bfhGe;J tif)
Jspu; my;yJ jspu;  FUj;J
Kwp my;yJ bfhGe;J  bfhGe;Jjhil
6. g{tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
mUk;g[/ nghJ/ kyu;/ tP/ brk;ky;.
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7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>

g{k;gp+;R/ gp+;R/ tL/ @R/ ft;it/ FUk;ig/ Kl;Lf;FUk;ig/ ,sePu;/ EHha;/ fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;.
8. jhtu=;fspd; Fiy tiffisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd brhw;fs; ahit>
bfhj;J/ Fiy/ jhW/ fjpu;/ myF my;yJ Fuy;/ rPg;g[.
9. bfl;Lg;nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Nk;gy;/ rptpay;/ brhj;ij/ btk;gy;/ mspay;/ mGfy;/ brhz;L/ njiuf;fha;/ my;ypf;fha;/
xy;ypf;fha;/ nfhl;lhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha;.
10. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
bjhyp/ njhy;/ njhL/ XL/ FLf;if/ kl;il/ ckp/ bfhk;ik.
11. jhdpa=;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Tyk;/ gaW/ fliy/ tpij/ fhH;/ Kj;J/ bfhl;il/ nj=;fha;/ Kjpiu.
12. jhtu=;fspd; ,sikg; bgau;fis vGJ.
ehw;W/ fd;W/ FUj;J/ gps;is/ Fl;o/ ig=;TH;/ klyp (m) tlyp.
13. nfhJikapd; tiffspy; rpytw;iwf; TW.
rk;ghf;nfhJik/ Fz;Lf;nfhJik/ thw;nfhJik.
14. rk;gh bey; tiffis vGJf.
Mtpuk;g{r;rk;gh/ Midf; bfhk;gd; rk;gh/ Fz;Lr; rk;gh/ Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh/ rpWkzpr;rk;gh/
rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ tiffs; rk;ghtpy; cs;sd.
15. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhupd; jkpH;g;gzpiaj; juk; cau;j;jpa ey;Kj;Jfs; ahit>
,yf;fz tuyhW  ahg;gU=;fyk; ciu
jkpHpir ,af;fk;  g[wj;jpul;L ciu
jdpj;jkpH; ,af;fk;  jpUf;Fws; jkpH; kug[iu
ghthzu; tuyhW  fhf;ifg; ghodpa ciu
,ay; 1
Fz;lynfrp ciu  njtneak;
Kjypad ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhupd; jkpH;g;gzpiaj; juKau;j;jpa ey;Kj;JfshFk;.
16. cyfj;jkpH; khehL Fwpj;J f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWtd ahit>
``cyfj;jpnyna xU bkhHpf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehL knyrpah. mk;khehl;Lf;Fupa
Kjy; bkhHpa[k; jkpnH-~~ vd;W f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWfpd;whu;.
rpWtpdh
1. njtneag;ghthzu; gw;wp ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iw vGJf.

bgau; : njtneag; ghthzu;
rpwg;g[g;bgau; : bkhHp+hapW
gilg;g[fs; : ,yf;fzf; fl;Liufs;/ bkhHpahuha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;/ brhy;yha;t[f;
fl;Liufs;.
gzp : bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feu;/ cyfj; jkpH;f;
fHfj; jiytu;
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2. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; Fwpj;J ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iwf; TWf.

bgau; : ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu;
jkpH;g;gw;W : tpHpfis ,Hf;f neupl;lhy;Tl jha;j;jkpHpid ,He;Jtplf; TlhJ
vd;whu;.
jpU.tp.f tHp : jkpH;j;bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f. nghy; ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf;
bfhz;ltu;.
rpwe;j E}y;fs; : ,yf;fz tuyhW/ jkpHpir ,af;fk;/ jdpj;jkpH; ,af;fk;/ ghthzu;
tuyhW/ Fz;lynfrp ciu/ ahg;gU=;fyk; ciu/ jpUf;Fws; jkpH;
kug[iu/ g[wj;jpul;L ciu/ fhf;ifg; ghodpa ciu/ njtneak;
gpw bra;jpfs; : jpUts;Stu; jtr;rhiy kw;Wk; ghthzu; E}yfj;ij mikj;jhu;.
3. fhu;oyh ? E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1554?y; nghu;r;RfPR ehl;oy; jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;l E}y;.
nuhkd; tuptotpy; mr;rplg;gl;l E}y;.
,jid Carthila de lingoa Tamul e Portugues vd;gu;.
,e;jpa bkhHpfSs; nkiy ehl;L bkhHpfspy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; E}y; jkpH;bkhHp E}ny.
4.
ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjp vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ vdg;
gl;oaypLf.
jhs; ? bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jz;L ? fPiu/ thiHapd; mo
nfhy; ? bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo
J}W ? Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jl;L (m) jl;il ? fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
fHp ? fUk;gpd; mo
fiH ? @=;fpypd; mo
mo ? g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; mo
,ay; 1
5.
jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gpupe;J bry;Yk; gpupt[fSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fisa[k; mit
jhtu=;fspd; vg;gFjpf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; vd;gija[k; vGJ.
fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
6. ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; ,iyfs; vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg;
gl;oaypLf.
g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;
fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
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7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fisa[k; mit vj;jhtug; gp+;RfSf;Fg;

bghUe;Jk; vd;gija[k; TW.
(g{k;gp+;R ?g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R/ gp+;R ?,sk;fha;)
tL ? khk;gp+;R  ,sePu; ? Kw;whj nj=;fha;
@R ? gyhg;gp+;R  EHha; ? ,sk;ghf;F
ft;it ? vs; gp+;R  fUf;fy; ? ,sbey;
FUk;ig ? bjd;id/ gid gp+;R  fr;ry; ? thiHg;gp+;R
8. ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; Fiyfs; vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdg;
gl;oaypLf.
bfhj;J ? mtiu/ Jtiu  fjpu; ? nfH;tuF/ nrhsf; fjpu;
Fiy ? bfho Ke;jpup  myF (m) Fuy; ? bey;/ jpidf; fjpu;
jhW ? thiHf;Fiy  rPg;g[ ? thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
9. bfl;Lg;nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fs; ahit>
Nk;gy; ? Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha;
rptpay; ? RU=;fpa gHk;
brhj;ij ? g[Gg{r;rp mupj;j fha; (m) fdp
btk;gy; ? Nl;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
mspay; ? FSFSj;j gHk;
mGfy; ? FSFSj;J ehwpa gHk; (m) fha;
brhz;L ? gjwha;g; nghd kpsfha;
nfhlhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha; ? nfhl;lhd; mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fha;
njiuf;fha; ? njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;lfha;
my;ypf;fha; ? njiu mkhe;jjpdhy; bfl;l nj=;fha;
xy;ypf;fha; bjd;idapy; bfl;l fha;
,ay; 1
10. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;nfw;g jhtu=;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk;
brhw;fis vGJf.
bjhyp ? kpf bky;ypaJ  FLf;if ? Riuapd; XL
njhy; ? jpz;zkhdJ  kl;il ? nj=;fha; bew;wpd; nkw;gFjp
njhL ? td;ikahdJ  ckp ? bey;/ fk;g[ Mfpatw;wpd; @o
XL ? kpf td;ikahdJ  bfhk;ik ? tuF/ nfH;tuF ckp
11. jhdpa=;fSf;Fj; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Tyk; ? bey;/ g[y; jhdpa=;fs;
gaW ? mtiu/ cSe;J
fliy ? ntu;f;fliy
tpij ? fj;jup/ kpsfha; tpj;J/ bfhz;ilf; fliy
fhH; ? g[sp/ fh+;rpiu tpj;J
Kj;J ? ntk;g[/ Mkzf;F tpj;J
bfhl;il ? kh/ gid tpj;J
nj=;fha; ? bjd;id tpj;J
Kjpiu ? mtiu/ Jtiu gaWfs;
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12.
jhtu=;fspd; ,sk; gUtj;jpw;fhd brhw;fisa[k; mjw;Fupa jhtu=;fspd; bgau;fisa[k;
vGJ.
ehw;W ? bey;/ fj;jpupapd; ,sepiy
fd;W ? kh/ g[sp/ thiHapd; ,sepiy
FUj;J ? thiHapd; ,sepiy
gps;is ? bjd;idapd; ,sepiy
Fl;o ? tpshtpd; ,sepiy
klyp (m) tlyp ? gidapd; ,sepiy
ig=;TH; ? bey;/ nrhsj;jpd; ,sepiy
13. jkpH;r; brhy; tsk; Fwpj;J fhy;Lbty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;ij vGJf.
jkpHy;yhj jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; mfuhjpfis Muha[k;nghJ/ jkpHpYs;s xUbghUl;
gybrhy; tupirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpHwp+u;f;Fk; kpfj; bjspthfj;
njhd;Wk;.
jkpHpy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpGf;nf rpwg;ghf cupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fs;
kl;Lkd;wpj; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk;
brhw;fSk; jkpHpy;cs vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lbty;.
14. vtw;iw mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;nf ,aYk;>
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w capupdpd;Wk; gpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ bkhHpahjypd;/ mJnt xU
ehl;lhupd; my;yJ ,dj;jhupd; ehfupfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j tHpahFk;.
bghUisf; Tu;e;J nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL bra;J mtw;wpw;nfw;gg; gUg;bghUl; brhw;fSk;/
Ez;bghUl;brhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila
kf;fl;nf ,aYk;.
15. gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpisahjit vit> tpise;J tUgit vit>
gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ bghd;Dk; kzpa[k; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; ,d;W tpisahtpoDk;
,ay; 1
mUikahd Ty=;fSk; rpWTy=;fSk; ,d;Wk; bjd;wkpH; ehl;oy; tpise;J tUfpd;wd.
beLtpdh
1.
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilabjd;Wk; jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilabjd;Wk; bjspthf
tps=;Ftjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;
Kot[iu
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Kd;Diu:
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilaJ/ jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilaJ vd;gijg; ghthzu;/
brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs; vd;w E}ypy;/ `jkpH;r; brhy;tsk;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;:
jhs; ? bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jz;L ? fPiu/ thiHapd; mo
nfhy; ? bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo
J}W ? Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jl;L (m) jl;il ? fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
fHp ? fUk;gpd; mo
fiH ? @=;fpypd; mo
mo ? g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; mo
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;:
fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;:
g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;
,ay; 1
fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;:
(g{k;gp+;R ?g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R/ gp+;R ?,sk;fha;)
tL ? khk;gp+;R  ,sePu; ? Kw;whj nj=;fha;
@R ? gyhg;gp+;R  EHha; ? ,sk;ghf;F
ft;it ? vs; gp+;R  fUf;fy; ? ,sbey;
FUk;ig ? bjd;id/ gid gp+;R  fr;ry; ? thiHg;gp+;R
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;:
bfhj;J ? mtiu/ Jtiu  fjpu; ? nfH;tuF/ nrhsf; fjpu;
Fiy ? bfho Ke;jpup  myF (m) Fuy; ? bey;/ jpidf; fjpu;
jhW ? thiHf;Fiy  rPg;g[ ? thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;:
Nk;gy; ? Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha;
rptpay; ? RU=;fpa gHk;
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brhj;ij ? g[Gg{r;rp mupj;j fha; (m) fdp

btk;gy; ? Nl;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
mspay; ? FSFSj;j gHk;
mGfy; ? FSFSj;J ehwpa gHk; (m) fha;
brhz;L ? gjwha;g; nghd kpsfha;
nfhlhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha; ? nfhl;lhd; mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fha;
njiuf;fha; ? njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;lfha;
my;ypf;fha; ? njiu mkhe;jjpdhy; bfl;l nj=;fha;
xy;ypf;fha; bjd;idapy; bfl;l fha;
Kot[iu:
nkw;Fwpj;j bgau;fs; @yk;/ jkpHpd; brhy;tsj;ija[k; jkpH;ehl;od; bghUs;
tsj;ija[k; ed;F mwpa Kofpd;wJ.
1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; bgau;fSf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfpu;f.

jupR/ rpty;/ fupry;/ Kuk;g[/ g[wk;nghf;F/ Rty;/ mty;.
jupR epyk; : gapu; bra;ahj epyk;
rpty; epyk; : bre;epyk; my;yJ rpte;j epyk;
fupry; epyk; : fupa epwKila kz; bfhz;l epyk; fupry; epyk; (m) fupe;j ghiy epyk;
Kuk;g[ epyk; : gUf;iff; fw;fs; bfhz;l nkl;L epyk;
g[wk;nghf;F epyk; : Cu;g;g[wj;nj Fofs; thH;jypy;yhj epyk;
Rty; epyk; : nkl;L epyk;
mty; epyk; : `mty;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `gs;sk;~. Mfnt gs;skhd epyg;gFjp mty;
vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpis epykhft[k; mikfpwJ.
,ay; 1
2. xU bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

v.fh: brhy;Yjy; ? ngRjy;/ tpsk;g[jy;/ brg;g[jy;/ ciuj;jy;/ Twy;/ ,ak;gy;/ bkhHpjy;
m) kyu;jy; ? mtpH;jy;/ myu;jy;/ befpH;jy;/ tps;sy;/ tpupjy;.
M) +hapW ? Nupad;/ fjputd;/ bta;nahd;/ gfytd;/ gupjp.
,) murd; ? nfh/ bfhw;wtd;/ nte;jd;/ uh$h/ nfhd;.
<) mHF ? mzp/ tot[/ bghypt[/ vHpy;.
c) mo ? fHy;/ fhy;/ jhs;/ gjk;/ ghjk;.
C) jP ? mf;fpdp/ beUg;g[/ jHy;.
v) mr;rk; ? gak;/ gPjp/ cl;F.
V) Jd;gk; ? ,d;dy;/ my;yy;/ ,Lk;ig
I) md;g[ ? fUiz/ nerk;/ <uk;/ gupt[/ gw;W.
x) bra;a[s; ? gh/ ftpij/ ahg;g[.
X) bgz; ? e=;if/ tdpij/ k=;if.
xs) tay; ? fHdp/ gHdk;/ bra;.

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,ay; bkhHp ftpijg; ngiH
,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;
1 re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `bkj;j tzpfyd;~ vd;Dk; bjhlupy; jkpHHfdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk;
M) bgUk; tzpfKk; bgUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
[tpil: m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk;]
FWtpdh
1. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpnyil mika[k; eaj;jpw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzp vd;gu;. ,jid
rpnyil mzp vd;Wk; miHg;gu;.
v.fh: rPdpthrd; ghw;flypy; Japy;bfhs;fpwhd;.
?,j;bjhlu; vt;tpj khw;wKkpd;wp ,uz;L tpjkhd bghUisj; jUfpwJ.
rPdpapy; (ru;f;fiu) thrk; bra;a[k; vWk;g[ ghypy; ,we;J kpjf;fpwJ.
rPdpthrfdhfpa jpUkhy; ghw;flypy; Japy;bfhs;fpwhu;.
,ay; 1
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHHfdhu; jkpiHa[k; fliya[k; ,ul;LwbkhHpa[k; gh=;fpid tpsf;Ff.
ghly; mofs; jkpH; fly;
Kj;jkpH; Ja;g;gjhy; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;jpid mkpH;e;J jUfpwJ.
Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kr;r=;fk; fz;ljhy; Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/
Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W
tifahd r=;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
bkj;j tzpfyKk; Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs;
nktjhy; mzpfydha;g; bgw;wJ. te;J brd;wJ.
(bkj;j mzpfyd;)
epj;jk; miz r=;fg;gyifapy; mku;e;J jd; miyahy; r=;fpidj; jLj;J
fple;nj r=;fj;jtu; r=;fg;g[ytu;fs; ghJfhj;jdu;. epWj;jpf; fhj;jJ.
fhf;f
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `jkpH;/ MHp ,uz;Lf;Fk; bghUs;gLk; goahd~ ? ,ul;Lw bkhHpjyzp mika ghoa Mrpupau;
ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) jkpHHfdhu; <) vHpy; Kjy;td; [tpil: ,) jkpHHfdhu;]
2. fly; jUk; r=;Ffspd; tiffs; vj;jid>

m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M) @d;W]
3. fly; jd; miyahy; vijj; jLj;J epWj;jpf; fhf;fpwJ>

m) kzy; M) r=;F
,) fg;gy; <) kPdtu;fs; [tpil: M) r=;F]
4. Kj;jpida[k; mkpH;jpida[k; jUtjhfr; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ vij>

m) @=;fpy; M) fly;
,) kiH <) njtu;fs; [tpil: M) fly;]
5. jkpH; mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;wit vit>

m) r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; M) Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;
,) I+;rpW fhg;gpa=;fs; <) ePjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;
[tpil: M) Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;]
6. ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzpapd; ntWbgau; ahJ>

m) ntw;Wik mzp
,ay; 1
M) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
<) rpnyil mzp [tpil: <) rpnyil mzp]
7. xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ vJ>

m) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp M) ntw;Wik mzp
,) ctik mzp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: m) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp]
8. re;jf;ftpkzp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jkpHHfdhupd; ,aw;bgau; vd;d>

m) rz;Kfkzp M) rz;KfRe;juk;
,) +hdRe;juk; <) MWKfk; [tpil: M) rz;KfRe;juk;]
9. jkpHHfdhu; vj;jid rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;>

m) gj;J M) gd;dpuz;L
,) gjpdhd;F <) gjpdhW [tpil: M) gd;dpuz;L]
10. Kj;jkpH; Ja;g;gjhy; vd;Dk; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bjhFg;g[ ahJ>

m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; <) jdpg;ghly; jpul;L [tpil: <) jdpg;ghly; jpul;L]
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FWtpdh
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ tisahgjp/ Fz;lynfrp.
2. flypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; bghUl;fs; ahit>
Kj;Jk;/ mkpH;jKk; fpilf;fpwJ.
btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/ gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W tifahd r=;Ffs; fpilf;fpwd.
3. jkpH;bkhHp Fwpj;J jkpHHfdhu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fis mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;wJ.
r=;fg;g[ytu;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d> mjd; ntWbgau; ahJ>
xU brhy;nyh brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.
ntWbgau; ? rpnyil mzp.
5. rpnyilfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rpnyilfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
brk;bkhHpr; rpnyil
gpupbkhHpr; rpnyil
1. m) fhiy neuk; xU epfH;r;rpf;fhfj; bjhlu;tz;oapy; te;J ,w=;fpdhu; jkpHwp+u; fp.th.

$fe;ehjd;. mtiu khiyapl;L tuntw;wdu;. mg;nghJ fp.th.$./ ``mlnl- fhiyapnyna
,ay; 1
khiya[k; te;Jtpl;lnj-~~ vd;whu;. vy;nyhUk; me;jr; brhy;ypd; rpnyilr; rpwg;ig
kpft[k; Ritj;jdu;.
M) ,ir tpkuprfu; Rg;g[Ltpd; tpkuprd=;fspy; eakhd rpnyilfs; fhzg;gLk;. xU Kiw
xU bgupa tpj;JthDila ,irepfH;r;rpia tpku;rdk; bra;a[k; nghJ mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lJ:
``md;W fr;nrupapy; mtUila fhjpYk; fk;ky;/ FuypYk; fk;ky;.~~
,) jkpHwp+u; fp.M.bg. tpRtehjd; gy; kUj;Jtj;jpy; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;w ez;gu; xUtiu
mwpKfk; bra;J itj;jnghJ ``,tu; gy;Jiw tpj;jfu;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
itnghd;w gy rpnyilg; ngr;Rfis eP=;fs; nfl;oUg;gPu;fs;. mtw;iwj; bjhFj;Jr;
,
brhy;ea=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;J fye;JiuahLf.
Mrpupau; : ,d;W tFg;gpw;F g[jpjhf te;j khztd; v=;nf>
khztd; : ,njh/ cs;nsd; Iah. (khztd; tFg;gpd; filrp ,Uf;ifapypUe;J TWfpwhd;)
Mrpupau; : cd; bgau; vd;d>
khztd; : ftpaurd;.
Mrpupau; : mg;goahdhy; cdf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa ePz;l thiya[k; Tu;ikahd
ef=;fisa[k; fhztpy;iyna.
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[khztu;fs;midtUk; fhuzk; g[upahky; rpupf;fpd;wdu;. mjw;F Mrpupau; Twpa tpsf;fk;

gpd;tUkhW mike;jJ.]
`ftp vd;why; Fu=;F vd;W ,d;bdhU bghUSk; cz;L. Mfntjhd; eP Fu=;Ffspd;
murdhdhy; cd; thiya[k;/ Tupa ef=;fisa[k; v=;nf vd;nwd;~ vd tpsf;fpdhu;.
2.
bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fisg; ghLk; ftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy;
goj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
thH;f epue;juk;- thH;f jkpH;bkhHp--
thHpa thHpant-
thdk; mse;j
tz;bkhHp thHpant ? thH;f
VH;fly; itg;gpDk;
jd;kzk; tPrp
,irbfhz;L thHpant
vd;bwd;Wk; thHpant ? thH;f
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHpna
thdk; mwpe;j
midj;Jk; mwpe;jpLk;
tsu;bkhHp thHpant-
thHpant-
thHpant-
thHpant- ? ghujpahu;
,ay; 1

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,ay; bkhHp tpupthdk;
ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
1 vHpy; Kjy;td;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vGJf.
NHy; ? btspehl;oypUe;J c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH;

bkhHpiag; ngr kl;Lnk bjupa[k;. M=;fpy ,yf;fpak; goj;j mtuplk; jkpH; ciueilapd;
rpwg;g[g; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
g=;FbgWnthu; ? jkpHd;/ cwtpdu; kfs;
cwtpdu; kfs; : tzf;fk; Iah.
jkpHd; : tzf;fk;
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciuahly;/ ciueil vd;why; vd;d>
jkpHd; : ePa[k; ehDk; ngrpdhy; ciuahly;. mijna vGjpdhy; ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueil tsu;r;rp gw;wp c=;fs; fUj;J ahJ>
jkpHd; : ciueilapy; vJif nkhid nghd;w mzpfnsh ,y;iy. Mdhy;
mLf;F bkhHpfs; cz;L. ftpijahdJ braw;ifj; jd;ik bfhz;lJ.
ciueilnah ,ay;ghd xG=;fpy; mika[k;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : jkpH; ciueilapd; ntW tiffs; cz;lh>
,ay; 1
jkpHd; : cz;L. bghJthf ciueilapid MW gpupt[fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. tpsf;f
ciueil/ msit ciueil/ vLj;Jiu ciueil/ tUzid ciueil/
ehlf ciueil/ rpe;jid ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : vdf;F tUzid ciueiliag; gw;wp Tw Koa[kh>
jkpHd; : TWfpnwd;. tUzid ciueil vd;gJ g[yDzu;t[ mDgt=;fis
tUzidahf tptupg;gJ. kf;fs;/ capupd=;fs;/ bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw
tUzpg;gJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; Xir ,d;gk; Vw;gLkh>
jkpHd; : vJif/ nkhidr; brhw;fis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp ciuahrpupau;fs; gyu;
ciubaGjp cs;sdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,uh. gp. nrJgps;isapd; jkpHpd;gk;
vd;Dk; E}iyf; Twyhk;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; cz;lh>
jkpHd; : cz;L. K.t. ciueilapy; ctik/ vJif/ nkhid brhy;yhl;rp nghd;w
ehd;F cyf cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; nkhid eak; cs;sjh>
jkpHd; : cs;sJ. rhd;whf/ ,uh.gp. nrJgps;isapd; `jkpH; tpUe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;
`fiya[k; fw;gida[k;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; mike;j fl;Liuapy;/
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`kiyapny kiH bghHpe;J bts;sk; bgh=;fp vGfpd;wJ.

mUtpaha; tpGe;J Mwha; gha;fpwJ~ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : nkhida[k;/ ,iag[k; tUtJnghy; ciueil brhy;Y=;fs; Iah-
jkpHd; : brhy;fpnwd;. ,uh.gp.nrJgps;isapd; `ckWg;g[ytu;~ vDk; fl;Liuapy;/
ghz;oa ehl;oy; gUtkiH bga;ahJ xHpe;jJ/ g+;rk; te;jJ/ grp neha[k;
kpFe;jJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : Iah filrpahf/ Kuz; eak; gw;wp kl;Lk; TW=;fs; Iah-
jkpHd; : Kuz; vd;gJ Kuz;gl;l ,uz;Lr; brhw;fs; mUfUnf mLf;fp tUjy;.
,uh.gp.nrJgps;isapd; `CUk; ngUk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ thH;t[k; jhH;t[k; ehL
efu=;fSk; cz;L. rPUk; rpwg;g[k; cw;W tps=;fpa rpy efu=;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
g[ifgoe;j Xtpa=;fs; nghy; bghyptpHe;J cs;sJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : kpf;f ed;wp Iah. j=;fsplkpUe;J ciueilapd; rpwg;gpid ed;F mwpe;J
bfhz;nld;.
jkpHd; : tzf;fk;-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Kjy; jkpH;f;fzpdp cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m) 1983 M) 1938
,) 1893 <) 1980 [tpil: m) 1983]
2. Kjy; jkpH;f; fzpdpf;Fr; Nl;lg;gl;l bgau;
m) jpUts;Stu; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) mfj;jpau; <) fk;gu; [tpil: m) jpUts;Stu;]
,ay; 1
3. g[jpa ciueil vd;Dk; E}ypid vGjpatu;

m) f. mg;ghJiu M) vHpy; Kjy;td;
,) ghthzu; <) ,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: M) vHpy; Kjy;td;]
4. vHpy; Kjy;tdpd; ,aw;bgau;
m) kh. ,uhkyp=;fk; M) f. mg;ghJiu
,) ghthzu; <) ,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: m) kh. ,uhkyp=;fk;]
5. vHpy; Kjy;tdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y;
m) g[jpa ciueil M) ,dpf;Fk; epidt[fs;
,) ahJkhfp epd;wha; <) v=;bf=;F fhzpDk; [tpil: m) g[jpa ciueil]
6. vHpy; Kjy;td; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; gzpia nkw;bfhz;l fy;Y}up
m) g[Jf;fy;Y}up M) khepyf; fy;Y}up
,) ,uhzp nkupf;fy;Y}up <) Fle;ij muR Mltu; fy;Y}up
[tpil: M) khepyf; fy;Y}up]
7. r=;fg; g[ytuplk; ,izaj; jkpHd; vt;tpyf;fpa=;fisf; Fwpj;J ciuahof; bfhz;oUe;jhd;>
m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
,) ciueil ,yf;fpak; <) rpw;wpyf;fpak; [tpil: ,) ciueil ,yf;fpak;]
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8. ``ctika[k; bghUSk; ntw;Wik xHptpj;J xd;bwd khl;od; mJ cUtfkhFk;~~ ? vd;wtu;

m) bjhy;fhg;gpau; M) gtzj;jpahu;
,) jz;o <) mfj;jpau; [tpil: ,) jz;o]
9. ``,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bgupa epiyf; fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk;
ePu; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;~~ vd;W Fwp+;rpkyu; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp gad;gLj;jpa eak;
m) ctik M) cUtfk;
,) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp <) rpw;wpyf;fpak; [tpil: m) ctik]
10. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; mjid vg;go miHg;gu;>
m) ,yf;fiz M) ,iz xg;g[
,) Kuz;gL bka;k;ik <) brhy;Kuz; [tpil: M) ,iz xg;g][
11. Foirapd; xUgf;fk; nfhg[u=;fs; kWgf;fk;" grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk; g[spr; nrg;gf;fhuu;fs;
kWgf;fk;" bkype;j vYk;g[f; TLfs; xUgf;fk; gUj;j bjhe;jpfs; kWgf;fk; ? njhHu; g.
$Pthde;jk; ciueil vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L>
m) vjpupiz ,iag[ M) Kuz;gL bka;k;ik
,) ,yf;fiz <) brhy;Kuz; [tpil: m) vjpupiz ,iag[]
12. czu;t[fisj; J}z;o vGg;g[tjpy; btw;wpbgWtd>
m) ctikia tpl cUtfnk M) cUtfj;ij tpl ctikna
,) vJifia tpl nkhidna <) nfs;tpapny gjpy; ,Ug;gJ nghy
[tpil: m) ctikia tpl cUtfnk]
beLtpdh
1. czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik bfhz;l bkhHpeilna Vw;w fUtp vd;gij epWt[f:
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
Fwp+;rpkyu; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp
,ay; 1
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpa[k; ,iz xg;g[k;
kiHa[k; g[aYk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; t. uhkrhkp
Kd;Diu:
czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik bfhz;l bkhHpeilna Vw;w fUtpahf tps=;Ftjhy;
jw;fhyj;jpYk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jtijg; gy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
Fwp+;rpkyu; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp:
`jpUg;gu=;Fd;wj;jpd; mHifg; ghu;g;gjw;bfd;nw ,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bgupa
epiyf; fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk; ePu; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;~ vd;W/ `Fwp+;rp
kyu;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp ctikiag; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
,f;fhy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ctikia tpl cUtfnk czu;t[fisj; J}z;o
vGg;g[tjpy; btw;wp bgWfpd;wJ. `Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jfs; Jspu;j;jd~ vd;W cUtfkhf
vGJfpwhu;fs;.
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil:
`fsk;g[fj; Joj;J epd;w cdf;F/ btw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ/ cz;L kfpH;e;jha;; cd;
g[d;dif jhd; mjw;Fr; rhd;W~ vd;gJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil MFk;.
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vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpa[k; ,iz xg;g[k;:

``g[we;J}a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J}a;ik
tha;ikahy; fhzg; gLk;~~
vd;Dk; Fwl;ghtpy; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtjhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
vd;gu;. ,t;tzpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; `,iz xg;g[~ vd;W TWtu;.
kiHa[k; g[aYk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; t. uhkrhkp:
`Cu; Tor; brf;Fj; js;s Koa[kh> vd;W nfl;fpwhu;fs;. Cu; Tod gpwF jhd;
brf;Fj; js;s ntz;Lk; vd;W fhj;jpUg;gtu;fspd; fhupak; if TlhJ/ g[nuhfpjUf;fhf
mkhthir fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy~ vd;W vGj;jhsu; t. uhkrhkp `kiHa[k; g[aYk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Kot[iu:
xd;iw tpsf;Ftjw;F mjndhL bjhlu;g[ila gpwpbjhd;iwf; Twp tpsf;Ftnj ctik
vd;gu;. me;j tifapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; bra;a[s;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ctik/ ,f;fhyj;jpy;
ciueilapYk; bgUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J czu;;r;rpfisf; fhl;l Vw;w
fUtpahft[k; tps=;FfpwJ.
2. gpd;tUk; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L fl;Liu totpy; tpil jUf.
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs; ? ,yf;fpa=;fspd; fw;gida[k;
,yf;fiza[k; ? nkhida[k; vJifa[k; ? brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk; ? Kuz;ghL bka;k;ika[k;/
vjpupiz ,irt[k; ? nfs;tpnyna gjpy; ? brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs;
,yf;fpa=;fspy; fw;gida[k; ,yf;fiza[k;
,yf;fpa=;fspy; nkhida[k; vJifa[k;
brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk;
,ay; 1
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik
nfs;tpnyna gjpy;
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
r=;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhu; njhg;ghft[k;/ ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; je;ijahu;
njhl;lkhft[k;/ ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; g{=;fhthft[k; tps=;FfpwJ. njhg;g[ <e;j gad;fisa[k;
njhl;lk; je;j ea=;fisa[k; g{=;fhtpd; mHfpida[k; xd;W nru;j;J ciueilapd;
mzpeyd;fshf mit tps=;Ftijf; fhz;nghk;.
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs;:
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpa=;fshfp/ fhg;gpa=;fshfp/
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fshfp/ re;jf; ftpijfshfp/ g[Jf;ftpijfshfp/ ,d;iwa epiyapy; etPd
ftpijfspy; te;J epw;fpwJ. ciueilapd; tsu;r;rpapy; rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ g[jpdk; vd;w
tot=;fs; cUthfpa[s;sd.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; fw;gida[k; ,yf;fiza[k;:
mBwpizg; bghUs;fisa[k; cau;jpizahff; fUjpf; fw;gid bra;J vGJtJ
,yf;fzj;jpy; cz;L. bjhy;fhg;gpau;/ `+hapW/ jp=;fs;/ be+;rk; nghd;w mBwpizg;
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bghUs;fs;. brhy;Ye nghyt[k;/ nfl;Fe nghyt[k; brhy;ypah=;F mika[k;~ (bra;a[spay;/

192) vd;W vGJk; jpwj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;oUf;fpwhu;. capu; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis capu; cs;sd
nghyt[k;/ czu;t[ ,y;yhj bghUs;fis czu;t[ilad nghyt[k; fw;gid bra;tJz;L
vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;oapUf;fpwhu;. ,jid ciueilapy; `,yf;fiz~ vd;W TWtu;.
rhd;W:
``nrhiyapy; g[Fntd;;" ku=;fs; Tg;gpLk;: tpGe;J itf;Fk;/ Myku epHypy; mku;ntd;;~/
My;/ vd; tpGijg; ghu;. me;j muRf;F ,BJ cz;lh> vd;Dk;. muR fz;zpw;gLk;. àhd;
tpGjpd;wp thDw X=;fp epw;fpnwd;/ vd;id kf;fs; Rw;wpr; bry;fpwhu;fs;/ fhz;~ vd;Dk;. `ntk;g[
vd; epHy; ey+;bra;a[k;. vd; g{tpd; Fz=;fisr; brhy;fpnwd; th~ vd;Dk;. mj;jp/ ehif/
tpsh/ kh/ tpy;tk; Kjypa ku=;fs; tpspahkypUf;Fnkh> rpe;jidapy; mitfspd; El;g=;fs;
tps=;Fk;. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;. kiykPJ ,tu;ntd;; xuplj;jpy; mku;ntd; ;
nkYk; fPGk; ghu;g;ngd; Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;g;ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
vd;w jkpH;j;bjd;wy; jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhupd; vGj;Jfs; mBwpizg;
bghUs;fis cau;jpizahff; fUjp vGjg;gl;oUg;gjw;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; nkhida[k; vJifa[k;.
nkhida[k; vJifa[k; bra;a[spy; tUkhapd; ,dpa Xirapd;gk; tpisa[k;. ,tw;wpid
ciueilapYk; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
`rhd;whf/ `bjd;wy; mire;JtUk; bjd;jkpH; ehl;oy; mike;j jpUf;Fw;whyk;/
kiytsk; gilj;j gHk;gjpahFk;. mk;kiyapny/ nfh=;Fk; nt=;ifa[k; X=;fp tsUk;
FutKk; Ky;iya[k; eWkz=; fkGk;- nfhykhkapy; njhif tpupj;jhLk;;" njDz;l
tz;Lfs; jkpH;g; ghl;oirf;Fk;;" ,j;jifa kiyapdpd;W tpiue;J tHpj;jpw=;Fk; bts;sUtp
tl;lr; rhiyapny tPH;e;J bgh=;Fk; bghGJ rpjWk; ePu;j;jptiyfs; ghyhtpnahw; gue;bjGe;J
k+;rpndhL nru;e;J bfh+;rpf; Fyht[k;~ vd;W brhy;ypd; bry;tu; ,uh.gp. nr. jkpHd;gk; vd;Dk;
E}ypy; vGjpa[s;sikiaf; Twyhk;.
brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk;:
btspg;ghl;ow;Fk; brhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F mGj;jk; jut[k; ciueilapy; brhy;iynah
,ay; 1
fUj;ijnah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; brhy;tJz;L. brhw;fis msthfg; gad;gLj;jp ciueilia
mHF bra;a K. tujuhrdhu;/ jk; ehl;Lg;gw;W vd;Dk; fl;Liuj; bjhFg;gpy;/ `thH;f;if
elj;Jtjw;Fg; bghUs;fs; gy ntz;Lk;. muprp/ fha;/ fdp Kjypait ntz;Lk;. cil/ tPL
Kjypait ntz;Lk;. fhRk; fhfpj nehl;Lk; ntz;Lk;/ ,d;Dk; gy ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw
MSk; mwpt[k; ntz;Lk;~ vd;W vGjpapUf;fpwhu;.
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik:
gog;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ nghy ,Ug;gpDk; cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj ?
bka;k;ikiar; brhy;YtJ `Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik~ MFk;.
rhd;W:
`,e;j cyfj;;jpy; gak; vd;w xd;wpw;Fj; jtpu ntW vjw;F ehk; gag;gl ntz;Lk;>~
brhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mGj;jk; bfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; g[jpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis
mikj;J vGJtij `vjpupiz ,irt[~ vd;gu;.
`Foirfs; xU gf;fk;;" nfhg[u=;fs; kWgf;fk;" grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk;;"
g[spr;nrg;gf;fhhu;fs; kWgf;fk;" bkype;j vYk;g[f;TLfs; xU gf;fk;;" gGj;j bjhe;jpfs;
kWgf;fk;" nfL bfl;l ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpw;F vd;iwf;F tpnkhrdk;> njhHu;fns/ rpe;jpa[=;fs;-
vd;W njhHu; g. $Pthde;jk; vGjpapUg;gJ ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpwJ.
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nfs;tpnyna gjpy;:
tpilj;ju ntz;oa njit ,y;yhky; nfs;tpnyna gjpy; ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k;
vGJtJ czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lf;F cjtf; Toajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhd;whf/ `mtu;
(bgupahu; <. bt. uh) ngrhj ehs; cz;lh> Fuy; nfl;fhj Cu; cz;lh> mtuplk; rpf;fpj; jpzwhj
gHik cz;lh> vijf; fz;L mtu; jpifj;jhu;> ve;jg; g[uhzk; mtuplk; jhf;Fjiyg;
bgwhjJ> ........ vdnt jhd; bgupahUila bgUk; gzpia ehd; xU jdp kdpjdpd; tuyhW
vd;wy;y xU rfhg;jk;. xU fhy fl;lk;? xU jpUg;gk; ? vd;W TWfpnwd;~ vd;Dk; bgupahiug;
gw;wpa mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; Tw;wpidf; Twyhk;.
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw:
ciueilapy; brhy;iynah fUj;ijnah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; Kiwapny cs;s
rpwg;gpid `cr;repiy~ vd;gu;.
`,e;jpah jhd; vd;Dila nkhl;rk;- ,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik. ,e;jpah
jhd; vd; ,sikapd; bkj;ij vd; bastdj;jpd; ee;j tdk; vd; fpHf;fhyj;jpd; fhrp~ vd;W
ghujp vd;Dk; jkpH;f;ftp+u; ek; ehl;il cau;j;jpf; TWtijr; rhd;whff; Twyhk;.
Kot[iu:
<uhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F nkyhf vy;yh tsj;JlDk; fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wthW
jftikj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w ek; jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpH;/ jw;fhy ciueil totj;jpYk; kpFe;j
brGika[ld; tps=;Ftij mwpa KofpwJ.
1. eP=;fs; goj;jtw;Ws; epidtpy; eP=;fh ,lk; bgw;w ,yf;fpaj; bjhlu;fs;/ ea=;fis vGJf.
,yf;fpaj; bjhlu; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s eak;
cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy. ctik
Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jf;fs; Jspu;j;jd. cUtfk;
2. bfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; ngRnthk;.

,ay; 1
jiyg;g[ : neuk;
jtpu;f;f ntz;oa brhy; : fofhuk;
Fwpg;g[ : xU epkplk; ngr ntz;Lk;. jkpH;r;brhw;fis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. Ie;J
tpdhofSf;F nky; ,ilbtsp ,Uj;jy; TlhJ.
,J nghd;W ntW ntW jiyg;g[fspy; tFg;giwapy; ngrpg; gHFf.
``fhyj;nj flikiar; bra;
fhyk; bghd; nghd;wJ.~~
vd;gu; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu;. fhyk; ekf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ehd; brytHpj;j kzpj;Jspfs;
kPz;Lk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;gtd; gpwuhy; kjpf;fg;glj;
jf;ftd;. fhe;jpaofsplk; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j gz;g[fspy; xd;W fhyk; jtwhik. Fwpj;j
neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;tjw;fhfnt fhe;jpaofs; jd; ,ilapy; (,Lg;g[) vg;bghGJk;
neuk; ghu;f;Fk; fUtpiaj; bjh=;ftpl;oUg;ghu;.
fhyk; jtwhikiaf; filgpog;gPu;-
fhyj;ij tPz; bra;ahjPu;--
fhyk; ek;ik thH;j;Jk;.
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,ay; bkhHp fw;fz;L
vGj;J/ brhy;
1
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`nfl;ltu; kfpHg; ghoa ghly; ,J~ ? bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s bjhHpw;bgaUk;
tpidahyiza[k; bgaUk; Kiwna
m) ghoa" nfl;ltu; M) ghly;" ghoa
,) nfl;ltu;" ghoa <) ghly;" nfl;ltu; [tpil: <) ghly;" nfl;ltu;]
FWtpdh
1. `nt=;if~ vd;gijj; bjhlu;bkhHpahft[k;/ bghJbkhHpahft[k; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

nt=;if : nt=;if vd;Dk; kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; (jdpbkhHp)
ntk; + if : ntfpd;w if vdt[k; bghUs; jUfpwJ (bjhlu;bkhHp)
2. ``cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwu;nky;
t Lf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPH;~~
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msbgilapd; tifiar; Rl;o/ mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; : ,d;dpir msbgil te;Js;sJ.

bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir
,ay; 1
msbgilahFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. `mwpe;jJ/ mwpahjJ/ g[upe;jJ/ g[upahjJ/ bjupe;jJ/ bjupahjJ/ gpwe;jJ/ gpwthjJ~ ,it

midj;ija[k; ahk; mwpnthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpt[iu vkf;Fj; njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk;
vkf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
,f;Tw;wpy; tz;z vGj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshf khw;wp vGJf.
bjhHpw;bgau; vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau;
mwpjy; mwpahik
g[upjy; g[upahik
bjupjy; bjupahik
gpwj;jy; gpwthik
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) ,uz;L [tpil: M) ehd;F]
2. vBB fpy=;fpa/ cudir, ? ,r;brhw;fspy; cs;s msbgilfs;
m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
M) ,d;dpir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil/ xw;wsbgil
<) xw;wsbgil/ ,d;dpir msbgil [tpil: m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil]
3. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; xw;bwGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>
m) 11 M) 13
,) 15 <) 12 [tpil: m) 11]
4. bghUj;Jf.
i) X xjy; ntz;Lk; ? 1. ,d;dpir msbgil
ii) bfLg;gJ}ck; ? 2. bra;a[spir msbgil
iii) cudir, ? 3. xw;wsbgil
iv) vBB fpy=;fpa ? 4. brhy;ypir msbgil
m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3 M) i.4 ii.3 iii.2 iv.1
,) i.2 ii.3 iii.4 iv.1 <) i.3 ii.4 iii.1 iv.2 [tpil: m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3]
5. ntWgl;l xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) cwhmu; M) bfLg;gJ}ck;
,ay; 1
,) tudir, <) vBB fpy=;fpa [tpil: <) vBB fpy=;fpa]

6. bghUj;jkw;w xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) Xxjy; M) cwhmu;f;F
,) glhmgiw <) jk;gP, [tpil: <) jk;gP,]
7. bghJbkhHpf;Fupa rhd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) go M) nt=;if
,) fz;zd; <) fz;zd; te;jhd; [tpil: M) nt=;if]
8. vl;L = vs; + J vdg; gpupe;J jUk; bghUs;
m) vl;L M) vs;is cz;
,) ntfpd;w if <) vs;is vL [tpil: M) vs;is cz;]
9. bghUj;Jf.
1. elj;jy; ? m) vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau;
2. bfhy;yhik ? M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
3. nfL ? ,) bjhHpw;bgau;
4. te;jtu; ? <) Kjdpiyj; jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
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m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M

,) 1., 2.M 3.< 4.m <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M]
10. vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; rhd;wpidj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) bfhy;yhik M) thH;f;if
,) elj;jy; <) NL [tpil: m) bfhy;yhik]
11. bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fis mwpa Jiz bra;tJ
m) ftpij M) ,yf;fzk;
,) ciueil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) ,yf;fzk;]
12. rhu;bgGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if
m) Kg;gJ M) gd;dpuz;L
,) gj;J <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,) gj;J]
13. capusbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M) @d;W]
14. bel;blGj;J msbgLg;gJ vd;gJ vd;d>
m) bra;a[spir msbgil M) ,d;dpir msbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) bra;a[spir msbgil]
15. brhy; jpupe;J msbgLg;gJ vd;gJ ahJ>
m) bra;a[spir msbgil M) brhy;ypir msbgil
,) ,d;dpir msbgil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) brhy;ypir msbgil]
16. bkhHp vd;gJ vj;jid tif>
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M) @d;W]
,ay; 1
17. ``me;jkhd;~~ vd;gJ vt;tif bkhHp>
m) bjhlu; bkhHp M) jdp bkhHp
,) bghJ bkhHp <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) bghJ bkhHp]

1. me;jkhd; ? m) bjhlu;bkhHp
2. fz; ? M) bjhHpw;bgau;
3. elj;ij ? ,) bghJbkhHp
4. fz;zd; te;jhd; ? <) jdpbkhHp
m) 1.M 2.< 3.m 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m <) 1., 2.M 3.< 4.m [tpil: ,) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m]
19. cwhmu;f;F/ tudir, ? msbgil tif
m) brhy;ypir/ ,d;dpir
M) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir
,) bra;a[spir/ brhy;ypir
<) ,d;dpir/ brhy;ypir [tpil: ,) bra;a[spir/ brhy;ypir]
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20. bjhHpiyr; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ

m) bjhHpw;bgau; M) Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
,) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau; <) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
[tpil: <) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;]
21. @tplj;jpw;Fk; cupaJ ............." glu;f;iff;nf cupaJ .............
m) bjhHpw;bgau;/ tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ bjhHpw;bgau;
,) cupr;brhw;bwhlu;/ tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ bjhHpw;bgau;]
22. èlj;jy;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; èl~ vd;gJ
m) tpidao M) tpFjp
,) bjhHpw;bgau; <) ,ilepiy [tpil: m) tpidao]
23. `ntk; + if~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) ntl;if M) nt=;if
,) ntfpd;w if <) ntfhj if [tpil: <) ntfhj if]
24. `thH;f;if~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) thH; M) f;
,) if <) I [tpil: ,) if]
25. msbgLj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) ePz;L xypj;jy; M) FWfp[ xypj;jy;
,) msthf xypj;jy; <) xypj;jy; ,y;iy [tpil: m) ePz;L xypj;jy;]
26. èir,~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tpUg;gk; M) tpUk;gp
,) Jd;gk; <) ftdpj;J [tpil: M) tpUk;gp]
,ay; 1
FWtpdh
1. rhu;bgGj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rhu;bgGj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
capu;bka;  Fw;wpaypfuk;
Ma;jk;  Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
capusbgil  xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
xw;wsbgil  kfuf;FWf;fk;
Fw;wpaYfuk;  Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
2. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
FWf;f=;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
Ifhuf;FWf;fk;  kfuf;FWf;fk;
xsfhuf; FWf;fk;  Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
3. msbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
msbgil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: capusbgil/ xw;wsbgil.
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4. capusbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

capusbgil @d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: bra;a[spir msbgil/ ,d;dpir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil.
5. capusbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ me;j Xiria epiwt[ bra;a capu; beoy; vGj;Jfs; VGk;
msbgLf;Fk;.
msbgLf;Fk; nghJ mtw;Wf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vGj;Jfs; gf;fj;jpy; tUk;.
rhd;W: cHhmu;.
6. bra;a[spir msbgil ' ,irepiw msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spd; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a bel;blGj;Jfs; msbgLf;Fk;.
(<uir bfhz;l rPu;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;)
rhd;W: cHhmu; (cHh'mu;)
7. bra;a[spir msbgilf;F @d;W rhd;W jUf.
Xxjy; ntz;Lk; ? bkhHp Kjy;
cwhmu;f;F cWneha; ? bkhHp ,il
ey;y glhm giw ? bkhHp ,Wjp
8. ,d;dpir msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil
vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: bfLg;gJ}ck; (bfLg;'gJ}'ck;)
(@tir bfhz;l rPu;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;)
9. brhy;ypir msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spy; xU bgau;r;brhy; vr;rr;brhy;yhfj; jpupe;J msbgLg;gJ brhy;ypirasbgil
MFk;.
,ay; 1
rhd;W: tudir,/ cudir,.
10. xw;wsbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a rpy bka;baGj;JfSk;/ Ma;j
vGj;Jk; msbgLg;gJ xw;wsbgilahFk;.
rhd;W: vBB fpy=;fpa/ v=;=;fpiwtd;.
11. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; bka;baGj;Jfs; kw;Wk; Ma;j vGj;J Mfpatw;iw vGJf.
bka; vGj;Jfs; ? =;/ +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ t;/ a;/ y;/ s; (gj;J)
Ma;j vGj;J ? B (xd;W)
bkhj;j vGj;Jfs; ? 11
12. brhy; vd;why; vd;d>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;njh bghUs; jUkhapd; mJ brhy; vdg;gLk;.
(brhy;;ypd; ntWbgau;fs; ? gjk;/ bkhHp/ fpstp)
13. bkhHp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bkhHp @d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp/ bghJbkhHp.
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14. jdpbkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: fz;/ go.
15. bjhlu;bkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlu;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ
bjhlu;bkhHp MFk;.
rhd;W: fz;zd; te;jhd;.
16. bghJbkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k; mr;brhy;ny gpupe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k;
jUtJ bghJbkhHp MFk;.
jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlu;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; mika[k;.
rhd;W: vl;L.
vl;L ? vz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vs; + J ? vs;is cz;.
17. bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU tpid my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bgauhdJ vz;/ ,lk;/ ghy;/ fhyk; Mfpatw;iwf;
Fwpg;ghfnth btspg;gilahfnth czu;j;jhky; tUtJ bjhHpw;bgau; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: <jy;/ thH;f;if.
18. tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
tpidaoa[ld; tpFjp nru;tjhy; cUthFk; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau; MFk;.
rhd;W: elj;jy;. el ? tpidao/ jy; ? tpFjp.
19. vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
vjpu;kiwg; bghUspy; tUtJ vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: elthik/ bfhy;yhik.
,ay; 1
20. bjhHpw;bgau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

bjhHpw;bgau; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
21. Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
tpFjp bgwhky; tpidg; gFjpna bjhHpw;bgauhjy; Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw; bgauhFk;.
rhd;W: jl;L/ ciu/ mo.
,r;brhw;fs; Kiwna jl;Ljy;/ ciuj;jy;/ moj;jy; vd;W bghUs;gLk; nghJ
Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshfpd;wd.
22. Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau; vd;gJ tpFjp bgwhky; Kjdpiy jpupe;J tUtJ. Kjdpiy
jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgauhFk;.
rhd;W: bfL ? nfL/ RL ? NL.
nfL/ NL (bfL/ RL vd;Dk; Kjdpiyfs; nfL/ NL vdj; jpupe;J te;Js;sJ)
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23. tpidahyiza[k; bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpid bra;jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.

xU tpidKw;W bgaupd; jd;ikia mile;J ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk;
ntbwhU gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glu;f;if Mfpa @tpl=;fspYk; tUk;.
@d;W fhy=;fspYk; tUk;.
rhd;W: te;jtu;.
24. bjhHpw;bgaUf;Fk; tpidahyiza[k; bgaUf;Fk; cs;s ntWghLfisf; TW.
bjhHpw;bgau; tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. bjhHpy; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
fhyk; fhl;lhJ. fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
glu;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;. @tplj;jpYk; tUk;.
v.fh: ghLjy;/ goj;jy;. v.fh: ghoats;/ goj;jtu;.
rpWtpdh
1. bkhHpapd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

bkhHptiffs;:
@d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp/ bghJbkhHp vd;gd.
jdpbkhHp:
xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: fz;/ kuk;.
,ay; 1
bjhlu;bkhHp:
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlu;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ
bjhlu;bkhHp MFk;.
v.fh: fz;zd; te;jhd;.
bghJbkhHp:
xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k; mr;brhy;ny gpupe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k;
jUtJ bghJbkhHp MFk;.
jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlu;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; mika[k;.
rhd;W: vl;L
vl;L ? vz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vs; + J ? vs;is cz;.
2. brhy;ypd; bray;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,U jpizfisa[k; Ie;J ghy;fisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
@tif ,l=;fspYk; tUk;.
cyf tHf;fpYk; bra;a[s; tHf;fpYk; tUk;.
btspg;gilahft[k; Fwpg;ghft[k; tps=;Fk;.
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1. njd;/ E}y;/ ig/ kyu;/ th ? ,j; jdpbkhHpfSld; brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhlu;bkhHpfshf;Ff.

njd; ? njd; kUe;Jg; bghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
E}y; ? E}y; gy fy;.
ig ? ig epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ.
kyu; ? kyu; gwpj;J te;njd;.
th ? tpiue;J th.
2. tpid moia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj; bjhHpw;bgau;fis cUthf;Ff.
fhz;/ rpup/ go/ jL.
v.fh: fhz; ? fhl;rp/ fhQjy;/ fhzy;/ fhzhik
rpup ? rpupg;g[/ rpupj;jy;/ rpupf;fhik
go ? gog;g[/ goj;jy;/ gof;fhik
jL ? jLg;g[/ jLj;jy;/ jLf;fhik
3. jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp Mfpatw;iwf; bfhz;L ciuahliyj; bjhlu;f.
mz;zd; : v=;nf bry;fpwha;> (bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : filf;F (jdpbkhHp)
mz;zd; : ,g;bghGJ vd;d th=;Ffpwha;> (bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : gUg;g[ th=;Ffpnwd;. (bjhlu;bkhHp)
mz;zd; : vjw;F> (jdpbkhHp)
jk;gp : gUg;g[ nrhW bra;a mk;kh th=;fp tur; brhd;dhu;fs; (bjhlu;bkhHp)
mz;zd; : ,d;W gUg;g[ nrhW ntz;lhbkd;W mk;khtplk; brhy;nthk;
,ay; 1
(bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : rup ,d;W mk;khitg; gpupahzp bra;J jur;brhy;nthk;. (bjhlu;bkhHp)
4. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;. kiy kPJ VWntd;" Xuplj;jpy; mku;ntd;" nkYk; fPGk;
ghu;g;ngd;" Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;g;ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpna vLj;bjGjpj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshf khw;Wf.
miHf;Fk; ? miHj;jy;  ghu;g;ngd; ? ghu;j;jy;
VWntd; ? VWjy;  va;Jk; ? va;jy;
mku;ntd; ? mku;jy;
5. fl;L/ brhl;L/ tHpghL/ nfL/ nfhwy; ? ,j;bjhHpw;bgau;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
brhl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
tHpghL : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
nfL : Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
nfhwy; : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
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bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 21
goj;Jr; Ritf;f.
ghlypy;/ kuk; vd;Dk; brhy;/ ,lj;jpw;nfw;g bghUs; jUtjha; 11 ,l=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;fisg; bghUj;jpg; goj;J Ritf;f.
ghlypd; bghUs;:
``murd; Fjpiuapy; Vwp
ntiyj; njhspy; itj;J
murd; g[ypiaf; fz;L
ntypdhy; g[ypiaf; Fj;jp
fhl;L tHpna brd;W
tskidf; nfl;Fk; nghJ
muridf; fz;l khju;
MykuKld; Muj;jp vLj;jhu;.~~
bkhHpbgau;g;g[:
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own
language that goes to his heart. – Nelson Mandela
eP=;fs; xU kdpjdplk; VjhtJ xU bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mij mtd; g[upe;J bfhz;L mtd;
@isf;Fr; bry;fpwJ. Mdhy; mtDila bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mJ mtd; be+;rj;ijj;
bjhLk;. ? bey;rd; kz;nlyh
2. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going. –
Rita Mae Brown
bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mJnt kf;fs; v=;fpUe;J te;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; v=;Fg;
nghfpwhu;fs; vd;gijr; brhy;Yk;. ? upl;lh nk gput[z;
,ay; 1
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiHfisj; jpUj;Jf.
``njzpny Cupa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cy;yyt[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[du;e;jpd; g[Unthnk~~ ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafdhu;.
jpUj;jk;:
``njdpny Cwpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cs;sst[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[zu;e;jpd; g[W[nthnk~~
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fspd; Tl;lg;bgau;fisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
(Ftpay;/ Fiy/ ke;ij/ fl;L)
fy; ? Ftpay; (fw;Ftpay;)
gHk; ? Fiy (gHf;Fiy)
g[y; ? fl;L (g[w;fl;L)
ML ? ke;ij (Ml;Lke;ij)
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tpidKw;iw tpidahyiza[k; bgauhf khw;wpj; bjhlu;fis ,izj;J vGJf.

1. fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhu;. mtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;.
v.fh: fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;.
2. Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;lhu;. mtu; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whu;.
Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;ltu; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whu;.
3. new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; vd; ez;gu;.
new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jtu; vd; ez;gu;.
4. bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jhu;. nghl;oj; nju;tpy; btd;whu;.
bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jtu; nghl;oj; nju;tpy; btd;whu;.
bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mnj bghUSila ntW brhw;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp bjhlu;fis kPs vGJf.
1. cyfpy; thGk; kf;fspy; rpyu; fdpapUf;ff; fha; g[rpj;jiyg;nghy/ ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy;
ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;wdu;.
g[tpapy; thGk; khDlu;fs; rpyu; gHkpUf;ff; fha; cz;gijg;nghy ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy;
ngrp Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdu;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thote;j g[ytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf; bfhLj;J k=;fhg; g[fH;
bgw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Jd;gj;jhy; thote;j mwp+u;fSf;Fj;; jdJ jiyia <e;J k=;fhg; bgUik
bgw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ Jiztpa[k; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L/ me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHKfpy;
fz;l k+;i+ nghyf; fsp bfhz;ldu;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpa[k; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L/ me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHnkfk;
,ay; 1
fz;l kapiyg; nghy kfpH;r;rp bfhz;ldu;.

4. nrhiyapw; g{j;j kzkyu;fspy; RUk;g[fs; bkha;j;Jg; gz;gho kJt[z;ld.
ee;jtdj;jpy; g{j;j kzkyu;fspy; tz;Lfs; bkha;j;Jg; gz;gho njid cz;ld.
5. gRg;nghy; rhe;jKk; g[ypnghy; jPuKk; ahid nghy ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
Mg;nghy; mikjpa[k; nt=;if nghy; tPuKk; fspW nghy ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu vGJf.
Fkupf; fly;Kidiaa[k; nt=;fl kiyKfl;ila[k; vy;iyahff; bfhz;l bjd;dtu;
jpUehl;ow;Fg; g[fH; njoj;je;j bgUik/ jifrhy; jkpHd;idiar; rhUk;. vHpy;nru; fd;dpaha;
vd;Wk; jpfGk; mt;td;idf;F/ gps;isj; jkpH; ngrp/ rjfk; rikj;J/ guzp gho/ fyk;gfk;
fz;L/ cyhte;J/ me;jhjp Twp/ nfhit ahj;J/ mzpahfg; g{l;o mHTl;o mfk;kpf kfpH;e;jdu;
bre;ehg; g[ytu;fs;.
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,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; bfhz;L `rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
jiyg;g[ : rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
r=;fj;jkpH;
mwj;jkpH;
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;
rpw;wpyf;fpak;
rkaj;jkpH;
Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
``brhy;ypy; cau;t[ jkpH;r;brhy;ny ?mijj;
bjhGJ goj;jplo ghg;gh~~
?ghujpahu;
cyfpy; kdpj ,dk; vd;W njhd;wpanjh/ md;nw jkpH; bkhHpa[k; njhd;wpaJ. md;W Kjy;
,d;W tiu jkpH;bkhHp ,sikahfnt ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. xt;bthU fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk;
thH;e;j rhd;nwhu;fshy; jkpH; rpwg;g[w;W epw;fpd;wJ.
r=;fj;jkpH;:
`jkpH;~ vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpag; ghapuj;jpy; ,lk;bgWfpd;wJ. fpgp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;ow;F
Kd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa=;fs; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; MFk;. mitna r=;fj;jkpH; jUk; fs+;rpak;
MFk;. fgpyu;/ guzu;/ xsitahu;/ ef;fPuu;/ ey;ye;Jtdhu; Kjypa vz;zw;wj; jkpH;r;
rhd;nwhu;fshy; ghl;Lk; bjhifa[k; cUthf;fg;gl;L r=;fj;jkpH; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
mwj;jkpH;:
r=;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; bgha;a[k; Fw;wKk; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ. mjidg;
nghf;f jpUts;Stu;/ rkz Kdptu;fs;/ tpsk;gpehfdhu;/ fgpyu;/ fzpnkjhtpahu; Mfpa gy
,ay; 1
rhd;nwhu; bgUkf;fs; mwE}y;fisg; gilj;J/ mwj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;.
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;:
Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSk;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fSk; fhg;gpaj; jkpiH tsu;j;jd. ,s=;nfhtofs;/
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;/ jpUj;jf;fj;njtu; Mfpa rhd;nwhu;fs; fhg;gpaj; jkpiHj; jiHf;fr; bra;jdu;.
rpw;wpyf;fpak;:
(guzp/ rjfk;/ gps;isj;jkpH;)
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; 96 tifg;gLk;. mit tHp rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; bgUfp rpw;wpyf;fpaj;
jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. xUtiuf; FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J/ 10 gUt=;fspy; tshr;rp epiyiag;
ghLtJ gps;isj;jkpH; MFk;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ FkuFUguu; Mfpnahu; gps;isj;jkpH; gho
tsu;j;jdu;. rjfk; (100) ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ rjfk;. Mj;kehj njrpfu;/ fhu;nkff; ftp+u;
Mfpnahu; rjfk; ghodhu;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ bra=;bfhz;lhu; guzp ,yf;fpaj;ij tsu;j;jdu;.
rkaj;jkpH;:
irtk;/ itztk;/ fpwpj;jtk;/ ,!;yhk;/ rkzk;/ bgsj;jk; Mfpa rka=;fSk; jkpH; tsu;f;Fk;
gzpapy; <Lgl;L rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. jpUeht[f;furu;/ tPukhKdptu;/ ckWg;g[ytu;
Mfpnahu; rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. ,jw;F gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;/ ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;/
rPwhg;g[uhzk;/ njk;ghtzp rhd;whFk;.
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Kot[iu:
fhye;njhWk; jkpH;/ jd;id tsu;g;gtu;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhz;L tsu;e;Jk;
rpwe;Jk; tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
``jkpGauj; jkpHd; cau;thd;
jkpHauj; jkpHd; mau;thd;~~
?ghthzu;
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
njdpDk; ,dpaew; bre;jkpH; bkhHpna
bjd;dhL tps=;Fwj; jpfGe;bjd; bkhHpna
CdpDk; xspu;t[Wk; xz;lkpH; bkhHpna
czu;tpDf; Fzu;tjha; xspu;jkpH; bkhHpna
thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna
khe;jUf; fpUfzh ta=;Fed; bkhHpna
jhddp rpwg;g[We; jdpj;jkpH; bkhHpna
jiHj;jpdp njh=;Ftha; jz;lkpH; bkhHpna ? fh. ekr;rpthau;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
`thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J~
``njdpDk; ,dpikahd brk;ik bgw;w bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp. bjd;dhl;oy; rpwe;J
tps=;Ffpd;w bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp. xsp tPrp mwpt[k;/ brwpt[k; El;gKk; bfhz;l bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp
czu;nthL czu;thd bkhHp/ thdpDk; cau;e;j tsk;kpf;f bkhHp jkpH;. jiHj;J X=;Ftha;
Fspu;r;rp j=;fpa jkpH; bkhHpna~~ vd jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shu; f. ekr;rpthau;.
bjhil eak;:
`bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~
,ay; 1
bra;a[shdJ vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Kjypatw;why; bjhFf;fg;gLtJ bjhil

vdg;gLk;. ,g;ghlypy; bjhil ea=;fs; rpwg;ghff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
`nkhid eak;:
`nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjyhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidj;
bjhil.
xz;lkpH;/ xspu;jkpH;/ xspu;t[Wk;/
jdpj;jkpH;/ jz;lkpH; Mfpa nkhidr; brhw;fs; ghlypy; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ.
vJif eak;:
`tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
bra;a[Sf;F mHF vJif~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifj;
bjhil.
njdpDk;/ CdpDk;/ thdpDk; Mfpa vJifr; brhw;fs; ghlypy; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ.
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,iag[ eak;:
`ghlypd; ,iag[
gog;nghu;f;F tpag;g[~
bra;a[spy; filrp vGj;njh rPnuh mirnah xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j; bjhil MFk;.
`bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; brhy; monjhWk; te;J ,iaghf mike;Js;sJ. monjhWk; @d;whk;
rPupy; bre;jkpH;/ xz;lkpH;/ xspu;jkpH;/ tz;lkpH;/ jdpj;jkpH;/ jz;lkpH; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; te;J
ghlYf;F ,iaghf mike;Js;sd.
mzp eak;:
`nfhtpYf;F mHF kzp
bra;a[Sf;F mHF mzp~
,g;ghlypy; `bkhHp~ vd;w brhy; xnu bghUspy; gyKiw te;J brhw;bghUl; gpd;tU
epiyazpiaf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
ghtif : vz;rPu; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 23
brhw;fis ,izj;Jg; g[jpa brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.

njd;/ tpsf;F/ kiH/ tpz;/ kzp/ tpy=;F/ bra;/ nkfiy/ thd;/ bghd;/ g{.
v.fh: g{kzp
g[jpa brhw;fs;:
bghd;tpy=;F bghd;kzp bra;thd; tpz;kzp
kzpnkfiy bghd; tpsf;F njd;g{ njd;kiH
thd;kiH bra;njd; tpsf;Fthd; g{tpy=;F
g{kiH
Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L tpdhtpnyna tpil ,Ug;gJ nghd;W tpdhj;bjhlu;fs; mikf;f.
,ay; 1
Fwspd;gk;/ Ritf;fhj ,sePu;/ fhg;gpar; Rit/ kdpjFy nkd;ik/ tpLKiwehs;
v.fh: Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpHd; cz;lh>
Ritf;fhj ,sePu; : kd;dd; Ritf;fhj ,sePu; cz;nlh>
fhg;gpar; Rit : fk;gu; fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpar; Rit cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jnjh>
kdpjFy nkd;ik : ,e;E}w;whz;oy; kdpjFy nkd;ik rpwg;g[w;W tps=;Ffpwnjh>
tpLKiwehs; : njnuhl;lk; md;W tpLKiw ehs; vd mwptpf;fg;gLkh>
vz;Qg;bgau;fisf; fz;L/ jkpH; vz;fspy; vGJf.
bra;a[s; mo vz;Qg; bgau; jkpH; vz;
ehw;wpira[k; bry;yhj ehoy;iy ehd;F ௪
vWk;g[e;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L ௮
Ie;Jrhy;g[ Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J ௫
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;F/ ,uz;L ௪௨
Mid Mapuk; mkupil btd;w khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp Mapuk; ௧௦௦௦
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mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mltp/ mty;/ Rty;/ brW/ gHdk;/ g[wt[.
mltp ? fhL/ jpus;/ bjhFjp/ nrhiy
mty; ? gs;sk;/ tpisepyk;/ Fsk;/ bey; ,oay;
Rty; ? gplup/ KJF/ nkL/ bjhy;iy
brW ? tay;/ Fsk;/ ghj;jp/ nfhgk;
gHdk; ? tay;/ kUjepyk;/ bgha;if
g[wt[ ? g[wh/ rpWfhL/ Ky;iyf;bfho/ gapupLk; epyk;
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.

Fu=;F kuj;jpw;F kuk; jht[tJ nghy
ehs;njhWk; vij vijnah vz;zp
cdJ bgUikfis ,Hf;fpwha;.
fhuzk; cd; mwpt[g;g{l;L
,d;Dk; jpwf;fg;glhjnj-
cd; mwpt[g;g{l;ilj; jpw
thH;f;ifapy; btw;wp bgWtjw;fhd
bray;fspy; <LgL
cd; clYk; cs;sKk; brHpf;Fk;
thH;tpd; cau;tplj;jpy; ,Ug;gha; eP-
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf gf;fk;: 24
,d;brhy; tHp jPabrhy; tHp

,ay; 1
gpwu; kdk; kfpGk; gpwu; kdk; thLk;

mwk; tsUk; mwk; nja[k;
g[fH; bgUFk; ,fH; bgUFk;
ey;y ez;gu;fs; nrUtu; ey;y ez;gu;fs; tpyFtu;
md;g[ epiwa[k; gifik epiwa[k;
,jpy; eP=;fs; bry;Yk; tHp ahJ> c=;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; tHp ahJ>
eh=;fs; ,d;brhy; tHpiana gpd;gw;Wnthk;. v=;fs; ez;gUf;Fk; mt;tHpiana fhl;o
mtu;fisa[k; mt;tHpapd; go elf;fr; bra;nthk;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Vowel ? capbuGj;J  Monolingual ? xU bkhHp
Consonant ? bka;baGj;J  Conversation ? ciuahly;
Homograph ? xg;bgGj;J  Discussion ? fye;Jiuahly;

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,ay; ,aw;if ciueil cyfk;
nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy;-

2
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bra;jp 1 : x
t;nthu; Mz;Lk; $^d; 15I cyff; fhw;W ehshff; bfhz;lho tUfpnwhk;.
bra;jp 2 : fhw;whiy kpd;cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jkpHfk; ,uz;lhkplk; vd;gJ vdf;Fg;
bgUikna.
bra;jp 3 : fhw;wpd; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; fly; fle;J tzpfk; bra;J mjpy; btw;wp
fz;ltu;fs; jkpHu;fs;.
m) bra;jp 1 kl;Lk; rup M) bra;jp 1/ 2 Mfpad rup
,) bra;jp 3 kl;Lk; rup <) bra;jp 1/ 3 Mfpad rup
[tpil: <) bra;jp 1/ 3 Mfpad rup]
2. bghUe;Jk; tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.

i) bfhz;ly; ? 1. nkw;F
ii) nfhil ? 2. bjw;F
iii) thil ? 3. fpHf;F
iv) bjd;wy; ? 4. tlf;F
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
[tpil: M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
,ay; 2
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
FWtpdh
1. èkf;F capu; fhw;W
fhw;Wf;F tuk; kuk; ? ku=;fis
btl;o vwpahky; el;L tsu;g;nghk;~

?,J nghd;W cyff; fhw;W ehs; tpHpg;g[zu;t[f;fhd ,uz;L KHf;fj; bjhlu;fis vGJf.
capu;fspd; Rthrk; fhw;W-
fhw;wpd; Rthrk; kuk;-
J}a;ikia nerpg;nghk;-
J}a fhw;iwr; Rthrpg;nghk;-
rpWtpdh
1. capuhf ehd;/ gy bgau;fspy; ehd;/ ehd;F jpirfspYk; ehd;/ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd;/ Ke;ePu;
ehtha; Xl;oahf ehd;......... Kjypa jiyg;g[fspy; fhw;W jd;idg; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ. ,t;thW
èPu;~ jd;idg; gw;wpg; ngrpdhy; ........... c=;fSila fw;gidapy; jiyg;g[fis vGJf.
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ehnd- ePu;
cyfpy; Kf;fhy; ghfk; ehd;
ehd; ,y;iy vd;why; cyfk; ,y;iy
Mjtdpd; mizg;gpy; fUt[w;W
nkfkha; tsu;e;J
kiHaha; gpwg;ngd; ehd;
tpz;zpypUe;J ehd; tpGe;jhy;
vd;idf; fz;L cyfk; rpupf;Fk;
kiyapy; tpGe;J
ejpapy; Xo
flypy; r=;fkpf;Fk;
rupj;jpu ehafd; ehd;.
2. nrhiyf; (g{=;fh) fhw;Wk; kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;Wk; ngrpf;bfhs;tJnghy; Xu; ciuahly; mikf;f.
kpd; tprpwpf; fhw;W : ez;gh- th v=;bfy;yhk; Rw;wpj; jpupe;J tUfpwha;>
vd;idg; nghy; epiyahf Xuplj;jpypUe;J tPrf; Tlhjh.
nrhiyf;fhw;W : eP Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J epiyahf tPrpdhYk; cd;id ,af;f xUtu; njit.
mJ kl;Lky;yhky; eP bfhLf;Fk; btg;gf;fhw;iw kdpju;fs; ntW
tHpapd;wp gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. kpd;rhuk; jilg; gl;lhYk; kdpju;fs;
cd;id ,af;f KoahJ.
kpd; tprpwpf; fhw;W : kdpju;fs; cd;id tpUk;g[fpwhu;fsh>
nrhiyf;fhw;W : Mk;/ ehd; kf;fSf;Ff; Fspu;e;j fhw;iwf; bfhLf;fpnwd;. vd;dpypUe;J
kpd;rhuk; jahupf;fpd;wdu;. fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Ie;jhk;
,lj;jpYk; jkpHfk; Kjy; ,lj;jpYk; cs;sJ. g[Jg;gpf;ff; Toa tskhd
vd;idg; gad;gLj;jp kpd;dhw;wiy cUthf;Fk; nghJ epyf;fupapd;
njit Fiwe;J fdpk ts=;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,ay; 2
kpd; tprpwpf; fhw;W : ,j;jid rpwg;g[fs; bfhz;l cd;id itj;J xU g[J bkhHpia
cyfpw;Ff; Twg;nghfpnwd;.
nrhiyf;fhw;W : mg;goah! mg;g[J bkhHp ahJ>
kpd; tprpwpf; fhw;W : ``fhw;Ws;s nghnj kpd;rhuk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;~~.
beLtpdh
1. kyu;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjpkyu; nghy

tsUk; tpHp tz;znk ? te;J
tpoe;Jk; tpoahj fhiyg; bghGjhf
tpise;j fiy md;dnk
ejpapy; tpisaho bfhoapy; jiyrPtp
ele;j ,se;bjd;wny ? tsu;
bghjpif kiynjhd;wp kJiu efu; fz;L
bghype;j jkpH; kd;wnk
? ftp+u; fz;zjhrdpd; ,g;ghlypy; jtGk; fhw;iwa[k; ftpij eaj;ija[k; ghuhl;o ciu
bra;f.
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fhw;iwg; ghuhl;ly; :
kyu;e;j kyuhj ghjp kyiua[k;/ tpoe;Jk; tpoahj fhiyg; bghGija[k; tpUk;ghjhu;
vtUkpy;iy. midtUk; fhw;whfpa cd;ida[k; eP ,se;bjd;wyhf tUk; nghJ tpUk;g[tu;
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; fz;zjhrd;. fhw;whdJ ejpfis tUoa[k;/ bro bfhofis tUoa[k;
,se;bjd;wyhf tUfpwJ. fhw;iwg; nghynt jkpGk; midtuhYk; tpUk;gj;jf;fjha;
,Uf;fpwJ. bjw;fpYs;s bghjpif kiyapy; njhd;wpa jkpGf;F kJiuapny r=;fk; itj;J
mHfpa jkpH; tsu;j;jjhft[k; fUj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;;.
ftp eak;:
ftp+u; fz;zjhrdpd; ghlypy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhLk; tifapYk;
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;Fk; tifapYk;/ mzp mHFw tifapYk;/ re;j jhskpl;L brhe;jk;
bfhz;lhLk; jd; ftp eaj;ijf; fhl;rpgLj;jpa[s;shu;.
rhd;W:
nkhid : tsUk; tz;znk
vJif : ejpapy; bghjpif
Kuz; : kyu;e;Jk; × kyuhj
tpoe;Jk; × tpoahj
,iag[ : tz;znk md;dnk
mzp : ghjp kyu; nghy tsUk; tpHp tz;znk (ctikazp te;Js;sJ)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W ,e;jpahtpw;F vj;jid tpGf;fhL kiHg;bghHptpidj; jUfpwJ>

m) Ik;gJ M) mWgJ
,ay; 2
,) vGgJ <) vz;gJ [tpil: ,) vGgJ]
2.
jha;yhe;J kd;dupd; KoNl;L tpHhtpw;F vg;ghly;fisj; jha;bkhHpapy; vGjp itj;Jg;
ghLfpwhu;fs;>
m) jpUke;jpuk;/ jpUthrfk; M) jpUf;Fws;/ jpUke;jpuk;
,) jpUtUl;gh/ jpUg;ghit <) jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit
[tpil: <) jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit]
3. bghUj;Jf.
1. @r;R ? m) ePu;
2. jhfk; ? M) epyk;
3. ciwtJ ? ,) fhw;W
4. xsp ? <) fjputd;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.M 3.m 4.<
,) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.<]
4. cyfk; Ik;g{j=;fshy; MdJ vd;wtu;>
m) jpU@yu; M) mfj;jpau;
,) ts;Stu; <) bjhy;fhg;gpau; [tpil: <) bjhy;fhg;gpau;]
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5. ``tha[ tHf;fk; mwpe;J brwpe;jl=;fpy;

Ma[s; bgUf;fk; cz;lhk;~~ vd;w ghlyoiag; ghoatu;
m) jpU@yu; M) xsitahu;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpau; <) fk;gu; [tpil: M) xsitahu;]
6. bghUj;Jf.
1. nkw;F ? m) thil
2. tlf;F ? M) Flf;F
3. bjw;F ? ,) Fzf;F
4. fpHf;F ? <) bjd;wy;
m) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M M) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m [tpil: M) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
7. ``Ke;ePu;~~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) fly; M) fg;gy;
,) gazk; <) ePu; [tpil: m) fly;]
8. bghUe;jhj xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) tsp M) bjd;wy;
,) g[ay; <) fly; [tpil: <) fly;]
9. ``tz;blhL g[f;f kztha;j; bjd;wy;~~ vdf; TWk; E}y; vJ>
m) bjd;wy; tpL J}J M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) kzpnkfiy <) g[wehD}W [tpil: M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
10. gj;kfpupehju; bjd;wy; tpL J}J vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;>
m) ,s=;nfhtofs;
M) xsitahu;
,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[ytu;
,ay; 2
<) jpU@yu; [tpil: ,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[ytu;]
11. `tspbjhHpy; Mz;l cunthd;~ ? vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd;dd;

m) fupfhyd; M) ,uhruhrd;
,) ,uhnre;jpud; <) ghHp [tpil: m) fupfhyd;]
12. fupfhy; bgUtsj;jhidg; g[fH;e;J ghoa r=;ffhyg; bgz;g[ytu;

m) xsitahu; M) Mjpke;jpahu;
,) ms;Au; ed;Ky;iyahu; <) btz;zpf; Faj;jpahu;
[tpil: <) btz;zpf; Faj;jpahu;]
13. Krpwp JiwKfj;Jf;F tpiutpy; gazk; bra;a[k; g[jpa tHpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;j fpnuf;f khYkp
m) \pg;ghy!; M) a[thd;Rth=;f;
,) gpisdp <) jhykp [tpil: m) \pg;ghy!;]
14. $^d; Kjy; brg;lk;gu; tiu tPRk; gUtf;fhw;W

m) tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W M) bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W
,) tlnkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W <) bjd;fpHf;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W
[tpil: M) bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W]
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15. mf;nlhgu; Kjy; ork;gu; tiu tPRk; gUtf;fhw;W

m) tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W M) bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W
,) tlnkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W <) bjd;fpHf;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W
[tpil: m) tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf; fhw;W]
16. cyff; fhw;whiy cw;gj;jpapy; Ie;jhk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ehL

m) ,e;jpah M) mbkupf;fh
,) rPdh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: m) ,e;jpah]
17. ,e;jpahtpy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk;
m) F$uhj; M) nfush
,) jkpH;ehL <) Me;jpuh [tpil: ,) jkpH;ehL]
18. cyfpnyna mjpf mst[[ khRgLj;Jk; ehLfspy; ,uz;lhkplk; bgw;Ws;s ehL

m) rPdh M) mnugpah
,) ,e;jpah <) $g;ghd; [tpil: ,) ,e;jpah]
19. ,e;jpahtpy; kpFe;j capupHg;igj; jUk; fhuzpfspy; Ie;jhkplk; bgWtJ

m) fhw;W khR M) ePu; khR
,) epy khR <) xyp khR [tpil: m) fhw;W khR]
20. cyff; fhw;W ehs;

m) $^d; 15 M) $îy 15
,) $dtup 15 <) ork;gu; 10 [tpil: m) $^d; 15]
21. à[dpbrg;~ vd;gJ
m) gUtepiy khWghL M) rpWtu; epjpak;
,) cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; <) cyf t=;fp epWtdk; [tpil: M) rpWtu; epjpak;]
22. ``g{=;fhw;nw- ,j;jid ehs; cidg; ghlhjpUe;Jtpl;nld;~~ vd;W tUe;jpa ftp+u;
m) jdpehaf mofs; M) njtnfhl;il th.@u;j;jp
,ay; 2
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) ghujpahu; [tpil: M) njtnfhl;il th.@u;j;jp]
23. capupd thH;tpd; mog;gil

m) ,aw;if M) braw;if
,) kdpjd; <) ku=;fs; [tpil: m) ,aw;if]
24. bjhy;fhg;gpau;/ cyfk; vd;gJ vjdhy; MdJ vd;fpwhu;>
m) flt[shy; M) kdpjdhy;
,) Ik;bgUk; g{j=;fshy; <) ,d;gJd;g=;fshy; [tpil: ,) Ik;bgUk; g{j=;fshy;]
25. @r;Rg;gapw;rpna cliyg; ghJfhj;J thH;ehis ePl;of;Fk; vd;W Twpatu; ahu;> Twg;gl;l
E}y; vJ>
m) khzpf;fthrfu;/ jpUthrfk; M) jpU@yu;/ jpUke;jpuk;
,) jpUeht[f;furu;/ njthuk; <) xsitahu;/ Mj;jpr;No
[tpil: M) jpU@yu;/ jpUke;jpuk;]
26. `tz;blhL g[f;f kztha;j; bjd;wy;~ ? vd;W ciuj;jtu; ahu;>

m) xsitahu;
M) ,s=;nfhtofs;
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,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg;g[ytu;
<) FkuFUguu; [tpil: M) ,s=;nfhtofs;]
27. bjd;wy; fhw;W vd miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;
m) kuk;/ bro/ bfho/ MW/ kiy jhz;o tUtJ
M) ntfkhf tPRtJ
,) RHd;W tPRtJ
<) kzw;gFjpapypUe;J tPRtJ [tpil: m) kuk;/ bro/ bfho/ MW/ kiy jhz;o tUtJ]
28. èe;jkpGk; jz;bghUie ed;djpa[k; nru; bghUg;gpw;
bre;jkpHpd; gpd;Djpj;j bjd;wny~ ? vd;W bgz;bzhUj;jp/ J}J bry;y fhw;wpid
miHj;jjhfg; ghoatu;
m) xsitahu;
M) ,s=;nfhtofs;
,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg;g[ytu;
<) FkuFUguu; [tpil: ,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg;g[ytu;]
29. `èjpapy; tpisahof; bfhoapy; jiyrPtp

ele;j ,se;bjd;wny~~ ? vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatu;
m) thyp M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ituKj;J <) kPuh [tpil: M) fz;zjhrd;]
30. esp,U Ke;ePu; ehtha; Xl;o
tspbjhHpy; Mz;l cunthd; kUf-
fsp,ay; ahidf; fupfhy; tst-~~ ? vd;W gH=;fhyj;jpy; fly; fle;j gaz=;fs; midj;Jk;
fhw;wpdhy; ,af;fg;gl;l gha;kuf; fg;gy;fshy;jhd; epfH;e;jd vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W
,) gupghly; <) fypj;bjhif [tpil: m) g[wehD}W]
,ay; 2
31. \pg;ghy!; vd;gtu;

m) fpnuf;f khYkp M) nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa khYkp
,) gpbu+;R kUj;Jtu; <) M=;fpy MSeu;; [tpil: m) fpnuf;f khYkp]
32.
gUtf; fhw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;F nenu eLf;fly; tHpahf tpiutpy;
gazk; bra;a[k; g[jpa tHpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;
m) th!;nfhlfhkh M) \pg;ghy!;
,) ghu;j;jnyhkpnah la!; <) blkh!;jdp!; [tpil: M) \pg;ghy!;]
33. \p[g;ghy!; gUtf;fhw;W vd;W bgaupl;ltu;fs;

m) atdu; M) rPdu;
,) M=;fpnyau; <) mbkupf;fu; [tpil: m) atdu;]
34. \pg;ghy!; gUtf;fhw;W fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l E}w;whz;L
m) fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;L M) fp.K. Kjy; E}w;whz;L
,) fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L <) fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
[tpil: m) fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;L]
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35. btz;zpf;Faj;jpahu; vd;gtu;

m) r=;ffhyg; bgz; g[ytu; M) fhg;gpa ehafp
,) ghz;okhnjtp <) ,ilf;fhyg; bgz; g[ytu;
[tpil: m) r=;ffhyg; bgz; g[ytu;]
36. ``fsp,ay; ahidf; fupfhy; tst-~~ vd;W ghoatu;

m) fhf;ifg; ghodpahu; M) btz;zpf;Faj;jpahu;
,) bts;sptPjpahu; <) eg;griyahu; [tpil: M) btz;zpf;Faj;jpahu;]
37. btz;zpf;Faj;jpahu; fupfhy; tstidg; g[fH;e;J ghLk; ghlypy; `tsp~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
m) typik M) fhw;W
,) tpiut[ <) tWik [tpil: M) fhw;W]
38. gUtf;fhw;wpd; gaid cyfpw;F czu;j;jpa fpnuf;f mwp+u;

m) blkh!;jdp!; M) \pg;ghy!;
,) bgu;dhl;&h <) rhf;uO!; [tpil: M) \pg;ghy!;]
39. \pg;ghy!; gUtf;fhw;wpd; gaidf; fz;lwpa[k; Kd;dnu fhw;wpd; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp fly;
tzpfj;jpy; btw;wp fz;ltu;fs;
m) tl ,e;jpau;fs; M) Mg;gpupf;fu;fs;
,) jkpHu;fs; <) Inuhg;gpau;fs; [tpil: ,) jkpHu;fs;]
40. ,e;jpahtpd; KJbfYk;g[

m) bert[ M) ntshz;ik
,) fl;olj;bjhHpy; <) ngust[ Cw;gj;jp [tpil: M) ntshz;ik]
41. fhw;W jhH;t[ kz;lykha;j; jtH;e;J g[ayha; khWk; fhyk;
m) bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; M) bjd;fpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
,) tlnkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; <) tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
[tpil: <) tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;]
,ay; 2
42. `tspkpfpd; typ ,y;iy~ vd;W ghoatu; ahu;> E}y; vJ>
m) g[wehD}W/ Ia{u; Kltdhu; M) Mj;jpr;No/ xsitahu;
,) fypj;bjhif/ ey;ye;Jtdhu; <) g[wehD}W/ ,sehfdhu;
[tpil: m) g[wehD}W/ Ia{u; Kltdhu;]
43. fL=;fhw;W/ kziyf; bfhz;L te;J nru;f;fpwJ vd;W TWk; E}y; vJ> Twpatu; ahu;>
m) g[wehD}W/ Ia{u; Kltdhu; M) Mj;jpr;No/ xsitahu;
,) fypj;bjhif/ ey;ye;Jtdhu; <) g[wehD}W/ kJiu ,sehfdhu;
[tpil: <) g[wehD}W/ kJiu ,sehfdhu;]
44. g[wCjhf; fjpu;fisj; jLf;Fk; muz;

m) Xnrhd; glyk; M) vupfw;fs;
,) tpobts;sp <) fhL [tpil: m) Xnrhd; glyk;]
45. Fspu;gjdg;bgl;o btspapLk; er;Rf;fhw;W
m) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;irL M) Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gd;
,) Mf;rp$d; <) i\l;nuh fhu;gd;
[tpil: M) Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gd;]
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46.
Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gd; thapyhf cUthFk; ghjpg;g[fisf; Fiwf;Fk; tpjkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fspu;gjdp ________.
m) i\l;nuh fhu;gd; M) fhu;gd; nkhdhf;irL
,) iel;u$d; <) i\l;u$d; [tpil: m) i\l;nuh fhu;gd;]
47. fe;jf il Mf;irL/ iel;u$d; il Mf;irL Mfpait kiH bga;a[k; nghJ ePupy; fiue;J
tpLtjhy; bga;tJ ________.
m) mkpy kiH M) fy; kiH
,) fd kiH <) kpjkhd kiH [tpil: m) mkpy kiH]
48. mkpy kiHahy; Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shFgit

i) kz; ii) ePu;
iii) fl;ll=;fs; iv) fhLfs;
v) ePu;thH; capupd=;fs;
m) i, ii - rup M) iii, iv - rup
,) iv, v - rup <) Ie;Jk; rup [tpil: <) Ie;Jk; rup]
49. Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gdpd; xU @yf;TW/ Xnrhd; @yf;TWfisr; rpijj;J tpLk;.
m) Xuhapuk; M) <uhapuk;
,) xU ,yl;rk; <) xU nfho [tpil: ,) xU ,yl;rk;]
50. xU kzpj;Jspf;F 12 Kjy; 18 Kiw @r;Rf;fhw;wha; ehk; btspapLtJ

m) Mf;rp$d; M) iel;u$d;
,) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;irL <) i\l;u$d; [tpil: ,) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;irL]
51. ku=;fs; ek; EiuaPuYf;Fj; njitahd vijj; jUfpwJ>

m) capu; tsp (Mf;rp$d;) M) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;irL
,) iel;u$d; <) i\l;u$d; [tpil: m) capu; tsp (Mf;rp$d;)]
52.
jha;yhe;J kd;dupd; KoNl;L tpHhtpy; jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit ghly;fisj;
jha;bkhHpapy; vGjp itj;Jg; ghLfpd;wdu; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stu;
,ay; 2
m) kiwkiyaofs; M) jdpehaf mofs;

,) +hdpahuofs; <) mKjd; mofs; [tpil: M) jdpehaf mofs;]
53. ,aw;ifapd; TWfspy; vjpd; g=;F TLjyhdJ>

m) epyj;jpd; M) ePupd;
,) beUg;gpd; <) fhw;wpd; [tpil: <) fhw;wpd;]
54. nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy; ? vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjp ahUila Fuyhf vjpbuhypf;fpwJ>
m) epyk; M) ePu;
,) fhw;W <) thdk; [tpil: ,) fhw;W]
55. jh$;kfhy; fl;lg;gl;l E}w;whz;L

m) fp.gp. 16 M) fp.gp. 17
,) fp.gp. 15 <) fp.gp. 18 [tpil: M) fp.gp. 17]
FWtpdh
1. @r;Rg;gapw;rp Fwpj;Jj; jpU@yu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>

@r;Rg;gapw;rpna cliyg; ghJfhj;J thH;ehis ePl;of;Fk; vd;W Twpa[s;shu;.
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2. fhw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>

fhw;W/ tsp/ bjd;wy;/ g[ay;/ Nwhtsp.
3. gUtepiy/ NHy;/ tPRk; ntfk; Mfpatw;wpw;nfw;g fhw;wpw;F tH=;fg;gLk; gy;ntW bgau;fisf;
TW.
bjd;wy; fhw;W/ g{=;fhw;W/ fly; fhw;W/ gdpf;fhw;W/ thilf;fhw;W/ nky; fhw;W/ fPH;f;fhw;W/
bkd; fhw;W/ ,se;bjd;wy;/ g[Gjpf;fhw;W/ Mof;fhw;W/ fL=;fhw;W/ g[ay; fhw;W/ nga;f;fhw;W/
RHy; fhw;W/ Nwhtspf;fhw;W.
4. fpHf;Ff; fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf. (my;yJ) bfhz;ly; fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
fpHf;fpypUe;J tPRk; fhw;W bfhz;ly; fhw;W.
kiHiaj; jUtjhy; kiHf;fhw;W vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. nkw;Ff; fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf. (my;yJ) Flf;Ff; fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
nkw;fpypUe;J mjpf typiknahL tPRk;.

twz;l epyg;gFjpapypUe;J tPRtjhy; btg;gf;fhw;W my;yJ nfhilf;fhw;W vd
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. thilf;fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
tlf;fpypUe;J tPRk; fhw;W thilf;fhw;W.
gdpg;gFjpapypUe;J tPRtjhy; Fspu;r;rpahd Cijf;fhw;W vdt[k; miHf;fg; gLfpwJ.
7. bjd;wy; fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bjw;fpypUe;J tPRk; fhw;W bjd;wy; fhw;W.
kuk;/ bro/ bfho/ MW/ kiy/ gs;sj;jhf;F vdg; gy jilfisj; jhz;o tUtjhy; ntfk;
Fiwe;J ,jkhd fhw;iwj; jUfpwJ.
8. ehw;wpirapd; bgau;fisa[k; mtw;wpd; ntW bgau;fisa[k; vGJ.
jpirfs; ntW bgau;fs;
fpHf;F ? Fzf;F
,ay; 2
nkw;F ? Flf;F
tlf;F ? thil
bjw;F ? bjd;wy;
9. fhw;W Fwpj;J rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,s=;nfhtofs; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
bjd;wy; fhw;W gytpj kyu;fspd; eWkzj;ij ms;sp tUfpwJ" Tlnt tz;Lfisa[k;
miHj;J tUfpwJ vd ,s=;nfhtofs; Twpa[s;shu;.
10. ,Utifg; gUtf;fhw;Wfs; ahit>
bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W/ tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W.
11. bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
$^d; Kjy; brg;lk;gu; tiu bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyk;.
,it kiHg;bghHptpidj; jUfpd;wd.

,e;jpahtpw;Fj; njitahd vGgJ tpGf;fhL kiHapid ,g;gUtf;fhw;W @yk;
bgWfpnwhk;.
12. fhw;W khriltjpdhy; Vw;gLk; neha;fs; ahit>
fz; vupr;ry;/ jiytyp/ bjhz;ilf;fl;L/ fha;r;ry;/ EiuaPuy; g[w;Wneha;/ ,isg;g[ neha;/
@is tsu;r;rpf; Fiwt[.
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13. Xnrhd; glyj;jpd; gad;fisf; TW.

fjputdplkpUe;J btsptUk; g[wCjhf; fjpu;fisj; jLf;fpwJ.
g[tpiag; nghu;it nghyr; Rw;wp fjputdpd; btg;gj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; bfhLf;fpwJ.
14. Xnrhd; glyj;jpy; cUthd Xl;ilapdhy; Vw;glf;Toa jPikfs; ahit>
g[wCjhf; fjpu;fs; neuoahf capupd=;fisj; jhf;Ftjhy; kpFe;j Jd;gj;ij capupd=;fs;
milfpd;wd.
fz;fSk; njhYk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
15. mkpy kiH vt;thW bga;fpwJ>
fhw;wpy; fye;JtpLk; fe;jf il Mf;irL/ iel;u$d; il Mf;irL Mfpait kiH bga;a[k;
nghJ ePupy; fiue;J mkpy kiHahfg; bga;fpwJ.
16. mkpy kiHapdhy; Vw;glf;Toa jPikfs; ahit>
kz;/ ePu;/ fl;ll=;fs;/ fhLfs;/ ePu;thH; capupd=;fs; kpFe;j Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shfpd;wd.
17. Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gd; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Fspu;g;gjdg; bgl;oapypUe;J btsptUk; er;Rf;fhw;W Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gd;.

Fnshnuh g[nshnuh fhu;gdpd; xU @yf;TW/ xU ,yl;rk; Xnrhd; @yf;TWfisr;
rpijj;JtpLk;.
18. fhw;W khriljiyj; jtpu;f;Fk; tHpfisf; TWf.
nkk;gl;l Fg;ig nkyhz;ikia nkw;bfhs;Sjy;.
bghJg; nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;.
kpd;dhw;wyhy; ,a=;Fk; Cu;jpfis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
g[ij tot vupbghUl;fisj; (fr;rh vz;bza;/ epyf;fup) jtpu;;j;jy;.
rikaYf;F tpwFfisg; gad;gLj;jhik.
19. \pg;ghy!; gUtf;fhw;wpd; gad;fisf; TW.
g[jpa fly;tHp Vw;glf; fhuzkhdJ.
,ay; 2
fpnuf;fk; ? Krpwpf;F tpiuthd fly; gazk;.

atdf; fly; tzpfk; bgUfpaJ.
20. gUtf;fhw;W vt;thW cUthfpwJ>
fjputdpd; btg;gj;jhy; mlu;j;jp Fiwe;J nkny bry;Yk; fhw;whdJ m=;F Vw;gl;l

btw;wplj;ij epug;gp gUtf;fhw;whfpwJ.
21. fhw;whiyapd; gad;fisf; TW.
kpd;dhw;wiy cw;gj;jp bra;jy;.
epyf;fupapd; njit Fiwj;J fdpk tsk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
22. fhw;wpd; Mw;wy;/ ntfk; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd>
fhw;wpd; Mw;wiy/ tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy (g[wk; 51) vd;W Ia{u; Kltdhu; rpwg;gpj;Js;shu;.
fhw;wpd; ntfj;ij/ fL=;fhw;W kziyf; bfhz;L te;J nru;f;fpwJ vd;W kJiu
,sehfdhu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
23. ,s=;nfhtofs; jhk; ,aw;wpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; bjd;wiy vt;thW eak;gl ciuf;fpwhu;>
bjd;wyhdJ gytpj kyu;fspd; eWkzj;ij ms;sp tUfpwJ.
mt;thW tUk;nghJ Tlnt tz;Lfisa[k; miHj;J tUfpwJ.
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rpWtpdh
1. \pg;ghy!; gUtf;fhw;W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j fpnuf;f khYkp \pg;ghy!;.
,tu; gUtf;fhw;wpd; cjtpahy; Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;Fg; g[jpa tHpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jhu;.
tpiuthd gazj;jpw;F ,g;g[jpa tHp cjtpajhy; atdf; fg;gy;fs; nruu;fspd; Krpwpj;
JiwKfj;jpw;F mjpfkhf te;jd. (fpnuf;fUk; cnuhkhdpaUk; atdu; Mtu;)
atdu; ,g;gUtf;fhw;wpw;F mijf; fz;Lgpoj;j \pg;ghy!; bgaiuna Nl;odu;.
2. gUtf;fhw;wpd; tiffisf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
fjputdpd; btg;gj;jhy; Nlhfp mlu;j;jp Fiwe;J nkny bry;Yk; fhw;W m=;Fs;s btw;wplj;ij
epug;gp gUtf;fhw;whfpwJ.
gUtf;fhw;wpd; tiffs; :
bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W/ tlfpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W :
$^d; Kjy; brg;lk;gu; tiu tPRk;.
,e;jpahtpw;Fj; njitahd vGgJ tpGf;fhL kiHastpidj; jUfpwJ.
tlf;fpHf;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W :
mf;nlhgu; Kjy; ork;gu; tiu tPRk;.
,e;jpahtpd; KJbfYk;ghd ntshz;ik rpwf;fpwJ.
ehL czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwt[ bgw cjt[fpwJ.
3. fhw;wpd; gad;fs; ahit>
capu;tsp je;J capu;fisf; fhf;fpwJ.
,ay; 2
jhtu=;fs; xspr;nru;f;if @yk; czit cw;gj;jp bra;a cjt[fpwJ.
tpijfisg; gy ,l=;fSf;Fg; gug;g[fpwJ.
capu;r; r=;fpypj; bjhlu; mWglhjpUf;f cjt[fpwJ.
etPd bjhiyj;bjhlu;gpd; ikakhf tps=;FfpwJ.
fhw;whiy @yk; kpd;dhw;wiyg; bgWfpnwhk;.
4. fhw;W Fwpj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; brhy;yg;gl;l bra;jpfs; ahit>
bjd;wyhdJ kyu;fspd; eWkzj;ij ms;sp tUk; nghJ tz;Lfisa[k; miHj;J
tUfpwJ vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,s=;nfhtofs; ciuj;Js;shu;.
gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa gj;kfpupehju; bjd;wy; tpL
J}Jtpy; ``jkpGk; Fspu;r;rpahd bghUie ejpa[k; nrUk; bre;jkpH; kiyapd; gpd; njhd;wpa
bjd;wny~~ vd;W bgz;bzhUj;jp bjd;wiyj; J}J bry;tjw;fhf miHf;fpwhs;.
r=;ffhyg; bgz; g[ytu; btz;zpf;Faj;jpahu; fupfhy; bgUtsj;jhidg; g[fH;e;J ghoa
ghlypy; `tsp~ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;Js;shu;.
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beLtpdh
1.
fhw;W ngrpaijg; nghy epyk;/ ePu;/ thdk; ngRtjhft[k; mit ,d;iwa Rw;Wr;NHy;
ghJfhg;gpid typa[Wj;Jtjhft[k; Xu; ciuahly; mikf;f.
epyk; : vd; clbyy;yhk; fha;fpwJ. vd;idf; Fspu;tpf;fkhl;lhah thdnk>
thdk; :
,jw;F ehd; vd;d bra;a Koa[k;> cd;dpy; thGk; kdpju;fs; fhLfis
mHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;fns- ku=;fis btl;Lfpwhu;fns jtpu/ mtw;iw
tsu;g;gjw;Fr; rpwpJk; rpe;jpf;fpwhu;fsh vd;gJ Iank.
epyk; :
Mk; thdnk- tUle;njhWk; kuk; eLtpHhitf;Tl el;l ,lj;jpnyna
elj;Jfpwhu;fs;. ku=;fis el;L mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk; gzpiar; bra;gtu;fs;
Fiwnt.
thdk; : mJt[k; rupjhd;-
ePu; :
ez;gu;fns- vd;id eP=;fSk; fz;Lbfhs;s khl;Ou;fsh> ,e;j kdpju;fs;
vd;id vg;go mGf;fhf;fp cs;shu;fs; ghu;j;jPu;fsh>
thdk; : Ianfh- cd;id milahsk; fhz;gjw;nf rpukkhf ,Uf;fpwnj-
ePu; : Mk; ez;gh-
tpz;,d;W bgha;g;gpd; tpupePu; tpaDyfj;J
cs;epd;w clw;Wk; grp
? vd;Dk; Fwl;gh/ thdnk eP kiH bga;ahky; nghdhy; mila[k; ,d;dy;fis
my;ynth TWfpwJ.
thdk; : èPupd;wp mikahJ cyF` vd;Wk; jpUf;Fws; TWfpwJ
epyk; : ``kz;jpdpe;j epyDk;
epynde;jpa tpRk;g[k;
tpRk;g[ij tU tspa[k;
,ay; 2
tspj;jiy ,a jPa[=;
jPKuzpa ePUk;/ vd;wh=;
ifk;bgUk; g{jj;jpaw;ifg; nghyg;~~ vd;W ek;ikg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;oUf;fpwhu;
r=;f ,yf;fpa E}yhd g[wehD}w;wpy;.
thdk; : ``cyfkhtJ epyk; jP ePu; tpRk;bghL
tsp Ie;Jk; fye;j kaf;fk;~~ vd;fpwhu; bjhy;fhg;gpau;.
ePu; : ``,Ug[dYk; tha;e;j kiya[k; tUg[dYk;
ty;yuQk; ehl;ow;F cWg;g[~~ vd;W ehl;ow;Fj; njitahd cWg;g[fspy;
vd;ida[k; nru;j;nj Twpa[s;shu; jpUts;Stu;.
epyk; : Rw;Wr;NHiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf 1986?y; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;s rl;lk; ,e;jpa murhy;
bray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePu; :
Mk; ez;gh- ,aw;if rhu;e;j midj;Jk; Fwpg;ghf eP/ ehd;/ fhw;W Mfpa
fhuzpfSld; bjhlu;g[ila midj;Jf;Fk; ,r;rl;lk; bghUe;Jk;.
thdk; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp- kdpju;fs; j=;fs; eltof;ifapy; khw;wj;ijf; bfhz;L tUthu;fs;
vd;W ek;g[nthkh-
epyk;/ ePu; : cWjpahf ez;gh-
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1. fhw;W ngrpaijg; nghy epyk; ngRtjhf vz;zpf; bfhz;L ngRf.
ehd;jhd; epyk; :
ehd; c=;fs; fhyofshy; kpjpgl;l nghJk; tUe;jhky; kfpH;r;rp milfpnwd;. Mdhy;
kdpju;fs; vdf;F vjpuhf bra;a[k; bray;fis vz;zp kpFe;j ntjidailfpnwd;. ehd;jhd;
epyk; ngRfpnwd;.
vd;idf; fhg;ghw;W=;fs; :
kdpju;fns- befpHpg;igfis cgnahfpg;gij epWj;J=;fs;. bjhHpw;rhiyf; fHpt[fisg;
ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; mg;g[wg;gLj;J=;fs;. Fg;igfisf; Fg;igj; bjhl;ofspy; nghL=;fs;.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; bjhG cu=;fisg; gad;gLj;J=;fs;. ,r;bray;fisr; bra;jhy; kl;Lnk
vd;idf; fhg;ghw;w Koa[k;. ehd; eykha; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk c=;fshy; eykha; thH Koa[k;.
kdpju;fns rpe;jpa[=;fs;/ bray;gL=;fs;.
2. 17Mk; E}w;whz;oy; bts;isg; gsp=;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,d;Wk; cyf tpe;ijahfj;
jpfGk; jh$;kfhy;/ ,d;wstpy; k+;rs;/ gGg;g[ vd epwk; khwpf; fhl;rpaspg;gjd; fhuz=;fisa[k;
jPu;t[fisa[k; fye;JiuahLf.
kjd; :
bts;isg; gsp=;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,d;W cyf tpe;ijahfj; jpfGk;
jh$;kfhy;/ ,d;wstpy; k+;rs;/ gGg;g[ vd epwk; khwpf; fhl;rpaspg;gjd; fhuzk;
vd;d>
Rjd; :
Mf;uhtpy; jh$;kfhiyr; Rw;wpa[s;s njhy; bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; vz;bza;
bjhHpw;rhiyfspypUe;J btspnaw;wg;gLk; ry;gu; il Mf;i!L/ iel;u$d; il
Mf;i!L kw;Wk; fhu;gd; nkhdhf;irL Mfpa jP=;F tpisf;Fk; er;R tha[f;fs;
fhw;wpy; fye;J gut[tjhy; mit bts;isg; gsp=;Ff; fw;fspd; kPJ gl;L mtw;wpd;
,ay; 2
epwj;ija[k; jd;ikiaa[k; khw;WfpwJ.
kjd; : ,jw;fhd jPu;t[jhd; vd;d>
Rjd; :
vy;.gp.$p. tha[ cUisfis kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. epyf;fup kw;Wk;
fr;rh vz;bza; bghUl;fis vupf;ff; TlhJ vd;W 1995 Mk; Mz;oy; muR xU
rl;lk; ,aw;wpaJ. mjd;go jh$;kfhiyr; Rw;wpa[s;s Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfs; ,d;W
tiu ,r;rl;lj;ij kjpj;J tUfpd;wd. Mfntjhd; mit nkYk; nrjkilahky;
fhf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

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,ay; ,aw;if ftpijg; ngiH
fhw;nw th-
2 ghujpahu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpnwhk;

cdf;Fg; g[fH;r;rpfs; TWfpnwhk;~~
? ghujpapd; ,t;tofspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ea=;fs; ahit>
m) cUtfk;/ vJif M) nkhid/ vJif
,) Kuz;/ ,iag[ <) ctik/ vJif [tpil: M) nkhid/ vJif]
FWtpdh
1. trd ftpij ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ciueila[k; ftpija[k; ,ize;J ahg;g[f; fl;LfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLk;.
ftpij totk; trd ftpij vdg;gLk;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; Prose Poetry vd;gu;.
jkpHpy; ghujpahu; ,jid mwpKfk; bra;jhu;.
rhd;W :
,t;t[yfk; ,dpaJ/ ,jpYs;s thd; ,dpik
,ay; 2
a[ilaJ fhw;Wk; ,dpJ ? ghujpahu;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
Rke;J/ tPrp ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
kpFe;j ? bgabur;rk;
ey;byhsp/ beL=;fhyk; ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
ey;yyaj;Jld; ? Fwpg;g[g;bgaur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
ghLfpnwhk; = ghL + fpW + Xk; tHpgLfpd;nwhk; = tHpgL + fpd;W + Xk;
ghL ? gFjp tHpgL ? gFjp
fpW ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
Xk; ? jd;ikg;gd;ik Xk; ? jd;ikg;gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpidKw;W tpFjp
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gyt[s; bjupf
1. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;Lgpo.

m) kaYWj;J ? ka=;fr;bra;
M) g;uhz ? u!k; ? capu;tsp
,) yaj;Jld; ? rPuhf
<) thrid ? kdk; [tpil: <) thrid ? kdk;]
i) gh+;rhyp rgjk; ? 1. FHe;ijfSf;fhd ePjpg;ghly;
ii) Rnjrkpj;jpud; ? 2. ghuhl;lg;bgw;wtu;
iii) g[jpa Mj;jpNo ? 3. ,jH;
iv) rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij ? 4. fhtpak;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]
3. èPL Japy; ePf;fg; ghote;j epyh~ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;ltu;.

,) Rujh <) ftpkzp [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
4. `rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij~ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;ltu;.
5. nfypr; rpj;jpuk;/ fUj;Jg;glk; nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fpatu;.
6. ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd; vd;W ghuhl;lg;bgWgtu;.
,ay; 2
7. `fhw;W~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; trd ftpij vGjpatu;.
8. ``fhw;nw/ th
kfue;jj; J}isr; Rke;J bfhz;L/ kdj;ij
kaYWj;Jfpd;w ,dpa thrida[ld; th~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
9. g;uhz?u!k; vd;w brhy; czu;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) rPuhf M) mHF
,) capu;tsp <) cly;capu; [tpil: ,) capu;tsp]
10. trd ftpijiaj; jkpHpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ty;ypf;fz;zd;
,) gpr;r@u;j;jp <) ghujpahu; [tpil: <) ghujpahu;]
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11. `fhw;nw th~ vd;Dk; ftpijapd; Mrpupau;

,) fz;zjhrd; <) thzpjhrd; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
12. fhw;W vijr; Rke;J bfhz;L tu ntz;Lbkd;W ghujp miHf;fpwhu;>
m) ftpijia M) kfue;jj;J}is
,) tpLjiyia <) kiHia [tpil: M) kfue;jj;J}is]
13. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:

i) kaYWj;J ? 1. ka=;fr; bra;
ii) g;uhz ? u!k; ? 2. capu;tsp
iii) yaj;Jld; ? 3. kzk;
iv) thrid ? 4. rPuhf
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3]
14. M=;fpyj;jpy; Prose Poetry (Free verse) vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; totj;ijj; jkpHpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu;
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd;; [tpil: M) ghujpahu;]
15. g[Jf;ftpij vd;w totk; cUthff; fhuzk;
m) ghujpapd; trd ftpij
M) $g;ghdpaupd; i\f;T
,) tPukhKdptupd; ciueil
<) fk;gupd; ftpeak; [tpil: m) ghujpapd; trd ftpij]
16. ghujpahu; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fs;
i) ,e;jpah ii) Rnjrkpj;jpud;
,ay; 2
iii) vGj;J iv) fizahHp

m) i, ii - rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) i, ii - jtW [tpil: m) i, ii - rup]
17. gf;f kiyfs; cile;J bts;sk;
gha[J gha[J gha[J ? jhk;jupfpl
vd;w ,aw;ifbahypfis czu;t[ld; btspg;gLj;Jk; ghly;fisg; ghoatu;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) thzpjhrd; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
18. `,dpa thrida[ld; th~ vd;W ghujp miHj;jJ

m) fhw;W M) nkfk;
,) FHe;ij <) mUtp [tpil: m) fhw;W]
19. ghujpahu; fhw;iw `kaYWj;J~ miHg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;bwhlu;
m) kzk; tPRk; fhw;wha; eP th
M) kdij ka=;fr; bra;a[k; kzj;njhL th
,) kapyhLk; fhw;wha; eP th
<) kfue;jk; Rke;J bfhz;L eP th [tpil: M) kdij ka=;fr; bra;a[k; kzj;njhL th]
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FWtpdh
1. ghujpahupd; gilg;g[fs; rpytw;iwf; TW.
fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy; ghl;L/ ghg;gh ghl;L/ gh+;rhyp rgjk;/ g[jpa Mj;jpNo.
2. ghujpahu; vt;thbwy;yhk; ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;>
ePLJapy; ePf;fg; gho te;j epyh/ rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij/ ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd;/ kfhftp/ fiykfs;.
3. ghujpahupd; gd;Kf=;fs; ahit>
ftp+u;/ fl;Liuahsu;/ rpWfij/ Mrpupau;/ ,jHhrpupau;/ nfypr;rpj;jpu=;fs;/ fUj;Jg;gl=;fis
cUthf;Fgtu;.
4. ghujpahu; ,jHhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fspd; bgau;fis vGJ.
,e;jpah/ Rnjrkpj;jpud;.
5. `fhw;nw th~ ghlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ,iag[r; brhw;fisf; TW.
ghLfpnwhk;/ TWfpnwhk;/ tHpgLfpd;nwhk;.
6. fhw;wplk; vjidf; bfhz;Lte;J bfhLf;FkhW ghujpahu; ntz;Lfpwhu;>
kfue;jj;J}isr; Rke;J/ kdij kaf;Fk; thrida[ld;/ ,iyfs; kw;Wk; ePuiyfs;kPJ cuha;eJ
;
kpFe;j capu;tspiaf; bfhz;L te;J bfhLf;FkhW fhw;wplk; ghujpahu; ntz;Lfpwhu;.
7. vg;go tPRkhW fhw;iwg; ghujpahu; gzpf;fpwhu;>
fhw;iw bkJthf/ ey;y Kiwapy; rPuhf/ ePz;lfhyk; epd;W tPrpf; bfhz;oUf;FkhW ghujpahu;
gzpf;fpwhu;.
8. ``cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpd;nwhk;.
cdf;Fg; g[fH;r;rpfs; TWfpnwhk;
cd;id tHpgLfpd;nwhk;~~ ? vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TWfpd;whu;>
ghujpahu;/ fhw;wplk; TWfpd;whu;.
,ay; 2
rpWtpdh
1. `fhw;nw th~ ghlypy; ghujpahu; TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
kfue;jj;J}isr; Rke;J bfhz;L kdij ka=;fr; bra;fpd;w thrida[ld; th.
,iyfspd; kPJk;/ ePuiyfspd; kPJk; cuha;e;J th.
capu;tspiaf; bfhL. Mdhy; nga;nghy; tPrp capuhfpa beUg;ig mizj;J tplhnj.
ePoj;J epd;W ed;whf tPR/ cd; rf;jp Fiwj;J vk; capiu mtpj;J tplhnj-
ck;ik ehk; ghLfpnwhk;/ g[fH;fpnwhk;/ tHpgLfpnwhk; vd;bwy;yhk; ghujp/ `fhw;nw th~ vd;w
ghlypy; ghLfpwhu;.
``cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpd;nwhk;.
cdf;Fg; g[fH;r;rpfs; TWfpnwhk;
cd;id tHpgLfpd;nwhk;~~
2. kfhftp ghujpahu; Fwpg;g[ tif.
bgau; : kfhftp Rg;;gpukzpa ghujpahu;
bgw;nwhu; : rpd;drhkp ? ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahu;
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ghuhl;Lfs; : `rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij~/ `ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd; ghujp~

gzp : Mrpupau;/ ,jHhrpupau;/ rpWfij Mrpupau;.
gilg;g[fs; : fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy; ghl;L/ ghg;ghg;ghl;L/ gh+;rhyp rgjk;/ g[jpa
Mj;jpNo.
gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fs; : ,e;jpah/ Rnjrkpj;jpud;.
3. g[Jf;ftpij vd;w totk; cUthff; fhuzk; ahJ>
ciueila[k; ftpija[k; ,ize;J ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLk;
ftpij totk; `trd ftpij~ MFk;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; prose poetry (free verse) vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; ,t;totk; ghujpahuhy; jkpHpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
czu;r;rp bgh=;ff; ftpij gilf;Fk; ,l=;fspy; ahg;g[/ jilahf ,Ug;gij czu;e;j
ghujpahu; trdftpij totj;ijf; ifahz;lhu;.
,e;j trd ftpijna `g[Jf;ftpij~ vd;w totk; cUthff; fhuzkhapw;W.
1.
,t;trd ftpijapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ntz;Lnfhs; brhw;fSk; fl;lisr; brhw;fSk;
(thrida[ld; th/ mtpj;J tplhnj.....) ftpijapd; cl;bghUis btspg;gLj;jj; Jiz
epw;gJ Fwpj;Jg; ngRf.
thrida[ld; th :
kfue;jj;J}isr; Rke;J bfhz;L kdij ka=;fr; bra;fpd;w ,dpa thrida[ld; th
vd;gjd; bghUshtJ ,aw;ifapd; J}a kzkpf;f fhw;iwr; Rthrpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gnjahFk;.
koj;J tplhnj :
beUg;g[ vupa rPuhd fhw;W mtrpak;. mjpntff; fhw;W beUg;igg; gutr; bra;J kpFe;j
,ay; 2
Jd;gj;ij cUthf;Fk; kpft[k; Fiwthd ntfj;jpy; tPRk; fhw;whdJ beUg;g[ gw;wp vupa
Koahky; beUg;g[ miztjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ.
ghujp jkJ capiu beUg;g[f;F xg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fhw;whdJ rf;jp Fiwe;J ngha; jd;
capiu mtpj;Jtplf; TlhJ vdt[k; nga; nghy tPrp jkJ capiu koj;Jtplf; TlhJ vdt[k;
cl;bghUs; bfhz;L ,t;ntz;Lnfhs; brhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
2. jpf;Ffs; vl;Lk; rpjwp ? jf;fj;
jPk;jupfpl jPk;jupfpl jPk;jupfpl jPk;jupfpl
gf;f kiyfs; cile;J bts;sk;
gha[J gha[J gha[J ? jhk;jupfpl
jf;fj; jjp=;fpl jpj;njhk; ? mz;lk;
rha[J rha[J rha[J ? nga; bfhz;L
jf;if aof;FJ fhw;W ? jf;fj;
jhk;jupfpl jhk;jupfpl jhk;jupfpl jhk;jupfpl ? ghujpahu;
,J nghd;w ,aw;ifbahypfis czu;t[ld; btspg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisj; jpul;o te;J
tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;L.
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tpil :
m) kiHna kiHna th th ? ey;y M) fpYfpY fpYfp bydt[k; ; `fpf;fP~

thdg; g[dny th th ? ,t; fpf;fP bad;Wk; `nff;f/ nff;f~
`nfl;f/ nfl;f~ vdt[k;; `bfhf;bff;nf~
itaj; jKnj th th `Ff;Ff; Ff;Ff; Ff;Ff; Ff;Ff;
jfug; ge;jy; jzjz vd;d Ff;Tnt! vd;Wk;; fPr;fPr;/ fPr;rPr;~
jhGk; Tiu rsrs vd;d `fpR/ fpR/ fpR~ fPr; vd;Wk;;
ù=;f/ u=;f vd;Wk;
efug; bgz;fs; brg;g[f; Fl=;fs; gy;yhapu tifapdpy;
ed;bw=; Fk;fz fzfz vd;d ,irf;Fk; Fapy;fSk; fpspfSk;
(kiHna kiHna) Fyt[gy $hjpg; g[l;fSk;
,dpa g{=;Fu Yilad.
? ghujpjhrd; ? ghujpahu;

,ay; 2
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,ay; ,aw;if ftpijg; ngiH
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
2 eg;g{jdhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `ghL,kpH; gdpf;fly; gUfp~ vd;Dk; Ky;iyg;ghl;L mo czu;j;Jk; mwptpay; bra;jp ahJ>

m) fly;ePu; Mtpahfp nkfkhjy; M) fly;ePu; Fspu;r;rp miljy;
,) fly;ePu; xypj;jy; <) fly;ePu; bfhe;jspj;jy;
[tpil: m) fly;ePu; Mtpahfp nkfkhjy;]
FWtpdh
1. bgw;nwhu; ntiyapypUe;J jpUk;gj; jhkjkhFk; nghJ mGk; jk;gpf;F eP=;fs; TWk; MWjy;
brhw;fis vGJf.
jk;gp mHhnj- mg;ght[k; mk;kht[k; tpiutpy; te;J tpLthu;fs;. tUk;nghJ cdf;F
tpisahl;Lg; bghUl;fis th=;fpf; bfhz;L tUthu;fs;.
2. khmy; ? bghUSk;/ ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[k; jUf.
khmy;
bghUs; jpUkhy; ngUUtk;
,ay; 2
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ bra;a[spir msbgil cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
beLtpdh
1. Ky;iyg; ghl;oy; cs;s fhu;fhyr; bra;jpia tptupj;J vGJf.

Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
kiH
bja;t tHpghL
fd;wpd; tUj;jk;
tUe;jhnj
KJbgz;ou; jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
kiH:
nkfk; mfd;w cyfj;ij tisj;Jg; bgUkiH bghHpfpwJ. khtyp kd;dd; jpUkhYf;F
ePu;thu;j;Jj; jUk;bghGJ kz;Qf;Fk;/ tpz;Qf;Fk; ngUUtk; vLj;J cah;e;J epw;gJ
nghd;Ws;sJ kiHnkfk;. mk;kiH nkfk; xypf;Fk; flypd; Fsph;ePiug; gUfpg; bgUe;njhw;wk;
bfhz;L tykha; vGfpwJ. kiyiar; NHe;J tpiue;J ntfj;Jld; bgU kiHiag; bghHpfpwJ.
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bja;t tHpghL:
KJbgz;fs; fhtiya[ila Cu;g;gf;fk; brd;wdu;. ahHpir nghd;W xypf;Fk; tz;Lfs;
eWkzk; bfhz;l g{f;fisr; Rw;wp Muthupf;Fk;. kyu;e;j Ky;iyg; g{nthL bey;iya[k;
nru;j;J bja;tj;jpd; Kd; J}tp tHpgLtu;. bja;tj;ijj; bjhGJ jiytpf;fhf ew;brhy; nfl;L
epw;gu;.
fd;wpd; tUj;jk;:
``rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd;
cWJau; mykuy; nehf;fp~~
rpW jhk;g[f; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,s=;fd;W grpahy; thof; bfhz;oUe;jJ. mjd;
tUj;jj;ij Xu; ,ilkfs; fz;lhs;.
tUe;jhnj :
g[y;iy nka;e;j cd; jha;khiu tise;j fj;jpia cila fk;igf; bfhz;l vd; ,ilau;
,g;bghGJ Xl;o te;J tpLthu; `tUe;jhnj~ vd;whs; ,ilkfs;.
KJbgz;ou; jiytpaplk; TwpaJ :
,ilkfs; @yk; ew;brhy;iyf; nfl;nlhk;. epd; jiytd; giftiu btd;W jpiwg;
bghUnshL tUtJ cWjp. kdj;jLkhw;wk; bfhs;shnj-
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
@J}u; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
cWJau; ? tpidj;bjhif
ifbjhGJ ? @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
jlf;if ? cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
ed;bkhHp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
,ay; 2
bghwpj;j = bghwp + j; + j; + m bfhz;l = bfhs; (z;) + l; + m
bghwp ? gFjp bfhs; ? gFjp/ s;(z;) MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? re;jp l;; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
bghHpe;j = bghHp + j; (e;) + j; + m
bghHp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk;
j;; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
bgUk;bgay; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
rpWg[d ; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
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mU=;fo ? gz;g[j;bjhif
bgUKJbgz;ou; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
ey;nyhu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
epkpu;e;j = epkpu; + j(e;); + j; + m nehf;fp = nehf;F + ,
epkpu; ? gFjp nehf;F ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk; , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
mirj;j = mir + j; + j; + m
mir ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;od; bkhj;j mofs; vj;jid>

m) 101 M) 102
,) 103 <) 104 [tpil: ,) 103]
2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ve;j E}y; tifiar; rhu;e;jJ>
,) fPH;ff
; zf;F <) rpw;wpyf;fpak; [tpil: M) gj;Jg;ghl;L]
3. Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa g{ tif
,ay; 2
m) fhe;js; M) gpltk;
,) jhiH <) ghjpup [tpil: M) gpltk;]
4. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ve;jf; fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W>
m) gjpbdz;nky; fzf;F M) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F
,) rpw;wpyf;fpak; <) fhg;gpak; [tpil: m) gjpbdz;nky; fzf;F]
5. gj;Jg;ghl;oy; kpff; Fiwe;j mofisf; bfhz;l E}y;

m) Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L
,) gl;odg;ghiy <) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil [tpil: M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L]
6. bghUj;Jf.
1. nekp ? m) kiy
2. nfhL ? M) tyk;g[up r=;F (rf;fuj;Jld; Toa)
3. tpupr;rp ? ,) njhs;
4. Rty; ? <) ew;brhy;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.<
,) 1.< 2.M 3., 4.m <) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
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7. tyk;g[upr; r=;F bghwpj;j iffisa[ilatu;

m) KUfd; M) jpUkhy;
,) khtyp kd;dd; <) ehd;Kfd; [tpil: M) jpUkhy;]
8. FWfpa totk; bfhz;L ePu;thu;j;Jj; je;jtd;
m) KUfd; M) jpUkhy;
,) khtypkd;dd; <) ehd;Kfd; [tpil: ,) khtypkd;dd;]
9. kz;Qf;Fk; tpz;Qf;Fkhfg; ngUUtk; vLj;J epd;wtu;
m) KUfd; M) jpUkhy;
,) khtypkd;dd; <) ehd;Kfd; [tpil: M) jpUkhy;]
10. ``nfhL bfhz;L vGe;j bfhL+; bryt[ vHpyp~~
? ,t;tofspy; `nkfk;~ vd;Dk; bghUs;jUk; brhy;
m) nfhL M) bryt[
,) vHpyp <) bfhL [tpil: ,) vHpyp]
11. ``bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyu;~~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nfhtyu; ahu;>
m) nfhtyd; M) Fwtu;
,) cHtu; <) ,ilau; [tpil: <) ,ilau;]
12. Ky;iyg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpatu;

m) fgpyu; M) kh=;Foknjdhu;
,) eg;g{jdhu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: ,) eg;g{jdhu;]
13. kiHapd; rPw;wk; ,ay;g[ thH;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; khw;w=;fisg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;LtJ vJ>
m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) jpUf;Fws;
,) ehyoahu; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: m) r=;f ,yf;fpak;]
14. ède;jiy cyfk;~ vd;gjpy; ède;jiy~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
,ay; 2
m) ftu;e;j M) mfd;w
,) RU=;fpa <) ,He;j [tpil: M) mfd;w]
15. èWtP~ vd;gjpy; `tP~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) kyu;fs; M) khd;fs;
,) tpz;kPd;fs; <) fz;fs; [tpil: m) kyu;fs;]
16. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:
i) @J}u; ? 1. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
ii) cWJau; ? 2. @d;whk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
iii) ifbjhGJ ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) jlf;if ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
17. bghwpj;j ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;jpd;go gpupf;Fk; Kiw

m) bghwp + j; + j; + m M) bghwpj;J + m
,) bghwp + j;(e;) + j; + m <) bghwp + j; + j [tpil: m) bghwp + j; + j; + m]
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18. jiytpf;fhf ew;brhy; nfl;L epd;wtu;fs;

m) ,sk; bgz;fs; M) Kjpa bgz;ou;
,) njhHpfs; <) rhd;nwhu; [tpil: M) Kjpa bgz;ou;]
19. rpWjhk;g[f; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l vJ grpahy; thof; bfhz;oUe;jJ>
m) gR M) ,s=;fd;W
,) vUik <) ML [tpil: M) ,s=;fd;W]
20. grpahy; thof; bfhz;oUe;j ,s=;fd;wpd; tUj;jj;ijf; fz;lts;

m) Fwkfs; M) ,ilkfs;
,) jiytp <) njhHp [tpil: M) ,ilkfs;]
21. ìfa bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyu; gpd; epd;W ca;j;ju ,d;nd tUFtu;/ jhau;~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk;
TwpaJ>
m) ,ilkfs; ,s=;fd;wplk; M) KJbgz;ou; gRtplk;
,) jiytd; fhisaplk; <) jiytp nkfj;jplk;
[tpil: m) ,ilkfs; ,s=;fd;wplk;]
22. èd;du; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk;~ ? ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>

m) KJbgz;ou; jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
M) jiytp KJbgz;ouplk; TwpaJ
,) njhHp jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
<) jiytp jiytdplk; TwpaJ [tpil: m) KJbgz;ou; jiytpaplk; TwpaJ]
23. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s Ky;iyg;ghl;od; mofs;

m) 1 ? 17 M) 17 ? 25
,) 4 ? 16 <) 5 ? 20 [tpil: m) 1 ? 17]
24. Ky;iyapd; epyk;
,ay; 2
m) fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk; M) kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lKk;

,) taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk; <) flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
[tpil: m) fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk;]
25. ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; (fhj;jpUj;jy;) ve;epyj;Jf;Fupa cupg;bghUs;

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
,) kUjk; <) ghiy [tpil: M) Ky;iy]
26. fhu;fhyj;Jf;Fupa khj=;fs;

m) ij/ khrp M) g=;Fdp/ rpj;jpiu
,) Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp <) fhu;j;jpif/ khu;fHp [tpil: ,) Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp]
27. eg;g{jdhupd; je;ij
m) bghd;Koahu; M) bghd;tzpfdhu;
,) khrhj;Jthzpfdhu; <) khzpf;fehadhu; [tpil: M) bghd;tzpfdhu;]
28. bghd;tzpfdhupd; Cu;
m) ciwa{u; M) kJiu
,) fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odk; <) Fw;whyk; [tpil: ,) fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odk;]
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FWtpdh
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W.
103 ghly; motiuaiw bfhz;lJ.
Mrpupag;ghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
Ky;iy epyj;ijg; gw;wpg; ghlg;gl;lJ.
gj;Jg;ghl;oy; kpff; Fiwe;j mofisf; bfhz;l E}y;.
2. eg;g{jdhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Ky;iyg;ghl;ilg; ghoatu;.
fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odj;Jg; bghd;tzpfdhu; kfdhthu;.
3. tpupr;rp nfl;ly; vd;why; vd;d>
VnjDk; xU bray; ed;whf Koa[nkh> Koahnjh> vd Iak; bfhz;l bgz;fs;/ kf;fs;
elkhl;lk; Fiwthd Cu;g;gf;fj;jpy; ngha;/ bja;tj;ijj; bjhGJ epw;gu;.
mayhu; ngRk; brhy;iyf; Tu;e;J nfl;gu;.
mtu;fs; ey;y brhy;iyf; Twpd; jk; bray; ed;ikapy; Koa[k;.
jPa bkhHpiaf; Twpd; jk; bray; jPajha; Koa[k; vd;W vz;Qtu;.
4. ,s=;fd;W tUe;jf; fhuzk; ahJ>
rpW jhk;g[f; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,s=;fd;W grpahy; thof; bfhz;oUe;jJ.
5. ,s=;fd;wpd; tUj;jj;ijg; nghf;f ,ilkfs; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
g[y;iy nka;e;j cd; jha;khiu tise;j fj;jpia cila fk;igf; bfhz;l vk; ,ilau;
,g;nghJ Xl;o te;JtpLtu; ? tUe;jhnj.
6. jiytpia KJbgz;ou; vt;thW Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdu;>
epd; jiytd; giftiu btd;W jpiug;bghUnshL tUthd;.
,ay; 2
jiytpna! kdj;jLkhw;wk; bfhs;shnj.
7. Ky;iyg;ghl;oy; jpUkhy; Fwpj;J Twg;gl;l bra;jp ahJ>
tyk;g[upr;r=;F bghwpj;j iffis cilatd; jpUkhy;.
FWfpa totk; vLj;jtd;.
khtyp kd;dd; ePu; thu;j;Jj; jUk;nghJ kz;Qf;Fk; tpz;Qf;Fkhfg; ngUUtk; vLj;jtd;.
8. kiHg;bghHpt[ Fwpj;J Ky;iyg; ghl;oy; Twg;gl;Ls;s bra;jp ahJ>
xypf;Fk; flypd; Fspu;ePiug; gUfp bgUe; njhw;wk; bfhz;lJ nkfk;.
mk;nkfkhdJ tykha; vGe;jJ.
kiyiar; NH;e;jJ.
tpiue;j ntfj;Jld; bgUkiHiag; bghHpe;jJ.
9. Kjpa bgz;fs; (KJbgz;ou;) bja;tj;ij vt;thW bjhGJ epd;wdu;>
Ky;iyg; g{f;fnshL ehHp mst[ bey;iya[k; nru;j;J bja;tj;jpd; Kd; J}tpdu;.
bja;tj;ijj; bjhGJ jiytpf;fhf ew;brhy; nfl;L epd;wdu;.
10. bghGJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bghGJ ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: bgUk; bghGJ/ rpW bghGJ.
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11. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa bghGJfs; vit>

bgUk; bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk; (Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp)
rpW bghGJ ? khiy
12. Ky;iyg;ghl;oy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fUg;bghUisf; TWf.
ePu; ? FW+;Rid ePu;/ fhl;lhW
kuk; ? bfhd;iw/ fhah/ FUe;jk;
g{ ? Ky;iy/ gpltk;/ njhd;wpg;g{
rpWtpdh

1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L Fwpg;gpLk; khiyf;fhy bra;jp ahJ>
Jd;gj;ijj; jUfpd;w khiyg; bghGjpy; Kjpa bgz;fs; fhtiya[ila Cu;g;gf;fk;
brd;wdu;.
ahHpir nghd;W xypf;Fk; tz;Lfs; NH;e;J Muthupf;Fk; eWkzk; bfhz;l mUk;g[fs;.
kyu;e;j Ky;iyg; g{f;fnshL bey;iya[k; nru;j;Jj; bja;tj;jpd; Kd; J}t[tu;.
bja;tj;ijj; bjhGJ jiytpf;fhf ew;brhy; nfl;L epw;gu;.
2. KJbgz;ou; tpupr;rp nfl;L jiytpf;Ff; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
,s=;fd;wpd; grp :
rpW jhk;g[f; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,s=;fd;W grpahy; thof;bfhz;oUe;jJ.
mjd; tUj;jj;ij Xu; ,ilkfs; fz;lhs;.
g[y;iy nka;e;j cd; jhahiu tise;j fj;jpa[ila fk;igf; bfhz;l vk; ,ilau; ,g;nghJ
Xl;o te;JtpLtu; tUe;jhnj vd;whs; ,ilkfs;.
ew;brhy;iyf; nfl;nlhk; :
,ilkfsJ ew;brhy;iy eh=;fs; nfl;nlhk;.
,ay; 2
jiytd; jpiwg;bghUnshL tUtJ cWjp.

3. kiH nkfk; ? kiHg; bghHpt[ Fwpj;J Ky;iyg;ghl;L vt;thW tUzpj;Js;sJ>
kiH nkfk;:
tyk;g[upr; r=;F bghwpj;j iffisa[ilatd; jpUkhy;.
khtyp kd;dd; ePu; thu;j;Jj; jUk;nghJ tpz;Qf;Fk; kz;Qf;Fkha; ngUUtk; vLj;jtd;
jpUkhy;.
mg;ngUUtj;ijg; nghd;Ws;sJ kiH nkfk;.
kiHg; bghHpt[ :
ngUUtk; bfhz;l nkfkhdJ tykha; vGe;jJ.
kiyiar; NH;e;jJ.
tpiue;j ntfj;Jld; bgUkiHiag; bghHpe;jJ.
4. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ghlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s Kjy;/ fU/ cupg;bghUs;fis vGJ.
jpiz epyk; rpWbghGJ bgUk;bghGJ
Ky;iy fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j epyKk; khiy fhu;fhyk;
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fUg;bghUs; cupg;bghUs;
ePu; kuk; g{ ,Uj;jy; ,Uj;jy;
epkpj;jKk;
FW+;Rid ePu;/ bfhd;iw/ fhah/ Ky;iy/ gpltk;
fhl;lhW. FUe;jk;. njhd;wpg;g{.
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;od; fhl;rpfspypUe;J r=;ffhy kf;fspd; thH;f;ifr; NHiy czu Kofpwjh>

c=;fspd; fUj;Jfisg; gjpt[ bra;f.
kf;fs; gpwUf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gj;ijj; jdf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gkhfnt fUjpapUf;fpd;wdu;.
kdpju;fSila Jd;g=;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp mBwpiz capupd=;fspd; Jd;g=;fisa[k; ePf;f
Kw;gl;oUf;fpd;wdu;.
bja;t ek;gpf;if cilatu;fs;.
tpupr;rp nfl;lypy; ek;gpf;if cilatu;fs;.
xUtiubahUtu; Mw;Wg;gLj;jp kfpH;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
2. Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L Mu;t@l;Lk; tifapy; fij ' epfH;it vGJ.
mikjp ? tdk; ? kdj;ijj; bjhl;lJ ? bfh+;rk; mr;rk; ? Mdhy; gpoj;jpUe;jJ ? ,utpy;
tPl;od; mikjpiatpl ? tdj;jpd; mikjp ? g[Jik ? fhy;fs; jiuapy; ? ,iyfspd; ryryg;g[
? gwitfs; ku=;fspd; nky; ? rpwfog;g[ ? mUfpy; jpUk;gpat[ld; ? jpObud Muthu Xir ?
jz;zPupd; Xl;lk; ? mHfhd MW ? cUz;l rpW THh=;fw;fs; ? ,aw;ifapd; fz;fhl;rp.
,aw;ifapd; fz;fhl;rp
mikjpahd tdk; :
mlu;e;j ku=;fisf; bfhz;l gRik kpFe;j mikjp epiwe;j tdj;jpw;Fr; brd;nwd;.
tdj;jhtu=;fs; kw;Wk; kyu;fspd; eWkzk; vd; kdijj; bjhl;lJ. mr;NH;epiy kpft[k;
,ay; 2
gpoj;jpUe;jJ. ,utpy; tPl;oy; ,Uf;Fk; mikjpiatpl tdj;jpd; mikjp vd;id kpft[k;
ftu;e;jJ.
fhl;Lapupfs; :
g[Jikahd Xu; mDgtj;ijg; bgw;nwd;. vd; fhy;fs; jiuapy; Cd;wpapUg;gjha;j;
bjupatpy;iy. ,iyfspd; ryryg;g[ nfl;L Xir te;j jpir nehf;fpj; jpUk;gpndd;. ku=;fspd;
nkypUe;j gwitfs; j=;fs; rpwFfis moj;J nrhk;giyg; nghf;fpf; bfhz;oUe;jd.
Muthu Xir :
jpObud Vw;gl;l Muthu Xiriaf; nfl;L jpUk;gpg; ghu;j;njd;. Fu=;Ffs; jz;zPupd;
Xl;lj;jpy; j=;fs; Kf=;fspd; mHiff; fz;L Muthuk; bra;J bfhz;oUe;jd.
mHfhd MW :
bjspthd ePnuhilapd; cs;ns/ cUz;il totpy; rpW THh=;fw;fs; ghu;g;gjw;F
tpiya[au;e;j fw;fisg; nghyt[k;/ fz;zhoahy; bra;ag;gl;l cUz;ilfs; nghyt[k;
njhw;wkspj;jd. ,j;jifa ,aw;ifapd; fz;fhl;rp vd; kdij tpl;L mfytpy;iy.

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,ay; ,aw;if tpupthdk;
g[aypny xU njhzp
2 g. rp=;fhuk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
1. kiH epd;wt[ld; g[yg;gLk; fhl;rpia tUzpj;J vGJf.
Fwpg;g[ : ,iyfspy; brhl;Lk; ePu; ? clypy; XLk; bky;ypa Fspu; ? nj=;fpa Fl;ilapy; `rsg;
jsg;~ vd;W Fjpf;Fk; FHe;ijfs; ? XLk; ePupy; fhfpjf; fg;gy;.
njdilapypUe;J tpGk; njd; Jspiag; nghy rpy kzpj;JspfSf;F xU Kiw ePu; ~brhl;
brhl;~ vd tpGe;jJ.
tpUk;gj;jf;f bjd;wiyg; nghyt[k; kapypwfpd; tUly; nghyt[k; bky;ypa Fspu; clypy;
XLk;.
ePu; cs;s jlhfj;jpny gy tifahd kPd;fSk; jtisfSk; jhtpf;Fjpf;Fk; nghJ Vw;gLk;
Xiria xj;j `rsg; jsg;~ vd;w rj;jj;Jld; nj=;fpf; fple;j ePu;f; Fl;ilapy; FHe;ijfs;
Fjpj;J tpisaho kfpH;e;jdu;.
mikjpahd ePnuhl;lk; bfhz;l ejpahdJ ,Gj;J tUk; rpWrpW fl;il kw;Wk; ,ju
bghUl;fs; nghy FHe;ijfs; XLk; ePupy; fhfpjf; fg;gy;fis tpl;L kfpH;e;jdu;.
beLtpdh
,ay; 2
1.
g[aypny xU njhzp fijapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s tUzidfSk; mLf;Fj; bjhlu;fSk;
xypf;Fwpg;g[r; brhw;fSk; g[aypy; njhzp gLk;ghl;il vt;thW tptupf;fpd;wd>
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
g[ay; tUzid
mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
xypf;Fwpg;g[
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
kdpj thH;f;if nghy ,aw;ifa[k; ,d;gk; Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ. me;j tifapy; `g[aypny
xU njhzp~ vd;w g[jpdj;jpy;/ gh.rp=;fhuk; vGjpa[s;s tUzid/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu; kw;Wk;
xypf;Fwpg;g[k; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
g[ay; tUzid:
bfhSj;Jk; btapy; ,ikf;Fk; neuj;jpy; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. ghz;oad; mz;zhe;J
ghu;j;jhd;. nkf=;fs; Fk;kpUl;L MdJ. fhw;wpy;yhky; xnu ,Wf;fkhdJ. ,oKHf;fj;Jld;
kpd;dy; thdj;ijg; gpse;jJ. thdk; cile;jd. bts;sk; bfhl;oaJ. Nwhtsp Mof;Fjpj;jJ.
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thDld; fly; fye;Jtpl;lJ. kiH bjupatpy;iy. fly; btwpf; Tj;jhl;lj;jhy; bjh=;fhd;

@H;fp rpg;g=;fs; flypy; ePe;Jfpd;wd. thdk;/ fly;/ fhw;W/ kiH xd;W nru;e;J Tf;Fuypl;lJ.
thdk; gpse;J beUg;igf; ff;fpaJ.
mLf;Fj;bjhlu;:
bjh=;fhd; eLeL=;fpj; jhtp jhtp FjpFjpj;jJ. gpwF bjh=;fhd; Fjpj;J tpGe;J behWbehW
vd;W behW=;fpaJ. RHd;W fpWfpWj;Jf; Tj;jhoaJ.
xypf;Fwpg;g[:
bjh=;fhd; jhtp tpGe;jJ/ RHy;fpd;wJ. flypy; rpYrpY kukug;g[ b=ha;=; g[a;t;/ b=ha;=;/
g[a;=; vd ,o KHf;fk; bra;a rPdg; gprhRfs; jhtp tPRfpd;wd. gfy; ,uthfp cg;g[f; fhw;W
cliy tUoaJ.
Kot[iu:
g[aYf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Ie;jhk; ehs; fiu bjd;gl;lJ. mLj;jehs; Kw;gfy; gpdh=;F
JiwKfj;ij mQfpdhu;fs;. gpythdpypUe;J Rkj;uhtiu g[ay; ,g;gog; gaKWj;jpaJ.
,j;jifa tUzidnahL g[aypy; njhzp gLk;ghl;il `mHfha;~ tptupf;fpd;whu; gh. rp=;fhuk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. g[aypny xU njhzp vd;gJ

m) rpWfij M) g[jpdk;
,) fhg;gpak; <) ftpij [tpil: M) g[jpdk;]
2. `g[aypny xU njhzp~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) g. rp=;fhuk; M) K.t.
,) jpU.tp.f. <) mfpyd; [tpil: m) g. rp=;fhuk;]
,ay; 2
3. tl,e;jpag; bgU=;flypy; cUthFk; g[ay;fSf;Fg; bgau; itf;Fk; eilKiw bjhl=;fg;gl;l
Mz;L
m) 2004 M) 2000
,) 1999 <) 1940 [tpil: M) 2000]
4. ,y=;if je;j g[aypd; bgau;

m) mf;dp M) Mfh&;
,) f$h <) $y; [tpil: ,) f$h]
5. `fg;gpj;jhd;~ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ>
m) jiyik khYkp M) fg;gy;
,) g[ay; <) gazp [tpil: m) jiyik khYkp]
6. `bjh=;fhd;~ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ>
m) jiyik khYkp M) fg;gy;
,) g[ay; <) gazp [tpil: M) fg;gy;]
7. g[yk;bgau;e;j jkpHu;fisg; gw;wpa Kjy; g[jpdk;
m) g[aypny xU njhzp M) njhzp tUfpwJ
,) fs;sj; njhzp <) mfy;tpsf;F [tpil: m) g[aypny xU njhzp]
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8.
bjd;fpHf;fhrpag; nghu; @z;ljpy; knyrpah/ ,e;njhndrpah gFjpfspy; epfH;tjhf cs;s
fw;gidg; gilg;g[
m) Mwhk; jpiz M) g[aypny xU njhzp
,) ghy; kuf;fhl;odpny <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
[tpil: M) g[aypny xU njhzp]
9. g[aypny xU njhzp vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpd; _______ vd;Dk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; RUf;fg;gl;l gFjp

ghlkhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) fhtpaf;Tj;J M) fiyf;Tj;J
,) flw;Tj;J <) ,irf;Tj;J [tpil: ,) flw;Tj;J]
10. gh. rp=;fhuj;jpd; Cu; _______ khtl;lk; _______

m) rp=;fk;g[zup/ rptf=;if M) ciwa{u;/ jpUr;rp
,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;/ <nuhL <) bjd;fhrp/ jpUbey;ntyp
[tpil: m) rp=;fk;g[zup/ rptf=;if]
11. g. rp=;fhuk; _______ ,e;njhndrpah brd;whu;.

m) ntiyf;fhf M) J}juhf
,) Ma;thsuhf <) mfjpahf [tpil: m) ntiyf;fhf]
12. g. rp=;fhuk; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;
m) jpdfud; M) jpdkzp
,) jpdj;je;jp <) jpdg{kp [tpil: ,) jpdj;je;jp]
13. g. rp=;fhuj;jpd; nrkpg;ghd ________ ,yl;rk; qghia khztu;fspd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;fhf
tH=;fpdhu;.
m) VHiu M) Mwiu
,) ehd;fiu <) gj;J [tpil: m) VHiu]
14. `gy; gHg; gytpd; ga=;bfG bfhy;yp~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

,ay; 2
,) fypj;bjhif <) ehyoahu; [tpil: M) mfehD}W]
15. bfhy;ypkiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
m) ju;kg[up M) nryk;
,) ehkf;fy; <) jpzL
; f;fy; [tpil: ,) ehkf;fy;]
16. g[Jjpy;ypapy; cs;s cyf thdpiy mikg;gpd; kz;lyk; rpwg;g[ thdpiy Ma;t[ikak; 2004
brg;lk;gupy; ,Ue;J g[ay;fSf;Fg; bgau; itf;f ________ bgau;fisg; gl;oaypl;Ls;sJ.
m) 62 M) 64
,) 60 <) 54 [tpil: M) 64]
17. `bga;l;o~ g[aypd; bgaiuj; je;j ehL

m) ,e;jpah M) ,y=;if
,) Xkd; <) jha;yhe;J [tpil: <) jha;yhe;J]
18. g[aYf;F ,e;jpah je;Js;s bgau;fspy; ehd;F g{j=;fisf; fz;lwp.
m) mf;dp/ Mfh&;/ gp$;yp/ $y; M) nkf;/ mf;dp/ $y;
,) nkf;/ rhfu;/ tha[/ Mfh&; <) gp$;yp/ mf;dp/ nkf;/ f$h
[tpil: m) mf;dp/ Mfh&;/ gp$;yp/ $y;]
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19. thdpiy Ma;thsu;fs;/ bghJkf;fs;/ fly; khYkpfs; Mfpnahu;f;F thdpiy vr;rupf;ifiag;

g[upe;J bfhz;L bray;glf; bfhLf;fg;gLtJ
m) g[aypd; bgau;fs; M) fy=;fiu tpsf;fk;
,) epthuz cjtp <) jpirfhl;Lk; fUtp [tpil: m) g[aypd; bgau;fs;]
20. ______ E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fj;jpy; bjw;fhrpa ehLfspy; gy;ntW ehLfisr; nru;e;jtu;fs;

Fonawpdu;.
m) gjpbdl;lhk; M) gj;bjhd;gjhk;
,) gjpdhwhk; <) gjpndHhk; [tpil: M) gj;bjhd;gjhk;]
21. g. rp=;fhuk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghu; epfH;e;j nghJ ,Ue;j ,lk;

m) ,e;njhndrpah/ bkgpd; efu; M) ,y=;if/ ahH;g;ghzk;
,) knyrpah/ nfhyhyk;g{u; <) rPdh/ bga;$p=;
[tpil: m) ,e;njhndrpah/ bkgpd; efu;]

i) fg;gpj;jhd; ? 1. ,e;njhndrpahtpYs;s ,lk;
ii) bjh=;fhd; ? 2. kPd; tif
iii) mt[ypah ? 3. fg;gy;
iv) gpythd; ? 4. jiyik khYkp (nfg;ld;)
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
23. ``Xo thU=;fs;- ,=;nf Xo thU=;fs;- byf;fh!;/ byf;fh!;- vd;W fj;jpatd;

m) ghz;oad; M) fg;gpj;jhd;
,) $g;ghdpa mjpfhup <) F!;lht; [tpil: M) fg;gpj;jhd;]
24. `jkpnuh~ vd;W cWkpatu;

m) khYkp M) $g;ghdpa mjpfhup
,ay; 2
,) rPd mjpfhup <) ghz;oad; [tpil: M) $g;ghdpa mjpfhup]
25. thdpiy khw;wj;ijf; fz;L vGe;J ngha;g; ghu;j;jtd;
m) khYkp M) ghz;oad;
,) fg;gpj;jhd; <) nrud; [tpil: M) ghz;oad;]
1.
flypy; g[aypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l gjw;wj;ij btspg;gLj;j mLf;Fj; bjhlu;fSk;
tUzidfSk; vt;thbwy;yhk; gad;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ngRf.
g[aypd; rPw;wj;jpdhy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;jtu;fs; `,Us; eP=;fp Nupa btspr;rj;ijf; fz;lJk;
`Nupad; Nupad; Nupad;~ vdr; rw;W gjw;wk; eP=;ff; Twpdu;.
g[aypy; rpf;fp Ie;jhk; ehs; fiuiaf; fz;lnghJ ``fiu fiu~~ vdr; rj;jkpl;ldu;. nkw;fz;l
mLf;Fj; bjhlu;fs; gjw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; fhf;fg;gLnthk; vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifapy;
TwpajhFk;.
vz;bza; g{rpaitg; nghy; bkhGbkhGbtd bespe;j miyfs; vd;w tUzid/
miyapd; jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
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thidg; gpse;j gpd;dy; fPw;Wfs;. thdk; cile;J bts;sk; bfhl;oaJ vd;w tUzidfs;
kpd;dypd; mnfhu xsp tPr;ira[k;/ kiHg; bghHptpd; mst[ kw;Wk; ntfj;ijf; Fwpg;gjha;
mike;Js;sJ.
jiyf;F nky; bts;sk;" thDld; fly; fye;J tspa[ld; ,ize;J tpl;lJ vd;Dk;
bjhlu; @yk; g[aypy; njhzpapd; epiy vd;dthapUf;Fk; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ.
2. eP=f
; s; vjpu;bfhz;l ,aw;if ,lu; Fwpj;J tptupj;J vGJf.
(kiH/ bts;sk;/ g[ay;/ twl;rp)
kiH :
jtwpg;bga;j gUtkiHahy; mWtilf;Fj; jahuha; ,Ue;j gapu;fs; ePupy; eide;J
ehrk; mile;jd. nghf;Ftuj;J ghjpg;g[fshy; kf;fs; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Mshapdu;.
kiHg; bghHptpd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; gyu; btspna bry;y KoahjjhYk;. kpd;rhuk; jil
bra;ag;gl;ljhYk; gy bjhHpy;fs; Kl=;fpd.
g[ay; :
brd;idf;Fj; bjd;fpHf;nf 260 fp.kP bjhiytpYk;/ ehiff;F tlfpHf;nf
180 fp.kP bjhiytpYk; ikak; bfhz;oUe;j f$h g[ay;/ nkw;F bjd; nkw;Fj; jpirapy; efu;e;J
flY}u; ghk;gd; ,ilna ehiff;F mUnf kzpf;F 111 fp.kP ntfj;jpy; fiuiaf; fle;jJ.
g[ayhdJ fiuiaf; fle;j nghjpYk; bly;lh kw;Wk; fiunahu gFjp kf;fspd; ftiy ,d;Dk;
fle;J nghftpy;iy. Vbddpy; tptrhapfs;/ kPdtu;fs; Mfpnahupd; thH;thjhunk mHpe;jJ.
bts;sk;:
fle;j 2018 Mk; Mz;L nfushtpy; Vw;gl;l bts;skhdJ mk;khepyj;ijna g[ul;og;
nghl;lJ. bjd;nkw;F gUtf;fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gl;l kiHg;bghHpnt ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.
bts;sj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l kz;ruptpy; rpf;fp gyu; capupHe;jdu;. ,jpy; nfushtpy; cs;s ,Lf;fp/
taehL nfhHpf;nfhL cl;gl 10 khtl;l=;fs; bgupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. kiyg;ghijapy;
Vw;gl;l kz;ruptpdhy; nghf;Ftuj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ay; 2
twl;rp:
,e;jpa thdpiyj; Jiwapd; Tw;Wg;go 10 rjtpjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthd kiHg;bghHpt[
,Uf;Fnkahdhy; me;ehl;il twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehL vdyhk;. gw;whf; Fiwahd
kiHg; bghHpnt twl;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; gUtfhyk; bgha;j;Jg; nghtjhy; cUthFk;.
kiHg; bghHptpd;ik/ gUtfhy khWghLfs;/ fhLfs; mHpt[/ Rw;Wr;NHy; rPu;nfL/ mjpf
mst[ Mtpahjy;/ nkhrkhd epy nkyhz;ik/ mjPj nka;r;ry;/ kz; mupg;g[ Mfpad twl;rp
Vw;gl Kf;fpaf; fhuz=;fshFk;.
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,ay; ,aw;if fw;fz;L;
bjhifepiyj; bjhlu;fs;
2
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `bgupa kPir~ rpupj;jhu; ? tz;zr; brhy;Yf;fhd bjhifapd; tif vJ>

m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) ctikj;bjhif
,) md;bkhHpj;bjhif <) ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif]
FWtpdh
1. jz;zPu; Fo/ japu;f;Flk; Mfpa bjhifr;brhw;fis tpupj;J vGJf. bjhlupy; mikf;f.
jz;zPu; Fo
jz;zPiuf; Fo (,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif)
kpFe;j jhfj;jpdhy; jz;zPiuf; Foj;njd;.
japu;f;Flk;
japiu cila Flk; (,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif)
fkyh japu;f;Flj;jpypUe;J japiu Cw;wpdhs;.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 2
1.
njhl;lj;jpy; ky;ypifg;g{ gwpj;j g{=;bfho/ tUk; tHpapy; MLkhLfSf;Fj; jz;zPu;j;
bjhl;oapy; FoePu; epug;gpdhs;. tPl;oDs; te;jts; Rtu;f;fofhuj;jpy; kzp ghu;j;jhs;.
,g;gFjpapy; cs;s bjhifr; brhw;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpupj;J vGJf.
ky;ypifg;g{
,U bgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif.
ky;ypif vd;Dk; g{ (ky;ypif ? rpwg;g[g; bgau;/ g{ ? bghJg; bgau;)
g{=;bfho
ctikj; bjhif
g{ nghd;w bfho
jz;zPu;j; bjhl;oapy;
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
jz;zPiu Cw;Wk; bjhl;o
FoePu; epug;gpdhs;
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
FoePiu epug;gpdhs;
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bjhif epiyj; bjhlu; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

m) ,uz;L M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: <) MW]
2. fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fspy; ck;ikj;bjhif my;yhj brhy; vJ>
m) nju;g;ghfd; M) mz;zd; jk;gp
,) btw;wpiy ghf;F <) ,ut[ gfy; [tpil: m) nju;g;ghfd;]
3.
`kJiu brd;whu;~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; mike;Js;s ntw;Wikj;bjhif vt;tif ntw;Wikj;
bjhiff;Fg; bghUe;Jk;>
m) @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
M) ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
,) Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
<) Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif [tpil: M) ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif]
4. bghUj;Jf.
1. kJiu brd;whu; ? m) tpidj;bjhif
2. tPR bjd;wy; ? M) gz;g[j;bjhif
3. br=;fhe;js; ? ,) ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
4. khu;fHpj; jp=;fs; ? <) ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
m) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., M) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m
,) 1.< 2.M 3.m 4., <) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M [tpil: m) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
5. bghUj;Jf.
,ay; 2
1. ctikj;bjhif ? m) KWf;F kPir itj;jhu;

2. ck;ikj;bjhif ? M) kyu;f;if
3. md;bkhHpj;bjhif ? ,) tl;lj;bjhl;o
4. gz;g[j;bjhif ? <) mz;zd; jk;gp
m) 1.M 2.< 3.m 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2., 3.m 4.< <) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M [tpil: m) 1.M 2.< 3.m 4.,]
6. gz;g[j;bjhif my;yhj xd;W
m) br=;fhe;js; M) tl;lj;bjhl;o
,) ,d;bkhHp <) bfhy;fspW [tpil: <) bfhy;fspW]
7. fhyk; fue;j bgabur;rk;
m) tpidj;bjhif M) gz;g[j;bjhif
,) ctikj;bjhif <) ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: m) tpidj;bjhif]
8. ntw;Wika[Ug[ my;yhjJ
m) I/ xL M) F/ ,d;
,) Mfpa/ Md <) mJ/ fz; [tpil: ,) Mfpa/ Md]
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9. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf

m) tpidj;bjhif ? nju;g;ghfd;
M) gz;g[j;bjhif ? ,d;bkhHp
,) ck;ikj;bjhif ? jha; nra;
<) md;bkhHpj;bjhif ? rptg;g[r;rl;il ngrpdhu;
[tpil: m) tpidj;bjhif ? nju;g;ghfd;]
10. `kyu; nghd;w if~ ,jpy; `kyu;~ vd;gJ _____ `nghd;w~ vd;gJ _____ ìf~ vd;gJ _____
m) ctk cUg[ ? ctik ? ctnkak;
M) ctik ? ctk cUg[ ? ctnkak;
,) ctnkak; ? ctik ? ctk cUg[
<) ,tw;Ws; VJkpy;iy [tpil: M) ctik ? ctk cUg[ ? ctnkak;]
11. rpwg;g[g; bgau;/ bghJg;bgau; Mfpad tUk; bjhifr;brhy;

m) gz;g[j;bjhif
M) tpidj;bjhif
,) ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
<) ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: ,) ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif]
12. khu;fHpj; jp=;fs;/ rhiug;ghk;g[ Mfpa brhw;fspy; ,lk;bgWk; bghJg;bgau;fs; vit>

m) khu;fHp/ rhiu M) jp=;fs;/ ghk;g[
,) khu;fHp/ ghk;g[ <) jp=;fs;/ rhiu [tpil: M) jp=;fs;/ ghk;g][
13. `br=;fhe;js;~ ? ,g;gz;g[j;bjhifr; brhy;ypy; kiwe;J tUk; cUg[

m) Md M) Mfpa
,) nghd;w <) I [tpil: M) Mfpa]
14. `,d;bkhHp~ ? ,g;gz;g[j;bjhifr; brhy;ypy; kiwe;J tUk; cUg[

m) Md M) Mfpa
,ay; 2
,) nghd;w <) ,d; [tpil: m) Md]
15. `kJiu brd;whs;~ ? ,t;ntw;Wikj;bjhifr; brhy;ypy; ,lk;bgWk; ntw;Wik cUg[

m) F M) fz;
,) My; <) mJ [tpil: m) F]
16. fUk;g[ jpd;whd; ? ,j;bjhlu; _______ ntw;Wikj;bjhlu;.

m) ,uz;lhk; M) @d;whk;
,) ehd;fhk; <) Mwhk; [tpil: m) ,uz;lhk;]
17. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhiff;fhd brhy;
m) nju;g;ghfd; M) jkpH;j;bjhz;L
,) fUk;g[ jpd;whd; <) kJiu brd;whu; [tpil: M) jkpH;j;bjhz;L]

i) tPR bjd;wy; ? 1. ck;ikj; bjhif
ii) br=;fhe;js; ? 2. ctikj;bjhif
iii) kyu;f;if ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
iv) jha;nra; ? 4. tpidj;bjhif
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m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
19. ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhiff;fhd brhy;
m) kyu;f;if M) mz;zd; jk;gp
,) khu;fHpj;jp=;fs; <) nju;g;ghfd; [tpil: ,) khu;fHpj;jp=;fs;]
20. bghUj;Jf.
i) ,d;bkhHp – 1. ctikj;bjhif
ii) jha;nra; – 2. tpidj;bjhif
iii) Kj;Jg;gy; – 3. ck;ikj; bjhif
iv) tUg[dy; – 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]
21. rptg;g[r;rl;il ngrpdhu; ? mof;nfhol;l brhy;Yf;fhd bjhifapd; tif vJ>
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) ctikj;bjhif
,) md;bkhHpj;bjhif <) ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif]
FWtpdh
1. brhw;bwhlu; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
brhw;fs; gy bjhlu;e;J epd;W bghUs; jUk;.
,J bjhlu; my;yJ brhw;bwhlu; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ePu; gUfpdhd;.
2. bjhifepiyj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d>
bgau;r; brhy;Yk; tpidr;brhy;Yk; nrUk; bjhlu;.
,ilapy; ntw;Wik cUg[fnsh/ tpid gz;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; cUg[fnsh kiwe;J tUk;.
,ay; 2
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l brhw;fs; xU brhy; nghy; epw;Fk;.

v.fh: fUk;g[ jpd;whd;.
3. bjhifepiyj; bjhlu; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bjhifepiyj; bjhlu; MW tifg;gLk;. mit:
ntw;Wikj;bjhif  tpidj;bjhif
gz;g[j;bjhif  ctikj;bjhif
ck;ikj;bjhif  md;bkhHpj;bjhif
4. ntw;Wik cUg[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; MW. mit: I/ My;/ F/ ,d;/ mJ/ fz;.
5. ntw;Wikj;bjhif vd;why; vd;d> v.fh jUf.
xU bjhlupy; ntw;Wik cUg[fspy; VnjDk; xd;W kiwe;J te;J bghUs; jUk;.
v.fh: kJiu brd;whu; ? kJiuf;Fr; brd;whu;.
6. cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;fj; bjhif vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
xU bjhlupy; ntw;Wik cUg[k; mjd; bghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; nru;e;J kiwe;J tUk;.
v.fh: nju;g;ghfd;.
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njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;. I ? cUg[" Xl;Lk; ? gad;.

,Jt[k; ntw;Wikj; bjhifna.
7. gz;g[j;bjhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mst[/ epwk;/ totk;/ Rit Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
gz;g[g;bgaUf;Fk; mJ jGtp epw;Fk; bgau;r;brhy;Yf;Fk;. ,ilapy; ìk~ vd;Dk; gz;g[
tpFjp kiwe;J tUk;.
Mfpa/ Md vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUg[fs; kiwe;J tUk;.
v.fh: br=;fhe;js;/ tl;lj;bjhl;o.
8. ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
rpwg;g[g; bgau; Kd;Dk; bghJg; bgau; gpd;Dkhf tUk;.
,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUg[ bjhf;fp tUk;.
v.fh: khu;fHpj; jp=;fs;.
9. ctikj;bjhif vd;why; vd;d> vLj;Jf;fhl;L je;J tpsf;Ff.
ctikf;Fk; ctnkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUk;.
v.fh: kyu;f;if. ctik ? kyu;/ ctnkak; ? if/ ctk cUg[ ? nghd;w.
kyu; nghd;w if vdg; bghUs; gLk;.
10. ck;ikj;bjhif vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
,Ubrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; `ck;~ vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; kiwe;J tUk;.
v.fh: jha;nra;/ mz;zd; jk;gp.
jha[k; nra[k;/ mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; vd tpupe;J bghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
11. md;bkhHpj;bjhif vd;why; vd;d>
ntw;Wik/ tpid/ gz;g[/ ctik/ ck;ik Mfpa bjhif epiyj; bjhlu;fspy; my;yhj ntW
brhw;fs; kiwe;J epd;W bghUs; jUk;.
,ay; 2
v.fh: KWf;F kPir te;jhu;.
KWf;F kPiria cilatu; te;jhu; vdj; bjhif epiyj;bjhlu; my;yhj ntW brhy;
kiwe;J epd;W bghUs; jUfpwJ.
12. ck;ikj;bjhif vj;jid mst[g; bgau;fisj; bjhlu;e;J tUk;> mit ahit>
ck;ikj;bjhif ehd;F mst[g; bgau;fisj; bjhlu;e;J tUk;. mit:
vz;zy;  ePl;ly;
vLj;jy;  Kfj;jy;
13. ,ilr;brhy; kiwe;J tUk; bjhifr; brhw;fs; vit>
ntw;Wikj; bjhif  ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
tpidj;bjhif  ctikj;bjhif
gz;g[j;bjhif  md;bkhHpj;bjhif
14. tpidj;bjhifiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
fhyk; fue;j bgabur;rk;. fhyk; fhl;Lk;. ,ilepiya[k; bgabur;r tpFjpa[k; kiwe;J epw;Fk;.
tpidg;gFjpiaj; bjhlu;e;J xU bgau; te;J xU brhy;iyg; nghy; elf;Fk;.
v.fh: tPR bjd;wy; vd;gJ/ tPrpa bjd;wy;/ tPRfpd;w bjd;wy;/ tPRk; bjd;wy; vd Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;
bghUe;Jk;.
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tz;zkpl;l bjhifepiyj; bjhlu;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.

1. md;g[r;bry;td; jpwd;ngrpapd; bjhLjpiuapy; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
md;g[r;bry;td; – ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
bjhLjpiu – tpidj;bjhif
2. midtUf;Fk; nkhu;g;ghidiaj; jpwe;J nkhu; bfhLf;ft[k;.

nkhu;g; ghid – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
nkhu; bfhLf;ft[k ; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
3. btz;ilf;fha;g; bghupay; nkhu;f;FHk;gf

[ ;Fg; bghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
btz;ilf;fha;g; – ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
nkhu;f;FHk;g[ – @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
4. j=;f kPd;fs; jz;zPu;j; bjhl;oapy; tpisahLfpd;wd.

j=;fkPd;fs; – ctikj;bjhif
jz;zPu;j; bjhl;oapy; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;Jj; jiyg;gpLf.

The Golden sun gets up early in the morning and starts its bright rays to fade away the dark. The milky
clouds start their wandering. The colourful birds start twitting their morning melodies in percussion. The
cute butterflies dance around the flowers. The flower’s fragrance fills the breeze. The breeze gently blows
everywhere and makes everything pleasant.
,aw;if
,ay; 2
bghd;dhd fjputd; ehs;njhWk; fhiyapy; vGe;J mjd; xspf;fjpu;fis tPrp/ ,Uis

kiwar; bra;a[k;/ ghy; nghd;w nkf=;fs; Rw;w Muk;gpj;JtpLk;. tz;zg; gwitfs; ,jkhd
NH;epiyiaj; jd; ,wFfis mog;gjd; @yk; cUthf;Fk;. mHfhd tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rp
kyu;fisr; Rw;wp MLk;. g{f;fspd; eWkzk; bjd;wy; fhw;iw epug;g[k;. me;jf; fhw;W midj;J
,l=;fspYk; gutp xU g[j;Jzu;thd NH;epiyia cUthf;Fk;.
brhw;fspy; kiwe;Js;s bjhiffis milahsk; fz;L bjhlupy; mikf;f.

,d;brhy;/ vGfjpu;/ fPupghk;g[/ g{=;FHy; te;jhs;/ kiy thH;thu;/ Kj;Jg;gy;
v.fh: ,d;brhy; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
,dpikahd brhy; TWjy; rhd;nwhu;f;F mHF.
1. vGfjpu; ? tpidj;bjhif
kdpj thH;f;if vGfjpu; nghd;wJ.
2. fPupghk;g[ ? ck;ikj;bjhif
fyht[k; khyht[k; fPupa[k; ghk;g[k; nghy vg;bghGJk; gifiknahL thH;fpd;wdu;.
3. g{=;FHy; te;jhs; ? md;bkhHpj;bjhif
g{ nghd;w Te;jiya[ila (FHy;) bgz; te;jhs;
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4. kiy thH;thu; ? VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif

Fwp+;rp epy kf;fs; kiyapd; fz; thH;thu;.
5. Kj;Jg;gy; ? ctikj;bjhif
khyhtpd; Kj;Jg;gy; nkYk; mtSf;F mHF nru;f;fpwJ.
bra;jpfisg; goj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vGJf.

g{f;fisg; gw;wpa mupa ,yf;fpar; bra;jpfs;
g{ cz;L/ Mdhy; fz;zpw;Ff; fhl;rp juhky; fhz;gjw;F mupadtha; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs;/
My kyu;" gyh kyu;.
kyu; cz;L" bgaUk; cz;L" Mdhy; ,Jjhd; mJ vd;W cWjpahf mwpa ,ayhJs;s
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs; : Rs;sp kyu;/ gh=;fu; kyu;.
mftpjH; Kjypa cWg;g[fs; ,Ue;J mit g[wj;nj fhl;rpg;glhky; cs;nsna
bghjpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu;fs; : mj;jp/ Myk;/ bfhHp+;rp/ gyh.
gad;ghL/ ehw;wk;/ kf;fsJ tpUg;gpy; ,lk; bgwhik/ bghJtpy; xJf;fg;gl;lik bfhz;L
kyupy; rpy vspait Mfpd;wd. mitahtd : beU+;rp/ vUf;F/ g{is/ FhP,g; g{is/ ntis/
Ckj;jk;/ fs;sp/ KU=;if.
,Yg;igg; g{f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fuofs; kuj;jpd; kPnjwp mtw;iwg; gwpj;J cz;Qk;.
ghjpupg; g{ FoePUf;Fj; jd; kzj;ij Vw;Wk;. @=;fpy; g{tpy; fha; njhd;wpf; fdpahfp mjpypUe;J
xUtif muprp njhd;Wk;. ,J @=;fpy; muprp vdg;gLk;.
? nfhit. ,s+;nrud;.
1. kyu; cz;L;" bgaUk; cz;L ? ,uz;L bjhlu;fisa[k; xU bjhluhf;Ff.
kyUf;Fg; bgau; cz;L.
2. mUk;ghfp bkhl;lhfpg; g{thfp.... vd;gij xj;J mike;Js;s bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
mftpjH; Kjypa cWg;g[fs; ,Ue;J mit g[wj;nj fhl;rpg;glhky; cs;nsna bghjpe;jpUf;Fk;
,ay; 2
kyu;fs;.
3. eP=;fs; mwpe;j ,U g{f;fspd; bgau;fisa[k; mjd; gad;fisa[k; vGJf.
KU=;ifg;g{:
,g;g{itf; frhak; bra;J thuk; ,UKiw Fof;ft[k;. Foj;Jtu ePuHpt[ neha;/ euk;g[j;jsu;r;rp
neha; eP=;Fk;. epidt[ Mw;wy; bgUFk;.
vUf;fk; g{
vUf;fk; g{itf; fha itj;J bgho bra;J g[z;fspy; g{r tpiutpy; FzkhFk;. fhy; tPf;fk;
Fiwa ,g;g{it vz;bzapy; tjf;fpf; fl;l tPf;fk; eP=;Fk;.
4. mupa kyu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk;.
5. bjhlupy; bghUe;jhg; bghUs; jUk; ka=;bfhyp vGj;Jfisj; jpUj;Jf.
,Yg;igg; g{f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fuofs; kwj;jpd; kPnjwp mtw;iwg; gupj;J cz;Qk;. ghjpupg;
g{ FoePUf;Fj; jd; kdj;ij Vw;Wk;.
,Yg;igg; g{f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit/ fuofs; kuj;jpd; kPnjwp mtw;iwg; gwpj;J cz;Qk;.
ghjpupg;g{ FoePUf;Fj; jd; kzj;ij Vw;Wk;.
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thH;j;Jkly; vGJf.
khepy mstpy; eilbgw;w ``kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;~~ vDk; jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liug; nghl;oapy;
btw;wp bgw;W Kjy; gupR bgw;w njhHid thH;j;jp kly; vGJf.
jpUbey;ntyp/
12?03?2020.
md;g[s;s ez;gd; muRf;F/
cd; capu; ez;gd; vGJtJ. eyk; eykwpa Mty;/
new;iwa ehspjHpy; `kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; khepy mstpy; eilbgw;w
fl;Liug; nghl;oapy; g=;Fbfhz;L Kjy; gupR bgw;wijf; fz;L kfpH;r;rpf; flypy;
@H;fpndhk;. ehspjHpYk; mf;fl;Liu btspte;jpUe;jJ. mjidg; goj;Jg; ghu;j;njhk;.
kuk;jhd; kuk;jhd;
kdpjd; kwe;jhd; kuj;ij
vd;W eP vGjpa brhw;fs; tpHpg;gilar; bra;Jtpl;lJ. eh=;fSk; v=;fs; gFjpapy; ku=;fis
el;L ,aw;if tsj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; bray;fspy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;J tpl;nlhk;.
ePa[k; ,Jnghd;w gy;ntW nghl;ofspy; g=;Fbfhz;L cyfshtpa rhjidfisg; bgw;W
tPl;Lf;Fk; ehl;Lf;Fk; bgUikj; njoj;ju kdjhu cd;id thH;j;Jfpnwd;.
,g;gof;F/
cd; capu; ez;gd;/
f. jkpH;kzp.
ciwnky; Kftup:
bgWeu;
r. muR/
103/ bre;jkpH;efu;/
,ay; 2
<nuhL ? 638 002.
ghujpapd; trdeil ? rpl;Lf;FUtp

rpwpajhdpak; nghd;w @f;F" rpd;df;fz;fs;" rpd;dj;jiy" bts;isf; fGj;J" mHfpa
k=;fy btz;ik epwKila gl;Lg;nghu;j;j tapW" fUika[k; btz;ika[k; fye;j rhk;gy;
epwj;jhyhfpa gl;Lg;nghu;j;j KJF" rpwpa njhif" Jspj;Jspf; fhy;fs;" ,j;jida[k; nru;j;J xU
gr;irf; FHe;ijapd; ifg;gpoapny gpoj;J tplyhk;. ,t;tpjkhd cliyr; Rke;J bfhz;L
vd; tPl;ony ,uz;L capu;fs; thH;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Mz; kw;bwhd;W bgz;.
,J nghd;W c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j VnjDk; xd;iwg; gw;wp trdeilapy; vGJf.
kapy;
cWjp kpf;f @f;F" tpijbahj;j fz;fs;" rpd;dj;jiy" fUk;gr;ir kw;Wk; fUePy
epwKila gl;Lg;nghu;j;j tapW" fUik/ rhk;gy; kw;Wk; bre;epwk; fye;j gl;Lg;nghu;j;j KJF"
ePz;l mHfpa gy tz;zj;jhyhd njhif" gd=;fpH=;ifbahj;j fhy;fs;" ,j;jida[k; nru;j;J
xUtu; ifapny gpog;gJ kpft[k; mupJ. ,t;tpjkhd cliyr; Rke;J bfhz;L vd; tPl;Lj;
njhl;lj;jpw;F ,uz;L/ capu;fs; te;J nghfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Mz; kapy; kw;bwhd;W
bgz; kapy;.
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brhy;iyf; fz;Lgpoj;Jg; g[jpiu tpLtpf;f.

1. Kjy; ,uz;il ePf;fpdhYk; thrid jUk;" ePf;fhtpl;lhYk; thrid jUk;.
eWkzk;
2. gHikf;F vjpuhdJ ? vGJnfhypy; gad;gLk;.
g[Jik
3. ,Uf;Fk;nghJ cUtkpy;iy ? ,y;yhky; capupdk; ,y;iy.
fhw;W
4. ehbyGj;jpy; fz; rpkpl;Lk; ? filapuz;oy; ePe;jpr; bry;Yk;.
tpz;kPd;
5. XbuGj;jpy; nrhiy ? ,uz;blGj;jpy; tdk;.
fhL
eakpF bjhlu;fisg; goj;J Vw;w jiyg;g[fis vLj;bjGJf.
1. bfhSj;Jk; btapy; rl;bldj; jzpe;jJ. thdk; ,Uz;lJ. thilf; fhw;W tPrpaJ.
fhw;wpd; ghly;
2. g[tp rpypu;j;J/ kz;zpypUe;J rpd;d+;rpW bkhl;L KfpH;j;jJ" mr;broia tuntw;Fk; tpjkhfg;
gf;fj;Jr; brofs; jiyahl;o kfpH;fpd;wd.
bkhl;od; tUif.
3. nrhiyf;Fs; rj;jkpy;yhky; tPrpaJ bjd;wy;" g{f;fs; mjd; tUifia czu;e;J eWkzj;Jld;
tuntw;fpd;wd. g{thrk; fye;j bjd;wypy; tz;Lfs; kpje;J brd;W kyu;fspy; mku;fpd;wd.
kpjf;Fk; thrk;.
4.
,utpd; ,Usikjpapy; ,iur;ryha;r; rpy Rtu;f;nfhHpfs;. twz;l thdj;jpd; ,Uz;l
g[Gf;fk;" kiHf;F V=;Fk; g[tp btg;gg; bgU@r;R tpLk;" frfrj;j capupd=;fs;.
,ay; 2
capu;g;gpd; Vf;fk;.
5. epd;Wtpl;l kiH jUk; Fspu;" brhl;Lr; brhl;lhf tpspk;g[fspypUe;Jk; ku=;fspypUe;Jk; tpGk;
kiHePu;gl;Lr; rpypu;f;Fk; capupdk;.
ePupd; rpypu;g;g[.
6.
Fapy;fspd; Ttypir. g[s;spd=;fspd; nka;r;rYk; gha;r;rYk;. ,iyfspd; mirt[fs;/
Niwf;fhw;wpd; Mnyhyk;.
tdj;jpd; eldk;/ kpjf;Fk; thrk;/ fhw;wpd; ghly;/ bkhl;od; tUif/ capu;g;gpd; Vf;fk;/ ePupd;
rpypu;g;g[.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mfd;Rlu;/ Mu;fyp/ fl;g[s;/ bfhLtha;/ jpUtpy;
mfd;Rlu; – (mfy; vd;gjd; jpupg[) mfy;Rlu;/ mfd;w Rlu;.
Mu;fyp – fly;/ kiH/ bts;sk;/ ngbuhyp/ Muthuk;.
fl;g[s ; – Xu; g[ytd;.
bfhLtha; – xU kpUfk;/ gHpr;brhy;/ g[yp/ Fwis/ tise;j tha;.
jpUtpy; – ,e;jputpy;.
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V- khdplh......... V- khdplh
vd;id (kuj;ij) mHpj;jha;
vdf;Fk; xU fhyk; tUk;
gs;spf;FHe;ijfs;
g[j;jfg;ig Rkg;gJ nghy
capu;tspf;fhf
vd;ida[k; eP Rkg;gha;.......
capu;thH;tjw;F.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf gf;fk;: 48
thbdhyp mwptpg;g[
$y; g[ay; brd;idf;Fj; bjd;fpHf;nf 150 fp.kP bjhiytpy; ikak; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,d;W
,ut[ brd;idf;Fk; bey;Y}Uf;Fk; ,ilna fiuiaf; flf;Fk; vd;W brd;id thdpiy
Ma;t[ ikak; bjuptpj;Js;sJ.
g[aypd;nghJ
g[aypd;nghJ btspna bry;y btspnaw neu;e;jhy; Muk;gfl;l
ntz;lhk;. vr;rupf;ifapd;nghnj btspnawt[k;.
bjhiyngrp/ kpd;rhjd=;fs; gad; khoapy; ,Ug;gijj; jtpu;j;Jj; jsg; gFjpapnyna
gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;ft[k;. j=;ft[k;.
thbdhyp mwptpg;igf; nfl;Lg; fhw;W mog;gJ epd;whYk; vjpu;jpirapypUe;J kWgo
gpd;gw;wt[k;. ntfkhf tPr Muk;gpf;Fk;/ vdnt/ fhw;wog;gJ
Koe;Jtpl;ljhf epidf;f ntz;lhk;.
,ay; 2
kPdtu;fs; flYf;Fr; bry;tijj; thfdj;ij Xl;l neu;e;jhy; flw;fiug; gFjpfSf;Fj;

jtpu;f;ft[k;. bjhiytpYk;/ ku=;fs; kpd;fk;gpg; ghijfs;/ ePu;
tHpfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpyfpa[k; thfdj;jpd;
cs;nsna j=;fpapUf;ft[k;.
nkw;fz;l mwptpg;igf; nfl;l eP=;fs;/ c=;fisa[k; c=;fs; FLk;gj;jhiua[k; fhg;ghw;Wk;

tifapy; bra;a[k; bray;fis tupirg;gLj;jp vGJf.
g[aypd; nghJ btspna bry;y khl;nlhk;.
bjhiyngrp kpd;rhjd=;fs; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;g;nghk;.
khoapy; ,Ug;gijj; jtpu;j;Jj; jsg; gFjpapnyna FLk;gj;jpdnuhL j=;Fntd;.
fhw;wog;gJ epd;whYk; thbdhyp mwptpg;igf; nfl;L mjw;nfw;g bray;gLnthk;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Storm ? g[ay; Tornado ? Nwhtsp
Tempest ? bgU=;fhw;W Land Breeze ? epyf;fhw;W
Sea Breeze ? flw;fhw;W Whirlwind ? RHy;fhw;W

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,ay; gz;ghL ciueil cyfk;
tpUe;J nghw;WJk;
3
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwahd bjhlu;.

m) jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j thiH ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
M) jkpHu; thiH ,iyf;Fg; gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
,) jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; thiH ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
<) jkpHu; thiH gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
[tpil: ,) jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; thiH ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.]
2.
tpUe;jpdiug; ngQtjw;Fg; bghUs; njitg;gl;ljhy;/ jd; fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg;
gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;fpwJ g[wehD}W. ,r;bra;jp czu;j;Jk; tpUe;J nghw;wpa
epiy.
m) epyj;jpw;nfw;w tpUe;J M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J
,) my;ypYk; tpUe;J <) cw;whupd; tpUe;J [tpil: M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J]
FWtpdh
1. `jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf; Fw;wpbaLj;J
,ay; 3
tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp~ vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; bra;jp. tpUe;njhk;gYf;Fr; bry;tk;
kl;Lnk ,d;wpaikahj xd;wh> c=;fs; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
tpUe;njhk;gYf;Fr; bry;tk; kl;Lnk ,d;wpaikahj xd;whff; fUjKoahJ.

Vbdd;why;/ ,dpa brhw;fSk;/ ey;y cgrupg;g[k; ,y;yhky; bry;tj;jhy; bra;a[k;
tpUe;njhk;giy ahUk; Vw;fkhl;lhu;fs;. vdnt/ bry;tj;ijtpl tpUe;njhk;gYf;F ,dpar;
brhw;fSk; ey;y cgrupg;g[k;/ kdKk; ,Ue;jhy; nghJk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;jhFk;.
rpWtpdh

1. 
g[jpjhf tUnthu; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; jiy itf;fj;
jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu;.

jpUtpHhf; fhy=;fspy; CUf;F tUk; g[jpatu;fisa[k; miHj;J md;nghL tpUe;jspg;gijr;
rpy ,l=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
,g;goahff; fhykhw;wk;/ jkpHu; tpUe;njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfis

vGJf.
md;iwa fhyj;jpy; tHpg;nghf;fu;fns tpUe;jpduhfg; nghw;wg;gl;ldu;.
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fhykhw;wj;jhy; ehfupfk; vd;Dk; bgauhy;/ tHpg;nghf;fu;fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gJ kiwe;J/

ez;gu;fSf;Fk; cwtpdu;fSf;Fk; kl;Lnk tpUe;jspf;Fk; epiyiaj;jhd; ,d;W
fhzKofpd;wJ.
tHpg;nghf;fu;fSf;Fk;/ ViHfSf;Fk; nfhtpy; kw;Wk; md;drj;jpu=;fs; tpUe;jpl;L
tUfpd;wd.
tpUe;jpdu; vd;W brhy;yp fatu;fs; ,d;W kf;fis Vkhw;Wtjhy; g[jpatu;fis
tpUe;jpdu;fshfg; nghw;wg;gLtJ ,y;iy.
,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; jd;dyk; nknyh=;fpajhy; tpUe;bjd;Dk; bghJeyk; Fiwe;J
tUfpd;wJ.
beLtpdh

1. c=;fs; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;j cwtpdUf;F eP=;fs; bra;j tpUe;njhk;giy mHFw tptupj;J vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
,dpJ tuntw;wy;
czt[ cgrupg;g[
md;g[ btspg;ghL
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
``bry;tpUe; njhk;gp tUtpUe;J ghu;j;jpUg;ghd;

ey;tpUe;J thdj; jtu;f;F~~
vd;w Fwl;gh te;j tpUe;jpdiug; ngzpg; nghw;wp/ ,dp tUk; tpUe;jpdiu vjpu;ghu;j;J
,Ug;gtid thdtu;fs; nghw;Wk; rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpddhthd; vd;fpd;wJ. te;j tpUe;ija[k;
,ay; 3
tUk; tpUe;ija[k; rpwg;g[ld; bra;tJ ,y;yj;jhu; flikahFk;.

,dpJ tuntw;wy; :
tPl;ow;F te;j cwtpdu;fsplk; thU=;fs;/ mkU=;fs;/ eykh> ePu; mUe;J=;fs;/ FLk;gj;jpdu;
midtUk; eykh> vd rpy thu;j;ijfisf; Twp Kfkyu;r;rpa[ld; tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;nwd;.
czt[ cgrupg;g[ :
tPl;ow;F te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F mtu;fs; tpUk;g[k; mWRit czitj; jahu; bra;J mtiu
czt[ cz;z tUkhW ,d;Kfj;Jld; miHj;J/ mku itj;njd;.
jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ kug[. Mfnt jkpH;g; gz;ghL
kiwahjpUf;f jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpl;nld;.
cz;gtupd; ,lg;gf;fk; thiH ,iyapd; FWfyhd gFjpa[k;/ tyg;gf;fk; tpupe;j gFjpa[k;
tUkhW thiHapiyia tpupj;njd;.
thiH ,iyapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; cg;g[/ CWfha;/ ,dpg;g[ Kjyhd mstpy; rpwpa czt[
tiffis itj;njd;. thiH ,iyapd; tyJ Xuj;jpy; fha;fwp/ fPiu/ Tl;L Kjyhd
mstpy; bgupa czt[ tiffisa[k; eLtpy; nrhWk; itj;njd;.
cz;gtu; kdkwpe;J mtu;fs; tpUk;gpr; rhg;gpLk; czt[ tiffis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
gupt[ld; gupkhwpndd;.
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md;g[ btspg;ghL :
xU Ftisapy; ePiuf; bfhz;L te;njd;. mijf; bfhz;L mtu; mUfpy; itf;fg;gl;l
btw;Wg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; mtu; iffGt[khW ePu; Cw;wpndd;.
gpwF iffisj; Jilg;gjw;Fj; Jz;oid mspj;njd;.
czt[ cz;L vGe;jtUf;F xU jl;oy; btw;wpiy/ ghf;F/ Rz;zhk;g[ itj;njd;. mtu;
mij kfpH;t[ld; cz;lhu;.
czt[z;ltuplk; jpUg;jpahf cz;Ou;fsh> vd tprhupj;J/ tPl;oy; cs;s czt[g;
bghUl;fs; rpytw;iwa[k; bfhLj;J tPl;oy; cs;stu;fSf;Ff; bfhLf;FkhW Twp/ VHo
tiu mtUld; brd;W tHpaDg;gpitj;njd;.
Kot[iu
tpUe;jpdu; ngQjy; jkpHu; kug[ MFk;. mjid md;nghLk; mUnshLk; bra;jy;
edprpwg;ghFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. tupirg;gLj;jp rupahd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjL.

i) tpUe;nj g[Jik ? 1. bra=;bfhz;lhu;
ii) ,y;ywtpay; ? 2. ,s=;nfhtofs;
iii) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? 3. bjhy;fhg;gpau;
iv) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp ? 4. jpUts;Stu;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1]
2. kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r;r=;fk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ>
,ay; 3
m) mbkupf;fh M) ,y=;if
,) bkhuprpa!; <) knyrpah [tpil: m) mbkupf;fh]
3. bjhy;fhg;gpau; tpUe;J vd;gij vd;dbtd;W Twpa[s;shu;>
m) bjhd;ik M) g[Jik
,) ,sik <) KJik [tpil: M) g[Jik]
4. ``...........bjhy;nyhu; rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;bjjpu; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id~~
? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ> ,J ahUila Tw;whf mikfpwJ>
m) fk;guhkhazk;/ rPij M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fz;zfp
,) esbtz;gh/ jkae;jp <) rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fhe;jUtjj;ij
[tpil: M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fz;zfp]
5. ``bghUe;J bry;tKk; fy;tpa[k; g{j;jyhy;

tUe;jp te;jtu;f;F <jYk; itfYk;
tpUe;Jk; md;wp tpisthd ahitna~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;>
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) bgupag[uhzk;
,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m) fk;guhkhazk;]
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6. ``my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J tupd;

ctf;Fk;~~ vd;W es;sputpYk; cztpLk; FLk;gj; jiytpapd; tpUe;njhk;giyr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
TWk; E}y;;.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
,) ew;wpiz <) g[wehD}W [tpil: ,) ew;wpiz]
7. `fhypd; VHog; gpd; brd;W~ vd tpUe;jpdiu tHpaDg;g[k; jkpHupd; ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;;
m) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil M) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil <) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil [tpil: ,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil]
8. ``tpUe;jpdUk; twpatUk; beU=;fp a[z;z

nkd;nkYk; KfkyUk; nknyhu; nghy~~ ? ,t;tofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y;;>
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S <) bgupag[uhzk; [tpil: M) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp]
9. ``Fuy; cz=;F tpijj;jpid cuy;tha;g; bga;J

rpwpJ g[wg;gl;ld;nwh ,ys;~~ vd;W g[wehD}W fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J>
m) jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpbaLj;J tpUe;jpdu;f;F cztspj;jhs; jiytp.
M) czt[f;fhf itj;jpUe;j jhdpaj;ij tpijg;gjw;Fj; jiytdplk; je;jhs; jiytp.
,) FHe;ijapd; grpiag; nghf;f tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpbaLj;Jr; rikj;Jj; je;jhs; jiytp.
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy.
[tpil: m)
jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy;
,l;Lf; Fj;jpbaLj;J tpUe;jpdu;f;F cztspj;jhs; jiytp.]
10. jiytd; tpUe;jspf;f mlFk; gizaKk; itj;j bghUl;fs; ahit>
m) giHaths;/ fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahH;
M) g[jpaths;/ beL=;nfhl;Lg; bgupahH;
,ay; 3
,) giHaths;/ beL=;nfhl;Lg; bgupahH;

<) g[jpaths;/ fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahH;[tpil: m) giHaths;/ fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahH;]
11. md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j bey;iy mupj;J te;J/ gpd; rikj;Jr; rptdoahUf;F tpUe;J
gilj;jtu; ahu;> ,f;fhl;rp ,lk; bgWk; E}y; vJ>
m) rhf;fpaehadhu;/ bgupag[uhzk;
M) ,isahd;Fo khwehadhu;/ bgupag[uhzk;
,) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;/ mw;g[j jpUte;jhjp
<) Re;juu;/ jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif
[tpil: M) ,isahd;Fo khwehadhu;/ bgupag[uhzk;]
12.
bea;jy; epyj;jtu; ghzu;fis tuntw;Wf; bfhLj;jitahfr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
Fwpg;gpLgit vit>
m) FHy; kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k ; M) Muy; kPd; fwpa[k; cg;g[k;
,) cg;g[k; Kj;Jk; <) kPd; fwpa[k; ez;Lk; tpil: m) FHy; kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k];
13. ``,iyia kog;gjw;F Ke;ija
tpdhof;F Kd;ghf
kWf;f kWf;f
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gupkhwg;gl;l TLjy; ,l;ypapy;

ePz;L bfhz;oUe;jJ
gpupa=;fspd; ePs; ruL~~ ? vd;Dk; ftpijf;F cupatu; ahu;>
m) mk;rg;gpupah M) gh.tp$a;
,) rpnefd; <) eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; [tpil: m) mk;rg;gpupah]
14. ``gyu;g[F thapy; milg;gf; flt[eu;

tUtPu; csP nuh~~? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ>
m) ew;wpiz M) FWe;bjhif
,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) gupghly; [tpil: M) FWe;bjhif]
15. ``kUe;nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;~~ vd;W ghoatu; ahu;> E}y; vJ>
m) xsitahu;/ Mj;jpr;No
M) xsitahu;/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;
,) FkuFUguu;/ ePjpbewp tpsf;fk;
<) ts;syhu;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; [tpil: M) xsitahu;/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;]
16. mbkupf;fhtpd; kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r;r=;fk; Mz;LnjhWk; bfhz;lhLk; tpHh

m) thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh
M) ,iwr;rp czt[ tpUe;J tpHh
,) ntl;o nriy cLj;Jk; tpHh
<) etjhdpa tpHh [tpil: m) thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh]
17. jpUf;Fwspy; tpUe;njhk;gy; mjpfhuk; ,lk;bgWk; ,ay;

m) ,y;ywtpay; M) ghaputpay;
,) murpay; <) Jwtwtpay; [tpil: m) ,y;ywtpay;]
18. tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;wpg; ngzy; gHe;jkpHu; kug[ vd;gij czu;j;jpatu;.
,ay; 3
m) jpUts;Stu; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) bra=;bfhz;lhu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;nfhtofs;]
19. fy;tpa[k; bry;tKk; bgw;w bgz;fs;/ tpUe;Jk; <ifa[k; bra;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stu;

m) fk;gu; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) bra=;bfhz;lhu; [tpil: m) fk;gu;]
20. ,isahd;Fo khwehadhupd; tpUe;jspf;Fk; jpwd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;>

m) bgupag[uhzk; M) ew;wpiz
,) bghUeuhw;Wg; gil <) fk;guhkhazk; [tpil: m) bgupag[uhzk;]
21. bghUj;Jf.
1. tpUe;nj g[Jik ? m) jpUts;Stu;
2. nkhg;gf; FiHa[k; mdpr;rk; ? M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
3. kUe;nj MapDk; tpUe;bjhL cz; ? ,) ,s=;nfhtofs;
4. tpUe;bjjpu; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id ? <) xsitahu;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
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22. tpUe;njhk;gy; gw;wpa 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; fhzg;gLkplk; __________

m) rpjk;guk; M) kJiu
,) khky;yg[uk; <) jpUr;rp [tpil: m) rpjk;guk;]
23. tpUe;njhk;giy typa[Wj;j Xu; mjpfhuj;ijna gilj;j g[ytu; __________

m) xsitahu; M) jpUts;Stu;
,) fgpyu; <) fk;gu; [tpil: M) jpUts;Stu;]
24. ``fhypd; VHog; gpd; brd;W~~ ? vd;Dk; bghUeuhw;Wg;gil czu;j;Jk; bra;jp

m) tpUe;jpdupd; fhiyj; bjhl;L tz=;fpdu;
M) tpUe;jpdiu VG mo tiu ele;J brd;W tHpaDg;gpdu;.
,) vGtu; tpUe;jpdupd; gpd; brd;W tHpaDg;gpdu;.
<) VGehs;fs; tpUe;jspj;Jg; gpd; tpUe;jpdiu tHpaDg;g[tu;.
[tpil: M) tpUe;jpdiu VG mo tiu ele;J brd;W tHpaDg;gpdu;.]
25. ``tufuprpr; nrhWk; tGJz=;fha; thl;Lk;

KuKbudnt g[spj;j nkhUk;~~ ? vdg; ghoatu;
m) xsitahu; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) fk;gu; <) jpUts;Stu; [tpil: m) xsitahu;]
FWtpdh
1. tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;why; vd;d>

jk; tPl;ow;F tUk; tpUe;jpdiu Kfkyu;r;rpnahL tuntw;W/ cz;z czt[k; ,lKk;
bfhLj;jy;/ mtu;fsplk; md;g[ ghuhl;Ljy; ,itna tpUe;njhk;gy; vdg;gLk;.
2. cyfk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; vitbad ,sk;bgUtGjp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;>
jdpj;J cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpHupd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil.
,ay; 3
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; jhnk cz;zhJ/ gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;Fk; ey;nyhu; cs;sjhy; cyfk;

epiyj;jpUf;fpwJ.
3. `cztpLk; ey;ypay;g[ FLk;gj; jiytpf;F cz;L~ vd;gijf; Fwpj;J ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLk;
bra;jp ahJ>
tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;gJ bgz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;g[fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

eL ,utpy; tpUe;jpdu; te;jhYk; kfpH;e;J tuntw;W cztpLk; ey;ypay;g[ FLk;gj;
jiytpf;F cz;L.
4. ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; Fwpj;J g[wehD}W vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ>
tPl;ow;F te;jtu;f;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;tHpnaDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;J kfpH;e;jdu; ek;
Kd;ndhu;.
jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf; Fj;jp
vLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspj;jhs; jiytp.
5. thisa[k; ahiHa[k; gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspf;fg;gl;l bra;jpiaf; TW.
giHa ths; :
new;W te;j tpUe;jpdiug; ngQtjw;Fg; bghUs; njitg;gl;ljhy; ,Uk;gpdhy; bra;j
giHa this mlF itj;jhd; jiytd;
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rPwpahH; :
,d;Wk; tpUe;jpdu; te;jjhy; jd; fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg; gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd;.
6. ,isahd;Fo khwehadhu; rptdoahu;f;F tpUe;jspj;j epfH;it vGJ.
,isahd;Fo khwehadhupd; tPl;ow;F te;j rptdoahu;f;F tpUe;jspf;f mtuplk; jhdpak;
,y;iy. jhdpakpy;yhjjhy; md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j tpij bey;iy mupj;Jr; rikj;J
tpUe;J gilj;jhu;.
7. bea;jy; epyj;jtupd; tpUe;jspg;g[ Fwpj;Jr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil tHpna bra;jpiaf; TW.
bea;jy; epyj;jtu; ghzu;fis tuntw;Wf; FHy;kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k; bfhLj;jdu;.
8. gHe;jkpHu; tpUe;ij vjpu;bfhs;Sk; jd;ikg; gw;wp FWe;bjhif TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
,y;yj;jpd; bgupa thapiy ,utpy; @Ltjw;F Kd;du;/ czt[ cz;z ntz;oatu;fs;
ahnuDk; cs;sPu;fsh> vd;W nfl;Fk; tHf;fk; gHe;jkpHupilna ,Ue;jijf; FWe;bjhif
TWfpwJ.
9. ,y;y tpHhf;fs; ahit>
jpUkzj;ij cWjp bra;jy;  gpwe;jehs;
jpUkzk;  g[Jkid g[FtpHh
tisfhg;g[
10. kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r; r=;f `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHhtpy;~ itf;fg;gLk; czt[fs; ahit>
KU=;iff;fha; rhk;ghu;  btz;ilf;fha; Tl;L
nkhu;f;FHk;g[  jpidg;ghahrk;
ntg;gk;g{ urk;  mg;gsk;
11. ahUila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld>
ehaf;fu;/ kuhl;oau;.
12. ``fhypd; VHog; gpd; brd;W~~ ? ,g;ghlyo czu;j;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
,ay; 3
gz;ilaj; jkpHu; tPl;ow;F te;j tpUe;jpdu; jpUk;gpr; bry;Yk; nghJ tHpaDg;g[k; tpjk;.
tHpaDg;g[k; nghJ mtu;fs; bry;y ,Uf;fpd;w ehd;F Fjpiufs; g{l;lg;gl;l nju; tiu VG
mo ele;J brd;W tHpaDg;gpdu;.
13. tpUe;J gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jkpH;E}y;fs; ahit>
bjhy;fhg;gpak;  g[wehD}W
jpUf;Fws;  ew;wpiz
rpyg;gjpfhuk;  FWe;bjhif
fk;guhkhazk;  bfhd;iwnte;jd;
fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp
14. tpUe;J gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; r=;f,yf;fpa E}y;fs; vit>
g[wehD}W/ ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif.

15.
tpUe;J ngQtjw;fhf vtw;iwbay;yhk; jiytd; gizak; itj;jjhfg; g[wehD}W
TWfpd;wJ>
,Uk;gpdhy; bra;ag;gl;l giHa ths;/ fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwp ahH;.
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16. tpUe;jpdu; vd;gtu; ahu;> (my;yJ) tpUe;nj g[Jik ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
tpUe;jpdu; vd;why; cwtpdu; vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; fUJfpd;wdu;. cwtpdu; ntW/ tpUe;jpdu;
ntW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj g[jpatu;fSf;nf tpUe;jpdu; vd;W bgau;. ,jidna bjhy;fhg;gpau;
`tpUe;nj g[Jik~ vd;fpwhu;.
17. tpUe;J kw;Wk; tpUe;njhk;gy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; g[ytu;fs; ahtu;>
bjhy;fhg;gpau;  fk;gu;
jpUts;Stu;  bra=;bfhz;lhu;
,s=;nfhtofs;  xsitahu;
18. nkhg;gf; FiHa[k; mdpr;rk; ctik bfhz;L ts;Stu; typa[Wj;Jk; fUj;J ahJ>
Kfk; ntWglhky; Kfkyu;r;rpnahL tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
19. ``tpUe;bjjpu; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id~~ vd;W fz;zfp tUe;jf; fhuzk; ahJ>
nfhtyidg; gpupe;J thGk; fz;zfp mtidg; gpupe;jij tpl tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;w Koahj
epiyia vz;zp tUe;Jfpwhs;.
20. jkpHupd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil vJ>
jdpj;J cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpHupd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil MFk;.
21. cyfk; epiybgw;wpUf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; jhnk cz;zhJ gpwUf;Fk; bfhLj;J kfpH;tu; ey;nyhu;.
mj;jifatu;fshy; jhd; cyfk; ,d;Wk; epiybgw;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
22. ``my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;Jtupd; ctf;Fk;~~ bjhlu; tpsf;fk; jUf.
bjhlu; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : ew;wpiz
bjhlu; tpsf;fk; : eL ,utpy; tpUe;jpdu; te;jhYk; kfpH;e;J tuntw;W cztpLk;
ew;gz;g[ FLk;gj;jiytpf;F cz;L.
,ay; 3
23. ``gyu;g[F thapy; milg;gf; flt[eu;

tUtPu; csPnuh~~ bjhlu; tpsf;fk; jUf.
bjhlu; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : FWe;bjhif
bjhlu; tpsf;fk; : ,y;yj;jpy; gyUk; EiHa[k; mstpw;F cs;s bgupa thapiy ,utpy;
@Ltjw;F Kd;du;/ czt[ cz;z ntz;oatu;fs; ahnuDk;
cs;sduh > vd;W nfl;fpd;wdu;.
rpWtpdh
1. ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; Fwpj;J ,yf;fpa=;fs; TWk; bra;jpfisf; TW.

tPl;ow;F te;jtUf;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;tHpapnyDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;jdu;
gHe;jkpHu; vd;W g[wehD}W TWfpwJ.
jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpbaLj;J tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp. ,d;W te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspf;f
fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg; gizak; itj;jhd; jiytd;.
,isahd;Fo khwehadhu; jd; tPl;ow;F te;j rptdoahu;f;F tpUe;jspf;f/ md;W tpijj;J
tpl;L te;j bey;iy mupj;J tpUe;J gilj;jijg; bgupag[uhzk; @yk; mwpayhk;.
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2. cw;whnuhL epd;w tpUe;J Fwpj;J vGJf.

r=;f fhyj;jpy; murdhapDk; twpnahuhapDk; tpUe;jpdu;fisg; nghw;wpdu;.
fhy khw;wj;jpdhy; g[jpatu;fis tPl;ow;Fs; miHj;J cztspg;gJ Fiwe;jJ.
tpUe;J g[ug;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; ehaf;fu; kuhj;jpau; fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs;
tHpg;nghf;fu;fSf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
g[jpatu;fis tpUe;jpduha; Vw;gJ Fiwe;J Xust[ bjupe;jtu;fis kl;Lnk tpUe;jpdu;fsha;
Vw;wdu;.
gog;goahf cw;whu;/ cwtpdu;fs;/ ez;gu;fs; Mfpnahiuna tpUe;jpdu;fshfg; nghw;Wk;
epiyf;F khwpdu;.
3. tpUe;njhk;gy; md;Wk; ,d;Wk; vt;thW cs;sJ vd ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
md;W ,d;W
jpz;iz : jpz;iz :
g[jpjhf tUnthu; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F ,d;W tPl;ow;Fj; jpz;iz itj;Jf;
tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; jiy fl;LtJkpy;iy; mwpKfk; ,y;yhj
itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu;. g[jpatu;fis tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;gJt[k;
,y;y tpHhf;fs; : ,y;iy.
jpUkzj;ij cWjp bra;jy;/ jpUkzk;/ ,y;y tpHhf;fs; :
tisfhg;g[/ gpwe;jehs;/ g[Jkid g[FtpHh ,y;y tpHhf;fs; jw;nghJ jpUkz
Kjypatw;iwj; j=;fs; ,y;yj;jpnyna kz;lgj;jpnyna eilbgWfpwJ.
elj;jp tpUe;jpdu;fSf;F tpUe;jspj;jdu;.
tpUe;njhk;gy; :
tpUe;njhk;gy; :
jpUkzf; Tl=;fspy; eilbgWk; ,y;y
,y;y tpHhf;fspy; mg;gFjp thH; kf;fSk; tpHhf;fspy; tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;gJ
btspa{u; tpUe;jpdu;fSf;Fj; njitahd Kjy; ge;jpapy; cgrupj;J tHpaDg;g[k;
cjtpfisr; bra;fpd;wdu;. tiu jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsu;fns bra;a[k;
gz;ghL :
,ay; 3
tpUe;njhk;gy; eilbgWfpwJ.
gz;ilj; jkpHu; ,y;y=;fspYk; gz;ghL :
cs;s=;fspYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;ghL
caupa jkpH;g; gz;ghL ,d;iwa
rpwe;jpUe;jJ.
jkpHu;fsplk; nkw;Twpa Kiwapy; cs;sJ.
4. kpdnrhl;lh `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh~ gw;wp vGJf.
mbkupf;fhtpd; kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r; r=;fk; `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh~it Mz;LnjhWk;
elj;jp tUfpwJ.
jkpHu;fspd; ghuk;gupa czt[fisf; bfhz;L tpUe;J itf;fpd;wdu;.
KU=;iff;fha; rhk;ghu;/ nkhu;f;FHk;g[/ ntg;gk;g{ urk;/ btz;ilf;fha;f; Tl;L/
jpidg;ghahrk;/ mg;gsk; vdr; Ritahfj; jkpHu; tpUe;J bfhLf;fpd;wdu;.
m=;F thGk; jkpHu;fs; gyUk; ,e;j tpUe;jpy; g=;nfw;Wr; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wdu;. bjhlu;e;J gy
gz;ghl;L epfH;t[fisa[k; epfH;j;jp tUfpd;wdu;.
5. thiH ,iy tpUe;J/ `czt[ gupkhWk; Kiw~ Fwpj;J vGJ.
jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ ek; kughff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
cz;gtupd; ,lg;gf;fk; thiHapiyapd; FWfpa gFjpa[k;/ tyg;gf;fk; ,iyapd; tpupe;j
gFjpa[k; tu ntz;Lk;.
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,iyapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; cg;g[/ CWfha;/ ,dpg;g[ Kjyhditfisa[k;/ rpwpa czt[
tiffisa[k; itj;jdu;.
,iyapd; tyJ Xuj;jpy; fha;fwp/ fPiu/ Tl;L Kjyhd czt[ tiffis itg;gu;. eLtpy;
nrhW itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahfg; gupkhWtu;.
gupt[ld; gupkhw;wk; :
tpUk;gpr; rhg;gpLk; czt[ tiffisg; gupt[ld; gupkhWk; tHf;fj;ij ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;
bra;jdu;.
6. thiH ,iyapy; cz;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; ahit>
thiH ,iyapy; rhg;gpLtjhy;/ ,seiu tuhky; ePz;l ehl;fs; jiyKo fUg;ghf
,Uf;Fk;.
thiH ,iy xU fpUkpehrpdp. mJ cztpy; cs;s er;Rf;fpUkpfis mHpf;Fk; jd;ik
bfhz;lJ.
thiH ,iyapy; bjhlu;e;J cz;gtu;fSf;F neha; jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
njhy; gsgsg;ghFk;" gpj;jk; jzpf;Fk;.
tapw;Wg; g[z; Mw;Wk;" grpiaj; J}z;Lk;.
7. fhykhw;wk;/ jkpHu; tpUe;njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;j c=;fs; fUj;Jfs; @d;wpid
vGJf.
g[jpajhf tUnthu; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; jiy itf;fj;
jpz;Lk; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;j epiy ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy.
mwpKfkpy;yhj g[jpatu;fis tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;gJt[k; ,y;iy.
jpUkzk;/ tisfhg;g[ nghd;w ,y;y tpHhf;fs; jpUkzf; Tl=;fSf;F ,lk;bgau;eJ ; tpl;ld.
beLtpdh
1.
tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;ghL gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf. (my;yJ) tpUe;J kw;Wk;
tpUe;njhk;gy; gw;wpj; jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs; TWk; bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
,ay; 3
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
tpUe;J nghw;Wk; jpUf;Fws;
jkpHu; kug[ `tpUe;njhk;gy;~
tpUe;jwk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
tpUe;jpdu; vd;why; cwtpdu; vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpdu; fUJfpd;wdu;. cwtpdu; ntW
tpUe;jpdu; ntW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj g[jpatu;fSf;nf tpUe;jpdu; vd;W bgau;. `tpUe;nj g[Jik~
vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpau; Twpa[s;shu;.
tpUe;J nghw;Wk; jpUf;Fws;:
jpUts;Stu; `tpUe;njhk;gy;~ vd;w xU mjpfhuj;ijna gilj;Js;shu;. ,y;ywk;
g[uptJ tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; bghUl;nl vd;fpd;whu;. Kfk; ntWglhky; Kfkyu;r;rpnahL
tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij `nkhg;gf;FiHa[k; mdpr;rk; ....~ vd;w Fwspy;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
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jkpHu; kug[ `tpUe;njhk;gy;~:

nfhtyd; gpupe;jij tpl tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;w Koahj epiyia vz;zp fz;zfp
tUe;Jfpd;whs; vd;gJ @yk; tpUe;J jkpHu; kug[ vd;fpwhu; ,s=;nfhtofs;. fk;gUk;
bra=;bfhz;lhUk; tpUe;ijj; jkpHu; kughfg; nghw;wpdu;.
tpUe;jwk;:
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; jkpHu; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu; vd;gijg; g[wehD}W
TWfpd;wJ. tpUe;jpdu; eL ,utpy; te;jhYk; ,d;Kfj;Jld; jkpHu; tuntw;gu; vd;fpwJ
ew;wpiz. giHa thSk; ahGk; gizak; itj;J tpUe;J nghw;wg;gl;lijg; g[wehD}W
TWfpwJ. ``kUe;nj MapDk; tpUe;bjhL cz;~~ vd;fpwhu; xsitahu;. thiH ,iyapy; tpUe;J
gilg;gijj; jkpHu; mtrpakhff; bfhz;oUe;jdu;.
Kot[iu:
fhye;njhWk; jkpHu;fspd; milahskhf tps=;Fk; cau;gz;ghf tps=;Fk;
tpUe;njhk;giyg; nghw;wpg; bgUkpjk; bfhs;nthk;.
2.
tPl;oy; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;/ tpUe;jpdu; ngQjy;/ jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; <if ?
grpj;jtUf;F cztply; ? ,it nghd;w bray;fs; md;Wk; ,d;Wk; bjhlu;e;J bfhz;oUg;gij
mHFw tptupj;J vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
tPl;oy; jpz;iz
tpUe;jpdiug; ngQjy;
jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; <if
grpj;jtUf;F cztply;
tpUe;jpdu; md;Wk; ,d;Wk;
epiwt[iu
,ay; 3
Kd;Diu:
jk; tPl;Lf;F tUk; tpUe;jpdiu Kfkyu;r;rpnahL tuntw;W cz;z czt[k;
,Uf;f ,lKk; bfhLj;J md;g[ ghuhl;Ltnj tpUe;njhk;gy;. tpUe;jpdu; vd;why; cwtpdu;
vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpdu; fUJfpd;wdu;. cwtpdu; ntW/ tpUe;jpdu; ntW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj
g[jpatu;fSf;nf tpUe;jpdu; vd;W bgau;. `tpUe;nj g[Jik~ vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpau; Twpa[s;shu;.
tPl;oy; jpz;iz:
g[jpajhf tUnthu; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; jiy
itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,d;W tPl;Lf;Fj; jpz;iz itj;Jf; fl;LtJkpy;iy;
mwpKfkpy;yhj g[jpatu;fis tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;gJt[k; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; jpUtpHhf;
fhy=;fspy; CUf;F tUk; g[jpatu;fisa[k; miHj;J md;nghL tpUe;jspg;gijr; rpy
,l=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
tpUe;jpdiug; ngQjy;:
jpUkzj;ij cWjp bra;jy;/ jpUkzk;/ tisfhg;g[/ gpwe;j ehs;/ g[Jkid g[FtpHh
nghd;wtw;iw ,y;y tpHhf;fshfnt bfhz;lhodu;. mg;nghJ kpFjpahd tpUe;jpdu;fis
tuntw;W cztspj;J kfpH;e;jdu;. me;j ,y;y tpHh ehl;fspy; mg;gFjp thH; kf;fSk; btspa{u;
tpUe;jpdu;fSf;Fj; njitahd cjtpfisr; bra;jdu;.
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fhyg; nghf;fpy; tPl;oy; eilbgw;w tpHhf;fs; jpUkzf;Tl=;fSf;F ,lk;

bgau;e;Jtpl;ld. gz;ghl;L khw;wkhf ,d;W rpy ,l=;fspy; tpUe;jpdu;fis tuntw;gJ
Kjy; ge;jpapy; cgrupj;J tHpaDg;g[k; tiu `jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsu;fns~ bra;a[k; tpUe;njhk;gy;
eilbgWtijf; fhz KofpwJ.
jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; <if:
fy;tpa[k; bry;tKk; bgw;w bgz;fs; tpUe;Jk; <ifa[k; bra;tjhff; fk;gu;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
`bghUe;J bry;tKk; fy;tpa[k; g{j;jyhy;
tUe;jp te;jtu;f;F <jYk; itfYk;
tpUe;Jk; md;wp tpistd ahitna~
? fk;guhkhazk;/ 1:2:36.
bea;jy; epyj;jtu; ghzu;fis tuntw;Wf; FHy; kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k; bfhLj;jdu;
vd;fpwJ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil.
,isahd;Fo khwehadhupd; tPl;Lf;F te;j rptdoahu;f;F tpUe;jspf;f mtuplk;
jhdpakpy;iy; vdnt/ md;W tpijj;J tpl;L te;j bey;iy mupj;J te;j gpd; rikj;J tpUe;J
gilj;j jpwk; bgupag[uhzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ts;sy;fs; gyUk; kpFe;j <iff;Fzj;Jld;
tps=;fpaij ,yf;fpa=;fs; tHp mwpa KofpwJ.
grpj;jtUf;F cztply;:
,y;yj;jpy; gyUk; EiHa[k; mstpw;F cs;s bgupa thapiy ,utpy;
@Ltjw;F Kd;du;/ czt[ cz;z ntz;oatu;fs; ahnuDk; cs;sPu;fsh> vd;W nfl;Fk;
tHf;fk; ,Ue;jij/
`gyu;g[F ehtpy; milg;gf; flt[eu;
tUtPu; csPnuh-~
?vd;w FWe;bjhif (118) mofs; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
kzpnkfiy `grpg;gpzpiag; nghf;f nkw;bfhz;l Kaw;rpapYk;~/ ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,ay; 3
`tlY}upy; mizah mLg;ig Vw;gLj;jp bgUk; cjtp g[upe;jik~ ,d;Dk; bjhlu;tij

grpg;gpzpia ePf;Ftjw;fhd bray;fspy; Kjd;ikahdjhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,d;iwa
epiyapy; gy;ntW jpUf;nfhapy;fspy; md;djhdk; tH=;Ftijj; jkpHf muR bjhlu;e;J
bray;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
tpUe;jpdu; md;Wk; ,d;Wk;:
r=;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj muruhapDk; twpnahuhapDk; tpUe;jpdu;fisg; nghw;wpdu;. fhy
khw;wj;jpy; g[jpatu;fshfpa tpUe;jpdu;fis tPl;Lf;Fs; miHj;J cztpLtJ Fiwe;jJ.
tpUe;J g[ug;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; rj;jpu=;fs; bgUfpd. ehaf;fu;/ kuhl;oau; Ml;rpf; fhy=;fspy;
kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs; tHpr; bry;nthu;f;fhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
g[jpatu;fshd tpUe;jpdu;fis Vw;gJ Fiwe;Jtpl;l fhyj;jpy;/ Xust[ bjupe;jtu;fis
kl;Lnk tpUe;jpdu;fshf Vw;wdu;. gog;goahf cw;whu; cwtpdu;fs;/ ez;gu;fs; Mfpnahiuna
tpUe;jpdu;fshfg; nghw;Wk; epiyf;F khwpdu;.
epiwt[iu:
gz;ilj; jkpHu; ,y;y=;fspYk; cs;s=;fspYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;ghL brHpj;jpUe;jJ.
me;j caupa jkpH;g; gz;ghL ,d;iwa jkpHu;fsplk; gy;ntW Kiwfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
fhye;njhWk; jkpHu;fspd; milahskhf tps=;Fk; cau;gz;ghd tpUe;njhk;giyg; nghw;wpg;
bgUkpjk; bfhs;nthk;.
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1. tPl;oy; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;/ tpUe;jpdu; ngQjy;/ jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; <if/ grpj;jtu;f;F
cztply; ,it nghd;w bray;fs; Fwpj;J c=;fs; tPl;oYs;stu;fsplk; nfl;Lj; bjupe;J
te;J fye;Jiuahly; bra;f.
mKjd; : tPl;oy; jpz;iz mikj;jjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;W nfl;L te;jhah>
kjp : nfl;nld;. tHpg;nghf;fu;fs; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k;
mjpy; jiy itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu; vd;W mg;gh Twpdhu;.
mKjd; : tpUe;jpdu; ngzy; Fwpj;J cd; tPl;lhu; cdf;F Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
kjp :
tzf;fk; Twp tuntw;wy;/ mku itj;jy;/ jz;zPu; bfhLj;jy;/ czt[
cz;zr;bra;jy; Mfpaitna tpUe;jpdu; ngQk; KiwahFk; vd;wdu;.
mKjd; : <if vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp nfl;lhah>
kjp : jkpHu; gz;ghl;oy; <if Fwpj;Jk; ,yf;fpa=;fs; TWfpd;wd. ghup vd;w FWepy
kd;dd; Ky;iyf;Fj; nju; bfhLj;jjhft[k; ngfd; vd;gtd; kapYf;Fg; nghu;it
bfhLj;jhd; vd;gija[k; ehk; ghlE}ypy; goj;jpUf;fpnwhk; my;yth> mJjhd; <if
vd;wdu;.
mKjd; : `grpj;jtu;f;F cztply;~ Fwpj;J cd; bgw;nwhu; Twpa bra;jpfis vdf;Fk; TW.
kjp :
``cz;o bfhLj;njhu; capu; bfhLj;njhnu~~ vd;fpwJ ,yf;fpak;. grpj;Jauhy;
thLgtUf;F cztspg;gJ mtUf;F g[j;Japu; te;jJ nghd;wpUf;Fk; vd;W mk;kh
Twpdhu;.
2. ``,l;lnjhu; jhkiug;g{
,jH;tpupj; jpUj;jy; nghny
tl;lkha;g; g[whf;fs; To
,iua[z;Qk; ....................~~ ? ghujpjhrdhu;
,ay; 3
,t;thwhff; ftpijfspy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;s gfpu;e;Jz;zy; Fwpj;Jg; ngRf.
tzf;fk;.
fpilj;j ,iuiag; gfpu;e;Jz;Qk; bghUl;L g[whf;fs; tl;lkha; mt;tpiuiar; Rw;wp
To epd;wd. ,f;fhl;rpahdJ ,jH; tpupe;jpUf;fpd;w jhkiu kyiug; nghd;W fhl;rpaspg;gjhf
ftp+u; ctkpj;Js;shu;.
K.tujuhrdhu; ,aw;wpa `Fwl;il xyp~ vd;w rpWfijapy; Xu; ViHj;jha; jd; FHe;ijf;F
Cl;l ntz;oa ghyhy; gl;odp fple;j eha;f;Fl;ofSf;F Cl;Lfpwhs;. Xu; ViHj;jhapd;
tWikapYk; gfpu;e;Jz;Qk; jha;ikg; gz;g[ ,f;fijapy; g[yg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; gfpu;e;Jz;Qk; tHf;fk; mjpfkhf kdpju;fsplk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
md;whlk; ehk; fhQk; Ie;jwpt[ capupdkhfpa fhf;if Tl jdf;Ff; fpilj;j rpwpjst[
,iuiaa[k; jd; ,dj;njhL gfpu;e;J cz;Qk; bghUl;L fiue;J jd; ,dj;ij miHj;J
cz;fpwJ. ,j;jifa capupd=;fspd; bray;fisf; fz;lhtJ kdpju;fs; gfpu;e;Jz;Qk;
giHa gz;ghl;il epiy epWj;j ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJjhd; grpg;gpzp eP=;Fk; vd;W brhy;yp
vd;Diuia epiwt[ bra;fpd;nwd;.

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,ay; gz;ghL ftpijg; ngiH
fhrpf;fhz;lk;
3 ? mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhrpf;fhz;lk; vd;gJ __________.

m) fhrp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; ghLk; E}y;
M) fhrp efuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kW bgau;
,) fhrp efuj;jpd; bgUikiag; ghLk; E}y;
<) fhrp efuj;jpw;F tHpg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
[tpil: ,) fhrp efuj;jpd; bgUikiag; ghLk; E}y;]
FWtpdh
1. tpUe;jpdiu kfpH;tpj;Jf; TWk; Kfkd; brhw;fis vGJf.
thU=;fs; Iah/ tzf;fk;-
mkU=;fs;.
eykhf ,Uf;fpwPu;fsh>
j=;fs; tut[ ey;tut[
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
,ay; 3
ed;bkhHp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
tpaj;jy;/ nehf;fy;/ vGJjy;/
ciuj;jy;/ brg;gy;/ ,Uj;jy;/ tH=;fy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
tUf ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
ciuj;j ? ciu + j; + j; + m gupe;J ? gup + j;(e;) + j; + c
ciu ? gFjp gup ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
tUf ? th(tU) + f nehf;fy; ? nehf;F + my;
th ? gFjp nehf;F ? gFjp
(tU vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;) my; ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
te;J ? tpidbar;rk;
ed;Kfkd; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
bghUe;J ? tpidbar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
te;J ? th(t) + j(e;); + j; + c
th ? gFjp (t) vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;
j; ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk;
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhrpf;fhz;lj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ahu;>
m) Jsrpjhru; M) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;
,) xsitahu; <) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; [tpil: M) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;]
2. fhrpf;fhz;lj;jpd; ,y;byhGf;fk; gw;wpa gFjp vj;jidahtJ ghly;>
m) gjpdhd;fhtJ M) gjpdhwhtJ
,) gjpd;@d;whtJ <) gjpndHhtJ [tpil: <) gjpndHhtJ]
3. Kj;Jf; Fspf;Fk; bfhw;ifapd; muru;>

m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; M) fps;sptstd;
,) br=;Fl;Ltd; <) ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrp [tpil: m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;]
,ay; 3
4. mjptPuuhk ghz;oaupd; gl;lg;bgau; __________.
m) rPtyngup ghz;o M) rPtykhwd;
,) khwtu;kd; <) khwd;tGjp [tpil: M) rPtykhwd;]
5. mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.
m) ieljk; M) tha[ rk;fpij
,) jpUf;fUit me;jhjp <) rlnfhgu; me;jhjp [tpil: <) rlnfhgu; me;jhjp]
i) ed;bkhHp ? 1. bgabur;rk;
ii) tpaj;jy; ? 2. tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
iii) tUf ? 3. bjhHpw;bgau;
iv) ciuj;j ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
7. cg;gpyhf; TH; ,l;lhYk; cz;gnj mkpu;jk; MFk; ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ>
m) rPtf rpe;jhkzp M) tpntf rpe;jhkzp
,) kzpnkfiy <) esbtz;gh [tpil: M) tpntf rpe;jhkzp]
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8. `mUFw~ vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;d>

m) mUfpy; M) bjhiytpy;
,) mHptpy; <) mGfpa [tpil: m) mUfpy;]
9. Kfkd; vdg;gLtJ __________.
m) xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf;TWk; tpUe;njhk;gy; brhw;fs;
M) xUtiu vjpu;j;Jg; ngRk; brhw;fs;
,) bgupnahu;fspd; fUj;Jfis tuntw;Fk; brhw;fs;
<) kd;dUk; mikr;rUk; ciuahLk; brhw;fs;
[tpil: m) xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf;TWk; tpUe;njhk;gy; brhw;fs;]
10. tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fj;jpd; gz;g[fs; vj;jid>

m) vl;L M) xd;gJ
,) MW <) gj;J [tpil: M) xd;gJ]
11. btw;wpntw;if vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; M) fupfhyd;
,) ghup <) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad;
[tpil: m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;]
12. eWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; M) fupfhyd;
,) ghup <) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad;
[tpil: m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oau;]
13. eWe;bjhif vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ>

m) bfhd;iwnte;jd; M) fhrpf;fyk;gfk;
,) btw;wpntw;if <) fhrpf;fhz;lk; [tpil: ,) btw;wpntw;if]
,ay; 3

m) ieljk; M) tpntfrpe;jhkzp
,) btw;wpntw;if <) fhrpf;fhz;lk; [tpil: M) tpntfrpe;jhkzp]
FWtpdh
1. fhrpf;fhz;lk; E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

fhrp efuj;jpd; bgUikfisf; TWfpw E}y;; fhrpf;fhz;lk;.
Jwt[/ ,y;ywk;/ bgz;fSf;Fupa gz;g[fs;/ thH;tpay; bewpfs;/ kWthH;tpy; mila[k;
ed;ikfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
2. mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
fhrpf;fhz;lk;/ ieljk;/ yp=;fg[uhzk;/ tha[rk;fpij/ jpUf;fUit me;jhjp/ Tu;kg[uhzk;/
btw;wp ntw;if vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; eWe;bjhif.
3. ``Kfkd;~~ vd;Dk; brhy; czu;j;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf; TWk; tpUe;njhk;gy; brhy;yhFk;.
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4. ``bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;~~ ? bjhlu; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

bjhlu; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : fhrpf;fhz;lk;
bjhlu; tpsf;fk; : tpUe;jpdu; mUfpnyna tpUe;J nkw;bfhs;gtu; mku;e;J
bfhs;Sjy;.
rpWtpdh
1. mjptPuuhk ghz;oau; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgau; : mjptPuuhk ghz;oad;;
rpwg;g[ : bfhw;ifapd; muru; jkpH;g; g[ytuhft[k; jpfH;e;jhu;.
gl;lg; bgau; : rPtykhwd;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fhrpf;fhz;lk;/ ieljk;/ yp=;f g[uhzk;/ tha[ rk;fpij/ jpUf;fUit
me;jhjp/ Tu;k g[uhzk;/ btw;wpntw;if vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;
eWe;bjhif.~
2. tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fk; Fwpj;J fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>
``tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjpupd;
tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;~~
t pUe;jpduhf xUtu; te;jhy;/ mtiu vjpu;bfhz;L tpae;J ciuj;jy; ntz;Lk;.

ey;y brhw;fis ,dpikahfg; ngRjy; ntz;Lk;.
Kfkyu;r;rpa[ld; mtiu nehf;fp/ `tPl;ow;Fs; tUf~ vd;W tuntw;W/ mtu; vjpupy; epd;W/
mtu; Kd; kdk; kfpGk;go ngRjy; ntz;Lk;.
mtu; mUfpnyna mku;e;J bfhz;L/ mtu; tpil bgw;Wr; bry;Yk; nghJ/ thapy;tiu gpd;
bjhlu;e;J bry;yy; ntz;Lk;.
te;jtuplk; g[fH;r;rpahf Kfkd; Twp tHpaDg;g[jy; ntz;Lk;.
,ay; 3
nkw;fz;l bray;fs; tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fkhf fhrpf;fhz;lj;jpy;
Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. beLehshfg; ghu;f;f vz;zpapUe;j cwtpdu; xUtu; vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; c=;fs; tPl;ow;F

tUfpwhu;. eP=;fs; mtiu vjpu;bfhz;L tpUe;J mspj;j epfH;tpid tpupthf xU gj;jpastpy;
vGjpg; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
cwtpdiu tpae;J ciuj;J ey;yr; brhw;fis ,dpikahfg; ngrp Kfkyu;r;rpa[ld;
mtu;fis nehf;fpndd;. tPl;ow;Fs; tUf! tUf! vd;W tuntw;nwd;. mtu; vjpupy; epd;W KfKk;
kdKk; kyUk;go cztUe;jpr; bry;Y=;fs; vdf; Twp czt[ rikj;J/ jiythiH ,iyapy;
cztpl;nld;. mtu; mUfpnyna mku;e;J bfhz;nld;. mtu; tpil bgw;Wr; bry;Yk; nghJ
thapy; tiu gpd; bjhlu;e;J brd;W mtuplk; g[fH;r;rpahf Kfkd; Twp tHpaDg;gpndd;.

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,ay; gz;ghL ftpijg; ngiH
kiygLflhk;
3 ? bgU=;bfsrpfdhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``rpyk;g[ mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp~~ vd;Dk; moapy; ghf;fk; vd;gJ __________.

m) g[j;J}u; M) @J}u;
,) ngqu; <) rpw;W}u; [tpil: <) rpw;W}u;]
FWtpdh
1. `,wog; bghk;ky; bgWFtpu;~ ? bjhlu; czu;j;Jk; bghUis vGJf.

jpidr; nrhw;iwa[k; czthfg; bgWtPu;fs;.
rpWtpdh
1. Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;Jk; kUj epyj;jpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; czt[ tiffs; ahit>

jpiz fpilf;Fk; czt[g; bghUl;fs;
Ky;iy tuF/ rhik.
,ay; 3
kUjk; bre;bey;/ btz;bzy;.

2. Tj;jidf; Tj;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;jiyf; Tj;juhw;Wg;gil vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ>
tHpfhl;ly; :
gfypy; ,isg;ghwpr; bry;Y=;fs;. ,utpy; nru;e;J j=;F=;fs;. vupa[k; beUg;igg; nghy
xspUk; g{=;bfhj;Jfisr; Rw;wj;njhL mzpe;J bfhs;S=;fs;. rpte;j g{f;fs; bfhz;l mnrhf
ku=;fs;/ @=;fpy;fs; Xir vGg;g[k; kiyr;ruptpy; cs;s rpw;W}iu mila[=;fs;.
ed;ddpd; Tj;ju;fs; :
giftnu ,y;yhky; Ml;rpbra;gtd;/ gif te;jhYk; vjpu;bfhs;Sk; khdKk; btw;wpa[k;
cila ed;ddpd; Tj;ju;fs; vd;W brhy;Y=;fs;.
,d; brhw;fs; :
eP=;fs; cupika[ld; c=;fs; tPl;ow;Fs; nghtJ nghynt mtu;fSila tPl;ow;Fs;
EiHa[=;fs;. mtu;fSk; c=;fsplk;/ cwtpdu; nghyg; gHfp ,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRthu;fs;.
czt[ :
bea;apy; bte;j khkprk;/ jpidr; nrhW Mfpatw;iw czthf mspg;gu;. mtw;iw eP=;fs;
bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;.
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beLtpdh
1. Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ md;iwf;Fg; g[ytu;fisa[k; fiy+u;fisa[k; ts;sy;fis nehf;fp
bewpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; xU tHpfhl;Ljyhf khwpapUg;gij
tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
czt[
fy;tp
bjhHpy;
ed;dil
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
md;iwa epiyapy; bghUSf;fhf Mw;Wg;gLj;JtJ epfH;e;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W
Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; mjpypUe;J tpyfp ntWgLfpd;wJ.
czt[:
md;iwa ghzu;fs; Tj;ju;fs; kd;ddplnkh/ ts;syplnkh Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdu;. Mdhy;
,d;W tWikapy; thLk; ViHfSf;F czt[ jUk; md;dr; rj;jpu=;fs; gw;wpa[k;/ md;djhdk;
eilbgWk; ,l=;fisg; gw;wpa[k; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
fy;tp:
fy;tp fw;f Koahjtu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp cjtpj; bjhif mspf;Fk; murpd; jpl;l=;fs; gw;wpa[k;/
cjt[k; bjhz;L epWtd=;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,d;W gyu; tHpfhl;ly; bra;fpd;wdu;.
bjhHpy;:
,ay; 3
,d;W ntiytha;g;gpd;ik bgUfp tUfpd;wJ. mjidg; nghf;f muRk; bghJj;Jiw
epWtd=;fSk; bjhHpw;gapw;rp epWtd=;fis Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ. ntiyapy;yhky;
jpz;lhLnthUf;F mit Fwpj;j tHpfhl;ly;fs; ,d;W bra;ag;gl;L/ ntiyapy;yhj;
jpz;lhl;lk; Xust[ nghf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ed;dil:
rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;W td;Kiw bgUfpa[s;sJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; rpdk;/ bghwhik/
rfpg;g[j;jd;ik ,y;yhik Mfpaitna- mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;j/ midtUf;Fk; kdij
xUepiyg;gLj;j jpahdg; gapw;rp bra;a ,d;W tHpfhl;ly;fs; bra;fpd;wdu;.
Kot[iu:
tHpfhl;ly; vd;gJ bewpgpwGk; rKjhaj;ijf; fhf;f cjt[k; xU ,d;wpaikahj
fUtpahFk;. tHpfhl;lYf;F tpj;J Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; ,yf;fpa=;fns rhd;whFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
mir,/ bfHP,
? brhy;ypir msbgilfs;
gqcf;/ Fqcf;fz;
? bra;a[spir msbgilfs;
va;jp
? tpidbar;rk;
bghHpe;j
? bgabur;rk;
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nru;e;j ? bgabur;rk;

Twp ? tpidbar;rk;

g[f;F ? tpidbar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
kiye;J = kiy + j(e;); + j; + c bghHpe;j = bghHp + j;(e;); + j; + m
kiy ? gFjp bghHp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp c ? bgabur;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;jkhd tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjL.

i) mir, ? 1. Rw;wk;
ii) my;fp ? 2. fd;wpd; beUg;g[
iii) fd;W vup ? 3. ,isg;ghwp
iv) fLk;g[ ? 4. j=;fp
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ <) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 [tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1]
2. bghUe;Jk; tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjL.
i) Mup ? 1. gs;sk;
ii) euYk; ? 2. Tj;ju;
,ay; 3
iii) gLfu; ? 3. mUik

iv) tapupak; ? 4. xypf;Fk;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2]
3. bghUe;jhj bghUSf;fhd ,iz vJ>
m) ntit ? bte;jJ
M) ,wo ? jpid
,) bghk;ky; ? nrhW
<) euYk; ? Rw;wk; [tpil: <) euYk; ? Rw;wk;]
4. kiygLflhk; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W>
,) ePjp <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F [tpil: M) gj;Jg;ghl;L]
5. kiygLflhk; vj;jid mofisf; bfhz;l E}y;>
m) 483 M) 543
,) 583 <) 643 [tpil: ,) 583]
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6. kiygLflhkpd;; ntW bgau; vd;d>

m) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil M) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,) tpwypahw;Wg;gil <) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil [tpil: <) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil]
7. kiygLflhk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; kiyf;F ctikahff; Twg;gLtJ __________.

m) ahid M) nkfk;
,) khd; <) thdk; [tpil: m) ahid]
8. ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; bgU=;Fd;W}iur; rhu;e;j g[ytu; __________.

m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) bgU=;bfsrpfdhu;
,) kUjdhu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: M) bgU=;bfsrpfdhu;]
9. `kiye;J~ ? vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; Kiw __________

m) kiye;J+c M) kiye;+j;+c
,) kiy+j;(e;)+j;+c <) kiy+j;+j;+c [tpil: ,) kiy+j;(e;)+j;+c]
10. `bghHpe;j~ ? vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; Kiw __________

m) bghHpe;J+m M) bghHp+j;+j;+c
,) bghHp+j;+e;+j;+m <) bghHp+j;(e;)+j;+m [tpil: <) bghHp+j;(e;)+j;+m]
11. bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.

m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ? ef;fPuu;
M) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ? ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil ? Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahu;
<) kiygLflhk; ? foaY}u; cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;
[tpil: <) kiygLflhk; ? foaY}u; cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;]
12. md;W mtz; mir, ? vd;gjpy; `mir,~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.

m) mirthoa M) ,isg;ghwp
,) mikjpahfp <) ,d;gkhfp [tpil: M) ,isg;ghwp]
,ay; 3
13. fd;W vup ? vd;gjpy; `vup~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ __________.
m) beUg;g[ M) bfhk;g[
,) thy; <) ePu; [tpil: m) beUg;g][
14. mnrhf ku=;fs; vt;tz;zg; g{f;fisf; bfhz;lJ>

m) fUk; M) rpte;j
,) btz;ikahd <) ePyepw [tpil: M) rpte;j]
15. my;fp vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) mHpe;J M) j=;fp
,) cs;ns <) btspna [tpil: M) j=;fp]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,wo ? m) j=;fp
2. my;fp ? M) gs;sk;
3. gLfu; ? ,) bte;J
4. ntit ? <) jpid
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
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17. Tj;juhw;Wg;gil vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; E}y; __________.

m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) kiygLflhk;
,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil <) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil [tpil: M) kiygLflhk;]
18. ed;dd; ve;epy kd;dd;>
m) bgUepy M) FWepy
,) rpWepy <) kh [tpil: M) FWepy]
19. kiygLflhkpd; (Tj;juhw;Wg;gil) ghl;Lilj; jiytu; __________
m) ed;dd; M) ghup
,) fgpyu; <) bgU=;bfsrpfdhu; [tpil: m) ed;dd;]
FWtpdh
1. kiygLflhk; ? bgau;f;fhuzk; TW.

kiyf;F ahidia cUtfkhff; Twp/ mjd; Xiriaf; flhk; vdr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sjhy;
kiygLflhk; vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
2. Mw;Wg;gil vd;why; vd;d>
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; Tj;jd;/ ts;siy eho vjpu; tUk; Tj;jid miHj;jy;.
ahk; ,t;tplj;nj brd;W ,d;dbty;yhk; bgw;W tUfpnwhk;.
ePa[k; me;j ts;syplk; brd;W tsk; bgw;W thH;thahf vd;W TWjy;.
3.
FWepy kd;dd; ed;ddpd; Cupy; Tj;ju;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; czthf kiygLflhk;
TWtd ahit>
bea;apy; bte;j khkprj;jpd; bghupay;.
jpidr; nrhW.
4. gz;ilaj; jkpH; fiy+u;fs; ahtu;>
,ay; 3
Tj;ju;/ ghzu;/ tpwypau;.

5. kiygLflhkpy; xspUk; g{=;bfhj;JfSf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik ahJ>
kiygLflhkpy; xspUk; g{=;bfhj;JfSf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik vupa[k; beUg;g[ MFk;.
6. ``nehdhr; brUtpd; tyk;gL nehd;jhs;
khdh tpwy;bts; tapupak; vdpnd ~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; Twpdhu;>
ed;didg; g[fH;e;J gho guprpy; bgw;w Tj;ju;/ guprpy; bgwg;nghFk; Tj;juplk; Twpdhu;.
7. ``nehdhr; brUtpd; tyk;gL nehd;jhs;
khdh tpwy;bts; tapupak; vdpnd~~ bjhlu; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
bjhlu; ,lk; bgWk; E}y; : kiygLflhk;
bjhlu; bghUs; tpsf;fk; : giftiug; bghwhky; nghu; bra;a[k; typa Kaw;rpa[k; khdKk;
btw;wpa[k; cila ed;ddpd; Tj;ju;fs; vd;W brhy;Y=;fs;.
8. jpid/ nrhW Mfpatw;wpw;F kiygLflhk; jUk; brhw;fs; ahit>
jpid ? ,wo " nrhW ? bghk;ky;.
9. ``my=;F fiH euYk; Mupg;gLfu;r;~~ ,t;toapy; `fiH~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy; vJ>
fiH ? @=;fpy;.
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10. ``my=;F fiH euYk; Mupg;gLfu;~~ ,t;toapy; ``Mup~~/ ``gLfu;~~ Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs;
ahJ>
Mup ? mUik " gLfu; ? gs;sk;.
rpWtpdh

1. `kiygLflhk;~ E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W kiygLflhk;.
ntW bgau; : Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
mofs; : 583
cUtfk; : kiyf;F ahidia ctikahf;fp mjd; Xiriaf; flhmk;
vdr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; : ed;dd; vd;Dk; FWepy kd;dd;.
ghoatu; : ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; bgU=;Fd;W}u; bgU=;bfsrpfdhu;.
2. ``bea;f;fz; ntitbahL Fqcf;fz; ,wog; bghk;ky; bgWFtpu;~~ ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs;
tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
,g;ghly;/ bgU=;bfsrpfdhu; ghoa kiygLflhk; vDk; E}ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
guprpy; bgw;w Tj;jd; bgwg; nghFk; Tj;jid Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;.
tpsf;fk;:
ed;ddpd; Cupy; gupR bgw;w Tj;jd; gupR bgwg;nghFk; Tj;jdplk;/ ``m=;nf/ bea;apy;
bte;j khkprj;jpd; bghupaiya[k; jpidr;nrhw;iwa[k; czthfg; bgWtPu;~~ vd;W
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;whd;.
3. gj;Jg;ghl;oy; mike;j Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; Mrpupau; bgau;fisa[k; vGJf.
,ay; 3
E}y; Mrpupau;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ? ef;fPuu;
bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ? foaY}u; cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ? ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil ? Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahu;
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil ? bgU=;bfsrpfdhu;
1. czt[/ tpUe;J Fwpj;j gHbkhHpfisj; jpul;o mit rhu;e;j epfH;t[fis vLj;Jiuf;f.

m) v.fh : `cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid~
fij ? vWk;g[k; g[wht[k; :
Fsj;J ePupy; tpGe;J jj;jspj;j vWk;igj; jf;f rkaj;jpy; g[whthdJ Xu; ,iyiag;
gwpj;Jg; nghl;L vWk;ig mjd;kPJ Vwp fiuf;F tur; bra;jJ. bra;ed;wp kwthj vWk;ghdJ
kWKiw g[whitf; bfhy;y te;j ntldpd; fhiyf; foj;jjhy; mtd; va;j mk;g[ jtwpaJ g[wh
fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.
M) v.fh : mst[f;F kPwpdhy; mkpu;jKk; e+;R
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fij :
gy ehl;fs; gl;odpahff; fple;j vyp xd;W jhdpa=;fs; epug;gg;gl;l Xu; caukhd
ghidiag; ghu;j;jJ. cauj;jpy; Vw Koahj fhuzj;jhy; vypahdJ ghidapd; moapy; cs;s
Xl;ilapd; tHpna cs;ns brd;wJ. mst[f;F mjpfkhd jhdpa=;fis cz;ljhy; tapW
g[ile;jJ. Xl;ilia tpl;L btspnaw Koahj vyp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kad;W mjd; tapW
fpHpe;jJ. Xl;ilia tpl;L btspnawpa rpy epkpl=;fspny typahy; Joj;Jr; brj;jJ.
2. gj;jpiag; goj;J thu ,jH; xd;wpw;F mDg;g[k; tifapy; rikay; Fwpg;ghf khw;Wf.
fk;k=;TH; jahupj;jy; :
bghRf;FfpwJ btapy;/ xU Jsp kiH gl;lhy; tWj;j cSj;jpd; thrk; gug;g[k; twz;l
kz;. btoj;j epyk; brHpj;J tpisfpwJ fk;kk; gapu;. cuypy; Fj;jp/ Rsfpy; g[ilf;f mjd; cHp
eP=;Fk;. ePu; bjspj;Jj; bjspj;J/ kPz;Lk; cuypy; ,of;f mJ xd;Wld; xd;W xl;o khthFk;.
cg;g[f; fye;J ciyapy; Vw;wp/ bfhjpf;Fk; ePupy; fiuatpl;Lf; fpz;l/ fl;oahfp mJ nrhwhFk;.
fk;k+; nrhw;iw cUl;o itj;J/ gpd; nkhu; tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy; mJ fk;k=;f+;rp my;yJ
fk;k=;TH;/ nkhu; kpsfha; tw;wy;/ cg;gpy; njha;j;j gr;ir kpsfha; my;yJ rpd;d bt=;fhak;
foj;Jf; f+;rpiaf; Foj;jhy; cr;rp bjhl;L cs;s=;fhy; tiu njfk; Fspu;e;J nghFk;/ mdy;
ml=;Fk;. capu; tUk; fk;g[ fWg;g[ epwf; fupry; kz;zpd; ,aw;ifj; j=;fk;.
fk;k=;TH; : (njitahd bghUl;fs;)
fk;kk; gapu; ? 2 ifg;gpo
cg;g[ ? njitf;F Vw;g
ePu; ? njitf;F Vw;g
nkhu; ? miu ypl;lu;
nkhu; kpsfha; tw;wy; ? 10 vz;zk;
gr;ir kpsfha; (my;yJ) rpd;d bt=;fhak; ? njitf;F Vw;g
bra;Kiw :
,ay; 3
fk;kk; gapiu ePu; bjspj;Jj; bjspj;J cuypy; ,of;f mJ xd;Wld; xd;W xl;o khthFk;.
mjDs; njitahd mst[ ePUk; cg;g[k; nru;j;J ciyapypl;lhy; mJ ,Wfp nrhwhFk;. me;jr;
nrhw;Wld; nkhu; tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy; fk;k=;TH; jahu;. nkhu; kpsfha; tw;wy;/ gr;ir kpsfha;
my;yJ rpd;d bt=;fhaj;ijf; foj;Jf; bfhz;L ,f;f+;rpiaf; Fof;fyhk;.

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,ay; gz;ghL tpupthdk;
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs;
3 ? fp. uh$ehuhazd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1.
md;dka;ah vd;Dk; bgaUf;Fk; mtupd; braYf;Fk; cs;s bghUj;jg;ghl;oidf;
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; fijg;gFjp bfhz;L tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
md;dka;aht[ld; te;j thypgd;
ePr;Rj; jz;zPu;
$Pt Cw;W
md;dka;ahtpd; kdepiwt[
bgau; bghUj;jk;
gunk!;tud; (kzp)
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;w fij rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w fp. uh$ehuhazd; mtu;fs;
vGjpaJ. md;dka;ah vd;Dk; bgaUf;Fk;/ mtupd; braYf;Fk; cs;s bghUj;jg;ghl;oid
,f;fijapy; fhz;nghk;.
md;dka;aht[ld; te;j thypgd; :
,ay; 3
Rg;igaht[ld; g[+;irapy; md;W mUF vLf;Fk; ntiy. md;dka;ah ntiyf;F xU
Mis miHj;J te;jhu;. md;dka;aht[ld; te;jJ rd;ahrpnah/ gunjrpnah ,y;iy. fpl;nl
ngha; ghu;j;j gpwFjhd; bjupe;jJ mtd; xU thypgd;. thypgdJ jhoa[k;/ mGf;F Mila[k;/
js;shl;lKk; mtid tnahjpgidg; nghyt[k; rhkpahiug; nghyt[k; fhl;oaJ.
ePr;Rj; jz;zPu; :
md;dka;ahitg; ghu;j;j mt;thypgd;/ Fof;fj; jz;zp fpilf;Fkh> vdf; nfl;lhd;.
mjw;F md;dka;ah ePr;Rj; jz;zP juth> vdf; nfl;lhd;. fupry; kz;zpy; ghjp g[ijf;fg;gl;L
,Ue;j fupa kz; ghj;jpuj;jpd; tha; fw;fshy; @lg;gl;oUe;jJ. md;dka;ah kz;ghj;jpuj;jpd;
nkypUe;j fy;iy mfw;wpdhd;.
$Pt Cw;W :
md;dka;ah fyrj;jpypUe;J f+;rpd; ePj;Jg;ghfj;ijr; rpul;ilapy; Cw;wpf; bfhLj;jhd;.
ePj;Jg; ghfkhfpa nky; f+;ir thypgd; Foj;jJk; fyaj;ij myrp bjspt[ kiwe;j nrhw;wpd;
kFsp f+;ira[k; thypgDf;F Cw;wpf; bfhLj;jhd; md;dka;ah.thypgDf;Fs; $Pt Cw;W
bgh=;fpaJ. mtd; cw;rhfk; mile;jhd;.
md;dka;ahtpd; kdepiwt[ :
f+;rpiaf; Foj;j thypgd; ntg;g ku epHiyr; brhu;f;fkha; epidj;Jj; J}=;fpdhd;.
,ijf;fz;l md;dka;aht[f;Fk; kdepiwt[ Vw;gl;lJ. khu;gpy; ghy; Foj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
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nghnj tapW epiwe;J mg;gona J}=;fptpLk; FHe;ijiag; nghynt mt;thypgida[k;

ghu;j;jhd;.
bgau; bghUj;jk; :
J}f;fk; bjspe;J vGe;j thypgd; ``cd; bgau; vd;d>~~ vd;W md;dka;ahtplk; nfl;lhd;.
mjw;F mtd; md;dka;ah vd;whd;. vt;tst[ bghUj;jk;. `vdf;F ,d;W eP ,Lk; md;dk;
jhd;~ vd; thH;t[f;F kPz;Lk; capu; bfhLj;jJ vd;W kdJf;Fs; Twpdhd; mt;thypgd;.
gunk!;tud; (kzp) :
md;dka;ah me;j thypgdpd; bgaiuf; nfl;lhu;. mtd; jd; bgau; gunk!;tud; vd;Wk;
jw;nghija bgau; kzp vd;Wk; brhd;dhd;. fk;k+;nrhWk; JitaYk; bfhLj;jhu;fs;. grpahy;
mija[k; cz;L cw=;fpdhd;.
Kot[iu :
md;dka;ah vd;w bgaUf;F Vw;g md;dkpl;L kdpjneak; fhj;j md;dka;ahtpd; bgau;
mtDf;nf bghUj;jKilajhf mikfpwJ. fk;k+;nrhWk;/ JitaYk; fupry; kz;Qld;
kzf;fpd;wJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. nfhgy;y fpuhkk; vd;Dk; g[jpdj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J vGjg;gl;l fij __________.
m) nfhgy;yg[uk; M) nfhgy;yg[uj;Jf; nfhfpyh
,) nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; <) nfhgy;y Rg;igah [tpil: ,) nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs;]
2. nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) fp. uh$ehuhazd; M) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: m) fp. uh$ehuhazd;]
,ay; 3
3. ciwa{u; cs;s khtl;lk; __________.

m) jpUr;rp M) j+;rht{u;
,) fqu; <) bguk;gY}u; [tpil: m) jpUr;rp]
4. fw=;F ,ir tpHhtpd; cwe;ij vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.
,) fypj;bjhif <) esbtz;gh [tpil: M) mfehD}W]
5. fp. uh$ehuhazpd; brhe;j Cu; __________.

m) nfhgy;yg[uk; M) ,ilbrty;
,) jpUr;rp <) ehkf;fy; [tpil: M) ,ilbrty;]
6.
,ilbrty; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; fhl;rpfSld; fw;gida[k; g[Fj;jp vGjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;
__________.
m) nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; M) ghy;kuf;fhl;odpny
,) rl;il <) rpj;jd; nghf;F [tpil: m) nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs;]
7. vg;nghuhl;lj;jpidg; gpd;dzpahff; bfhz;lJ nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; E}y;>
m) tpLjiyg; M) tptrhapfspd;
,) berthsu;fspd; <) bjhHpyhsu;fspd; [tpil: m) tpLjiyg;]
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8. nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; E}y; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp guprpidg; bgw;w Mz;L __________.
m) 1988 M) 1991
,) 1994 <) 1996 [tpil: M) 1991]
9. vGj;Jyfpy; fp.uh. vd;wiHf;fg;gLgtu; __________.

m) fp. uh$khzpf;fk; M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) fp. uhruj;jpdk; <) fp. uhrJiu [tpil: M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;]
10. fupry; tl;lhur; brhy;yfuhjp xd;iw cUthf;fpatu; __________.
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) Kj;Jyp=;fk; <) mfpyd; [tpil: M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;]
11. tl;lhu kug[ tha;bkhHpg; g[idf; fijfs; vt;tpyf;fpak; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd>

m) eh+;rpy; M) bfh=;F
,) fupry; <) bea;jy; [tpil: ,) fupry;]
12. tl;lhu kug[ tha;bkhHpg; g[idf; fijfisj; bjhl=;fpatu; __________.

m) mfpyd; M) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp
,) eh+;rpy;ehld; <) fp.uh$ehuhazd; [tpil: <) fp.uh$ehuhazd;]
13. nfhtpy;gl;oiar; Rw;wpa tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa totk; __________.

m) fupry; ,yf;fpak; M) eh+;rpy; ,yf;fpak;
,) g[Jf;ftpij <) g[jpdk; [tpil: m) fupry; ,yf;fpak;]
14. fp. uh$ehuhazDf;F Kd; vGjj; bjhl=;fpa fupry; kz;zpd; gilg;ghsp __________.
m) F. mHfpuprhkp M) g{kzp
,) gh. brag;gpufhrk; <) nrh. ju;kd; [tpil: m) F. mHfpuprhkp]
15. fupry; ,yf;fpag; guk;giuf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhjtiuf; fz;lwp.

m) g{kzp M) tPuntYrhkp
,) ntyuhk @u;j;jp <) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp [tpil: <) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp]
16. tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhw;fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
,ay; 3
i) ghr;ry; ? 1. nrhw;Wf;f+;rp
ii) gjdk; ? 2. nky;f+;rp
iii) ePj;Jg;ghfk; ? 3. ftdkhf
iv) kFsp ? 4. ghj;jp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
17. tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhw;fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) tuj;Jf;fhud; ? 1. g[jpatd;
ii) rilj;J g[spj;J ? 2. rypg;g[
iii) mYf;fk; ? 3. mGj;jk;
iv) bjhytl;ilapy; ? 4. bjhiytpy;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4]
18.
fha;e;Jk; bfLf;fpw bga;Jk; bfLf;fpw kiHiar; rhu;e;J thH;fpw khdhthup kdpju;fspd;
thH;f;ifiar; brhy;Yk; ,yf;fpa=;fs; __________.
m) fupry; ,yf;fpa=;fs; M) bea;jy; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) bfh=;F ,yf;fpa=;fs; <) g[jpd=;fs; [tpil: m) fupry; ,yf;fpa=;fs;]
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1. grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w mwr;braiya[k; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w gz;ghl;Lr;

braiya[k; xg;gpl;L ngRf.
grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;gJ xU kdpjnear; brayhFk;. `cz;o bfhLj;njhu; capu;
bfhLj;njhnu~ vd;w g[fH;bkhHpf;nfw;g grpahy; tUe;Jk; xUtUf;F me;neuj;jpy; cztspg;gJ
mtUf;Fg; g[j;Japu; mspg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy; vd;gJ ehr;Ritf;fhft[k; tpUe;njhk;gy; fhuzkhft[k;
cztplg;gLfpwJ. jkpHu; gz;ghLfspy; rpwe;j xd;W tpUe;njhk;gy;. Mfnt/
tpUe;jspg;gjidg; bgWk;ngwhff; fUjp cztspg;gu;.
2. c=;fs; fw;gidia ,izj;J epfH;itf; fijahf;Ff.
mg;ght[f;Fk;/ mk;kht[f;Fk; ,ilna rpd;d+;rpW rr;rut[fs; Vw;gl;L/ ,uz;L ngUnk
Kfj;ijj; J}f;fp itj;Jf; bfhz;L MSf;bfhU @iyapy; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk; nghJ/ tpUe;jpdu;
tUif mtu;fis md;ghd fztd; kidtpahf khw;wptpLk; mk;khtpd; bfLgpoa[k;
mg;ghtpd; fPH;g;gojYk; Mr;rupakhf ,Uf;Fk;. tpUe;jhspfs; mof;fo tukhl;lhu;fsh vd;W
,Uf;Fk;.
tpUe;jpdu; jpdk; vd;gJ vg;go tpoa[k; bjupa[kh>
fhiyapypUe;nj tPl;ow;Fs;spUe;J thrYf;F te;J te;J vl;og; ghu;j;Jr; bry;ths; mk;kh.
jpz;izapy; ngg;gu; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; mg;gh nfl;ghu;. ``vd;d tp&ak;/ ,d;dpf;F
ahuhtJ tpUe;jhsp tug;nghuh=;fsh vd;d>~~.
``V=;f..... fhiyapnyUe;J ntg;g kuj;Jy fhf;fh tplhk fj;jpf;fpl;nl ,Uf;nf ghu;f;fypah>
epr;rak; ahnuh tpUe;jhsp tug;nghwh=;f ghU=;f.~~ ``mlnl/ Mkhk; fhf;fh fj;JJ ahU
tug;nghwh> ,J gyhg;gH rPrd; Mr;nr.... cd; jk;gpjhd; tUthd;/ gyhg;gHj;ijj; J}f;fpl;L~~
? eh=;fs; Xog;ngha; bjUtpy; ghu;g;nghk;. mg;gh brhd;dJ rup/ fhf;fh fj;jpaJk; rup. J}uj;jpy;
bjUKidapy; mwe;jh=;fp khkh jiyapy; gyhg;gHj;Jld; te;J bfhz;oUe;jhu;. mk;kht[f;Ff;
,ay; 3
fhf;if bkhHp bjupa[k;. ? j+;rht{u;f; ftpuhau;

tpil :
tpUe;jpdu; jpdk;;
mjpfhiyapy; fjputd; bghd; epwkhd xspf;fjpu;fis tPrpf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. tpoaiy
czu;e;j gwitfs; xyp vGg;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jd. FLk;gj; jiytpfs; rhzePu; fiurYs;s
thsp/ Jilg;gk;/ nfhyg;bgho fpz;zk; Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf; bfhz;L btspnawp tPl;od;
Kd;wpypy; rhzePu; bjspj;J Jilg;gj;jhy; bgUf;fp nfhykpl;ldu;. gpd; tPl;ow;Fs; brd;W
kw;w ntiyfspy; <Lg;gl;ldu;.
xUtuJ ,y;yj;jpy; kl;Lk; ntg;g kuj;jpypUe;J fhf;if xd;W fiue;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
fhf;if mjpfhiyapy; fiue;jhy; tpUe;jpdu; tUif ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ IjPfk;. Mfnt
mg;bgz;kzp tpUe;Jf;fhd cztpidj; jahu; bra;a Muk;gpj;jhs;. ,ilapy; jd;
fztDld; kdtUj;jk; Vw;gl;L rz;il ntW FHe;ijfspd; kdjpy; tpUe;jpdu; te;jhy;
bgw;nwhu; rz;ilia tpl;L tpl;L kfpH;tu; vdf; fUjpf; bfhz;oUe;j nghJ gyhg;gHk;
xd;iwj; jd; jiyapy; itj;J Rke;jgo te;jhu;. bgw;nwhu; rz;ilia tpl;Ltpl;L
tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;gjpYk; cgrupg;gjpYk; @H;fpdu;. FHe;ijfs; bgUkfpH;r;rp mile;jdu;.

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,ay; gz;ghL fw;fz;L
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs;
3
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mwp+Uf;F E}y;/ mwp+uJ E}y; Mfpa brhw;bwhlu;fspy; bghUis ntWgLj;jf; fhuzkhf

miktJ __________.
m) ntw;Wik cUg[ M) vGtha;
,) ctk cUg[ <) cupr;brhy; [tpil: m) ntw;Wik cUg[]
FWtpdh
1. `vGJ vd;whs;~ vd;gJ tpiut[ fhuzkhf `vGJ vGJ vd;whs;~ vd mLf;Fj; bjhluhdJ.
`rpupj;Jg; ngrpdhu;~ vd;gJ vt;thW mLf;Fj;bjhluhFk;>
`rpupj;J ngrpdhu;~ vd;gJ/ ctif fhuzkhf `rpupj;J rpupj;J ngrpdhu;~ vd mLf;Fj;bjhluhFk;.
2. ghujpahu; ftp+u;/ E}yfk; brd;whu;/ mtu; ahu;> Mfpa bjhlu;fspy; vGtha[ld; bjhlUk;
gadpiyfs; ahit>.
bgau;g; gadpiy ? ftp+u;
tpid gadpiy ? brd;whu;
tpdh gadpiy ? ahu;>
,ay; 3
rpWtpdh
1. `fz;nz fz;Qw=;F!
fhiyapy; ePbaGk;g[
khkiH bga;ifapny
khk;g[{nt fz;Qw=;F!
ghondd; jhyhl;L
Mo Mo Xa;e;Jw=;F!
,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s bjhlu; tiffis vGJf.
`fz;nz fz;Qw=;F ? tpspj;bjhlu;
fhiyapy; ePbaGk;g[ ? Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
khkiH bga;ifapny ? cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
khk;g[{nt fz;Qw=;F ? tpspj;bjhlu;
ghondd; jhyhl;L ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
Mo Mo Xa;e;Jw=;F ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;t[ bra;f.

m) fhtpup gha;e;jJ ? vGtha;j; bjhlu;
M) ghodhs; fz;zfp ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
,) ez;gh vGJ ? tpspj;bjhlu;
<) gho kfpH;e;jdu; ? bgabur;rj;bjhlu;
[tpil: <) gho kfpH;e;jdu; ? bgabur;rj;bjhlu;]
2. rupahd tupiriaj; nju;e;bjLj;J vGJ.

i) ghlj;ijg; goj;jhs; ? 1. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
ii) ,irahy; <u;j;jhu; ? 2. @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
iii) fay;tpHpf;Fg; gupR ? 3. Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
iv) KUfdpd; rl;il ? 4. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: ,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3]
3. xU bjhlu; bkhHpapy; ,Ubrhw;fs; ,Ue;J mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh cUngh ,y;yhky;
mg;gona/ bghUis czu;j;JtJ __________.
m) bjhif epiyj;bjhlu; M) bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;
,) kug[j;bjhlu; <) ctikj;bjhlu; [tpil: M) bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;]
4. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlupd; tiffs; __________.

m) 6 M) 7
,) 8 <) 9 [tpil: <) 9]
,ay; 3
5. tpspa[ld; vJ bjhlu;tJ tpspj;bjhlu; MFk;>

m) bgau; M) tpdh
,) tpid <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) tpid]
6. tpidKw;Wld; xU bgau; bjhlu;tJ ______.
m) vGtha;j;bjhlu; M) tpspj;bjhlu;
,) tpidbar;rj;bjhlu; <) tpidKw;Wj;bjhlu; [tpil: <) tpidKw;Wj;bjhlu;]
7. Kw;Wg; bgwhj ______ bgau;r;brhy;iyj; bjhlu;tJ bgabur;rj;bjhlu; vdg;gLk;.
m) tpdh M) vGtha;
,) tpid <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) tpid]
______ cUg[fs; btspg;gl mika[k; bjhlu;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;fs; MFk;.
8.
m) ctk M) ntw;Wik
,) gz;g[ <) tpid [tpil: M) ntw;Wik]
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i) fl;Liuiag; goj;jhs; ? 1. cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
ii) md;ghy; fl;odhu; ? 2. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;
iii) mwp+Uf;Fg; bghd;dhil ? 3. @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;
iv) rhyr; rpwe;jJ ? 4. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]

i) fhtpup gha;e;jJ ? 1. tpidbar;rj;bjhlu;
ii) ez;gh vGJ ? 2. bgabur;rj;bjhlu;
iii) nfl;l ghly; ? 3. vGtha;j;bjhlu;
iv) gho kfpH;e;jdu; ? 4. tpspj;bjhlu;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1]
11. ,ilr;brhy; bjhlupy; ,ilr;brhy;Yld; bjhlu;tJ __________.

m) bgau;/ tpid M) tpdh/ tpil
,) bgau;/ tpdh <) tpid/ tpdh [tpil: m) bgau;/ tpid]
12. kw;bwhd;W vd;gJ __________

m) tpidbar;rj;bjhlu; M) tpidKw;Wj;bjhlu;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; <) cupr;brhy; bjhlu; [tpil: ,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu;]
13. xU brhy; ,uz;L @d;W Kiw mLf;fpj; bjhlu;tJ __________.
m) ,ul;ilf;fpstp M) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
,) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; <) cupr;brhy; bjhlu; [tpil: M) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;]
,ay; 3
14. nfl;f ntz;oa ghly;/ brhy;yj; jf;f bra;jp Mfpad __________
m) bgabur;r=;fs;
M) Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;r=;fs;
,) Tl;Lepiy tpidbar;r=;fs;
<) tpidbar;r=;fs; [tpil: M) Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;r=;fs;]
15. md;ghy; fl;odhu;/ mwp+Uf;Fg; bghd;dhil Mfpa brhw;bwhlu;fspy; bghUis ntWgLj;jf;

fhuzkhf miktJ
m) ntw;Wik cUg[ M) vGtha;
,) ctk cUg[ <) cupr;brhy; [tpil: m) ntw;Wik cUg[]
FWtpdh
1. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d>

xU bjhlu; bkhHpapy; ,U brhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh cUngh ,y;yhky; mg;gona bghUis czu;j;Jk;.
,Jnt bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu; vdg;gLk;.
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2. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. mit:
vGtha;j; bjhlu;  ntw;Wikj; bjhlu;
tpspj;bjhlu;  ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu;
tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;  cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
bgabur;rj; bjhlu;  mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
3. vGtha;j; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wfs; jUf.
vGtha[ld; bgau;/ tpid/ tpdh Mfpa gadpiyfs; bjhlu;tJ vGtha;j;bjhlu;.
rhd;W :  ,dpad; ftp+u; ? bgau; gadpiy
 fhtpup gha;e;jJ ? tpid gadpiy
 ngUe;J tUkh> ? tpdh gadpiy
4. tpspj;bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
tpspa[ld; tpid bjhlu;tJ tpspj;bjhlu;.
rhd;W : ez;gh vGJ.
5. tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
tpidKw;Wld; xU bgau; bjhlUk;.
tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W xU bgaiuf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
rhd;W : ghodhs; fz;zfp.
6. bgabur;rj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
Kw;Wg; bgwhj tpid (vr;r tpid) bgau;r; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L KotJ bgabur;rj; bjhlu;
vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : nfl;l ghly; (nfl;l ? vr;rtpid/ ghly; ? bgau;r;brhy;)
,ay; 3
7. tpidbar;rj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

Kw;Wg; bgwhj tpid (vr;r tpid) tpidr;brhy;iyf; bfhz;L KotJ tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : gho kfpH;e;jdu;.
8. ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; btspg;gilahf mika[k; bjhlu;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
bjhluhFk;.
rhd;W : fl;Liuiag; goj;jhd;.
9. ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,ilr;brhy;Yld; bganuh tpidnah bjhlu;tJ ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; MFk;.
rhd;W :  kw;bwhd;W ? kw;W + xd;W
 kw;W ? ,ilr;brhy;
 xd;W ? ,ilr;brhy;iy mLj;J epd;W bghUs; jUk; brhy;.
10. cupr;brhy; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
cupr;brhy;Yld; bganuh tpidnah bjhlu;tJ cupr;brhy; bjhlu; MFk;.
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rhd;W : rhyr; rpwe;jJ

rhy ? cupr;brhy;
rpwe;jJ ? cupr;brhy;iyj; bjhlu;e;J rpwe;jJ vd;w brhy; epd;W kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;w
bghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
11. mLf;Fj; bjhlu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU brhy; ,uz;L/ @d;W Kiw mLf;fp tUk;.
rhd;W : tUf! tUf! tUf!
(gpupj;jhy; bghUs; jUk;. ctif/ tpiut[/ mr;rk;/ btFsp Mfpa bghUs;fspy; tUk;.
brhw;fs; jdpj;jdpna epw;Fk;).
rpWtpdh
1. Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rj;ij rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rk; :
xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l vr;r=;fs; nru;e;J bgaiuf; bfhz;L KotJ Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rk;.
cUthf;fk; :
ntz;oa/ Toa/ jf;f/ ty;y Kjyhd bgabur;r=;fis/ bra vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L
tpidbar;rj;Jld; nru;g;gjd; @yk; Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;r=;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
rhd;W : nfl;f ntz;oa ghly;/ brhy;yj; jf;f bra;jp.
2. ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhliur; rpy rhd;WfSld; tpsf;Ff.
ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs; :
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; btspg;gl mika[k; bjhlu;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs;
MFk;.
rhd;W :
,ay; 3
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ Ì~
fl;Liuiag; goj;jhs; ? ,j;bjhlupy; Ì~ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gl
te;Js;sJ.
@d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[ `My;~
md;ghy; (My;) fl;odhu; ? ,j;bjhlupy; `My;~ vd;Dk; @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gl
te;Js;sJ.
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ `F~
mwp+Uf;Fg; bghd;dhil ? ,j;bjhlupy; `F~ vd;Dk; ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gl
te;Js;sJ.
1. ,d;W eP=;fs; goj;j bra;jpj;jhs;fspy; cs;s bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fisj; bjhFj;J tUf.

gj;jp bra;jp :
fjputd; te;jhd;. fjputh th vd miHj;jhs; rPjh. rPijiaf; fz;nld; vdf; Twpa
fjputd;/ mk;kh eykh> vdf; nfl;lhd;. mk;kh edp eyk;; new;Wjhd; te;J nghdhs;; cd;id
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tprhupj;jhs; vdr; rPjh Twpdhs;. ,t;thW ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;j rPjhtpd; fGj;jpy; fj;jpia
itj;jhd; fjputd;. cd; r=;fpypiaj; jh vd;whd;. mts;/ mtd; ifiaj; jl;otpl;L btspna
Xog;nghdhs;. jpUld;/ jpUld; vd mts; Tr;rypl;lijf; nfl;l Cu; kf;fs; midtUk;
jpuz;ldu;; fjputidg; gpoj;jdu;. gpd; fhty; epiyaj;jpw;Fj; jfty; bfhLj;jdu; fhtyu;
mtidf; ifJ bra;J rpiwapy; milj;jdu;. ek;gpf;if Jnuhfp xUtdplkpUe;J jhd;
fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ljw;fhf ,iwtDf;F ed;wp Twpdhs;.
tpil :
 fjputd; te;jhd;/ mk;kh eykh>/ rPjh Twpdhs;/
? vGtha;j; bjhlu;fs;
midtUk; jpuz;lduh>
 fjputh th ? tpspj;bjhlu;
 jpUld; jpUld; ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu; (mr;rk; fhuzkhf)
 miHj;jhs; rPjh ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
 edpeyk; ? cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
 Twpa fjputd;/ nfl;l Cu; kf;fs; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlu;fs;
 te;J nghdhs; ? tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
 rPijiaf; fz;nld;/ cd;id tprhupj;jhs;/
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;
fj;jpia itj;jhd;/ ?
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs;
fjputidg; gpoj;jdu;/ r=;fpypiaj; jh
 fGj;jpy; fj;jp/ rpiwapy; milj;jdu;
?
Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
bjhlu;fs;
 fhty; epiyaj;jpw;Fj; jfty;/ ,iwtDf;F
?
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj;
ed;wp bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs;
2. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s bjhlu; tiffis vLj;J vGJf.

khoapypUe;J ,w=;fpdhu; KfkJ. mtu; ghlfu;. ghly;fisg; ghLtJk; nfl;gJk;
,ay; 3
mtUf;Fg; bghGJnghf;F. mtuJ miwapy; nfl;l ghly;fisa[k; nfl;fhj ghly;fisa[k;

bfhz;l FWe;jfLfis mLf;F mLf;fhf itj;jpUg;ghu;.
tpil :
,w=;fpdhu; KfkJ ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
mtu; ghlfu; ? vGtha;j; bjhlu;
ghLtJ nfl;gJ ? Tl;L tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
nfl;l ghly;fs; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlu;
nfl;fhj ghly;fs; ? vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rj; bjhlu;
mLf;F mLf;fhf ? mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
3. tz;zr; brhw;fspd; bjhlu; tiffis vGJf.
gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk; ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
toj;j f+;rpapy; nriyia myrpndd; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlu;
nkilapy; ed;whfg; ngrpdhd;. ? tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
te;jhu; mz;zd; ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
mupa ftpijfspd; bjhFg;g[ ,J. ? Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;
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bkhHpbgau;f;f.
Respected ladies and gentleman, I am Ilangovan studying tenth standard. I have come here to say a few
words about our Tamil Culture. Sangam literature shows that Tamils were best in culture and civilization about
two thousand years ago. Tamils who have defined grammar for language have also defined grammar for life.
Tamil culture is rooted in the life styles of Tamils throughout India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Singapore, England and
Worldwide. Though our culture is very old, it has been updated consistently. We should proud about our culture.
Thank you one and all.
jkpH;g; gz;ghL
kupahijf;Fupatu;fns- vd; bgau; ,s=;nfhtd;. ehd; gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; gof;fpnwd;. ehd;
jkpH; gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp rpy thu;j;ijfs; brhy;y te;jpUf;fpnwd;. ,uz;lhapuk; tUlj;jpw;F
Kd; gz;ghl;oYk;/ ehfupfj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpatu;fs; jkpHu;fs; vd;W r=;f ,yf;fpak;
TWfpwJ. bkhHpf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;j jkpHnu thH;f;iff;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdu;.
jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghL ,e;jpah/ _y=;fh/ ,=;fpyhe;J/ knyrpah/ rp=;fg;g{u; kw;Wk; cyfbk=;Fk;
cs;s jkpHu;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juj;jpy; ntqd;wp cs;sJ. ek; gz;ghL gHikahdjhf
,Ue;jhYk; mJ rPuhd Kiwapy; nkk;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ehk; ek; gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp bgUkpjk;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. midtUf;Fk; ed;wp!
gHbkhHpfis epiwt[ bra;f.
cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapny.
xU ghidr; nrhw;Wf;F/ xU nrhW gjk;.
cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid.
tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; @d;W ehl;fs;.
mst[f;F kp+;rpdhy; mKjKk; e+;R.
gj;jpiag; goj;Jf; fUj;ijr; RUf;fp vGJ.
,ay; 3
giHanrhW
gr;ir bey; taiyf; fz;fs; KGJk; Rke;J ,sbey;iy Efu;e;J/ mjd; ghiy Urpj;J/
ePuhtpapy; me;j bey; mtpa[k; fjfjg;ghd g[G=;fy; kzk; tiu Ritj;jts; ehd;. mtpj;J/
fha;e;J Fj;jpa me;jg; g[G=;fy; muprpia/ mjd; fLg;g[ kzj;ij nrhwhF Kd; if epiwa
ms;sp thapy; nghl;L beupj;J bkd;wts; brhy;fpnwd;. gfbyy;yhk; cr;rp btapYf;F mJ
Rlr;Rlg; g[G=;fyuprpr; nrhW ,ut[ KGtJk; me;jr; nrhW ePupy; CWk;. tpoe;j ,e;jf; fhiyapy;
mjd; bgau; giHa nrhW my;yJ giHaJ fhj;jpUe;J/ rpd;d bt=;fhak;/ gr;ir kpsfha;
foj;J ePuhfhuk; nghy; Fog;gJ xU tif. thiH ,iyapy; me;jg; giHar; nrhw;iwg; gpHpe;J
nghl;lhy;/ tLkh=;fha; my;yJ cg;g[ ehu;j;j=;fha; mjDld; nru;j;Jf; bfhs;sj; Jog;gJ
,d;bdhU tif. Rz;l itj;j Kjy; ehs; FHk;g[ ,d;Dk; cr;rk;! ey;y giHaJ khk;gHk;
thrk; tPRkhk;. giHa nrhW mJ fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.
`ìff;fly; Kj;Jf;F <lha; kpf;f bey;Kj;J~~ ? Kf;Tlw;gs;S
tpil :
bey;iy mtpj;J fhaitj;J vLf;Fk; g[G=;fy; muprpiar; nrhwhf;fp/ mjid ,ubty;yhk;
ePupy; Cw itj;J/ fpilf;Fk; giHa nrhw;Wld; rpd;d bt=;fhak;/ gr;ir kpsfha;/ tLkh=;fha;/
cg;g[ ehuj;j=;fha; kw;Wk; Rz;l itj;j FHk;g[ ,tw;wpy; xd;iwf; Tl;lhf itj;J rhg;gpLtJ
fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.
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fijahf;Ff.
kdpj thH;tpy; xt;bthU ehSk; g[Jg;g[J kdpju;fisg; ghu;f;fpnwhk;; g[Jg;g[Jr;
bra;jpfs; fpl;Lk;! fpl;Lfpw fUg;bghUisj; jpul;o/ fw;gid eak; fijahf;FtJ xU
fiy. mJ rpWfijahf ,Uf;fyhk;. g[jpdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. md;ig vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gtuhf/
ahUkw;wtuhf...... ,Uf;Fk; xUtu; c=;fspd; cjtpahy; kdk; kfpH;e;j epfH;tpidf;
fijahf;Ff.
tpil :
cjtp
me;jpkhiyg; bghGjpy; eilgapw;rp nkw;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ ghyj;jpd; fPHpUe;J rj;jk;
nfl;L ghyj;jpd; moapy; vl;og; ghu;j;njd;. grpkaf;fj;jhy; RUz;L fple;jhs; xU bgz;.
Fspu; jh=;f Koahky; rj;jk;. miuFiw Milapy; ,Ue;jhs;. kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l bgz;
vdf; fz;Lgpoj;njd;. clnd/ tPl;ow;F te;J czit xU ghj;jpuj;jpYk;/ Mil kw;Wk; xU
nghu;itia xU igapYk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L ngha;f; bfhLj;njd;.
mt;t[zit vLj;J rhg;gpLtjw;Ff; Tl mtsplk; gykpy;iy. ghjp rhg;gpl;L tpl;L
cl;fhu Koahky; mt;t[ztpd; kPnj rupe;J tpGe;jhs;. clnd mUfpy; ,Ue;j kUj;Jtiu
miHj;J te;J kUj;Jtk; ghu;j;J/ mtis kUj;Jtupd; cjtpa[ld; kdeyf; fhg;gfj;jpw;F
mDg;gp itj;njd;. mts; kdjpy; Vnjh xU kfpH;r;rp bjd;gl;lJ.
fojk; vGJf.
czt[ tpLjpbahd;wpy; tH=;fg;gl;l czt[ jukw;wjhft[k; tpiy TLjyhft[k; ,Ue;jJ
Fwpj;J cupa rhd;WfSld; czt[g; ghJfhg;g[ MizaUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
czt[g; ghJfhg;g[ MizaUf;Ff; fojk;
mDg;g[eu;
fz;zd;/
25/ ts;sy; bjU/
,ay; 3
mz;zhefu;/
jpUbey;ntyp ? 11.
bgWeu;
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizau; mtu;fs;/
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizak;/
jpUbey;ntyp.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah/
bghUs; :
jukw;w czt[ tH=;fpa czt[ tpLjpapd; kPJ eltof;if vLf;FkhW
ntz;Ljy; ? bjhlu;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
,d;W fhiy ngUe;Jepiyaj;jpw;F btspapy; cs;s ``Ritafk;~~ vd;w cztfj;jpw;Fr;
brd;nwhk;. ehDk; vd; ez;gDk; czt[ cz;nlhk;. cztpy; fy;Yk;/ FHk;gpy; g{r;rpa[k;
fple;jJ. cztf nkyhsuplk; Kiwapl;nlhk;. mjw;Fr; rupahd fhuzj;ij mtu;
mspf;ftpy;iy. nkYk; m=;F itf;fg;gl;oUe;j czt[ tpiyg;gl;oay; gyifapy; vGjp
itf;fg;gl;oUe;j bjhifia th=;fhky; TLjyhf ,UgJ qghiaf; fhrhsu; th=;fpdhu;.
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vdnt/ jukw;w czita[k;/ tpiy TLjyhft[k; tpw;gid bra;j/ me;j cztfj;jpd;

kPJ eltof;if vLf;FkhW gzpt[ld; nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwd;. nkYk; ,jw;fhd jf;f rhd;Wfs;
(g[ifg;glk;) ,j;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ed;wp!
jpUbey;ntyp.,g;gof;F/
23.03.2020. j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
fz;zd;.
ciwnky; Kftup:
bgWeu;
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizau; mtu;fs;/
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizak;/
jpUbey;ntyp.
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
``fj;Jfly; NH;ehiff; fhj;jhd;jd; rj;jpuj;jpy;
mj;jkpf;Fk; nghJ muprptUk; ? Fj;jp
ciyapypl Cul=;Fk; Xu; mfg;ig md;dk;
,iyapypl bts;sp vGk;~~. ? fhsnkfg; g[ytu;
jpuz;l fUj;J :
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J
fly; NH;e;j Cu; ehfg;gl;odk;. m=;Fs;s fhj;jhd; rj;jpuj;jpy; bghGJ ,w=;Fk; nghJjhd;
muprp tUk;. mjidj; jPl;o ciyapy; nghLk;nghJ Cnu ml=;fpg; nghapUf;Fk;. Xu; mfg;igr;
nrhW ,iyapy; nghLk;nghJ tpobts;sp Kisj;JtpLk;.
bjhil eak; :
,ay; 3
bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;
bra;a[spy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Mfpa cWg;g[fshy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ bjhil.
nkhid eak; :
nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
fj;Jfly;/ fhj;jhd;
ciyapypl/ Cul=;Fk;
mj;jkpf;Fk;/ muprp tUk;
vJif eak; :
tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
ghl;Lf;F mHF vJif
monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;.
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rPu; vJif:
fj;Jfly;/ fhj;jhd;/ rj;jpuj;jpy;" mj;jkpf;Fk;/ Fj;jp
mo vJif:
fj;Jfly; ciyapypl
mj;jkpf;Fk; ,iyapypl
mzp eak; :
nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
,g;ghly; ,U bghUs;gl te;J ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzpahy; my=;fupf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
gh eak; :
,g;ghly; neupir btz;gh tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.
jiyg;g[ :
èhif rj;jpuk;~ vd;gJ ,g;ghlYf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jiyg;g[.
tpLgl;l vGj;Jfis epug;gp me;j vGj;Jfis kl;Lk; ,izj;J xspe;Js;s xU E}ypd;

bgaiuf; fz;Lgpo.
,wF (gwitaplk; ,Ug;gJ) mf;fh (j=;iff;F @j;jts;)
FUjp (rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;) kjp (mwptpd; kW bgau;)
ths; (kd;duplk; ,Ug;gJ) glF (ePupy; bry;tJ glF)
tpil : jpUf;Fws;
,U brhw;fisa[k; xnu bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
,ay; 3
rpiy ? rPiy : v.fh: rpiyiaj; jpiur;rPiyahy; kiwj;jpUe;jdu;.

bjhL ? njhL : fhijj; bjhLk;nghJ njhL mHfhf MoaJ.
kL ? khL : kLtpy; (Fl;ilapy;) khL ePu;f; Foj;jJ.
kiy ? khiy : kiy kPJ Vwp khiyapy; tpisahondd;.
tsp ? thsp : tspa[k; (fhw;Wk;) thspa[k; (md;g[k;) ,y;yhky; thH KoahJ.
tpL ? tPL : mfe;ijia tpL/ tPLngW (brhu;f;fk;) fpilf;Fk;.
mfuhjpapy; fz;L bghUs; vGJf.
m) Cz;/ Cd;
Cz; ? ,iu/ cz;o/ nrhW/ czt[/ Md;khtpd; RfJf;fDgtk;.
Cd; ? cly;/ jir/ epzk;/ khkprk;/ rhPuk;.
M) jpiz/ jpid
jpiz ? ,lk;/ xGf;fk;/ Fo/ Fyk;/ g{kp/ bghUs;.
jpid ? xU rhik (jhdpak;)/ rpWik.
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,) mz;zk;/ md;dk;
mz;zk; ? nky;tha;/ nky; ehf;F.
md;dk; ? ftupkhd;/ nrhW jhdpak;/ gpuk;k thfdk;.
<) bty;yk;/ bts;sk;
bty;yk; ? fUg;g+;rhw;Wf;fl;o.
bts;sk; ? ePu;g;bgUf;F/ fly;/ flyiy/ ePu;/ <uk;/ kpFjp/ cz;ik.

``tWikapy; thoa
vdf;F
xUehs; fpilj;jJ
ey;Yzt[......
cz;Qk; ntisapy;
eP te;jha;......
grpahy; ,ize;njhk;
gfpu;e;J cz;zyhk;
th- njhHh th-~~
bray; jpl;lk;
czt[/ tpUe;J rhu;e;j gHbkhHpfisa[k; tpHpg;g[zu;t[j; bjhlu;fisa[k; jpul;o/ mfu tupirg;gLj;jp

tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
v.fh: behW=;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ
mst[f;F kp+;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; e+;R.
cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid.
,ay; 3
cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapny.
xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;.
filj; nj=;fhia tHpg;gps;isahUf;F cilf;fhnj.
behW=;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ.
grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;J nghFk;.
gzk; ge;jpapny Fzk; Fg;igapny.
gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk;.
KG g{rzpiar; nrhw;wpy; kiwf;fhnj.
thH;tjw;fhf cz;; cz;gjw;fhf thHhnj.
tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; @d;W ehs;.
tpisa[k; gapu; Kisapny bjupa[k;.
tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;; jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;.
btz;bzia itj;Jf; bfhz;L bea;f;F miythndd;.
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fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
brt;tpyf;fpak; ? Classical literature
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; ? Epic literature
gf;jp ,yf;fpak; ? Devotional literature
gz;ila ,yf;fpak; ? Ancient literature
tl;lhu ,yf;fpak; ? Regional literature
ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpak; ? Folk literature
etPd ,yf;fpak; ? Modern literature
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
``jk;gp... cdf;Fg; gpor;r fha; brhy;Y~~ ? ``nful;~~

``gpor;r gHk;~~ ? ``Mg;gps;~~
``gpor;r fhiy czt[~~ ? `È}Ly;!;~~
``kj;jpahdj;Jf;F~~ ? ``Bg;iuL iu!;~~
`ùhj;jpup~~ ? ``gPl;!h my;yJ gh!;jh~~
,J Vnjh M=;fpyg;glj;jpd; trdk; my;y. ``rupah rhg;gpl khl;nl=;fpwhd; lhf;lu;~~ vd;W
vd;dplk; miHj;J tug;gl;l xU rpWtDldhd vd; ciuahly; xl;L bkhj;j ,isa
jiyKiwa[k; ghuk;gupa czit tpl;L ntfkhf tpyfpr; brd;wJ vg;go> ,l;ypa[k; rhk;ghu;
rhjKk; fj;jpupf;fha;g; bghupaYk; ,dp fhzhky; ngha;tpLkh> mjpu;r;rpahd gjpy; Mk;
fhzhky; ngha;tpLk;- c=;fs; FHe;ijfs; ``ML khLfisj; jtpu kD&=;f Tl fPiuiar;
rhg;gpLth=;fsh kk;kp> vd vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nfl;ff;TLk;.
kUj;Jtu; F. rptuhkdpd; ,f;fUj;jpw;Fr; r@f mf;fiwa[ldhd c=;fspd; gjpy; vd;dthf
,Uf;Fk;>
tpil :
,ay; 3
ehfupfk; fUjpnah/ ehr;Rit fUjpnah ek; ghuk;gupa czt[fisj; jtpu;j;jy; TlhJ.

btg;gkakhd ek; ehl;ow;F g[G=;fy; muprpna Vw;wJ. Mfnt/ ek; ehl;Lr; NHYf;F Vw;w
ghuk;gupa czt[fisj; jpdKk; fl;lha czthf cl;bfhs;Sk; nghJ mJ ek; clYf;F
kpFe;j rf;jpiaf; bfhLf;Fk;. ghuk;gupa czt[fisj; jtpu;f;Fk; nghJ `cznt kUe;J~
vd;w epiy khwp `kUe;nj czt[~ vd;w epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLnthk; vd;W kf;fspilna
tpHpg;g[zu;it Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

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,ay; gz;ghL thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak;
jpUf;Fws;
3 ? jpUts;Stu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
1. gl=;fs; czu;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;jpid ikakpl;L tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik gz;vd;dhk; ghlw;F ,iagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;

,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;. fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
glk; ? 1 (m) :
mwpt[ : nkw;fz;l glj;ijf; fhQk; nghJ eP vd;d epidf;fpwha;>
,ay; 3
kjp : khl;L tz;of;fhudpd; ciHg;g[ bjupfpwJ.
mwpt[ : vg;go>
kjp : brhe;j tz;onah/ thlif tz;onah bjupatpy;iy. vdpDk; @l;ilfis
Vw;Wtjw;Fk; ,wf;Ftjw;Fk; jd;Dld; Typahl;fis itf;fhky; jhnd
mr;braiyr; bra;fpwhd;. nkYk; mtd; tz;oapy; mku;e;J bry;ytpy;iy. ,J
mtdplKs;s nrhk;gypd;ikia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
mwpt[ : ,jd; @yk; eP TwtpUf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ>
kjp : ,g;gog;gl;l fod ciHg;ghsp thH;tpy; xU ehSk; tWik epiyia
milakhl;lhd;. thH;tpy; cau;tilthd;.
glk; ? 1 (M) : (ciuahly; bjhlu;r;rp)
kjp : ,g;glj;jpy; FLk;gj;jiytd; ciHg;gpd;wp nrhk;ngwp ,Uj;jyhy; mtd; FLk;gk;
tWik epiyapy; cs;sJ.
lk; ? 2 (m) : gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; ,iagpd;nwy;; fz;vd;dhk;
g
mwpt[ : nkw;fz;l glj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; nghJ cd; kdjpy; njhd;Wk; fUj;J ahJ>
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kjp : `jh~ vd;W gpwuplk; ahrpj;jy; ,Hpthd brayhFk;. mg;go nfl;Lk; nfl;l bghUisf;
bfhLf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ mijtpl ,HpthFk;.
mwpt[ : ,r;bray; Fwpj;J eP vd;d fUJfpwha;>
kjp : Iad; ts;Std; TwpaJ nghy ,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fshy; gad; vd;d> vd;W
fUJfpnwd;.
glk; ? 2 (M) : (ciuahly; bjhlu;r;rp)

kjp : ,irnahL ghly; bghUe;jhjjhy; kf;fs; mjid tpUk;ghky; mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lf;
fle;J bry;fpd;wdu;/ ghly;/ ,ir ,uz;Lk; ntWgl;lhy; vd;d gad;. ,ijg;
nghyntjhd; ,uf;f Fzkpy;yhjtDf;Ff; fz; ,Ue;Jk; mjdhy; gad; xd;Wk;
,y;iy.
2. fijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwisj; nju;t[ bra;J fhuzj;ij vGJf.

`rpd;dr;rhkp... ahnuh kuj;njhukh epw;fpwh=;f... ahuha; ,Uf;Fk;...~~ khl;L tz;oa Xl;of;fpl;nl
mg;gh nfl;lhu;.
``bjupayg;gh...~~
``,w=;fp ahUd;D ghU...~~
thl;lrhl;lkha;/ fz;zhoa[k; miyngrpa[k; ifa[kha; rhiynahuj;jpy; tz;oa[ld; xUtu;
epd;wpUe;jhu;.
`Ìah... eP=;f...~~
btspa{Ug;gh... tz;o epd;W nghr;R...-~~
``mg;goah... tz;oaj; J}f;fp khl;L tz;oapy tr;Rl;L th=;f. kiH tu;w khjpupapUf;F... CU
buhk;g J}uk;.. ntw tz;oa[k; tuhJ...~~
mtu; ciliaa[k; ciHj;Jf; fisj;j tpau;it bgh=;fpa cliya[k; ghu;j;J
tuiyd;Dl;lhu;. @d;W ehd;F ngu;jhd; tz;oapy ,Ue;njhk;... rpwpJ
,ay; 3
J}uk; nghwJf;Fs;s kiH bfhl;L bfhl;Ld;D bfhl;oUr;R... eh=;f tPl;Lf;Fg; nghapl;nlhk;.

,ut[y J}=;fg; nghwg;g... mg;gh brhd;dhu;. jk;gp... me;j Nl;Lf;fhuu; kiH jh=;fhk
ele;jpUf;fhU. nj=;fh tpGe;J kz;l cil+;R... ntw ahnuh J}f;fpl;L te;jpUf;fh=;f. ek;k
CU MRgj;jpupapy... fl;Lg;nghl;Lf;fpl;L ,Ue;jh=;f.. ghtk; gor;rtuh ,Uf;fhU... NH;epiy
g[upahk tukhl;nld;D brhd;dhU. ,g;g ntjidg;gl;lhnu...
m) cyfj;njhL xl;l xGfy; gy fw;Wk;
fy;yhu; mwptpyh jhu;.
M) bgaf;fz;Lk; e+;Rcz;L miktu; eaj;jf;f
ehfupfk; ntz;L gtu;.
,) CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gu; ciyt[,d;wpj;
jhHhJ c+w;W gtu;.
tpil : m) cyfj;njhL xl;l xGfy; gyfw;Wk;
fhuzk; :
tz;of;fhuupd; ciliaa[k; ciHj;Jf; fisj;j tpau;it bgh=;fpa cliya[k; ghu;j;j
Nl;Lf;fhud; jdf;F cjt te;j mtid xJf;fpj; js;spdhd;. cyfj;jhndhL bghUj;jp
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thGk; jd;ikaw;wtdha; ,Ue;jjhy; mtd; tpgj;jpw;Fs;shf neu;e;jJ. ,td; fw;wpUe;Jk;

mwptpy;yhjtnd.
FWtpdh
1. èr;rg; glhjtd;~ bry;tk; ? ,j;bjhlupy; tz;zkpl;l brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs; jUf.

er;rg; glhjtd; vd;gjd; bghUs;/ gpwUf;F cjtp bra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjtu;.
2. bfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhu;f;F mLf;fpa
nfhocz; lhapDk; ,y; ? ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msbgilfis vLj;J vGJf.
bfhLg;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
Ja;;g;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
3. bghUSf;nfw;w moiag; bghUj;Jf.
capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk; xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jtu; nkd;ik
Cupd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wJ capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
xGf;fj;jpd; tHp cau;t[ miltu; eL CUs; er;Rkuk; gGj;jw;W
tpil:
capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk; capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
Cupd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wJ eL CUs; er;Rkuk; gGj;jw;W
xGf;fj;jpd; tHp cau;t[ miltu; xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jtu; nkd;ik
4. va;Jtu; va;jhg; gHp ? ,f;Fwsof;Fg; bghUe;Jk; tha;ghL vJ>
m) Ttpsk; njkh kyu; M) Ttpsk; g[spkh ehs;
,) njkh g[spkh fhR <) g[spkh njkh gpwg;g[ [tpil: m) Ttpsk; njkh kyu;]
,ay; 3
rpWtpdh
1. ntbyhL epd;whd; ,Lvd;wJ nghYk;

nfhbyhL epd;whd; ,ut[ ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctkcUg[ btspg;gilahf

tUtJ ctikazp MFk;.
ctik : nty; nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpgwp bra;jy;.
ctnkak; : Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L kd;dd; tup tpjpj;jy;.
ctk cUg[ : nghy (btspg;gil)
tpsf;fk; :
Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L tup tpjpg;gJ/ nty;

nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpg;gwp bra;tjw;F epfuhdJ MFk;.
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2. ftpijiaj; bjhlu;f.
jz;zPu; epiwe;j Fsk;
jtpj;jgo btspePl;Lk; if
fiuapy; ifngrp glbkLj;jgo
gjWfpwJ vd; be+;rko
tU=;fhy rKjhak; vd;dthFko
vg;nghJ jPUk; jd;glk; nkhfko
@H;fpatd; @r;R epd;Dg;nghr;R
kdpjneak; brj;Jg;nghr;R
jpUf;Fws; gw;wpa ftpij :
ciu(iw) Cw;wp Cw;wpg;
ghu;j;jhYk;
g[spf;fhj ghy;-
je;ij je;j
jha;g;ghy;
Kg;ghy; ? mwpt[kjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
va;Jtu;/ fhz;gu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;
va;jhg; gHp/ jkuhf; bfhsy;/ Vkuh kd;dd; ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgaur;r=;fs;

g[Fj;jp ? tpidbar;rk;

bfhLg;gJ}ck;/ J}a;g;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpirasbgilfs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
,ay; 3
va;Jtu; ? va;J + t;; + mu; g[Fj;jp ? g[Fj;J + ,

va;J ? gFjp g[Fj;J ? gFjp
t;; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
mu;; ? Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fPHf;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iz vJ>
m) capupDk; nkyhdJ ? xGf;fk;
M) xGf;fKilatu; ? nkd;ik miltu;
,) cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz;gJ ? mwpt[
<) cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjtu; ? mwpt[ilatu;
[tpil: <) cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjtu; ? mwpt[ilatu;]
2. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;e;bjL.

m) mHpf;f ntz;oait ? Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik
M) bgupnahiu Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjy; ? bgWk;ngW
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,) e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsu; ? gpwu; ed;ikiaf; fUJgtu;

<) Muhahj kd;dd; ? ehl;od; tsj;ijg; bgUf;Fthd;
[tpil: <) Muhahj kd;dd; ? ehl;od; tsj;ijg; bgUf;Fthd;]
3. er;rg; glhjtd; bry;tk; eLCUs;
er;R kuk;gGj; jw;W ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp vJ>
m) ctikazp M) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
,) Vfnjr cUtf mzp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: m) ctikazp]
4. bghUj;Jf.
1. nkd;ik ? m) rpdk;
2. btFsp ? M) cau;t[
3. kaf;fk; ? ,) tWik
4. ,d;ik ? <) mwpahik
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
5. capupDk; nkyhdjhff; fUjpg; ghJfhf;f ntz;oaJ __________.
m) xGf;fk; M) bka; czu;jy;
,) fz;nzhl;lk; <) fy;tp [tpil: m) xGf;fk;]
6. ``xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd;~~ vd;gjpy; mike;Js;s eak; __________.

m) nkhid M) vJif
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: M) vJif]
7. ``bgupahiug; ngzpj; jkuhf; bfhsy;~~ ,jpy; ``jku;~~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.

m) E}y; M) Jiz
,) ngW <) mupa [tpil : M) Jiz]
,ay; 3
8. ``Kaw;wpd;ik ,d;ik g[Fj;jptpLk;~~ ,jpy; ``,d;ik~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) tWik M) ,y;iy
,) Kaw;rp <) bry;tk; [tpil: m) tWik]
9. bghUj;Jf.
1. xGf;fKilik ? m) 36 tJ mjpfhuk;
2. bka;czu;jy; ? M) 14 tJ mjpfhuk;
3. bgupahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; ? ,) 56tJ mjpfhuk;
4. bfhL=;nfhd;ik ? <) 45 tJ mjpfhuk;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4. < [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
FWtpdh
1. capupDk; Xk;gg;gLtJ vJ> Vd;>

capupDk; Xk;gg;gLtJ xGf;fk;.
Vbddpy; xGf;fkhdJ midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUfpwJ.
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2. xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ vJ> ,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ vJ>

xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ nkd;ik.
,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ milaf;Tlhj gHpfs;.
3. gy fw;Wk; fy;yhjtuhff; fUjg;gLgtu; ahu;>
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjtu; gy E}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;jhYk; fy;yhjtuhfnt
fUjg;gLthu;.
4. vg;bghUisf; fhz;gJ mwpt[>
ve;jg; bghUs; ve;j ,ay;gpdjha;j; njhd;wpdhYk;/ me;jg; bghUspd; cz;ikg; bghUisf;
fhz;gJ mwpt[.
5. ehkk; bflf;bfLk; neha; gw;wp vGJf.
Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik vd;w @d;Wk; mHpjy; ntz;Lk;.
,k;@d;Wk; mHpe;jhy; mtw;why; tUk; Jd;g=;fSk; mHpa[k;.
6. bgUk;ngW vJ>
bgupnahiug; nghw;wpj; Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny fpilj;jw;fupa bgUk;ngwhFk;.
7. bfLg;ghu; ,yhDk; bfLgtu; ahu;> Vd;>
Fw;wk; fz;lnghJ ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; bgupahupd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj kd;dd;
jd;idf; bfLf;f giftu; ,y;iy vdpDk; jhnd bfl;lHpthd;.
8. ey;yhu; bjhlu;ig iftply; vj;jd;ikaJ>
jhd; xUtdhf epd;W gynuhL gif nkw;bfhs;tijf; fhl;oYk; gy kl=;F jPikiaj; jUk;.
Mfnt ey;yhu; el;igf; iftply; TlhJ.
9. Ml;rpajpfhuk; bfhz;Ls;s murd; Fwpj;Jf; Twg;gl;Ls;s bra;jp ahJ>
Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L tup tpjpg;ghd;.
murdJ ,r;brayhdJ nty; nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpg;gwp bra;tjw;F epfuhFk;.
10. MuhahJ Ml;rp bra;a[k; kd;didf; Fwpj;J Fws; TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
,ay; 3
jd; ehl;oy; epfGk; ed;ik jPikfis xt;bthU ehSk; Muha;e;J Ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd;
jd; ehl;il ehs;njhWk; ,Hf;f neupLk;.
11. ,uf;fk; ,y;yh fz;fs; vjidg; nghd;W gadw;wJ>
ghlnyhL bghUe;jhj ,irahy; gadpy;iy.
mijg; nghy ,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fshYk; gadpy;iy.
12. cyfnk cupika[ilajhFk; vg;nghJ>
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F ,t;t[yfnk cupik cilajhFk;.
13. e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsu; ahu;> Vd;>
tpUk;gj;jf;f ,uf;fFzk; bfhz;ltu;fs; e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsu;.
Vbddpy; gpwu; ed;ik fUjpj; jkf;F e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qtu;.
14. xUtUf;F bgUik jUtJ vJ>
xU braiy Kog;gjw;F ,ayhJ vd;W vz;zpr; nrhu;tilaf; TlhJ.
mr;braiy Kaw;rpa[ld; Kog;gJ bgUik jUk;.
15. cau;e;j epiyia vg;nghJ mila Koa[k;>
tplhKaw;rp vd;Dk; cau;gz;g[ bfhs;Sjy;/ gpwUf;F cjt[jy;. ,t;tpU gz;g[fshy; cau;e;j
epiyia mila Koa[k;.
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16. `bry;tk; bgUFjy;~ `tWik tUjy;~ vg;nghJ>

Kaw;rp bra;tjhy; bry;tk; bgUFk;.
Kaw;rp ,y;yhtpl;lhy; tWikna te;J nrUk;.
17. ,Hptw;wJ ,HpthdJ vJ>
Ik;g[yd;fspy; VnjDk; FiwapUg;gpd; mJ ,Hptd;W.
mwpa ntz;oaij mwpe;J Kaw;rp bra;ahjnj ,HpthFk;.
18. nrhu;tpyhJ Kaw;rp bra;nthu; Fwpj;Jf; TW.
nrhu;tpyhJ Kaw;rp bra;nthu; bra;fpd;w braYf;F ,ila{wha; tUk; Kd;tpidiaa[k;
njhw;foj;J btw;wpailatu;.
19. gy nfho bgwpDk; gadpy;iy vg;nghJ>
gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;fhkYk; jhDk; mDgtpf;fhkYk; ,Ug;gtu; gy nfhog; bghUs;fisg;
bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mjdhy; gad; ,y;iy.
20. tpUk;gg;glhjtu; bry;tk; vjidg; nghd;wJ>
gpwUf;F cjthky; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjtu; bgw;w bry;tk;/ Cupd; eLtpy; er;R kuk;
gGj;jJ nghd;wjhFk;.
21. ``bghwpapd;ik ahu;f;Fk; gHpad;W~~ ? ,t;tofspy; ``bghwp~~ vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;>
bghwp vd;gJ bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ @f;F/ brtp Mfpa Ik;bghwpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
22. ``Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.~~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;j Kuz;brhw;fs; vit>
Kaw;rp ? Kaw;wpd;ik
jpUtpid (bry;tk;) ? ,d;ik (tWik)
23. ``mLf;fpa nfho cz;lhapDk; ,y;~~ Vd;>
gpwUf;Fk; bfhLf;fhky;/ jhDk; mDgtpf;fhky; ,Ug;gtu; mLf;fpa gy nfho bgupDk; gad;
,y;iy.
,ay; 3
24. ``cupik cilj;J ,t;t[yF~~ ? ahUf;F>
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F/ cyfnk cupik cilajhFk;.
25. ehs;njhWk; ehL bfLk; ? vd;W ts;Stu; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
jd; ehl;oy; elf;Fk; ed;ik jPikfis Muha;e;J Ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd; ehL ehs;njhWk;
bfLk;.
26. fw;Wk; fy;yhjhu; mwptpyhjhu; ? ahu;>
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjhu;/ gy E}y;fisf; fw;wpUe;jhYk; mwptpy;yhjtnu Mtu;.
27.
ghlnyhL bghUe;jh ,irahy; gadpy;iy vd;Dk; ctikiaf; bfhz;l jpUf;Fwis
vGJf.
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; ,iagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;
28. Kaw;rp ,y;yhjtUf;F tWikna fpl;Lk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf tps=;Fk; jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
(m) Kaw;rp bra;gtUf;F bry;tk; bgUFk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf tps=;Fk; jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
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29. xU braiy Kaw;rpa[ld; Kog;gJ bgUik jUk; vd;gij typa[Wj;Jk; Fwl;ghtpid vGJf.
mUik cilj;bjd; wrhthik ntz;Lk;
bgUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
30. ew;gz;g[ilnahupd; el;igf; iftpLtJ gykl=;F jPikiaj; jUk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLk;
jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
gy;yhu; gifbfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj
ey;yhu; bjhlu;if tply;.
31.
ve;jg; bghUshapDk; mjd; cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz;gnj mwpt[ vd;gij tpsf;Fk;
Fwl;ghtpid vGJf.
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
rpWtpdh
1. xGf;fKilik Fwpj;J ts;Stu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>

capupDk; nkyhdJ :
xGf;fk; vy;yhUf;Fk; midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUtjhy; mij capupDk; nkyhdjhff;
fUjpf; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
nkd;ik ? gHp :
xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ nkd;ik. ,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ milaf; Tlhj gHp.
gy fw;Wk; mwptpyhu; :
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjtu; gy E}y;fisf; fw;wtuhapDk; mwpt[ ,y;yhjtuhfnt
fUjg;gLthu;.
2. bka;a[zu;jy; Fwpj;J vGJf.
,ay; 3
cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhzy; :

ve;jg; bghUs; ve;j ,ay;gpdjhfj; njhd;wpdhYk; me;jg; bghUspd; cz;ikg; bghUisf;
fhz;gJ mwpt[.
Jd;gk; mHpjy; :
Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik vd;w @d;iwa[k; mHpj;jhy; mjdhy; tUk; Jd;gKk; mHpa[k;
3. bgupahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TWk; fUj;Jfis vGJf.
bgUk;ngW :
bgupnahiug; nghw;wpj; Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny bgUk;ngwhFk;.
ghJfhg;gw;w kd;dd; :
Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; bgupahupd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj kd;dd;
jd;idf; bfLf;fg; giftu;fs; ,y;iybadpDk; jhnd bfl;lHpthd;.
bgupnahu; el;igf; iftply; :
ew;gz;g[ila bgupnahupd; el;igf; iftpLtjhdJ/ jdpbahUtdhf epd;W giftu; gyiug;
gifj;Jf; bfhs;tijf; fhl;oYk; gy kl=;F jPikiaj; jUk;.
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4. bfhL=;nfhd;ik gw;wpa bra;jpiaf; TW.

Ml;rpajpfhuk; :
jd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L tup tpjpf;Fk; kd;ddJ brayhdJ/ nty; nghd;w
Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpgwp bra;gtdpd; braYf;F xg;ghdJ.
jd; ehl;il ,Hj;jy; :
jd; ehl;od; ed;ik/ jPikfis xt;bthU ehSk; Muha;e;J Ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd; jd;
ehl;il ,Hf;f neupLk;.
5. fz;nzhl;lk; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TWk; fUj;Jfis vGJ.
,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fs; :
ghlnyhL bghUe;jhj ,irahy; gad; xd;Wkpy;iy. mJnghy/ ,uf;fkpy;yhf; fz;fshy;
gad; xd;Wkpy;iy.
eLepiy :
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F ,t;t[yfnk cupik cilajhFk;.
e+;ir cz;Qk; gz;ghsu; :
tpUk;gj; jFe;j ,uf;f ,ay;igf; bfhz;ltu;fs;/ gpwuJ ed;ikf;fhf jdf;F e+;irf;
bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsu; Mthu;.
6. xUtdJ bry;tk; gadw;wjha;g; nghtJ vg;nghJ>
gy nfhog; bghUs;fs; :
gpwUf;Fk; bfhLf;fhky; jhDk; mDgtpf;fhky; ,Ug;gtu; gy nfhog; bghUs;fs;
bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mjdhy; gad; ,y;iy.
er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ :
gpwUf;F cjtp bra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjtu; bgw;w bry;tk; Cupd; eLtpy;
er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wjhFk;.
7. gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; ,iagpd;nwy; fz;vd;dhk;
,ay; 3
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctkcUg[ kiwe;J tUtJ
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp MFk;.
ctik : ghlnyhL bghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; gadpy;iy.
ctnkak; : ,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fshy; gad; ,y;iy.
ctkcUg[ : nghy (kiwe;J te;Js;sJ)
tpsf;fk; : ghlnyhL bghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; gad; ,y;iy. mJnghynt/
,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fshy; gad; ,y;iy.
8. fPH;f;fhQk; ghlypy; cs;s vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;bjGjp mof;nfhoLf.
1. gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; ,iagpd;nwy; ; fz;vd;dhk;
tpil : gz;vd;dhk;/ fz;vd;dhk; ? rPu; vJif
gz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; } ? mo vJif

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,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ciueil cyfk;
braw;if Ez;zwpt[
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jiyg;g[f;Fk; Fwpg;g[f;Fk; bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.

jiyg;g[ : braw;if Ez;zwpt[
Fwpg;g[fs; : fz;fhzpg;g[f; fUtp/ mirt[ epfGk; gf;fk; jd; ghu;itiaj; jpUg;g[fpwJ.
jpwd;ngrpapy; cs;s tiuglk; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fr; RUf;fkhd tHpiaf;
fhz;gpg;gJ.
m) jiyg;g[f;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwpg;g[fs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.
M) Fwpg;g[fSf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[ bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,) jiyg;g[f;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[fs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
<) Fwpg;g[fSf;Fg; bghUj;jkpy;yhj jiyg;g[ tH=;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
[tpil: m) jiyg;g[f;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwpg;g[fs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.]
2. ghuj !;nll; t=;fpapd; ciuahL bkd;bghUs; vJ>

m) Jyh M) rPyh
,) Fyh <) ,yh [tpil: <) ,yh]
FWtpdh
,ay; 4
1. tU=;fhyj;jpy; njitbadf; fUJfpd;w braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,uz;L mwptpay;

fz;Lgpog;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
v.fh: braw;if Ez;zwpthy; ,a=;Fk; nghf;Ftuj;J Cu;jpfs;
braw;if Ez;zwpthy; ,a=;Fk; ,ae;jpu kdpjd; (Robo?nuhngh)
braw;if Ez;zwpthy; ,a=;Fk; jpwd;ngrp (Smart Phone)
rpWtpdh
1.
,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; kdpjid nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wdth vd;gJ Fwpj;j
rpe;jidfis Kd;itj;J vGJf.
,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; kdpjid nkk;gLj;jtpy;iy.
mJ kdpjDf;Fupaj; njitfis kl;Lnk nkk;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ.
mwptpayhy; ,d;W kdpjd; kdpjdhf thHtpy;iy.
,ae;jpuk; kdpjdhfptpl;lJ. kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; Mfptpl;lhd;.
kdpjneaj;ija[k; md;iga[k; ,uf;fj;ija[k; ,d;iwa kdpjdplk; ghu;f;f Koatpy;iy.
gzpfshy; mtd; ve;jpuj;ijg; nghy Xof;bfhz;nl cs;shd;.
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2. kdpju;fspd; @isiag; nghd;wJ/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;l fzpdpapd; bkd;bghUs;.

kdpjidg; nghynt ngr/ vGj/ rpe;jpf;f ,j;bjhHpy;El;gk; nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
kdpj Fyj;Jf;F Vw;gLfpw ed;ikfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; ,jH; xd;Wf;F `vjpu;fhyj;
bjhHpy;El;gk;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; vGJf.
vjpu;fhyj; bjhHpy;El;gk;
capupd=;fspy; kdpjiu cau;j;jpf;fhl;LtJ mtu;fspd; rpe;jid Mw;wny! me;jr;
rpe;jidf;Fj; bjhHpy;El;gKk; Jiz bra;fpwJ. jpwd;ngrpfspy; ,a=;Fk; cjt[ bkd;bghUs;
fz;Qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj kdpjidg; nghy ek;Kld; ciuaho cjtp bra;fpwJ.
ehk; brhy;fpwtu;fSf;Fj; bjhiyngrpapy; miHg;g[ tpLf;Fk;. ehk; jpwf;f fl;lisapLfpw
braypiaj; jpwf;Fk;. ehk; nfl;gij cyhtpapy; njLk;. ehk; tpUk;g[k; mHfhd ftpijfis
,izaj;jpy; njoj;jUk;. ve;jf;filapy; vJ tpw;Fk; vd;W brhy;Yk;. gog;gjw;F cupa
E}y;fisg; gl;oaypLk;. ehk; vLj;j xspg;gl=;fisg; gw;wp gl;oaypLk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ek; beU=;fpa ez;gu;fs;/ FLk;gj;jpdu; Mfpnahiu tplt[k; cjt[
bkd;bghUs; ek;ik ed;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk;.
beLtpdh

1. xU FHe;ijiaj; J}f;ft[k; fPnH tpGe;j xU njdPu;f; nfhg;igia vLf;ft[k; bkd;bghUs;
mf;fiwbfhs;Skh> btWk; tzpfj;Jld; epd;WtpLkh> ,f;fUj;Jfis xl;or; ``braw;if
Ez;zwptpd; vjpu;fhy btspg;ghLfs;~~ gw;wp xU fl;Liu vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
Cu;jpfis ,af;Fjy;
kdpju;fsplk; nghl;o
fy;tpj;Jiw
gpw bray;ghLfs;
,ay; 4
ntiy tha;g;g[fspy; khw;wk;
,ae;jpu kdpjdplk; FHe;ij
njhHdha; ,ae;jpu kdpjd;
capuhgj;ij tpistpj;jy;
tzpf tha;g;g[fs;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
xU FHe;ijiaj; J}f;ft[k; fPnH tpGe;j xU njdPu;f; nfhg;igia vLf;ft[k; bkd;bghUs;
mf;fiwbfhs;Sk; btWk; tzpfj;Jld; mJ epd;WtplhJ. braw;if Ez;zwptpd;
btspg;ghLfs; ,dp kpFjpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
Cu;jpfis ,af;Fjy; :
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk; ,af;Fk; Cu;jpfisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;L ,af;fg;gLk;.
,j;jifa Cu;jpfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpgj;J Fiwa[k;.
nghf;Ftuj;J beupry; ,Uf;fhJ.
gaz neuk; Fiwa[k;.
vupbghUs; kpr;rg;gLk;.
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kdpju;fsplk; nghl;o :
bkd;bghUs;fs;/ ftpijfs;/ fijfs;/ tpjtpjkhd vGj;J eilfs; nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;Wf;
bfhz;L kdpju;fsplk; nghl;oapl;lhYk;; tpag;gjw;fpy;iy.
fy;tpj;Jiw :
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,j;bjhHpy;El;gj;ijg; gy tpj=;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;
TWfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gpw bray;ghLfs; :
tpLjpfspy;/ t=;fpfspy;/ mYtyf=;fspy; jw;nghJ kdpjd; mspf;Fk; nritia ,ae;jpu
kdpjd; bra;a[k;.
ek;Kld; ciuahLtJ/ Mnyhrid tH=;FtJ/ gaz Vw;ghL bra;J jUtJ/ jz;zPu;
bfhz;L te;J jUtJ/ FHe;ijfSf;Fg; bghk;ik bfhz;L te;J jUtJ/ FHe;ijfSf;F
ntof;iff; fhl;LtJ vdg; gytw;iwa[k; bra;a[k; epiy tUk;.
ntiy tha;g;g[fspy; khw;wk; :
ntiy tha;g;g[fspy; fzprkhd khw;wj;ij vjpu;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;L
tUk;.
,ae;jpu kdpjdplk; FHe;ij :
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,ae;jpu kdpjdplk; FHe;ijia xg;gilj;Jtpl;L mYtyfk; bry;Yk;
bgw;nwhiug; ghu;f;f Koa[k;.
njhHdha; ,ae;jpu kdpjd; :
tajhdtu;fSf;F cjtpfs; bra;Jk;/ mtu;fSf;F cw;w njhHdha;g; ngr;Rf; bfhLj;Jk;
ngQk; ,ae;jpu kdpju;fis ehk; ghu;f;f Koa[k;.
capuhgj;ij tpistpj;jy; :
braw;if Ez;zwpt[s;s ,ae;jpu kdpju;fshy;/ kdpju; bra;a ,ayhj mYg;g[j; jl;lf;Toa
fodkhd bray;fisa[k; bra;a Koa[k;.
,ay; 4
kdpj Kaw;rpapy; capuhgj;ij tpistpf;ff; Toa bray;fisa[k; bra;a Koa[k;.

tzpf tha;g;g[fs; :
bgUepWtd=;fs; j=;fs; bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;at[k; re;ijg;gLj;jt[k;/ g[jpa tzpf
tha;g;g[fisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLf;Fk;.
Kot[iu:
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ rhjd=;fshy; kdpjdpd; ntiyg;gS Fiwe;Js;sJ. fhy tpuak;
jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;jkhd tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
m) kpd;dQg; g[ul;rp ? 1. Browser
M) bray;jpl;l tiut[ ? 2. Data
,) cyhtp ? 3. Computer Program
<) jut[ ? 4. Digital Revolution
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m) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
m) bgg;gu; ? $g;ghd; rhg;l; t=;fp
M) thl;rd; ? I.gp.vk;. epWtdk;
,) ,yh ? ghuj !;nll; t=;fp
<) bgg;gu; ? g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ
[tpil: <) bgg;gu; ? g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ]
3. rPd ehl;oy; Ntd;brs JiwKf efupy; fl;lg;gl;l nfhapy; __________.

m) rptd; nfhapy; M) bgUkhs; nfhapy;
,) KUfd; nfhapy; <) gps;isahu; nfhapy; [tpil: m) rptd; nfhapy;]
4. capupd=;fspy; kdpjiu cau;j;jpf;fhl;LtJ mtu;fspd; __________.

m) rpe;jid Mw;wy; M) bry;tk;
,) thH;ehs; <) Mw;wy; [tpil: m) rpe;jid Mw;wy;]
__________ fspy; xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdp egu; fzpdpfspd; tsu;r;rpa[k;/ ,izag;

5.
gad;ghl;od; gpwg;g[k; ,d;iwa kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
m) 1970 M) 1960
,) 1980 <) 1950 [tpil: ,) 1980]
6. ,t;t[yif kpFjpahf Msf;Toa xU bjhHpy; El;gk; __________.

m) braw;if Ez;zwpt[ M) bkd;bghUs;
,) kPj;jpwd; Ez;zwpt[ <) KfE}y;/ g[ydk; nghd;wit
[tpil: m) braw;if Ez;zwpt[]
7. ,ay;ghd bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fjy; vd;Dk; bkd;bghUspd; bgau; __________.

m) ntu;L!;kpj; M) ntu;LgPl;lu;
,ay; 4
,) ntl;!;bthu;j; <) ntu;y;L!;kpj; [tpil: m) ntu;L!;kpj;]
8. ntu;L!;kpj; vd;gijj; jkpHpy; __________ vd;W miHg;gu;.

m) vGj;jhsp M) vGj;jhzp
,) vGj;njhtpak; <) Fuyhsp [tpil: m) vGj;jhsp]
9. ,jHpaypy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bra;Js;s Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j khw;w=;fspy; xd;W __________.
m) ,ay;ghd bkhHpeil M) fodkhd bkhHpeil
,) jha;bkhHpeil <) cyf bkhHpfs; ,izg;g[
[tpil: m) ,ay;ghd bkhHpeil]
10. 2016 ,y; nehahsp xUtupd; g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;j I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; fzpdpapd;
bgau; __________.
m) thl;rd; M) ntu;L!;kpj;
,) !;Ot;!;kpj; <) bgg;gu; [tpil: m) thl;rd;]
11. braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdpahd thl;rd; rpy epkpl=;fspy; __________ jut[fis myrp/
nehahsp xUtupd; g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
m) ,Ugjhapuk; M) ,uz;L ,yl;rk;
,) ,uz;L nfho <) ,UgJ nfho [tpil: ,) ,uz;L nfho]
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12. __________ cjtpahsu;fis `,=;fptid ahd; bgwnt vd;d jtk; bra;Jtpl;nld; vd;W
ghujpahu; bkr;RtJnghy; bkr;rpf;bfhs;syhk;.
m) bka;epfu; M) bgha; epfu;
,) braw;if <) Kjd;ik [tpil: m) bka;epfu;]
13. ,t;t[yif ,Jtiu __________ Mz;L bfhz;oUf;fpwJ" ,dpnky; __________ jhd;

Msg;nghfpwJ.
m) bkd;bghUs;/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[
M) braw;if Ez;zwpt[/ bkd;bghUs;
,) Ez;zwpt[/ KfE}y;
<) KfE}y;/ g[ydk; [tpil: m) bkd;bghUs;/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[]
14. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; kpFjpahd tsu;r;rpahy; __________ njit Toa[s;sJ.

m) bka;epfu; cjtpahsu;fspd; M) jut[ mwptpayhsu;fspd;
,) cjtpahsu;fspd; <) mwptpayhsu;fspd;
[tpil: M) jut[ mwptpayhsu;fspd;]
15. $g;ghdpy; rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjd; __________.

m) thl;rd; M) bgg;gu;
,) nrhgpah <) ntu;L!;kpj; [tpil: M) bgg;gu;]
16. cyf mstpy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; nuhngh __________.

m) thl;rd; M) bgg;gu;
,) ,yh <) nrhgpah [tpil: M) bgg;gu;]
17. bgg;gu; nuhnghf;fspd; @d;W tifapDs; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) tPl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLtJ M) tzpfj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLtJ
,) gog;g[f;Fg; gad;gLtJ <) ehl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLtJ
,ay; 4
[tpil: <) ehl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLtJ]
18. ,e;jpahtpd; bgupa t=;fp __________.

m) ,e;jpad; t=;fp M) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp
,) fduh t=;fp <) gnuhlh t=;fp [tpil: M) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp]
19. `,yh~ vd;w ciuahL bkd;bghUis cUthf;fpaJ __________.
m) I.gp.vk;. epWtdk;
M) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp
,) \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; epWtdk;
<) rhg;l; t=;fp [tpil: M) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp]
20. ,jHpaypy; ,ay;ghd bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs; __________.

m) thl;rd; M) tHpfhl;o tiuglk;
,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gu; [tpil: ,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp)]
21. jfty;fisf; bfhLj;jhy;/ mHfhd rpy fl;Liufis cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs; __________

,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gu; [tpil: ,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp)]
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22. 2016 ,y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp __________

,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gu; [tpil: m) thl;rd;]

23.
50f;Fk; nkw;gl;l kUj;Jtkidfspy; ,ae;jpu kdpju;fisg; gzpaku;j;jpa[s;s ehL
__________
m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh
,) mbkupf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: M) rPdh]
24. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU __________
m) td;bghUs; M) bkd;bghUs;
,) ,ae;jpu kdpjd; <) fzpdp [tpil: M) bkd;bghUs;]
25. ``,=;fptid ahd; bgwnt vd;d jtk; bra;Jtpl;nld;~~ vd;W ghoatu; __________
,) ftpkzp <) ituKj;J [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
26. `,yh~ bkd;bghUs; xU tpehof;F ciuahLk; thof;ifahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________

m) gj;jhapuk; M) Mapuk;
,) Iahapuk; <) gj;J [tpil: m) gj;jhapuk;]
27. rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ehL; __________

m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh
,) mbkupf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: <) $g;ghd;]
28. bgg;gu; vd;gJ xU __________
m) td;bghUs; M) bkd;bghUs;
,) ,ae;jpu kdpjd; <) fzpdp [tpil: ,) ,ae;jpu kdpjd;]
29. $g;ghdpy; tuntw;ghsuhft[k; gzpahsuhft[k; cs;s ,ae;jpu kdpjd; __________
,ay; 4
m) thl;rd; M) ,yh
,) ntu;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gu; [tpil: <) bgg;gu;]
30.
$g;ghdpy; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk; czt[tpLjpfspYk; gad;ghl;oy; cs;s
,ae;jpu kdpjd; __________
m) thl;rd; M) ,yh
,) ntu;L!;kpj;(vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gu; [tpil: <) bgg;gu;]
31. fhz;ld; efu; mike;Js;s ehL __________

m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh
32. jkpH;f; fy;btl;L fhzg;gLk; gpw ehL __________
m) M!;jpnuypah M) rPdh
33. gz;ilaj; jkpHu; mof;fo tzpfj;jpw;fhfr; brd;W te;j rPd efu; __________
m) fhz;ld; M) Ntd;brs
,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: M) Ntd;brs]
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34. rPdg;nguuru; __________

,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: ,) Fg;yha;fhd;]
35. rPdhtpy; rptd; nfhtpy; fl;oa rPdg;nguuru; __________
,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: ,) Fg;yha;fhd;]
36. bghUj;Jf.
1. bgg;gu; ? m) fl;Liu cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;
2. vGj;jhsp ? M) ,ae;jpu kdpjd;
3. ,yh ? ,) Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp
4. thl;rd; ? <) thof;ifahsu;fSld; ciuahLk; bkd;bghUs;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
37. !;khu;l;nghd; vd;gjw;F ,izahd jkpH;r;brhy; __________

m) jpwd;ngrp M) bjhiyngrp
,) miyngrp <) bry;ngrp [tpil: m) jpwd;ngrp]
38. __________ bjhHpw;g[ul;rpapd; bjhHpy;El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[k; ek;ik tsg;gLj;j

cjt[k;.
m) @d;whtJ M) ehd;fhtJ
,) Ie;jhtJ <) ,uz;lhtJ [tpil: M) ehd;fhtJ]
FWtpdh
1. kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; TWf.

1980fspy; xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdpegu; fzpdpfspd; tsu;r;rp.
,ay; 4
,izag; gad;ghl;od; gpwg;g[.

,itna ,d;iwa kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz=;fshFk;.
2. `ntu;L!;kpj;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,jHpaypy; bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUspd; bgau; ntu;L!;kpj;.
,jw;F `vGj;jhsp~ vd;W bgau;.
,jpy; jfty;fisf; bfhLj;jhy; kl;Lk; nghJk;" rpy behofspnyna mHfhd fl;Liuia
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
3. `thl;rd;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
2016y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp thl;rd;.

rpy epkpl=;fspy; ,uz;L nfhoj; jut[fis myrp/ nehahsp xUtupd; g[w;Wnehiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
4. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ekf;F vg;go mwpKfkhfpwJ>
r@f Clf=;fs;.
kpd;dQr; re;ijfs;.
,tw;wpd; @yk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ekf;F mwpKfkhfpwJ.
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5. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;j bjhHpy;El;g tiuaiwiaf; TWf.

braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU bray;jpl;l tiut[.
6. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; bghJthd gzp ahJ>
kdpjdhy; Koa[k; bray;fisa[k; mtd; fodk; vd;W fUJk; bray;fisa[k; bra;af;ToaJ
braw;if Ez;zwpt[.
7. rPdhtpy; kUj;Jtkidfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ae;jpu kdpjdpd; bray;ghLfisf; TWf.
kUj;JtkidfSf;F tUk; nehahspfspd; Fuiya[k; Kfj;ija[k; milahsk; fz;L
mtu;fspd; nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; brhy;fpd;wd.
rPd bkhHpapd; btt;ntW tl;lhu tHf;Ffisa[k; Tl mit g[upe;J bfhz;L gjpy;
mspf;fpd;wd.
8. `,yh~ vd;Dk; bkd;bghUs; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ghuj !;nll; t=;fp `,yh~ vd;Dk; ciuahL bkd;bghUis cUthf;fpa[s;sJ.
xU tpehof;Fg; gj;jhapuk; thof;ifahsu;fSld; ciuahLk;.
mtu;fSf;fhd nritia ,izak; @yk; mspf;fpwJ.
9. ,yh (ELA) vd;gjd; M=;fpy tpupthf;fj;ij vGJf.
ELA - Electronic Live Assistant
10. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; rpwg;g[ ahJ>

braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,ae;jpu=;fSf;F Xa;t[ njitapy;iy.
braw;if Ez;zwpthy; ghu;f;ft[k; nfl;ft[k; g[upe;J bfhs;st[k; Koa[k;.
rpWtpdh
1. `bgg;gu;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

$g;ghdpy; rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjnd bgg;gu;.
,ay; 4
,J cyf mstpy; tpw;gidahFk; xU nuhngh.
tPl;Lf;F/ tzpfj;Jf;Fg;/ gog;g[f;F vd @d;W tif nuhnghf;fs; cs;sd.
,it kdpjupd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czu;t[fisg; g[upe;J bfhz;L mjw;nfw;g
bray;gLfpd;wd.
bgg;giu tuntw;ghsuhft[k; gzpahsuhft[k; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk; czt[
tpLjpfspYk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
2. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;j bjhHpy; El;g tiuaiwiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
tiuaiw :
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU bkd;bghUs; my;yJ fzpdpr; bray;jpl;l tiut[
vdyhk;.
totikg;g[ :
xypg;gl=;fs;/ vGj;Jfs;/ fhbdhypfs;/ xypfs; nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J fw;Wf; bfhs;Sk;
bkd;bghUis Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; totikf;fpd;wdu;.
KobtLf;Fk; jpwd; :
,e;j bkd;bghUs; mwpitf; bfhz;L jdf;F tUk; g[jpa g[jpa NH;epiyfspy; kdpjiug;
nghy jhnd KobtLf;Fk; jpwDilaJ.
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rpwg;g[ :
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,ae;jpu=;fSf;F Xa;t[ njitapy;iy. braw;if
Ez;zwpthy; ghu;f;ft[k; nfl;ft[k; g[upe;J bfhs;st[k; Koa[k;. kdpjdhy; Koa[k; bray;fisa[k;
mtd; fodk; vd;W fUJk; bray;fisa[k; bra;af;ToaJ braw;if Ez;zwpt[.
3. bka;epfu; cjtpahsu; gw;wp tptup.
cjt[ bkd;bghUs; :
jpwd; ngrpapy; ,a=;Fk; cjt[ bkd;bghUs; fz;Qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj kdpjidg; nghy
ek;Kld; ciuaho rpy cjtpfisr; bra;fpwJ.
bray;ghLfs; :
,k;bkd;bghUs; ehk; brhy;Yfpwtu;fSf;Fj; bjhiyngrp miHg;g[ tpLf;Fk;.
ehk; jpwf;ff; fl;lisapLfpw braypiaj; jpwf;Fk;;.
ehk; nfl;gij cyhtpapy; njLk;.
ehk; tpUk;g[k; mHfhd ftpijia ,izaj;jpy; njoj; jUk;.
ve;jf; filapy; vJ tpw;Fk; vd;Wk; brhy;Yk;.
gog;gjw;F cupa E}y;fisg; gl;oaypLk;.
ehk; vLj;j xspg;gl=;fisg; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiuf;Fk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; :
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ek; ez;gu;fs;/ FLk;gj;jpdu; Mfpnahiu tplt[k; ,J nghd;w bka;epfu;
cjtpahsu; ek;ik ed;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk;.
4. xspg;glf;fUtpapy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;J RUf;fp tiuf.
rpy cau;tifj; jpwd;ngrpapd; xspg;glf;fUtp/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[j; bjhHpy; El;gj;ijf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
flt[r; brhy;Yk; ifnuifa[k; bfhz;L jpwd;ngrpiaj; jpwg;gJ gHikahdJ.
,ay; 4
cupikahsupd; Kfj;ij milahsk; fz;L jpwg;gJ ,d;iwa bjhHpy;El;gk;.

glk; vLf;Fk; fhl;rpia milahsk; fz;L mjw;F Vw;g jd;idj; jftikj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ.
jpwd;ngrpapy; cs;s xspg;glf; fUtpapy; vLf;Fk; gl=;fis bkUTl;l ,j;bjhHpy;El;gk;
cjt[fpwJ.
gad;fs; :
fhbzhypfisj; bjhFf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;fspy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[j; bjhHpy; El;gk;
gad;gLfpwJ. neuk; tPzhtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; bghJthd TWfis tpsf;Ff.
ek;ik mwpahknyna ek; thH;f;ifiaa[k;/ tzpfj;ija[k; tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,j;bjhHpy; El;gj;ijf; fz;L mr;rg;gLgtu;fspd; mywy;fis ehk; vjpu;bfhs;tnj Kjy;
miw Tty;.
xt;bthU g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSk; mwpKfkhFk; nghJ g[jpa totpy; khw;wk; bgWfpd;wd.
kdpj ,dj;ijj; jP=;FfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp/ cly; eyj;ijg; ngQfpwJ.
bfhoa neha;fisj; bjhlf;f epiyapnyna fz;lwpe;jy;/ kUj;Jtiug; nghy gupe;Jiu
bra;jy; nghd;w nkw;fz;l bray;ghLfspy; braw;if Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Muha;r;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
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6. ePtpu; mwpe;j braw;if Ez;zwpt[g; gad;ghL @d;wpid vGJf.

fz;fhzpg;g[f; fUtpapy; bghjpe;jpUf;Fk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gytpj=;fspy; cjtpahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tHpfhl;o tiuglkhfj; jpwd;ngrpapypUe;J braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gazk; bra;gtu;fSf;F
tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
braw;if Ez;zwpitf; bfhz;l ,ae;jpuk; kdpju;fSld; rJu=;fk; Kjyhd
tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLfpwJ.
fz; mWit kUj;Jtk; bra;fpwJ.
rikf;fpwJ.
rpy g[s;spfis itj;Jg; glk; tiufpwJ.
7. Kf;fhyf; fy;tpawpt[ Fwpj;J vGJf.
Ke;ija fy;tpawpt[ :
xU fhyj;jpy; thH;f;ifapy; Kd;ndWtjw;F vGjg; gof;fj; bjupe;j fy;tpawpnt
nghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W/ fy;tpawpt[ld; kpd;dQf; fy;tpawpita[k; kpd;dQr;
re;ijg;gLj;Jjiya[k; mwpe;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,J thH;f;ifia vspjhf;ft[k; tzpfj;jpy;
btw;wpailat[k; cjt[fpwJ.
vjpu;fhyf; fy;tpawpt[ :
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gw;wpa mwpt[k; ehd;fhtJ bjhHpw; g[ul;rpapd; bjhHpy;
El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[nk ek;ik tsg;gLj;Jk;.
8. rPd ehl;oy; mike;Js;s jkpH;f; fy;btl;L Fwpj;J vGJf.
Ntd;brs JiwKf efu; :
rPd ehl;oy; fhz;ld; efUf;F tlf;nf 500 fy; bjhiytpy; cs;sJ. Ntd;brs JiwKf
efu;.
,ay; 4
jkpH; tzpfu; :
Ntd;brs JiwKf efUf;Fj; jkpH; tzpfu; mof;fo te;J brd;wdu;.
rptd; nfhtpy; :

jkpHu;fspd; tut[ fhuzkhf rPdhtpy; rptd; nfhtpy; fl;Lk;goahf me;ehl;L kd;du;
Fg;yha;fhd; Mizapl;lhu;.

,k;kd;duJ Mizg;go ,f;nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vdj; jkpH;f; fy;btl;L xd;W
,f;nfhtpypy; cs;sJ.
,f;nfhapypy; nrhHu;fhyr; rpw;g=;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
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beLtpdh

1. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;l fzpdp/ bkd;bghUs;/ ,ae;jpu kdpjd; Fwpj;j bra;jpfisj;
bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
ntu;L!;kpj;
,yh
thl;rd;
bgg;gu;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU bkd;bghUs; my;yJ fzpdpr; bray;jpl;l tiut[
MFk;. ,J bghjpe;j ,ae;jpu=;fSf;F Xa;t[ njitapy;iy.
ntu;L!;kpj;:
,jHpaypy; bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUspd; bgau; ntu;L!;kpj;.
,jw;F vGj;jhsp vd;W bgau;.
,jpy; jfty;fisf; bfhLj;jhy; kl;Lk; nghJk;" rpy behofspnyna mHfhd fl;Liuia
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,yh:
ghuj !;nll; t=;fp `,yh~ vd;Dk; ciuahL bkd;bghUis cUthf;fpa[s;sJ.
xU tpehof;Fg; gj;jhapuk; thof;ifahsu;fSld; ciuahLk;.
mtu;fSf;fhd nritia ,izak; @yk; mspf;fpwJ.
,ay; 4
thl;rd;:
2016y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp thl;rd;.

rpy epkpl=;fspy; ,uz;L nfhoj; jut[fis myrp/ nehahsp xUtupd; g[w;Wnehiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
bgg;gu;:
tPl;Lf;F/ tzpfj;Jf;Fg;/ gog;g[f;F vd @d;W tif nuhnghf;fs; cs;sd.
,it kdpjupd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czu;t[fisg; g[upe;J bfhz;L mjw;nfw;g
bray;gLfpd;wd.
bgg;giu tuntw;ghsuhft[k; gzpahsuhft[k; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk; czt[
Kot[iu:
,d;W m=;Fk; ,=;Fkha; ,Uf;Fk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[g; gad;ghL/ ehis cyfk;
KGtJk; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
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1. ,d;iwa braw;if Ez;zwpt[g; gad;ghLfisr; bra;jpj;jhspnyh ,izaj;jpnyh fz;L

ml;ltizahfj; jUf.
Jiw gad;ghLfs;
kUj;Jtj; neha;fisf; fz;Lgpof;fpd;wd. fz; mWit kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
Jiw rPd kUj;Jtkidapy; cs;s ,ae;jpu kdpju;fs; nehahspfspd; Kfj;ija[k;
Fuiya[k; milahsk; fz;L gjpy; brhy;fpd;wd.
,jHpay; Jiw ntu;L!;kpj; vd;Dk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bkd;bghUs; ehk; bfhLf;Fk;
jfty;fisf; fl;Liuiar; rpy behofspy; cUthf;fptpLk;.
nghf;Ftuj;Jj; me;j tHpapy; nghf;Ftuj;J beupry; mjpfk;" ,Jnt RUf;fkhd tHp vd;W
Jiw ekJ jpwd;ngrpapy; tHpfhl;l glk; cjtp bra;fpwJ.
tzpfj;Jiw g[jpa tzpf tha;g;g[fisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ey;FfpwJ. bgU
epWtd=;fs; j=;fs; bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;at[k;/ re;ijg;gLj;jt[k;
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gad;gLfpd;wJ.
gpwJiwfs; tpLjpfs;/ t=;fpfs;/ mYtyf=;fspy; kdpju; mspf;Fk; nritfis
nuhnghf;fs; mspf;Fk;. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ,j;bjhHpy;El;gj;ijg; gy
tpj=;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; TWfs; cs;sd.
2.
bfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwa[k; cs;sPL bra;J/ njitg;gLk; ntisapy;
btspg;gLj;Jtjpy;/ ,d;W @isf;F ,izahfj; bjhHpy;El;gKk; Kd;ndwpa[s;sJ.
,f;fUj;ija[k;/ glj;ija[k; xg;g[nehf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.
ahHpdp :
bfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwa[k; cs;sPL bra;J/
njitg;gLk; ntisapy; btspapLtjpy; ,d;W
@isf;F ,izahfj; bjhHpy; El;gKk; Kd;ndwpa[s;sJ
,ay; 4
vd;gijg; gw;wp cd; fUj;J vd;d>
ige;jkpH; :
,d;iwa njitfis tpiutpy; g{u;j;jp bra;a
bgUk;ghYk; braw;if Ez;zwpnt gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;t[yif kpFjpahf
Msf;Toa xU bjhHpy;El;gk; braw;if Ez;zwpnt.
ahHpdp : ,d;iwa kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d>
ige;jkpH; :
ve;j xU bjhHpy; El;gKk; xnu ehspy; te;J tpLtjpy;iy. 1980fspy;
xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdp egu; fzpdpfspd; tsu;r;rpa[k; ,izag; gad;ghl;od;
gpwg;g[nk ,k;khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;.
ahHpdp : nkny bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ijg; gw;wp cd;Dila fUj;J ahJ>
ige;jkpH; : `fy;tprhu; g[ul;rp~ vd;gnj vd; fUj;J. ehk; xU E}iyj; njo vLj;J mjpy; ehk;
njLk; brhw;fisf; fz;L gpog;gjw;F fhy tpuak; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy; jpwd;ngrpnah
fzpdpnah ehk; brhy;yr; brhy;yj; jd; mfz;l jut[fspy; cs;s nfhof;fzf;fhd
brhw;fSld; xg;gpl;Lr; rupahd brhy;iyf; fhy; behof;Fk; Fiwthd neuj;jpy;
nju;e;bjLj;Jj; jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fpwJ. fy;tprhu; jfty;fis clDf;Fld;
bjupe;J bfhs;s ,j;bjhHpy; El;gk; kpft[k; gaDilajhf mika[k;. ed;wp-

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,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ftpijg; ngiH
bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp
4 ? FynrfuhH;thu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `cdjUns ghu;g;gd; monand~ ? ahuplk; ahu; TwpaJ>

m) FynrfuhH;thuplk; ,iwtd;
M) ,iwtdplk; FynrfuhH;thu;
,) kUj;Jtuplk; nehahsp
<) nehahspaplk; kUj;Jtu; [tpil: M) ,iwtdplk; FynrfuhH;thu;]
FWtpdh
1. kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;Jld; md;g[k; ek;gpf;ifa[k; Mw;Wk; gh=;fpid vGJf.

kUj;Jtu; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izj; Jd;gk; jUk;go fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mj;Jd;gk;
jdf;F ed;ikna vd;W czu;e;J nehahsp kUj;Jtu; kPJ md;g[ fhl;Lthu;.
rpWtpdh
1. ``khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy;~~ vd;Dk; bjhlupYs;s ctik Rl;Lk; bra;jpia tpsf;Ff.
,ay; 4
clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z; :

kUj;Jtu; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izj; Jd;gk; jUk;go fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mj;Jd;gk;
jdf;F ed;ikna vd;W czu;e;J nehahsp kUj;Jtu; kPJ md;g[ fhl;Lthu;.
eP=;fhj Jd;gk; :
tpj;Jtf;nfhl;oy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; md;idna- kUj;Jtiug; nghd;W eP vdf;Fj;
Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk;/ cd; moatdhfpa ehd; (nehahspiag; nghy) cd; mUisna
vg;bghGJk; vjpu;ghu;j;J thH;fpnwd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
mWj;J ? tpidbar;rk;
kpshj;Jau; ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgaur;rk;
Msh cdjUns ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgaur;rk;
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gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
mWj;J ? mW + j;; + j; + c
mW ? gFjp
j;; ? re;jp
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>
m) 105 M) 155
,) 205 <) 255 [tpil: m) 105]
2. tpj;Jtf;nfhL vd;Dk; Cu;/ __________ khepyj;jpy; __________ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

m) nfus/ ghyf;fhL M) fu;ehlf/ khz;oah
,) Me;jpuh/ bey;Y}u; <) nfus/ jpUtde;jg[uk; [tpil: m) nfus/ ghyf;fhL]
3. Fynrfu MH;thu; tpj;Jtf;nfhl;oy; cs;s ,iwtid ca;a te;j bgUkhis __________

cUtfpj;Jg; ghLfpwhu;.
m) md;idahf M) fhjypahf
,) njhHdhf <) je;ijahf [tpil: m) md;idahf]
4. thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy; ? vd;Dk; mofspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s eak;.
m) nkhid M) vJif
,) cUtfk; <) me;jhjp [tpil: M) vJif]
5. ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; __________ jpUbkhHpahf cs;sJ bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp.
,ay; 4
m) @d;whk; M) ehd;fhk;
,) Ie;jhk; <) Mwhk; [tpil: ,) Ie;jhk;]
6. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpiag; ghoatu; __________

m) jpUk=;ifahH;thu; M) FynrfuhH;thu;
,) ek;khH;thu; <) bgha;ifahH;thu; [tpil: M) FynrfuhH;thu;]
7. Fynrfu MH;thupd; fhyk; __________ E}w;whz;L.
m) Mwhk; M) VHhk;
,) vl;lhk; <) gj;jhk; [tpil: ,) vl;lhk;]
8.
`thshy; mWj;J~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpapd; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s
Kjyhapuj;jpd; ghRuk;>
m) 681 M) 691
,) 541 <) 641 [tpil: M) 691]
9. `khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~ vd;Dk; mofspy; `khak;~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) bgha;ik M) epiyahik
,) tpisahl;L <) mw;g[jk; [tpil: ,) tpisahl;L]
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10. fhjy; nehahsd; nghd;wtu; __________

m) FynrfuhH;thu; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: m) FynrfuhH;thu;]
11. kUj;Jtd; nghd;wtu; __________

,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;]
12. `èP Msh cdjUns ghu;g;gd; monad;~~ vd;wtu; __________

,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: m) FynrfuhH;thu;]
13. khaj;jhy; kPshj; Jau; jUgtu; __________

,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;]
14. bghUj;jkpy;yhj xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.

m) ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; M) Kjyhapuk;
,) Ie;jhk; jpUbkhHp <) jpUg;ghit [tpil: <) jpUg;ghit]
15. thshy; mWj;Jr; RLgtu; __________
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: <) kUj;Jtu;]
16. rupahd brhw;bwhliuj; nju;t[ bra;f.

m) r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
M) mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiwe;Js;sd.
,) ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; r=;f fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
<) r=;f mwptpay; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
[tpil: m) r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.]
,ay; 4
17. ``thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~
? ,t;tofspy; mike;j movJifr; brhw;fs;
m) thshy; ? khshj M) nehahsd; ? khaj;jhy;
,) kUj;Jtd; ? nehahsd; <) thshy; ? nehahy; [tpil: m) thshy; ? khshj]
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~ ,t;tofspy; mike;j Kuz; brhw;fs;
m) thshy; ? khshj M) nehahsd; ? khaj;jhy;
,) kUj;Jtd; ? nehahsd; <) thshy; ? nehahy; [tpil : ,) kUj;Jtd; ? nehahsd;]
FWtpdh
1. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; Ie;jhk; jpUbkhHpahf cs;sJ bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp MFk;.
,jpy; 105 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
,aw;wpatu; : FynrfuhH;thu;
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2. Fynrfu MH;thu; Fwpj;J Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgau; ? Fynrfu MH;thu;
Cu; ? jpUt+;rpf;fsk; (nfusk;)
E}y;fs; ? bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp/ KFe;jkhiy.
g[yik ? tlbkhHp/ bjd;bkhHp
fhyk; ? vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
3. `èP Msh cdjUns ghu;g;gd; monand~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; Twpdhu;>
Fynrfu MH;thu; jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;khtplk; Twpdhu;.
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~ ? khak; bra;jtu; ahu;>
khak; bra;jtu; : jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~
? ,t;tofspy; Rl;lg;gLk; `kUj;Jtd;~ kw;Wk; `nehahsd;~ nghd;wtu; ahtu;>
kUj;Jtd; nghd;wtu; : jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh
nehahsd; nghd;wtu; : Fynrfu MH;thu;
rpWtpdh
1. Fynrfuu; jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh ,iwtdplk; ntz;LtJ ahJ>

kUj;Jtiu nerpj;jy; :
kUj;Jtu; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izf; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mJ ed;ikf;nf vd
czu;e;J nehahsp kUj;Jtiu nerpg;ghu;.
,ay; 4
,iwtd; mUis vjpu;ghu;j;jy; :
,iwth- eP cd; tpisahl;lhy; vdf;F eP=;fhj Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk; nehahspiag; nghy
cd; mUis vjpu;ghu;j;J thH;fpnwd;.
1.
jkpHu; kUj;JtKiwf;Fk;/ etPd kUj;JtKiwf;Fk; cs;s bjhlu;g[ Fwpj;J xg;gilt[
cUthf;Ff.
jkpHu; kUj;Jtk;:
jkpHu; kUj;JtKiw vd;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;.
jhtuk;/ tpy=;F/ cnyhfk; mjhtJ g+;rg{j=;fs; vy;yhk; kdpj eyDf;fhf gad;gLtd
vd;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; nfhl;ghL.
jkpHu;fs; nehiar; rupgLj;j ,aw;if jUk; ,iy/ fha;/ fdpfspypUe;nj kUe;ijf; fz;ldu;.
thjk;/ gpj;jk;/ rPjk; ,it @d;Wk; rkepiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; neha; ek;ik ehlhJ.
jkpHu; kUj;JtKiwapy; gf;f tpist[fs; VJkpy;iy. Fzkhtjw;Fr; rpy ehl;fs; MdhYk;
kPz;Lk; me;neha; ek;ikj; jhf;fhJ.
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etPd kUj;Jtk;:
mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;g/ kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gy;ntW khw;w=;fs; Vw;gLfpwJ. mwptpay;
Kiwapy; Rfkspj;jtu;fspy; rpwe;jtu; \pg;nghfpnul!;.
etPd kUj;Jt Kiwapdhy; gf;f tpist[fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fr; rhj;jpaf;TWfs; cz;L.
neha;fpUkpfs; cldoahf mHpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j KoahJ. Mdhy;
,t;tif kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; ftdf;Fiwt[ Vw;gl;lhy; capu; ,WjpahfptpLk;.
cjhuzkhf/ FUjp Vw;Wk;nghJ bjhlu;g[ilatupd; FUjp xnu ,dkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
,itbay;yhk; gupnrhjid bra;J nehahspiaf; Fzg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ftpijg; ngiH
gupghly;
4 ? fPue;ijahu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gupghly; moapy; `tpRk;g[k; ,ira[k;~ vd;Dk; bjhlu; vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ>

m) thdj;ija[k; ghl;ila[k; M) thdj;ija[k; g[fiHa[k;
,) thdj;ija[k; g{kpiaa[k; <) thdj;ija[k; ngbuhypiaa[k;
[tpil: <) thdj;ija[k; ngbuhypiaa[k];
FWtpdh
,ay; 4
1. capu;fs; cUthfp tsu Vw;w NHy; g{kpapy; vit vitbadg; gupghly; tHp mwpe;jtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
epyk;/ ePu;/ fhw;W/ thdk;/ beUg;g[.
beLtpdh
1. ek; Kd;ndhu; mwptpay; fUj;Jfis ,aw;ifa[ld; ,izj;Jf; TWtjhfj; bjhl=;Ffpd;w
gpd;tUk; brhw;bghHpitj; bjhlu;e;J epiwt[ bra;f.
ngud;gpw;Fupa mitnahu; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;- ,d;W ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk;
Kj;jkpGld; mwptpaiy ehd;fhk; jkpHhff; TWfpd;wdu;. Mjpfhye;bjhl;L ,a=;fp
tUk; jkpH; bkhHpapy; mwptpay; vd;gJ jkpHu; thH;tpanyhL fye;J fiue;J te;Js;sij
,yf;fpa=;fs; @yk; mwpfpnwhk;. mz;lj;ij mse;Jk;/ g[tpapd; njhw;wj;ij Cfpj;Jk; TWk;
mwptpay; bra;jpfs; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; cs;sd.
r=;f ,yf;fpakhd gupghlypy;...... g{kpapd; njhw;wk; Fwpj;J brhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vJt[nk ,y;yhj bgUbtspapy; mz;lj; njhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd fU ngbuhypa[ld;
njhd;wpaJ.
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cUtkpy;yhj fhw;W Kjyhd g{j=;fspd; mQf;fSld; tsu;fpd;w thdk; vd;Dk; Kjy;

g{j=;fs; cUthfpd.
me;j mQf;fspd; Mw;wy; fpsu;e;J gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWk;goahfg; gy fhy=;fs; fle;jJ.
gpd;du; g{kp FspUk;goahfj; bjhlu;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiw bts;sj;jpy; ,g;bgupa g[tp @H;fp capu;fs; cUthfp thH;tjw;F
Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ.
,r;NHy; khw;wj;jpdhy; capu;fs; njhd;wp epiy bgw;W thH;fpd;wd.
g[tp cUthfpa epfH;it mwptpay; mwp+u;fs; fz;lwpa[k; Kd;ng ek; jkpHu; fz;lwpe;jdu;
vd;gJ jkpHUf;Ff; fpilj;j kpfg;bgupa btw;wpa[k; bgUikf;Fupa braYkhFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
CH;CH; ? mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
tsu; thdk; ? tpidj;bjhif
bre;jP ? gz;g[j;bjhif
thuh (xd;wd;) ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
njhd;wp/ @H;fp ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
fpsu;e;j ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
fpsu;e;j = fpsu; + j;(e;); + j; + m
fpsu; ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay; 4
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;jkhd tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjL.
1. jz;bgay; ? bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpf; fple;j
2. Mu; jUg[ ? brwpe;J jpuz;L
3. gPL ? Fspu;e;j kiH
4. <z;o ? rpwg;g[
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 [tpil: <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
2. ,Jtiuf;Fk; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s gupghly; E}ypy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>
m) 24 M) 34
,) 44 <) 54 [tpil: m) 24]
3. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W __________

m) gupghly; M) Ky;iyg; ghl;L
,) ehyoahu; <) @Jiu [tpil: m) gupghly;]
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4. `tpRk;gpy; CHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; gupghliy vGjpatu;.

m) ef;fPuu; M) kUjdhu;
,) fPue;ijahu; <) Xjyhe;ijahu; [tpil: ,) fPue;ijahu;]
5. gupghly; `` __________ ~~ vd;Dk; g[fGilaJ.
m) ew;gupghly; M) g[fH; gupghly;
,) X=;F gupghly; <) cau; gupghly; [tpil: ,) X=;F gupghly;]
6. r=;f E}y;fSs; gz;nzhL ghlg;gl;l E}y; __________.
m) ew;wpiz M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L
,) gl;odg; ghiy <) gupghly; [tpil: <) gupghly;]
7. gupghlypy; vGgJ ghly;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpa[s;stu;fs; __________.
m) g[ytu;fs; M) tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fs;
,) ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu;fs; <) ciuahrpupau;fs; [tpil: <) ciuahrpupau;fs;]
8. vl;tpd; \g;gps; vd;gtu; __________.

m) mbkupf;f kUj;Jtu; M) gpbu+;R MSeu;
,) mbkupf;f thdpay; mwp+u; <) nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa khYkp
[tpil: ,) mbkupf;f thdpay; mwp+u;]
9. vl;tpd; \g;gps; __________ ,y; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd vd;W
epqgpj;jhu;.
m) 1921 M) 1821
,) 1924 <) 1934 [tpil: ,) 1924]
10. ``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;Fk;.

rpwpa Mfg; bgupnahd; bjupapd;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;>
m) gupghly; M) fypj;bjhif
,ay; 4
,) bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp <) jpUthrfk; [tpil: <) jpUthrfk;]

i) CH; CH; ? 1. <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ii) tsu; thdk; ? 2. gz;g[j;bjhif
iii) bre;jP ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) thuh ? 4. mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]

i) tpRk;g[ ? 1. rpwg;g[
ii) CHp ? 2. a[fk;
iii) CH; ? 3. thdk;
iv) gPL ? 4. Kiw
m) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1]
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13. `fpsu;e;j~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; Kiw __________.

m) fpsu;e;J + m M) fpsu; + j; + j; + m
,) fpsu; + e; + j; + m <) fpsu; + j;(e;) + j; + m [tpil: <) fpsu;+j;(e;)+j;+m]
14. Kjy; g{jk; vdg;gLtJ __________.
m) thdk; M) epyk;
,) fhw;W <) ePu; [tpil: m) thdk;]
15. ``fU tsu; thdj;J ,irapy; njhd;wp/
cU mwpthuh xd;wd; CHpa[k;~~
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa eak;>
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) ,iag[ <) me;jhjp [tpil: m) vJif]
16. Kjy; g{jk; __________.
m) thdk; M) epyk;
,) ePu; <) fhw;W [tpil: m) thdk;]
17. gupghlypy; g[tpf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik __________.
m) beUg;gg[ ; ge;J M) cUtk; ,y;yhj fhw;W
,) bts;sk; <) CHp [tpil: m) beUg;g[g; ge;J]
18. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; mike;Js;s bgUk;ghd;ik eak; __________.
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: M) nkhid]
19. beUg;g[g;ge;jha; te;J Fspu;e;jJ __________.

m) g{kp M) fhw;W
,) jP <) ePu; [tpil: m) g{kp]
,ay; 4
20. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `tpRk;g[~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs; __________.
m) thdk; M) fhw;W
,) a[fk; <) Kiw [tpil: m) thdk;]
21. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `CHp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs; __________.
m) thdk; M) fhw;W
,) a[fk; <) Kiw [tpil: ,) a[fk;]
22. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `CH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs; __________.
m) thdk; M) fhw;W
,) a[fk; <) Kiw [tpil: <) Kiw]
23. 1300Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jpUmz;lg;gFjp gw;wpf; Twpatu; __________.

m) khzpf;fthrfu; M) fPue;ijahu;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) fgpyu; [tpil: m) khzpf;fthrfu;]
24. ``jz;bgay; jiy,a CHpa[k;~~ ,jpy; `Fspu;e;j kiH~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy; __________.
m) jz;bgay; M) jiy
,) ,a <) CHp [tpil: m) jz;bgay;]
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FWtpdh
1. r=;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; @yk; ePtPu; mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; bra;jp ahJ>
<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; thH;e;j jkpH; kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiw/
mwpthw;wy;/
r@f cwt[/
,aw;ifiag; g[upe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd;.
2. gupghly; E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W gupghly; ? mfk; g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;.
,e;E}y; ``X=;F gupghly;~~ vd;Dk; g[fGilaJ.
r=;f E}y;fSs; gz;nzhL ghlg;gl;l E}y;.
ciuahrpupau;fs; vGgJ ghly;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpa[s;sdu;.
24 ghly;fns fpilj;Js;sd.
3. mz;lg;gFjp Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>
mz;lg;gFjpapd; cUz;il totk; xg;gw;w tskhd fhl;rpa[k; xd;Wld; xd;W <u;g;g[ld;
E}Wnfhof;Fk; nky; tpupe;J epd;wd.
fjputdpd; xspf;fw;iwapy; bjupa[k; J}Rj;Jfs; nghy mit Ez;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
4. ghy;tPjp Fwpj;J vl;tpd; \g;gps; epqgpj;Jf; Twpa bra;jpia vGJ.
mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
btspna vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
btspna epd;W mijg; ghu;j;njhbkdpy; rpWJ}rp nghyf; nfhof;fzf;fhd ghy;tPjpfs; J}
Rfshfj; bjupa[k;.
5. g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;ff; fhuzk; vd;d>
bjhlu;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
,ay; 4
6. ``kPz;Lk; gPL cau;g[ <z;o / mtw;wpw;Fk;

cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CHpa[k;~~ ? bjhlu; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiwbts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy; ele;j ,g;bgupa cyfj;jpy;/ capu;fs; cUthfp
thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ/ mr;NHypy; capu;fs; njhd;wp epiy bgWk;goahd
CHpf;fhyk; te;jJ.
7. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH;~~ vd;gjpy; tpRk;g[/ CHp/ CH; Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs; ahJ>
tpRk;g[ ? thdk;
CHp ? a[fk;
CH; ? Kiw
rpWtpdh
1. mz;lg; bgUbtsp Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfu; kw;Wk; vl;tpd; \g;gps; Mfpnahu; @yk; mwpag;gLk;
bra;jp ahJ>
khzpf;fthrfu; Tw;W :
mz;lg; gFjpapd; cUz;il totk;/ xg;gw;w tskhd fhl;rpa[k; xd;Wld; xd;W <u;g;g[ld;
E}W nfhof;Fk; nky; tpupe;J epd;wd.
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``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;~~ vd;Dk; jpUthrfg; ghlypy; nkw;fz;l bra;jpia

1300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; khzpf;fthrfu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
vl;tpd; \g;gps; Tw;W :
mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
btspna epd;W mijg; ghu;j;njhbkdpy; rpW J}rp nghyf; nfhof;fzf;fhd ghy;tPjpfs;
J}Rfshfj; bjupa[k;.
nkw;fz;l bra;jpia mbkupf;f thdpay; ty;Yeu; vl;tpd; \g;gps; 1924 ,y; epqgpj;jhu;.
2. ``kPz;Lk; gPL cau;g[ <z;o / mtw;wpw;Fk;
cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CHpa[k;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
,t;tofs; gupghlypy; fPue;ijahu; ghlypy; ,lk;bgWfpd;wJ.
bghUs;:
capu;fs; njhd;wp epiybgWjy;.
tpsf;fk;:
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiwbts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy; ele;j ,g;bgupa cyfj;jpy;/ capu;fs;
cUthfp thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ/ mr;NHypy; capu;fs; njhd;wp epiybgWk;goahd
CHpf;fhyk; te;jJ.
3.
ghy;tPjpfs; fz;Lgpog;gpy;/ ``vl;tpd; \g;gpSf;F Kd;ndho khzpf;fthrfu;~~ vd;gij
epqgpf;f.
vl;tpd; \g;gps;:
ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd. btspapy; epd;W ghu;j;jhy; / rpW J}rp
nghy nfhof;fzf;fpy; ghy;tPjpfs; J}Rfshfj; bjupa[k;.,jid 1924 ,y; mbkupf;f thdpay;
ty;Yeu; vl;tpd; \g;gps; epqgpj;jhu;.
khzpf;fthrfu;:
,ay; 4
1300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jpUthrfj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfu; jpUmz;lg;gFjpapy;/
``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;
........................ .............................
rpwpa Mfg; bgupnahd; bjupapd;~~
? vd;w mofs; ghy;tPjpfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfisf; TWfpd;wJ. ,y;yj;Js; EiHa[k; fjputdpd;
xspf; fw;iwapy; bjupa[k; J}Rj; Jfs;nghy ghy;tPjpfs; Ez;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ghy;tPjpfs; fz;Lgpog;gpy;/ ``vl;tpd; \g;gpSf;F Kd;ndho khzpf;fthrfu;~~ vd;gij
mwpaKofpd;wJ.
1. gupghly; ,irg;ghly; MFk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; ghliy ,ira[ld; gho kfpH;f.

(khztu; bray;ghL)
2. gupghly; fhl;Lk; bgUbtog;g[f; fhl;rpiag; gl=;fshf tiue;J bghUj;jkhd bra;jpfSld;
tH=;Ff.
,e;j mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
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,g;ghy;tPjpfs; J}Rfs; nghd;W njhd;Wk; ,g;gpug+;rk; cUthf bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;ifna

fhuzk;. ,e;j bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;iff;F Kd; vJt[nk ,y;yh bgUbtsp kl;Lnk ,Ue;jJ.
,d;iwa mwptpay; bfhs;iffspd;go ,e;j gpug+;rkhdJ fpl;lj;jl;l gjpdhd;F
gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epfH;e;j bgUbtog;g[k; vd;w xU rk;gtj;Jlnd njhw;wk;
bgw;wjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW bgUbtog;g[ rk;gtj;jpid mog;gilahff; bfhz;L
gpug+;rj;jpd; njhw;wj;jpid tpsf;Fk; Kiwapidg; bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;if vd;fpnwhk;.
,ijg; gupghly; vJt[nk ,y;yhj bgUbtspapy; mz;lj; njhw;wj;Jf;F fhuzkhd fU
ngbuhypa[ld; njhd;wpaJ vd;fpwJ.
bgUbtog;gpw;Fg; gpd; cUtkpy;yhj fhw;W Kjyhd g{j=;fspd; mQf;fSld;

tsu;fpd;w thdk; Kjypa g{j=;fs; cUthfpd. me;j mQf;fspd; Mw;wyhy; gUg;bghUs;
rpjwpd. ,jdhy; beUg;g[g; ge;J nghy g{kp cUthfpaJ. bjhlu;e;J bga;j kiH bts;sj;jhy;
g{kp @H;fpaJ. gpd;du; ,g;g[tp capu;fs; thH;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiyia cUthf;fpj; je;jjhYk;/
NHy; khw;wj;jhYk; capu;fs; njhd;wp epiybgw;wd vdg; gupghly; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
,g;gpug+;rkhdJ tpuptile;J bfhz;nl bry;fpd;wJ vd;gjid 1929Mk; Mz;L mbkupf;f
tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpahsuhd vl;tpd; \g;gps; fz;lwpe;Js;shu;.
,ay; 4

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,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; tpupthdk;

tpz;izj; jhz;oa
4 jd;dk;gpf;if
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. ``mwptpayhsu; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;Fld; `tpz;btspg; gazk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fw;gidf;
fij xd;W vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
mwpKft[iu
nguz;lk;
tpz;kPd;fs;
fjpu;tPr;Rk; JfSk;
jpUk;g[jy;
epiwt[iu
mwpKft[iu:
,yf;fpa=;fspy; epytpa mwptpay; nfhl;ghLfisa[k; ek;gpf;iffisa[k; mwpa[k; bghUl;L
ehDk;/ vk; tFg;g[ khztu;fSk;/ Mrpupau;fs; rpynuhL !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;Fld; tpz;btspg;
gazk; nkw;bfhz;nlhk;.
nguz;lk;:
,ay; 4
nguz;lg; bgUbtog;g[/ fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpajhd !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Muha;r;rpfs;
Kf;fpakhdit. ,g;nguz;lk; bgUbtog;gpdhy; cz;lhdnj vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfisf;
fzpjtpay; mog;gilapy; v=;fSf;F tpsf;fpdhu;. `,g;g[tpapd; gilg;gpy; flt[s; nghd;w
xUtu; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jhu;~ vd;gij kWj;jhu;. `gpug+;rj;ij ,af;f itf;Fk; Mw;wyhff;
flt[s; vd;w xUtiuf; fl;likf;f ntz;oajpy;iy~ vd;whu;.
tpz;kPd;fs;:
tpz;btspapy; ghy;tPjpapy; v=;fs; tpz;btsp Xlk; Rw;wpf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. mg;nghJ \
hf;fpd;/ èkJ ghy;tPjpapy; nfhof;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fs; xspUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; +hapWk;
xd;W. xU tpz;kPdpd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; cs;nehf;fpa <u;g;g[ tpir TLfpwJ. mjdhy;
tpz;kPd; RU=;fj; bjhl=;FfpwJ. tpz;kPd; RU=;fr; RU=;f mjd; <u;g;ghw;wy; cau;e;J
bfhz;nl brd;W mstw;wjhfpwJ vd;W tpsf;fpdhu;.
fjpu;tPr;Rk; JfSk;:
``rpy neu=;fspy; cz;ikahdJ g[idit tplt[k; tpag;g{l;Ltjhf mikfpwJ. mg;go
Xu; cz;ikjhd; fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpaJk; vd;gij mwpe;J bfhz;nlhk;. vg;gobadpy;/
fUe;JisapDs; bry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J btspna tu KoahJ. fUe;Jisapd; <u;g;g[
vy;iyapypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rfs; btspg;gl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jd. fUj;Jis cz;ikapnyna
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fUg;ghf ,y;iy vd;gij neupy; fz;nlhk;. mg;nghJ \hf;fp=;/ fUe;JisapypUe;J xU

fl;lj;jpy; fjpu;tPr;Rk; mQj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; bjhl=;fp ,Wjpapy; btoj;JtpLk; vd;whu;.
Kd;du; mz;lbtspapy; fhzg;gLk; fUe;Jis mHpt[ Mw;wy; vd;W
fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fUe;Jis vd;gJ gilg;gpd; Mw;wy; vd;W v=;fsplk;
\hf;fp=; tpsf;fpdhu;.
jpUk;g[jy;:
tpz;btsp Xlk; g{kpf;F jpUk;gpf; bfhz;oUe;j nghJ gy totpyhd tpz;fw;fs; kw;Wk;
bjhiytpy; J}Rfs; nghd;w ghy;tPjpfisa[k; fz;L mjidg; gw;wpa rpy fUj;Jfisg;; ngrpf;
bfhz;nl g{kpia te;jile;njhk;. v=;fis tuntw;f gyUk; To te;jpUe;jdu;.
epiwt[iu:
tpz;btspg; gazk; nkw;bfhz;l v=;fis tuntw;Wg; ghuhl;o/ thH;j;Jfisj;
bjuptpj;jdu;. ,e;epfH;t[fs; midj;Jk; vk; thH;tpy; kwf;f Koahjitahfnt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bgupahu; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L __________.

m) 1978 M) 1988
,) 1972 <) 1982 [tpil: M) 1988]
2. bgupahu; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfj;jpYs;s fhl;rpf; Tl=;fs; __________.

m) 8 M) 9
,) 10 <) 15 [tpil: ,) 10]
3. jw;fhyj;jpd; __________ vd;W g[fHg;gLgtu; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.

,ay; 4
m) tpobts;sp M) ek;gpf;if kdpjd;

,) Id;!;ild; <) mup!;lhl;oy; [tpil: ,) Id;!;ild;]
4. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; ,=;fpyhe;J kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L __________ taJ

__________.
m) 1963/ 21 M) 1965/ 23
,) 1961/ 19 <) 1959/ 17 [tpil: m) 1963/ 21]
5. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpw;F Vw;gl;l neha; __________.

m) fhyuh M) bjhG neha;
,) gf;fthjk; <) fha;r;ry; [tpil: ,) gf;fthjk;]
6. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; @r;Rf;FHha;j; jl=;fyhy; ngRk; jpwid ,He;j Mz;L __________.
m) 1963 M) 1983
,) 1985 <) 1973 [tpil: ,) 1985]
7. gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;g[ neha;g; ghjpg;g[ld; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; nkYk; ,a=;fpa Mz;Lfs;
__________.
m) 23 M) 21
,) 43 <) 53 [tpil: <) 53]
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8.
,g;nguz;lk; bgUbtog;gpdhy; cUthdnj vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfis __________
mog;gilapy; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; tpsf;fpdhu;.
m) g[tpapay; M) fzpjtpay;
,) g[s;spapay; <) thdpay; [tpil: M) fzpjtpay;]
9. ,g;g[tpapd; gilg;gpy; flt[s; vd;w xUtu; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jhu; vd;gij !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;
__________.
m) Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhu; M) Ma;t[f;F cl;gl;lJ vd;whu;
,) kWj;jhu; <) cyfk; KGtJk; gug;gpdhu;
[tpil: ,) kWj;jhu;]
10. gpug+;rj;ij ,af;f itf;Fk; Mw;wyhff; flt[s; vd;w xUtiuf; fl;likf;f ntz;oajpy;iy
vd;W Twpatu; __________
m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) ntu;l;!;bthu;j;
,) mup!;lhl;oy; <) fhu;y; khu;f;!; [tpil: m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
11. fUe;Jis vd;w brhy;iya[k; nfhl;ghl;ila[k; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; __________

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) $hd; tPyu;
,) ntu;L!;kpj; <) thl;rd; [tpil: m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
12. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Kd;ndhofs; __________

i) $d;!;ild; ii) epa{l;ld; iii) fpupnfhu; bkz;ly;
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
,) @d;Wk; rup <) @d;Wk; jtW [tpil: m) i, ii - rup]
13. epa{l;ld;/ !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; Mfpnahu; fzf;fpay; Jiwapd; Y}fhrpad; nguhrpupau; vd;w kjpg;g[
kpFe;j gjtpia tFj;j gy;fiyf;fHfk; __________
m) bfhyk;gpah M) Mf;!;nghu;L
,) nfk;gpupl;$; <) ouhd;!;nghu;L [tpil: ,) nfk;gpupl;$];
,ay; 4
14. <u;g;giyfs; Fwpj;j Kot[fisf; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; @yk; nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;dtu;
m) Id;!;ild; M) $hd; tPyu;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) rhu;y!; lhu;tpd; [tpil: m) Id;!;ild;]
15. Id;!;ild; fhyj;jpy; __________ vd;Dk; nfhl;ghl;il ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;stpy;iy.

m) E = mc2 M) F = cm2
,) E = cm2 <) F = mc2 [tpil: m) E = mc2]
Id;!;ild; <u;g;giyfs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpaij cyfk; __________ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;

16.
fz;L bfhz;lJ.
m) 100 M) 200
,) 150 <) 250 [tpil: m) 100]
17. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; tpsf;fpa fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghl;il cyfk; vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhs;sf; fhuzk;
m) fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; @yk; nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;djhy;
M) tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;Lf; Twpajhy;
,) gUg;bghUs;fnshL xg;gpl;Lf; Twpajhy;
<) bgUbtog;igr; rhd;W fhl;oajhy;
[tpil: M) tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;Lf; Twpajhy;]
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18. mbkupf;fhtpd; caupa tpUjhd mjpgu; tpUjpidg; bgw;wtu; __________

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) md;id bjurh
,) b\yd; b\y;yu; <) fpupnfhy; bkz;ly; [tpil: m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
19. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; bgw;Ws;s tpUJfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) My;gu;l; Id;!;ild; tpUJ ii) cy;Bg; tpUJ
iii) fhg;sp gjf;fk; iv) mog;gil ,aw;gpay; gupR
m) i, ii - rup M) i, ii, iii - rup
,) i, iv - rup <) ehd;Fk; rup [tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup]
20. fyPypnahtpd; epidt[ ehspy; gpwe;J/ Id;!;ildpd; gpwe;j ehspy; ,we;jtu; __________
m) epa{l;ld; M) b\yd; bfy;yu;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) fpupnfhu; bkz;ly; [tpil: ,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
21. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; vGjpa E}y;fSs; `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ vd;w E}y; __________
bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;lJ.
m) 30 M) 40
,) 50 <) 70 [tpil: M) 40]
22. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; vGjpa `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ btspte;j Mz;L __________
m) 1972 M) 1976
,) 1982 <) 1988 [tpil: <) 1988]
23. bgUbtog;g[/ fUe;Jis Mfpait gw;wpa mupa cz;ikfisg; bghJkf;fspilna gug;gp/

xU nfhog; gofSf;F nky; tpw;gidahd E}y; __________
m) fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW M) +hyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW
,) \hf;fp=;fpd; jj;Jt=;fs; <) bgUbtog;g[k; fUe;Jisa[k;
[tpil: m) fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW]
,ay; 4
24. ``fLk; gfl;L ahid beLe;nju;f; nfhij

jpU khtpay; efu;f; fUt{u; Kd;Jiw~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;>
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) gupghly; [tpil: m) mfehD}W]
25. ``jpU khtpay; efu;f; fUt{u; Kd;Jiw~~ vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; khtl;lk;
m) fqu; M) bguk;gY}u;
,) j+;rht{u; <) jpUr;rp [tpil: m) fqu;]
26. __________ ,y; eilbgw;w ghuh xypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lg; nghl;ofspd; bjhlf;f tpHh ehafu;
vd;w rpwg;ig !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; bgw;whu;.
m) 2010 M) 2005
,) 2007 <) 2012 [tpil: <) 2012]
27. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; g=;nfw;w bjhiyf;fhl;rpj; bjhlu;fs; __________.

i) mLj;j jiy Kiw ii) Ke;ija jiy Kiw
iii) bgUbtog;g[f; nfhl;ghL iv) rpWbtog;g[f; nfhl;ghL
m) i, ii - rup M) i, iii - rup
,) iii, iv - rup <) ehd;Fk; rup [tpil: M) i, iii - rup]
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28. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; R{lhd fhw;W epuk;gpa gY}dpy; thdpy; gwe;J jdJ __________ MtJ
gpwe;j ehisf; bfhz;lhodhu;.
m) 40 M) 50
,) 60 <) 70 [tpil: ,) 60]
29. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; __________ vd;w tpkhdj;jpy; g{$;$pa <u;g;g[ tpirg; gazj;ij nkw;bfhz;L
vilaww jd;ikia czu;e;jhu;.
m) nghap=; 725 M) nghap=; 726
,) nghap=; 727 <) nghap=; 729 [tpil: ,) nghap=; 727]
30. mwpt[j; njlypy; cly;/ cs;sj; jilfisj; jfu;j;j khnkij __________.

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) vord;
,) epa{l;ld; <) nkup fpa{up [tpil: m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
31. jiy tpjpjhd; thH;f;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ vd ek;g[gtu;fisg; ghu;j;jhy; vdf;Fr; rpupg;g[jhd;

tUfpwJ. tpjpjhd; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ vd;why; rhiyiaf; flf;Fk; nghJ Vd; ,Ug[wKk; ghu;j;Jf;
flf;fpwhu;fs;> vd;W Twpatu; __________.
m) mup!;lhl;oy; M) bgu;dhl;&h
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) blkhjdp!; [tpil: ,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
32. mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj;jpwd; vd;W Twpatu; __________.

m) Id;!;ild; M) epa{l;ld;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) vord; [tpil: m) Id;!;ild;]
33. thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt bra;fpwJ.
epr;rak; vd; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd; bty;ntd;. mjd; @yk; kdpj ,dk; bjhlu tHp tFg;ngd;
vd;W Twpatu; __________.
m) Id;!;ild; M) epa{l;ld;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) vord; [tpil: ,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;]
,ay; 4
TLjy; tpdh
beLtpdh
1. ``tpz;izj; jhz;oa ek;gpf;if~~ fijapidr; RUf;fp vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
jsuhj ek;gpf;if
\hf;fp=; fjpu;tPr;R
rpwg;g[fs;
epiwt[iu
Kd;Diu:
cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpa[k; mwptpay; bfhs;if nghw;WjYf;FupaJ MFk;. jd;dhy; ve;j
,af;fKk; bra;a ,ayhj epiyapYk;/ mwptpaypd; cz;ikfisr; brhd;d xUtu; !;Ogd;
\hf;fp=;. mtupd; ghuhl;Lf;Fupa bray;fisf; fhz;nghk;.
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jsuhj ek;gpf;if:
21Mk; mfitapy; gf;fthjj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu; \hf;fp=;. kUj;Jt cyfnk kpuz;L
nghFkst[ nkYk; 53 Mz;Lfs; ,a=;fpdhu;. @r;Rf;FHha; jl=;fshy; ngr;ir ,He;jhu;. ngRk;
jpwid ,He;jnghJk; fd;dj;jir mirt[/ fz; rpkpl;ly; @yk; jd; fUj;Jfisf; fzpdpapy;
jl;lr;R bra;J btspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
\hf;fp=; fjpu;tPr;R:
nguz;lg; bgUbtog;gpdhy; cUthdnj ,e;jg; g[dpj g{kp MFk;. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;
mbkupf;f mwptpay; mwp+u; $hd; tPyupd; fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghl;il Muha;r;rp bra;jhu;.
fUe;Jisapy; ,Ue;J btsptUk; fjpu;tPr;Rk; mQj;Jfs;fSk; ,Wjpapy; btoj;J kiwa[k;.
fUe;Jisf;Fs; bry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J btsptu ,ayhJ. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; Kont
`\hf;fp=; fjpu;tPr;R~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
rpwg;g[fs;:
mbkupf;fhtpd; caupa tpUjhd mjpgu; tpUJ/ My;gu;l; Id;!;ild; tpUJ/ cy;g; tpUJ
cs;spl;l gy tpUJfisg; bgw;whu;. 2012 xypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lg; nghl;ofspd; bjhlf;f tpHh
ehafu; vd;w rpwg;igg; bgw;whu;.
Kot[iu:
``g{ xw;iwf; fhypy; epw;gjhy; Cdk; vd;W fUJtjpy;iy~~ mJnghy/ jd; cly;
,ayhikiag; bghUl;gLj;jhky; rhjidg;g{thfp mwptpay; cyfpy; jpfH;e;j \hf;fp=;nf
ekf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;ifg; ghlk; vdyhk;.
1. ``mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj; jpwd;. Vbddpy; mwpt[ vd;gJ ehk; jw;nghJ
mwpe;Jk; g[upe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gtw;nwhL Koe;J tpLfpwJ. fw;gidj; jpwndh ,e;j xl;L
bkhj;jg; nguz;lj;ija[k; msg;gJ. ,d;W ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gij kl;Lkd;W" ,dp ehk; mwpe;J
bfhs;sg; nghtija[k; cs;slf;fpaJ~~ ? Id;!;ild;.
,ay; 4
``thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt bra;fpwJ.

epr;rak; vd; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd; bty;ntd;. mjd;@yk; kdpj ,dk; bjhlu tHp tFg;ngd;~~ ?
!;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.
,t;tpUtupd; Tw;Wfisg; ghlg;gFjp czu;j;Jk; fUj;JfnshL xg;gpl;L ciuahLf.
kzp: mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj; jpwd; vd mwptpay; mwp+u; Id;!;ild;
Twpa[[s;shnu. mijg; gw;wpa fhuzk; vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;>
Kfpy;: mwpt[ vd;gJ ehk; jw;nghJ mwpe;Jk; g[upe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gnjhL Koe;J tpLfpwJ.
fw;gidj; jpwndh ,e;j xl;L bkhj;jg; nguz;lj;ija[k; mse;J tpLfpwJ. ,d;W ehk;
mwpe;jpUg;gij kl;Lkd;W" ,dp ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;sg; nghtija[k; cs;slf;fpaJ.
kzp: Id;!;ildJ E=Mc2 nfhl;ghl;il ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;shjjw;fhd fhuzk; ,Jthf
,Uf;Fnkh>
Kfpy;: Mk;! Id;!;ild; <u;g;giyfs; Fwpj;j Kot[fisf; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; @yk;
nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;dhu;. mtuJ nfhl;ghLfis mwpt[j;jpwDld; fw;gidiaa[k;
nru;j;J ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;stpy;iy. 100 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; <u;g;giyfs;
,Ug;gij cyfk; fz;L bfhz;lJ.
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kzp:
`thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt
bra;fpwJ~ vd;W !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; Twpaijg; gw;wp c=;fSila fUj;J vd;d>
Kfpy;: Mk; \hf;fp=;fpd; Tw;Wf;F mtnu rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
kzp: vg;go>
Kfpy;: 1963 Mk; Mz;L gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;g[ nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nghJ mtUf;F
taJ 21. kUj;Jtu;fs; ,tu; rpy ehl;fs; kl;Lnk capnuhoUg;ghu; vd;wdu;.
Mdhy; kUj;Jt cyfnk kpuz;L nghFk;go 53 Mz;Lfs; ,a=;fpdhu;. 1985 ,y;
@r;Rf;FHy; jl=;fshy; ngRk; jpwid ,He;jhu;. v+;rpaJ fd;dj;jpd; jirairt[k;
fz; rpkpl;lYk; kl;Lnk.
kzp: \hf;fp=;fpd; cly;eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; jd;dk;gpf;iff;Fk; cs;s bjhlu;g[ ahJ>
Kfpy;:
\hf;fp=; mtUila fd;dj;J mirt[fs; @yk; jd; fUj;ij jl;lr;R bra;J
btspg;gLj;jpdhu;. fUe;Jis gw;wp Muha;r;rp bra;J jd; nfhl;ghLfis tpz;kPd;
,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;L cyfk; g[upe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpsf;fpdhu;. 1988Mk;
Mz;L ,tu; ,aw;wpa `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ vd;w E}y; ehw;gJ bkhHpfspy;
bkhHp bgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;E}y; xU nfho gofSf;F nky; tpw;gidahfp
cs;sJ.
kzp:
fUe;Jisg; bgUbtog;g[ Mfpad gw;wpa mupa cz;ikfs; me;E}ypy; cs;sd.
mwpt[j; njlypy; cly;/ cs;sj; jilfisj; jfu;j;j khnkij !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.
Kfpy;: cz;ikjhd;. mtu; Twpa jj;Jtj;jpw;F mtnu rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf thH;e;jpUf;fpwhu;.
,j;jifa mwp+u;fisg; gw;wpa bra;jpfis tpsf;fpa j=;fSf;F kpf;f ed;wp!
2. fUe;Jisr; rhu;e;j bra;jpia mwptpay; ,jH; xd;wpw;Ff; FW=;fl;Liuahf vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
,ay; 4
tpz;kPd; RUf;fk;
$hd; tPyu; fUj;J
\hf;fp=; fjpu;tPr;R
fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghL
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
ekJ ghy;tPjpapy; nfhof;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fs; xspu;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ek; +hapWk; xd;W
tpz;kPd;fspd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; epfGk; epfH;t[fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
tpz;kPd; RUf;fk; :
xU tpz;kPdpd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; cs;nehf;fpa <u;g;g[ tpir TLfpwJ. mjdhy; tpz;kPd;
RU=;fj; bjhl=;FfpwJ. tpz;kPd; RU=;fr; RU=;f mjd; <u;g;ghw;wy; cau;e;J bfhz;nl brd;W
mstw;wjhfpwJ.
$hd; tPyu; fUj;J :
fUe;Jis vd;w brhy;iya[k; nfhl;ghl;ila[k; Kjd; Kjypy; btspapl;ltu; $hd;tPyu;.
RU=;fpa tpz;kPdpd;; <u;g;bgy;iyf;Fs; bry;fpw vJt[k; Vd; xspa[k; Tl <u;f;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW
cs;brd;w vJt[k; btsptu Koahjjdhy; ,jidf; fUe;Jis vd;whu; $hd; tPyu;.
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\hf;fp=; fjpu;tPr;R :
rpy neu=;fspy; cz;ik bgha;iaa[k; kp+;Rtjhf mikfpwJ. fUe;Jisg; gw;wpa
cz;ikfSk; mg;gona. \hf;fp=; nkw;bfhz;l fUe;Jis Muha;r;rp Kot[ \hf;fp=; `fjpu;tPr;R~
vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghL :
fUe;JisapDs; bry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J btspna tu KoahJ. fUe;Jisapd; <u;g;g[
vy;iyapypUe;J fjpu;tPr;Rfs; btspg;gl;Lf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. fUe;Jis cz;ikapnyna
fUg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. fUe;Jisapy; ,Ue;J xU fl;lj;jpy; fjpu; tPr;Rk; mQj;Jfs;fSk;
frpaj; bjhl=;fp ,Wjpapy; fUe;Jis btoj;J kiwe;J tpLk;. ,f;nfhl;ghLfis
\hf;fp=; nfhl;ghLfshf btspaplhky; tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;L tpsf;fpajhy; cyfk;
fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghl;il vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhz;lJ.
Kot[iu :
mz;lbtspapy; fhzg;gLk; fUe;Jis mHpt[ Mw;wy; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
\hf;fp=;/ fUe;Jisg; gilg;gpd; Mw;wy; vd;W epqgpj;jhu;.

,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; fw;fz;L
,yf;fzk; ? bghJ
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
,ay; 4
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Fynrfu MH;thu; `tpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh~ vd;W Mz; bja;tj;ij miHj;Jg; ghLfpwhu;.

g{idahu; ghy; nrhw;iwf; fz;lJk; tUfpwhu;.
Mfpa bjhlu;fspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s tGtikjp Kiwna
m) kug[ tGtikjp/ jpiz tGtikjp
M) ,l tGtikjp/ kug[ tGtikjp
,) ghy; tGtikjp/ jpiz tGtikjp
<) fhy tGtikjp/ ,l tGtikjp [tpil: ,) ghy; tGtikjp/ jpiz tGtikjp]
FWtpdh
1.
tUfpd;w nfhil tpLKiwapy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpia neupy; fhz;gjw;F
Muy;tha;bkhHpf;Fr; bry;fpnwd; ? ,j;bjhlu; fhy tGtikjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf miktJ
vt;thW>
nfhilapy; gs;sp tpLKiw vd;gjhy; Muy;tha;bkhHpf;Fr; bry;yj; jpl;lkpl;oUf;Fk;
cWjpj;jd;ik nehf;fp fhytGtikjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,j;bjhlu; mikfpwJ.
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2.
``rPru; vg;nghJk; vd; brhy;ngr;irf; nfl;ghd;. g[jpatu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fj;Jthnd jtpu
fof;fkhl;lhd;~~ vd;W ,skhwd; jd;Dila tsu;g;g[ ehiag; gw;wpg; bgUikahff; Twpdhu; ?
,jpy; cs;s jpiz tGf;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf.
rPru; vg;nghJk; vd; brhy; ngr;irf; nfl;Fk;. g[jpatu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; Fiuf;Fnk jtpu fof;fhJ
vd;W ,skhwd; jd;Dila tsu;g;g[ ehiag; gw;wpg; bgUikahff; Twpdhd;.
rpWtpdh
1.
new;wput[ bga;j kiH vy;yhk; bjhl;oia epiwj;jpUe;jJ. thiHj; njhg;gpy; Fl;oa[ld;
epd;wpUe;j khL fj;jpaJ" je;ij vd;dplk;/ ``,yr;Rkp Tg;gpLfpwhs;/ ngha; ghu;~~ vd;whu;.
`,njh brd;Wtpl;nld;~~ vd;wthnw m=;Fr; brd;nwd;. Js;spa Fl;oiaj; jltpf;bfhLj;J/
``vd;dlh tpisahl ntz;Lkh>~~ vd;W nfl;L mtid mtpH;j;Jtpl;nld;. vd; j=;if
m=;nf te;jhs;/ mtsplk;/ `èPa[k; ,tDk; tpisahL=;fs;~~ vd;W Twpndd;. mtpH;j;J
tplg;gl;l ,yr;Rkp bjhl;oapypUe;j ePiuf; Foj;jhs;.
,g;gj;jpapYs;s tGf;fisj; jpUj;jpa[k; tGtikjpfisg; gl;oaypl;Lk; vGJ.
jpUj;jg;gl;l tGf;fs; :
new;wput[ bga;j kiH bjhl;oia epiwj;jJ.
thiHj; njhl;lj;jpy; fd;Wld; epd;wpUe;j khL fjwpaJ.
Js;spa fd;iwj; jltpf;bfhLj;j....
tGtikjpj; bjhlu;fs; tGtikjp tif
new;W bga;j kiH bjhl;oia epiwj;jpUe;jJ. (epiwe;jJ) fhy tGtikjp
,yl;Rkp Tg;gpLfpwhs;. (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
,njh brd;Wtpl;nld;. (brd;W tpLfpnwd;) fhytGikjp
vd;dlh tpisahl ntz;Lkh> (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
,ay; 4
mtid mtpH;j;J tpl;nld;. (gR khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
,yl;Rkp bjhl;oapypUe;j ePiuf; Foj;jhs;. (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf

m) jd;ik tpidfs; ? 1. ele;jha;/ te;jPu;
M) Kd;dpiy tpidfs; ? 2. ePu;/ eP=;fs;
,) glu;f;if tpidfs; ? 3. te;njd; te;njhk;
<) Kd;dpiy bgau;fs; ? 4. te;jhd;/ brd;whd;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
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m) kUjd; ? 1. gyu;ghy;
M) bgz;fs; ? 2. xd;wd;ghy;
,) ahid ? 3. Mz;ghy;
<) gRf;fs; ? 4. gytpd;ghy;
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 [tpil: M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4]
3. ghy; vd;gJ __________ cl;gpupt[ MFk;.
m) jpizapd; M) jpizapd;
,) fhz;lj;jpd; <) glyj;jpd; [tpil: M) jpizapd;]
4. cau;jpizapd; gpupt[fs; __________.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M) @d;W]
5. mBwpizapd; gpupt[fs; __________.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: m) ,uz;L]
6. ,lk; __________ tifg;gLk;.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) MW [tpil: M) @d;W]
i) ehd;/ ahd;/ ehk;/ ahk; ? 1. jd;ik tpidfs;
ii) te;njd;/ te;njhk; ? 2. jd;ikg; bgau;fs;
iii) eP/ ePu;/ ePtpu;/ eP=;fs; ? 3. Kd;dpiy tpidfs;
iv) ele;jha;/ te;jPu/; brd;wPuf ; s; ? 4. Kd;dpiyg; bgau;fs;
,ay; 4
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3]
i) mtd; ? 1. jd;ik tpid
ii) gwe;jd ? 2. Kd;dpiy tpid
iii) ele;jha; ? 3. glu;f;if tpid
iv) te;njd; ? 4. glu;f;ifg; bgau;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
i) brHpad; te;jJ ? 1. fhy tG
ii) fz;zfp cz;lhd; ? 2. ,l tG
iii) eP te;njd; ? 3. ghy; tG
iv) new;W tUthd; ? 4. jpiz tG
m) 4/3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/3/ 2/ 1]
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10. xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; rpwpanjh> bgupanjh vd;W nfl;gJ __________ tG.

m) tpil M) tpdh
,) kug[ <) fhy [tpil: M) tpdh]
11. fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W TWtJ
__________ tG.
m) ghy; M) tpdh
,) tpil <) kug[ [tpil: ,) tpil]
12. bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj; bjd;de;njhl;lk; vd;W TWtJ __________ tG.
m) ghy; M) tpdh
,) tpil <) kug[ [tpil: <) kug[]

i) vd; mk;ik te;jhs; ? 1. ghy; tGtikjp
ii) fj;J=; Fapnyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpH ntz;Lk; ? 2. fhy tGtikjp
iii) FoauRj; jiytu; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhu; ? 3. kug[ tGtikjp
iv) thlh uhrh kfisg; ghu;jJ
; j; jha; miHg;gJ ? 4. jpiz tGtikjp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
14.
khwd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; gpwuplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``,e;j khwd; xU ehSk; bgha;
Twkhl;lhd; vd;W TWtJ __________.
m) ghy; tGkikjp M) jpiz tGtikjp
,) ,l tGtikjp <) kug[ tGtikjp [tpil: ,) ,l tGtikjp]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; ? m) bgz;ghy;
2. kfs;/ murp/ jiytp ? M) gyu;ghy;
,ay; 4
3. kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mltu; ? ,) xd;wd;ghy;
4. ahid/ g[wh/ kiy ? <) Mz;ghy;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. eP te;njd; ? m) ,l tHhepiy
2. eP te;jha; ? M) ,l tG
3. new;W tUthd; ? ,) fhy tHhepiy
4. new;W te;jhd; ? <) fhy tG
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. vd; mk;ik te;jhs; vd;W khl;ilf; TWtJ ? m) ghy; tGtikjp
2. thlh ,uhrh/ thlh fz;zh vd kfisj;
jha; miHg;gJ ? M) ,ltGtikjp
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3. ,e;j khwd; xU ehSk; bgha; Twkhl;lhd;

vd khwd; gpwuplk; brhy;tJ ? ,) fhy tGtikjp
4. FoauRj; jiytu; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhu; ? <) jpiztGtikjp
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
FWtpdh
1. jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
jpiz ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz.
2. ghy; vd;why; vd;d> mjd; tiffisf; TW..
ghy; vd;gJ jpizapd; cl;gpupt[. ghy; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
Mz;ghy;/ bgz;ghy;/ gyu;ghy;/ xd;wd;ghy;/ gytpd;ghy;.
3. cau;jpizf;Fupa ghy;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
cau;jpizf;Fupag; ghy;fs; @d;W. mit: Mz;ghy;/ bgz;ghy;/ gyu;ghy;.
4. mBwpizf;Fupa ghy; gFg;g[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
mBwpizf;Fupag; ghy; gpupt[fs; ,uz;L. mit: xd;wd;ghy;/ gytpd;ghy;.
5. cau;jpizf;Fupa ghy; gFg;g[fisf; TWf.
tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; ? Mz;ghy; (xU Miz kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;)
kfs;/ murp/ jiytp ? bgz;ghy; (xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l egiuf; Fwpf;Fk;)
kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mltu; ? gyu;ghy; (xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l egiuf; Fwpf;Fk;)
6. mBwpizf;Fupa ghy; gFg;g[fisf; TWf.
mBwpizapy; xd;wid kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ xd;wd;ghy;. v.fh: ahid/ g[wh/ kiy
mBwpizapy; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ gytpd;ghy;. v.fh: gRf;fs;/ kiyfs;.
7. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
,ay; 4
,lk; @d;W tifg;gLk;. mit: jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glu;f;if.

8. tG ? tHh epiy ,tw;wpw;fpilna cs;s ntWghLfisf; TWf.
tG epiy tHh epiy
,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; ngRtJk; ,yf;fz Kiwa[ld; gpiHapd;wpg;
vGJtJk; tGepiy. ngRtJk; vGJtJk; tHh epiy.
9. tG vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

tG VG tifg;gLk;. mit:
jpiz tG/ ghy; tG/ ,l tG/ fhy tG/ tpdh tG/ tpil tG/ kug[ tG.
10. tGtikjp vd;why; vd;d>
,yf;fz Kiwg;go gpiHa[ilaJ vdpDk;/ ,yf;fz Mrpupau;fshy; VnjDk; xU fhuzk;
fUjp/ gpiHad;W vd Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLtJ tGtikjp MFk;.
11. tGtikjp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tGtikjp Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
jpiz tGtikjp/ ghy; tGtikjp/ ,l tGtikjp/ fhy tGtikjp/ kug[ tGtikjp.
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12. jpiz tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TWf.

v.fh : ``vd; mk;ik te;jhs;~~ vd;W khl;ilg; ghu;j;Jf; TWtJ jpiz tG.
fhuzk; : ctg;gpd; fhuzkhf mBwpiz cau;jpizahff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
13. ghy; tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TWf.
v.fh : ``thlh uhrh/ thlh fz;zh~~ vd;W jd; kfisg; ghu;j;Jf; TWtJ ghy; tGtikjp.
fhuzk; : ctg;gpd; fhuzkhf bgz;ghy; Mz;ghyhff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
14. ,l tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TWf.
v.fh : khwd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wp gpwuplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``,e;j khwd; xU ehSk; bgha;
Tw khl;lhd;~~ vdf; TWjy;.
fhuzk; : jd;ikapidg; glu;f;if ,lj;jpy; TWtjhy; ,ltGtikjp Mapw;W.
15. fhy tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TWf.
v.fh : FoauRj; jiytu; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhu;. (tUthu; vd;gnj rup)
fhuzk; : FoauRj; jiytu; ehis tUthu; vd mikjy; ntz;Lk;. tUifapd; cWjpj;
jd;ik fhuzkhf fhy tGtikjpahf Vw;Wf; bfhs;fpnwhk;.
16. kug[ tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TWf.
v.fh : ``fj;J=; Fapnyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpH ntz;Lk;~~?ghujpahu;.
(Fapy; Tt[k; ? kug[)
fhuzk; : F
apy; Tt[k; vd;gJ kug[. ghujpahu; kfhftp/ mtu; Fapy; fj;Jk; vd;W Twpajhy;
tGthapDk; kug[ tGtikjpahf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
17. tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz vt;tifg;; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jpiz : cau;jpiz
ghy; : Mz;ghy;
18. kfs;/ murp/ jiytp Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz vt;tifg; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,ay; 4
jpiz : cau;jpiz
ghy; : bgz;ghy;
19. kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mltu; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz vt;tifg; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jpiz : cau;jpiz
ghy; : gyu;ghy;
20. ahid/ g[wh/ kiyMfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz vt;tifg; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jpiz : mBwpiz
ghy; : xd;wd;ghy;
21. gRf;fs;/ kiyfs; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz vt;tifg; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jpiz : mBwpiz
ghy; : gytpd;ghy;
22. tHh epiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tHhepiy VG tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1. jpiz tHhepiy/ 2. ghy; tHhepiy/ 3. ,ltHhepiy/ 4. fhytHhepiy/ 5. tpdhtHhepiy/
6. tpiltHhepiy/ 7. kug[tHhepiy
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23. `èhd; nju;tpy; nju;r;rpaile;J tpl;nld;~~ vd;W nju;t[ Kot[fs; btsptUk; Kd;g[ TWk;
tGtikjp ahJ>
fhy tGtikjp" ek;gpf;ifapd; mog;gilapy; Twg;gLtJ.
rpWtpdh
1. @tplg; bgau;fisg; bgau;'tpid mog;gilapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; gl;oaypLf.

,lk; bgau;'tpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L
jd;ikg; bgau;fs; ehd;/ ahd;/ ehk;/ ahk;
jd;ik
jd;ik tpidfs; te;njd;/ te;njhk;
Kd;dpiyg; bgau;fs; eP/ ePu;/ ePtpu;/ eP=;fs;......
Kd;dpiy
Kd;dpiy tpidfs; ele;jha;/ te;jPu;/ brd;wPu;fs;.....
glu;f;ifg; bgau;fs; mtd;/ mts;/ mtu;/ mJ/ mit......
glu;f;if te;jhd;/ brd;whs;/ goj;jdu;/ ngrpdhu;fs;/ gwe;jJ/
glu;f;if tpidfs;
gwe;jd.......
2. brHpad; te;jJ
fz;zfp cz;lhd;
eP te;njd;
new;W tUthd;.
xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; `rpwpanjh> bgupanjh> vd;W nfl;ly;.
fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhu;> vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
tpilaspj;jy;. bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj; bjd;de;njhl;lk; vd;W TWjy; ?
,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tG vt;tif tG vdt[k; tGit ePf;fpa[k; gl;oaypLf.
,ay; 4
tG tif tG tHhepiy
jpiz brHpad; te;jJ. brHpad; te;jhd;.
ghy; fz;zfp cz;lhd;. fz;zfp cz;lhs;.
,lk; eP te;njd;. eP te;jha;.
fhyk; new;W tUthd;. new;W te;jhd;.
tpdh xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; ``rpwpanjh> ,U tpuy;fisf; fhl;o `vJ rpwpaJ>~
bgupanjh>~~ vd;W nfl;ly;. vJ bgupaJ vd;W nfl;ly;.
tpil `fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhu;> vd;w fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhu;> vd;w
tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; tpdhtpw;F fz;zd; tPl;ow;Fs;
,Uf;fpwJ vd;W tpilaspj;jy;. ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;W tpilaspj;jy;.
kug[ bjd;id ku=;fs; gFjpiaj; bjd;de; bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj;
njhl;lk; vd;W TWjy;. bjd;de;njhg;g[ vd;W TWjy;.
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1. fPH;f;fhQk; bjhlu;fspy; tGtikjp tiffis ,d=;fz;L vGJf.

m) mikr;ru; ehis tpHhtpw;F tUfpwhu;.
fhy tGtikjp.
M) ``,e;jf; fz;zd; xd;iwr; bra;jhd; vd;why; midtUk; Vw;gu;~~ vd;W Twpdhd;.
,l tGtikjp.
,) rpwpa tajpy; ,e;j kuj;jpy;jhd; C+;ry; fl;o tpisahLnthk;.
fhy tGtikjp.
<)
bry;td; ,sntyd; ,e;jr; rpWtajpnyna tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; rhjid
g[upe;jpUf;fpwhu;.
ghy; tGtikjp.
2. milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; cs;sthW khw;Wf.
m) je;ij/ ``kfnd- ehis cd;Dila njhHd; mHfid miHj;J th-~~ vd;W brhd;dhu;.
(Mz;ghw; bgau;fisg; bgz;ghw; bgau;fshf khw;wp vGJ)
jha;/ ``kfns- ehis cd;Dila njhHp mHfpia miHj;J th~~ vd;W brhd;dhs;.
M) mf;fh new;W tPl;Lf;F te;jJ. mf;fh g[wg;gLk;nghJ mk;kh tHpaDg;gpaJ. (tGit
tHhepiyahf khw;Wf)
mf;fh new;W tPl;ow;F te;jhs;. mf;fh g[wg;gLk;nghJ mk;kh tHpaDg;gpdhu;(dhs;).
,) ``,njh Koj;JtpLntd;~~ vd;W braiy Kof;Fk; Kd;ng Kd;du; Twpdhu;. (tHhepiyia
tGtikjpahf khw;Wf)
``,njh Koj;Jtpl;nld;~~ vd;W braiy Kof;Fk; Kd;du; Twpdhu;.
mtd; cd;dplKk; vd;dplKk; bra;jpia ,d;Dk; Twtpy;iy. (glu;f;ifia
<)
,ay; 4
Kd;dpiyahf/ Kd;dpiyiaj; jd;ikahf/ jd;ikiag; glu;f;ifahf khw;Wf)
eP vd;dplKk; mtdplKk; bra;jpia ,d;Dk; Twtpy;iy.
c) FHe;ij mGfpwhd; ghu;. (tGit tHhepiyahf khw;Wf).
FHe;ij mGfpwJ ghu;.
bkhHp bgau;f;f.
Malar Devi, switch off the lights when you njtp/ eP miwia tpl;L btspna bry;Yk; Kd;
leave the room. tpsf;if mizj;JtpL.
Devi Yeah, we have to save electricity. Mk;/ ehk; kpd;rhuj;ijr; nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;.
Malar Our nation spends a lot of electricity ek; ehL bjU tpsf;Ffis vupa itg;gjw;F
for lighting up our streets in the night. epiwa kpd;rhuj;ijr; bryt[ bra;fpwJ.
Devi ho knows? In future our country
W ahUf;Fj; bjupa[k;> tU=;fhyj;jpy; ek; ehL
may launch artificial moons to light braw;if epyhit epWtp ,utpy; thdj;jpy;
our night time sky! tpsf;Ffis vupa itf;fyhk;.
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Malar I have read some other countries tU=;fhyj;jpy; epiwa ehLfs; ,t;tifahd
are going to launch these types of braw;iff;nfhis epWt ,Ug;gjhf ehd;
illumination satellites near future. thrpj;Js;nsd;.
Devi uperb news! If we launch artificial
S ey;y bra;jp! ehk; braw;if epyit epWtpdhy;
moons, they can assist in disaster mJ nguHpt[ kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhj rkaj;jpy;
relief by beaming light on areas that xspa{l;o epthuz cjtpfis bra;a tHp
lost power! bra;fpwJ-
ty;ypd xw;iw ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;lh> mjw;F fhJ nfl;Fkh>
vy;yh gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. brtp Jisfs; ,wFfshy; @o ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wgo
ghY}l;ofspy; cs;sJnghy; g[wbrtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;L. fhJf; nfl;Fk;
gwitfSf;F ghu;j;jy;/ nfl;ly; czu;t[ ed;whf tsu;r;rpg; bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;. Ritj;jy;
czu;t[f; Fiwthft[k; Efu;jy; czu;t[ ,y;iybad;nwf; Twyhk;.
a[nufh- a[nufh- ? mwptpay; btspaPL.
tpil :
fhfj;jpw;Ff; fhJ cz;lh> mjw;Ff; fhJ nfl;Fkh>
vy;yhg; gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. brtpj;Jisfs; ,wFfshy; @o ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wgo
ghY}l;ofspy; cs;sJnghy; g[wr;brtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;Ff; fhJ cz;L/ fhJf; nfl;Fk;
gwitfSf;Fg; ghu;j;jy;/ nfl;ly; czu;t[ ed;whf tsu;r;rp bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;. Ritj;jy;
czu;t[ Fiwthft[k; Efu;jy; czu;t[ ,y;iybad;nw Twyhk;.
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Ubrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU bjhlu; mikf;f.
m) ,aw;if ? braw;if
v.fh : ghij bjupahj ,aw;iff; fhLfspy; gazpf;fr; braw;iff; fUtpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
M) bfhL ? nfhL
,ay; 4
,uhftd; jd; ez;gd; bfhLj;j mst[nfhiyf; bfhz;L nfhL tiue;jhd;.

,) bfhs; ? nfhs;
nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; gw;wp mwpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
<) rpW ? rPW
rpW bghe;Jf;Fs; ,Ue;J ghk;g[ rPWtijf; fz;nld;.
c) jhd; ? jhk;
,uhkd;/ ``jhd; jhd; Fw;wthsp~~ vd;W jhnk xg;g[f; bfhz;lhd;.
C) tpjp ? tPjp
fz;zdpd; jiytpjp mtid tPjpapy; epWj;jpaJ.
gj;jpiag; goj;Jg; gjpy; jUf.
gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWk;goahfg; gy CHpf;fhy=;fs; fle;J brd;wd. g[tp cUthd nghJ
beUg;g[g; ge;J nghy; tps=;fpa CHpf;fhyk; njhd;wpaJ. gpd;du; g[tp FspUk;goahfj; bjhlu;e;J
kiH bghHpe;j CHpf;fhyk; fle;jJ. mt;thW bjhlu;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g[tp bts;sj;jpy;
@H;fpaJ. ,g;go kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rpwg;ghfpa Mw;wy; kpFe;J brwpj;J jpuz;L ,g;goahf
(bts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy;) ele;j ,e;jg; bgupa cyfj;jpy;/ capu;fs; thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHyhfpa
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cs;sPL njhd;wpaJ. capu;fs; njhd;W epiybgWk; goahf ,g;bgupa g[tpapy; CHpf;fhyk;

fle;jJ.
tpdhf;fs; :
1. gj;jpapy; cs;s mLf;Fj; bjhlu;fis vLj;J vGJf.
2. g[tp Vd; bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ>
3. bga;j kiH ? ,j;bjhliu tpidj;bjhifahf khw;Wf.
4. ,g;gj;jp czu;j;Jk; mwptpay; bfhs;if ahJ>
5. capu;fs; thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHyhf ePtpu; fUJtd ahit>
tpilfs; :
1. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;.
2. bjhlu;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g[tp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
3. bga;kiH.
4. gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWjy; (bgU btog;g[f; bfhs;if).
5. epyk;/ ePu;/ fhw;W/ beUg;g[.
fl;Liu vGJf.
jiyg;g[ ? tpz;btspa[k; fy;gdh rht;yht[k;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
gpwg;g[
fy;tp
tpz;btspg; gazk;
bfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfH;t[
tpUJfSk; m=;fPfhu=;fSk;
,ay; 4
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
`MQf;Fg; bgz; ruprkk;~ vd;w fUj;ij bka;g;gpf;Fk; tz;zk; tpz;btspapy; fhy;gjpj;j
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bgz;kzp vd;w bgUikf;Fupatu; fy;gdh rht;yh. mtiug; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
gpwg;g[ :
`èpyhitg; ghu;j;J nrhW cz;Qk; nghnj
epyt[f;Fr; bry;tijna fdt[ fz;lts; eP~~
01.07.1961 md;W ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s \upahdh khepyj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
bgw;nwhu; ? gdhu!; yhy; rht;yh (je;ij)/ rd;nahfpjh njtp (jha;).
g+;rhgpf; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jts;.
`fy;gdh~ vd;why; `fw;gid~ vd;W bghUs;.
,tUf;Fr; Rdpjh kw;Wk; jPgh vd;w ,U rnfhjupfSk; r+;ra; vd;w rnfhjuDk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
fy;tp :
fu;dypy; cs;s jhTu; muRg; gs;spapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj; bjhl=;fpdhu;. 1982?,y;
rz;ofupy; cs;s ``g+;rhg; bghwpapay; fy;Y}upapy; tpkhd Cu;jpapay; Jiwapy; ,s=;fiyg;
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gl;lk; bgw;whs;. 1984?,y; mbkupf;fhtpy; cs;s ``blf;rh!; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; KJfiyg;

gl;lk;~~ bgw;whs;. 1988?,y; tpz;btspg; bghwpapay; Jiwapy; Kidtu; gl;lk; bgw;whu;.
tpz;btspg; gazk; :
ehrh Muha;r;rpf; Tlj;jpy; ``Xbru;brl; nkbjhl;!; ,d;f; ,y;~~ Jizj;jiytuhf
bghWg;ngw;whu;.
1995?,y; ehrh tpz;btsp tPuu; gapw;rpf; FGtpy; nru;e;jhu;.
1997 Mk; Mz;L bfhyk;gpa tpz;btsp Cu;jpahd STS - 87y; Kjy; tpz;btsp gazj;ijj;
bjhl=;fpdhu;.
372 kzp neuk; tpz;btspapnyna ,Ue;J rhjid gilj;jhu;.
bfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfH;t[ :
16.01.2003y; mbkupf;fhtpd; bfd;do epiyaj;jpypUe;J bfhyk;gpah tpz;fyk; v!;.o.v!;
? 107 (STS - 107) tpz;zpy; brYj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j tpz;fyj;jpy; rht;yh cl;gl VG ngu; gazpj;jdu;.
gjpdhW ehl;fs; Ma;it Koj;Jtpl;L jpUk;gpa nghJ/ mbkupf;fhtpd; blf;!h!; thd;
gug;gpy; mt;tpz;fyk; btoj;Jr; rpjwpaJ.
rht;yh cl;gl VG ngUk; gypahfpdu;.
tpUJfSk; m=;fPfhu=;fSk; :
,sk; bgz; tp+;+hdpfis Cf;Ftpf;f jkpHf murh=;fk; ``fy;gdh rht;yh~~ tpUjpid
2004 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J tH=;fp tUfpwJ.
ehrh !;ng!; gpisl; bkly;.
ehrh o!;o=;Ftp&;l; ru;tP!; bkly;.
epa{ahu;f;fpy; cs;s xU bjUtpw;Ff; ``fy;gdh (way)~~ vdg; bgau; Nl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kot[iu :
bgz;zpdj;jpw;nf bgUik nru;e;jtu; fy;gdh.

``fdt[fisf; fz;L me;jf; fdt[fis edthf;Ftjw;F tplh Kaw;rpnahLk;
,ay; 4
KGkdnjhLk; bray;gl;lhy; btw;wp epr;rak;~~ vd;w cz;ikia cyfpw;F czu;j;jpr;

brd;w tPug;bgz;iz ehKk; nghw;Wnthk;.
eP.....
,e;jpadhfg; gpwe;jjJ bgUik
mijtpl
,e;jpaht[f;nf
eP..... bgUik-
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
epyhita[k; thdj;J kPida[k; fhw;iwa[k;
neu;g;gl itj;jh=;nf
Fyht[k; mKjf; FHk;igf; Foj;bjhU
nfhy btwpgilj;njhk;"
cyht[k; kdr;rpW g[s;spid v=;fQk;
Xl;o kfpH;e;jpLnthk;"
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gyhtpd; fdpr;Ris tz;oapy; Xu; tz;L

ghLtJk; tpag;ngh> ? ghujpahu;
jiyg;g[ : ,aw;if
Mrpupau; : ghujpahh
jpuz;l fUj;J :
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J
epyh/ tpz;kPd;/ fhw;W Mfpa ,tw;iwbay;yhk; brk;ika[w;w Vw;gLj;jp itj;J/
mtw;wpbyy;yhk; njha;e;Js;sJ. jpUtUshfpa mKjurk;. me;j mKjurj;ijg; gUfp/
mHfpa cd;dj epiyf;F ahk; cs;shndhk;. cyt[fpd;w kdkhfpa rpWgwitia v=;bf=;Fk;
brYj;jpf; fspg;gilnthk;. gyhr;Ris Vw;wg;gl;l tz;oia xU tz;lhdJ hP=;fhuk; bra;J
tl;lkpLtJ Mr;rupafukhdjh vd;d>
bjhil eak; :
bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;
bra;a[spy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Mfpa cWg;g[fshy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ bjhil.
nkhid eak; :
nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
Fyht[k;/ FHk;igf;/ Foj;bjhU
vJif eak; :
,ay; 4
tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
ghl;Lf;F mHF vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;J ,Uf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
mo vJif:
epyhita[k;
Fyht[k;
cyht[k;
gyhtpd;
mzp eak; :
nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
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jhliug; goj;J tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.

b
(nrhW/ fw;wy;/ fU/ g{tpy;/ vGj;J)
1. E}ypd; gad; goj;jy; vdpy;/ fy;tpapd; gad; fw;wy;.
2. tpijf;Fj; njit vU vdpy;/ fijf;Fj; njit fU.
3. fy; rpiy MFbkdpy;/ bey; nrhW MFk;.
4. Fuypy; ,Ue;J ngr;R vdpy;/ tpuypy; ,Ue;J vGj;J.
5. kPd; ,Ug;gJ ePupy;/ njd; ,Ug;gJ g{tpy;.
Fwpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp tpil jUf.

Fwpg;g[ vjpu;kiwahd brhw;fs;
kPshj; Jau; kPz;l ,d;gk;
bfhLj;Jr; rpte;j bfhLf;fhJ rptf;fhJ
kiwj;Jf; fhl;L kiwf;fhJ fhl;lhnj
mUfpy; mku;f bjhiytpy; epy;
bgupatupd; mikjp rpwpatupd; ,iur;ry;
g[aYf;Fg; gpd; g[aYf;F Kd;
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mtpu;jy; ? xsp bra;jy;/ gPuy;/ tpupjy;/ ghlk; bra;jy;.
mHy; ? cl;lzk;/ vUf;F/ fs;sp/ nfl;il ehs;/ bfhLntyp/ brt;tha;/ jP/ eufk;/
btg;gk;/ bghwhik/ mGjy;.
,ay; 4
cth ? mkhthrp/ ,sik/ ,isnahd;/ fly;/ epiwt[/ g{uiz/ ahid/ thypgd;/

cfhkuk;.
f=;Fy; ? ,ut[/ ,Us;/ guzp ehs;.
fdyp ? fs;sp/ bfhLntyp/ fupad;/ beUg;g[/ Nupad;.

khl;ow;F......
@f;fzh=;fapW nghLk;
khdplg; gpwtpfns-
,njh......
cdf;F
@f;fzh=;fapW nghl
te;Jtpl;lhd;
jpwd;ngrp ehafd;~~
jpwd;ngrpf;F
moikahdhy;
,Jjhd;....... ehisa epiyik
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bray;jpl;lk;
braw;if Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; tzpf epWtd=;fs; rpy ,a=;fp tUfpd;wd. braw;if
Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; nuhnghf;fis cUthf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; rpy cyfpdpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mtw;iwg; gw;wpa gl=;fSld; Fwpg;g[ vGjp tUf.
bra;jp ?1 :
tPl;Lf;F/ tzpfj;Jf;F/ gog;g[f;F vd;W @d;W tif nuhnghf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
,it kdpjdpd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czu;t[fisg; g[upe;J bfhz;L mjw;nfw;g bray;gLfpd;wd.
bgg;giu tuntw;ghsuhft[k;/ gzpahsuhft[k; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk; czt[
bra;jp ? 2 :
2016,y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdpahd thl;rd;/ rpy epkpl=;fspy;
,uz;L nfhoj; jut[fis myrp/ nehahsp xUtupd; g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
bra;jp ? 3 :

\h=;fh=; efuj;jpd; \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; epWtdk; cUthf;fpa nrhgpah vd;Dk;
,ae;jpug; bgz;Qf;F brsjp mnugpahtpy; Foa[upik tH=;fpapUf;fpwhu;fs;.
,jDila ciuahly;fSk;/ KfghtidfSk; kdpju;fisg; nghd;wpUe;jd.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
kPEz; bjhHpy;El;gk; ? Nanotechnology
tpz;btspj; bjhHpy;El;gk; ? Space Technology
capupj; bjhHpy;El;gk; ? Biotechnology
tpz;btspf; fjpu;fs; ? Cosmic Rays
g[wCjhf; fjpu;fs; ? Ultraviolet Rays
,ay; 4
mfr;rptg;g[f; fjpu;fs; ? Infrared Rays
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fisna ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; jk;gp"
jpwd; ngrpapnyna tpisahof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; j=;if"
fhbzhyp tpisahl;Lfspy; @H;fpapUf;Fk; njhHd;"
vg;nghJk; r@f Clf=;fspy; ,a=;fpago ,Uf;Fk; njhHp"
,tu;fs; ve;neuKk; elg;g[yfpy; ,Uf;fhky; fw;gid cyfpy;

kpjg;gtu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;! ,tu;fis bewpg;gLj;jp eilKiw
cyfpy; bray;gl itf;f eP=;fs; bra;a[k; Kaw;rpfisg; gl;oay;
,Lf.
tpil :
fgo/ rJu=;fk; nghd;w tpisahl;Lfis tpisahlr; bra;ntd;.
nfhyp/ gk;guk; nghd;w tpisahl;Lfis tpisahlr; bra;ntd;/
E}yfj;jpw;F miHj;Jr; bry;ntd;.
r@fnrit bra;a gHf;Fntd;.

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,ay; fy;tp ciueil cyfk;
bkhHpbgau;g;g[f; fy;tp
5
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `khghujk; jkpH;g]gLj;Jk; kJuhg[upr] r=;fk; itj;Jk;~ vd;Dk; rpd;dkD}h]r; brg]ngl;Lf; Fwpg;g[

czh]j;Jk; bra;jp __________.
m) r=;f fhyj;jpy] bkhHpbgau;g]g[ ,Ue;jJ.
M) fhg]gpaf; fhyj;jpy] bkhHpbgau;g]g[ ,Ue;jJ.
,) gf;jp ,yf;fpaf; fhyj;jpy] bkhHpbgau;g]g[ ,Ue;jJ.
<) r=;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy] bkhHpbgau;g]g[ ,Ue;jJ.
[tpil: m) r=;f fhyj;jpy] bkhHpbgah]g]g[ ,Ue;jJ.]
FWtpdh
1. j
ha;bkhHpa[k; M=;fpyKk; jtpu eP=;fs; fw;f tpUk;g[k; bkhHpapidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhuzk;
vGJ.
jha;bkhHpj; jkpGk; cyfg;bghJbkhHp M=;fpyKk; jtpu/ ehd; fw;f tpUk;g[k; bkhHp ,e;jp.
,e;jp fw;f tpUk;g[k; fhuzk; :
,e;jp ekJ ehl;od; njrpa bkhHp.
,ay; 5
,e;jp ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;w bkhHp.

ghuhSkd;w tpthj=;fis mwpa cjt[k; bkhHp.
muR kw;Wk; jdpahu; ntiy tlf;nf fpilj;jhy; Jizahf ,Uf;Fk; bkhHp.
tlehl;L kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ilg; g[upe;J bfhs;st[k; cjt[k; bkhHp ,e;jp.
rpWtpdh
1. c=;fSld; gapYk; khztu; xUtu; gs;spg; gog;igg; ghjpapy; epWj;jp ntiyf;Fr; bry;y
tpUk;g[fpwhu;. mtuplk; fw;gjd; ,d;wpaikahikia vt;tifapy; vLj;Jiug;gPu;fs;>
vd;Dld; goj;j khztd; tWikapd; fhuzkhf ntiyf;Fr; bry;fpwhd;.
ehd; mtidf; fz;L ,sk; taJ gog;gjw;F cupaJ/ gzp bra;tjw;F my;y.
Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh-
ehk; ,d;W ntiyf;Fr; bry;tjhy; ,d;iwa njitjhd; g{u;j;jpahFk;. ehisa njit
g{u;j;jpahFkh>
fz;Qilahu; vd;gtu; fw;nwhu; Kfj;jpuz;L
g[z;Qilahu; fy;yh jtu;.
vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
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mg;Jy; fyhk; mtu;fs; tWikapy; thodhYk; fhiy/ khiy ntiyf;Fr; bry;thu;.
,ilg;gl;l neuj;jpy; gs;spf;Fr; brd;wjhy; jhd; cyfk; nghw;Wk; cj;jku; Mdhu;.
,tu;nghy ePa[k; ciH" ,ilg;gl;l neuj;jpy; vd;ndhnl gs;spf;F th. goj;Jg; gzpf;Fg;
nghfyhk;.
muRk;/ bjhz;L epWtdKk; cil Kjy; czt[ tiu ,ytrkhfj; jUfpwJ.
ehk; fy;tpahy; ,iznthk;-
ek; njrj;ijf; fy;tpapy; cau;j;Jnthk;--
2. If;fpa ehLfs; mitapy; bkhHpbgau;g;g[

I.eh.mitapy; xUtu; ngrpdhy; mtutu; bkhHpfspy; g[upe;J bfhs;tjw;F trjp
bra;ag;gl;oUf;fpwJ. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ (Translation) vd;gJ vGjg;gl;lij bkhHpbgau;g;gJ.
Mdhy; xUtu; ngRk; nghnj bkhHpbgau;g;gJ/ tpsf;FtJ vd;W (InterPreting) brhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
I.eh.mitapy; xUtu; ngRtij bkhHpbgau;f;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; ghu;itahsu;fSf;Fj;
bjupahjgo ntW ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;. xUtu; ngRtijf; fhjzp nfl;gpapy; (Head Phone)
nfl;lgo rpy behofspy; bkhHpbgau;j;J xypth=;;fp btspna ngRthu;. mitapy; cs;s
ghu;itahsu; jd;Kd; cs;s fhjzp nfl;gpia (Head Phone) vLj;J bghUj;jpf; bfhz;L
mtuJ bkhHpapy; g[upe;J bfhs;thu;.
,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J 5 tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
1.
I.eh.mitapy; cWg;gpdu;fs; jk; bkhHpapy; ngRk;nghJ bkhHp bjupahjtu;fSf;F
VnjDk; Vw;ghL bra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh>
2. bkhHp bgau;g;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
3. ghu;itahsu;fs; mitapy; ngRnthu; ciuia vg;gog; g[upe;J bfhs;fpd;wdu;>
4. bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;fs; v=;F mku;e;jpUg;gu;>
5. I.eh.mitapy; ngRnthupd; ngr;R vt;tst[ neuj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg; gLfpwJ>
,ay; 5
6. I.eh.mitapy; bra;ag;gl;Ls;s trjp ahJ>
7. fhjzp nfl;gpia vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jtu;>
8. `tpsf;FtJ~ (Inter Preting) vd;why; vd;d>
beLtpdh
1. jkpHpd; ,yf;fpa tsk; ? fy;tp bkhHp ? gpwbkhHpfspy; cs;s ,yf;fpa ts=;fs; ? mwptpay;
fUj;Jfs; ? gpwJiwf; fUj;Jfs; ? jkpGf;Fr; brGik.
nkw;fz;l Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L brk;bkhHpj; jkpGf;F tsk; nru;f;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[f; fiy/
vd;w jiyg;gpy; thu ,jH; xd;Wf;F eLg;gf;f fl;Liu vGJf.
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jkpGf;F tsk; nru;f;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[f;fiy

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
tiuaiw
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tsk;
fy;tp bkhHp
gpwbkhHp ,yf;fpak;
mwptpay; fUj;Jfs;
gy;Jiw fUj;Jfs;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
cyfk; jfty; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpdhy; RU=;fp tpl;l NHypy; Tl bkhHpbgau;g;g[j; Jiw
Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpwJ. ,j;jF bkhHpbgau;g;g[ fiy kf;fspd; thH;tpy; vj;jF nghf;fpidr;
bra;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
tiuaiw:
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd;gJ @y bkhHpapy; cs;s brhy; my;yJ brhw;bwhlu;fis ve;jtpj
bghUs; khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; ntW bkhHpapy; bgau;g;g[ bra;tJ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vdg;gLk;.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tsk; :
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tsk; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;why; gpwbkhHpapy; rpwe;J tps=;fpa E}y;fisj;
jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ bra;a ntz;Lk;.
gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dnu ,Ue;J jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; gzp eilbgw;W
tUfpwJ. mjdog;gilapy; fk;gupd; ,uhktjhuk;/ tpy;ypg[j;J}uhupd; tpy;ypghujk; nghd;w
fhtpa=;fs; midj;Jk; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;litna.
,ay; 5
fy;tp bkhHp :
bkhHpbgau;g;igf; fy;tpahf;Ftjd; @yk; midj;Jyf mwpit ehk; bgw;Wg; gy;ntW
Jiwapy; rpwe;J tps=;fKoa[k;.
gpwbkhHp ,yf;fpak; :
utPe;jpuehj; jhTu; t=;f bkhHpapy; vGjpa fPjh+;rypia mtu; M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jg; gpwF nehgy; gupR fpilj;jJ.
mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; :
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ mwptpay; rhu;e;j JiwapYk; jd; Mjpf;fj;ijr; brYj;JfpwJ. Tele vd;w
M=;fpyr; brhy; bjhiy vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd; mog;gilapy; Telephone - Telescope -
bjhiyngrp/ bjhiynehf;fp vd;W bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gy;Jiw fUj;Jfs; :
fy;tp/ mwptpay;/ ,yf;fpak; kl;Lky;yhky; gpwJiwapYk; tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sd.
thbdhyp/ jpiug;glk;/ ,jHpapay;/ tpsk;guk; nghd;w JiwfspYk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; gzp
rpwe;J tps=;FfpwJ. bjhiyf;fhl;rpj; bjhlu;fs; ntw;WbkhHpf;F khw;wg;gLtjhy; midj;J
kf;fisa[k; brd;wilfpwJ.
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Kot[iu:
ve;j bkhHpapd; gilg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; vij bkhHpbgau;f;f ntz;Lk;> vg;gor; bra;a
ntz;Lk;> vd;gjid mwpe;J ,yf;fz tpjpKiwa[ld; bra;jhy; epiybgw;W tps=;Fk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpwehl]L J}juf=;fs] ek; ehl]oy] vg]nghJ epWtg]gl]ld>

m) Rje;jpuj;jpw]F Kd; M) tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;
,) FoauRf;F Kd; <) FoauRf;Fg; gpd; [tpil: M) tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;]
2. bkhHpbgau;j;jy; vd;Dk; bjhliuj; bjhy;fhg;gpau; ifahz;l ,lk; __________.
m) bgaupay; M) tpidapay;
,) kugpay; <) capupay; [tpil: ,) kugpay;]
3. ,uhkhaz kfhghuj bjhd;kr] bra;jpfs] ,lk; bgw]Ws]s jkpH; ,yf;fpak; vJ>

m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) gf;jp ,yf;fpak;;
,) rpw]wpyf;fpak; <) etPd ,yf;fpak; [tpil: m) r=;f ,yf;fpak;]
4. bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;ljhy; nehgy; gupR bgw;w ,e;jpaf; ftp+u; ahu;>

m) tp.N. ieg;ghy; M) ,ul;ahu;l; fpg;spt;
,) bt=;fl;uhkd; <) ,utPe;jpuehj; jhTu; [tpil: <) ,utPe;jpuehj; jhTu;]
5. `bkhF rh!;l;L~ vd;Dk; $g;ghdpa brhy;ypd; bghUs; __________.

m) gjpy; ju kWf;fpnwhk; M) tpilju mtfhrk; ntz;Lk;
,) tpilju KoahJ <) ,utPe;jpuehj; jhTu;
,ay; 5
[tpil: M) tpilju mtfhrk; ntz;Lk;]
6. tlbkhHpf; fijiaj; jGtp gilf;fg;gl;l E}y; __________.

m) fk;guhkhazk; M) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp <) tpy;ypghujk; [tpil: ,) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp]
7. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Kaw;rpapy; <LgLk; epWtd=;fs; __________.
m) rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp M) njrpa g[j;jf epWtdk;
,) bjd;dpe;jpa g[j;jf epiyak; <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;]
8. gd;dhl;L bkhHpfisf; fw;gpg;git __________.

m) jdpahu; epWtd=;fs; M) btspehl;LJ}juf=;fs;
,) gs;spfs; <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;]
9. `fhrpdpapy; ,d;Wtiu mwptpd; kd;du; fz;Ls;s fiyfbsy;yhk; jkpHpy; vz;zpg; ngrp
kfpH; epiy ntz;Lk;~~ vd;W Twpatu; ahu;>
m) Fnyhj;J=;fd; M) guhe;jfd;
,) ,uh$uh$d; <) ,uhn$e;jpud; [tpil: m) Fnyhj;J=;fd;]
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10. bghUj;jpj; bjupf.

m) 1942 ? 1. a{kh thRfp
M) 1949 ? 2. Kj;JkPdhl;rp
,) 2016 ? 3. uhFy; rh=;fpUj;ahad;
<) 2018 ? 4. fzKj;ijah
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 4. 3/ 1 [tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1]
11. ek;kplk; vy;yhk; cs;sJ vd;w gl;il fl;oa ghu;itia xHpj;J mfd;w ghu;itiaj; jUtJ
__________.
m) ehlfk; M) bkhHpbgau;g;g[
,) jpahdk; <) bry;tk; [tpil: M) bkhHpbgau;g;g][
12. xU bkhHpapy; czu;j;jg;gl;lij ntbwhU bkhHpapy; btspapLtJ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd;W
Twpatu; __________.
m) K. F. $fe;ehju; M) kzit K!;jgh
,) m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd; [tpil: M) kzit K!;jgh]
13. cyf ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;Fk; bghUspay; nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[k; xU fhuzkhFk; vd;W

Twpatu; __________.
m) K. F. $fe;ehju; M) kzit K!;jgh
,) K. nkj;jh <) m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; [tpil: m) K. F. $fe;ehju;]
14. ``khghujk; jkpH;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhg[upr; r=;fk; itj;Jk;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; brg;ngl;Lf; Fwpg;g[
__________.
m) cj;jpunkqu; M) kz;lfg;gl;L
,) rpd;dkD}u; <) Mjpr;rey;Y}u; [tpil: ,) rpd;dkD}u;]

15.
r=;ffhyj;jpnyna jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lijg; g[yg;gLj;Jk; rhd;W
__________.
,ay; 5
m) cj;jpunkqu; fy;btl;L M) ciwa{u;r; brg;ngl;Lf; Fwpg;g[

,) kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;btl;L <) rpd;dkD}u;r; brg;ngl;Lf; Fwpg;g[
[tpil: <) rpd;dkD}u;r; brg;ngl;Lf; Fwpg;g][
16. tlbkhHpf; fijfisj; jGtpg; gilf;fg;glhj ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fz;lwpf.

m) rPtf rpe;jhkzp M) fk;guhkhazk;
,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) tpy;ypghujk; [tpil: ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
17. tlbkhHpf; fijiaj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fz;lwpf.

m) bgU=;fij M) Kf;Tlw;gs;S
,) fyp=;fj;Jg; guzp <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m) bgU=;fij]
18. ghujpapd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) bghUl;fhl;rp - 1. Strike
ii) ,Ug;g[g; ghij - 2. Revolution
iii) g[ul;rp - 3. East Indian Railways
iv) ntiy epWj;jk; - 4. Exhibition
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
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19. b$u;kd; bkhHpapy; bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; @yk; mwpKfk; Md __________ me;ehl;Lg; gilg;ghsu;

nghynt bfhz;lhlg;gl;ltu;.
m) ntu;l;!; bthu;j; M) n&f;!;gpau;
,) yh=;bgy;nyh <) $p.a[. nghg; [tpil: M) n&f;!;gpau;]
20. __________ Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu tlbkhHp E}y;fs; jkpHpy; Mf;fg;gl;ld.

m) 16 M) 17
,) 18 <) 19 [tpil: ,) 18]
21. bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; @yk; bgw;wpUf;ff;Toa bfhs;if __________.

m) elg;gpay; M) jj;Jttpay;
,) ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;t[ <) jpwdha;t[ [tpil: ,) ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;t][
22. 1942 Mk; Mz;L \$puhghf; kj;jpa rpiwapypUe;j nghJ `thy;fhtpypUe;J f=;if tiu~
vd;w E}iy ,e;jp bkhHpapy; vGjpatu; __________.
m) uhFy; rh=;fpUj;ahad; M) rrpnjt;
,) fzKj;ijah <) bt. _uhk; [tpil: m) uhFy; rh=;fpUj;ahad;]
23. `thy;fhtpypUe;J f=;if tiu~ vd;w E}iyf; fzKj;ijah jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;J btspapl;l
Mz;L __________.
m) 1942 M) 1945
,) 1949 <) 1952 [tpil: ,) 1949]
24.
`thy;fhtpypUe;J f=;if tiu~ vd;w E}y; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;l Mz;Lk;/ bkhHp
bgau;j;jtu;fisa[k; bghUj;jpf;fhl;Lf.
i) fzKj;ijah ? 1. 1949
ii) lhf;lu; vd;. _ju; ? 2. 2016
iii) Kj;J kPdhl;rp ? 3. 2016
iv) a{khthRfp ? 4. 2018
,ay; 5
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4]
25. tlk; (fapW)/ xl;lfk; vd;w ,UbghUSf;Fupar; brhy; __________
m) Camel M) Cow
,) Horse <) Rope [tpil: m) Camel]
26. b$u;kdpapy; Xu; Mz;oy; gpw bkhHpfspypUe;J __________ E}y;fs; tiu bkhHp bgau;f;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
m) 1000 M) 2000
,) 4000 <) 5000 [tpil: <) 5000]
jkpH; E}y;fs; gpwbkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gLtjpy; Kjyplj;jpy; __________

27.
,uz;lhkplj;jpy; __________ ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
m) M=;fpyk;/ kiyahsk; M) kiyahsk;/ M=;fpyk;
,) bjY=;F/ fd;dlk; <) ,e;jp/ tlbkhHp [tpil: m) M=;fpyk;/ kiyahsk;]
28. bkhHpbgau;g;gpdhy; g[jpa brhw;fs; cUthfp __________ Vw;gLfpwJ.

m) bkhHptsk; M) bkhHp tskpHg;g[
,) bkhHp rpijt[ <) bkhHp khw;wk; [tpil: m) bkhHptsk;]
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29. fUj;Jg; gfpu;itj; jUtjhy; bkhHpbgau;g;igg; __________ vd;W Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;.

m) gad;fiy M) epfH;fiy
,) ftpd;fiy <) Maf;fiy [tpil: m) gad;fiy]
30. __________ gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; jkpH; ,Uf;if mj;jifa gzpfspy; <Lgl ntz;Lk;.

m) bfhyk;gpah M) Mf;!;nghu;L
,) \hu;tu;l; <) brd;id [tpil: ,) \hu;tu;l];
31. ``brd;wpLtPu; vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; ? fiyr;

bry;t=;fs; aht[k; bfhzu;e;jp=;F nru;g;gPu;~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;.
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
32. ``njkJuj; jkpnHhir cyfbkyhk;

gut[k; tif bra;jy; ntz;Lk;~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;>
,) thzpjhrd; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
33. gpuhd;R njrpa E}w;Tlj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa __________ giHa jkpH; VLfSk; ifbaGj;Jg;
gpujpfSk; cs;sd.
m) E}W M) Mapuk;
,) @thapuk; <) gjpdhwhapuk; [tpil: M) Mapuk;]
34. `brd;wpLtPu; vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; ? fiyr;

bry;t=;fs; aht[k; bfhzu;e;jp=;F nru;g;gPu;
? ghujpahupd; ,f;Tw;W czu;j;Jk; fUj;J>
m) gyJiw E}y;fs; jkpHpy; cUthf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
M) gyfiyfs; jkpHpy; g[jpjhfj; njhd;w ntz;Lk;.
,) cybf=;Fk; fhzg;gLk; bry;t=;fs; jkpHfj;jpy; te;J nru;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,ay; 5
<) fiyr; bry;t=;fis cyfk; KGtJk; gazk; bra;J fz;Lfspf;f ntz;Lk;.

[tpil: ,) cybf=;Fk; fhzg;gLk; bry;t=;fs; jkpHfj;jpy; te;J nru;jy; ntz;Lk;.]
FWtpdh
1. bkhHpbgah]g]g[ Fwpj;J kzit K!;jgh TWtJ ahJ>

xU bkhHpapy] czu;j;jg]gl]lij/ ntbwhU bkhHpapy] btspapLtJ bkhHpbgah]g]g[ vd;fpwhh]
kzit K!;jgh.
2. bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; ,d;wpaikahik ahJ>
xU bkhHp/ tsk; bgwt[k; cyfj;Jld; cwt[ bfhs;st[k; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ ,d;wpaikahjJ.
3. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Fwpj;J K.F $fe;ehju; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
cyf ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;Fk; bghUspay; nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ xU fhuzkhFk; vd;W
K.F. $fe;ehju; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
4. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ gw;wpf; Twpa ,yf;fz E}y; vJ>
bjhy]fhg]gpah] kugpaypy] bkhHpbgah]j;jy] vd;w bjhliuf; Fwpg]gpl]Ls]shh]. ,jd; @yk;
bkhHpbgah]g]g[ gw]wpf; Twpa ,yf;fz E}y] bjhy]fhg]gpak; vd;gij czu KofpwJ.
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5. r=;f fhyj;jpnyna jkpHpy] bkhHpbgah]g]g[ nkw]bfhs]sg]gl]Ls]sJ vd;gij epWt[f.

`khghujk; jkpH;g] gLj;Jk; kJuhg[upr] r=;fk; itj;Jk;~ vd;Dk; rpd;dkD}h] brg]ngL Fwpg]gpd;
@yk; r=;f fhyj;jpnyna jkpHpy] bkhHpbgah]g]g[ nkw]bfhs]sg]gl]L cs]sJ vd;gij czu
KofpwJ.
6. tlbkhHpf; fijfisj; jGtp gilf;fg]gl]l jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs] ahit>
tlbkhHpf; fijfisj; jGtp gilf;fg]gl]l jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs]. bgU=;fij/ rPtf rpe;jhkzp/
fk;guhkhazk;/ tpy]ypghujk; Kjypait MFk;.
7. gpwbkhHpf; fUj;Jfs] r=;f fhyj;jpnyna jkpH;g;gLj;jg;gl]ld vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
tlbkhHpapy] tH=;fpte;j ,uhkhaz kfhghuj bra;jpfs] r=;;f ,yf;fpa=;;fspy] gutyhf ,lk;
bgw]W ,Ug]gijf; fhQk;nghJ gpwbkhHpf; fUj;Jfs] r=;f fhyj;jpnyna jkpH;g;gLj;jg]
gl;ld vd;gij czu KofpwJ.
8. bkhHpbgah]g]g[ Kaw]rpia nkw]bfhz;l epWtd=;;fs] ahit>
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp/ njrpa g[j;jf epWtdk;/ bjd;dpe;jpa g[j;jf epWtdk; Mfpait
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Kaw]rp nkw]bfhz;l epWtd=;fs] MFk;.
9. ,e;jpa muR kf;fspilna bkhHpbgau;g;ig vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpaJ>
kf;fspilna njrpa czh]it Cl]Ltjw]Fk; xUikg]ghl]il Vw]gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
bkhHpbgau;g]ig ,e;jpa muR fUtpahf gad;gLj;jpaJ.
10. midj;Jyf mwpita[k; vspjpy] bgWtjw]F ehk; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;>
bkhHpbgau;g;igf; fy;tpahft[k; mjd; @yk; midj;Jyf mwpita[k; ehk; vspjpy; bgwyhk;.
11. gpwehl]Lj; J}juf=;fs] jj;jk; bkhHpfisf; fw]Wf; bfhLf;f Kaw]rpg]gjd; nehf;fk; ahJ>
gpwehl]Lj; J}juf=;;fs] j=;;fSila ,yf;fpak;/ gz;ghL/ bjhHpy] tsh]r]rp/ fiy
nghd;wtw;iw kf;fsplk; mwpKfg]gLj;Jk; nehf;fj;Jlnd jj;jk; bkhHpfisf; fw]Wf;
bfhLf;f Kaw]rpf;fpd;wd.
12. gpwehl;L bkhHpfs; v=;F fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ>
,ay; 5
gs;spfs;/ fy;Y}upfs;/ gy;fiyf;fHf=;;fs; nghd;wtw;wpy; gpwehl;L bkhHpfisf; fw;fyhk;. rpy
jdpahu; epWtd=;;fSk; gpw ehl;L bkhHpfisf; fw;gpf;fpd;wd.
13. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vjw;F cjt[fpwJ>
gpw bkhHp ,yf;fpa=;;fis mwpe;J bfhs;st[k; mit nghd;w g[jpa gilg;g[fis cUthf;ft[k;
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ cjt[fpwJ.
14. bkhHp ntypia bkhHpbgau;g;g[ mfw;WfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
fiyr; rpwg;g[ilajhf ,Uf;fpd;w ,yf;fpa=;;fs; midtuJ mDgtkhf khWk;nghJ
bghJepiy bgWfpwJ. mj;jifa bghJepiy bgw;w ,yf;fpaj;ij bkhHpntyp rpiwapLfpwJ.
bkhHpia btspna mfw;Wk; gzpia bkhHpbgau;g;g[ bra;fpwJ.
15. b$u;kd; ahiu jd; ehl;L gilg;ghspahff; bfhz;lhLfpwJ> Vd;>
n&f;!;gpau;.
fhuzk;:
n&f;!;gpau; jhk; vGjpa E}iy b$u;kd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ bra;j fhuzj;jhy; b$u;kd; jd;
ehl;Lg; gilg;ghspahff; bfhz;lhLfpwJ.
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16. M=;;fpnyau; tUiff;Fg;gpd; jkpH; bkhHpapy; mwpKfkhd gpwbkhHp E}y;fs; ahit>

M=;;fpnyau; tUiff;Fg; gpd; M=;;fpy E}y;fSk; M=;fpyk; tHpahf gpw Inuhg;gpa bkhHp
E}y;fSk; mwpKfkhapd. ,tw;wpy; jukhd E}y;fs; Fiwnt.
17. bkhHpbgau;g;ghy; jpUf;Fws; mile;j bgUik ahJ>
jkpH; bkhHpf;Fupa E}yhfpa jpUf;Fws; cyfpy; gy bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;ff
; g;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf
cyfg; bghJkiwahf cau;e;jJ.
18. bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; njhw;wk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
vg;bghGJ cyfj;jpy; ehd;ife;J bkhHpfs; cUthapdnth mg;bghGnj bkhHpbgau;g;g[
bjhl=;;fpaJ.
19. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ thapyhf ru;tnjrj; jd;ik bgWk; Kiwfs; ahit>
fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;/ jfty; gfpu;t[/ mwE}y; mwpjy;/ ,yf;fpak;/ jj;Jtk; vd;gd bkhHpbgau;g;g[
thapyhfnt ru;tnjrj; jd;ik bgWfpd;wd.
20. jd; E}iy jhnd bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ahu;> mjdhy; mtUf;F fpilj;j rpwg;g[ ahJ>
,utPe;jpuehj; jhTu; t=;f bkhHpapy; vGjpa ftpijj; bjhFg;ghd fPjh+;rypia M=;fpyj;jpy;
mtu; bkhHpbgau;j;j gpwFjhd; mtUf;F nehgy; gupR fpilj;jJ.
21. bkhHpbgau;f;fg;glhikahy; cupa Vw;g[ fpilf;fhj E}y; vJ>
kfhftp ghujpapd; ftpijfs; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgau;f;fg;gl;oUe;jhy; cyfstpy; caupa
tpUJfSk; Vw;g[k; fpilj;jpUf;Fk;.
22. xU ehl;od; bjhHpy; tsu;r;rp vjd; mog;gilapy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ>
xU ehL vt;tst[ kpd;dhw;wiyg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gijg; bghWj;nj me;j ehl;od;
bjhHpy; tsu;r;rpia kjpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;.
23. xU ehl;od; gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpiaa[k; mwpita[k; kjpg;gpLtJ vJ>
xU ehl;od; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; bfhz;L me;ehl;od; gz;ghl;ila[k;
,ay; 5
mwpita[k; kjpg;gpLthu;fs;.
24. ,g;bghGJ neuoahf bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gLk; E}y;fs; ahit>
gpbu+;R/ b$u;kd;/ Mg;gpupf;fh/ yj;jPd;/ mbkupf;fh Kjyhd ehLfspd; E}y;fs; neuoahf
bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;L fpilf;f bjhl=;fpapUg;gJ ey;y gaidj; jUk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
25. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;t[ bfhs;if gw;wp vGJf.
bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; @yk;jhd; ehk; ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;t[ bfhs;iffisg; bgw;W ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
,d;Ws;s jpwdha;t[ Fiwfis vy;yhk; ehk; M=;;fpyj;jpd; tHpahfnt bgw;wpUf;fpnwhk;.
26. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vt;thW mika ntz;Lk;>
bkhHpbgau;g;g[fs; fHptpd;wp rpjwypd;wp @ybkhHpapd; fUj;Jfis btspg;gLj;Jtjhf
mika ntz;Lk;.
27. Camel vd;gjd; bkhHpbgau;g;ig tpsf;Ff.
Camel vd;gjw;F tlk;/ xl;lfk; vd;w ,U bgau;fs; cz;L.
``Crp fhjpy; tlk; EiHahJ~~ vd;w ntw;WbkhHpj; bjhliu ``Crp fhjpy; xl;lfk; EiHahJ~~
vdj; jtWjyhf bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdnt bkhHpbgau;f;Fk; nghJ fUj;Jk;
bghUSk; khwhky; rupahf bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
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rpWtpdh
1. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ gw;wp mwp+u;fs; TWk; fUj;J ahJ>
kzit K!;jgh :
`xU bkhHpapy; czu;j;jg;gl;lij ntbwhU bkhHpapy; btspapLtJ bkhHpbgau;g;g[
vd;fpwhu;. K.F. $fe;ehju;.
`xU bkhHp tsk; bgwt[k; cyfj;Jld; cwt[ bfhs;st[k; bkhHpbgau;g;g[
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;; cyf ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;Fk; bghUspay; nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[k;
xU fhuzkhFk;~ vd;fpwhu;.
2. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ rupahf mikahjjhy; fhyj;jpw;Fk; mHpt[ jUk; fy=;fk; neu;e;jJ tptup.
cyfg; nghupd;nghJ mbkupf;fh ruzilahtpl;lhy; Fz;L tPrg;gLk; vd;w bra;jpia
$g;ghDf;F mDg;gpajhft[k; mjw;F $g;ghd;/ `bkhF rh!;l;L~ vd;W tpil mDg;gpajhft[k;
TWtu;. me;jj; bjhlupd; bghUs; bjupahikahy; mbkupf;fh/ \pnuh&pkhtpy; Fz;L tPrpaJ
vd;W brhy;fpwhu;fs;. me;jj; bjhlUf;F `tpilju mtfhrk; ntz;Lk;~ vd;gjhk;. Mdhy; mjw;F
mbkupf;fu;fs; `kWf;fpnwhk;~ vd;W bghUs; bfhz;ljhft[k; TWtu;. mjdhy;jhd; mHpt[ jUk;
fs=;fk; neu;e;jJ" bkhHpbgau;g;g[r; rupahf mike;J ,Ue;jhy; nguHpt[ jLf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
3. ,lk;ghu;j;J bkhHpbgau;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rhd;Wld; tptupf;f.
Tele vd;gJ bjhiy vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Mfnt Telegraph, Television, Telephone,
Telescope, Telemetry Kjypa brhw;fs; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gLfpw nghJ bjhiytup/
bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ bjhiyngrp/ bjhiynehf;f;p/ bjhiy mstpay; vd;wthW Kd;xl;LfSld;
bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;F khwhf Transcribe, Transfer, Transform, Transact Mfpatw;iw
bkhHpbgau;f;Fk;nghJ gobaLj;jy;/ khWjy;/ cUkhw;Wjy;/ bray;gLj;Jjy; vd;wthW
bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,=;F Trans vd;w Kd;xl;il itj;J bkhHpbgau;f;ftpy;iy.
vdnt ,lk; ghu;j;J bkhHpbgau;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij ehk; czu;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,ay; 5
1. jhTupd; fPjh+;ryp jkpH;bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; ghly; xd;iwa[k; fyPy; fpg;uhdpd; ftpij xd;wpd;
bkhHpbgau;g;iga[k; E}yfj;jpy; goj;J vGjp tUf.
jhTupd; fPjh+;ryp jkpH;bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; ghly;
èhd; ve;jg;ghliyg; ghLtjw;fhf ,=;F te;njndh
,J ,d;Wtiu ghlg;glhknyna cs;sJ
vd; ,irf;fUtpfisr; rupbra;tjpnyna
vd; ehl;fisf; fHpj;Jtpl;nld;
cz;ikapy; neuk; tutpy;iy
thu;j;ijfs; bghUj;jg;gltpy;iy
Mirapdhy; tUk; typ xd;nw vd; ,jaj;jpy; cs;sJ
g{kyutpy;iy fhw;W bgU@r;RtpLfpwJ
ehd; mtdJ Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;jjpy;iy
mtdJ Fuiyf; ftdpj;jJ ,y;iy
vd; tPl;ow;F Kd;dhs; cs;s rhiyapy; ,Ue;J
mtdJ bky;ypa fhyo Xiria kl;Lk; nfl;oUf;fpnwd;
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fyPy; fpg;uhd; ftpijfs; : bkhHpbgau;g;g[

èhbdhU thu;j;ij brhy;y Vbddpy;
te;njd;- ePof;Fk; tuyhw;W E}ypy;
ehdijr; brhy;y ntz;Lk; tU=;fhyk;
,g;nghJ- xUnghJk;
kuzk; vd;idj; jLj;jhy; g[wf;fzpg;g jpy;iy
ehisf;F xU ufrpaj;ij~
ciuf;fg;gLk; mJ-
2. bkhHpbgau;g;g[r; rpWfij xd;iwg; goj;J mjd; fijr;RUf;fj;ija[k; c=;fs; fUj;Jfisa[k;

tFg;giwapy; TWf.
cUJ bkhHpr; rpWfij fu;tj;jpd; tpiy
Mrpupau; rpuh$; md;tu;
bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ty;ypf;fz;zd;
rpg;gpg; g[G xd;wpd; fij ,J.
rpg;gpg; g[G cyfpy; jhnd mjp Kf;fpakhd $Ptdhf vz;zpaJ. gl;Lg; g[Gt[k; gad;
cs;snj Mdhy; gl;L Kj;Jf;fisg; nghy; mjpf tpiy bgw;Wj; jUtJ ,y;iy. vdnt
jd;id cau;thf vz;zpaJ rpg;gpg;g[G.
xU ehs; flypy; bgUk;g[ay; tPrpaJ. rpg;gpg; g[G jd; Tl;il @of; bfhz;L/
ghJfhg;g[f;fhfj; jiuf;Fg; nghff; TlhJ vd;W vz;zp flYf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;j
miy rpg;gpg;g[Git tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. mjidj; J}f;fpf; flypy; thupg; nghl;lJ. g[G
bkJthf rpg;gpiaj; jpwe;J btspapy; bkJthf vl;og; ghu;j;jJ. mjw;Fs; kw;bwhU miy
te;J mjid kzypy; J}f;fpg; nghl;lJ. flYf;Fs; jpUk;gpg; nghf tHpa;py;yhky; m=;nfna
fple;jJ. mJ kpft[k; nfhgk; mile;jJ.
,ay; 5
fhfk; xd;W rpg;gpaplk; btspna th vd;wJ" Mdhy; rpg;gp g[G/ mUtUg;ghd Kl;lhshd
cd;dplk; ngr KoahJ vd;wJ. fhfk; vt;tst[ brhy;ypa[k; rpg;gp g[G btsptutpy;iy. khwhf
fhfj;ijf; nfyp bra;J bfhz;nl ,Ue;jJ. ehd; Kj;Jfis cz;lhf;Ftjhy; jhd; flYf;Fg;
bgUik vd;W fu;tkhfr; rpg;gp g[G TwpaJ. `Kj;J bra;a[k; bgupa egiug; ghu;f;fpd;nwd;~
btspna th vd;wJ fhfk;. Mdhy; Koe;jhy; eP bgupa g[j;jprhyp vd;why; vd; rpg;gpia ePna
jpwe;J bfhs; vd;wJ g[G.
ey;yJ ePna brhy;yp tpl;lha; vd;W brhy;ypf; fhfk; rpg;gpiaj; jd; myfpy;
J}f;fp nkny gwe;J ngha;g; ghiwfs; eLnt nghl;lJ. rpg;gp J}s; J}shdJ. fhfk; rpg;gpiaj;
jd; myfhy; bfhj;jp tpG=;fpaJ. gpwF fhfk; Kj;ijg; ghu;j;jJ. Kj;J mjdplk; ,Ue;J tpyfp/
rhzf;Ftpaypy; tpGe;jJ. fhfk; caug; gwe;J kfpH;t[ld; fj;jpr; brd;wJ.

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,ay; fy;tp ftpijg; ngiH
ePjp btz;gh
5 ? fh.g. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mUe;Jiz vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; __________.

m) mUik + Jiz M) mU + Jiz
,) mUik + ,iz <) mU + ,iz [tpil: m) mUik + Jiz]
2. ``mUisg; bgUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp
kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; bjUis~~
? vd;w ,t;tofspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ>
m) jkpH; M) mwptpay;
,) fy;tp <) ,yf;fpak; [tpil: ,) fy;tp]
FWtpdh
1. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyupd; fy;tp gw;wpa fUj;jpid KHf;fj; bjhlu;fshf;Ff.

fw;nghk;- fw;nghk;-
mUisg; bgUf;f fw;nghk;-
,ay; 5
fw;nghk;- fw;nghk;-
mwptpidg; bgw fw;nghk;-
fw;nghk;- fw;nghk;-
kaf;fk; tpyf;f fw;nghk;-
fw;nghk;- fw;nghk;-
capUf;Fj; Jizahf fy;tpiaf; fw;nghk;-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
bgUf;fp ? tpidbar;rk;
jpUj;jp ? tpidbar;rk;
mfw;wp ? tpidbar;rk;
mUe;Jiz ? gz;g[j;bjhif

nghw;W ? tpidbar;rk;
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gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
bgUf;fp ? bgUf;F + , jpUj;jp ? jpUj;J + ,
bgUf;F ? gFjp jpUj;J ? gFjp
, ? tpidbar;r tpFjp , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `mUisg; bgUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp~
? ,t;toapy; gapd;W tUk; bjhil eak; ahJ>
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) ,iag[ <) Kuz; [tpil: M) nkhid]
2. `fw;wtu; tHp muR bry;Yk;~ vd;W TWk; ,yf;fpak; __________.
m) fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; M) gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
,) r=;;f ,yf;fpak; <) ePjp ,yf;fpak; [tpil: ,) r=;;f ,yf;fpak;]
3. `bra;F jk;gpg; ghtyu;~ ,t;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwhu; __________.

m) rjhtjhdp M) jrhtjhdp
,) bkhHp +hapW <) ftpkzp [tpil: m) rjhtjhdp]
4. `CWk; ePu;nghyf; fw;Fk; mst[ mwpt[ Ruf;Fk;~ vd;W Twpatu; ahu;>

m) xsitahu;; M) fgpyu;
,) jpUts;Stu; <) bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; [tpil: ,) jpUts;Stu;]
5. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; rpwe;J tps=;fpa fiy __________.

m) Xtpak; M) rjhtjhdk;
,) ehl;oak; <) rpw;gk; [tpil: M) rjhtjhdk;]
6. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyupd; khtl;lk; __________ tl;lk; __________.
,ay; 5
m) fd;dpahFkup/ ,lyhf;Fo M) j+;rht{u;/ gilj;jiytd;Fo

,) flY}u;/ k+;rf;Fg;gk; <) brd;id/ kapyhg;g{u;
[tpil: m) fd;dpahFkup/ ,lyhf;Fo]
7. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; __________ tajpnyna bra;a[s; ,aw;Wk; jpwd; bgw;wtu;.

m) gj;J M) gjpide;J
,) gjpbdl;L <) ,UgJ [tpil: M) gjpide;J]
8. rjhtjhdp vd;w ghuhl;lg; bgw;wtu; __________.

m) ckWg;g[ytu; M) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau;
,) bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; <) gof;fhj g[ytu; [tpil: ,) bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;]
9. rjhtjhdp vd;gJ __________.

m) E}W bray;fis xnu neuj;jpy; bra;J fhl;LtJ
M) Mapuk; ahidfisg; nghupy; bfhy;tJ
,) E}W kyu;fis xnu ,lj;jpy; Ftpg;gJ
<) Mapuk; ngUf;F cztpLtJ
[tpil: m) E}W bray;fis xnu neuj;jpy; bra;J fhl;LtJ]
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10. bra;Fjk;gpg;ghtyu; rjhtjhdp vd;W ghuhl;Lg; bgw;w ,lk; __________ ehs; __________.
m) brd;id tpf;nlhupah mu=;fk;/ 1907 khu;r; 10
M) brd;id jPt[j; jply;/ 1909 khu;r; 8
,) j+;rht{u; jpyfu; jply;/ 1908 gpg;utup 8
<) jpUr;rp mz;zh ikjhdk;/ 1906 khu;r; 6
[tpil: m) brd;id tpf;nlhupah mu=;fk;/ 1907 khu;r; 10]
11. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyupd; epiditg; nghw;Wk; tifapy; kzpkz;lgKk; gs;spa[k; mike;Js;s

,lk; __________.
m) fd;dpahFkup M) ,lyhf;Fo
,) brd;id <) kapyhg;g{u; [tpil: M) ,lyhf;Fo]
12. `rjk;~ vd;why; __________ vd;W bghUs;.

m) gj;J M) E}W
,) Mapuk; <) ,yl;rk; [tpil: M) E}W]
13. njhz;Lk; mst[ ePu;nghyf; fw;Fk; mst[ mwpt[ Ruf;Fk; vd;W TWtJ __________.
m) ehyoahu; M) jpUf;Fws;
,) Vyhjp <) jpupfLfk; [tpil: M) jpUf;Fws;]
FWtpdh
1. Vd; fy;tpiag; nghw;wpf; fhf;f ntz;Lk; vdr; bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>

mUspidg; bgUf;fp/ mwpitr; rPuhf;fp/ kaf;fk; mfw;wp/ mwpt[f;Fj; bjspt[ je;J/ capUf;F
mupa Jizaha; ,d;gk; nru;g;gJ fy;tpna MFk;. vdnt/ mijg; nghw;wpf; fw;f ntz;Lk;
vdr; bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,ay; 5
2. rjhtjhdk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
`rjk;~ vd;why; E}W vd;W bghUs;. xUtuJ g[yikiaa[k; epidthw;wiya[k; Ez;zwpita[k;
nrhjpg;gjw;fhf xnu neuj;jpy; epfH;j;jg;gLk; E}W bray;fisa[k; epidtpy; bfhz;L
tpilaspj;jny rjhtjhdk; MFk;.
3. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; Vd; rjhtjhdp vd;W nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;>
bra;Fjk;gpahu; 1907 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 10Mk; ehs; brd;id tpf;nlhupah mu=;fj;jpy; mwp+u;
gyu; Kd;dpiyapy; E}W bray;fis xnu neuj;jpy; bra;J fhl;o `rjhtjhdp~ vd;W ghuhl;lg;
bgw;whu;. md;W Kjy; `rjhtjhdp bra;F jk;gpg; ghtyu;~ vd;W midtuhYk; miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
4. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;
fhyk; : 1874 ? 1950
Cu; : fd;dpahFkup ? ,lyhf;Fo
rpwg;g[ : 15 tajpy; bra;a[s; ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy;/ 1907,y; rjhtjhdp gl;lk; bgw;whu;.
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1. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; eP=;fs; gapy tpUk;g[k; fy;tp Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;Jiuahof; Fwpg;g[iu

cUthf;Ff.
Mrpupau; : fiy/ eP tU=;fhyj;jpy; vd;df; fy;tp bgw tpUk;g[fpwha;>
fiy : mk;kh/ ehd; ,s=;fiyj; jkpH; gof;f tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;. Vbdd;why;/ cyfnk
nghw;Wk; bre;jkpH;j;jhapd; bgUikia ehd; mwpe;Jbfhs;snt fw;fpd;nwd;.
Mrpupau; : ed;W. ypy;yp eP vd;d fw;f tpUk;g[fpwha;>
ypy;yp :
mk;kh/ ehd; kUj;Jtk; gof;f tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;. Vbdd;why;/ ViHfSf;F
,ytrkhf cau; kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir mspg;gjw;fhf.
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ/ ey;yJ. rkPdh eP vd;d fw;f tpUk;g[fpwha;>
rkPdh : mk;kh/ ehd; rl;lk;; gof;f tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;. Vbdd;why;/ ViHfSf;F ,ytrkhf
rl;lcjtp bra;tjw;fhf.
Mrpupau; : X- mg;goah-
bry;tp :
mk;kh/ ehd; tuyhW gof;f tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;. Vbdd;why;/ gytifapy;
kiwe;Js;s ek; tuyhw;iw btspf;bfhz;L tUtjw;fhf.
Mrpupau; :
ey;yJ. c=;fs; Kaw;rpf;F ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;. eP=;fs; gog;gnjhL
kl;Lky;yhky; ek;ikr; Rw;wpa[s;s r@fj;ijg; gof;f itf;f ntz;Lk;.

,ay; 5
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,ay; fy;tp ftpijg; ngiH

jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;
5 ? gu+;nrhjp Kdptu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
,ilf;fhldhupd; ghliy ,fH;e;jtu; __________ ,ilf;fhldhuplk; md;g[ itj;jtu;

1.
__________.
m) mikr;ru;/ kd;dd; M) mikr;ru;/ ,iwtd;
,) ,iwtd;/ kd;dd; <) kd;dd;/ ,iwtd; [tpil: <) kd;dd;/ ,iwtd;]
FWtpdh
1. ``fHpe;j bgUk;nfs;tpapdhd; vdf; nfl;L KGJ czu;e;j fgpyd; jd; ghy;
bghHpe;j bgUk; fhjy;kpF nfz;ikapdhd; ,ilf;fhl;Lg; g[ytd; bjd;brhy;~~
? ,t;tofspy; fHpe;j bgUk; nfs;tpapdhd; ahu;>
fhjy; kpF nfz;ikapdhd; ahu;>
fHpe;j bgUk; nfs;tpapdhd; (kpFe;j fy;tpawpt[ cilatu;) ? Fnyrghz;oad;.
fhjy;kpF nfz;ikapdhd; (fgpyuplk; el;g[ bfhz;ltu;) ? ,ilf;fhldhu;.
2. mku;e;jhd; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
mku;e;jhd; ? mku; + j; (e;) + j; + Md;
,ay; 5
mku; ? gFjp
Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
rpWtpdh
1. kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhu; vd;w g[ytDf;Fr; rpwg;g[ bra;jJ Vd;> tpsf;fk; jUf.
Fnyr ghz;oad; jkpH;g; g[yik tha;e;jtd;.
mtd; mitapy; g[ytu; ,ilf;fhldhu; ghoa ghliy kd;dd; bghUl;gLj;jhky;
mtkjpj;jhd;.
,ilf;fhldhu; flk;gtdj;J ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.
,iwtd; flk;gtdk; nfhapiy tpl;L eP=;fp itif Mw;wpd; bjw;nf nfhapy; cUthf;fp
mku;e;jhu;.
,ijawpe;j kd;dd; ahd; vd;d jtW bra;njd;> Vd; ,=;F mku;e;jPu;> vd;W tUe;jpdhd;.
,iwtd;/ ,ilf;fhldhu; ghliy ,fH;e;j Fw;wnk jtpu/ ntW ve;j jtWk; ,y;iy
vd;whu;.
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jd; jtiw czu;e;j kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhiu miHj;J k=;fy xg;gid bra;J/ bghd;
,Uf;ifapy; mku;j;jp/ gzpe;J tz=;fp jk; jtiwg; bghWj;jUs ntz;odhd;.
beLtpdh
1. ,iwtd; g[ytu; ,ilf;fhld; FuYf;Fr; brtprha;j;j epfH;it eaj;Jld; vGJf.

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
kd;ddpd; mitapy; ,ilf;fhldhu;
,ilf;fhldhupd; g[yikia mtkjpj;jy;
,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtdplk; KiwapLjy;
,iwtd; nfhtpiy tpl;L btspnaWjy;
,iwtdplk; kd;dd; ntz;Ljy;;
,iwtdpd; gjpy;
gpiHiag; bghWj;jUs ,iwtdplk; ntz;Ljy;;
kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhUf;Fg; bgUik bra;jy;;
kd;dd; g[ytuplk; ntz;Ljy;

kd;ddpd; mitapy; ,ilf;fhldhu; :
ntg;gkhiy mzpe;j Fnyr ghz;oad; kpFe;j fy;tpawpt[ cilatd;. ,ijf;
nfs;tpa[w;w ,ilf;fhldhu; Fnyrdpd; mitf;Fr; brd;W jhd; ,aw;wpa ftpijiag; goj;jhu;.
,ilf;fhldhupd; g[yikia mtkjpj;jy; :
ntg;gkhiy mzpe;j Fnyrghz;oad; kpFe;j fy;tpawpt[ cilatd;. jkpHwpa[k;
bgUkhd;/ moahu;f;F ey;epjp nghd;wtd;/ bghUl;bry;tKk; fy;tpr; bry;tKk; cilatd;
vd;W nfl;Lzu;e;J jh=;fs; Kd; Rit epuk;gpa ftpij ghodhu; ,ilf;fhldhu;. ghz;oad;
rpwpnjDk; ghliyg; bghUl;gLj;jhky; g[ytupd; g[yikia mtkjpj;jhd;.
,ay; 5
,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtdplk; KiwapLjy; :

,iwth- ghz;oad; vd;id ,fHtpy;iy. brhy;ypd; tothd ghu;tjpiaa[k;/ bghUspd;
tothd ck;ika[k; mtkjpj;jhd; vd;W rpdj;Jld; ,iwtdplk; Twpdhu;.
,iwtd; nfhtpiy tpl;L btspnaWjy; :
,ilf;fhldhupd; ntz;Lnfhis Vw;W itif Mw;wpd; bjw;nf nfhapy; mikj;Jf;
Fobfhz;lhu; ,iwtd;. clnd fgpyUk; kfpH;e;J ,ilf;fhldhnuhL btspnawpdhu;.
,iwtdplk; kd;dd; ntz;Ljy;; :
,ijawpe;j kd;dd; ,iwtdplk; vd; gilfshy;/ giftuhy;/ fs;tuhy;/ tpy=;Ffshy;
j=;fSf;F ,ila{W Vw;gl;ljh> kiwatu; xGf;fk; Fiwe;jhnuh> jtKk;/ jhdKk;
RU=;fpanjh> ,y;ywKk;/ JwtwKk; jj;jk; tHpapy; jtwpdnth> je;ijna ehd; mwpnad;
vd;whu; Fynrfughz;oad;.
,iwtdpd; gjpy; :
`tay; NH;e;j flk;g tdj;ijtpl;L xUnghJk; eP=;fkhl;nlhk;.~ `,ilf;fhldhu; ghliy
,fH;e;j Fw;wk; jtpu cd;dplk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy~ vd;whu;. `,ilf;fhld; kPJ bfhz;l md;gpdhy;
,=;F te;njhk;~ vd;whu;.
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gpiHiag; bghWj;jUs ,iwtdplk; ntz;Ljy;; :

thdpypUe;J xypj;j ,iwtdpd; brhy; nfl;lhd; Fnyr ghz;oad;. kfpH;e;J/
guk;bghUns- g[z;zpand- rpwpatupd; Fw;wk; bghWg;gJ bgupatu;f;Fg; bgUik vd;W
Fw;wj;ijg; bghWf;f ntz;odhd;.
kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhUf;Fg; bgUik bra;jy;; :
kd;ddpd; khspif thiH/ rhkiu ,tw;whyhd tpjhdKk; tpsf;Fk; cilaJ. g{uz
Fk;gk; khiy/ bfho ,tw;why; xg;gid bra;ag;gl;lJ. g[ytu;fs; NH ,ilf;fhldhiu
k=;fykhf xg;gid bra;J bghd; ,Uf;ifapy; mku;j;jpdhd;.
kd;dd; g[ytuplk; ntz;Ljy; :
kd;dd; g[ytu;fsplk;/ jhd; ,ilf;fhldhUf;Fr; bra;j Fw;wj;ijg; bghWj;Jf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;whd;. g[ytu;fSk;/ ePu; Twpa mKjk; nghd;w brhy;yhy; v=;fs; rpdk;
jzpe;Jtpl;lJ vd;wdu;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
nfs;tpapdhd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
fhlDf;Fk; fgpyDf;Fk; ? vz;Qk;ik
fHpe;j ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
jzpe;jJ ? jzp + j; (e;) + j; + m + J

jzp ? gFjp
m ? rhupia
J ? glu;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp
,ay; 5
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
fw;nwhu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
czu;e;jfgpyd; ? bgabur;rk;
jPk;njd;/ ey;epjp/ bgUe;jif ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
xGFjhu; ? tpidj;bjhif
kPdtd; ? MFbgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
jhH;e;jhd; ? jhH; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;

jhH; ? gFjp
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gyt[s; bjupf
1. fgpyupd; ez;gu; ahu;>

m) gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; M) ,ilf;fhldhu;
,) Fnyr ghz;oad; <) xl;lf;Tj;ju; [tpil: M) ,ilf;fhldhu;]
2. jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzj;jpd; Mrpupau; ahu;>
m) rkz Kdptu; M) mfj;jpau; Kdptu;
,) gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; <) ,ilf;fhldhu; [tpil: ,) gu+;nrhjp Kdptu;]
3. jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk; gly=;;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________.

m) 64 M) 96
,) 30 <) 18 [tpil: m) 64]
4. `jf#u; vwpe;j bgU+;nruy;~ ,Uk;bghiw ahUf;Ff; ftup tPrpdhd;>

m) gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; M) fgpyu;
,) ,ilf;fhldhu; <) nkhrpfPudhu; [tpil: <) nkhrpfPudhu;]
5. ntg;g khiy mzpe;j kd;dd;>

m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; [tpil: ,) ghz;oad;]
6. nkhrpfPudhu; KuRf; fl;oypy; fz;zauf; fhuzk; __________.
m) Fspu;e;j fhw;W tPrpajhy; M) ey;y cwf;fk; te;jjhy;
,) fisg;g[ kpFjpahy; <) murd; ,y;yhikahy; [tpil: ,) fisg;g[ kpFjpahy;]
7. `@upj; jPk; njd; tHpe;J xGF jhuhidf; fz;L~ vd;Dk; bjhlupy; jhuhid vd;gJ ahiuf;
Fwpf;fpwJ>
,ay; 5
m) rptbgUkhd; M) fgpyu;
,) ghz;oad; <) ,ilf;fhldhu; [tpil: ,) ghz;oad;]
8. gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; gpwe;j Cu; __________.

m) j+;rht[{u;; M) jpUkiwf;fhL
,) jpUj;Jiwg; g[{z;o <) jpUtz;zhkiy [tpil: M) jpUkiwf;fhL]
9. jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk; fhz;l=;;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________.
m) 3 M) 4
,) 6 <) 10 [tpil: m) 3]
10. ,ilf;fhldhu; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyk; ,lk; bgWk; fhz;lk; __________.

m) kJiuf; fhz;lk; M) Tlw; fhz;lk;
,) jpU Mytha;f; fhz;lk; <) a[j;j fhz;lk; [tpil: ,) jpU Mytha;f; fhz;lk;]
11. ,ilf;fhldhu; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyk; jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzj;jpy; vj;jidahtJ glyk;>

m) 64 M) 56
,) 46 <) 48 [tpil: M) 56]
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12. murUk; g[ytUf;Ff; __________ tPRtu;.

m) ftz; M) fizahHp
,) ftup <) fy; [tpil: ,) ftup]
13. Fnyrghz;oad; __________ ehl;il Ml;rp g[upe;jhd;.
m) ghz;oa M) nru
,) nrhH <) gy;yt [tpil: m) ghz;oa]
14. Fnyr ghz;oad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; __________ g[yikapy; rpwe;J tps=;fpdhd;.
m) jkpH; M) tlbkhHp
,) bjY=;F <) fd;dlk; [tpil: m) jkpH;]
15. brhy;ypd; tothf ,iwtdpd; ,lg;g[wk; tPw;wpUg;gts; __________.

m) ghu;tjp M) jpUkfs;
,) fiykfs; <) miykfs; [tpil: m) ghu;tjp]
16. brhy;ypd; bghUshf tps=;FtJ __________.

m) ,iwtd; M) ,ilf;fhldhu;
,) fgpyu; <) ghu;tjp [tpil: m) ,iwtd;]
17.
brhy;ypd; bghUshf tps=;Fk; cd;ida[nk mtkjpj;jjhf ,iwtdplk; ,ilf;fhldhu;
__________ Twpr; brd;whu;.
m) mGifa[ld; M) rpdj;Jld;
,) Vsdj;Jld; <) cUf;fj;Jld; [tpil: M) rpdj;Jld;]
18. ,ilf;fhldhupd; brhy; __________ nghy; ,iwtdpd; jpUr;brtpapy; brd;W ijj;jJ.

m) Tupa mk;g[ M) ntw;gil
,) jP <) tplKs; [tpil: M) ntw;gil]
19. __________ Mw;wpd; bjd; gf;fj;nj xU jpUf;nfhtpiy Mf;fp ,iwtd; m=;Fr; brd;W
,ay; 5
,Ue;jhu;.
m) fhtpup M) f=;if
,) itif <) jhkpuguzp [tpil: ,) itif]
jpU Mytha;f; nfhtpiy tpl;L btspnawpa ,iwtd; __________ totj;ij kiwj;J

20.
tlf;nf itia Mw;wpd; bjd; gf;fj;nj brd;W ,Ue;jhu;.
m) eurp=;f M) gyuhk
,) ,yp=;f <) ru;g;g [tpil: ,) ,yp=;f]
21. flk;gtdj;ij tpl;L xU nghJk; eP=;f khl;nlhk; vd;W Twpatu; __________.

m) Fnyr ghz;oad; M) ,iwtd;
,) ,ilf;fhldhu; <) fgpyu; [tpil: M) ,iwtd;]
kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhiu k=;fykhf xg;gid bra;J __________ ,Uf;ifapy; tpjpg;go

22.
mku;j;jpdhd;.
m) kufj M) bghd;
,) jd; <) itu [tpil: M) bghd;]
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23.
nfs;tpapdhd;/ fhlDf;Fk; fgpyDf;Fk; ? ,r;brhw;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fisf;
fz;lwpf.
m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ vz;Qk;ik
M) vz;Qk;ik/ tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
,) Kw;bwr;rk;/ ck;ikj; bjhif
<) tpidbar;rk;/ bjhHpw; bgau; [tpil: m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ vz;Qk;ik]
24. `khrw tprpj;j thu;g[W ts;;gpd;~ vd;W ghoa g[ytu; __________ ghlg;gl;ltd; __________.
m) nkhrpfPudhu;/ jf#u; vwpe;j bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw
M) xsitahu;/ mjpakhd;
,) guzu;/ jiyahs=;fhdj;Jr; brUjtd;w ghz;oad;
<) fgpyu;/ ghup
[tpil: m) nkhrpfPudhu;/ jf#u; vwpe;j bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw]
25. muz;kidapd; KuRf; fl;oypy; J}=;fpatu; __________ ftup tPrpa kd;du; __________.
m) ,ilf;fhldhu;/ Fnyr ghz;oad;
M) nkhrpfPudhu;/ bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw
,) fgpyu;/ ghup
<) guzu;/ ngfd; [tpil: M) nkhrpfPudhu;/ bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw]
26. gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; __________ E}w;whz;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.

m) gj;jhk; M) gjpndHhk;
,) gjpbdl;lhk; <) gjpide;jhk; [tpil: M) gjpndHhk;]
27. gu+;nrhjp Kdptu; __________ gf;jp kpf;ftu;.
m) rpt M) bgUkhs;
,) KUf <) njr [tpil: m) rpt]
,ay; 5
28. jpUtpisahlw; fijfs; __________ Kjw;bfhz;L Twg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) bjhy;fhg;gpak; [tpil: m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
FWtpdh
1. Ek; ftpijg; ngiHg; gFjp mike;j jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzg; ghly; mike;j fhz;lk; kw;Wk;
glyk; vJ>
fhz;lk;: jpU Mytha;f; fhz;lk;
glyk; : ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyk;
2. ``re;epjpapy; tPH;e;J vGe;J jkpH; mwpa[k; bgUkhnd~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtdplk; Twpdhu;.
3. èpd;,lk; gpupah ,ikag; ghit~ ? ,t;tofspy; Rl;lg;gLgtu; ahu;>
<rdpd; ,lj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ghu;tjp njtpna ,t;tofspy; Rl;lg;gLfpd;whu;.
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4. `brhy; bghUshd cd;ida[nk ,fH;e;jdd;~ ? bghUshdtd; ahu;> ,fH;e;jtd; ahu;>

1.bghUshdtd; ? jpUMytha; ,iwtd; <rd;
2. ,fH;e;jtd; ? Fnyr ghz;oad;
5. ``gpiHj;jdnth ahd; mwpnad; ve;jha;~~ ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
Fnyr ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk; (<rd;) Twpdhu;.
6. `àhk; mtdplj;jpy; itj;j mUspdhy; te;njk;~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
,iwtd; (<rd;) Fnyr ghz;oadplk; Twpdhu;.
7. `àhk; mtdplj;jpy; itj;j mUspdhy; te;njk;~~ vd;W ,iwtd; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
,ilf;fhldhupd; bra;a[is Fnyr ghz;oad; ,fH;e;jhd;. ,iwtd; ,ilf;fhldhupd; kPJ
kpFe;j md;g[ itj;jpUe;jjdhy; ,iwtd; nfhtpiy tpl;L eP=;fpdhd;.
8. ``rpwpnahu; Fw;wk; bghWg;gJ bgUikad;nwh
vz;zpa bgupnahu;f;F~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
Fnyr ghz;oad; ,iwtpdlk; (<rd;) Twpdhu;.
9. brhy; totha; epd;wtu; ahu;> brhy; bghUsha; tps=;fpatu; ahu;>
1. brhy; totha; epd;wtu;: ghu;tjp njtp
2. brhy; bghUsha; tps=;fpatu;: ,iwtd; (<rd;)
vz;zpa bgupnahu;f;F~~ ? ,t;tofspy; mike;j Kuz; brhw;fs; vit>
rpwpnahu; ? bgupnahu;
11. ``jz;zpa mKjhy; v=;fs; nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
g[ytu; ,ilf;fhldhu; Fnyr ghz;oadplk; Twpdhu;.
,ay; 5
12. ``gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk; bghWf;f vdg;gutpj; jhH;e;jtd;~~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
Fnyr ghz;oad; g[ytu; ,ilf;fhldhuplk; Twpdhu;.
13. gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk; bghWf;f vdg;gutpj; jhH;e;jtd;~~ gz;zpa Fw;wk; ahJ>
Fnyr ghz;oad; ,ilf;fhldhupd; ghliy ,fH;e;jhu;. mjdhy; ,iwtd; nfhapiy tpl;L
eP=;fpdhu;.
14. brhy;nyUHtDf;Ff; ftup tPrpa tpy;nyUHtd; ? brhy;nyUHtd; ahu;> tpy;nyUHtd; ahu;>
1. brhy;nyUHtd; (g[ytd;) ? nkhrpfPudhu;
2. tpy;nyUHtd; (kd;dd;) ? jf#u; vwpe;j bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw
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rpWtpdh
1. ``gpiHj;jdnth ahd; mwpnad; ve;jha;~~ vd;W ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk; tpdtpaij vGJf.
,iwtnd/ vd;dhy;/ vd;gilfshy;/ vd; giftuhy;/ fs;tuhy;/ fhl;oy; cs;s tpy=;Ffshy;
,j;jkpH;ehl;oy; j=;fSf;F ,ila{W Vw;gl;ljh>
ntj=;fis gapd;wtu; ey;byhGf;fj;jpy; jtwpdhuh>
jtKk; jUkKk; RU=;fpanjh>
,y;ywKk; JwtwKk; jj;jk; bewpapy; ,Ue;J jtwpdnth>
? vkJ je;ijna ahd; mwpnad; vd;W Fnyr ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk; tpdtpdhd;.
2. ``gpiHj;jdnth ahd; mwpnad; ve;jha;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

,lk; Rl;ly;:
bgupag[uhzk; jpU Mytha;f; fhz;lj;jpy;/ ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyj;jpy;
Fnyr ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk; tpdtpdhd;.

bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
,iwtnd/ vd;dhy;/ vd; gilfshy;/ vd; giftuhy;/ fs;tuhy;/ fhl;oy; cs;s
tpy=;Ffshy; ,j;jkpH;ehl;oy; j=;fSf;F ,ila{W Vw;gl;ljh> ntj=;fis gapd;wtu;
ey;byhGf;fj;jpy; jtwpdhuh> jtKk; jUkKk; RU=;fpanjh> ,y;ywKk; JwtwKk; jj;jk;
bewpapy; ,Ue;J jtwpdnth> vkJ je;ijna ahd; mwpand; vd;W ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk;
tpdtpdhd;.
vz;zpa bgupnahu;f;F~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

,lk; Rl;ly;:
bgupag[uhzk; jpU Mytha;f; fhz;lj;jpy;/ ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyj;jpy;
Fnyr ghz;oad; ,iwtdplk; tpdtpdhd;.
,ay; 5

bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
thdpypUe;J xypj;j ,iwtdpd; brhy; nfl;Lg; ghz;oad;/ ``ghu;tjp njtpia xU
ghfj;jpy; bfhz;l guk;bghUns/ g[z;zpand/ rpwpatu;fspd; Fw;wk; bghWg;gJ bgupatUf;Fg;
bgUikay;yth>~~ vd;W jd; Fw;wj;ijg; bghWf;f ntz;odhu;.
1. ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyj;ij ehlfkhf;fp tFg;gpy; eoj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
ehlfk; ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPu;j;j glyk;

ehlfkhe;ju; ,ilf;fhldhu; / Fnyrghz;oad;/ ,iwtd; (rptd;)/ fgpyu;.
epfHplk; ghz;oaehL
,ilf;fhldhu; : kd;dh/ thH;f- ehd; fgpydpd; ez;gd;. ehd; ,aw;wpa ghliy c=;fs;
Kd; ghl tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;.
Fnyrghz;oad; : (fu;tj;njhLk;) ghLk;. (,ilf;fhldhu; ghliyg; ghLfpd;whu;)
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,ilf;fhldhu; :
(,iwtdplk; Kiwaply;) ,iwth- ghz;oad; vd; ghliyg;
bghUl;gLj;jhky; ck;ika[k; ghu;tjpnjtpiaa[k; mtkjpj;jhd;.
,iwtd; :
fgpyUf;fhft[k; ,ilf;fhldhUf;fhft[k;/ ,e;jf; nfhtpiy tpl;Lr;
bry;fpd;nwd;. (,iwtd; nfhtpiy tpl;L btspnawy;)
Fnyrghz;oad; : ,iwtnd- vd;dhy;/ vd; gilfshy;/ vd; giftuhy;/ fs;tuhy;/ fhl;oy;
cs;s tpy=;Ffshy; j=;fSf;F ,ila{W Vw;gl;ljh> ntj=;fisg;
gapd;wtu; ey;byhGf;fj;jpy; jtwpdhuh> jtKk; jUkKk; RU=;fpanjh>
,y;ywKk; JwtwKk; jj;jk; bewpapy; ,Ue;J jtwpdnth> vkJ je;ijna
ahd; mwpnad;.
,iwtd; :
,ilf;fhldhu; ghliy ,fH;e;j Fw;wk; jtpu ntW Fw;wk; ,y;iy.
,ilf;fhldhu; kPJ bfhz;l md;ghy; ,=;F te;njhk;.
Fnyrghz;oad; :
ghu;tjpnjtpia xU ghfj;jpy; bfhz;l guk;bghUns/ g[z;zpand/
rpwpatu;fspd; Fw;wk; bghWg;gJ bgupatUf;Fg; bgUikay;yth>vd;
Fw;wj;ijg; bghWf;f.
(g[ytu;fis xg;gid bra;J bghd; ,Uf;ifapy; mku itj;jy;)
Fnyrghz;oad; : g[ytu;fns vd;id kd;dpa[k;. ,ilf;fhldhUf;Fr; bra;j Fw;wj;ijg;
bghWf;f .
fgpyu; kw;Wk;
,ilf;fhldhu; : kd;dh- ePu; Twpa mKjk; nghd;w Fspu;e;j brhy;yhy; v=;fs; rpdkhd jP
jzpe;jJ.

,ay; 5
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,ay; fy;tp tpupthdk;
g[jpa ek;gpf;if
5 ? fkyhyad;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. fw;if ed;nw fw;if ed;nw

gpr;ir g[fpDk; fw;if ed;nw ? vd;fpwJ btw;wpntw;if.
nkupaplk; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l g[j;jfk;/ mr;rpWkpapd; thH;f;ifapy; fy;tpr; Rliu Vw;wpa
fijiag; gw;wpa c=;fspd; fUj;Jfis tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
,sik thH;f;if
nkupf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdk;
nkupapd; Vf;fk;
je;ijapd; mwpt[iu
nkupapd; jd;dk;gpf;if
gl;lkspg;g[ tpHh
nkw;gog;g[
g[jpanjhu; gazk;
,ay; 5
Cnu TLjy;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu :
tuyhw;wpy; kdpju;fs; tUfpwhu;fs;. rpyu; tuyhwhfnt thH;fpwhu;fs;. me;j tifapy; fy;tp
mwptw;w/ ,Ul;r@fj;jpy; xw;iwr; Rluha; gpwe;J Xuhapuk; Rlu;fis Vw;wp/ nkup bkf;ypnahl;
bgj;a{d; fijiag; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
,sik thH;f;if :
nkup jd; jha; je;ijnahL gUj;jpf; fhl;oy; ntiy bra;a[k; fy;tp mwptw;w ciHf;Fk;
FLk;gk;. mr;NHypYk; nkup jdf;bfd;w jdp ghij tFg;ghs;. mJ/ vJthfpDk; jhd; Kjypy;
ghu;f;f ntz;Lk; vd Mirg;gLths;.
nkupf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdk;:
nkup xUehs; jha[ld; tpy;rd; tPl;ow;Fr; bry;fpwhs;. m=;Ff; FHe;ijfs; tpisahLtijf;
fz;L tpag;g[w;whYk; mts; fz;fs; m=;F ,Ue;j g[j;jfj;jpd; kPnj brd;wJ. xU g[j;jfj;ij
vLj;Jg; g[ul;og; ghu;f;fpd;wnghJ tpy;rdpd; ,isa kfs; g[j;jfj;ij btLf;bfd;W gpL=;fp
cd;dhy; gof;fKoahJ vd;W Twpdhs;. me;j thu;j;ij mts; kdijf; fpHpj;jJ. clnd
tPl;il tpl;L btspnawpdhs;.
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nkupapd; Vf;fk; :
tpy;rdpd; tPl;oy; ele;j mtkhd=;fis vz;zp fz;zPu; toj;Jj; jd; je;ijaplk;
ehd; gof;f ntz;Lk;. goj;jhy;jhd; ,r;r@fk; kjpf;Fk; vd;W TWfpwhs;.
je;ijapd; mwpt[iu :
nkup ehk; gs;spr; bry;yKoahJ. ekf;bfd;W jdpahfg; gs;spf;Tlk; ,y;iy. btspa{upy;
gs;spapy; bts;isf;fhuu;fs; gof;Fk; gs;spjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpYk; ek;ikr; nru;f;fkhl;lhu;fs;
vd;whu;.
nkupapd; jd;dk;gpf;if:
gjpbdhU taJ epuk;gpa nkup tay;fhl;oypUe;J gUj;jp@l;iliar; Rke;Jbfhz;L
tPl;ow;F te;jhs;. mg;nghJ tPl;oy; Kd;gpd; mwpKfk; ,y;yhj bgz; jd;id mwpKfk;
bra;Jbfhz;L/ eP gof;f ntz;Lk;" cd; ntiyfis Koj;Jf;bfhz;L rPf;fpuk; tuntz;Lk;
vd;whu;. nkupf;F eh vHtpy;iy/ thailj;J epd;W thrpf;fg; g[wg;gl;lhs;" gof;fj; bjhl=;fpdhs;.
g[jpJ g[jpjhf fw;whs;. jd; ghijia bky;y bky;y cau;j;jpdhs;. ,Wjp tFg;g[ goj;J/
rhd;wpjH; bgw;whs;.
gl;lkspg;g[ tpHh :
njhy;tpna btw;wpf;F Kjy;go vd;gij czu;e;j nkup/ tpy;rdpd; ,isa kfs; vd;id
mtkjpf;fh tpl;lhy; ,e;j Cf;fk; fpilj;jpUf;fhJ. mr;rpWkpapd; bray; vdf;F neuplhtpl;lhy;
,e;j tpUJ bgw ,ayhJ vd;W vz;zp bgUkpjk; mile;j nkupf;F vGj gof;fj; bjupa[k;
vdg; gl;lk; mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.
nkw;gog;g[ :
gl;lkspg;g[ tpHhtpd;nghJ tpy;rd; njhspy; nkupia mizj;J èP vdf;F vd;d bra;ag;
nghfpwha;~ vd;whu;. ``kp!; ehd; nkYk; gof;f tpUk;g[fpnwd;~~ vd;whu;. Mdhy; miyflypy;
mfg;gl;l fg;gy; fiunru ,ayhj epiynghy; ,Ue;jhs;.
g[jpanjhu; gazk; :
,ay; 5
kPz;Lk; jd; gzpapidg; gUj;jpf;fhl;oy; bjhl=;fpdhu;fs;. mg;nghJ kp!; tpy;rd;
m=;F te;J/ bts;isf;fhug; bgz;kzp xU fUg;gpd FHe;ijapd; gog;gpw;fhf gzk;
mDg;gp ,Uf;fpwhu;. mijg; bgWtjw;Fupa Mshf ePjhd; nju;e;bjLf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwha;. eP
nky;gog;gpw;fhf lt[Df;Fg; nghfntz;Lk; jahuhF vd;whu; nkupaplk;.
Cnu TLjy; :
nkup nky;gog;gpw;Fr; bry;y bjhlu;tz;o epiyaj;jpy; Cnu xd;W ToaJ. midtUk;
Fl;ig nkup/ Fl;ig btw;wp cz;lhfl;Lk; vd;W thH;j;jp tpil bfhLj;jdu;.
Kot[iu:
rhjhuzg; bgz;zhfg; gpwe;J rhjidg; bgz;zhf khwpaJ nkupapd; thH;t[.nkYk;/
rKjhaj;jpd; mwpahik ,Uisg; nghf;f njhd;wpa nkupn$d;dpd; thH;tpay; epfH;t[fisg;
nghy ehKk; mtkhd=;fis btFkhdkhf khw;w Kaw;rpg;nghk;.
``fw;if ed;nw fw;if ed;nw

gpr;ir g[fpDk; fw;if ed;nw~~
vd;gjid czu;nthk;- btw;wp bgWnthk;--
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `cdf;Fg; gof;fj; bjupahJ~ vd;W cs;sj;jpy; bgw;w mo nkup bkf;ypnahl; bgj;a{d; __________
cUthf;fplf; fhuzkhdJ.
m) Fg;ig bfhl;Lk; ,lj;jpy; xU gs;spia
M) bjUKidapy; xU fy;Y}upia
,) kf;fs; TLkplj;jpy; xU rKjhaf; Tlj;ij
<) fpuhkj;jpy; ViH khztu;fSf;fhd gs;spia
[tpil: m) Fg;ig bfhl;Lk; ,lj;jpy; xU gs;spia]
2. nkup bkf;ypnahl; bgj;a{d; Fg;ig bfhl;Lk; ,lj;jpy; xU gs;spia cUthf;fpl gzk; nru;j;j
tpj=;fs; __________.
i) rikay; bra;J ii) njhl;lkpl;L
iii) bghJ ,l=;fspy; ghl;Lg; gho iv) gpr;irbaLj;J
m) i, ii, iii - rup M) ii, iii, iv - rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) iii - kl;Lk; rup [tpil: m) i, ii, iii - rup]
3. mbkupf;f fWg;gpdg; bgz;kzp nkup bkf;ypnahl; bgj;a{d; __________ r@f=;fspd; xU

Fuyhf ,Ue;jtu;.
m) cybf=;Fk; @iy KLf;Ffspy; cs;s xLf;fg;gl;l/ fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l
M) iftplg;gl;l/ neha;tha;g;gl;l
,) kWkzk; kWf;fg;gl;l
<) ciHf;Fk;
[tpil: m) cybf=;Fk; @iy KLf;Ffspy; cs;s xLf;fg;gl;l/ fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l]
,ay; 5
4. nkup bkf;ypnahl; bgj;a{d; vd;Dk; mbkupf;ff; fy;tpahsupd;/ thH;f;ifia `cdf;Fg; gof;fj;

bjupahJ~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; E}yhfg; gilj;jtu; __________.
m) mfpyd; M) fkyhyad;
,) fPjhyad; <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: M) fkyhyad;]
5. bfhw;if vd;Dk; Cu; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; __________.

m) jpUbey;ntyp M) kJiu
,) J}j;Jf;Fo <) Fkup [tpil: ,) J}j;Jf;Fo]
6. ``bfhw;iff; nfhkhd; bfhw;ifak; bgUe;Jiw~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.
,) I=;FWE}W <) ew;wpiz [tpil: ,) I=;FWE}W]
1. fy;tp tha;g;gw;w NHypy; xw;iwr; Rluhf te;J xspnaw;wpdhu; nkup bkf;ypnahl; bgj;a{d;/
mJnghyj; jkpHfj;jpy; fy;tp tha;g;gw;wtu;fspd; thH;tpy; Kjw;Rlu; Vw;wpatu;fSs; ahnuDk;
xUtu; Fwpj;j bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;Jr; rpy gl=;fSld; FWk;g[j;jfk; xd;iwf; FGthf
cUthf;Ff.
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,sik:
20.5.1845y; nfhit murk;ghisaj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
,aw;bgau; : fhj;jtuhad;
je;ij : fe;jrhkp
jd; Mrpupau; kPJs;sgw;wpd; fhuzkhf mtu; bgauhfpa mnahj;jpjhru;
vd;gijj; jd; bgauhf khw;wpf;bfhz;lhu;.
fy;tpg; gzp:
jhH;j;jg;gl;l FHe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mnahj;jpjhru;
mnahj;jpjhru; gpuk;k +hd rig My;fhl; bjhlu;ghy;/ brd;idapy;
Kf;fpakhd Ie;J ,l=;fspy; g+;rku; gs;spfs; vdj; jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ,ytrg;
gs;spfis epWtp rpwe;j fy;tpapid tH=;fpdhu;.
r@fg;gzp:
jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F mUk;ghLgl;ltu;. jhH;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp trjpnahL
fy;tp cjtpj;bjhif fpilf;ft[k; Vw;ghL bra;jhu;. fy;tpapy; nju;r;rp bgw;w jhH;j;jg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F muR ntiya[k; cs;shl;rp mikg;g[fspy; tha;g;g[k; tH=;fr; bra;jhu;.
gilg;g[fs;:
g[j;juJ Mjpntjk;/ jpUthrf ciu/ xUigrhj; jkpHd; ,jH;.
2.
fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jtu;fSf;fpilapy; iftplg;gl;l bgz;fSf;fhf ciHj;j jkpHfj;jpd;
Kjy; bgz; kUj;Jtu; Kj;Jbyl;Rkp gw;wpa xU bjhFg;ngl;oid cUthf;fp tFg;giwapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
bgz;Qupik KHf;fk;:
,sikg;gUtk;: 1926y; mfpy ,e;jpa bgz;fs;
g[Jf;nfhl;il jpUf;nfhfu;zk; khehl;oy; Mz;fSf;F epfuhfg;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1886y; gpwe;jhu;. bgz;fs; Kd;ndw ntz;Lk;.
bgz;fis moikfshf elj;Jk;
,ay; 5
bgw;nwhu; :
tHf;fk; xHpa ntz;Lk; vd;W
ehuhazrhkp ? re;jpuhk;ghs;
KHf;fk; bra;jhu;.
rpwg;g[: r@fg; gzp:

,e;jpag;bgz;fs; r=;fj;jpd; njtjhrpKiw xHpg;g[/
Kjy; jiytu;. ,Ujhuj; jilr;rl;lk;/
rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fj; bgz;fSf;Fr; brhj;Jupikr; rl;lk;/
nju;e;bjLf;fg;gl;lKjy; FHe;ijj; jpUkzj; jilr;rl;lk;.
bgz;kzp.

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,ay; fy;tp fw;fz;L

tpdh/ tpil tiffs;/
5 bghUs;nfhs;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``,=;F efug; ngUe;J epw;Fkh>~~ vd;W tHpg;nghf;fu; nfl;lJ __________ tpdh.

`mnjh m=;nf epw;Fk;~ vd;W kw;bwhUtu; TwpaJ __________ tpil.
m) Iatpdh/ tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy;
M) mwptpdh/ kiwtpil
,) mwpahtpdh/ Rl;Ltpil
<) bfhsy; tpdh/ ,dbkhHp tpil [tpil: ,) mwpahtpdh/ Rl;Ltpil]
FWtpdh
1.
,e;j miw ,Ul;lhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kpd;tpsf;fpd; brhLf;fp ve;jg;;gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ> ,njh.
,Uf;fpwJ- brhLf;fpiag; nghl;lhYk; btspr;rk; tutpy;iyna- kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/
,y;iyah>
nkw;fz;l ciuahlypy; cs;s tpdhf;fspd; tiffis vLj;bjGJf.
tpil:
,ay; 5
m) kpd;tpsf;fpd; brhLf;fp ve;jg;gf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ>

? mwpahtpdh
M) ,njh.... ,Uf;fpwnj-
? Rl;L tpil
,) brhLf;fpiag; nghl;lhYk; btspr;rk; tutpy;iyna- kpd;rhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/ ,y;iyah>
? Iatpdh
rpWtpdh
1. Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;Js;s bghUs;nfhspd; tifiar; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; mike;Js;s bghUs;nfhs; Mw;WePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;.

bghUs;nfhs; ,yf;fzk;:
ghlypd; bjhlf;fk; Kjy; Kot[ tiu Mw;WePupd; nghf;ifg; nghy neuhfnt bghUs;
bfhs;SkhW mikjy; Mw;WePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;.
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bghUs;nfhs; tpsf;fk; :
,g;ghlypy; Kaw;rp bry;tj;ijj; jUk;" Kaw;rp bra;ahik tWikiaj; jUk; vd;W
ghlypd; bjhlf;fk; Kjy; Kot[ tiu neuhfg; bghUs; bfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;
,J Mw;W ePu;g;bghUs;nfhs; Mapw;W.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jhd; mwpahj xd;iw mwpe;J bfhs;tjw;fhf tpdt[tJ __________.

m) mwptpdh M) mwpahtpdh
,) Iatpdh <) Vty; tpdh [tpil: M) mwpahtpdh]
2. gpwUf;Fg; bghUisf; bfhLj;J cjt[k; bghUl;L tpdt[tJ __________.

m) Vty; tpdh M) bfhsy; tpdh
,) Ia tpdh <) bfhil tpdh [tpil: <) bfhil tpdh]
3. khl;nld; vd;W kWg;gij Vt[jyhff; TWk; tpil __________.

m) kiwtpil M) ,dbkhHptpil
,) neu;tpil <) Vty;tpil [tpil: <) Vty;tpil]
4. tpdhtpw;F tpilahf ,dpnky; neu;tijf; TWtJ __________.

m) cWtJ Twy; tpil M) cw;wJ ciwj;jy; tpil
,) ,dbkhHp tpil <) tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil
[tpil: m) cWtJ Twy; tpil]
5. cld;gl;Lf; TWk; tpil __________.

m) Rl;Ltpil M) kiwtpil
,ay; 5
,) neu;tpil <) Vty;tpil [tpil: ,) neu;tpil]
6. tpdhtpw;F tpdhit jpUk;gf; nfl;gJ __________.
m) Vty; tpil M) tpdh vjpu;tpdhjy; tpil
,) kiwtpil <) neu;tpdh [tpil: M) tpdh vjpu;tpdhjy; tpil]
7. kWj;Jf; TWk; tpil __________.

m) Rl;L tpil M) kiwtpil
,) Vty;tpil <) neu; tpil [tpil: M) kiwtpil]
8. Mlj;bjupa[kh vd;w tpdhtpw;Fg; ghlj;bjupa[k; vd;W TWtJ __________.
m) tpdhvjpu; tpdhjy; M) cw;wJ ciuj;jy;
,) cWtJ Twy; <) ,dbkhHp tpil [tpil: <) ,dbkhHp tpil]
9. CUf;F tUthah> vd;w tpdhtpw;F tuhky; ,Ug;ngdh> vd;W TWtJ vd;d tpil>
m) tpdhvjpu; tpdhjy; tpil
M) cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil
,) cWtJ Twy; tpil
<) ,dbkhHp tpil [tpil: m) tpdhvjpu; tpdhjy; tpil]
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10. Mrpupau; khztdplk; ,g;ghlypd; bghUs; ahJ>

m) mwptpdh M) Iatpdh
,) mwpahtpdh <) bfhsy;tpdh [tpil: m) mwptpdh]
11. khztd; Mrpupauplk; ,g;ghlypd; bghUs; ahJ vd tpdt[tJ __________.
,) Iatpdh <) Vty;tpdh [tpil: M) mwpahtpdh]
12. ,r;braiyr; bra;jJ k=;ifah> kzpnkfiyah>

,) Iatpdh <) Vty;tpdh [tpil: ,) Iatpdh]
13. Iak; eP=;fpj; bjspt[ bgWtjw;fhff; nfl;fgLtJ __________.
,) Iatpdh <) Vty;tpdh [tpil: ,) Iatpdh]
14. tpdh __________ tifg;gLk;.

m) ehd;F M) Ie;J
,) MW <) VG [tpil: ,) MW]
15. `vd;dplk; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; ,uz;L gofs; cs;sd. cd;dplk; ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs;
,Uf;fpwjh~> vd;W bfhLg;gjw;fhf tpdt[tJ __________.
m) bfhsy; tpdh M) Ia tpdh
,) bfhil tpdh <) Vty; tpdh [tpil: ,) bfhil tpdh]
16. ``tPl;oy; jf;fhsp ,y;iy/ eP filf;Fr; bry;fpwhah> vd;W mf;fh jk;gpaplk; tpdtp ntiyiar;
brhy;tJ
m) Iatpdh M) mwpahtpdh
,) bfhsy; tpdh <) Vty; tpdh [tpil: <) Vty; tpdh]
17. tpil __________ tifg;gLk;.

,ay; 5
m) MW M) VG
,) vl;L <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,) vl;L]
18. btspg;gil tpilfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) Rl;L tpil M) kiw tpil
,) neu; tpil <) Vty; tpil [tpil: <) Vty; tpil]
19. neuo tpilfshf ,Uf;Fk; btspg;gil tpilfs; vj;jid>
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: m) @d;W]
20. Fwpg;g[ tpilfshf ,Uf;Fk; Fwpg;g[ tpilfs; vj;jid>
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: ,) Ie;J]
21. Fwpg;g[ tpilfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) neu; tpil M) Vty; tpil
,) cWtJ Twy; <) ,dbkhHp [tpil: m) neu; tpil]
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22. bra;a[spy; brhw;fisg; bghUSf;F Vw;wthW nru;j;njh khw;wpnah bghUs; bfhs;Sk; Kiwf;F
__________ vd;W bgau;.
m) bghUs;nfhs; M) tHhepiy
,) mzp <) tGtikjp [tpil: m) bghUs;nfhs;]
23. bghUs;nfhs; __________ tifg;gLk;.

m) 6 M) 7
,) 8 <) 9 [tpil: ,) 8]
24. ghlypd; bjhlf;fk; Kjy; Kot[ tiu neuhfnt bghUs; bfhs;SkhW miktJ __________
MFk;.
m) Mw;W ePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;
M) epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
,) bfhz;L Tl;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
<) bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs; [tpil: m) Mw;W ePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;]
25. xU bra;a[spy; brhw;fs; Kiwna gpwHhky; epuy; epiwahf mike;J tUtJ __________.
m) epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs; M) tpw;g{l;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
,) Mw;W ePu;g; bghUs;nfhs; <) bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs;
[tpil: m) epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;]
26. epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs; __________ tifg;gLk;.

m) ,U M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) MW [tpil: m) ,U]
27.
bra;a[spy; vGthahf mika[k; bgau;r;brhw;fis my;yJ tpidr; brhw;fis tupirahf
epWj;jp/ mit Vw;Fk; gadpiyfisa[k; mt;tupirg;gona epWj;jpg; bghUs; bfhs;Sjy;
__________ MFk;.
,ay; 5
m) tpw;g{l;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
M) Kiw epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
,) vjpu; epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
<) bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs; [tpil: M) Kiw epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;]
28. bra;a[spy; vGtha;fis tupirg;gLj;jp mit Vw;Fk; gadpiyfis vjpu; vjpuhff; bfhz;L
bghUs; bfhs;Sjy; __________ MFk;.
m) tpw;g{l;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
M) Kiw epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
,) vjpu; epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
<) bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs; [tpil: ,) vjpu; epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;]
29. xU bra;a[spy; gy mofspy; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; brhw;fisg; bghUSf;F Vw;wthW xd;nwhblhd;W
Tl;og; bghUs; bfhs;tJ __________ MFk;.
m) bfhz;L Tl;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
M) Mw;W ePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;
,) bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs;
<) epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs; [tpil: m) bfhz;L Tl;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;]
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FWtpdh
1. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit>
mwptpdh/ mwpahtpdh/ Iatpdh/ bfhsy; tpdh/ bfhil tpdh/ Vty; tpdh/ vd;W tpdh MW
tifg;gLk;
2. mwptpdh vd;why; vd;d>
jhd; tpil mwpe;jpUe;Jk;/ mt;tpil gpwUf;Fj; bjupa[kh vd;gij mwpa[k; bghUl;L
tpdt[tJ mwptpdh vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: khztuplk; `,e;jf; ftpijapd; bghUs; ahJ>~ vd;W Mrpupau; nfl;ly;.
3. mwpah tpdh vd;why; vd;d>
jhd; mwpahj xd;iw mwpe;J bfhs;tjw;fhf tpdt[tJ mwpah tpdh MFk;.
rhd;W: Mrpupauplk; `,e;jf; ftpijapd; bghUs; ahJ>~ vd;W khztd; nfl;gJ.
4. Ia tpdh vd;why; vd;d>
Iak; eP=;fpj; bjspt[ bgWtjw;fhff; nfl;fg;gLtJ Ia tpdh MFk;.
rhd;W: ,g;glj;ij tiue;jJ k=;ifah> kzpnkfiyah> vd tpdt[jy;.
5. bfhsy; tpdh vd;why; vd;d>
jhd; xU bghUis th=;fpf; bfhs;Sk; bghUl;L tpdt[tJ bfhsy;tpdh vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: gj;jhk; tFg;g[ jkpH; g[j;jfk; ,Uf;fpwjh> vd;W filf;fhuuplk; tpdt[tJ.
6. bfhil tpdh vd;why; vd;d>
gpwUf;F xU bghUisf; bfhLj;J cjt[k; bghUl;L tpdt[tJ bfhil tpdh vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: v
d;dplk; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; ,uz;L gofs; cs;sd. cd;dplk; ghujpjhrdpd;
ftpijfs; ,Uf;fpwjh> vd;W bfhLg;gjw;fhf tpdt[jy;.
7. Vty; tpdh vd;why; vd;d>
,ay; 5
xU braiyr; bra;a[khW tpdt[tJ Vty; tpdh vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W: tPl;oy; jf;fhsp ,y;iy eP filf;Fr; bry;fpwhah> vd;W mf;fh jk;gpaplk; tpdtp
ntiyia brhy;Yjy;.
8. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
Rl;L tpil/ kiw tpil/ neu; tpil/ Vty; tpil/ tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil/ cw;wJ ciuj;jy;
tpil/ cWtJ Twy; tpil/ ,dbkhHp tpil/ vd;W tpil vl;L tifg;gLk;.
9. btspg;gil tpilfs; vj;jid tif> mit ahit>
Rl;L tpil/ kiw tpil/ neu; tpil Mfpa @d;Wk; neuo tpilfshf ,Ug;gjhy; mit
btspg;gil tpilfs; MFk;.
10. Fwpg;g[ tpilfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
Vty; tpil/ tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil/ cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil/ cWtJ Twy; tpil/
,dbkhHp tpil/ Mfpa Ie;J tpilfSk; Fwpg;ghf tpilia czu;j;Jtjhy; ,it Fwpg;g[
tpilfshFk;.
11. Rl;Ltpilia tptup.
`filj;bjU v=;F cs;sJ>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;F `tyg;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ~ vd;W Rl;of; fhl;Lk;
tpil Rl;Ltpil vdg;gLk;.
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12. kiw tpil vd;why; vd;d>

`filf;Fg; nghthah>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;Fg; `nghfkhl;nld;~ vd kWj;Jf; TWtJ kiwtpil
vdg;gLk;.
13. neu; tpil vd;why; vd;d>
`filf;Fg; nghthah>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;Fg; `nghntd;~ vd;W cld;gl;L tpilaspg;gJ
neu;tpil vdg;gLk;
14. Vty; tpil vd;why; vd;d>
`,J bra;thah>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;F èPna bra;~ vd;W khl;nld; vd;W kWg;gij Vt[jyhff;
TWk; tpil Vty; tpil vdg;gLk;.
15. tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil vd;why; vd;d>
tpdhtpw;F tpilahf ,d;bdhU tpdhitf; nfl;gJ tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy; tpil MFk;.
rhd;W: vd;Dld; CUf;F tUthah> vd;w tpdhtpw;F tuhky; ,Ug;ngdh vd;W TWtJ.
16. cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpiliaf; TWf.
èP tpisahltpy;iyah>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; `fhy; typf;fpwJ~ vd;W Vw;fdnt neu;e;jij
tpilahff; TWtJ cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil vdg;gLk;.
17. cWtJ Twy; tpil vd;why; vd;d>
èP tpisahltpy;iyah>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; `fhy; typf;Fk;~ vd;W ,dpnky; neu;tij
tpilahff; TWtJ cWtJ Twy; vdg;gLk;.
18. ,dbkhHp tpil vd;why; vd;d>
`cdf;Ff; fij vGjj; bjupa[kh>~ vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; `fl;Liu vGjj; bjupa[k;~ vd;W mjw;F
,dkhd kw;bwhd;iw tpilahff; TWtJ ,dbkhHptpil vdg;gLk;.
19. bghUs;nfhs; vd;why; vd;d>
bra;a[spy; brhw;fisg; bghUSf;F Vw;wthW nru;j;njh khw;wpnah bghUs; bfhs;Sk;
Kiwf;Fg; bghUs;nfhs; vd;W bgau;.
,ay; 5
20. bghUs;nfhs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;. mit ahit>
bghUs; nfhs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
Mw;WePu;g; bghUs;nfhs;  jhg;gpirg; bghUs;nfhs;
bkhHpkhw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs;  miskwp ghg;g[g; bghUs;nfhs;
epuy; epiwg; bghUs; n fhs;  bfhz;L Tl;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;
tpw;g{l;Lg; bghUs;nfhs;  mokwp khw;Wg; bghUs;nfhs;.
rpWtpdh
1. Kiwepuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhis tptupf;f.
bra;a[spy; vGthahf mika[k; bgau;r;brhw;fis my;yJ tpidr; brhw;fis tupirahf
epWj;jp mit Vw;Fk; gadpiyfisa[k; mt;tupirg;gona epWj;jpg; bghUs; bfhs;Sjy;
``Kiw epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;~~ MFk;.
rhd;W:
md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ. (Fws;)
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tpsf;fk;:
,y;thH;f;if md;g[k; mwDk; cilajhf tps=;Fkhdhy; me;j thH;f;if gz;g[k; gaDk;
cilajhf mika[k;.
,f;Fwspy; gz;g[/ gad; ,Ubrhw;fis tupirg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; tpist[fshf md;g[
mwd; vd;W tupirg;gLj;jpa[s;shu;. ,y;thH;f;ifapd; gz;g[/ md;g[ vd;Wk;/ mjd; gad; mwd;
vd;Wk; bghUs;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
md;g[f;F ? gz;g[k;/ mwj;Jf;F ? gad; vd;W epuy; epiuahf epWj;jpg; bghUs; bfhs;tjhy;
``Kiw epuy; epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;~~ MFk;.
2. vjpu; epuy;epiwg; bghUs;nfhis tptupf;f.
bra;a[spy; vGtha;fis tupirg;gLj;jp mit Vw;Fk; gadpiyfis vjpu; vjpuhff;
bfhz;L bghUs; bfhs;Sjy; ``vjpu; epuy;epiwg; bghUs;nfhs;~~ MFk;.
rhd;W:
tpy=;bfhL kf;fs; midau; ,y=;FE}y;
fw;nwhnuhL Vid atu; (Fws;)
tpsf;fk;:
kdpju;fSf;Fk; tpy=;FfSf;Fkpilna vd;d ntw;Wiknah mnj mst[ ntw;Wik
fw;wtUf;Fk;/ fy;yhjtUf;Fk; ,ilna cz;L. ,g;ghlypy; tpy=;F kf;fs; vd;w vGtha;fis
Kjy; moapy; tupirg;gl epWj;jp tpl;L fw;whu;/ fy;yhjtu; (Vid) vd;w gadpiyfis
mLj;j tupirapy; epWj;jp tpl;Lg; bghUs; bfhs;Sk;nghJ fw;whu; kf;fs; vd;Wk;/ fy;yhjhu;
tpy=;F vd;Wk; gadpiyfis vjpu; vjpuhf khw;wpg; bghUs; bfhs;Sk; Kiw ``vjpu; epuy;epiwg;
bghUs;nfhs;~~ MFk;.
1. tpdh tifiaa[k; tpil tifiaa[k; Rl;Lf.

,ay; 5
``fhkuhru; efu; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwJ>~~ ``,e;j tHpahfr; bry;Y=;fs;.~~ ? vd;W tpilaspg;gJ.

fhkuhru; efu; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwJ> mwpahtpdh
`,e;j tHpahfr; bry;Y=;fs; ~ vd;W tpilaspg;gJ. Rl;Ltpil
``vdf;F vGjpj; jUfpwhah>~~ vd;w tpdht[f;F/ ``vdf;F ahu; vGjpj; jUthu;fs;>~~ vd;W
tpilaspg;gJ.
vdf;F ahu; vGjpj;jUthu;fs; vd;W tpilaspg;gJ. tpdh vjpu;tpdhjy;
2. ciuahlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s tpdhtpil tiffisf; fz;L vGJf.

ghkfs; : tzf;fk; Mjpiu- Vnjh vGJfpwPu;fs; nghypUf;fpwnj> (mwpah tpdh)
Mjpiu : Mkhk;- ftpau=;fj;Jf;Ff; ftpij vGjpf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;.
(neu; tpil)
ghkfs; : mg;goah- vd;d jiyg;g[> (mwpah tpdh)
Mjpiu : fy;tpapy; rpwf;Fk; jkpHu;- (neu; tpil)
eP=;fs; ftpau=;fj;Jf;F vy;yhk; tUtPu;fsh> khl;Ou;fsh> (Ia tpdh)
ghkfs; : Vd; tuhky;> (tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy;)
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bkhHpbgau;g;g[
M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F epfuhd jkpH;r; brhw;fisf; ftpijapy; fz;L vGJf.
ahHpir It’s like new lute music
miwf;Fs; ahHpir Wondering at the lute music Lute music -

ahHpir
Vbjd;W brd;W Coming from the chamber Chamber -
Tlk;
vl;og; ghu;j;njd; Entered I to look up to in still at look up -
vl;og; ghu;j;njd;
ngj;jp/ My grand-daughter Grand daughter - ngj;jp
bel;LUg; gz;zpdhs; Learning by rote the verses rote -
bel;LU
ePjpE}y; jpul;ilna. Of a didactic compilation didactic compilation - ePjpE}y; jpul;L
? ghujpjhrd; Translated by Kavignar Desini
ml;ltizapy; tpLgl;lij vGJf.

ntu;r; vGtha;j; bgabur;rj; tpidbar;rj; tpspj; bjhlu; ntw;Wikj;
brhy; bjhlu; bjhlu; bjhlu; bjhlu;
XL mUzh Xoa mUzh Xo te;jhs; mUzh mUzhtpw;fhf
Xodhs; Xlhnj- Xodhs;
brhy; mk;kh brhd;d mk;kh brhy;ypr; mk;kh fijiar;
brhd;dhu; brd;whu; epy;- brhd;dhu;
jh murd; je;j muru; je;J brd;whu; munr jUf- je;jijf;
je;jhu; nfl;lhu;
ghu; Jspu; ghu;j;jhs; ghu;j;j Jspu; ghu;j;Jr; Jspnu JspUld;
rpupj;jhs; ghu;- ghu;j;njd;
,ay; 5
th FHe;ij te;j FHe;ij te;J epd;whd; FHe;ijna FHe;ijnahL
te;jJ th- te;jhd;
jhlu;fspy; cs;s vGthiar; brGik bra;f.
b
flk;gtdj;ij tpl;L ,iwtd; eP=;fpdhd;
v.fh: mHfpa Fspu;e;j flk;gtdj;ij tpl;L ,iwtd; eP=;fpdhd;.
1. kuj;ij tsu;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;
gad;jUk; kuj;ij tsu;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;
2. thH;f;ifg;gaznk ntWgl;l ghl=;fisf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; epiwe;j thH;f;ifg; gaznk ntWgl;l ghl=;fisf; fw;Wj;
jUfpwJ.
3. fy;tpna xUtu;f;F cau;t[ jUk;.
ed;bdwpf; fy;tpna cau;t[ jUk;.
4. FHe;ijfs; jdpj;jdpna vGjpj;ju ntz;Lk;.
gilg;g[j;jpwd; kpf;f FHe;ijfs; jdpj;jdpna vGjpj;ju ntz;Lk;.
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kjpg;g[iu vGJf.
gs;sp Mz;LtpHh kyUf;fhf/ eP=;fs; E}yfj;jpy; goj;j fij / fl;Liu / rpWfij /ftpij
E}Yf;fhd kjpg;g[iu vGJf.
Fwpg;g[:
E}ypd; jiyg;g[ ? E}ypd; ikag;bghUs; bkhHpeil btspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J ? E}ypd; eak; ?
E}y; fl;likg;g[ ? rpwg;g[f; TW ? E}y; Mrpupau;
E}ypd; jiyg;g[ : re;jpj;jJk; rpe;jpj;jJk; (fij)
E}ypd; ikag;bghUs;:
thH;tpy; xt;bthU ehSk; gytpjkhd kdpju;fisr; re;jpf;fpnwhk;. ehk; mtu;fsplk;
fw;Wf;bfhz;l ghlk; vd;d vd;gnj ikag;bghUs;.
bkhHpeil:
thrfu; thrpg;g[f;F Vw;weilapy; ,yFthd Kiwapy; M=;fpy nkw;nfhSld; mike;j
E}y;. bjspe;j ePnuhilapidg; nghy fijapd; brhw;bwhlu;fs; bghUs; bjspt[ld;
bry;fpd;wJ.
btspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J:
ek;ik tpaf;f/ tpk;k bra;fpd;w tifapy; ek;ik ehnk gupnrhjid bra;J/ J}z;Lk;
tifapy; kdij cUf;Fk; tifapy; gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;. khDlu;fs; ,d;iwa epiyapy; vg;go
thHntz;Lk;> vj;jifa g[upjy;fs; njit> jd;dk;gpf;ifa[k; Kaw;rpa[k; vt;thW btw;wp
jUk;> Mfpa ew;fUj;Jfis ,e;E}y; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
E}ypd; eak;:
gof;f tpWtpWg;ghf/ goj;jt[ld; bjsptila[k; vJif/ nkhidnahL mike;Js;sJ.
vspikahd brhw;fs;/ vjhu;j;jkhd fUj;Jfs;/ cd;djkhd ePjpfs;/ czu;thd rhd;Wfs;/
rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk; czu;r;rpg; bgUf;F Mfpait E}ypd; eaj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
,ay; 5
E}ypd; fl;likg;g[:
k=;ifau; kyupy; 50 fl;Liufshf btspte;j E}y;. bkhj;jk; 200 gf;f=;fisf; bfhz;L
tp$ah gjpg;gfj;jhy; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mHfpa rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk; ml;ilg;glk;/ ghu;itf;F
vspa/ rpwg;ghd fl;likg;g[ bfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;.
rpwg;g[f;TW:
``Mnuhf;fpakhd ghu;itnahL cyfj;ijg; ghu;j;jhy; mj;jid kdpju;fSnk
Rthurpaj;Jf;Fg; g+;rkpy;yhjtu;fs;" cz;ik ekf;Fg; g[upa[k;~~ vd;fpwhu; Mrpupau;. nkYk;/
``jd;dk;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy; nghJk; juzpiana Msyhk;~~ vd;w cl;fUj;J kpfr;rpwg;ghFk;.
E}y; Mrpupau; :
bt. ,iwad;g[.
thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;Lk; fUj;Jfis vspikahft[k;/ bjspthft[k; fl;Liuahf;Fk;
ty;ytu;/ I.V.v!;. mjpfhupa[k; Mthu;.
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gotj;ij epug;g[f.
E}yf cWg;gpdu; gotk;

fd;dpahFkup khtl;l E}yf Mizf;FG
ika ' fpis ' Cu;g;g[w E}yfk; ? khtl;l ika E}yk;
cWg;gpdu; nru;f;if ml;il
ml;il vz; : 514 cWg;gpdu; vz;: 41512
1. bgau; : f. jkpHr;rp
2. je;ij bgau; : F. jkpHurd;
3. gpwe;j njjp : 14?04?2005
4. taJ : 15
5. gog;g[ : gj;jhk; tFg;g[
6. bjhiyngrp vz; : 9876543210
7. Kftup : 18 g[{=;;fh rhiy/ jpUts;Stu; efu;.
(m+;ry; FwpaPl;L vz;Qld;) fd;dpahFkup ? 629 001.
ehd; khtl;l ika E}yfj;jpy; cWg;gpduhfg; gjpt[ bra;a ,j;Jld; fhg;g[j;bjhif
q. 100 re;jh bjhif q. 10 Mf bkhj;jk; q.110 buhf;fkhfr; brYj;Jfpnwd;. E}yf
eilKiw kw;Wk; tpjpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLfpnwd; vd cWjpaspf;fpnwd;.
,lk; : fd;dpahFkup/ j=;;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
ehs; : 06?06?2020. jkpHr;rp.
jpU / jpUkjp / bry;tp / bry;td; espdp mtu;fis vdf;F ed;F bjupa[k; vdr; rhd;W
mspf;fpnwd;.
uh$d;
,ay; 5
mYtyf Kj;jpiu gpizg;ghsu; ifbahg;gk;
(gjtp kw;Wk; mYtyfk;)
(khepy / ika muR mjpfhupfs; fy;Y}up Kjy;tu;fs; nguhrpupau;fs;
cau;/nky;epiyg;gs;sp jiyik Mrpupau;fs; rl;lkd;w/ehlhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; efuhl;rp/khefuhl;rp/xd;wpa/ngquhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fs;)
g[jpu;g;ghliyg; goj;J tpiliaf; fz;Lgpof;f.

jhu; nghd;w epwKz;L fupa[kpy;iy
ghu; KGtJk; gwe;J jpupntd; nkfKkpy;iy
nru;e;J mku;e;J xypg;ngd; gs;spa[kpy;iy
nrhu;e;J nghfhky; tPlikg;ngd; bghwpahsUkpy;iy
tPl;Lf;F tUKd;nd tUtijf; TWntd;. ehd; ahu;>
tpil : fhfk;
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bjhHpw;bgau;fspd; bghUisg; g[upe;Jbfhz;L bjhlu;fis KGik bra;f.

1. epyj;Jf;F moapy; fpilf;Fk; g[ijay; aht[k; muRf;nf brhe;jk; befpHpg; bghUs;fis
kz;Qf;F moapy; g[ijj;jy; epyj;jo ePu; tsj;ijf; Fd;wr; bra;a[k;. (g[ijj;jy; / g[ijay;)
2. fhl;L tpy=;;Ffisr; RLjy; jil bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ bra;j jtWfisr; Rl;ly; jpUe;j
cjt[fpwJ. (Rl;ly; / RLjy;)
3. fhw;wpd; bky;ypa bjhLjy; g[{f;fisj; jiyahl;l itf;fpwJ/ iffspy; neu;j;jpahd
bjhLj;jy; g[{f;fis khiyahf;FfpwJ. (bjhLj;jy; /bjhLjy;)
4. gRikahd fhl;rpIf; fhQjy; fz;Qf;F ey;yJ.(fhQjy; /fhl;rp)
5. bghJ thH;tpy; eoj;jy; TlhJ. eog;g[ ,y; mtiu kp+;r Ms; fpilahJ. (eoj;jy; /
eog;g[)
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
kd;wy; ? jpUkzk; J}ty; ? kiH / ePu;j;Jsp
mor; RtL ? fhyof;Fwp kUs; ? kaf;fk;
mfuhjp ? mfutupir brhw;bghUs; E}y;
bray; jpl;lk;
``gs;spiaj; J}a;ikahf itj;jpUj;jy;~~ ? Fwpj;j bray;jpl;l tiut[ Kiw xd;iw cUthf;fpj;
jiyik Mrpupaupd; xg;g[jYld; eilKiwg;gLjJf.
mDg;g[eu;
gj;jhk; tFg;g[ khztu;fs;/
muR cau;epiyg;gs;sp/
brd;id ? 18.
bgWeu;
,ay; 5
jiyikahrpupau; mtu;fs;/
brd;id ? 18.
Iah/
bghUs;: g
s;spj; J}a;ik Fwpj;j bray; jpl;l tiut[ xg;g[jy; tH=;fp bray;gLj;j
ntz;Ljy; ? rhu;ghf.
tzf;fk;. eh=;fs; ek; gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;g[ goj;J tUfpnwhk;. fle;j 4 Mz;Lfshf
ek; gs;spia ed;F ftdpj;J tUfpnwhk;. mjd; @yk; ek; gs;sp khztu;fspd; fw;wy;
milt[fSf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; gw;wp Ma;t[ bra;J te;njhk;. mtw;iw xU
bray;jpl;lkhf jahupj;J j=;;fs; ghu;itf;F mDg;gp cs;nshk;. mjd; gupe;Jiufis Muha;e;J
mjw;F xg;g[jy; tH=;;fp ek; gs;spapy; bray;gLj;jp khztu;fshfpa v=;fs; fy;tp eyida[k;
tU=;;fhy jiyKiwapdupd; fy;tp eyida[k; fhf;FkhW gzpt[ld; ntz;Lfpnwhk;.
ed;wp
,lk; : brd;id ,g;gof;F/
ehs; : 13.03.2020 muR cau;epiyg;gs;sp khztu;fs;.
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gs;spj; J}a;ik
ey;y ePUk; ey;y fhw;Wk; NHYnk thH;tpw;F Mjhuk;. me;j tifapy; khztuhfpa
eh=;fs; jiyik Mrpupau; xg;g[jnyhL gpd;tUk; bray;jpl;l=;fis nkw;bfhs;s cs;nshk;.
tFg;giwapy; czt[f;fHpt[fisg; nghlhJ ,Uj;jy;.
Fg;igj;bjhl;ofis cyu itj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
fHpg;giwfisj; J}a;ikahf itj;jy;.
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l J}a;ikahd ePiuf; Foj;jy;.
nkw;fz;l bray;jpl;l=;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp gs;spiaa[k;/ ghujj;ija[k; J}a;ikahf;fpj;
J}a;ik ,e;jpahit cUthf;Fnthk;.
fhl;rpiaf; ftpijahf;Ff.
ku=;fis btl;otpl;L
kuk; gw;wp ghlk; elj;jpdhy;
ehl;Lf;F vd;d gyd;>
kuj;ij kwe;jhd; kdpjd;
kuk; ekf;F tuk;
kuk; eLnthk;- kiH bgWnthk;--
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
,ay; 5
gs;spapy; ehd; tPl;oy; ehd;
neuj;ijr; rupahff; filg;gpog;ngd;. tPl;Lg; gzpfisg; gfpu;e;J bra;ntd;.
cld;gapYk; khztupd; jpwikiag; mk;kht[ld; nru;e;J gzpfisr;
ghuhl;Lntd;. bra;ntd;.
vdf;Fj; bjupahjtw;iw ghlj;bjhlu;ghd Ia=;fis vdJ
bjupe;j khztu;fsplk; nfl;L cld;gpwe;jtu;fsplk; nfl;L
bjupe;Jbfhs;ntd;. bjupe;Jbfhs;ntd;.
tFg;giwj; J}a;ikapy; ftdk; tPl;Lj; J}a;ikapy; ftdk;
brYj;Jntd;. brYj;Jntd;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Emblem ? rpd;dk;
Thesis ? Ma;ntL
Intellectual ? mwpthsu;
Symbolism ? FwpaPl;oay;

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,ay; fiy ciueil cyfk;
epfH;fiy
6
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W MLfpd;wdu;. ,j;bjhlupd; brag;ghl;L tpidj;bjhlu;

vJ>
m) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W MLtu;.
M) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
,) xapyhl;lk; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
<) xapyhl;lk; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpd;wdu;.
[tpil: ,) xapyhl;lk; ,Utupirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.]
2. fufhl;lj;ijf; Fk;ghl;;lk; vd;Wk; Flf;Tj;J vd;Wk; TWtu;. ,j;bjhlUf;fhd tpdh vJ>
m) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
M) fufhl;lk; vf;fhy=;fspy; eilbgWk;>
,) fufhl;lj;jpd; ntWntW tot=;fs; ahit>
<) fufhl;lj;;jpd; ntW bgau;fs; ahit> [tpil: <) fufhl;lj;;jpd; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>]
FWtpdh
,ay; 6
1. ``new;W ehd; ghu;j;j mu;r;Rdd; jgR vd;w Tj;jpy; mHfpa xg;gidiaa[k; rpwe;j eog;iga[k;
,dpa ghly;fisa[k; Efu;e;J kpf kfpH;e;njd;-~~ vd;W nrfu; vd;dplk; Twpdhd;. ,f;Tw;iw
maw;Tw;whf khw;Wf.
new;W ehd; ghu;j;j mu;r;Rdd; jgR vd;w Tj;jpy; mHfpa xg;gida[k;/ rpwe;j eog;iga[k;/ ,dpa
ghly;fisa[k; Efu;e;J kfpH;e;jjhf nrfu; vd;dplk; Twpdhd;.
rpWtpdh
1.
gl=;fs; btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;j;Jfiy Fwpj;J ,uz;L tpdhf;fisa[k; mtw;Wf;fhd
tpilfisa[k; vGJf.
m) fhypy; ry=;if mzpe;J MLk; epfH;fiy VnjDk; ,uz;L TWf.
xapyhl;lk;/ njtuhl;lk;.
M) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
f
ufk; vd;gJ/ gpj;jisr; brk;ignah rpwpa Flj;ijnah
jiyapy; itj;Jj; jhsj;jpw;F Vw;g MLjy; MFk;.
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beLtpdh
1.
befpHpg; igfspd; jPikiaf; TWk; bghk;kyhl;lk; c=;fs; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpy;
epfH;j;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Liu xd;wpid vGJf.
ghuhl;Liu
,d;iwa ek; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpw;F tUifj; je;J bghk;kyhl;l epfH;r;rpia
elj;jpj; je;j FGtpdUf;Fg; gs;spapd; rhu;ghf tzf;fk;.
befpHpahdJ gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vspjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ ek; kz;zpd; tsj;ijf; Fd;wr;
bra;J epyj;jo ePu; Fiwtij/ kpf mHfhf bghk;kyhl;lk; @yk; vLj;Jiuj;jjw;Fg;
ghuhl;Lfs;.
kiHePu; g{kpf;Fs; EiHa tplhky; jLf;Fk; befpHpiag; gw;wpa[k;/ ku=;fspy; befpHpg;
igfs; rpf;Ftjhy; ghjpf;Fk; xspr;nru;f;ifiag; gw;wpa[k; ghly; thapyhf vLj;Jiuj;jPu;fs;.
kpft[k; mUikahf ,Ue;jJ. ghuhl;Lfs;.
kl;fhj befpHpfis kiHePu; moj;Jr; bry;tjhy; ePu; khR miltija[k;/ befpHpg;
igfspy; njePu;/ Fspu;ghdk; nghd;w czt[g;bghUl;fs; th=;Ftjhy; kdpjDf;Fg; g[w;Wneha;
nghd;w neha;fs; Vw;gLtija[k; bghk;kyhl;lk; @yk; epfH;j;jpdPu;fs;. ghuhl;Lfs;.
befpHpg; igfis vupf;Fk;nghJ Vw;gLk; er;R tha[ fhw;iwa[k; khRgLj;Jtijj; j=;fsJ
,dpa Fuyhy; gho/ v=;fisg; gutrkilar; bra;jPu;fs;. ghuhl;Lfs;.
befpHpiaj; jtpu;j;jy; :
nkw;fz;l jPikfs; xHpe;jpl befpHpiaj; jtpu;g;nghk; vd;w cWjpbkhHpia ehk;
midtUk; Vw;nghk;.
jkpHu;fspd; kpfg;gHikahd kug[tHpf; fiyfspy; xd;W bghk;kyhl;lk;. ,J
bghGJnghf;Ff; fhl;rpf;fiy MFk;. ,J bghGJnghf;Ff; fhl;rpahf kl;Lky;yhky;
fy;tpawpt[/ kf;fspilna fhzg;gLk; mwpahikiag; ghly; tHpahf nghf;Ftjw;F ey;y
,ay; 6
fiyahf tps=;FfpwJ. Fiwe;j neuj;jpy; mjpf brytpy;yhky; ,f;fiy totk; thapyhf
ek; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpy; bghk;kyhl;l epfH;r;rpia elj;jpa fiyf;FGt[f;F kdkhu;e;j
ghuhl;Lfs;.
befpHpg; igfshy; Vw;gLk; jPikiag; bghk;kyhl;lk; thapyhf epfH;j;jp v=;fs;
be+;rj;ij befpHr; bra;j midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.
2. epfH;fiy tot=;fs; mit epfGk; ,l=;fs; ? mtw;wpd; xg;gidfs; ? rpwg;g[k; gHika[k; ?
,j;jifa kf;fs; fiyfs; mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; ? mtw;iw tsu;j;bjLf;f ehk;
bra;a ntz;Ltd ,it Fwpj;J ehspjGf;fhd jiya=;fk; vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
epfH;fiyapd; tot=;fs;
xg;gidfs;
rpwg;g[k; giHika[k;
Fiwe;J tUtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs;
tsu;j;bjLf;f ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd
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Kd;Diu:
Maf;fiyfs; 64 vd;gu; rhd;nwhu;. Mdhy; mit ,d;W ek;kpilna gy;ntW NHyhy;
Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
epfH;fiyapd; tot=;fs;:
bghJthf epfH;fiy/ mit epfGk; ,l=;fs; Cupy; bghJkf;fs; TLk; ,lk;/ nfhapy;
nghd;w ,l=;fspy; eilbgWk;. ,t;tif fiyfs; gy;ntW tHpfspy; Mly; ghly;fnshL
eilbgWk;. rhd;whf fufhl;lk;/ fhtoahl;lk;/ kapyhl;lk;/ bjUf;Tj;J nghd;wd.
xg;gidfs; :
fufhl;lk; ? Mz;/ bgz; ntlkpl;L MLjy;
kapyhl;lk; ? kapy; tot Tz;Lf;Fs; cliy kiwj;jy;
xapyhl;lk; ? xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf;fl;Ljy;/ fhypy; ry=;if/ ifapy;
rpWJzp
njtuhl;lk; ? ntl;o/ jiyapYk; ,Lg;gpYk; rpW Jzp/ vspa xg;gid.
rpwg;g[k;/ giHika[k; :
thH;tpay; epfH;tpy; gpupf;f Koahj/ kfpH;r;rp jUfpd;w/ ftiyiag; nghf;Ffpd;w/ nghd;w
rpwg;g[fis epfH;fiy @yk; mwpa KofpwJ.
bghk;kyhl;lk;/ ifa[iwg; ghitf;Tj;J/ bjUf;Tj;J nghd;w ,f;fiyfs; vy;yhk;
ek;Kd;ndhu; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j gHik tha;e;j fiyfshFk;.
Fiwe;J tUtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; :
ehfupfj;jpd; fhuzkhft[k;/ fiy+u;fSf;Fg; nghjpa tUkhdk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhYk;/
jpiuj;Jiw tsu;r;rpapdhYk; ,f;fiyfs; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
tsu;j;bjLf;f ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd :
ek; ,y;y=;fspy; eilbgWk; tpHhf;fspy; ey;y thH;tpay; bjhlu;ghd epfH;fiyfis
,ay; 6
elj;jp/ fiyfisa[k;/ fiy+iua[k; ghuhl;Lnthk;. ,g;bgupa braypy; Clfk; kw;Wk;

bra;jpj;jhs; Mfpait KGikahf ,izj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; ek; fiyfs; epiybgw;W epw;Fk;.
Kot[iu:
ehKk; epfH;fiyfisf; fw;W/ fiyfis mHpahky; fhg;nghk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjL.

i) fufhl;lk; ? 1. cWkp vdg;gLk; njtJe;Jgp
ii) kapyhl;lk; ? 2. njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;/ jtpy; rp=;fp/ nlhyhf;/ jg;g[
iii) xapyhl;lk; ? 3. ieahz;o nksk;
iv) njtuhl;lk; ? 4. ieahz;o nks ,ir/ ehfRuk;/ jtpy;/ gk;ig
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
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i) kapyhl;lk; ? 1. fufhl;lj;jpd; Jiz Ml;lk;
ii) xapyhl;lk; ? 2. fk;gPuj;Jld; MLjy;
iii) g[ypahl;lk; ? 3. ntshz;ik bra;nthupd; fiy
iv) bjUf;Tj;J ? 4. jkpHupd; tPuj;ijr; brhy;Yk; fiy
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: ,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3]
3. njtuhl;lj;jpy; vj;jid fiy+u;fs; fye;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kug[>

m) @d;W Kjy; gjpd;@d;W M) vl;L Kjy; gj;J
,) gj;J Kjy; gjpd;@d;W <) vl;L Kjy; gjpd;@d;W
[tpil: <) vl;L Kjy; gjpd;@d;W]
4.
rpw;W}u; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; epfH;t[fspy; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;f ,ayhjf; TWfshfj; jpfH;git
ahit>
m) epfH;fiyfs; M) bgU=;fiyfs;
,) mU=;fiyfs; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) epfH;fiyfs;]
5. fufhl;lj;ij ntW vt;thW miHf;fyhk;>
m) Fl Ml;lk; M) Fk;ghl;lk;
,) bfhk;ghl;lk; <) brk;ghl;lk; [tpil: M) Fk;ghl;lk;]
6. fufhl;lj;jpw;F ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; __________.
i) ieahz;o nks ,ir ii) ehfRuk;
iii) jtpy; iv) gk;ig
m) i, ii - rup M) i, ii, iii - rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) iii - rup [tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup]
7. fufhl;lk; epfH;j;Jjypy; vj;jid ngu; epfH;j;j ntz;Lk;>
,ay; 6
m) 12 M) 2
,) 24 <) tiuaiw ,y;iy [tpil: <) tiuaiw ,y;iy]
8. `èPuw twpahf; fufj;J~~ vd;w ghlyoapy; fufk; vd;w brhy; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; __________.
,) fypj;bjhif <) ew;wpiz [tpil: M) g[wehD}W]
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; khjtp Moa __________ tif Mly;fspy; `Flf;Tj;J~ vd;w MlYk;

9.
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
m) gj;J M) gjpbdhU
,) VG <) vz; [tpil: M) gjpbdhU]
10. Flf;Tj;J vd;gJ __________.

m) kapyhl;lk; M) fufhl;lk;
,) bghk;kyhl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: M) fufhl;lk;]
11. fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizahl;lk; __________.
m) kapyhl;lk; M) xapyhl;lk;
,) fhtoahl;lk; <) njtuhl;lk; [tpil: m) kapyhl;lk;]
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12. fhtoahl;lk; ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `fh~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.

m) nrhiy M) ghue;jh=;Fk; nfhy;
,) fhy; <) fhty; [tpil: M) ghue;jh=;Fk; nfhy;]
13. ,UKidfspYk; rk vilfisf; fl;oa jz;oidj; njhspy; Rke;J MLtJ __________.

m) fufhl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk;
,) fhtoahl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,) fhtoahl;lk;]
14. kr;rf;fhto/ ru;g;gf;fhto/ g{f;fhto/ nju;f;fhto/ gwitf;fhto vd;W vjd; mog;gilapy;

miHf;fpd;wdu;>
m) mikg;g[ M) epwk;
,) mHF <) totk; [tpil: m) mikg;g][
15. ,y=;if/ knyrpah cs;spl;l g[yk;bgau; jkpHu; thGk; gpw ehLfspYk; Mlg;gLtJ ________.
,) xapyhl;lk; <) fhtoahl;lk; [tpil: <) fhtoahl;lk;]
16. xapyhl;lk; MLnthupd; tupir vz;zpf;if __________.

m) ,uz;L M) ehd;F
,) MW <) vl;L [tpil: m) ,uz;L]
17. njtuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahu; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;>
m) Mz;fs; M) bgz;fs;
,) rpWtu;fs; <) Kjpatu;fs; [tpil: m) Mz;fs;]
18. njtuhl;lk;/ __________ Moa Ml;lk; vdg; bghUs; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
m) thdj;Jj; njtu;fs; M) tpwypau;
,) ghzu;fs; <) muru;fs; [tpil: m) thdj;Jj; njtu;fs;]
19. cWkp vdg; bghJthf miHf;fg;gLtJ __________.

,ay; 6
m) njtJe;Jgp M) rp=;fp
,) nlhyf; <) jg;g[ [tpil: m) njtJe;Jgp]
20. njtJe;Jgp vd;Dk; ,irf;fUtp gad;gLj;Jk; Ml;l tif __________.
,) njtuhl;lk; <) nritahl;lk; [tpil: ,) njtuhl;lk;]
21. njtuhl;lk; vt;tif epfH;thf Mlg;gLfpd;wJ>

m) mHfpay; M) elg;gpay;
,) rl=;fpay; <) thH;tpay; [tpil: ,) rl=;fpay;]
22. njtuhl;lk; nghd;nw Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;w fiy __________.
m) kapyhl;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) nritahl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,) nritahl;lk;]
23. nritahl;lf; fiy+u;fs; ,irj;Jf;bfhz;nl MLk; ,irf;fUtpfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) nritg;gyif ii) nrkf;fyk; iii) $hy;uh
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup [tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup]
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24. ve;jg; gz;g[fisf; bfhz;L epfH;j;jpf;fhl;Lk; fiy bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;>

m) nghyr; bra;jy; M) ,Ug;gijr; bra;jy;
,) bka;apay; <) elg;gpay; [tpil: m) nghyr; bra;jy;]
25. g[utp Ml;lk;/ g[utp ehl;oak; vd;w bgau;fspy; miHf;fg;gLk; Ml;lk;>

,) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; <) fhtoahl;lk; [tpil: ,) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;]
26. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; ahUila fhyj;jpy; j+;irf;F te;jjhff; Twg;gLfpwJ>
m) nrhHu; M) ehaf;fu;
,) kuhl;oau; <) M=;fpnyau; [tpil: ,) kuhl;oau;]
27. ,uh$!;jhdpy; fr;rpbfho vd;Wk; nfusj;jpy; Fjpiuf;fsp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLtJ>

m) fhtoahl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk;
,) xapyhl;lk; <) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;
[tpil: <) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;]
28. ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jhj Ml;l tif __________.

m) fufk; M) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
,) fhto <) kapy; [tpil: M) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiu]
29. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;F ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) ieahz;o nksk; ii) ehfRuk;
iii) jtpy; iv) nlhyf;
m) i, ii - rup M) iii, iv - rup
,) iii - kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rup [tpil: m) i, ii - rup]
30. jg;g[ vd;gJ __________.

m) njhw;fUtp M) Jisf;fUtp
,ay; 6
,) euk;g[f;fUtp <) bjhHpw;fUtp [tpil: m) njhw;fUtp]
31. ``jff jfjff je;jj;j je;jff
vd;W jhsk;
gjiy jpkpiyJo jk;gl;l Kk; bgUf~~
? vd;w jg;ghl;l ,ir Fwpj;Jg; gjpt[ bra;a[k; E}yhrpupau;/ E}y;>
m) mz;zhkiyahu;/ fhtor;rpe;J
M) mUzfpupehju;/ jpUg;g[fH;
,) jpUeht[f;furu;/ njthuk;
<) ,s=;nfhtofs;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: M) mUzfpupehju;/ jpUg;g[fH;]
32. giw vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; Ml;lk; __________.

m) jg;ghl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk;
,) xapyhl;lk; <) fufhl;lk; [tpil: m) jg;ghl;lk;]
33. __________ Fwpg;gpLk; fUg;bghUs;fspy; xd;whfg; giw ,lk; bgWfpwJ.
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ed;D}y; <) ahg;gU=;fyk; [tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
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34. brhy;YtJ nghd;nw ,irf;fty;y jhsf; fUtp __________.

m) giw M) jtpy;
,) nlhyf; <) cWkp [tpil: m) giw]
35. jkpH; kf;fspd; tPuj;ijr; brhy;Yk; fiyahfj; jpfH;tJ __________.
m) fufhl;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) g[yp Ml;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,) g[yp Ml;lk;]
36. __________ bjUf;Tj;J mk;kd; tHpghl;od; xU gFjpahft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.

m) fhsp M) khup
,) ru;f;if <) jpbusgjp [tpil: <) jpbusgjp]
37. epfH;j;jg;gl;l ,lj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;l fiy __________.

m) g[yp Ml;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) bjUf;Tj;J <) Flf;Tj;J [tpil: ,) bjUf;Tj;J]
38. fsj;JnkLfspy; epfH;j;jg;gl;lJ vJ>

m) g[yp Ml;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) Flf;Tj;J <) bjUf;Tj;J [tpil: <) bjUf;Tj;J]
39. bjUf;Tj;ijj; jkpH;f;fiyapd; Kf;fpa milahskhf;fpatu; __________.
m) e. Kj;Jrhkp M) nguh. Y}u;J
,) thdkhkiy <) m.fp. gue;jhkdhu; [tpil: m) e. Kj;Jrhkp]
40. ehlff;fiyia kPl;blLg;gnj jkJ Fwpf;nfhs; vd;wtu; __________.

m) e. Kj;Jrhkp M) r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;
,) gupjpkhw;fiy+u; <) jp.it. eluhrd; [tpil: m) e. Kj;Jrhkp]
41. fiy+hapW vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ltu; __________.

m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) e. Kj;Jrhkp
,ay; 6
,) jpahfuh$ ghftju; <) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp [tpil: M) e. Kj;Jrhkp]

42. Tj;Jg;gl;liw e. Kj;Jrhkpf;F ,e;jpa muR tH=;fpa tpUJ __________.
m) gj;k _ M) mu;$^dh
,) gj;kg{&z; <) ghuj uj;dh [tpil: m) gj;k _]
43. jkpH;ehL muR e. Kj;Jrhkpf;F tH=;fpa tpUJ __________.

m) fiykhkzp M) ehlfkhkzp
,) t.c.rp. tpUJ <) fk;gd; tpUJ [tpil: m) fiykhkzp]
44. ntshz;ik bra;nthupd; fiyahf ,Ue;J tUtJ __________.
m) fhtoahl;lk; M) g[yp Ml;lk;
,) njtuhl;lk; <) bjUf;Tj;J [tpil: <) bjUf;Tj;J]
45. mu;r;Rdd; jgR vdg;gLtJ __________.

m) bghUs; ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ
M) kiH ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ
,) mUs; ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ
<) mikjp ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ [tpil: M) kiH ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ]
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46. fjfsp nghd;W brt;tpay; fiyahf Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; fiy

,) bjUf;Tj;J <) Flf;Tj;J [tpil: ,) bjUf;Tj;J]
47. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ghitf; Fwpj;j bra;jpfs; fhzg;gLk; fhy vy;iy

m) r=;ffhyk;/ gjpbdl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
M) r=;fk; kUtpa fhyk;/ gjpndHhk; E}w;whz;L
,) fhg;gpaf;fhyk;/ gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L
<) r=;ffhyk;/ gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;L [tpil: m) r=;ffhyk;/ gjpbdl;lhk; E}w;whz;L]
48. kug;ghitiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.

m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W [tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;]
49. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLtd __________.
i) jpUthrfk; ii) gl;odj;jhu; ghly;fs;
m) i - rup M) ii - rup
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup]
50. knyrpaj; jiyefu; nfhyhyk;g{upy; g[fH;kpf;f ikag; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; bjUtpd; bgau;
__________.
m) ,uhr nrhHd; bjU M) td;dp bjU
,) uhnre;jpu nrhHd; bjU <) fk;gd; bjU [tpil: m) ,uhr nrhHd; bjU]
51. knyrpahtpy; ``,uhr nrhHd; bjU~~ cs;sijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; kyu; __________.
m) Kjyhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
M) ,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
,) ehd;fhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
<) Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu; [tpil: <) Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;]
,ay; 6
FWtpdh
1. epfH;fiy vd;why; vd;d>

rpw;W}u; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; epfH;t[fspy; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;f ,ayhf; TWfshfj; jpfH;git
epfH;fiyfs;.
2. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fufj;jpd; g=;F ahJ>
g[wehD}W :
èPuw twpahf; fufj;J~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlyoapy; fufk; vd;w brhy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; :
khjtp Moa gjpbdhU tif Mly;fspy; xd;W `Flf;Tj;J~ vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWfpwJ.
3. jkpHfj;jpy; fufhl;lk; epfH;j;jg;gLk; khtl;l=;fs; ahit>
jpUbey;ntyp  jpz;Lf;fy;
kJiu  j+;rht{u;
jpUr;rp  nfhak;g[j;J}u;
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4. kapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

kapy; tot[s;s Tl;Lf;Fs; xUtu; jd; cUtj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L ieahz;o
nksj;jpw;F Vw;g MLk; Ml;lnk kapyhl;lk;.
fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizahl;lk; kapyhl;lnk.
5. kapyhl;lj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; mirt[fs; ahit>
Cu;e;J MLjy;  jhtpahLjy;
kpje;J MLjy;  ,Ug[wKk; Rw;wpahLjy;
,wif tpupj;jhLjy;  mft[jy;
jiyiar; rha;j;jhLjy;  jz;zPu; Foj;Jf; bfhz;nl MLjy;
6. fhtoahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
`fh~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ghue;jh=;Fk; nfhy;.
,U KidfspYk; rk vilfisf; fl;oa jz;oidj; njhspy; Rke;J MLtJ fhtoahl;lk;.
7. fhtoapd; mikg;g[f;nfw;g mit ve;bje;jg; bgau;fspy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd>
kr;rf;fhto  nju;f;fhto
ru;g;gf;fhto  gwitf;fhto
g{f;fhto
8. fhtoahl;lk; Mlg;gLk; ehLfs; vit>
,y=;if/ knyrpah cl;gl jkpHu; thGk; gpw ehLfs;.
9. xapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;Ljy;.
fhypy; ry=;ifia mzpjy;.
rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrp xapyhf MLk; FG Ml;lk;.
fk;gPuj;Jld; MLjy; jdpr;rpwg;g[ilaJ.
10. xapyhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfs; ahit>
,ay; 6
jtpy;/ jg;g[/ rp=;fp/ njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;/ nlhyf;.

11. njtuhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
thdj;Jj; njtu;fs; Moa Ml;lk; vdg; bghUs; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,J Mz;fs; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;.
12. njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fupa ,irf;fUtp Fwpj;J vGJf.
njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fupa ,irf;fUtp njtJe;Jgp.
,jd; bghJthd bgau; cWkp.
13. njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fupa cil kw;Wk; my=;fhuk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
cil :
,ilapYk; jiyapYk; rpWJzp fl;Ltu;.
ntl;o mzpe;jpUg;gu;.
my=;fhuk; :
fhy;fspy; ry=;if mzptu;.
vspa xg;gid bra;J bfhs;tu;.
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14. nritahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

njtuhl;lk; nghd;nw Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;w fiy nritahl;lk;.
,irf;fUtpfs; :
nritg;gyif/ nrkf;fyk;/ $hy;uh.
,irr;rhu;g[ fiyahft[k;/ tHpghl;Lf; fiyahft[k; cs;sJ.
15. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
g[utp Ml;lk;  fr;rp bfho (,uh$!;jhd;)
g[utp ehl;oak;  Fjpiuf;fsp (nfush)
16. jg;ghl;lk; vd;why; vd;d> mjw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
jg;g[ :
jg;g[ vd;w njhw;fUtpia ,irj;Jf; bfhz;nl/ mjd; ,irf;nfw;g MLk; Ml;lnk jg;ghl;lk;.
ntW bgau;fs; :
jg;ghl;lk;/ jg;g[/ jg;gl;il/ giw.
`jg; jg;~ vd xypg;gjhy; jg;ghl;lk; vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
17. jg;ghl;lk; epfH;j;jg;gLk; ,l=;fisf; TWf.
nfhtpy; jpUtpHh  tpsk;gu epfH;r;rp
jpUkz tpHh  tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Kfhk;
,wg;g[
18. `giw~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
giw ? jkpHpirf; fUtp.
giw vd;gjw;Fg; ngR vd;gJ bghUs;.
ngRtij ,irf;fg;gLk; jhsf;fUtp giw.
,ay; 6
fUg;bghUs; :
bjhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; fUg;bghUs;fspy; xd;W giw.
19. jg;ghl;lj;jpw;Fupa Ml;lf; TWfs; ahit>
tl;lkhf MLjy;  cl;fhu;e;J vGjy;
Fjpj;Jf; Fjpj;J MLjy;  eilahl;lk;
,uz;L tupirahf vjpu; vjpu; jpirapy; epd;W MLjy;.
20. g[ypahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
jkpHupd; tPuj;ij brhy;Yk; fiyahfj; jpfH;tJ g[ypahl;lk;.
ghl;Lk; trdKk; ,y;yhj Ml;l=;fspy; xd;W.
g[ypiag; nghd;W fWg;g[k; k+;rSkhd tz;zf; nfhLfisapl;Lj; Jzpahy; Md thiy
,Lg;gpy; fl;o MLtu;.
21. g[ypahl;lj;jpw;Fupa mirt[fisf; TWf.
g[ypiag; nghy elj;jy;  vk;gpf; Fjpj;jy;
gJ=;Fjy;  ehf;fhy; tULjy;
gha;jy;  gw;fs; bjupa thiag; gpse;J cWKjy;.
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22. bjUf;Tj;J ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

MLfsk; :
jpwe;j btspia MLfskhf;fp Mil/ mzp xg;gida[ld; bjUr;re;jpg;g[fspYk; fsj;J
nkLfspYk; elj;jg;gLk; eldk;.
xU=;fpizg;g[ :
,ir/ trdk;/ Mly;/ ghly;/ bka;g;ghLfSld; fijia xU=;fpizj;J tH=;Ftu;.
23. Tj;Jg;gl;liw e. Kj;Jrhkp bgw;w tpUJfs; ahit>
,e;jpa murpd; jhkiuj;jpU tpUJ. (gj;k_)
jkpH;ehL murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ.
24. `mUr;;Rdd; jgR~ ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
kiH ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLk; bjUf;Tj;ij mUr;Rdd; jgR vd;gu;.
25. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J vd;why; vd;d>
njhyhy; Md ghitiaf; bfhz;L epfH;j;Jk; fiyahjyhy; njhw;ghit vdg; bgau;
bgw;wJ.
njhypy; bra;j btl;L tiugl=;fis tpsf;fpd; xsp CLUt[k; jpiur;rPiyapy;
bghUj;Jtu;.
fijf;nfw;g nkYk; fPGk;/ gf;fthl;oYk; mirj;Jf; fhl;o ciuahoa[k; ghoa[k; fhl;LtJ
njhw;ghitf; Tj;J.
26. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J vt;totpy; khw;wk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
ifa[iwg; ghitf;Tj;J/ bghk;kyhl;lk;.
27. fufhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jgLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; ahit>
ieahz;o nksk;/ jtpy;/ ehfRuk;/ gk;ig.
28. fufhl;lj;jpw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
,ay; 6
fufk;/ Fk;ghl;lk;/ Flf;Tj;J.
rpWtpdh
1. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; vd;Dk; epfH;fiy Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;jtw;iw vGJf.

``nghyr; bra;jy;~~ gz;g[fisg; gpd;gw;wp epfH;j;jpf; fhl;Lk; fiyfspy; bgha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lKk; xd;W.
kuj;jhyhd bgha;f;fhypy; epd;Wbfhz;Lk; Fjpiutot[s;s Tl;il clk;gpy;
Rke;Jbfhz;Lk; MLk; Ml;lnk bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;.
murd;/ murp ntlkpl;L Mlg;gLk; ,t;thl;lk;/ `g[utp Ml;lk;~/ `g[utp ehl;oak;~ vd;Wk;
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thl;lk; ,uh$!;jhdpy;/ `fr;rpf;bfho~ vd;Wk; nfusj;jpy;/ `Fjpiuf;fsp~ vd;Wk;
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. Tj;Jg;gl;liw e. Kj;Jrhkp Fwpj;bjGJf.
bjUf;Tj;ijj; jkpH;f;fiyapd; Kf;fpa milahskhf;fpatu; jhd; Tj;Jg;gl;liw
e.Kj;Jrhkp.
`èhlff;fiyia kPl;blLg;gnj jkJ Fwpf;nfhs;~~ vd;whu;.
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,tu; jkpH;ehl;od; tHptHp ehlfKiwahd Tj;Jf;fiyapd; xg;gid Kiw/ fij

brhy;Yk; Kiwfisa[k; vLj;Jbfhz;L g[Jtpjkhd ehlf=;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.
ehlfj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; neuo ,irKiwia mwpKfk;bra;J ,irapYk; khw;w=;fis
epfH;j;jpdhu;.
,tupd; ehlf=;fs; bgUk; r@f murpay; khw;w=;fisg; ngrpd.
,tu; ,e;jpa murpd; jhkiuj;jpU tpUija[k; jkpH;ehL murpd; fiykhkzp tpUija[k;
bgw;Ws;shu;.
beLtpdh
1.
@d;W epfH;fiy fiy+u;fis neu;Kfk; fz;L mtu;fsJ fUj;Jfisa[k; mtu;fsJ
kWthH;tpw;fhd tHpKiwfshf eP=;fs; fUJtdtw;iwa[k; Fwpg;gpl;L vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
mwpKfk;
fiyfs;
bguparthy;
fhg;ghw;Wjy;
murpd; cjtp
bra;a ntz;LtJ
epiwt[
mwpKfk;:
epfH;fiy fiy+u;fspy; fufhl;lk;/ kapyhl;lk;/ bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; Mfpatw;iw
epfH;j;jpf;fhl;Lk; fiy+u;fis neupy; fz;L/ mtu;fspd; thH;tpay; NHy;fisa[k;/ fiy
epiyiaa[k; Fwpj;Jf; nfl;lwpe;njd;.
fiyfs;:
,ay; 6
ehl;lhu; tHf;fhWfis MHkhf Ma;t[ bra;j eh.thdkhkiy Tw;Wg;go/ jkpH;ehl;oy;
Vwf;Fiwa 1/026 fiyfs; ,Ue;jjhfj; bjupfpwJ. Mdhy; mit ,d;iwf;F xt;bthd;whf
kiwe;J tUtnjhL/ vspjpy; vz;zptplf; Toa mstpy; Fiwe;Jtpl;lija[k; mwpa KofpwJ.
bguparthy;:
epfH;fiy fiy+u;fs; rpWrpW FGf;fshf xU=;fpizf;fg;glhky; vy;yh
khtl;l=;fspYk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gija[k;/ vg;nghjhtJ fpilf;fpd;w tha;g;gpidg;
gad;gLj;jp epfH;fiyfis epfH;;j;jpdhYk;/ mjdhy; thH;it elj;Jtjw;Fg; nghJkhd
tUkhdk; fpl;Ltjpy;iy. ,jdhy; tWikapy; rpf;fpa[s;s bgUk;ghyhd fiy+u;fis
ntWgzpfis ehor; bry;Yk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. bjhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; etPd kpd;dQ
Clf=;fs; nfhnyhr;Rfpd;w ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ehl;Lg;g[wf; fiyfSk;/ mtw;iw epfH;j;Jfpd;w
fiy+u;fSk; bgupa rthy;fis vjpu;fhf;Fk; mtyepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
fhg;ghw;Wjy;:
epfH;fiyfis epfH;j;Jtjw;fhd Mil/ Mguz=;fs; bryt[k; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
muRk; kf;fSk; j=;fs; fiyfis Cf;Ftpj;J/ tha;g;gspj;J/ thH;thjhuj;jpw;F cj;juthjkha;
cjtpdhy; kl;Lnk fiyfisa[k;/ fiy+u;fisa[k; fhg;ghw;w Koa[k; vd;gJ mk;@d;W
fiy+u;fspd; xUkpj;j Fuypy; btspg;gl;lJ.
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murpd; cjtp:
jkpHfbk=;Fk; cs;s fiy+u;fis xt;bthU fiyapd; mog;gilapYk; Mtzg;gLj;jp
mtu;fSf;F Kiwahd m=;fPfhuk; tH=;FtJ kpft[k; njitahd xd;whFk;. epfH;fiyfis
kPl;LUthf;fk; bra;fpd;w tifapy;/ fpuhkk; fpuhkkhfj; njor; brd;W fiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;
nrfupj;J Mtzg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. fiyf;FGf;fis muRj;Jiwapy; Kiwahfg; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl
ntz;Lk;. vy;yhf; fiy+u;fSf;fk; milahs ml;il tH=;fp Cf;Ftpg;g[ Cjpak; tH=;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;.
bra;a ntz;LtJ:
epfH;fiyfis Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;/ fiyfs; Fwpj;j tFg;g[fs;/ fUj;ju=;Ffs;/
tpthj=;fs;/ ciuahly; elj;jt[k; epfH;fiyfSf;fhd jdpg;gy;fiyf;fHfk; mikf;fg;gl;L/
epfH;fiyfSf;fhd fiy+u;fs; cUthf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
murpd; rhu;gpy; epfH;fiyfSf;bfd;W jdptpHhf;fs; elj;jg;gl ntz;Lk;. gs;sp/ fy;Y}
upfspYk; epfH;fiyfis elj;jpl ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[:
jkpHupd; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fshf tps=;Fk; epfH;fiyfisa[k;/ fiy+u;fisa[k;
Mjupj;Jf; fhf;f ntz;oa bghWg;g[ xt;bthU jkpHDf;Fk; cupaJ vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
1. eP=;fs; mwpe;j epfH;fiyfis jdpahfnth FGthfnth tFg;giwapy; epfH;j;Jf.

(khztu; bray;ghL)
2. eP=;fs; thGk; gFjpapYs;s epfH;fiyf; fiy+u;fis neu;Kfk; fz;L/ mtw;iwj; bjhFj;J
tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
,ay; 6
epfH;fiyf; fiy+u;fsplk; neu;fhzypd; nghJ ehd; nfl;l rpy tpdhf;fSf;F mtu;fs;

mspj;j gjpiy ehd; ,g;nghJ c=;fSf;F goj;Jf; fhl;Lfpnwd;.
fiy+u;fns- ,d;iwa fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; c=;fsJ fiyj;bjhHpy; ve;j mstpw;F
rpwg;ghf cs;sJ vd ehd; nfl;l nghJ mtu;fs; Twpa bra;jpahdJ eh=;fs; kpft[k; bjhHpypy;
eyptile;Js;nshk;. Mfnt tWik epiyapy; ,Uf;fpnwhk; vd;wdu;. vg;nghjhtJ ,j;bjhHpy;
@yk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij kl;Lnk ek;gpdhy; thH;f;if. Mfnt ,j;bjhHpiy tpl;L
tpl;L ntW bjhHpypy; <Lglyhk; vd;W fUJfpnwhk; vdf; Twpdu;.
nkYk; ,f;fiyia epfH;j;Jtjw;fhd Mil/ Mguz=;fspd; bryt[k; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. muRk; kf;fSk; v=;fs; fiyia Cf;Ftpj;J tha;g;gspj;jhu;fnsahdhy; ,f;fiyia
mHpahky; ghJfhf;f Koa[k; vd;whu; kw;bwhU fiy+u;.
,t;thW ntjidaila[k; epfH;fiy fiy+u;fspd; fiyia Mjupj;J/ mtu;fSf;Fk;
tha;g;gspj;J mtu;fis thH itg;nghk;. fiyiag; ghJfhg;nghk;.

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,ay; fiy ftpijg; ngiH

g{j;bjhLj;jy;
6 ? ckh knf!tup
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kyu;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;. vg;nghJ>

m) ms;sp Kfu;e;jhy; M) jsug; gpizj;jhy;
,) ,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; <) fhk;g[ Kwpe;jhy; [tpil: M) jsug; gpizj;jhy;]
FWtpdh
1. ``rhe;jkhdbjhU gpug+;rj;ijr; Rkf;fpd;w xy;ypj; jz;Lfs;~~ ? ,f;ftpij mofs; czu;j;Jk;
cs;sHif vGJf.
rhe;jkhdbjhU gpug+;rj;ijr; Rkf;fpw xy;ypj; jz;Lfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLnthu; bgz;fs;.
,tu;fs; mikjpahd Kiwapy; ,t;t[yfj;ijj; jh=;fp epWj;jg; nghuhLk; nghuhspfs;.
rpWtpdh
1.
etPd ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; Ez;ik cs;sk;/ g{j;bjhLf;Fk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypy;
btspg;gLfpwJ. xg;gpl;L vGJf.
,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; ifahny g{btLj;jh ? khupf;Ff;
,ay; 6
fhk;g[fspd; fGj;J Kwpa[k;. fhk;gGfpg; nghFkpd;D
jsug; gpizj;jhy; tpuyhny g{btLj;jh ? khupf;F
kyu;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;. btk;gp tpLbkd;W brhy;yp
thrypy; kuzk; epw;gjwpe;Jk; j=;fj; Jul;o bfhz;L ? khupKj;Jj;
tUe;jhky; rpupf;Fk; jh=;fp kybuLj;jhs;.
,e;jg; g{it ? ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;
vg;goj; bjhLf;f ehd;
? etPd ftpij
tpil :
xg;gPL
etPd ftpijapy;
g{tpd; bkd;ik/ mHF/ espdj;jd;ik/ vjw;Fk; tUe;jhky; rpupf;Fk; kyiug; bgz;nzhL
xg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypy;
bgz; bja;tkhfpa khupnahL xg;gpl;Lg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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etPd ftpij fUj;J ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; fUj;J


g{it ,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; fhk;gpd; 
khupahfpa bgz; bja;tj;jpw;Ff;
fGj;J KwptJ nghy bgz;fspd; fGj;J ifahny g{g;gwpj;jhy; fhk;g[ mGfptpLk;
Kwpa[k;. vd;W ifahny g{g;gwpf;ftpy;iy.

jsug; gpizj;jhy; kyu;fs; jiuapy; 
tpuyhy; g{g;gwpj;jhy; gadw;wjha;
eGt[tJ nghy bgz; jsu;e;jhy; thH;t[k; btk;gptpLk; vd;W tpuyhy;
eGt[k;. g{g;gwpf;ftpy;iy.

thrypny kuzk; te;J epd;whYk; 
nkw;fz;l fhuzj;jhy; khupahfpa bgz;
tUe;jhky; rpupf;Fk; g{itg; nghy bja;tj;Jf;Fj; j=;fj; Jul;o bfhz;L
bgz;Qk; tUj;j=;fs; te;jnghJ g{g;gwpj;jhu;.
mtw;iwr; Rikahff; fUjhky;
FLk;gj;ijf; fhg;ghs;.
nkw;fz;l ,U ghlypYk; bgz;iz kynuhL xg;gpl;Lg; ghLtij mwpaKofpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
,Wf;fp ?
tpidbar;rk;
jsu ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
,Wf;fp ? ,Wf;F + , rpupf;Fk; ? rpup + f;+ f; + ck;

,Wf;F ? gFjp rpup ? gFjp
, ? tpidbar;rtpFjp f; ? re;jp
,ay; 6
f; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
ck; ? bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,e;jg; g{itj;bjhLg;gJ vg;go> vd;w ftpijia vGjpatu;>

m) ckh knf!;tup M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) ,e;jpu ghu;j;jrhujp <) jhkiu [tpil: m) ckh knf!;tup]
2. ftp+u; ckh knf!;tup v=;Fg; gpwe;jhu;>

m) kJiu M) jpUbey;ntyp
,) nryk; <) njdp [tpil: m) kJiu]
3. ckh knf!;tup/ jw;nghJ thH;e;J tUfpd;w khtl;lk; ahJ>
m) njdp/ Mz;ogl;o M) kJiu/ mDg;ghdo
,) j+;rht{u;/ ty;yk; <) jpUr;rp/ ciwa{u; [tpil: m) njdp/ Mz;ogl;o]
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FWtpdh
1. `g{j;bjhLj;jy;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypd; Mrpupaiug; gw;wp eP mwpe;jtw;iwf; TWf.

Mrpupau; bgau; : ftp+u; ckh knf!;tup
gpwg;g[ : kJiu
thH;e;J tUk; Cu; : njdp/ Mz;og;gl;o.
E}y;fs; : el;rj;jpu=;fspd; eLnt/ btWk; bghGJ/ fw;ghit.
2. g{f;fisj; bjhLf;Fk; nghJ ,Wf;fp Kor;rpLtjhYk; jsug; gpizg;gjhYk; epfH;tJ vd;d>
,Wf;fp Kor;rpLtjhy; fhk;g[fspd; fGj;J Kwpa[k;.
jsug; gpizj;jhy; kyu;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;.
3. g{j;bjhLj;jy; vd;Dk; ftpijapy; g{it vd;w brhy; ahiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ> mg;g{itj; bjhLg;gJ
vg;go>
g{it vd;w brhy; bgz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
kdkhfpa El;gkhd E}yhy; kl;Lnk bjhLf;f Koa[k;.

xt;bthU ehSk; eP=;fs; ghu;f;Fk; fhl;rpfspy; ' vjpu;bfhs;Sk; epfH;t[fspy; fz;LzUk;
mHif @d;W epkpl=;fs; brhw;fspy; tptupf;f.
fhf;ifaplk; czu;e;jJ :
jpdKk; fhiyapy; te;J kuj;jpd; kPJ mku;e;jpUf;Fk; xU fhf;iff;F cztpLtJ
tHf;fk;. fhf;ifapd; ,lJ fhy; Cdk;. ,lJ gf;f ,wf;if rupe;jpUf;Fk;. jd; cld; tUk;
fhf;iffs; bra;a[k; midj;Jr; bray;fisa[k; CdKw;w fhf;ifa[k; bra;a bjupe;J bfhz;lJ
FiwapUg;gpDk; Fiwia kwe;J g[jpa Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl ntz;Lk;.
,ay; 6
epiwt[ tpHhtpy; czu;e;jJ :
xU gs;spapy; rpw;Wz;o cztfk; elj;jpte;j jk;gjpapdu; taJ Kjpu;t[ fhuzkhf
j=;fs; gzpia epiwt[ bra;a[k; bghUl;L fhiy ,iw tzf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd; midtUf;Fk;
,dpg;g[ tH=;fpdu;. ,dpg;igg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;l midtUk; ed;wp vd;w xU thu;j;ijia
kl;Lnk Twpdu;. Mdhy; xU rpWtd; kl;Lk;/ ``ghl;o clk;ig ed;whfg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;~~
vd;whd;. mr;rpWtd; gpwu; kPJ fhl;Lk; md;g[k; mf;fiwa[k; bgupatu;fsplk; ,y;iyna.

www.tnpscjob.com

Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
6 ? FkuFUguu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
1.
itj;jpaehjg[up KUfd; FHe;ijahf mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mzpfyd;fSld; br=;fPiu Moa
eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
itj;jpaehjg[up KUfd; br=;fPiu MLk; mHF :
fpz;fpzp :
fhy;fspy; mzpe;jpUe;j rpW brk;bghd; fpz;fpzpfnshL rpyk;g[fSk; nru;e;J Mod.
miu+hz; kzp :
,ilapy; miu+hz; kzpnahL xsp tPRfpd;w miu tl;l=;fs; Mod.
rpW tapW :
gRk;bghd; vd xspUk; bjhe;jpa[ld; rpW tapW rupe;jhoaJ.
bew;wpr; Rl;o :
gl;lk; fl;oa bew;wpapy; bghl;Lld; tl;ltothd Rl;o ge;jhoaJ.
Fz;ly=;fs; :
fk;gpfshy; cUthd Fz;ly=;fSk; fhjpd; FiHfSk; mire;jhod.
,ay; 6
cr;rpf; bfhz;il :
cr;rpf; bfhz;il mjpy; Rw;wpf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s xspa[s;s Kj;Jf;fnshL MoaJ.
MLf :
itj;jpa ehjg[up KUfnd- br=;fPiu Mo mUs;g[upthahf.
gtsk; nghd;w cd; jpUnkdp Ml/ br=;fPiu MLf.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
Fz;lyKk; FiHfhJk; ? vz;Qk;ik
MLf ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
fl;oa ? bgabur;rk;
tl;lr; Rl;o ? Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk;
br=;fPiu/ brk;bghd;do ? gz;g[j; bjhif
igk;bghd;/ rpWfp=;fpzp ? gz;g[j; bjhif
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gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
gjpe;J ? gjp + j;(e;) + j; + c MLf ? ML + f
gjp ? gFjp ML ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpiH ,aw;wpatu;>

m) FkuFUguu;; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,) jha[khdtu; <) bra=;bfhz;lhu; [tpil: m) FkuFUguu;];
2. br=;fPiug;gUtk; gps;isj;jkpHpy; vj;jidahtJ gUtk;>
m) ,uz;L M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) xd;W [tpil: m) ,uz;L]
3. FkuFUguupd; fhyk; __________ Mk; E}w;whz;L.
m) 16 M) 17
,) 18 <) 19 [tpil: M) 17]
4. FkuFUguu; mwpe;jpuhj bkhHpiaf; fz;lwpf.
m) jkpH; M) tlbkhHp
,) ,e;J!;jhdp <) kiyahsk; [tpil: <) kiyahsk;]
5. FkuFUguu;; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.
,ay; 6
m) fe;ju; fypbtz;gh M) ePjpbewp tpsf;fk;
,) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; <) jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;
[tpil: <) jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;]
6. kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpH;/ rfyfyhty;yp khiy/ jpUthqu; Kk;kzpf;nfhit Kjyhd E}

y;fis ,aw;wpatu;.
m) FkuFUguu; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,) jha[khdtu; <) +hdpahuofs; [tpil: m) FkuFUguu;]
7. rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspd; tiffs; __________.

m) 16 M) 64
,) 96 <) 108 [tpil: ,) 96]
8. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ,lk; bgWk; gUt=;fs; __________.
m) 8 M) 10
,) 12 <) 7 [tpil: M) 10]
9. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf :
i) miu ehz; ? 1. jiyapy; mzptJ
ii) Rl;o ? 2. fhjpy; mzptJ
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iii) Fz;lyk;/ FiH ? 3. bew;wpapy; mzptJ

iv) R{Hp ? 4. ,ilapy; mzptJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
10. Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpGf;Fg; bghUe;jhj gUtj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
m) rpw;wpy; M) rpWgiw
,) rpWnju; <) Cry; [tpil: <) Cry;]
11. bgz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpGf;Fg; bghUe;jhj gUtj;ijf; fz;lwpf.

m) fH=;F M) mk;khid
,) Cry; <) rpw;wpy; [tpil: <) rpw;wpy;]
12. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ,UghyUf;Fk; bghJthd gUt=;fs; __________.

m) 6 M) 7
,) 8 <) 10 [tpil: M) 7]
13. gps;isj; jkpHpy; ,UghyUf;Fk; ,ilna ntWgLk; gUt=;fs; __________.

m) 6 M) 3
,) 7 <) 5 [tpil: M) 3]
14. fhw;wpy; MLtJ nghd;W kpft[k; bkd;ikahff; FHe;ij MLk; gUtk;

m) fhg;g[ M) br=;fPiu
,) jhy; <) rg;ghzp [tpil: M) br=;fPiu]
15. br=;fPiug; gUtj;jpy; FHe;ijapd; jiy mire;jhLk; khjk; vJ>

m) 3 ? 4 M) 5 ? 6
,) 7 ? 8 <) 9 ? 10 [tpil: M) 5 ? 6]
16. fpz;fpzp vd;w mzpfyd; mzpa[k; ,lk; __________.

,ay; 6
m) fhypy; M) ,ilapy;
,) bew;wpapy; <) fhjpy; [tpil: m) fhypy;]
17. Fz;lyKk;/ FiHfhJk;/ MLf.
,r;brhw;fSf;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
m) vz;Qk;ik/ tpidbar;rk;
M) vz;Qk;ik/ tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
,) Kw;Wk;ik/ tpidbar;rk;
<) ck;ikj;bjhif/ tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
[tpil: M) vz;Qk;ik/ tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W]
18. `gjpe;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gpupf;Fk; Kiw __________.

m) gjp + j;(e;) + j; + c M) gjp + j; + j; + c
,) gjp + j; + e; + c <) gjpe;J + c [tpil: m) gjp+j;(e;)+j;+c]
19. FkuFUguu; vt;tpiwtidr; br=;fPiu MLkhW ntz;Lfpwhu;>
m) Rthkp kiy KUfd; M) itj;jpaehj KUfd;
,) jpUf;fGf;Fd;w KUfd; <) jpUr;bre;J}u; KUfd; [tpil: M) itj;jpaehj KUfd;]
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20. ``fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;

fl;oa R{Hpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kr;rpf; fjpu;Kj; bjhLkhl~~ ? vd;w mofspy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa ea=;fs; __________.
m) nkhid/ ,iag[ M) nkhid/ vJif
,) vJif/ ,iag[ <) ,iag[/ Kuz; [tpil: m) nkhid/ ,iag[]
21. `rpW gz;o rupe;jhlg;~ vd;gjpy; `gz;o~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.

m) tapW M) bgUf;fk;
,) jiy <) RUf;fk; [tpil: m) tapW]
FWtpdh
1. FkuFUguu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrpupau; bgau; ? FkuFUguu;
fhyk; ? fp.gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;L
g[yik bgw;w bkhHpfs; ? jkpH;/ tlbkhHp/ ,e;J!;jhdp.
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ? fe;ju;fypbtz;gh/ kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpH;/ kJiuf;
fyk;gfk;/ rfyfyhty;yp khiy/ ePjpbewp tpsf;fk;/ jpUthqu;
Kk;kzpf;nfhit.
2. gps;isj;jkpH; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gps;isj;jkpH; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH;/ bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH;.
3. Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fupa gj;Jg; gUt=;fisa[k; vGJf.
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ rpw;wpy;/ rpWgiw/ rpWnju;.
4. bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fupa gj;Jg; gUt=;fisa[k; vGJf.
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ fH=;F/ mk;khid/ Cry;.
,ay; 6
5.
Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fk; bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fk; cupa bghJthd gUt=;fs;
vj;jid> mit ahit>
bghJthd gUt=;fs; VG. mit:
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp.
6.
gps;isj;jkpHpy; FkuFUguu; Fwpg;gpLk; mzpfyd;fs; ahit> mit vt;tpl=;fspy;
mzpag;gLk; vd;gija[k; gl;oaypLf.
mzpfyd;fs; mzpag;gLk; ,lk;
rpyk;g[/ fpz;fpzp fhy;
Rl;o bew;wp
miuehz; ,ilapy; mzpag;gLk; (,Lg;g[)
Fz;lyk;/ FiH fhJ
NHp jiy
7. br=;fPiug; gUtk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
br=;fPiur; bro fhw;wpy; MLtJ nghy FHe;ijapd; jiy 5?6Mk; khj=;fspy; bkd;ikahf
mira[k;.
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,g;gUtj;jpy; FHe;ij jd; ,Uif Cd;wp/ xU fhypid klf;fp/ kw;bwhU fhiy ePl;o
jiyepkpu;e;Jk; Kfk; mire;Jk; MLk;.
8. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; fUjg;gLnthu; ahu;>
,iwtidnah/ jiytiunah/ muridnah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L FHe;ijahff;
fUjpg; ghlg;gLk;.
9. FkuFUguu; Rl;o Fwpj;J TWtJ ahJ>
gl;lk; fl;oa bew;wpapy; tps=;Ffpd;w bghl;Lld; tl;ltothd Rl;o gjpe;jhll;Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. gps;isj;jkpH; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
tif :
96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; xd;W.
tiuaiw :
,iwtidnah jiytiunah muridnah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L/ mtiuf;
FHe;ijahff; fUjp ghlg;gLk;. ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; braw;fupa braiy vLj;jpak;g[k;.
tiffs; :
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpH;/ bgz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpH;.
gUt=;fspd; vz;zpf;if :
gj;J. gUtj;Jf;Fupa 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; 100 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpHpd; gUt=;fs; :
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ rpw;wpy;/ rpWgiw/ rpWnju;.
bgz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fupa gUt=;fs; :
,ay; 6
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ fH=;F/ mk;khid/ Cry;.
bghJthd gUt=;fs; :
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ tUif/ Kj;jk;/ mk;g[yp.
1. re;jeakpf;f FHe;ijg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J/ tFg;giwapy; gho kfpH;f.

`thrpj;Jg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`thu;j;ij bjhliu~ thrpj;J
gHfp kfpH;nthk; FHe;ijfns-
`ngrpg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`J}a~ jkpHpy; ngrpg; gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`vGjpg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`vGj;Jg; gpiHfisj;~ jtpu;g;nghk; FHe;ijfns-
E}yfk; bry;nthk; FHe;ijfns-
E}y;fis mwpnthk; FHe;ijfns-

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fk;guhkhazk;
6 ? fk;gu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. nfhry ehl;oy; bfhil ,y;yhj fhuzk; vd;d>
m) ey;y cs;sk; cilatu;fs; ,y;yhjjhy;
M) Cupy; tpisr;ry; ,y;yhjjhy;
,) murd; bfhL=;nfhy; Ml;rp g[uptjhy;
<) m=;F tWik ,y;yhjjhy; [tpil: <) m=;F tWik ,y;yhjjhy;]
FWtpdh
1. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d `vGe;jpuha; vGe;jpuha;~
fhyJ}ju; ifapny `cw=;Ftha; cw=;Ftha;~
Fk;gfd;did vd;d brhy;yp vGg;g[fpwhu;fs;> v=;F mtid cw=;fr; brhy;fpwhu;fs;>
`Fk;gfUznd- ck;Kila bgha;ahd thH;t[ vy;yhk; ,d;wpypUe;J ,w=;fj; bjhl=;fp
tpl;lJ. mjidf; fhz;gjw;F vGe;jpLtha;~ vd;W brhy;yp vGg;gpdhu;fs;.
tpy;iyg; gpoj;j fhyDf;Fj; J}juhdtu; ifapny gLj;J cw=;fr; brhy;fpwhu;fs;.
rpWtpdh

,ay; 6
1.
`flw;fiuapy; cg;g[f;fha;r;Rjy; eilbgWfpwJ" kiyg;gFjpapy; kiyg;gapu;fSk; epyg;
gFjpfspy; cHt[j;bjhHpYk; eilbgWfpd;wd~ ? fhyg; nghf;fpy; gy khw;w=;fs; epfH;e;jnghjpYk;
gz;ilj; jkpHupd; jpizepiyj; bjhHpy;fs; ,d;wst[k; bjhlu;tija[k; mtw;wpd; ,d;iwa
tsu;r;rpiaa[k; vGJf.
epyk; bjhHpy; ' czt[g; ,d;iwa tsu;r;rp

gapu;
Fwp+;rp kiybey;/ jpiz Vw;Wkjpg; bghUl;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehl;L kUj;Jtj;
bey;/ njd;/ fpH=;F Jiwapy; njd; Kf;fpa g=;F tfpf;fpwJ.
kUjk; bre;bey;/ cyf ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ. bgUk;ghyhd
btz;bzy; kf;fspd; czt[g; bghUshf ,Ug;gjhy; mjpfkhfg;
gapuplg;gLfpwJ.
bea;jy; cg;g[/ kPd; kPd;fisg; gjg;gLj;Jk; bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpFjpahfp cs;sd.
,j;bjhHpw;rhiyfs; @yk; gyUf;F ntiy tha;g;g[
mspf;fpwJ. ,=;Fg; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPd;fs; gy;ntW ehLfSf;F
Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,ijg; nghynt cg;gs=;fspy;
cs;s cg;g[ Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
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beLtpdh

1. re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwf;Fk; fk;gd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,yf;fpa ciu vGJf.
md;g[k; gz;g[k; Fzr;rpj;jpuKk; bfhz;l jiytu; mtu;fns- nju;e;bjLj;j g{f;fisg; nghd;W
tupir bjhFj;J mku;e;jpUf;Fk; Md;nwhu;fns- mwp+u; bgUkf;fns- tzf;fk;. ,aw;if
bfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bgupa fiy epfH;nt elg;gjhd njhw;wkhff; fk;gd; fhl;Lk;
ftp... jz;liy kapy;fs; Ml...
,t;t[iuiaj; bjhlu;f.
``jz;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fj;; jh=;ff;/
bfhz;ly;fz;; KHtpnd=;f Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;f/
bjz;oiu baHpdp fhl;lj;/ njk;gpHp kfuahHpd;
tz;Lfsp dpJghl kUjk;tPw;wp Uf;Fk;khnjh.~~
jz;ly kapy;fs; Ml vd;Dk; ghlypy; fk;gupd; ftpj;jpwk;/
nrhiyia ehl;oa nkilahft[k;
kapiy eld khjuhft[k;
Fs=;fspy; cz;lhd miyfisj; jpiur;rPiyahft[k;
jhkiu kyiu tpsf;fhft[k;
nkff;Tl;l=;fis kj;jskhft[k;
tz;Lfspd; Xiria ahHpd; ,irahft[k;
ghu;itahsu;fisf; Ftiskyu;fshft[k; rpj;jupj;J
jd; ftpj;jpwidr; rhd;whf;Ffpwhu;.
,e;jg; ghlypy; fk;gdpd; brhy;yhl;rp khz;g[wr; bra;fpd;wd. fk;gdpd; ftpj;jpwk;/ jhd;
brhy;y te;jij tpsf;f ifahz;l cj;jpfs; midj;ija[k; ehk; epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; fk;gd;
jkpGf;Ff; fpilj;j tuk; vdyhk;.
,ay; 6
gilg;ghsp jhd; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ/ jhd; tPH;e;j gpd;dUk; thH;fpd;whd;

vd;why; kpifahfhJ. me;j tifapy; fk;gd; ,d;Wk; jd; re;jf; ftpijnahL thH;e;J
tUfpd;whd;.
``fhybkDk; MHpapYk;
fhw;WkiH CHpapYk; rhfhJ
fk;gdtd; ghl;L/ mJ
jiyKiwf;F mtd; vGjp itj;j rPl;L~~
vdf; fz;zjhrd; fk;gidg; ghLfpwhu;. ,J mtuJ ftpj;jpwDf;Fr; rhd;W.
fk;gd; ftpfis vGJtjw;F Kd;du; mtd; urpf;fpwhd;. urpj;jij mDgtpj;J/ mjDs;
fiue;J tplhky; gof;Fk; thrfid cs;ns ,Gj;J tUfpwhd;. jd; xt;bthU thu;j;ijapYk;
Xir eaj;ij cUthf;Ffpwhd;. jk;ik cr;rpf;Ff; bfhz;L nru;f;fpwhd;.
cjhuzkhf/
jhlif vd;w muf;fpiaf; fk;gu; cUthf;Ffpwhu;.
``,iwf;fil Joj;j g[Ut=;fs; vapW vd;Dk;
gpiwf;fpil gpwf;fpl koj;j gpythas
kwf;fil muf;fp~~ ? vd vt;tst[ mHfhf jd; ftpj;jpwidg; gjpt[ bra;fpwhu;.
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fk;gdpd; ftpij @yk; bgWk; ,d;g=;fs; vj;jidnah mjpy; xd;W re;jk;. Xir jUk;
,d;gk; xU nfho ,d;gk; vd;gjw;F Vw;g/
fk;gu; f=;if fhz; glyj;jpy;/
``MH beLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,tu; nghthnuh
ntH beLk; gil........~~
vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ghly; cyf;ifahy; khwp khwp ,of;Fk; xj;j Xirapy; mike;j re;jk;
,of;Fk; fhl;rpiaf; fk;gu; fz;Kd; vGg;g[fpwhu;.
``cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d- t[=;fz; kha thH;bt yhk;
,w=;Ffpd;wJ- ,d;W fhz;" vGe;jpuha;- vGe;jpuha;-
fw=;F nghy tpy;gpoj;j fhy J}ju; ifapny/
cw=;Ftha;/ cw=;Ftha;- ,dpf; fple;J cw=;Ftha;-~~
nkw;brhd;d ftpijfis cw;W nehf;Fk;nghJ re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwfoj;Jg; gwf;Fk;
jkpH; beoa cyfpy; fk;gidj; jtpu ntW ahUkpy;iy vd;gij mwpaKofpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
jz;liy/ bta;nahd;/ beLe;jpiu/ beLk;gil/ g[Jkzy; ? gz;;g[j;bjhiffs;
rz;gff;fhL ? ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
fple;J/ fle;J/ tpHpj;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
nehf;f ? bgabur;rk;
kwpfly;/ tpupnrhjp ? tpidj;bjhiffs;
vGe;jpuha;- vGe;jpuha;- ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
cw=;Ftha;- cw=;Ftha;- ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
,ay; 6
fhyJ}ju; ? cUtfk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
fple;J ? fpl + j;(e;) + j; + c tpHpj;J ? tpHp + j; + j; + c

fpl ? gFjp tpHp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp(e;) MdJ tpfhuk; j; ? re;jp
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
cw=;Ffpd;w ? cw=;F + fpd;W + m gpoj;j ? gpo + j; + j; + m
cw=;F ? gFjp gpo ? gFjp
fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; ? re;jp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
cw=;Ftha; ? cw=;F + t; + Ma;
cw=;F ? gFjp
t; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
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gyt[s; bjupf
1. ghyfhz;lk; Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MW vJ>

m) rua[ MW M) f=;if MW
,) eu;kij MW <) aKid MW [tpil: m) rua[ MW]
2. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bfho tifiar; nru;e;jJ vJ>
m) brz;gfk; M) fKF
,) FUf;fj;jp <) bfhd;iw [tpil: ,) FUf;fj;jp]
3. fk;gu; ,uhkhazj;jpw;F ,l;l bgau; vJ>
m) ,uhkfhij M) ,uhkhazk;
,) fk;guhkhazk; <) ,uhkhtjhuk; [tpil: <) ,uhkhtjhuk;]
4. bghUe;;jhj ,iziaj; nju;e;bjL.
m) ghyfhz;lk; ? Mw;Wg;glyk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; ? f=;ifg; glyk;/ f=;if fhz; glyk;
,) a[j;jfhz;lk; ? Fk;gfUzd; tijg; glyk;
<) Re;ju fhz;lk; ? Ffg; glyk; [tpil: <) Re;ju fhz;lk; ? Ffg; glyk;]
5. `fk;gd; ,irj;j ftpbay;yhk; ehd;~ vd;W bgUikg;gLgtu; __________.

,) fz;zjhrd; <) fk;gjhrd; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
6. fk;gu; gpwe;j Cu; __________.

m) jpUtGe;J}u; M) jpUf;fila{u;
,) jpUthqu; <) jpUbtz;fhL [tpil: m) jpUtGe;J}u;]
7. fk;guhkhazj;jpYs;s fhz;l=;fs; __________.
,ay; 6
m) MW M) VG
,) vl;L <) xd;gJ [tpil: m) MW]
8. fk;gu; gpwe;j ehL __________.
m) ghz;oa ehL M) nrhH ehL
,) nruehL <) gy;yt ehL [tpil: M) nrhH ehL]
9. rilag;g ts;sypd; Cu; __________.
m) bjd;fhrp M) jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}u;
,) jpUbey;ntyp <) jpUtGe;J}u; [tpil: M) jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}u;]
10. `tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cau; fk;gd;~ vd;W g[fHg;gl;ltu; __________.

m) g[fnHe;jp M) bra=;bfhz;lhu;
,) fk;gu; <) xl;lf;Tj;ju; [tpil: ,) fk;gu;]
11. fk;gu; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.

m) ruRtjp me;jhjp M) gjpw;Wg; ge;jhjp
,) jpUf;if tHf;fk; <) VbuGgJ [tpil: M) gjpw;Wg; ge;jhjp]
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12. rilag;g ts;syhy; Mjupf;fg; bgw;w g[ytu; __________.

m) fk;gu; M) g[fnHe;jp
,) xl;lf;Tj;ju; <) xsitahu; [tpil: m) fk;gu;]
13. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d- vd;Dk; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s fhz;lk; __________ glyk;
__________.
m) a[j;j fhz;lk;/ Fk;gfUzd; tijg; glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
,) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
<) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg; glyk;
[tpil: m) a[j;j fhz;lk;/ Fk;gfUzd; tijg; glyk;]
14. `jhJF nrhiynjhW+;~ ? vd;W Mw;wpd; mHif tu;zpf;Fk; fk;guhkhazj;jpd; fhz;lk; vJ>
glyk; vJ>
m) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
,) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg; glyk;
<) a[j;j fhz;lk; Fk;gfUzd; tijg;glyk;; [tpil: M) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;]
15.
Xu; capu; gy cly;fspy; CLUtp cyht[tJ nghy gha[k; ejpahfg; ghyfhz;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ __________.
m) rua[ M) aKid
,) gpuk;kg[j;jpuh <) f=;if [tpil: m) rua[]
16. ``jz;liy kapy;fshl~~ ? vd;W ,aw;if bfhYtPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bgupa fiy epfH;nt
elg;gjhy; njhw;wkhff; fk;gd; vLj;jpak;g[k; fhz;lk; __________.
m) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
,ay; 6
,) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg;glyk;
<) a[j;j fhz;lk; Fk;gfUzd; tijg;glyk; [tpil: m) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;]
17. `tz;ikapy;iy~ vd;w fk;gdpd; ghlyhy; mwpag;gLtJ __________.

m) xd;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; ,d;bdhd;W milahsg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
M) gytw;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; rpytw;iwf; fhz ,ayhky; nghtij
,) my;tHp ey;tHp mwpjy;
<) ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfis kdpju;fnshL xg;gply;
[tpil: m) xd;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; ,d;bdhd;W milahsg;gLfpwJ vd;gij]
18. `MH beLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,tu; nghth nuh>

ntH beLk; gil fz;L tpy=;fpLk; tpy; Mnsh>~
,g;ghlypy; mike;j ea=;fs; ahit>
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) Kuz; <) me;jhjp [tpil: m) vJif]
i) jhJF nrhiy ? 1. Mw;Wg;glyk;
ii) jz;liy kapy;fshl ? 2. ehl;Lg;glyk;
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iii) bta;nahd; xsp ? 3. f=;ifg;glyk;

iv) MH beLe;jpiu ? 4. f=;if fhz; glyk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4]
FWtpdh
1. fk;gupd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlu;fs; ahit>

fy;tpapy; bgupatu; fk;gu;.
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;.
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cau; fk;gd;.
2. fk;gu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
ruRtjp me;jhjp  VbuGgJ
rlnfhgu; me;jhjp  rpiy vGgJ
jpUf;if tHf;fk;
3. fk;guhkhazk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; TWk; E}y;.
fk;gu; jk; vGjpa E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vdg; bgaupl;lhu;.
MW fhz;l=;fis cilaJ.
re;jeak; kpf;fJ.
4. rua[ MW vt;tpl=;fspbyy;yhk; gutpg; gha;e;jjhf fk;gu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;>
kfue;jk; rpe;Jfpd;w nrhiyfs;  g[Jkzy; jlhf=;fs;
mUk;g[fs; kyUk; bgha;iffs;  bey;tay;fs;
5. nfhry ehl;oy; vitbay;yhk; ,y;iy> Vd;>
,ay; 6
tWik ,y;yhjjhy; m=;nf bfhil ,y;iy.

neUf;F neu; nghu; g[upgtu; ,y;yhjjhy; cly; typikia vLj;Jf;fhl;l tha;g;gpy;iy.
bgha;bkhHp ,y;yhjjhy; bka;ik jdpj;J tps=;ftpy;iy.
nfs;tpr; bry;tk; kpFe;jpUg;gjhy; mwpahik ,y;iy.
6. ,uhkdpd; toit vtw;wpw;bfy;yhk; ctikahf;fpa[s;shu; fk;gu;>
ik  ePyf;fly;
gr;ir epw kufjk;  fhu;nkfk;
7. f=;if fhz; glyj;jpy; ntldpd; Tw;iw vGJf.
ahidfs; bfhz;l nridiaf; fz;L/ g[wKJF fhl;o tpyfpr; bry;fpd;w tpy; tPudy;y
ehd;.
,uhkDila njhHikia vz;zhky; MHKk; bgupa miyfisa[k; cila f=;if
Mw;iw mtu;fs; jdpna fle;J nghf tplyhkh>
mt;thW bra;jhy; mw;gdhfpa ,e;j ntld; ,we;jpUf;fyhnk vd;W cyfj;jhu; vd;idg;
gHpbrhy;y khl;lhu;fsh> vd;W Twpdhd;.
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rpWtpdh
1. fk;gu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrpupau; bgau; : fk;gu;
gpwe;j Cu; : nrhH ehl;oy; cs;s jpUtGe;J}u;
Mjupj;jtu; : jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}u;r; rilag;g ts;sy;
bgw;w rpwg;g[fs; : fy;tpapy; bgupatu; fk;gu;/ fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;/
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cau; fk;gd;~~
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fk;guhkhazk;/ ruRtjp me;jhjp/ rlnfhgu; me;jhjp/ jpUf;if tHf;fk;/ Vu;
vGgJ/ rpiy vGgJ.
2. ,aw;if bfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bgupa fiy epfH;nt elg;gjhd njhw;wkhff; fk;gd;
ftp vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ. (my;yJ) kUjk; vt;thW tPw;wpUf;fpwJ>
Fspu;e;j nrhiyfspy; kapy;fs; mHFw Mod.
tpupjhkiu kyu;fs; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wpaJ nghy; njhd;wpd.
NGk; nkf=;fs; kj;js xypaha; vGe;jd.
kyUk; Ftis kyu;fs; fz;fs; tpHpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jd.
ePu; epiyfs; vGg;g[k; miyfs; jpiur;rPiyfsha; tpupe;jd.
kfu ahHpd; njd; xj;j ,irnghy; tz;Lfs; hP=;fhuk; ghl kUjk; tPw;wpUe;jJ.
3. rua[ MW gha;e;J tUtijf; fk;gu; vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;>
kfue;jk; rpe;Jk; nrhiyfs;/
ku=;fs; kpFe;j brz;gff; fhLfs;/
mUk;g[fs; mtpH;e;J kyUk; bgha;iffs;/
g[Jkzy; Fs=;fs;/
FUf;fj;jp ntypa[s;s ghf;Fj; njhl;l=;fs;
bey; tay;fs; ? ,it midj;Jk; gutpg; gha;fpwJ. rua[ MW/ Xu; capu; gy cly;fspy;
,ay; 6
CLUtp cyht[tJ nghy; gy ,l=;fspy; gha;fpd;wJ.
4. Fk;gfUzidf; fk;gu; jk; ftpeaj;jhy; vt;thW vGg;g[fpwhu;>
cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfUznd- ck;Kila bgha;ahd thH;t[ vy;yhk; ,d;wpypUe;J
,w=;Ftjw;Fj; bjhl=;fptpl;lJ.
mjidf; fhzgjw;fhf vGe;jpLtha;- vGe;jpLtha;-
fhw;who nghy vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; jpupfpd;w tpy;iyg; gpoj;j vkDf;Fj; J}juhdtu; ifapy;
,dpg;gLj;J cw=;Fthahf-
beLtpdh
1. fk;gupd; ftpf;fhl;rpfis (tUzidj; jpwk;) tpsf;Ff.
rua[ MW:
kfue;jk; rpe;Jk; nrhiyfs;/
ku=;fs; kpFe;j brz;gff; fhLfs;/
mUk;g[fs; mtpH;e;J kyUk; bgha;iffs;/
g[Jkzy; Fs=;fs;/
FUf;fj;jp ntypa[s;s ghf;Fj; njhl;l=;fs;
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bey; tay;fs; ? ,it midj;Jk; gutpg; gha;fpwJ. rua[ MW/ mJ Xu; capu; gy cly;fspy;
CLUtp cyht[tJ nghy; gy ,l=;fspy; gha;fpd;wJ.
kUjk; tPw;wpUj;jy;:
Fspu;e;j nrhiyfspy; kapy;fs; mHFw Mod.
tpupjhkiu kyu;fs; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wpaJ nghy; njhd;wpd.
NGk; nkf=;fs; kj;js xypaha; vGe;jd.
kyUk; Ftis kyu;fs; fz;fs; tpHpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jd.
ePu; epiyfs; vGg;g[k; miyfs; jpiur;rPiyfsha; tpupe;jd.
kfu ahHpd; njd; xj;j ,irnghy; tz;Lfs; hP=;fhuk; ghl kUjk; tPw;wpUe;jJ.
Fk;gfUzid vGg;g[jy;:
cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfUznd- ck;Kila bgha;ahd thH;t[ vy;yhk; ,d;wpypUe;J
,w=;Ftjw;Fj; bjhl=;fptpl;lJ.
mjidf; fhzgjw;fhf vGe;jpLtha;- vGe;jpLtha;-
fhw;who nghy vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; jpupfpd;w tpy;iyg; gpoj;j vkDf;Fj; J}juhdtu; ifapy;
,dpg;gLj;J cw=;Fthahf-
1. fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;ju;fSs; vtnuDk; xUtu; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ciuahw;Wf.

fijkhe;ju; : Ffd;
jd; kidtp rPija[lDk;/ jk;gp ,yf;FtDlDk; ,uhkd; fhl;ow;Fr; brd;whd;. bry;Yk;
tHpapy; f=;iff; fiuia mile;jhd;. m=;nf md;ng tothd ntl;Ltj;jiytd; Ffd;
,uhkidr; re;jpj;jhd;.
nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Ffdhdtd; Mapuk; glFfSf;Fj; jiytd;" f=;ifahw;Wj; njhzpj;
Jiwf;Fj; bjhd;Wbjhl;L cupika[ilatd;" giftu;fis mHpf;Fk; tpy;yhw;wy; bgw;wtd;;"
kiy nghd;w jpuz;l njhs;fis cilatd;" Jo vd;Dk; giwia cilatd;" ntl;il
,ay; 6
eha;fisf; bfhz;oUg;gtd;" njhy; brUg;g[ mzpe;j bgU=;fhy;fis cilatd; " fupa

epwj;jtd;. fupa nkff; Tl;lk; jpuz;L te;jhw;nghy; kpFjpahd gilgyk; cilatd;.
,j;jifa Ffd; f=;iff; fiuapd; gf;fj;jpYs;s rpU=;fpnguk; vd;Dk; efupy; thH;gtd;.
mtd; Kdptu; jtr;rhiyapy; cs;s ,uhkidf; fhz njDk; kPDk; bfhz;L brd;whd;
(murd;/ FU/ bja;tk; Mfpnahiuf; fhzr; bry;Yk; nghJ btW=;ifnahL bry;yyhfhJ
vd;gJ jkpH; kug[).
,uhkidf; fz;lJk; ,Us; nghd;w ePz;l Koa[ila jiy kz;zpy; goaf; fPnH
tpGe;J tz=;fpdhd;. gpd;/ vGe;J thia ifahy; bghj;jp/ cliy tisj;J mlf;fkha;
epd;whd;. ,uhkd; mtid jd; mUfpy; mkUkhW Twpa[k; kupahij epkpj;jkhf mtd;
mkutpy;iy.
Ffdpd; md;g[ kw;Wk; kupahijiaf; fz;l ,uhkd; Ffdplk;/ cs;sj;J md;g[
Kjpu;tpdhy; eP bfhz;L te;j ,e;jg; bghUl;fs; vj;jd;ikajha; ,Ue;jhYk; mKjj;ijtpl
rpwe;jdnt. md;g[ fye;jjdhy; J}adnt. ehd; ,ij Vw;Wf; bfhz;lnj tpUk;gp cz;ljw;Fr;
rkk; vd;whd;.
nkYk; Ffdplk;/ Kd;du; eh=;fs; cld;gpwe;njhu; ehy;tuha; ,Ue;njhk; " tpupe;j
md;gpdhy; cd;ndhL Ituhndhk; vd;whd; ,uhkd;.

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,ay; fiy tpupthdk;

gha;r;ry;
6 ? rh. fe;jrhkp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gha;r;ry; vd;Dk; rpWfij ve;jj; bjhFg;gpy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
m) rh. fe;jrhkpapd; fijfs; M) jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs;
,) RLkz; rpiyfs <) bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;;
[tpil: M) jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs;]
2. gha;r;ry; vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) b$afhe;jd; M) rh. fe;jrhkp
,) b$ankhfd; <) mfpyd;; [tpil: M) rh. fe;jrhkp]
3. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; khtl;lk; __________ Cu; __________.
m) ehfg;gl;odk;/ kapyhLJiw M) j+;rht{u;/ gilj;jiytd;Fo
,) jpUr;rp/ ciwa{u; <) jpUthqu;/ ty=;ifkhd;;
[tpil: m) ehfg;gl;odk;/ kapyhLJiw]
4. rh. fe;jrhkp ve;jf; FWk;glj;jpw;F midj;Jyf tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shu;>

m) bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs; M) Nu;a tk;rk;
,) rhe;jFkhup <) RLkz; rpiyfs; [tpil: <) RLkz; rpiyfs;]
5. rh. fe;jrhkpf;F vGj;Jyfpy; g[fiHg; bgw;Wj; je;j g[jpdk; __________.
,ay; 6
m) rhahtdk; M) Nu;a tk;rk;;
,) rhe;jFkhup <) bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;; [tpil: m) rhahtdk;]
6. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. (rh. fe;jrhkpapd; gilg;g[fs;)
i) jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs; ? 1. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ
ii) tprhuizf; fkp&d; ? 2. g[jpdk;
iii) RLkz; rpiyfs; ? 3. midj;Jyf tpUJ
iv) R{u;a tk;rk; ? 4. rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2]
7. gha;r;ry; fijapy; ,lk; bgWgtu; __________.

m) mDkhu; M) ,uhkd;
,) thyp <) ,uhtzd; [tpil: m) mDkhu;]
8. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; rhfpj;a tpUJ bgw;w E}y; __________.
m) Nu;atk;rk; M) rhe;jFkhup
,) rhahtdk; <) tprhuizf; fkp&d; [tpil: <) tprhuizf; fkp&d;]
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beLtpdh
1. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; `mDkhu;~ vd;w fiy+dpd; fiyj;jpwid tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ) mDkhu; Ml;lk; Fwpj;J gha;r;ry; fijapd; thapyhf rh. fe;jrhkp TWtd ahit>
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
bjUKid
jpwikfs;
gf;f thj;jpak;
mDkhu; Ml;lk;
mDkhu; mUfpy; mHF tuy;
Mw;w=;fiu Xuk;
Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
g[jpd vGj;Jfshy; jdJ g[fiHj; jkpH; cyfpy; Kj;jpiug; gjpj;J rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUJbgw;w rh. fe;jrhkpapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; mDkhu; fiy+dpd; fiyj;jpwidg;
gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
bjUKid:
bjUKidapy; jpde;njhWk; vj;jidnah fiyfs; eilbgw;Wf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd.
eLj;ju kf;fis ek;gp j=;fs; thH;thjhuj;ijg; bgUf;fpf; bfhs;s mDkhu; ntlkpl;L xUtd;
midtiua[k; kfpH;tpf;fpwhd;.
jpwikfs;:
Fu=;Fnghy Xote;jhd;. ,uz;L fhy;fisa[k; khwpkhwp jiyapy; moj;J ntfkhff;
iffis tPrp ele;jhd;. bfh+;rk; J}uk; brd;W filapy; ,Ue;j thiHj; jhupypUe;J gH=;fisg;
gwpj;J mUfpy; ,Ue;jtu;fSf;bfy;yhk; bfhLj;J jhDk; xU gHk; rhg;gpl;lhd;.
,ay; 6
gf;f thj;jpak;:
rj=;if nksk;/ jhsk;/ ehjRuk; xypf;f mjw;F Vw;whw;nghy; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhfg;
gha;e;njhodhd;. ePz;l thiy nkny RHw;wp jiuapy; moj;J g[Gjpiaf; fpsg;gpdhd;.
mDkhu; Ml;lk;:
,irf;nfw;g Moatd; jd;idna kwe;J iffis khu;nghL mizj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;.
jhd; cz;ik mDkhuhf khwpaij vz;zp `fPr; fPr;~ vd;W fj;jpf;bfhz;nl ge;jf;fhiyg;
gw;wpf;bfhz;L nkny Vwpdhd;.
jpObud nksKk; ehjRuKk; xypf;fj; bjhl=;fpanghJ Tl;lk; jpifj;jJ. fz;@o fz;
jpwg;gjw;Fs; mDkhu; fPnH Fjpj;jhu;. thypy; bgupa jPg;ge;jk; fz;L Tl;lk; gpd;th=;fpaJ.
mDkhu; fhy;fisj; jiuapy; moj;J clk;igf; FYf;fpdhu;. beUg;g[ miygha;e;jJ.
iffisj; jl;of; Fl;of;fuzk; nghl;lhd;. Tl;lk; gha;e;njhoaJ. mDkhu; jd; fk;gPukhd
njhw;wj;njhL epd;W rpupj;jhu;. Tl;lKk; mikjpahdJ.
mDkhu; mUfpy; mHF tuy;:
mDkhuhy; thiy btF neukhfr; Rkf;f Koahjjhy; mHF ifapy; bfhLj;Jtpl;L
elf;f Muk;gpj;jhd;. thiyj; J}f;fpf; bfhz;L mHFthYk; Xl Koatpy;iy. btl;fj;njhL
thiyg; nghl;Ltpl;L btspnawpdhd;.
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fhupy; te;jtu; \hud; mof;f xUtd; fhiu kwpj;jhd;. mDkhu; vupr;rYw;W mtid
thyhy; gpd;Df;F ,Gj;jhd;. fhu; Kd;nd te;J mDkhUf;Fg; gzk; bfhLf;f mDkhu;
th=;fhky; nksf;fhuidg; ghu;f;f nksf;fhud; th=;fp koapy; itj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;.
Mw;w=;fiu Xuk;:
Ml;lkpy;yhky; mDkhu; elf;f Muk;gpj;jnghJ Tl;lk; Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ. nksf;fhud;
jt[iyf; fPnH ,wf;fp itj;jhd;. Ml;lk; Koe;jJ vd;W jPu;khdk; bra;J Tl;lk; Kw;wpYk;
fiye;jJ. mDkhu; thahy; @r;Rtpl;L Mykuj;jpy; rha;e;Jbfhz;lhu;.
nksf;fhud; gzj;ijg; g=;F nghl;Lg; gpupj;Jf; bfhLj;jhd;. mDkhu; mij th=;fpf;
bfhz;L Mw;w=;fiunahuKs;s nfhapy; J}zpy; rha;e;Jbfhz;L mDkhu; cl;fhu;e;jhu;.
Kot[iu:
,f;fijapy; Tl;lj;jpdiu kfpH;tpf;f te;j mDkhupd; Ml;lj;ijf; fz;L ka=;fp
mDkhiug; nghyj; jhDk; Modhd; mHF. mDkhnuhL xd;wpg; nghdhd;. fiyf;
fiyf;fhfnt vd;gJnghy xU fiy+d; ,d;bdhU fiy+id cUthf;f Koa[k; vd;gij
`gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; mDkhu; @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
1.
c=;fs; bjUf;fspy; fz;L kfpH;e;j gfy; ntlf; fiy+u;fisg; nghy ntlkpl;L Mly;
epfH;j;jpf; fhl;Lf.
(khztu; bray;ghL)
2.
nkilf; fiy+u;fSk; gfy;; ntlf; fiy+u;fSk; vjpu; bfhs;Sk; ,lu;ghLfs; Fwpj;J
tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrpupau; :
khztu;fns- nkilf; fiy+u;fSk; gfy; ntlf; fiy+u;fSk; vjpu; bfhs;Sk;
,lu;ghLfs; Fwpj;J c=;fsJ fUj;J vd;d>
,ay; 6
khztu; FG ? 1 :
xg;gidf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;Sk; my=;fhug; bghUl;fs; xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk;
ry=;iffs; fhypy; Fj;Jtjw;F tha;g;g[s;sJ. tpj;ijfisf; fhl;Lk; nghJ rpy tpgj;Jfs; neu
tha;g;g[s;sJ.
khztu; FG ? 2 :
vj;bjhHpy; bra;apDk; tUkhd nehf;Fld; bra;ag;gLfpwJ. epfH;fiy fiy+u;fs;
tUkhdk; <l;Ltijna Kjd;ikahff; bfhz;ltu;fs;. ciHg;gjdhy; tUk; tUkhdk;
kfpHr;rpiaf; bfhLf;Fk; nghJ/ Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfisr; rkhspj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;oaJjhd;.
Mrpupau; :
vj;bjhHpy; MapDk; btt;ntW tpjkhd gpur;ridfis vjpu;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,t;t[yfpy; ehk; thGk; thH;f;if ehlfj;jpy; eofu;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fiy+u;fs; re;jpf;Fk;
,lu;ghLfs; ntW khjpupahdit.
nfhkhspfshf eof;Fk; fiy+u;fs; gpwupd; nfypf; Tj;Jf;F Mshfpd;wdu;. j=;fSf;Fupa
nrhf=;fs; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; mjid btspg;gLj;jhJ kf;fis kfpH;tpf;f epidf;Fk;
fiy+u;fs; cau;e;jtnu.

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,ay; fiy fw;fz;L
mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk;
6
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Fspu;fhyj;ijg; bghGjhff; bfhz;l epy=;fs; __________.
m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp/ kUj epy=;fs;
M) Fwp+;rp/ ghiy/ bea;jy; epy=;fs;
,) Fwp+;rp/ kUjk;/ bea;jy; epy=;fs;
<) kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy epy=;fs;[tpil: ,) Fwp+;rp/ kUjk;/ bea;jy; epy=;fs;]
FWtpdh
1.
fhl;oy; tp[ise;j tufpy; rikj;j czt[ kiHf;fhy khiyapy; Nlhf cz;zr; Rit
kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. ,j;bjhlupy; mike;Js;s Kjw;bghUs;;/ fUg;bghUs;fis tifg;gLj;jp
vGJf.
Kjw;bghUs;:
epyk; fhL Ky;iy
bghGJ bgUk;bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk; rpWbghGJ ? khiy
,ay; 6
fUg;bghUs; :
czt[ tuF/ rhik.
2. fPH;tUk; bjhlu;fspy; bghUe;jhj fUg;bghUs;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf.

cHtu;fs; kiyapy; cGjdu;.
Ky;iyg;g{r; broiag; ghu;j;jthnw gujtu; flYf;Fr; brd;wdu;.
cHtu;fs; taypy; cGjdu;.
bea;jy;g{r; broiag; ghu;j;jthnw gujtu;fs; flYf;Fr; brd;wdu;. (my;yJ) jhiHg;g{r;
broiag; ghu;j;jthnu gujtu;fs; flYf;Fr; brd;wdu;.
Ky;iyg;g{r; broiag; ghu;j;jthnw ,ilau;fs; fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;wdu;.
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy; rupahd tpil tupiriaj; nju;e;bjL.

i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. ngqu;/ @J}u;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. rpWFo
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. FWk;g[
v) ghiy ? 5. gho/ nrup
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2/ 5 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 5/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 5/ 1/ 2/ 4 [tpil: <) 3/ 5/ 1/ 2/ 4]
2. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.

i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. kidf;fpzW/ bgha;if
iii) kUjk; ? 3. fhl;lhW
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. mUtpePu;/ RidePu;
v) ghiy ? 5. kzw;fpzW/ ctu;f;fHp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
,) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1]
3. bghUe;;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) Ky;iy ? tuF/ rhik
M) kUjk; ? bre;bey;/ btz;bzy;
,) bea;jy; ? jpid
,ay; 6
<) ghiy ? Niwahlyhy; tUk; bghUs; [tpil: ,) bea;jy; ? jpid]
4. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa bgUk;bghGjpidj; nju;e;bjL.
m) fhu;fhyk; M) Fspu;fhyk;
,) Kd;gdp <) gpd;gdp [tpil: m) fhu;fhyk;]
5. Ie;jpizfSf;F cupad __________.
i) Kjw;bghUs; ii) fUg;bghUs; iii) cupg;bghUs;
m) i - rup M) ii - rup
,) @d;Wk; rup <) iii - kl;Lk; rup [tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. kiya[k; kiyrhu;e;j ,lKk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
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7. kzYk; kzy; rhu;e;j ,lKk; ? vj;jpizf;FupaJ>

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: <) ghiy]
8. bghGJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) ,U M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) MW [tpil: m) ,U]
i) fhu;fhyk; ? 1. khrp/ g=;Fdp
ii) Fspu;fhyk; ? 2. khu;fHp/ ij
iii) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; ? 3. Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif
iv) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; ? 4. Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
10. ,sntdpw; fhyj;Jf;Fupa khj=;fs; __________.
m) Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp M) rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
,) Mdp/ Mo <) khu;fHp/ ij [tpil: M) rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp]
11. Mdp/ Mo Kjyhd khj=;fs; __________.
m) fhu;fhyk; M) Fspu;fhyk;
,) ,sntdpw;fhyk; <) KJntdpw;fhyk; [tpil: <) KJntdpw;fhyk;]
i) fhiy ? 1. khiy 6 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 10 kzp tiu
ii) ez;gfy; ? 2. gpw;gfy; 2 kzp Kjy; 6 kzp tiu
iii) vw;ghL ? 3. fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; 2 kzp tiu
iv) khiy ? 4. fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,ay; 6
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
13. ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu cs;s rpWbghGJ __________.
m) vw;ghL M) khiy
,) ahkk; <) itfiw [tpil: ,) ahkk;]
14. itfiwf;Fupa fhy neuk; __________.

m) ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu
M) fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu
,) fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; 2 kzp tiu
<) ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu[tpil: m) ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. fhu;fhyk;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. Fspu;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
iii) kUjk;/ bea;jy; ? 3. ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp
iv) ghiy ? 4. MW bgUk;bghGJfs;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3]
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16. ez;gfy; vj;jpizf;Fupa rpWbghGJ>

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: <) ghiy]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. itfiw
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. vw;ghL
iii) kUjk; ? 3. ahkk;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. khiy
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2]
18. jpizfSf;Fupa bja;tj;ijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. bfhw;wit
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. tUzd;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. ,e;jpud;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. jpUkhy;
v) ghiy ? 5. KUfd;
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 5/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5 [tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
19. jpizfSf;Fupa kf;fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) btw;gd; ? 1. Fwp+;rp
ii) njhd;wy; ? 2. Ky;iy
iii) Cud; ? 3. kUjk;
iv) nru;g;gd; ? 4. bea;jy;
v) vapdu; ? 5. ghiy
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1
,ay; 6
,) 3/ 5/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5 [tpil: <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5]
i) g[yp ? 1. ghiy
ii) khd; ? 2. bea;jy;
iii) vUik ? 3. kUjk;
iv) Kjiy ? 4. Ky;iy
v) typapHe;j ahid ? 5. Fwp+;rp
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 5/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1/ 5 [tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. Futk;/ ghjpup
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. jhiH
iii) kUjk; ? 3. jhkiu/ br=;fGePu;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. njhd;wp
v) ghiy ? 5. fhe;js;
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2/ 5 [tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
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i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. mfpy;/ nt=;if
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. bfhd;iw/ fhah
iii) kUjk; ? 3. fh+;rp
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. g[d;id/ +hHy;
v) ghiy ? 5. ,Yg;ig
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 4
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1/ 5 <) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. flw;fhfk;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. fhl;Lf; nfhHp/ kapy;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. ehiu/ ePu;f;nfhHp/ md;dk;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. fpsp/ kapy;
v) ghiy ? 5. g[wh/ gUe;J
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1/ 5 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 5/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1/ 5]
24. tpsup ahH; vj;jpizf;F cupaJ>
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk;
,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: ,) bea;jy;]
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. Jo
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. kPd; nfhl;giw
iii) kUjk; ? 3. kzKHh
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. VWnfhl;giw
,ay; 6
v) ghiy ? 5. bjhz;lfk;
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 5/ 1/ 2/ 4 [tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
26. brt;tHpg;gz;/ g+;Rug;gz; Kjypadtw;Wf;Fupa jpizfs; Kiwna __________.
m) bea;jy;/ ghiy M) Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy
,) kUjk;/ bea;jy; <) kUjk;/ ghiy [tpil: m) bea;jy;/ ghiy]
27. Ky;iy epykf;fspd; czt[g; bghUs;fs; __________.

m) btz;bey;/ tuF M) kiybey;/ jpiz
,) tuF/ rhik <) kPd;/ bre;bey; [tpil: ,) tuF/ rhik]
FWtpdh
1. bghUs; ,yf;fzk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bghUs; vd;gJ xGf;f Kiw.
jkpHu; thH;tpay; xGf;f=;fis mfk;/ g[wk; vd tFj;jdu;.
,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWtnj bghUs; ,yf;fzk;.
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2. mfj;jpiz vd;why; vd;d>

md;g[ila jiytd; jiytp ,ilapyhd cwt[ epiyfisf; TWtJ mfj;jpiz MFk;.
3. md;gpd; jpizfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
md;gpd; jpizfs; Ie;J. mit:
Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.
4. mfj;jpizf;Fupa bghUs;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
mfj;jpizf;Fupa bghUs;fs; @d;W. mit:
Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;/ cupg;bghUs;.
5. Kjw;bghUshtJ ahJ>
epyKk; bghGJk; Kjw;bghUs; MFk;.
6. Itif epy=;fspd; miktpl=;fisf; TWf.
Fwp+;rp ? kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lKk;
Ky;iy ? fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk;
kUjk; ? taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
bea;jy; ? flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
ghiy ? RuKk; Ruk; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
7. bghGJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bghGJ ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit: bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ.
8. bgUk;bghGjpw;Fupa TWfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
bgUk;bghGjpw;Fupa TWfs; MW. mit:
fhu;fhyk;/ Fspu;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf; fhyk;/ gpd;gdpf; fhyk;/ ,sntdpw; fhyk;/ KJntdpw; fhyk;.
9. rpWbghGjpw;Fupa TWfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
,ay; 6
rpWbghGjpw;Fupa TWfs; MW. mit:
fhiy/ ez;gfy;/ vw;ghL/ khiy/ ahkk;/ itfiw.
10. vw;ghL gpupj;J bghUs; vGJf.
vy; + ghL = vw;ghL
vy; ? Nupad;
ghL ? kiwa[k; neuk;
bghUs; ? Nupad; kiwa[k; neuk;.
11. fUg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>
xt;bthU epyj;jpw;Fk; cupa bja;tk; Kjyhfj; bjhHpy; tiuapy; jdpj;jdpna Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
fUg;bghUs;.
12. cupg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>
ftpijfspy; fUg;bghUspd; gpd;dzpapy; mikj;Jg; ghlg;gLtJ cupg;bghUs;.
13. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa bja;t=;fspd; bgau;fisf; TW.
Fwp+;rp ? KUfd;
Ky;iy ? jpUkhy;
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kUjk; ? ,e;jpud;
bea;jy; ? tUzd;
ghiy ? bfhw;wit
14. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa giwfisf; TW.
Fwp+;rp ? bjhz;lfg; giw
Ky;iy ? VWnfhl;giw
kUjk; ? kzKHh/ bey;yupfpiz
bea;jy; ? kPd; nfhl;giw
ghiy ? Jo
15. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa ahH;/ gz; vit vd vGJf.
epyk; ahH; gz;
Fwp+;rp Fwp+;rp ahH; Fwp+;rpg;gz;
Ky;iy Ky;iy ahH; Ky;iyg;gz;
kUjk; kUj ahH; kUjg;gz;
bea;jy; tpsup ahH; brt;tHpg;gz;
ghiy ghiy ahH; g+;Rug;gz;
16. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa kuk;/ g{ Mfpatw;iw vGJf.

epyk; kuk; g{
Fwp+;rp mfpy;/ nt=;if Fwp+;rp/ fhe;js;
Ky;iy bfhd;iw/ fhah Ky;iy/ njhd;wp
kUjk; fh+;rp/ kUjk; br=;fGePu;/ jhkiu
bea;jy; g[d;id/ +hHy; jhiH/ bea;jy;
ghiy ,Yg;ig/ ghiy Futk;/ ghjpup
,ay; 6
17. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa kf;fs; ahtu;>

epyk; kf;fs;
Fwp+;rp btw;gd;/ Fwtu;/ Fwj;jpau;
Ky;iy njhd;wy;/Mau;/ Ma;r;rpau;
kUjk; Cud;/ cHtu;/ cHj;jpau;
bea;jy; nru;g;gd;/ gujd;/ guj;jpau;
ghiy vapdu;/ vapw;wpau;
18. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa tpy=;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; vit vdf; TWf.

epyk; tpy=;Ffs; gwitfs;
Fwp+;rp g[yp/ fuo/ rp=;fk; fpsp/ kapy;
Ky;iy Kay; khd;/ g[yp fhl;Lf;nfhHp/ kapy;
kUjk; vUik/ ePu; eha; ehiu/ md;dk;/ ePu;f;nfhHp
bea;jy; Kjiy/ Rwh flw;fhfk;.
ghiy typapHe;j ahid g[wh/ gUe;J.
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19. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa bjhHpy;fs; ahit>

epyk; bjhHpy;fs;
Fwp+;rp njbdLj;jy;/ fpH=;F mfH;jy;
Ky;iy VW jGt[jy;/ epiu nka;j;jy;
kUjk; bey;yupjy;/ fis gwpj;jy;
bea;jy; kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;
ghiy tHpg;gwp/ epiu ftu;jy;
20. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa ePiu vGJf.

epyk; ePu;
Fwp+;rp mUtp ePu;/ RidePu;
Ky;iy fhl;lhW
kUjk; kidf;fpzW/ bgha;if
bea;jy; kzw;fpzW/ ctu;f;fHp
ghiy tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW
21. Itif epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; czt[g; bghUs;fs; ahit>

epyk; czt[g; bghUs;fs;
Fwp+;rp kiybey;/ jpid
Ky;iy tuF/ rhik
kUjk; bre;bey;/ btz;bzy;
bea;jy; kPd;/ cg;g[f;Fg; bgw;w bghUs;
ghiy Niwahlyhy; tUk; bghUs;
22. Itif epyj;jpw;Fupa Cu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,ay; 6
epyk; Cu;
Fwp+;rp rpWFo
Ky;iy gho/ nrup
kUjk; ngqu;/ @J}u;
bea;jy; gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
ghiy FWk;g[
rpWtpdh
1. bgUk;bghGjpw;Fupa TWfis vGjp/ mf;fhyj;jpw;fhd khj=;fisa[k; vGJf.
bgUk;bghGJ khjk;
fhu;fhyk; Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
Fspu;fhyk; Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif
Kd;gdpf; fhyk; khu;fHp/ ij
gpd;gdpf; fhyk; khrp/ g=;Fdp
,sntdpw; fhyk; rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
KJntdpw; fhyk; Mdp/ Mo
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(1 Mz;od; 12 khj=;fSk; ,uz;ouz;L khj=;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(12'2 = 6)
2. rpWbghGjpw;Fupa TWfisa[k; mjw;Fupa neu mst[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpLf.

rpWbghGJ neuk;
fhiy fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; fhiy 10 kzp tiu
ez;gfy; fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; gpw;gfy; 2 kzp tiu
vw;ghL gpw;gfy; 2 kzp Kjy; khiy 6 kzp tiu
khiy khiy 6 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 10 kzp tiu
ahkk; ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu
itfiw ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu
(1 ehspd; 24 kzp neuKk; ehd;F ehd;F kzp neukhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (24'4=6)
3. Ie;jpizf;Fk; cupa bgUk;bghGJfs; rpWbghGJfis vGJf.

jpiz bgUk;bghGJ rpWbghGJ
Fwp+;rp Fspu;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf; fhyk; ahkk;
Ky;iy fhu;fhyk; khiy
kUjk; MW bgUk;bghGJfs; itfiw
bea;jy; MW bgUk;bghGJfs; vw;ghL
ghiy ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp ez;gfy;
1.
gz;ilj; jkpHupd; jpizepiy thH;f;if Kiwiaa[k; ,d;iwa jkpHupd; thH;f;if
Kiwiaa[k; xg;gpl;L xt;bthUtu; fUj;ija[k; gjpt[ bra;J bghJf; fUj;ij mwpf.
,ay; 6
gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jfs;

fUj;J ? 1:
fhy=;fs; gy fle;jhYk; bja;tek;gpf;ifa[k; rl=;FfSk; bgUkstpy; khwhky; cs;sd.
kf;fsplk; rhjp btwpa[k; rhjp ntWghLk; eP=;fpa[s;sJ. kf;fs; midtUk; rkk; vd;w epiyf;Fj;
jFjpgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
fUj;J ? 2:
czt[ Kiwapy; ,d;W bgUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,aw;ifahd jhdpa=;fs; kw;Wk;
gapW tif czt[g; bghUl;fs; bgUk;ghYk; cztpy; nru;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
fUj;J ? 3:
j=;fSf;bfdf; Fwpj;j gz;/ ahH;/ giw Mfpatw;iwg; gz;ilj; jpiz epy jkpHu;
gad;gLj;jpaijg; nghy ,d;W ahUk; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtutu; tpUg;gkhd ,iria
,irg; gs;spfSf;Fr; brd;W fw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;wdu;.
fUj;J ? 4:
jpiz epyj;jpw;nfw;g bjhHpy;fs; ,d;W bgUkstpy; eilbgwtpy;iy. ,aw;ifapd;
tpisahl;lhy; ,d;W kUjepy bjhHpy;fSk;/ bea;jy; epy bjhHpy;fSk; kpft[k;
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eyptile;Js;sd. nkYk; mjpf tUkhdk; bgWtjw;fhft[k; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;W tUtjhy;

cau; gjtpapy; cs;s ntiyfisj; njo efu=;fSf;F kf;fs; ,lk;bgau;e;J bry;fpd;wdu;.
fUj;J ? 5:
,aw;ifr; NHYk;/ ehfupf tsu;r;rpa[k;/ fhyr; NHYk; vy;yh epiyfspYk; khw;w=;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; gz;ila kug[ khwhJ thH;fpd;wdu;.
bkhHpbgau;g;g[:
Koothu
Therukoothu is, as its name indicates, a popular form of theatre performed in the streets. It is
performed by rural artists. The stories are derived from epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha and other
ancient Puranas. There are more songs in the play with dialogues improvised by the artists on the spot.
Fifteen to twenty actors with a small orchestra forms a koothu troupe. Though the orchestra has a singer,
the artists sing in their own voices. Artists dress themselves with heavy costumes and bright makeup.
Koothu is very popular among rural areas.
jkpHhf;fk; :
Tj;J
bjUf;Tj;J mjd; bgaUf;F Vw;whw;nghy; bjUtpy; elf;Fk; xU kpfr; rpwe;j fiy.
,jpy; fpuhkg;g[w fiy+u;fs; g=;nfw;fpwhu;fs;. ,jd; fijfs; gH=;fhtpakhd ,uhkhazk;/
kfhghujk; kw;Wk; giHa g[uhz=;fspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; giHa ghly;fis
ciuahlYld; fiy+u;fs; cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;. gjpide;J Kjy; ,UgJ fiy+u;fs; rpwpa
,irf;FGthf nru;e;jJjhd; bjUf;Tj;J Tl;lk;. ,irf;FGtpy; gy ghly;fs; ,Ue;jnghJk;
fiy+u;fs; j=;fs; Fuypnyna ghLthu;fs;. fiy+u;fs; kpfr; rpwe;j cilay=;fhuKk;
xg;gida[k; bra;jpUg;gu;. fpuhkg; g[w=;fspy; Tj;Jkpft[k; gpugykhdJ.
,ay; 6
bjhlu;fis mwpnthk;/ bjhlu;e;J bra;nthk;.
1. xU jdpr;brhw;bwhlupy; Xu; vGthnah gy vGtha;fnsh ,Ue;J xU gadpiyiaf;
bfhz;L mika[k;.
v.fh: m) nkup ngUe;jpw;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhu;.
M) nkupa[k; fdfht[k; ngUe;jpy; Vwpdu;.
2. bjhlu; brhw;bwhlu;/ xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh: m) ,dpa epyh ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy; g=;nfw;whu;;" btw;wp bgw;whu;" gupirj; jl;or;
brd;whu;.
M) md;tu; mu=;fj;jpw;F te;J ehlfk; ghu;j;J/ kfpH;r;rp mile;jhu;.
3. fyitr; brhw;bwhlupy; fUj;J KGik bgw;w xU Kjd;ikj; bjhlUk; fUj;J KGik
bgwhj Jizj; bjhlu;fSk; fye;J tUk;.
v.fh: m) kiH bfhl;of; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; gfytd; gs;spf;F ele;J te;jhd;.
gfytd; gs;spf;F ele;J te;jhd; ? Kjd;ikj; bjhlu;
kiH bfhl;of; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; ? Jizj; bjhlu;
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bjhlu;fis milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW khw;Wf.

v.fh: miHg;g[ kzp xypj;jJ. fay;tpHp fjitj; jpwe;jhu;;.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlu;fisf; fyitr; brhw;bwhlu;fshf khw;Wf)
miHg;g[ kzp xypj;jjhy;/ fay;tpHp fjitj; jpwe;jhu;.
1. ,d;dhrpahu; g[j;jf=;fis tupirg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtw;iwg; g[j;jf mLf;f=;fspy; mLf;fp
itj;jhu;. g[j;jf=;fisf; nfl;ltu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; bfhLj;jhu;.
(bjhlu; brhw;bwhluhf khw;Wf)
,d;dhrpahu; g[j;jf=;fis tupirg;gLj;jp/ g[j;jf mLf;f=;fspy; mLf;fp/ g[j;jf=;fisf;
nfl;ltu;fSf;F vLj;Jf; bfhLj;jhu;.
2. xapyhl;lj;jpy; FGtpdu; xnu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;of;bfhz;L/ fhypy;
ry=;if mzpe;J bfhz;L/ ifapy; xU rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrpa[k; MLtu;.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlu;fshf khw;Wf.)
xapyhl;lf; FGtpdu; xnu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;of; bfhs;tu;. fhypy; ry=;if
mzpe;J bfhs;tu;. ifapy; xU rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrpa[k; MLtu;.
3. Tj;Jf; fiy+u; ghlj; bjhl=;fpdhu;. ToapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
(fyitr; brhw;bwhluhf khw;Wf)
Tj;Jf; fiy+u; ghlj; bjhl=;fpajhy; ToapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdu;.
4. Xof;bfhz;oUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;bld epd;wt[ld;/ miwapy; cs;stu;fs; ngr;R jilgl;lJ.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlu;fshf khw;Wf)
Xof; bfhz;oUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;bld epd;wJ. mjdhy; miwapy; cs;stu;fspd; ngr;R
jilgl;lJ.
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpH;r;brhw;fshf khw;Wf.
g[jpu;:
,ay; 6
c=;fsplk; VG nfhy;L gp!;fl; cs;sJ. mjpy; xd;W kl;Lk; vil FiwthdJ.

c=;fsplk; cs;s xU juhir ,U Kiwfs; kl;Lnk a{!; gz;zp btapl; Fiwe;j nfhy;L
gp!;fl;ilf; fz;Lgpof;ft[k;.
tpil:
juhrpd; ,uz;L jl;LfspYk; @d;W @d;W nfhy;L gp!;fl;Lfis ita[=;fs;. ,uz;L
jl;LfSk; <f;tyhf ,Ue;jhy;/ ifapy; kpr;rk; cs;s gp!;fl;nl btapl; FiwthdJ. gl;
Mdhy;/ xU gf;f juhRj; jl;L cau;e;jhy; mjpy; cs;s @d;W gp!;fl;fspy; xd;W btapl;
FiwthdJ. me;j @d;W gp!;fl;Lfis kl;Lk; vLj;Jitj;Jf;bfhs;S=;fs;. ,uz;L
jl;LfspYk; xU xU gp!;fl;ilg; nghl;L ,nj vf;!;bgupbkz;l;il upg;gPl; bra;J Md;riuf;
fz;Lgpoa[=;fs;- My; jp bg!;l;-
gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy; gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy;

nfhy;L gp!;fl; j=;ff;fl;o gl; Mdhy;
<f;tyhf rkkhf upg;gPl; kWgo
btapl; vil Md;riu tpilia
vf;!;bgupbkz;l; gupnrhjid My; jp bg!;l; vy;yhk; ed;ikf;nf-
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ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlYf;nfw;w NHiy vGJf.

ghly; Mj;Jf;F me;jz;ilna mz;zd; tr;r bjd;dk;g[s;ns-
mz;zd; g[s;s thodhYk; ak;kho- ak;kho-
bjd;dk;g[s;s thlyhnkh> ak;kho- ak;kho-
tha;f;fhYf;F nkw;Fg;g[wk; t+;rp btr;r thiHkuk;
t+;rp kdk; thodhYk; ak;kho- ak;kho-
thiHkuk; thlyhnkh ak;kho- ak;kho-
ghly; mz;zd; el;L itj;j bjd;dk;gps;isf;F ePu; gha;r;r/ njhg;g[f;F tUk;
vGe;j bgz;bzhUj;jp FHe;ijia ,Lg;gpypUe;J ,wf;fp tpLfpwhs;. bjd;dk;gps;isf;F
NHy; ePqw;Wfpwhs;" FHe;ij mGfpwJ" ghliyg; ghoathnw FHe;ijapd; mGifia
epWj;jp ePqw;Wjiyj; bjhlu;fpwhs;.
ghly; ghly; vGe;j NHy;

ghlwpnad; gog;gwpnad; ? ehd;jhd; tug;g[fSf;F ,ilna epd;W taypy;
gs;spf;Tlk; jhdwpnad; ntiy bra;a[k; tptrhap xUtd; jdf;F
Vlwpnad; vGj;jwpnad; ? ehd;jhd; fy;tpawpt[ ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
vGj;Jtif jhdwpnad;. jhd; gLk; Jd;gj;ij vz;zp
tUj;jj;Jld; ghof;bfhz;nl
gof;f ey;yh bjup+;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd; jd; ntiyiar; bra;fpwhd;.
g=;fhspa Vd; njLnwd;
vGj ey;yh bjup+;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd;
vjpuhspa Vd; njLnwd;
ehbyGj;Jg; gor;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd;
ehY njrk; ngha;tUntd;.
,ay; 6
ehY gf;fk; tug;g[f;Fs;ns ? bjdKk;
ehd; ghLnwd; bjk;kh=;Fjhd;.
kdpjDf;Fk; kyUf;Fkhd kzk; tPRk; ,e;j eat[iuiaj; bjhlu;f.

tz;Lfis <u;f;Fk; thridapy;
g{f;fsplk; trg;gLtJ kdpju;fns-
g{r;rpiaf; ftUk; tz;z=;fspy;
g{f;fsplk; tpGtJ kdpju;fns-
mHiff; bfhz;L g{ ftUifapy;
mg;g{f;fsplk; gzptJ kdpju;fns-
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fl;Liu vGJf.
c=;fs; gFjpapy; eilbgw;w muRg; bghUl;fhl;rpf;Fr; brd;W te;j epfH;itf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
jiyg;g[: muRg; bghUl;fhl;rp
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
EiHt[r;rPl;L
gy;Jiwf; fz;fhl;rp mu=;f=;fs;
m=;fhofs;
,uhl;odk;
gpw bghGJnghf;F mk;r=;fs;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
v=;fs; Cupy;/ muRg; bghUl;fhl;rp/ jpyfu; jplypy; eilbgw;wJ. muRg; bghUl;fhl;rpf;Fr;
brd;W te;njd;. m=;nf ehd; fz;L kfpH;e;j epfH;t[fisf; Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liu @yk;
c=;fSld; gfpu;e;J bfhs;s tpUk;g[fpnwd;.
EiHt[r;rPl;L:
bghUl;fhl;rp eilbgWk; ,lj;jpd; cs;ns bry;y EiHt[f; fl;lzk; tNypf;fg;gl;lJ.
gj;J tajpw;Fl;gl;ltu;fSf;F q.30k; gj;J tajpw;F nkw;gl;ltu;fSf;F q.50k; EiHt[f;
fl;lzkhf tNypf;fg;gl;lJ. eh=;fs; EiHt[r; rPl;ilg; bgw;Wf;bfhz;L cs;ns brd;nwhk;.
gy;Jiwf; fz;fhl;rp mu=;f=;fs;:
tdj;Jiw mu=;fj;jpd; cs;ns brd;W ghu;j;jnghJ tdj;ija[k; tdtpy=;Ffisa[k;
ghJfhg;gJ vg;go vd;gij mwpe;J bfhz;nld;. fy;tpj;Jiw mu=;fj;jpd; cs;ns fy;tp
nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;l=;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; rpwg;g[ Fwpj;J gy;ntW bra;jpfs; mr;rplg;gl;L
xl;oitf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ. nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapdu; rhiy tpjpfisf; filgpog;gjhy;
,ay; 6
rhiy tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;f;fyhk; vd;w tpHpg;g[zu;r;rp fUj;Jfisj; bjuptpj;jd. nkYk; rpy

nghf;Ftuj;Jf; FwpaPLfSf;fhd tpsf;f=;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. fhty;Jiw/ bghJg;gzpj;
Jiw/ kPd; tsj;Jiw/ ntshz;Jiw nghd;W gy;ntW Jiw rhu;e;j mu=;;f=;fspd; cs;ns
brd;W mupa gy jfty;fis mwpe;J bfhz;nld;.
m=;fhofs;:
tPl;L cgnahfg; bghUl;fs;/ tpisahl;Lg; bghUl;fs;/ my=;fhug; bghUl;fs; vdg;
gy;ntW bghUl;fisa[k; xnu ,lj;jpy; th=;fpf; bfhs;Sk; mst[f;F gy;ntW m=;fhofs;
,Ue;jd. njitahd rpy bghUl;fis kl;Lk; ehd; th=;fpf; bfhz;nld;. czt[ m=;fhof;Fr;
brd;W bly;yp mg;gsk;/ kpsfha; g$;$p/ gdpf;TH; Kjypatw;iw th=;fp cz;nld;.
,uhl;odk;:
kaf;fk; je;jhYk; kdij kaf;Fk; ,uhl;od=;fisr; RHYk; Kiwia tpag;g[ld;
ghu;j;njd;. ,uhl;rr ,uhl;odk;/ Ftis ,uhl;odk;/ ouhfd; ,uhl;odk; vdg; gy;ntW
,uhl;od=;fisf; fz;L kfpH;e;njd;.
gpw bghGJnghf;F mk;r=;fs;:
nga;tPL/ ghjhsf; fpzW/ Kg;gupkhz jpiuau=;fk;/ kPd;fhl;rp rhiy/ gdptPL vdg;
gy;ntW mu=;f=;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;bghGJnghf;F mu=;f=;fSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpna fl;lzk;
tNypf;fg;gl;lJ.
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Kot[iu:
gy kzp neukhf Rw;wpg;ghu;j;j fisg;g[ xUg[wk; ,Ue;jhYk; m=;nf Rw;wpg;ghu;j;j kfpH;r;rp
kpFjpa[ld; tPL jpUk;gpndd;.
``vz;zpyhf; fhl;rp
vz;zbky;yhk; khl;rp
mJnt bghUl;fhl;rp~~
bjhlupy; tpLgl;l tz;z=;fis c=;fspd; vz;z=;fshy; epug;g[f.

1. thdk; fUf;fj; bjhl=;fpaJ. kiHtUk; nghypUf;fpwJ.
2. midtupd; ghuhl;Lfshy;/ btl;fj;jpy; ghlfupd; Kfk; rpte;jJ.
3. bts;is kdk; cs;stiu mg;ghtp vd;fpnwhk;.
4. fz;Qf;Ff; FSikahf ,Uf;Fk; gr;ir g[y;btspfspy; fjputdpd; k+;rs; btapy; gutpf;
fplf;fpwJ.
5. btapypy; miyahnj" cly; fUj;J tpLk;.
bghUj;jkhdtw;iwr; brhw;bgl;oapy; fz;L vGJf.

j=;Fk;/ kuk; tPL/ mtpGk;/ ja=;Fk;/ kutPL/ njhw;ghit/
tpUJ/ njhw;git/ ftpGk;/ tpUe;J.
1. tpul;lhjPu;fs; ? gwitf;F kuk; tPL

btl;lhjPu;fs; ? kdpjUf;F mit jUk; kutPL.
2. fhiy xspapdpy; kyupjH; mtpGk;.
,ay; 6
nrhiyg; g{tpdpy; tz;odk; ftpGk;.
3. kiy Kfl;oy; nkfk; j=;Fk;.; mijg;
ghu;f;Fk; kd=;fs; bry;yj; ja=;Fk;.
4. thH;f;ifapy; njhw;git kPz;Lk; bty;Yk; ? ,ijj;
jj;Jtkha;j; njhw;ghit Tj;J brhy;Yk;.
5. bjUf;Tj;jpy; eofUf;Ff; ifjl;lny tpUJ. ? mjpy;
tUk;fhR Fiwe;jhYk; mJnt mtu; tpUe;J.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
jhy; – jhyhl;L/ jhY/ gps;isf; ftpa[Wg;gpy; xd;W/ ehf;F.
cGit – xUtpj kPd;/ g[yp/ Jk;gpyp
mft[jy; – miHj;jy;/ Mly;/ Tj;jhly;
Ve;bjHpy; – kpf;f mHF/ kpF tdg;g[
mzpik – rkPgk;/ mUF/ El;gk;/ Ez;ik.
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MLnthk;
MLnthk; nks jhsj;njhL
ghLnthk; gk;ig cLf;ifnahL
tz;z Jzpairj;J
tl;lkha; MLnthk;
tupiraha; MLnthk;
vz;zf; fUj;Jfis
vy;nyhUf;Fk; TWnthk;
Jd;gkpy;yh rKjhaj;ij
Ml;lj;jhy; Mf;Fnthk;
bray;jpl;lk;
gy;ntW epfH;fiyfspd; xspg;gl=;fisj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rp mikf;f.
(khztu; bray;ghL)
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf

murpd; bgh=;fy; tpHhtpy; rpw;W}u;f; fiyfisf; fhl;rpahf;fpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. xUg[wk;

jpiufl;oj; njhw;ghitf; Tj;J epfH;e;Jbfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,d;bdhUg[wk; bghk;kyhl;lk;
Mof;bfhz;oUe;jdu;. rw;W ele;jhy; jhiu jg;gl;il KH=;f xapyhl;lk; MoathW kz;zpd;
kf;fs;... ,f;fiyfis eP=;fs; ez;gu;fSld; ghu;j;jthWk; Ritj;jthWk; bry;fpwPu;fs;.
,f;fiyfisg; ghJfhf;ft[k; tsu;f;ft[k; nkd;nkYk; gutyhf;ft[k; eP=;fs; bra;a
,ay; 6
tpUg;gdtw;iw tupirg;gLj;Jf.
1 gpwe;j ehs; tpHhf;fspy; kapyhl;lk; Kjyhd fiyfis epfH;j;j Kidntd;.
2 v=;fs; FLk;g tpHhf;fspy; bghk;kyhl;lk; epfH;j;j Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
3 jpUkz tpHhf;fspy; bgha;f;fhy; Ml;lj;ij elj;Jntd;.
4 tpisahl;L tpHhf;fspy; g[ypahl;lk; elj;j Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
5 nfhtpy; jpUtpHhf;fspy; fufhl;lk;/ fhtoahl;lk; Kjypa fiyepfH;r;rpfis elj;j
Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
6 tpLKiw fhy=;fspy; bjUf;Tj;J epfH;j;Jtjw;F Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Aesthetics ? mHfpay;/ KUfpay;
Terminology ? fiyr;brhy;
Artifacts ? fiyg; gilg;g[fs;
Myth ? bjhd;kk;

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fiy thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak;

,ay;
jpUf;Fws;
6 ? jpUts;Stu;
1. g[Jf;ftpijiaa[k; Fwisa[k; xg;gpl;Lg; ngRf.

g[Jf;ftpij
jf;fhspiaa[k; btz;ilf;fhiaa[k;
js;Stz;of;fhuu; juhrpy; epWf;ifapy;/
js;sp epw;Fk; gps;is
mtrpakhff; nfl;Fk; Mapuk; qghia
vg;gof; bfhLf;f vd;nw mtu; kdk; nahrpf;Fk;...
``mj;jidf; fha;fisa[k; tpw;why;jhd;
kPjp Ie;E}whtJ kp+;Rk;" vd;d bra;a...~~
fha;fwp th=;fpatu;
ftdf; Fiwthff; bfhLj;j
,uz;lhapuk; qghiaf;
Tg;gpl;Lj; je;Jtpl;Lg;
gps;isf;F cjt ahuplk; nfl;fyhk;.
vd;gij mLj;jgo nahrpf;Fk; mtu; kdk;-
,ay; 6
Fws;
mUbshLk; md;bghLk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk;
g[y;yhu; g[us tply;
tpil:
kw;wtu;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf; bfhs;shJ
ePf;fptplntz;Lk; vd;w bfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpa js;Stz;of;fhuu;/ fha;fwp th=;fpatu;
ftdf; Fiwthff; bfhLj;j ,uz;lhapuk; qghiaj; jhd; itj;Jf;bfhs;shky; fha;fwp
th=;fpatiu Tg;gpl;Lf; bfhLj;Jtpl;lhu;.
jdf;Fj; njit kpFjpaha; ,Ug;gpDk; js;Stz;of;fhuu; mwtHpapy; bry;tk;
<l;Ltijna tpUk;g[fpw xU ey;y gz;ghsu;.
2. Fwpg;g[fs; czu;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
m) mtUf;F mwpt[k; mjpfk;" gog;g[k; mjpfk;. ahuhYk; mtUf;bfjpuhfr; bray;gl KoahJ.
ghyh : mtUf;F mwpt[k; mjpfk;" gog;g[k; mjpfk;. ahuhYk; mtUf;bfjpuhfr; bray;gl
KoahJ.
khyh :
Fobray;tif vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; 1022 tJ Fwspy; tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j
mwpthw;wy; cilatdpd; Fo cau;e;J tps=;Fk;.
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M) vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. gHFgtu;fspy; ahu; ey;ytu;/ ahu; bfl;ltu; vd;W fz;Lgpog;gJ

fodk;.
ghyh :
vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. gHFgtu;fspy; ahu; ey;ytu;/ ahu; bfl;ltu; vd;W
fz;Lgpog;gJ fodk;.
khyh : Tlhel;g[ vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; 828?MtJ Fwspy; giftu; ek;ik tz=;fp
bjhGk;nghJ ifapy; fj;jpia kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gu;.
,)
mtu; FLk;gk; Kd;ndwpapUg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; bjhlu;e;J Kay;tJk; bjhHpypy;
mtUf;fpUe;j mwpt[k;.
ghyh : mtu; FLk;gk; Kd;ndwpapUg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; bjhlu;e;J Kay;tJk; bjhHpypy;
mtUf;fpUe;j mwpt[k;.
khyh : Cf;fKilik vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; 594?MtJ Fwspy; jsuhJ Cf;fj;njhL
ciHg;gtdplk; bjhlu;e;J bry;tk; nrUk;.
<)
thH;f;ifapy; ed;whfg; bghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jhH;thf epidj;jtu;fspd;
thia milf;Fk;.
ghyh :
thH;f;ifapy; ed;whfg; bghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jhH;thf
epidj;jtu;fspd; thia milf;Fk;.
khyh : bghUs; bray;tif vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; 759?MtJ Fwspy; bghUs; ,y;yhiu
vy;yhUk; ,fH;tu;. bghUs; cs;stiu nghw;Wtu;.
c) mf;fk;gf;fj;jhuplk; gHfhky; xJ=;fpna ,Ue;jhu;" Jizf;Fk; ahUk; ,y;iy. ,g;nghJ
clk;g[ rupapy;yhjnghJ ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhu;.
ghyh : mf;fk;gf;fj;jhuplk; gHfhky; xJ=;fpna ,Ue;jhu;" Jizf;Fk; ahUk; ,y;iy.
,g;nghJ clk;g[ rupapy;yhjnghJ ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhu;.
khyh : md;g[ilik vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; 80?MtJ Fwspy; gpwuplk; md;nghL thH;gtd;
,ay; 6
capUld; Toa cly;. md;g[ ,y;yhjjhy; capuw;w vYk;g[f;Tl;Lf;Fr; rkk;.
FWtpdh
1. fug;gpLk;ig ,y;yhu; ? ,j;bjhlupd; bghUs; TWf.

jk;kplKs;s bghUis kiwj;J itj;jy; vd;Dk; Jd;gk; juhj ey;ytu;.
2. j+;rk; vspad; giff;F ? ,t;tof;Fupa mirfisa[k; tha;ghLfisa[k; vGJf.
rPu; mir tha;ghL
j+; ' rk;
neu; neu; njkh
ne ' ne
vsp ' au;
epiu neu; g[spkh
ep ' ne
giff; 'F
epiu neu; (epiug[) gpwg;g[
ep ' ne
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3. tWikapd; fhuzkhf cjtp nfl;L tUgtupd; jd;khdj;ij vs;speifahLtJ Fwpj;Jf;

Fwspd; fUj;J vd;d>
,fH;e;J Vsdk; bra;ahky; bghUs; bfhLg;gtiuf; fz;lhy; ,ug;gtupd; cs;sj;jpd; cs;ns
kfpH;r;rp bgh=;Fk;.
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Tuhd Ma[jk; vJ vd;W bre;ehg;nghjhu; TWfpwhu;> Vd; vd;gij vGJf.
bgupa fj;jp/ ,Uk;g[ <l;o/ ciHj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;/ tpy;Yk; mk;g[k;
Tuhd Ma[jk;: ciHj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;.
fhuzk;: ,Jnt mtDila giftid bty;Yk; Tuhd Ma[jk;.
rpWtpdh
1.
ts;Stk;/ rpwe;j mikr;rUf;Ff; Twpa ,yf;fz=;fs; ekf;Fk; bghUe;Jtijf; Fws;tHp
tpsf;Ff.
fUtpa[k; fhyKk; bra;ifa[k; bra;a[k;
mUtpida[k; khz;l jikr;R.
bjhHpy; bra;tjw;Fj; njitahd fUtp/ mjw;F Vw;w fhyk;/ braypd; jd;ik/ bra;a[k;
Kiw Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mupa bray;fisr; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
td;fz; Fofhj;jy; fw;wwpjy; Ms;tpidnah
ile;Jld; khz;l jikr;R.
kdtypik/ Fofisf; fhj;jy;/ Ml;rpKiwfisf; fw;wy;/ E}y;fisf; fw;wy;/ tplhKaw;rp
Mfpa Ie;Jk; rpwg;ghf mika ntz;Lk;.
NH;r;rpfs;:
kjpEl;gk; E}nyh Lilahu;f; fjpEl;gk;
aht[s Kd;epw; git.
,ay; 6
,aw;ifahd Ez;zwpt[/ E}ywpt[ ,tw;iw cilatu;fs; Kd; ve;j NH;r;rpa[k; epw;f
,ayhJ.
eilKiwfis mwpjy;:
xU braiyr; bra;tjw;Fupa Kiwfis E}y;tHpahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk; cyfpay;
eilKiwfis mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
2.
gyuplk; cjtp bgw;Wf; fod ciHg;ghy; Kd;ndwpa xUtu;/ mtUf;F cjtpa ey;y
cs;s=;fisa[k; Rw;w=;fisa[k; mUfpy; nru;f;ftpy;iy. mtUf;F czu;j;Jk; nehf;fpy;
ts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
giftupd; typik:
md;gpyd; Md;w Jizapyd; jhd;Jt;thd;
vd;gupa[k; Vjpyhd; Jg;g[.
Rw;wj;jhuplk; xUtu; md;g[ ,y;yhkYk; bghUe;jpa Jiz ,y;yhkYk; typik
,y;yhkYk; ,Ue;jhy; mtuhy; giftupd; typikia vjpu;bfhs;s KoahJ.
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giff;F Ml;gly;:
m+;Rk; mwpahd; miktpyd; <fyhd;
j+;rk; vspad; giff;F.
kdjpy; Jzpt[ ,y;yhjtuha; mwpa ntz;oatw;iw mwpahjtuha; bghUe;Jk; gz;g[
,y;yhjtuha;/ gpwUf;Ff; bfhLj;J cjthjtuha; ,Ue;jhy; vspjpy; giff;F Ml;gl neUk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
fUtpa[k; fhyKk; ? vz;Qk;ik
mUtpid ? gz;g[j;bjhif
td;fz; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
te;j bghUs; ? bgabur;rk;
thuhg;bghUshf;fk; ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
bra;f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
ePs;tpid ? tpidj;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
mwpe;j ? mwp + j;(e;) + j; + m mwpahd; ? mwp + a;+ Md;

mwp ? gFjp mwp ? gFjp
j;(e;) ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk; a; ? clk;gLbka;ahfpa re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
bra;thd; ? bra; + t;+; Md;
,ay; 6
bra; ? gFjp
t;; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;

bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) ctikazp
M) bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
,) brhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp
<) brhw;bghUs; gpd; tUepiyazp [tpil: <) brhw;bghUs; gpd; tUepiyazp]
2. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;

Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) ctikazp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp [tpil: m) ctikazp]
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3. ,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;

,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) brhy;gpd;tUepiyazp M) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
,) ctikazp <) cUtf mzp
[tpil: M) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp]
4. kf;fns nghy;tu; fatu;" mtud;d

xg;ghup ahk;fz;l jpy;. ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp [tpil: m) ctik mzp]
5. njtu; midau; fatu; mtUk;jhk;
nktd bra;bjhG fyhd; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp M) t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp
,) ctik mzp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: M) t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp]
6. brhy;yg; gad;gLtu; rhd;nwhu;" fUk;g[nghy;
bfhy;yg; gad;gLk; fPH; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp.
m) ctikazp M) cUtf mzp
,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp <) ntw;Wik mzp [tpil: m) ctikazp]
7. rpwe;j mikr;rUf;Fupa Fz eyd;fs; __________.
m) 4 M) 5
,) 3 <) 6 [tpil: M) 5]
8. tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgtupd; Fo ________.
m) cau;e;J tps=;Fk; M) jhH;e;J epw;Fk;
,) thog; nghFk; <) fhzhky; eP=;Fk; [tpil: m) cau;e;J tps=;Fk;]
FWtpdh
,ay; 6
1. vj;jifa mupa braiyr; bra;gtu; mikr;ru; Mthu;>
bjhHpy; bra;tjw;Fj; njitahd fUtp/ mjw;F Vw;w fhyk;/ braypd; jd;ik/ bra;a[k; Kiw
Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mupa braiyr; bra;gtu; mikr;ru; Mthu;.
2. mikr;rUf;Fupa Ie;J rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
kdtypik/ Fofisf; fhj;jy;/ tplh Kaw;rp/ Ml;rp Kiwfisf; fw;wy;/ E}y;fisf; fw;wy;.
3. vj;jifa mikr;ru;fSf;F Kd; NH;r;rpa[k; epw;f ,ayhJ>
,aw;ifahd Ez;zwpt[/ E}ywpt[ ,tw;iwa[ila mikr;ru;fSf;F Kd; NH;r;rpfs; epw;f
,ayhJ.
4. Xu; mikr;rd; vtw;iw mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;>
xU braiyr; bra;tjw;Fupa Kiwfis E}y; tHpahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk; cyfpay;
eilKiwfis mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
5. mwj;ija[k; ,d;gj;ija[k; jUtJ vJ>
Kiwawpe;J jPikaw;w tHpapy; nru;e;j bghUs; xUtDf;F mwj;ija[k; jUk; ,d;gj;ija[k;
jUk;.
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6. vj;jifag; bghUis Vw;fhky; ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;>

kw;wtu;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf;bfhs;shky; ePf;fptpl
ntz;Lk;.
7. bghUsy;ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;tJ vJ> Vd;>
xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fj;jfhjtiua[k; gpwu; kjpf;Fk;go bra;tJ bry;tk;.
Vbddpy; mijtpl rpwe;j bghUs; cyfpy; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
8. xUtd; jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; bray; vjw;F ctikahff; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ>
xUtd; jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; brayhdJ/ Fd;wpd; nky; ghJfhg;ghf epd;W
bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gJ nghd;wJ.
9. Tlh el;g[ Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
bfhiyf; fUtp:
giftupd; bjhGJ epw;Fk; ifapd; cs;nsa[k; bfhiyf; fUtp kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
t+;rfk;:
giftupd; mGj fz;zPu; cs;Sk; t+;rfk; kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
10. ahuhy; giftupd; typikia vjpu;bfhs;s KoahJ>
Rw;wj;jhuplk; md;g[ ,d;ik
bghUe;jpa Jiz ,d;ik
typikapd;ik
,tw;iwa[ilatd; giftupd; typikia vjpu;bfhs;s KoahJ.
11. xUtd; vspjpy; giff;F Ml;gl neupLtJ vg;nghJ>
kdjpy; Jzpt[ ,y;yhik
mwpantz;oatw;iw mwpahik
,ay; 6
bghUe;Jk; gz;g[ ,y;yhik

gpwUf;Ff; bfhLj;J cjthik
nkw;fz;l bray;fis cilatu; vspjpy; giff;F Ml;gl neUk;.
12. xUtdJ Fo vg;nghJ rpwe;J tps=;Fk;>
tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgtupd; Fo rpwe;J
tps=;Fk;.
13. cyfj;jhu; ahiu cwthff; bfhz;L nghw;Wthu;>
Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; jd; Fog;bgUikia caur; bra;J thH;gtiu cyfj;jhu; cwthff; bfhz;L
nghw;Wtu;.
14. tWikapd; bfhLik KGtJk; bfLk; vg;nghJ>
jk;kplKs;s bghUis kiwj;J itj;jy; vd;Dk; Jd;gk; juhj ey;yhiuf; fz;lhy;
tWikapd; bfhLik KGtJk; bfLk;.
15. ahUila cs;sj;jpy; kfpH;r;rpg; bgh=;Fk;. vg;nghJ>
,fH;e;J Vsdk; bra;ahky; bghUs; bfhLg;gtiuf; fz;lhy; ,ug;gtupd; cs;sj;jpy; kfpH;;r;rp
bgh=;Fk;.
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16. kf;fs;/ fatu; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>

fatu; kf;fisg; nghynt ,Ug;gu;/ fatu;f;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s xg;g[ik `njhw;wk;~ kl;Lnk
ntbwe;j xg;g[ika[k; fpilahJ.
17. njtu; fatu; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TwpaJ ahJ>
njtUk; fatUk; xnu jd;ikau;/ njtu;fisg; nghynt fatu;fSk; jhk; tpUk;g[tdtw;iwr;
bra;J thH;tu;.
18. rhd;nwhu; fatu; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TWtJ ahJ>
xUtu; jk; Fiwia brhy;tijf; nfl;lt[ld; cjtp bra;gtu; rhd;nwhu;.
fUk;igg; gpHptJ nghy beUf;fpg; gpHpe;jhy;jhd; gad;gLgtu; fatu;.

19.
xU braiyr; bra;tjw;F cyfpay; eilKiwfSk; mtrpak; vd;gij typa[Wj;Jk;
jpUf;Fwis vGJf.

20.
xU bghUshf kjpf;fj;jfhjtiua[k; kjpg;g[ilatuhfr; bra;tJ bry;tk; vd;gij
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;
bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs;.
21. kiynky; epd;Wbfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gjid ctikahff; Fwpg;gpLk; jpUf;Fwis
vGJf.
Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;
Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid.
22. Fw;wkw;Wf; Fog;bgUika[ld; thH;gtiu cyfj;jhu; nghw;Wtu; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf tps=;Fk;
jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
,ay; 6
Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fobra;J thH;thidr;
Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF.
23. tWikiag; nghd;W Jd;gk; jUtJ tWikna vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; Fwl;ghtpid vGJf.
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ.
rpWtpdh
1. `For;bray; tif vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; Fo cau;t[ Fwpj;J ts;Stu; TWk; fUj;J ahJ>
,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wjy;:
tplh Kaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgtupd; Fo cau;e;J
tps=;Fk;.
Fw;wk; ,d;ik:
Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; jd; Fog;bgUikia caur; bra;J thH;gtiu cyfj;jhu; cwthff; bfhz;L
nghw;Wtu;.
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2. `faik~ vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; fatu; Fwpj;J ts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>

njhw;w xg;g[ik:
fatUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s xg;g[ik njhw;wk; kl;Lnk. ntbwjpYk; xg;g[ik ,y;iy.
njtUk; fatUk;:
njtUk; fatUk; xnu jd;ikau;/ njtu;fisg; nghynt fatu;fSk; jPatw;iwr; bra;J
xGFthu;fs;
rhd;nwhu;?fatu;:
xUtu; jk; Fiwiar; brhy;tijf; nfl;l clndna cjtp bra;gtu; rhd;nwhu;. fUk;igg;
gpHptJ nghy beUf;fpg; gpHpe;jhy;jhd; gad;gLtu; fatu;.
3. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;
bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J btt;ntW bghUisj; jUtJ
brhy;; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; bghUs; vd;w brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J bghUl;L/ bry;tk; Mfpa
btt;ntW bghUisj; jUfpwJ. vdnt/ ,f;Fwl;gh brhy; gpd;tUepiyazpf;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
4. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;
Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp ctik mzp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; kw;bwhU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctk cUg[

,ay; 6
btspg;gilahf tUtJ ctik mzp MFk;.

ctik : kiynky; ghJfhg;ghf epd;W ahidg; nghiuf; fhQjy;.
ctnkak; : jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; bray;.
ctk cUg[ : mw;W (btspg;gil)
bghUj;jk;:
jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xUtu; xU braiyr; bra;tJ kiynky; ghJfhg;ghf epd;W
bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gJ nghd;wJ MFk;.
5. ,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ ? ,f;Fwl;;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUisj; jUtJ brhw;bghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,d;ik vd;w brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J tWik vd;Dk; xnu bghUisj;
jUfpwJ. vdnt/ ,f;Fwl;gh brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp Mapw;W.
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6. njtu; midau; fatu; mtUk;jhk;

nktd bra;bjhGf yhd; ? ,f;Fwl;;ghtpy; gapd;Wte;Js;s mzpiar;; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp t+;rg; g[fH;r;rp mzp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;tJk; g[fH;tJ nghyg; gHpg;gJk; t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp MFk;. ,g;ghly;
g[fH;tJ nghyf; Twp gHpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpsf;fk;:
g[fH;jy; ? fatu; njtu;fSf;F xg;ghtu;
gHpj;jy; ? fatu; jk; kdk; nghd nghf;fpy; jPa bray;fisr; bra;thu;fs;.
njtUk; fatUk; xU jd;ikau;. njtiug; nghy fatUk; jhk; tpUk;gpaijr; bra;tu; vd;W
g[fH;tJ nghy gHpj;jyhy;/ ,BJ t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp Mapw;W.
7. kf;fns nghy;tu; fatu;" mtud;d
xg;ghup ahk;fz;l jpy; ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp ctik mzp MFk;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; kw;bwhU thf;fpakht[k;/ ctk cUg[
btspg;gilahf tUtJ ctik mzp MFk;.
ctik : fatu; kf;fisg; nghy; ,Ug;gu;.
ctnkak; : njhw;w xg;g[ikiaj; jtpu ntbwe;j xg;g[ika[k; ,y;iy.
ctk cUg[ : md;d (btspg;gil)
tpsf;fk; :
fatu; kf;fisg; nghynt ,Ug;gu;" fatUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhw;w xg;g[ikia

ntbwjpYk; fhz;gjpy;iy.
beLtpdh
,ay; 6
1. bghUs; bray;tif vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ts;Stu; TWk; tskhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fisf; TWf.
rpwe;j bghUs;:
xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fj; jfhjtiua[k; kjpg;g[ilatuhfr; bra;tJ bry;tk;. bry;tj;ij
my;yhky; rpwe;j bghUs; cyfpy; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
mwk;/ ,d;gk;:
Kiwawpe;J jPikaw;w tHpapy; xUtu; nru;j;j bry;tk; mtUf;F mwj;ija[k; jUk;/
,d;gj;ija[k; jUk;
ePf;fntz;oa bghUs;:
kw;wtu;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf;bfhs;shky; ePf;fptpl
ntz;Lk;.
jd; ifg;bghUs;:
jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xUtd; bra;a[k; brayhdJ/ Fd;wpd;nkny ghJfhg;ghf epd;W
bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gjw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
Tu;ikahd Ma[jk;:
bghUis <l;l ntz;Lk;. giftiu bty;Yk; Tu;ikahd Ma[jk; bghUisj; jtpu ntW
xd;Wk; ,y;iy.

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,ay; ehL ciueil cyfk;

rpw;wfy; xsp
7 ? k.bgh.rpt+hdk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`khytd; Fd;wk; nghdhbyd;d> ntytd; Fd;wkhtJ v=;fSf;F ntz;Lk;~ ?khytd;
Fd;wKk; ntytd; Fd;wKk; Fwpg;git Kiwna __________.
m) jpUg;gjpa[k; jpUj;jzpa[k; M) jpUj;jzpa[k; jpUg;gjpa[k;
,) jpUg;gjpa[k; jpUr;bre;J}Uk; <) jpUg;gu=;Fd;wKk; gHdpa[k;
[tpil: m) jpUg;gjpa[k; jpUj;jzpa[k];
2. jkpHpdj;ij xd;WgLj;Jk; ,yf;fpakhf k.bgh.rp. fUjpaJ __________.

m) jpUf;Fws; M) g[wehD}W
,) fk;guhkhazk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
FWtpdh

1. tWikapYk; gog;gpd; kPJ ehl;lk; bfhz;ltu; k.bgh.rp. vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
k.bgh.rp. tWikapYk; E}y; th=;Ftjw;Fg; gzkpy;yhj epiyapy; giHa g[j;jf=;fs;
th=;fp gog;ghu;.
,tu; tpUg;gkhd g[j;jf=;fisf; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F th=;Fk; tHf;fk; cs;stu;.
,ay; 7
,tu; gy ntisfspy; gl;odp fple;J g[j;jfk; th=;fp Mde;jk; milthu;.

brtp tHpahft[k; ,yf;fpa mwpitg; bgw;whu;.
2. bghUj;jkhd ,l=;fspy; epWj;jw; FwpapLf.
gH=;fhyj;jpny ghz;oad; Mz;l bgUikiaf; Twp/ nrhHd; Mz;l rpwg;igr; brhy;yp/
nrud; Mz;l khz;gpidf; fhl;o/ ek; mUikj; jkpH;ehL M=;fpnyaUf;F moikg;gl;oUe;j
rpWikiaa[k; epidt{l;o tpLjiyg; nghupy; <Lgl tUkhW jkpHu;f;F miHg;g[
tpLj;jpUe;njd;. ? k.bgh.rp.
rpWtpdh
1. `jiyiaf; bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~ ? ,l+;Rl;o bghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk;:
`k.bgh.rp~apd; jd; tuyhw;Wg; gFjpapy; rpw;wfy; xsp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.
bghUs;:
Me;jpu khepyk; gpupa[k;nghJ brd;idjhd; mjd; jiyefuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
Me;jpu khepyj; jiytu;fs; tpUk;gpdu;. mjid vjpu;j;J k.bgh.rp. Twpa Tw;W ,J.
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tpsf;fk;:
khefuj; je;ij br=;fy;tuhad; jiyikapy; xU Tl;lj;ijf; Tl;odu;. mg;bghGJ/ jkpH;
khepyj;jpd; jiyefu; `brd;id~ vd;w jPu;khdj;ij Kd;bkhHpe;jdu;.Kd;bkhHpe;J `jiyiaf;
bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~ vd;W k.bgh.rp KH=;fpdhu;. 25.03.1953,y; gpujku;
neU/ brd;id jkpHUf;nf vd;w cWjpbkhHpia/ ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; eLtzurpd; rhu;gpy;
btspapl;lhu;.
beLtpdh
1. ehl;L tpHhf;fs; – tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhW – ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; khztu; g=;F –

Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L xU gf;f mstpy; `khztg;gUtKk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy;
nkil ciu vGJf.
`khztg; gUtKk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;~
mwpKft[iu:
md;ghu;e;j mitnahnu- tzf;fk;- khztg; gUtj;jpny ehk; ehl;Lg;gw;W cilatu;fsha;
,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wp c=;fs; Kd; ngr te;Js;nsd;.
khztg;gUtKk; ehl;Lgw;Wk;:

~ehl;od; vjpu;fhyk; tFg;giwfspy; jhd; totikf;fg;gLfpwJ~ vd;whu; neU. vdnt
fy;tpnahL ehl;Lg;gw;iwa[k; fz; vdg; nghw;wp tsu;f;f ntz;Lk;.
Rje;jpu jpdk;/ FoauR jpdk; nghd;w ehl;L tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLk;nghJ ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;
rpe;jpa fz;zPiua[k;/ bre;ePiua[k;/ tpiykjpg;gpy;yhj capiua[k; kdg;g{u;tkhf czu;e;J
bray;glntz;Lk;.
mfpk;ir/ jPz;lhik tpyf;F/ fju; tpw;gid/ bts;isand btspnaW nghd;w tpLjiyg;
nghuhl;l Kiwfis ehk; kwj;jy; TlhJ.
,ay; 7
brf;foapYk;/ rpiwr;rhiyapYk; ek; tPuu;fs; gl;l Jd;gj;ij vz;zpg; ghu;j;J/ ehl;L
tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLk; nghJ ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk; NSiu Vw;gtu;fshft[k;/ mjidr;
bray;gLj;Jfpwtu;fshft[k; ehk; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
khztg; gUtj;jpy; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;/ njrpa khztu;gil Mfpatw;wpy; ,ize;J
ehl;Lg;gw;iwa[k;/ nrit kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k; ehk; tsu;j;Jf; bfhz;lhy; ehis ehk;
ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk; ey;nyhuha;/ gw;whsuha; khw Koa[k;.
fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk;/ bjhHpy; bgUf;fk; ,tw;wpy; ehk; mf;fiw cilatu;fsha; ,Ug;gJk;
ehl;Lg;gw;nw.

ek; ehl;od; cau;t[f;Fk; Kw;nghf;F tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gitfis
Kwpaoj;J fy;tp/ mwptpay;/ bjhHpy;El;gk; nghd;w Jiwfspy; ftdk; brYj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
brhe;j eyd; fUjp brhe;j ehl;ilna rPuHpf;Fk; fatu; nghy; ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[iu:
ehL ekf;F vd;d bra;jJ vd;gij epidf;fhky; ehl;ow;fhf ehk; ey;y bray;fs; bra;nthk;
vdf; Twp vd; ciuia epiwt[ bra;fpnwd;.
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. k.bgh.rp.f;F bgw;nwhu; ,l;l bgau; __________.
m) rpt+hdk; M) +hdg;gpufhrk;
,) gpufhrk; <) bghd;Drhkp [tpil: M) +hdg;gpufhrk;]
2. rpt+hdp vd;w bganu __________ vd epiyj;jJ.
m) rpt+hdk; M) rptg;gpufhrk;
,) +hdg;gpufhrk; <) gpufhrk; [tpil: m) rpt+hdk;]
3. k.bgh.rpapd; ,aw;bgaiu khw;wpa Kjpatu; __________.
m) bghd;Drhkp M) rutzd;
,) ruigau; <) rpt+hdp [tpil: ,) ruigau;]
4. fhe;jpaofs; `rj;jpahfpufk;~ vd;Dk; mwg;nghu; Kiwiaj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L __________.
m) 1806 M) 1906
,) 1916; <) 1919 [tpil: M) 1906]
5. xUtd; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgWtjw;fhd ,uz;L tHpfs; __________.

m) fy;tp/ nfs;tp M) fy;tp/ Xtpak;
,) fiy/ gz;ghL <) fiy/ nkilg;ngr;R [tpil: ,) fiy/ gz;ghL]
6. `,e;jpahit tpl;L btspnaW~ vd;w jPu;khdj;ij ,e;jpag; nguhaf; fl;rp epiwntw;wpa ehs;
__________.
m) 1942 $dtup 8 M) 1939 Mf!;L 8
,) 1942 Mf!;L 8 <) 1947 Mf!;L 18 [tpil : ,) 1942 Mf!;L 8]
7. gry; myp Mizak; eLtz; muRf;Fj; je;j gupe;Jiu btspahd ehs; __________.
,ay; 7
m) 1955 mf;nlhgu; 10 M) 1957 Mf!;L 10

,) 1957 Mf!;L 10 <) 1949 mf;nlhgu; 15 [tpil : m) 1955 mf;nlhgu; 10]
8. M!;oupah ehl;od; jiyefu; __________.
m) ,yz;ld; M) bly;mtpt;
,) tpad;dh <) rpl;dp [tpil: ,) tpad;dh]
9. `rpw;wfy; xsp~ ,lk; bgw;w E}y; __________.
m) vdJ nghuhl;lk; M) vd; gazk;
,) vd; tpUg;gk; <) vd; ghij [tpil: m) vdJ nghuhl;lk;]
10. k.bgh.rpt+hdj;jpd; rpwg;g[g; bgau; __________.
m) brhy;ypd; bry;tu; M) ehtyu;
,) rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; <) rpyk;g[ mwp+u; [tpil: ,) rpyk;g[r; bry;tu;]
11. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w k.bgh.rpapd; E}y; __________.
m) ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL M) kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
,) vdJ nghuhl;lk; <) thdk; trg;gLk;
[tpil: m) ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL]
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12. k.bgh.rp rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L __________.

m) 1956 M) 1966
,) 1976 <) 1986 [tpil: M) 1966]
13. khu;&y; V. nerkzpf;Fr; rpiynahL kzp kz;lgKk; mike;Js;s Cu; __________.

m) fd;dpahFkup M) J}j;Jf;Fo
,) bey;iy <) ehfu;nfhtpy; [tpil: <) ehfu;nfhtpy;]
14. k.bgh.rpt+hdk; thH;e;j fhyk; __________.

m) 1906?1955 M) 1906?1995
,) 1906 ?1966 <) 1906?1998 [tpil: M) 1906?1995]
15. k.bgh.rp. rpiy mike;Js;s ,l=;fs; __________.
m) jpUj;jzp/ jpahfuhaefu; M) jpUj;jzp/ jpUbey;ntyp
,) jpUj;jzp/ fd;dpahFkup <) jpUj;jzp/ jpUg;gjp
[tpil: m) jpUj;jzp/ jpahfuhaefu;]
16. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; kpft[k; rpwg;g[ila Mz;L __________.

m) 1906 M) 1908
,) 1947 <) 1946 [tpil: m) 1906]
17. kh.bgh.rp gpwe;j brd;id tl;lk; __________.

m) Mapuk; tpsf;F M) rhy;td; Fg;gk;
,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) nrg;ghf;fk; [tpil: m) Mapuk; tpsf;F]
18. kh.bgh.rp gpwe;j brd;idg; gFjp __________.
m) Mapuk; tpsf;F M) rhy;td; Fg;gk;
,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) nrg;ghf;fk; [tpil: M) rhy;td; Fg;gk;]
19. kh.bgh.rp gs;spapy; gof;Fk; nghJ Mrpupau; fz;of;f fhuzk; __________.
,ay; 7
m) jhkjkhf te;jJ M) ghlg; g[j;jfk; bfhz;Ltuhik
,) gof;fhik <) tPl;Lg; ghlk; vGjhik
[tpil: M) ghlg; g[j;jfk; bfhz;Ltuhik]
20. kh.bgh.rpapd; gs;sp thH;f;if Kot[w;w tFg;g[ __________.
m) Ie;jhk; tFg;g[ M) @d;whk; tFg;g[
,) Mwhk; tFg;g[ <) ,uz;lhk; tFg;g [ [tpil: M) @d;whk; tFg;g][
21. kh.bgh.rpf;F ,sikapnyna ghf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jtu; __________.

m) md;id M) jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u; +hdpahuofs;
,) k=;fy=;fpHhu; <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: m) md;id]
22. kh.bgh.rp mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw vLj;Jf;bfhz;l tHp __________.

m) fy;tp M) nfs;tp
,) fl;Liu <) rpWfij [tpil: M) nfs;tp]
23. kh.bgh.rpf;Ff; nfs;tp +hdk; bgUf;fpatu; __________.

,) k=;fy=;fpHhu; <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp
[tpil: M) jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u; +hdpahuofs;]
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24. tlf;bfy;iyj; jkpHu;fis xU=;fpizj;Jj; jkpGzu;t[ bfhs;sr; bra;jtu; __________.

,) k=;fy=;fpHhu; <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: ,) k=;fy=;fpHhu;]
25. ,sk; tajpnyna r@f tpLjiyf;fhfg; nghuhoa tHf;fwp+u; __________.

,) k=;fy=;fpHhu; <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp]
26.
ehfu;nfhtpy; efu;kd;wj;jiytu;/ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;/ ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; Mfpa
bghWg;g[fis tfpj;jtu; __________.
27. Fkupkhtl;lg; nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;bdLj;Jr; brd;wtu; __________.

28. `jiyiaf; bfhLj;jhtJ jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~ vd;W KH=;fpatu; __________.

m) kh.bgh.rp M) br=;fy;tuhad;
,) k=;fy=;fpHhu; <) khu;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: m) kh.bgh.rp]
29. rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgtu; __________.

30. kh.bgh.rpt+hdj;jpd; `vdJ nghuhl;l E}y;~ xU __________ E}y;.
m) jd;tuyhW M) ftpij
,) rpWfij <) g[jpdk; [tpil: m) jd;tuyhW]
31. jkpHuRf; fHfj;ijj; bjhl=;f;patu; __________.

,ay; 7
32. bghUj;Jf.
1. jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u; +hdpahuofs; ? m) tlf;bfy;iyj;jkpH; kf;fis xU=;fpizj;j
jkpHhrhd;
2. k=;fy=;fpHhu; ? M) kh.bgh.rpf;Ff; nfs;tp +hdk; bgUf;fpatu;
3. khu;ry; V.nerkzp ? ,) kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;
4. rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; ? <) Fkupkhtl;lg; nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;bdLj;Jr;
brd;wtu;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M ) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
33. bghUj;Jf.
1. +hdpahuofs; ? m) jkpHhrhd;
2. k=;fy=;fpHhu; ? M) tHf;fwp+u;
3. khu;ry; V.nerkzp ? ,) Kjy;tu;
4. ,uh$h$p ? <) jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u;
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m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,

,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
34. bghUj;Jf.
1. th+;R ? m) khefuj; je;ij
2. br=;fy;tuhad; ? M) ePjpgjp
3. njtrfhak;/ bry;iyah ? ,) bkhHpthup Mizaj; jiyik
4. ru;jhu; nf.vk;.gzpf;fu; ? <) jkpHuRf; fHfj; njhHu;fs;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.<]
FWtpdh
1. 1906 Mk; Mz;od; rpwg;g[fs; ahit>

k.bgh.rp. brd;id Mapuk; tpsf;F rhy;td; Fg;gj;jpy; 1906,y; gpwe;jhu;.
fhe;jpaofs; `rj;jpahfpuf~ mwg;nghu; bjd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L.
M=;fpnyau;fSf;F vjpuhfr; Rnjrpf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj; bjhl=;fpdhu; t.c.rp.
2. k.bgh.rpf;F mtuJ md;idahu; gapw;Wtpj;j ghf;fs; ahit>
my;yp murhzp khiy/ gtsf;bfho khiy Mfpa mk;khidg; ghly;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jhu;.
3. tpLjiyg; nghupy; <Lgl jkpHu;f;F k.bgh.rp vt;thW miHg;g[ tpLj;jhu;>
30.09.1932y; `jkpHh Js;sp vG~ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ila Jz;lwpf;ifia kf;fspilna
tH=;fpdhu;.
gH=;fhyj;jpny ghz;oad; Mz;l bgUik/ nrhHd; Mz;l rpwg;g[/ nrud; Mz;l
khz;gpidf; fhl;o/ ek;ehL/ M=;fpnyau;f;F moikg;gl;oUe;j rpWikiaa[k; epidt{l;o/
tpLjiyg; nghupy; <Lgl tUkhW jkpHu;f;F miHg;g[ tpLj;jhu;.
,ay; 7
4. k.bgh.rp. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;ij kf;fsplk; bfhz;L bry;y tpUk;gpaf; fhuzk; vd;d>
rpyg;gjpfhuk; jkpHpdj;jpd; bghJr;brhj;J. ,e;jpa njrpa xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/ jkpH; ,dj;ij
xd;WgLj;Jk; Kaw;rpf;F cz;lhd bra;jpfs; midj;Jk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhy;
kf;fspilna rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L brd;whu;.
5. k.bgh.rp tfpj;j gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1952 Kjy; 1954 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyit cWg;gpdu;.
1972 Kjy; 1978 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyitj; jiytu; ? nghd;w gjtpfis tfpj;Js;shu;.
6. k.bgh.rp thH;ehs; kfpH;r;rpahf vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
g[wehD}w;wpYk;/ rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; jkpHfj;jpd; tl vy;iy nt=;fl kiyahft[k;/ bjd;
vy;iy FkupKidahft[k; cs;sJ.
,jidg; goj;jnghJ k.bgh.rp kfpH;e;J/ `kiya[k; flYk; xU ehl;od; ,aw;if vy;iyfshf
miktJ jtg;gad;. ,j;bja;tPf vy;iyia/ jkpHfk; jpUk;gg; bgw;wnj jd; thH;ehs;
kfpH;r;rp~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. tpLjiyg; nghupy; <Lgl;l Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fshf kh.bgh.rp. Fwpg;gpLnthu; ahtu;>
fhkuhru;/ jPuu; rj;jpa@u;j;jp/ gpufhrk;.
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8. +hdg;gpufhrk; vd;w ,aw;bgau; bgw;w jkpHwp+u; ahu;> mtupd; bgw;nwhu; ahtu;>

+hdg;gpufhrk; vd;w ,aw;bgau; bgw;w jkpHwp+u; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;.
mtupd; bgw;nwhu; : bghd;Drhkp ? rptfhkp
9. kh.bgh.rpf;Fr; rpt+hdk; vd;Dk; bgau; mikaf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kh.bgh.rpf;Fg; bgw;nwhu; ,l;lbgau; : +hdg;gpufhrk;
ruigau; vd;w Kjpatu; xUtu; `+hdg;gpufhrk;~ vd;w ,aw;bgaiu khw;wp `rpt+hdp~ vd;W
miHj;jhu;.
rpt+hdp vd;w bgau; jpUj;jj;Jld; rpt+hdk; vd;W epiybgw;wJ.
10. mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; nju;e;bjLj;j tHp ahJ>
mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgWtjw;F ,U tHpfs; cs;sd. xd;W fy;tp/ kw;bwhd;W nfs;tp.
Vl;Lf; fy;tp epd;W nghdjhy; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; nju;e;bjLj;j tHp nfs;tpahFk;.
11. bghd;bdGj;Jfshy; bghwpf;fj; jf;f g[dpj ehs; vJ/ Vd;>
1942 Mf!;L 8.
,e;jpahit tpl;L bts;isand btspnaW jPu;khdj;ij epiwntw;wpa ehs;.
12. brd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nfusht[ld; ,ize;j khtl;lk; vJ>
brd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nfusht[ld; ,ize;j khtl;lk;: kyghu;
13. nfushtpypUe;J brd;id khepyj;jpw;F ,ize;j gFjpfs; ahit>
fy;Fsk;/ tpst=;nfhL/ njhthis/ mfj;jPRtuk;/ br=;nfhl;il.
rpWtpdh
1. `brd;idia kPl;nghk;~ ? vd;W k.bgh.rp. Fwpg;gpLtJ gw;wp vGJf.
Me;jpu khepyk; gpupa[k; nghJ brd;id mjd; jiyefuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W rpy
Me;jpuj; jiytu;fs; fUjpdu;.
jiyefu; fhf;f jd; Kjyikr;ru; gjtpiaj; Jwf;ft[k; ,uh$h$p Kd;te;jhu;.
,ay; 7
khefuj; je;ij br=;fy;tuhad; jiyikapy; Tl;lk; xd;W Tl;lg;gl;L brd;id gw;wpa

jPu;khdk; Kd;bkhHpag;gl;lJ.
jiyiaf; bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk; vd;W KH=;fpa jd; tpisthf 25.08.1953
md;W brd;id jkpHUf;nf vd;gJ cWjpahdJ vd;W `brd;idia kPl;nghk;~ vd;W
brd;idia kPl;lJ Fwpj;J k.bgh.rp Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
2. khu;&y; V. nerkzp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,sk; tajpy; r@f tpLjiyf;fhfg; nghuhoatu;.
ehfu;nfhtpy; efu; kd;wj; jiytu;/ ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;/ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; Mfpa
gjtpfis tfpj;jtu;.
Fkup khtl;l nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;bdLj;Jr; brd;wjhy; `khu;&y;~ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1956 etk;gu; 1?,y; fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; jkpH;ehl;Lld; ,ize;J jkpHf bjd;
vy;iyahf khwf; fhuzkhdtu;.
jkpHf muR ,tu; epidthf ehfu;nfhtpypy; rpiynahL kzp kz;lgKk; mikj;Js;sJ.
3. gz;ila `fly; fle;j jkpH; tzpfk;~ Fwpj;J vGJf.
M!;oupah ehl;Lj; jiyefuhd tpad;dhtpy; cs;s mU=;fhl;rpafj;jpy; `nggpu!;jhspy;~
vGjg;gl;l ifbaGj;J Rto fz;L gpof;fg;gl;lJ.
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mr;Rtoapy; nruu; JiwKfkhd Krpwpapy; thH;e;j jkpH; tzpfUf;Fk;/ vfpg;jpd;
`mbyf;!hz;oupah~ JiwKfj;jpy; thH;e;j fpnuf;f tzpfUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l tzpf
xg;ge;jk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; cs;sd.
,J fp.gp. 2k; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapny Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.
,jpypUe;J gz;ilj; jkpHu; fly; fle;j tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;jpUe;jdu; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
4. kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf
bgau; : kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;
bgw;nwhu;
,l;l bgau; : +hdg;gpufhrk;
bgw;nwhu; : bghd;Dr;rhkp ? rptfhkp
bgau; khw;wk; : ruigau; vd;w Kjpatu; ,tiur; `rpt+hdp~ vd;nw miHj;jhu;. mJnt
rpwpJ jpUj;jj;Jld; rpt+hdk; vd;whdJ.
rpwg;g[ : rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; bgUikia cyfwpar; bra;jjhy; `rpyk;g[r;bry;tu;~
vd;W nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.
gilg;g[fs; : vdJ nghuhl;lk;/ ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL Kjypad.
gzp : rpwe;j tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuu;/ 1952 Kjy;1954 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyit
cWg;gpdu;/ 1972 Kjy; 1978 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyitj; jiytu;.
tpUJ : 1966y; `ts;syhu; fz;l xUikg;ghL~ vd;w E}Yf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUJ.
muR : jkpHf muR jpUj;jzp kw;Wk; brd;id jpahfuhaefupYk; ,tUf;Fr; rpiy
mikj;Js;sJ.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; TWtJ ahJ>
ehd; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;ij kf;fsplk; bfhz;L bry;y tpUk;gpajw;Ff; fhuzk; cz;L.
jpUf;Fwisnah / fk;guhkhazj;ijnah tpUk;ghjtd; my;yd;.
,ay; 7
MapDk; ,e;jpa njrpa xUikg;ghl;ow;Ff; nfoy;yhj tifapy;/ jkpHpdj;ij xd;WgLj;jf;
Toa Xu; ,yf;fpak; jkpHpy; cz;L vd;why; / mJ rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijj; jtpu ntW ,y;iy
vd;W cWjpahff; TWntd;.
,s=;nfh je;j rpyk;g[/ jkpHpdj;jpd; bghJr;brhj;J. vdntjhd; jkpHfj;jpd; gl;objhl;o
v=;Fk; rpyg;gjpfhu khehLfs; elj;jpndhk;.
vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; Twpdhu;.
6. rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; `g[j;jfg;gpj;jd;~ vd;gij epWt[f.
E}y; th=;Ftjw;Fg; nghjpa gzk; ,y;yhj Fiwiag; nghf;f giHa g[j;jf=;fs; tpw;Fk;
filf;Fr; brd;W/ tpUg;gkhd g[j;jf=;fis/ kpff;Fiwe;j tpiyf;F th=;Ftij
tHf;fkhff; bfhz;L ,Ue;jhu; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; .
czt[f;fhf itj;jpUe;j gzj;jpy; g[j;jfk; th=;fp/ gy ntisfspy; gl;odpfple;jhu;.
Fiwe;j tpiyf;F ey;y E}y; xd;W fpilj;jhy; nguhde;jk; milthu;.
,tu; jd;Dila thH;ehspy; nru;j;J itj;Js;s brhj;Jfs; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd
E}y;fisj; jtpu ntwpy;iy vd;fpwhu;.
,jd; @yk; rpyk;g[r; bry;tu; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;/ `g[j;jfg;gpj;jd;~ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
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1.
vtnuDk; Xu; mwp+u; thH;tpy; ele;j epfH;t[fspy; c=;fisf; ftu;e;j xd;iw mtnu
brhy;tijg; nghd;W jd; tuyhwhf khw;wp vGJf.
nguwp+u; mz;zh thH;tpy; epfH;e;jijf; TWjy;.
mz;zhthfpa ehd;/
vd;idg; bghWj;jtiu/ rpe;jpg;gJk;/ gog;gJk; vd; thH;tpd; xU gFjpahFk;.
fy;Y}up goj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j bghGJ/ ehd; M=;fpy fl;Liu xd;W vGjpndd;. mjidg;
goj;Jg; ghu;;j;j vd; nguhrpupau;/ `bghUl; brwpt[lDk;/ eaKlDk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ij v=;fpUe;J
vLj;jha;~ vd;whu;.
èhd; ,=;fpUe;J vLj;njd;~ vd;W vd; be+;irj; bjhl;Lf; fhl;ondd;. nguhrpupau;
tpag;g[lDk;/ kfpH;t[lDk; vd;idf; fl;oaizj;Jf; bfhz;lhu;.
bgupahUld; ehd; ,ize;J gzpahw;wpndd;. mg;nghJ ,UtUk; xd;whf gy Cu;fSf;Fr;
bry;nthk;. tlehl;Lg; gaz=;fspy; bgupahupd; jkpH;g;ngr;ir ehnd M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp
bgau;g;ngd;.
vd; mHfhd M=;fpyj;jhy; ftug;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; vd;idna ngRk;go
tw;g[Wj;Jtu;. Mdhy; ehd; eakhf mt;typa[Wj;jiy kWj;JtpLntd;.
vt;tst[jhd; g[yik jpwik ,Ue;jhYk;/ xUtUila ngr;ir bkhHpbgau;f;f te;jij
tpl;L jdpa[iu epfH;j;j Kw;gLtJ/ fz;zpakw;w bray; my;yth- mjid ehd; bra;ayhkh>
fz;zpak; jtwf; Tlhjd;nwh.
2. eP=;fs; goj;Jr; Ritj;j tuyhw;Wf; fijfs; gw;wp tFg;giwapy; ciu epfH;j;Jf.
khztu;fns- rkPgj;jpy; ehd; goj;Jr; Ritj;j tuyhw;Wf; fij `rptfhkpapd; rgjk;~ MFk;.
,J xU tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk;. ,jid vGjpatu; mkuu; fy;fp Mthu;.
12 tUl=;fshf thue;njhWk; `fy;fp~ thu ,jHpy; bjhlu;fijahf btspte;j ,f;fij
gpd;ng E}y; totk; bgw;wJ.
,ay; 7
Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; murhz;l fhyj;jpy; eilbgw;w tuyhw;Wr; rk;gt=;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp/ vGjg;gl;l g[jpdk; MFk;. Kjyhk; eurpk;k gy;ytd; ,g;g[jpdj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;
bgWfpwhu;. gu+;nrhjpahj;jpiu/ fh+;rp Kw;Wif/ gl;Rtpd; fhjy;/ rpije;j fdt[ vd ehd;F
ghf=;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
thjhgpapd; kPJ gy;ytu; nghu; bjhLj;jJ/ fh+;rpapd; nghu;r; NHy;/ rhSf;fpa ehl;od;
tuyhW Mfpait Ritgl vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkzu;fshy; fh+;rpahy; Vw;gl;l
kjkhw;wk; Fwpj;Jk; TWfpwJ.
nguHfpahd rptfhkpiaa[k;/ mts; je;ij MadhUk; kjk; bfhz;l ahidapd;
gpoapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;l bra;jpa[k; eak;gl etpyg;gl;Ls;sJ. @ypif Xtpa=;fs;/ m$e;jh
Fiffspy; cs;s tz;z Xtpa=;fs; Fwpj;Jk; ,g;g[jpdj;jpy; tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kdk; btJk;gpa rptfhkp rPw;wk; bfhz;L `jd; fhjyu; eurpk;ktu;ku; gy;ytu; thjhgp efiu
jPf;fpiuahf;fp jd;id kPl;Lr; bry;Yk; tiu/ me;efiu tpl;L/ btspnaWtjpy;iy vd;w
NSiug; gFjpiaa[k; fy;fp ek; fz;Kd; tpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
nkYk; ghu;j;jpgd; fdt[/ bghd;dpapd; bry;td;/ fly;g[wh vd gy tuyhw;Wf; fijfs; ek;
rpe;ijiaf; bfhs;is bfhs;Sk; tz;zkhf kl;Lkpd;wp/ ew;wkpiH ehk; mwpa[k; tifapYk;
cs;sJ. khztu;fns neuk; fpilf;Fk; nghJ/ E}yfk; bry;Y=;fs;. fw;W ,d;g[W=;fs;.

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,ay; ehL ftpijg; ngiH

Vu; g[jpjh>
7 ? F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd mfutupiriaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.

m) cHt[/ kz;/ Vu;/ khL M) kz;/ khL/ Vu;/ cHt[
,) cHt[/ Vu;/ kz;/ khL <) Vu;/ cHt[/ khL/ kz; [tpil: ,) cHt[/ Vu;/ kz;/ khL]
rpWtpdh
1. Kjy; kiH tpGe;jJk; vd;dbty;yhk; epfH;tjhf F.g.uh. ftpghLfpwhu;>

Kjy; kiH tpGe;jt[ld; epyk; <uj;jhy; gz;gl;lJ.
tpiue;J brd;W bghd; nghd;w Vupny fhisfisg; g{l;o/ epyj;ij cGjdu;. Cf;fj;JlDk;/
typika[lDk; ciHj;jdu;. ehw;W el;ldu;.
nkYk; kiH bghHpa epyk; Fspu;e;jJ. ehw;Wfs; epkpu;e;J tsu;e;jd. fpHf;Fk; btSj;jJ.
ftiya[k; kwe;jJ.
``Kjy;kiH tpGe;jJk;
nky;kz; gjkhfptpl;lJ
,ay; 7
bts;sp Kisj;jpLJ/ tpiue;Jngh ez;gh-~~
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
bjhGJ/ tpiue;J/ mKj;J ? tpidbar;rk;
ez;gh ?
tpspntw;Wik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
tpiue;J ? tpiu + j;(e;) + j; + c

tpiu ? gFjp
j;(e;) ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk;
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
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gyt[s; bjupf
1. r=;fj;jkpHupd; jpiz thH;t[ vij mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ>

m) berit M) nghupid
,) ntshz;ikia <) fhy;eilia [tpil: ,) ntshz;ikia]
2. jkpHupd; jiyahd bjhHpyhft[k;/ gz;ghlhft[k; jpfH;tJ __________.

m) fy;tp M) cHt[
,) bert[ <) nghu; [tpil: M) cHt[]
3. jkpHu; gz;ghl;od; kFlkhfj; jpfH;tJ __________.

m) ehfupfk; M) fiy
,) cGjy; <) bghd; Vu; g{l;Ljy; [tpil: <) bghd; Vu; g{l;Ljy;]
4. bghd;Vu; g{l;Ljy; elj;jg;gLk; khjk; __________.
m) rpj;jpiu M) Mdp
,) Mo <) ij [tpil: m) rpj;jpiu]
5. `Vu; g[jpjh>~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; bgw;w E}y; __________.
m) mfypif M) Mj;krpe;jid
,) F.g.uh. gilg;g[fs; <) Vu;Kid [tpil: ,) F.g.uh. gilg;g[fs;]
6. F.g.uh. gpwe;j Cu; __________.

m) j+;ir M) kJiu
,) Fk;gnfhzk; <) bey;iy [tpil: ,) Fk;gnfhzk;]
7. F.g.uh. gpwe;j Mz;L __________.
m) 1902 M) 1912
,) 1915; <) 1922 [tpil: m) 1902]
,ay; 7
8. F.g.uh Mrpupauhfg; gzpg[upe;j ,jH;fspy; xd;W __________.

m) jkpH; CHpad; M) jpdkzp
,) ,e;jpah <) fpuhk CHpad; [tpil: <) fpuhk CHpad;]
9. `fLfp bry;~ ? ,jpy; `fLfp~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) bry;Yjy; M) bkJthf
,) tpiue;J <) ,ay;ghf [tpil: ,) tpiue;J]
10. epyk; rpypu;f;Fk;/ ehw;W __________.
m) tsUk; M) tisa[k;
,) epkpUk; <) befpGk; [tpil: ,) epkpUk;]
11. Cf;fk; g[jpJ/ cuk; g[jpJ ? ,jpy; cuk; vd;w brhy; Fwpg;gJ __________.
m) typik M) gapu; cuk;
,) rj;J <) tpj;J [tpil: m) typik]
12. cyfj;jhu;f;F mr;rhzp vd;nghu; __________.

m) bjhGnthu; M) fw;nghu;
,) cGnthu; <) nghupLnthu; [tpil: ,) cGnthu;]
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13. bghUj;Jf.
1. Kjy; kiH ? m) gjkhfpaJ
2. nky;kz; ? M) Kisj;jJ
3. bts;sp ? ,) bjhG
4. bghd;ndu; ? <) tpGe;jJ
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
14. `bts;sp Kisj;jpLJ tpiue;J ngh ez;gh~ vd;W ghoatu; __________.
m) kh.bgh.rp M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
,) Rujh <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;]
15. jtwhd xd;wpidf; fz;lwpf.

m) kz; g[uSk; M) nkw;F btSf;Fk;
,) kiH bghHpa[k; <) vy;iyj; bja;tk; fhf;Fk;
[tpil: M) nkw;F btSf;Fk;]
16. `bghGnjwg; bghd;gut[k; Vuoapy;

ey;yntisapy; ehl;Lnthk; bfhGit~ vd;W ghoatu;>
m) kh.bgh.rp M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
,) Rujh <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;]
FWtpdh
1. F.g.uhtpd; gilg;g[fs; ml=;fpa E}y; bjhFg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mfypif/ Mj;krpe;jid.
2. F.g.uh$nfhghyd; gzpg[upe;j ,jH;fs; ahit>
,ay; 7
jkpH;ehL/ ghujkzp/ ghujnjtp/ fpuhk CHpad; ? MfpaitahFk;.
3. bghd; Vu; g{l;Ljy; tpsf;Ff.
ntshz;ik brHpf;ft[k;/ khDlk; jiHf;ft[k; rpj;jpiuj; jp=;fspy; elj;jg;gLk; gz;ghl;L
epfH;t[ bghd; Vu; g{l;Ljy;~ MFk;.
,e;epfH;t[ jkpHu; gz;ghl;od; kFlk; MFk;.
4. F.g.uh$nfhghydpd; gd;Kf=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpWfij vGj;jhsu;/ ftp+u;/ ehlf Mrpupau;/ kWkyu;r;rp vGj;jhsu;.
5. tpiue;J ngh ez;gh vdf; ftp+u; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
Kjy; kiH tpGe;Jtpl;ljhYk;/ nky; kz; gf;FtkhdjhYk;/ bts;s;p Kisj;jjhYk;
Vwpidg; g[{l;l tpiue;J ngh vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
6. kz; vg;nghJ g[uSk;>
khl;ilj; J}z;o/ bfhGit (fyg;ig ,Uk;ig) mKj;jpdhy; kz; g[uSk;.
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rpWtpdh
1. `bghGnjwg; bghd;gut[k; Vuoapy;

ey;yntisapy; ehl;Lnthk; bfhGit~ ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
F.g.uh$nfhghydpd; `F.g.uh. gilg;g[~fspy; Vu; g[jpjh> vd;w ftpijfspy; ,t;tupfs; ,lk;
bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
bghGJ tpoe;J Vupd; moapy; bghd;bdhsp gug;g[k; ey;y fhiyg; bghGjpy; Vu; Kidapd;
fyg;ig ,Uk;ig epyj;jpy; ehl;Lnthk;.
1. `Kjy; kiH tpGe;jJ~ bjhlu;e;J epfGk; cHt[r; bray;fis `Vu; g[jpjh>~ ftpij bfhz;L
tupirg;gLj;jpg; ngRf.
tzf;fk;-
cGnthu; cyFf;F mr;rhzp vdg; nghw;Wk; tifapy;/
cHtu; bgUkf;fis kdk; kfpHr;bra;a[k; tifapy; Kjy; kiH epyj;jpny tpGe;J tpl;lJ.
kiHapdhy; ek; epyk; rupahd epiyapy; gz;gl;Ls;sJ.
ez;gu;fns- nrhk;gypdhy; ,d;Dk; cw=;fpf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fhjPu;fs;.
tpoe;jJ/ tpiue;J vGe;Jth ez;gh- Viug;g{l;o taYf;F tpiue;J bry;.
fhL ekf;Fg; g[jpjd;W. fiua[k; ek; trg;gl;lJ jhd;. Vu; ekf;Fg; g[jpjd;W.
fhisfSk; g[jpaitay;y. bghd; Vu; bjhGJ/ khl;ilg; g{l;o epyj;ij cGnthk;.
,ay; 7
kz;g[uSk; tifapy; mGe;j ed;F cGnthk;. nkYk; kiH bghHpa[k;.

ek; epyKk; befpH;e;J FspUk;. g[jpa Cf;fj;JlDk;/ g[jpa tYt[lDk; ciHg;nghk;.
hw;W epkpu;e;J tsUk;. vy;iy bja;tk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk;. ftiyfs; ,dp ,y;iy. g[jpa
e
tpoaYf;F milahskha; fpHf;Fk; btSj;J tpl;lJ.
epiwthf/
ciHg;nghk;- ehKk; cau;nthk;-- ehl;ila[k; cau;j;Jnthk;---
vd;W Twp tpilbgWfpnwd;.

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bka;f;fPu;j;jp
7 ? ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `jd; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fj; je;ija[k; jha[k; kfDkhf ,Ue;j murd;~ ? vd;Dk; bka;f;fPu;j;jpj;
bjhlu; czu;;j;Jk; bghUs;>
m) nkk;gl;l epUthfj;jpwd; bgw;wtu;
M) kpFe;j bry;tk; cilatu;
,) gz;gl;l kdpjneak; bfhz;ltu;
<) bewpnahL epd;W fhty; fhg;gtu; [tpil: <) bewpnahL epd;W fhty; fhg;gtu;]
FWtpdh
1. bka;f;fPu;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd; nehf;fk; ahJ>
kd;du; jk; ehl;od; tsj;ija[k; Ml;rpr; rpwg;iga[k; fhyk; fle;Jk; czu;j;j ntz;Lk;
vd;w nehf;fj;jpw;fhf g[fGk; bgUika[k; mHpahjtifapy; mit midj;ija[k; fy;ypy;
brJf;fpdhu;fs;. ,Jnt bka;f;fPu;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd; nehf;fkhFk;.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 7
1. gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; goj;J ikaf;fUj;ij vGJf.
nguurdJ bka;g;g[fiH vLj;Jf;TWtJ bka;f;fPu;j;jp/ bghJthf ,J nrhH
kd;dUila rhrd=;fspd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; murDila ,j;jidahtJ Ml;rpahz;L vd;W
TWkplj;J mikf;fg;bgWk;. rpwg;ghf mtDila nghu; btw;wpfisa[k; tuyhw;iwa[k;
Kiwahff; Twp/ mtd; jd; njtpnahL tPw;wpUe;J ePL thH;f vdf;Twp/ gpwnf rhrdk; vGe;j
epfH;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;.
nrhH kd;du; guk;giuapy; bka;f;fPu;j;jpnahL rhrd=;fisg; bghwpf;Fk; tHf;fk;
beLehs; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. Kjy; ,uhruhrDila vl;lhk; Mz;oy;jhd; bka;f;fPu;j;jpf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fz; tkpr ghuk;gupak; tpje;J Xjg;gltpy;iy. Vida gFjpfs;
cs;sd. vdpDk; ,J kpft[k; RUf;fkhfnt cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; gpd;te;j bka;fPu;j;jpfspd; tkpr
guk;giuia kpft[k; tpupj;Jf; Twpa[s;sd.
ikaf;fUj;J:
nguurdJ g[fiH vLj;Jf; TWtJ bka;f;fPu;j;jp. ,J nrhH kd;dUila rhrd=;fspy;
murDila Ml;rpahz;L TWkplj;jpy; mikf;fg; bgWk;.kd;dDila btw;wpfisa[k;/
tuyhWfisa[k; TWk;. Kjy; ,uhruhrDila vl;lhk; Mz;oy; jhd; bka;f;fPu;j;jp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fz; tkpr ghuk;gupak; tpje;J Xjg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd; gpd; te;j
bka;f;fPu;j;jpfs; tkpr guk;giuia tpupj;Jf; TWfpd;wd.
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beLtpdh
1. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bka;f;fPu;j;jp ghlypd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

(,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd; bka;f;fPu;j;jp)
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
nrhH ehl;od; tsk;
kd;ddpd; rpwg;g[k; bgUika[k;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr nrhHdJ bka;f;fPu;j;jp ghly;/
nrhHehl;od; tsj;ija[k;. kd;ddpd; rpwg;iga[k; eaKld; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
nrhH ehl;od; tsk;:
ehl;L tsk; kf;fs; tsk;
ahidfs; kl;Lk; gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
rpyk;g[fs; kl;Lk; g[yk;g[k;. kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
Xilfs; kl;Lk; fyf;fkila[k;. kf;fs; fyf;fk; miltjpy;iy.
kh=;fha; kl;Lk; tLg;gLk;. kf;fs; tLg;gLtjpy;iy.
kyu;fs; kl;Lk; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; cupik gwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
fhLfs; kl;Lk; (bfhoatdha;) bfho cilajha; kf;fs; bfhoatuha; ,y;iy.
,Uf;Fk;.
,ay; 7
tz;Lfs; kl;Lk; fs;(njd;) cz;L ka=;Fk;. kf;fs; fs; cz;gjpy;iy.

kiy @=;fpy; kl;Lnk btWikaha; ,Uf;Fk;. kf;fspilna btWik ,y;iy.
taypy; bew;fjpu;fs; kl;Lk; nghuhf vGfpd;wd. nrhHehl;oy; nghu; ,y;iy.
ePz;l kiyfis ,Us; NH;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehl;oy; tWik ,Us; ,y;iy.
khd;fspd; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd. kf;fs; fz;fspy; kUl;rpapy;iy.
Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd. kf;fs; epiy gpwH;tjpy;iy.
brtpypanu rpd=;bfhs;tu;. ntW ahUk; rpdk; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
g[ytu; ghl;oy; bghUs; kiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. nrhHehl;oy; ahUk; bghUis
kiwg;gjpy;iy.
,irg;ghznu bjUtpy; To Mog;ghLtu;. kf;fs; bjUtpy; MLtjpy;iy.
kd;ddpd; rpwg;g[k; bgUika[k; :

kd;dd; kf;fSf;Ff; fhty; bja;tkhf/ jhahf/ je;ijahf ,Uf;fpwhd;. kfd; ,y;yhnjhu;f;F
kfdhf ,Uf;fpwhd;. cyf capu;fSf;F capuhf/ tpHpahf/ bka;ahf/ g[fH; bgw;w E}yhf g[fH;
midj;Jf;Fk; jiytdhf tps=;Ffpwhd;.
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Kot[iu :
nrhH murdpd; bgUika[k; mtd; fhyj;jpy; ehL bgw;wpUe;j tsj;ija[k;
bka;f;fPu;j;jpg;ghly; tHpahf eak;gl ciuf;fpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
tUg[dy; ? tpidj;bjhif
,skhd; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
khkyu; ? cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
vG fHdp ? tpidj;bjhif
beLtiu ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
foe;J ? fo + j;(e;) + j; + c
fo ? gFjp
j;(e;) ? re;jp (e;) MdJ tpfhuk;
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bka;f;fPu;j;jpf;F Kd;ndhoaha;j; jpfGk; r=;f ,yf;fpag;ghly;fs; __________.
m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W [tpil: M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J]
2. gy;ytu; fhy fy;btl;Lk;/ ghz;oau; fhy brg;ngLk; nrhHu; fhyj;jpy; ________ vdg; bgau;
,ay; 7
bgw;wJ.
m) bka;f;fPu;j;jp M) bka;a[iu
,) E}y; <) brg;gk; [tpil: m) bka;f;fPu;j;jp]
________ ,e;jpud; Kjyhfj; jpirghyu; vl;L ngUk; xUtUk; bgw;wJnghy; Ml;rp bra;jtd;.
3.
m) ,s+;nruyhjd; M) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;
,) ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; <) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; [tpil: M) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;]
4. nrhHehl;oy; gpwH;e;bjhGFtJ ________.
m) ,skhd;fs; M) ahidfs;
,) kf;fs; <) faw;Fyk; [tpil: <) faw;Fyk;]
5. `fht[fns bfhoathapd~ ? ,jpy; `fht[~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) fhLfs; M) kiyf;Fif
,) fly;; <) ahidfs; [tpil: m) fhLfs;]
6. `,aw;g[ytnu bghUs; itg;ghu;~ ? vjpy;;>

m) ,y;yj;jpy; M) kd;wj;jpy;
,) bra;a[spy; <) rhd;nwhu; mitapy; [tpil: ,) bra;a[spy;]
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7. `Kfk; bgw;w gDtbyd;dt[k;~ ? gDty; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.

m) bghUs; M) Kd;Diu
,) E}y; <) nfhy; [tpil: ,) E}y;]
8. nfhg;gunfrup/ jpUg[tdr;rf;futu;j;jp vdg; gl;l=;fs; bgw;wtd; ________.

m) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; M) Fnyhj;J=;fd;
,) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; <) tpf;fpuknrhHd; [tpil: m) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;]
9. ahUila fhye;bjhl;L bka;f;fPu;j;jp fy;ypy; tof;fg;gl;lJ>

m) gy;ytu; M) ghz;oau;
,) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; <) ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; [tpil: ,) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd;]
10. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr nrhHdpd; bka;f;fPu;j;jpapd; tupfs; ________.

m) 81; M) 91;
,) 101; <) 112 [tpil: M) 91]
11. mHpahj fy; ,yf;fpak; vdg; nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.

m) brg;ngL M) rpw;g=;fs;
,) Xtpak; <) bka;f;fPu;j;jp [tpil: <) bka;f;fPu;j;jp]
12. nrhHehl;oy; rpiwg;gLtd ________.
m) kh M) tz;Lfs;
,) tUg[dy; <) fht[fs; [tpil: ,) tUg[dy;]
13. jprhghyu; _______ Mthu;.
m) mWtu; M) vGtu;
,) vz;ku; <) gjpd;ku; [tpil: ,) vz;ku;]
14. bghUj;Jf.
1. gpzpg;g[ ? m) ePu;
2. g[dy; ? M) fl;Ljy;
,ay; 7
3. fHdp ? ,) ,Us;
4. ik ? <) tay;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. Kfk; ? m) kiy
2. tiu ? M) brtpypj;jha;
3. ifj;jha; ? ,) E}y;
4. gDty; ? <) Kd;Diu
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. ahid ? m) g[yk;g[fpd;wd
2. rpyk;g[fs; ? M) gpzpf;fg;gLtd
3. Xilfs; ? ,) tLg;gLfpd;wd
4. kh=;fha;fs; ? <) fyf;fkilfpd;wd
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m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,

,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. kyu;fs; ? m) gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
2. fhLfs; ? M) njd; cz;Qfpd;wd
3. tz;Lfs; ? ,) bfhoad
4. kiy @=;fpy; ? <) cs;sPL ,d;wp btWik
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<]
18. bghUj;Jf.
1. bew;fjpu;fs; ? m) ,Us; NH;e;jpUf;fpd;wd
2. kiyfs; ? M) kUs;fpd;wd
3. khd;fspd; fz;fs; ? ,) gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd
4. Fsj;J kPd;fs; ? <) nghuhf vGfpd;wd
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. brtpypj;jha; ? m) bghUs; bghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wJ.
2. g[ytu; ghl;L ? M) bjUtpy; Mog;ghLgtu;.
3. ,irg;ghzu; ? ,) gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd.
4. Fsj;J kPd;fs; ? <) rpd=;fhl;Lthu;.
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
20. brhw;bwhliu Kiwg;gLj;Jf.
,ay; 7
i) fy;jr;ru;fshy; ii) g[ytu;fshy; vGjg;gl;L
iii) bka;f;fPu;j;jpfs; iv) fy;ypy; bghwpf;fg;gl;lit
m) (iii)-(ii)-(i)-(iv) M) (ii)-(i)-(iii)-(iv)
,) (i)-(iii)-(iv)-(ii) <) (iv)-(iii)-(i)-(ii) [tpil: m) (iii)-(ii)-(i)-(iv)]
21. bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;gLk; ? kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
M) rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[k; ? kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy
,) Xilfs; fyf;fkila[k; ? kf;fs; fyf;fkiltjpy;iy
<) Xilfs; milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy ? kf;fs; milf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;
[tpil: <) Xilfs; milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy ? kf;fs; milf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;]
22. brg;gkhd totk; bgw;wJ/ fy;ypyf;fpakha; mike;jJ ________.

m) fy;btl;L M) bka;f;fPu;j;jp
,) brg;ngL <) ,yf;fpak; [tpil: M) bka;f;fPu;j;jp]
23. je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ijahf ,Uf;fpd;wtd; ________.

m) ,uhruhr nrhHd; M) xl;lf;Tj;ju;
,) gy;ytu; <) nruu; [tpil: m) ,uhruhr nrhHd;]
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24. jhapy;yhjtUf;Fj; jhahf ,Uf;fpd;wtd; ________.

25. kfdpy;yhjtUf;F kfdhf ,Uf;fpd;wtd; ________.
26. cyf capu;fSf;F vy;yhk; capuhf ,Uf;fpd;wtd; ________.
27. tpHp bgw;;w gadhft[k; bka; bgw;w mUshft[k; bkhHp bgw;w bghUshft[k; g[fH;bgw;w E}
yhft[k; jpfH;gtd; ________.
m) ,uhruhr nrhHd; M) xl;lf; Tj;ju;
28. g[fH; midj;jpw;Fk; jiytdhdtd; ________.

m) ,uhruhr nrhHd; M) xl;lf; Tj;ju;
FWtpdh
1. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrdpd; gl;l=;fs; ahit>

nfhg;gunfrup/ jpUg[tdr; rf;futu;j;jp MfpaitahFk;.
2. jprhghyu; vz;ku; ahtu;> (my;yJ) jpirghyfu; vl;L ngu; ahtu;>
,e;jpud;/ mf;fpdp/ akd;/ epUjp/ tUzd;/ thaFngud;/ <rhdd; Mtu;.
3. ,uhruhrdpd; ehl;oy; g[yk;g[tJk;/ milf;fg;gLtJk; vJ>
,ay; 7
nrhHkd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; rpyk;g[fns g[yk;g[fpd;wd. kf;fs; vjid epidj;Jk; Jd;g[w;Wg;

g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
ePu; kl;Lnk njf;fp itf;Fk;bghUl;L milf;fg;gLk;. kf;fs; vjw;fhft[k; rpiwg;gLj;jp
milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. fhty;bewp g{z;L Mz;ltd; ,uhruhrd; vd;gij bka;f;fPu;j;jp vt;thW TWfpd;wJ>
je;ijapy;yhnjhUf;Fj; je;ijaha; ,Ue;jhd;.
jhapy;yhnjhUf;Fj; jhaha;j; jpfH;e;jhd;.
kfdpy;yhnjhUf;F kfdha; ,Ue;jhd;.

cyfpd; capu;fSf;bfy;yhk; capuhf ,Ue;J fhty; bewp. g{z;L Mz;lhd; vd;W
bka;f;fPu;j;jp nghw;WfpwJ.
5. ,uhruhrnrhHdpd; g[fH; gw;wp vGJf.
tpHp bgw;w gadhft[k;/
bka; bgw;w mUshft[k;/
bkhHp bgw;w bghUshft[k;/
g[fH; bgw;w E}y; nghYk;
g[fH; midj;jpw;Fk; jiytdha;g; bgUika[w;W epd;whd;.
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6. `goahidna gpzpg;g[z;gd
tokzpr;rpyk;ng auw;Wtd~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPu;j;jp tupfs; czu;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
nrhH ehl;oy; :
ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
7. `bry;nyhilna fyf;Fz;gd
tUg[dny rpiwg;gLtd~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPu;j;jp tupfs; czu;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
nrhH ehl;oy; :
Xilfs; kl;Lnk fyf;fkilfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; fyf;fkiltjpy;iy.
g[dy;(ePu;) kl;Lnk milf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
8. ìka[ilad beLtiuna
kUSilad ,skhd;fns~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPu;j;jp tupfs; czu;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
nrhH ehl;oy; :
ePz;l kiyia ,Us; NH;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ehl;oy; tWik ,Us; ,y;iy.
,skhd;fs; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd. kf;fs; fz;fspy; kUl;rp ,y;iy.
9. `faw;Fynk gpwH;e;bjhGFk;
ifj;jhanu foe;bjhWg;gu;~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPu;j;jp tupfs; czu;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
nrhH ehl;oy; :
Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; epiy gpwH;tjpy;iy.
brtpypj;jha; rpdk; fhl;Lthu;. Mdhy; ntW ahUk; rpdk; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
10. ``je;ijapy;nyhu;f;F je;ijahfpa[e; jhahupy;nyhu; jhahuhfp~~ ,Ug;gtu; ahu;>
je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ijahft[k;/ jha; ,y;yhjtUf;Fj; jhahft[k; ,Ug;gtu; ,uhruhr
nrhHd; Mthu;.
,ay; 7
11. ike;jupy;nyhu;f;F ike;juhft[k; kd;Dapu;f;Fapuhft[k; ,Ug;gtu; ahu;>
kfd; ,y;yhjtUf;F kfdhft[k;/ cyf capu;fSf;F vy;yhk; capuhft[k; ,Ug;gtu; ,uhruhr
nrhHd; Mthu;.
rpWtpdh
1. bka;f;fPu;j;jp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

muru;fs; jk; tuyhWk;/ bgUika[k; fhyk; fle;Jk; epiyj;J epw;fr; bra;a[k; rhrdk;.
gy;ytu; fy;btl;LfspYk;/ ghz;oau; brg;ngLfspYk; Kistpl;l ,t;tHf;fk; nrhHu;
fhyj;jpy; bka;f;fPu;j;jp vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fhye;bjhl;L bka;f;fPu;j;jpfs; fy;ypy; tof;fg;gl;ld.
bka;f;fPuj
; ;jp xU kd;dupd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;g[/ ehl;L tsk;/ Mfpatw;iw xUnru czu;j;Jtjhf
cs;sJ.
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2. ,uhruhr nrhHd; bka;f;fPu;j;jpapy; vtw;Wf;bfy;yhk; ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shd;>

je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ij  tpHp bgw;w gad;
jhapy;yhjtUf;Fj; jha;  bka; bgw;w mUs;
kfdpy;yhjtUf;F kfd;  bkhHp bgw;w bghUs;
cyf capu;fSf;F capu;  g[fH;bgw;w E}y;
? M
fpatw;Wf;bfy;yhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd; ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf bka;f;fPu;j;jpfs; @yk;
mwpayhk;.
3. nrhH ehl;oy; ika[ilad/ kUSilad ahit>

ìk` vd;why; ,Us; vd;W bghUs;.
nrhHehl;od; kiyg;gFjpa[k; kiyf;FiffSnk ,Us; NH;e;J fhzg;gLtd.
kf;fs; jk; thH;tpy; tWik ,Us; NH;tjpy;iy.
`kUs;~ vd;gJ xUtpj gaczu;t[ MFk;.

mj;jF kUl;rp ,skhd;fspd; fz;fspy; kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. kf;fs; vjw;Fk;
kUl;rpailtjpy;iy.
4. `goahidna gpzpg;g[z;gd
tokzpr;rpyk;ng auw;Wtd~ ?,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
,uhruhr nrhHdpd; bka;f;fPu;j;jpg; gFjpapy; ,t;tupfs; ,lk;bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs;
gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
5. ìka[ilad beLtiuna
,ay; 7
bkUSilad ,skhd;fns~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.

,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; ePz;l kiyia ,Us; NH;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ehl;oy;
tWik ,Us; ,y;iy. ,skhd;fs; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd. kf;fs; fz;fspy; kUl;rp ,y;iy.
6. `faw;Fynk gpwH;e;bjhGFk;
ifj;jhanu foe;bjhWg;gu;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; epiy
gpwH;tjpy;iy. brtpypj;jha; rpdk; fhl;Lthu;. Mdhy; ntW ahUk; rpdk; bfhs;tjpy;iy.

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rpyg;gjpfhuk;
7 ? ,s=;nfhtofs;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. ghrtu;/ thrtu;/ gy;epz tpiy+u;/ ckzu; rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; ,t;tzpfu;fs; ahtu;>

ghrtu; ? btw;wpiy tpw;gtu;fs;
thrtu; ? eWkzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gtu;fs;
gy;epztpiy+u; ? gy;tif ,iwr;rpfis tpiyTwp tpw;gtu;fs;
ckzu; ? cg;g[ tpw;gtu;
rpWtpdh
1. gfu;tdu; jpupjpU efutPjpa[k;"

gl;oDk; kapupDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;"
fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfu; ,Uf;ifa[k;"
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;.
m) ,t;tofs; ,lk; bgw;w E}y; vJ>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
M) ghlypy; mike;j nkhidia vLj;J vGJf.
,ay; 7
gfu;tdu;/ gl;oDk;
,) vJifr; brhw;fis mof;nfhoLf.
gl;oDk; kapupDk;/ fl;L Ez;tpid
<) fhUfu; ? bghUs; jUf.
bea;gtu; (berthsu;)
c) ,g;ghlyoapy; fhzg;gLk; eWkzg; bghUl;fs; ahit>
re;jdKk; mfpYk;.
beLtpdh
1. rpyg;gjpfhu kUt{u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfis ,f;fhy tzpf tshf=;fnshLk;/ m=;fhofnshLk;
xg;gpl;L vGJf.
kUt{u;g;ghf;fj;J tzpftPjpfspy; tz;zf;FHk;g[/ Rz;zg; bgho tpw;gJ nghy; ,d;iwa
m=;fhofspYk;/ tzpf tshf=;fspYk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa re;jdk;/ g{ tiffs;/ CJtj;jp/ mfpy; nghd;w eWkzg;bghUs;fSk;
,d;iwa tzpf tshfj;jpYk;/ fpilf;fpd;wd. tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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bghd;/ kzp/ Kj;J/ gtsk; Mfpait kUt{u;g;ghf;f tPjpfspy; tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;lJ.

,d;W tzpf tshfj;jpYk; eiff;filfspy; `bghd;/ kzp/ Kj;J/ gtsk;~ tpw;fg;gLfpwJ.
tzpf tPjpfspy; Ftpayhff; fple;jJ jhdpa tiffs;.

,d;W m=;fhofspy; jhdpa tiffis vilnghl;L bghl;ly=;fspy; fl;o tpw;gid
bra;fpd;wdu;.
kUt{u;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; cg;g[/ btw;wpiy/ eWkzg;bghUl;fs; tpw;gid bra;ag;gl;lJ
nghy;/ ,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
btz;fyk;/ brk;g[g; ghj;jpuk;/ kug;bghUl;fs;. ,Uk;g[g; bghUl;fs; fpilj;jijg; nghy/
,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

btz;fyk;/ brk;g[g; ghj;jpuk;/ kug;bghUl;fs;/ ,Uk;g[g; bghUl;fs; fpilj;jijg;
nghy/ ,d;iwa m=;fho/ tzpf tshf=;fspy; fpilg;gnjhL/ TLjyhf gy etPdg;
bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s (befpHp) bghUs;fs; etPd my=;fhu=;fSld;
fpilf;fpd;wd.

kUt{u;g;ghf;f tPjpfspy; bghw;bfhy;yu;/ ,uj;jpdntiy bra;gtu;/ ijaw;fhuu;/ njhy;;
bghUs; bra;gtu;/ JzpahYk;/ fl;ilahYk; bghk;ik bra;gtu;fs; vdg; gyjpwg;gl;l
iftpid+u;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
mijg;nghynt/ ,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk;/ tzpf tshf=;fspYk; ,j;jF iftpidf;
fiy+u;fs;/ etPd bjhHpy; El;gj;Jld; bjhHpy; ty;nyhuha; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. mHF
kpspUk; iftpidg; bghUs;fisr; bra;J tpw;gida[k; bra;fpd;wdu;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; ? vz;Qk;ik
gapy;bjhHpy; ? tpidj;bjhif
Ez;tpid/ mUk;bgsy; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gfUeu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
,ay; 7
brwpe;j ? bgabur;rk;
ed;fyk;/ btWf;if ? gz;g[j;bjhif
FHypDk; ahHpDk; ? vz;Qk;ik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
ka=;fpa ? ka=;F + ,(d;) + a; + m Ftpj;j ? Ftp + j;; + j; +m
ka=;F ? gFjp Ftp ? gFjp
,d; ; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? re;jp
a; ? clk;gLbka; re;jp j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp. m ? bgabur;rtpFjp.
mse;J ? ms + j; (e;) + j; + c fhl;Lk; ? fhl;L + ck;
ms ? gFjp fhl;L ? gFjp
j; ; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; ck; ?
bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;;ghl;L
j; ; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy bgabur;r tpFjp
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. @nte;ju; gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; TWk; E}y; ________.

,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lynfrp [tpil: m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
2. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l=;fs; ________.
m) Ie;J M) VG
,) @d;W <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,) @d;W]
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhijfs; ________.
m) 30 M) 27
,) 33; <) 36 [tpil: m) 30]
4. `mofs; ePnu mUSf~ vd;W ,s=;nfhtofsplk; ntz;of; bfhz;ltu; ________.
m) fk;gu;; M) fgpyu;
,) jpUj;jf;fnjtu; <) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu; [tpil: <) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;]
5. rpyg;gjpfhuj;njhL bjhlu;g[ila fhg;gpak; ________.

m) kzpnkfiy M) Nshkzp
,) tisahgjp <) ePynfrp [tpil: m) kzpnkfiy]
6. ehl;LJk; ahnkhu; ghl;Lilr;bra;a[s; vd;wtu; ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) fk;gu;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) ckWg;g[ytu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;nfhtofs;]
7. kzpnkfiyapd; Mrpupau; ________.
,ay; 7
m) ,s=;nfhtofs; M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;
,) jpUj;jf;fnjtu; <) g[j;jkpj;jpuu; [tpil: M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;]
8. ,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij mike;j fhz;lk; ________.
m) g[fhu;f;fhz;lk; M) kJiuf;fhz;lk;
,) t+;rpf;fhz;lk; <) ghyfhz;lk; [tpil: m) g[fhu;f;fhz;lk;]
9. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; bgUk; gpupt[ ________.
m) ghfk; M) m=;fk;
,) fhz;lk; <) fhij [tpil: ,) fhz;lk;]
10. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; cl;gpupt[ ________.
m) glyk; M) rUf;fk;;
,) fhij <) fhl;rp [tpil: ,) fhij]
11. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; jkpH; eil ________.
m) ciug;ghl;L kil M) ciueil
,) trdeil <) bra;a[s; eil [tpil m) ciug;ghl;L kil]
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12. ngRk; bkhHpapd; Xl;lk; vd;gJ ________.

m) bkhHp M) ciu
,) fhij <) fhl;rp [tpil: <) fhl;rp]
13. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpnkfiya[k; ________ MFk;.
m) ,izfhg;gpak; M) Kjw;fhg;gpak;
,) gpidfhg;gpak; <) ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; [tpil: <) ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak;]
14. fz;zfpa[k; nfhtyDk; brd;W mile;j Cu; ________.
m) fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odk; M) jpUtu=;fk;
,) ciwa{u; <) bfhLk;ghAu; [tpil: <) bfhLk;ghAu;]
15. ,s=;nfhtofs; ve;j ehl;ilr; nru;e;jtu;>
m) nru M) nrhH
,) ghz;oa <) gy;yt [tpil: m) nru]
16. mHfu; kiy vd;gJ ________.
m) jpUtu=;fk; M) jpUkhy;Fd;wk;
,) ntytd;Fd;wk; <) khy;Fd;wk; [tpil: M) jpUkhy;Fd;wk;]
17. nfhtyida[k; fz;zfpiaa[k; miHj;Jr; brd;wtu; ________.
m) ft[e;jpaofs; M) khjup
,) khjtp <) Mau;Fyg;bgz; [tpil: m) ft[e;jpaofs;]
18. fztid ,He;j fz;zfp brd;W mile;j ,lk; ________.

m) itiff;fiu M) nt=;iff;fhdy;
,) mHfu;kiy <) ciwa{u; [tpil: M) nt=;iff;fhdy;]
19. bgU=;Fzj;Jf; fhjyhs; ahu;>

m) fz;zfp M) khjtp
,) khjup <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m) fz;zfp]
,ay; 7
20. brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; bghUj;Jf.

m) J}R ? 1. bry;tk;
M) Jfpu; ? 2. gl;L
,) btWf;if ? 3. tpiy
<) behil ? 4. gtsk;
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3
,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: M) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3]
21. kUt{u;g;ghf;fk; mike;j efuk; ________ MFk;.
m) g[fhu; M) kJiu
,) t+;rp <) fh+;rp [tpil: m) g[fhu;]
22. kz;zPl;lhsu; vdf; Fwpf;fg; bgWgtu; ________.
m) Xtpau; M) tzpfu;
,) rpw;gp <) rhypau; [tpil: ,) rpw;gp]
23. Ttk; Ftpj;j ? ,jpy; `Ttk;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) jhdpak; M) Fg;ig
,) gHk; <) njhy; [tpil: m) jhdpak;]
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24. fs; tpw;gtu; ________.

m) gujtu; M) ckzu;
,) ghrtu; <) tiyr;rpau; [tpil: <) tiyr;rpau;]
25. bghUj;Jf.
1. fz;Qs; tpid+u; ? m) rpw;gp
2. kz;zPl;lhsu; ? M) Xtpau;
3. fpHp ? ,) bjhHpy;
4. tpid ? <) Jzp
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
26. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; bghUe;jhj brhy; vJ>
m) Rz;zk; ? eWkzg;bgho
M) fhUfu; ? bea;gtu;
,) J}R ? gl;L
<) Jfpu; ? Kj;J [tpil: <) Jfpu; ? Kj;J]
27. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; rupahfg; bghUe;jpa brhy; vJ>
m) Rz;zk; ? bea;gtu;
M) fhUfu; ? gtsk;
,) J}R ? gl;L
<) Jfpu; ? eWkzg;bgho [tpil: ,) J}R ? gl;L]
28. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; rupahfg; bghUe;jpa brhy; vJ>
m) btWf;if ? bry;tk;
M) behil ? vz;bza; tpw;nghu;
,) ghrtu; ? tpiy
,ay; 7
<) XReu; ? btw;wpiy tpw;nghu; [tpil: m) btWf;if ? bry;tk;]
29. `gUj;jp E}ypDk; fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfu; ,Uf;ifa[k;~ ,t;tofspy; `fhUfu;~ vd;gijr;
Rl;Lk; brhy; ________.
m) bea;gtu; M) Ez;tpid
,) rpw;gp <) Xtpau; [tpil: m) bea;gtu;]
30. `mU=;fy btWf;ifnahL mse;Jfil mwpah~ ,t;tofspy; `btWf;if~ vd;gijr; Rl;Lk;

brhy; ________.
m) Jzp M) gtsk;
,) gl;L <) bry;tk; [tpil: <) bry;tk;]
31. `XReu; brwpe;j Cd;kyp ,Uf;ifa[k;~ ,t;tofspy; `XReu;~ vd;gijr; Rl;Lk; brhy; ________.
m) vz;bza; tpw;nghu; M) btw;wpiy tpw;nghu;
,) rpw;gp <) Jzp tpw;nghu; [tpil: m) vz;bza; tpw;nghu;]
32. `fz;Qs; tpid+Uk; kz;zPl;L MsUk;~ ,t;tofspy; `kz;Qs;~ vd;gijr; Rl;Lk; brhy;
________.
m) rpw;gp M) Xtpau;
,) rhypau; <) bry;tk; [tpil: M) Xtpau;]
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33. `tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; jz;eW+; rhe;jKk;~ ,t;tofspy; mike;j eak; ________.

m) vJif M) nkhid
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: m) vJif]
FWtpdh
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ tisahgjp/ Fz;lynfrp.
2. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;l=;fs;/ fhijfs; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;l=;fs; @d;W/ fhijfs; Kg;gJ MFk;. mit:
g[fhu;f;fhz;lk; ? 10
kJiuf;fhz;lk; ? 13
t+;rpf;fhz;lk; ? 7
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
Kjy;fhg;gpak;/ Kj;jkpH;f;fhg;gpak;/ Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak; ? ciuapilapl;l
ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;.
4. ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; tpsf;Ff.
ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil vd;gJ `ciug;ghl;L kil~ vd;Dk; jkpH;eil.
,J rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; bgWfpwJ.
ciueilg;gh=;fpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ghl;L vd;gJ bghUshFk;.
5. `f+;rfhuUk; brk;g[ bra;FeUk;
kuk; bfhy; jr;rUk; fU=;iff; bfhy;yUk;~
,t;to mike;j E}y; vJ>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
,ay; 7
,t;to mike;j fhij vJ>

,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij.
fU=;iff; bfhy;yu; vdg;gLgtu; ahu;>
,Uk;g[f; bfhy;yu;.
,t;toapy; mike;j bjhil vJ>
,iag[j; bjhil ? bra;FeUk; bfhy;yUk;.
6. kUt{u;g;ghf;f tPjpapy; ,Ue;j iftpidj; bjhHpy; ty;Yeu;fs; ahtu;>
brg;g[g; ghj;jpuk; bra;nthu;/ kuj;jr;ru;/ ,Uk;g[f;bfhy;yu;/ Xtpau;/ bghw;bfhy;yu;/ ijaw;fhuu;/
njhy; bghUs; ijg;gtu; Mfpnahu;.
7. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuKk;/ kzpnkfiya[k;/ ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; MFk;.
fhyj;jhYk;/ fijj; bjhlu;ghYk; bjhlu;g[ilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
8. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; kUt{u;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa bra;jp ,lk; bgWk; fhz;lk; kw;Wk; fhij ahit>
kJiuf; fhz;lk;/ ,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij.
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9. `Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;~ bjhlu; bghUs; TWf.

kUt{u;g;ghf;fj;jpy; vl;L tifj; jhdpa=;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; Tyf;filj; bjUf;fs;
cs;sd.
10. `FHypDk; ahHpDk; Fuy;Kjy; VGk;tGtpd;wp ,irj;J~ ,t;tofspy; Rl;Lk; Fuy; Kjyhd
VHpirfs; ahit>
Fuy;/ Jj;jk;/ iff;fpis/ ciH/ ,sp/ tpsup/ jhuk;/
11. VG Ru=;fisr; Rl;Lf.
!/ up/ f/ k/ g/ j/ ep.
12. ed;fyk; jUeu; ? vd;W vtiur; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;LfpwJ>
,uj;jpdk; Kjyhd mzpfyd;fs; ntiy bra;gtu;.
13. `gl;oDk; kapupDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;
fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfu; ,Uf;ifa[k;~ ,t;tofspy; ,s=;nfhtofs; g[yg;gLj;Jk; fUj;jpid
vGJf.
kUt{u;g;ghf;fj;jpy; gl;L/ gUj;jp E}y;/ Ko ,tw;iwf; bfhz;L mHfhfg; gpd;dpf; fl;Lk;
ifj;bjhHpy; ty;Yeuhd berthsu; thGk; tPjpfSk; cs;sd.
14. `kPd;tpiyg; gujtu;/ bts;cg;g[g; gfUeu;~ ? ,t;toapy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;Lk; bra;jp ahJ>
kPd;tpiyg; gujtu; ? kPd; tpw;Fk; gujtu;
bts;cg;g[g; gfUeu; ? btz;ikahd cg;g[ tpw;Fk; ckzu;
Rl;Lk; bra;jp :
kPd;fis tpw;gid bra;a[k; bea;jy; epy gujtu; kw;Wk; btz;ikahd cg;g[ tpw;Fk;
ckzu;kUt{u;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; tzpfk; bra;fpd;wdu;.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 7
1. `ghy;tif bjupe;j gFjpg; ghz;lbkhL
Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; :
rpyg;gjpfhuk; g[fhu;f;fhz;lj;jpy; ,e;jpu tpHh fhijapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
kUt{u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpapy; eilbgw;w tzpfk;.
tpsf;fk; :
kUt{u;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; gyg;gy gz;l=;fspd; (bghUl;fspd;) tpw;gid
eilbgWfpd;wJ. vl;Ltifj; jhdpa=;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; Tyf;filj; bjUf;fSk;
cs;sd.
2. kUt{u;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; vt;btt; kzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;Jbfhz;L ,Ue;jdu;>
g[fhu; efu kUt{u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfspy; :
tz;zf;FHk;g[/ Rz;zg;bgho/ Fspu;e;j kzr;rhe;J/ g{/ eWkzg;bghUs;fs;/ mfpy; ?
Kjyhd kzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;Jbfhz;L ,Ue;jdu;.
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1. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijr; RUf;fj;ij mwpe;Jte;J tFg;giwapy; TWf.

gjpdhW taJila nfhtyDf;Fk;/ gd;dpuz;L taJila fz;zfpf;Fk; jpUkzk;
eilbgWfpwJ. ,UtUk; ,dpnj thH;fpd;wdu;.
nfhtyd; fiyfspd; fhjyd;. Mly; ghly;fspy; tpUg;gk; bfhz;ltd;. ahH; kPl;Ltjpy;
ty;ytd;. xU ehs; Mly; murp mHFg;ghit khjtpapd; Mlypy; ka=;Ffpwhd;.
khjtpapd; grpa khiyia ahu; th=;Ffpwhu;fnsh mtu;fs; khjtpia milayhk; vd;W
mts; ,y;yj;jpy; xUj;jp filj;bjUt[f;F te;J TWfpwhs;.
nfhtyd; khiyia th=;fp khjtpia milfpwhd;. khjtpnahL thH;fpd;w fhyj;jpy;
mtd; bry;tk; vy;yhk; fiufpwJ.
kdk; ntWgl;L fz;zfpia te;jilfpwhd;. ,He;jg; bghUis kPl;L kJiuf;Fr;
brd;W Mau;Fyg; bgz; khjupapd; tPl;oy; j=;Ffpwhd;.
bghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhf fz;zfpapd; fhw;rpyk;ig vLj;Jf;bfhz;L kJiu tPjpf;Fr;
bry;fpwhd;. bghw;bfhy;ydplk; fhl;Lfpwhd;. mg;bghw;bfhy;yd; murpapd; rpyk;igj;
jpUoatd; mij kiwf;f rkak; fpilj;jij vz;zp muz;kidr; brd;W kd;ddplk;
nfhtyd; kPJ gHp Rkj;Jfpwhd;. kd;ddpd; Mizahy; nfhtyd; bfhiy bra;ag;gLfpwhd;.
,ijf;nfl;l fz;zfp mGJ g[yk;gp murigf;Fr; brd;W tHf;Fiuf;fpwhs;. cz;ik
mwpe;j murDk; murpa[k; capu; Jwf;fpwhu;fs;. kJiua[k; jPf;fpiuahfpwJ.
gpd; nruehl;il mile;J nt=;if ku epHypy; j=;Ffpwhs;. gpwF thDynfhu; NH nfhtyd;
fz;zfpia miHj;Jr; brd;wijf; Fd;wf; Fwtu;fs; TWfpwhu;fs;.
br=;Fl;Ltd; ,kak; btd;W/ fy;byLj;J f=;ifapy; ePuhl;o t+;rpapy; fz;zfpf;Ff;
nfhapy; fl;Lfpwhd;.
,ay; 7
,f;fijapd; @yk; ehk; mwpa[k; @d;W cz;ikfs;:

1. murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;.
2. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu;
3. CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; kUt{u;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa tptupg;ig ,d;iwa filj; bjUt[ld; xg;gpl;L
ciuahLf.
ciuahly;
khztu;fns- kUt{u;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfs; gw;wpf; fw;nwhk; my;yth- mij kdjpy; bfhz;L
,d;iwa fil tPjpfnshL xg;gpl;L ciuahlyhkh>
rpw;g=;fs;/ Xtpa=;fs; Mfpatw;iw xspg;gl=;fshfr; nrfupj;J. tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;nglhf
itj;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;.
ciuahLgtu;fs;: kjd;/ Rjd;/ ckh.
kjd; : Rjd;/ ckh vg;go ,Uf;fpwPu;>
,UtUk; : ed;whf ,Uf;fpnwhk;-
kjd; : ,UtUk; tpLKiwf;F v=;fhtJ brd;wPu;fsh>
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ckh :
ehd; brd;id brd;nwd; kjd;.
Rjd; : ehd; kJiuf;Fg; nghndd;.
kjd; : ehDk; jpUr;rpf;Fr; brd;W ,Ue;njd;.
Rjd; :
ehd; kJiuf;Fg; nghdnghJ m=;F `khy;~ vd;W brhy;yg;gLk; tzpf
tshfj;Jf;Fr; brd;nwd;.
ckh :
brd;idapYk; bgupa bgupa tzpf tshf=;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
kjd; :
ehDk; jhd; brd;nwd;. mtw;iwbay;yhk; ghu;f;Fk; nghJ Vndh- vd; kdjpy; ehk;
ghlj;jpy; gapd;W bjupe;J bfhz;l kUt{u;g;ghf;fk; tzpf tPjpfspd; fhl;rp vd;
kdjpy; te;J nghdJ.
Rjd; :
Mkhlh....... tzpf tPjpfspy; vy;yhg; bghUs;fSk; fpilj;jJ nghy; ,=;Fk;
fpilf;fpwJ.
ckh :
kUt{u;g;ghf;f tPjpia tpl ,=;F MuthuKk;/ my=;fhuKk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
kjd; :
m=;F cw;gj;jpahsnu bghUisf; bfhz;L te;J tpw;ghu;. ,]=;F KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
,ilj;jufu; @yk; th=;fp te;J tpw;gidahsiu itj;J tpw;fpd;wdu;.
Rjd; :
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; xt;bthU bghUSf;Fk; epahakhd tpiy/ gz;lkhw;W Kiw
,Ue;jJ.
ckh :
jhdpa=;fs; Ftpj;J itj;J mse;J bfhLj;jdu;. Mdhy;. ,e;j tshf=;fspYk;/
m=;fhofspYk; tz;zf; fhfpj=;fspy; Vw;fdnt fl;oitj;J mLf;fp
itj;Js;shu;fs;. ehk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;oaJjhd;.
kjd; :
@d;W Cu;fspYk; bghJthd Kiwapy; xU tpw;gid Kiw ,Ue;jij ahUk;
czu;e;jPu;fsh.....
Rjd; : bghJthd tpw;gid Kiwah...... vd;dlh mJ>
ckh :
vdf;Fj; bjupe;J tpl;lJ. eilghij filfisj;jhnd brhy;fpwha;.
,ay; 7
kjd; :
Mkh ckh.... xt;bthU filj;bjUtpYk; fz;izf; ftUk; gykhof;
fl;ol=;fs;/ my=;fhu tpsf;Ffs; mikj;J gy; bghUs; m=;fhofs; ,Ug;gpDk;
mnj bghUs;fis eilghijfspy; itj;J rpWFW tpahghupfs;/ tptrhapfs;
j=;fs; cw;gj;jpg;bghUis tpw;wy; Mfpa fhl;rpfisa[k; fhz Koe;jJ jhnd.....
,UtUk; : Mk; kjd;- eilghijf; filfspYk; jukhd bghUs; fpilf;Fk; vd;W vd; mk;kh
mof;fo brhy;thu;fs;.
@tUk; :
xUtUf;bfhUtu; ...... neukhfptpl;lJ ngha; tuyhkh..... vd;W tpilbgw;wdu;.

www.tnpscjob.com
,ay; ehL tpupthdk;
k=;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf....
7
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. epfH;t[fisj; bjhFj;J mwpf;if vGJf.
kfspu; ehs; tpHh

,lk; : gs;spf; fiyau=;fk;. ehs; : 08.03.2020
fiyau=;fj;jpy; Mrpupau;fs;/ khztu;fs; TLjy; ? jiyikahrpupaupd; tuntw;g[ ?
,jHhsu; fiyaurpapd; rpwg;g[iu ? Mrpupau;fspd; thH;j;Jiu ? khztj; jiytupd;
ed;wpa[iu.
kfspu; ehs; tpHh
vk;gs;spf; fiyau=;fpy; 08.03.2020 md;W kfspu; ehs; tpHh eilbgw;wJ. mt;tpHhtpidg;
gw;wpa mwpf;ifahtJ.
tpHh ehs; : 08.03.2020
,lk; : gs;spf; fiyau=;fk;.
vk; gs;sp md;W tpHhf;nfhyk; g{z;oUe;jJ. rupahf khiy 3.30 kzp mstpy; tpHh
epfH;tplkhd gs;spf; fiyau=;fpw;Fs; khztu;fs;/ Mrpupau;fs;/ bgw;nwhu;fs; kfpH;t[ld;
,ay; 7
te;J mku;e;jdu;. rupahf 4.00 kzpf;F rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; ,jHhsu; fiyaurp tUif g[upe;jhu;.
khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fs; kfpH;t[ld; Muthuk; bra;J ifjl;o rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; mtu;fis
tuntw;wdu;.
jiyikahrpupaupd; tuntw;g[:
,jHpay; Jiwapy; gl;lk; bgw;W/ gl;lg;gog;g[ld; mr;Rj;Jiwapy; KJfiya[k; gapd;W/
ehspjH; thu,jH; gog;gtu;fspd; kdjpy; eP=;fh ,lk; gpoj;jpUf;Fk; ,jHhsu; jpUkjp.
fiyaurp mtu;fs; jhd; gzpg[upa[k; ,jHpy; bra;jpfis btspapLtJ/ rKjha tpHpg;g[zu;it
Vw;gLj;Jk; fl;Liu vGJtJ/ FHe;ijfSf;fhd gFjpfis totikg;gJ. nfypr;rpj;jpuk;
thapyhf r@f mty=;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;JtJ vd ,jHpay; Jiwapy;
gd;Kfj; jpwik bgw;wtu;. mtiu ,t;tpHhtpw;F tuntw;gjpy; bgUkfpH;r;rp milfpnwd;.
,jHhsupd; rpwg;g[iu:
`fhupUs; mfj;jpy; fjpbuhsp gha;r;RtJk;/ Japy;gtu;fs; be+;rpy; vGr;rpia Vw;gLj;JtJk;~
,jH;fns vd;why; kpifapy;iy. gl;l=;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;l=;fs; bra;tJk; ghupdpy;
bgz;fshy; ,aYk; vd;gij kfhftp ekf;F xU Cf;f rf;jpahf je;J brd;wpUf;fpwhu;.
bgz;fns c=;fSf;F KGikahd fy;tp fl;lhak; njit. ve;j xU fhuzj;jpw;fhft[k;
c=;fs; fy;tpia tpl;Lf; bfhLf;fhjPu;fs;. `fy;tpapy;yh bgz; fsu; epyk;~ vd;whu; g[ul;rpf;ftp.
ehk; fsu;epykhf gadw;Wg; nghf gpwf;ftpy;iy. +hdr; brUf;Fk; cilatu;fsha;/ g[jpa
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cyfk; gilf;Fk; typik bghUe;jpatu;fsha;g; gpwe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. vdnt ed;F goa[=;fs;"

g[jpa rKjhak; gila[=;fs;" g[Jikg; bgz;zpd; kfpH;t[ fz;L ,k;kz;Qyfk; tpaf;fl;Lk;
vd;W rpwg;g[iuahw;wpdhu;.
ed;wpa[iu:
epiwthf gs;spapd; khztj; jiytu; `nkhfdh~ ed;wp Twpdhu;. miHg;gpw;fpz=;fp
tUif je;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdUf;Fk;/ mtiu miHj;J te;J tpHhtpid Vw;ghL bra;j
jiyikahrpupaUf;Fk;/ cld; xj;JiHj;j Mrpupag; bgUkf;fSf;Fk;/ bgw;nwhu;fSf;Fk;/
mikjp fhj;j khzt ez;gu;fSf;Fk; ed;wp Twpdhs;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;f.

m) ghyru!]tjp ? kPuh
M) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp ? kfnrnr
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd; ? ntUf;F ePu;
<) rpd;dg;gps;is ? fs+;rpak; [tpil: m) ghyru!;tjp ? kPuh]
2. 1954?y; jhkiuazp tpUJ bgw;wtu; ________.

m) rpd;dg;gps;is M) ghyruRtjp
,) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp <) uh$k; fpU&;zd; [tpil: ,) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp]
3. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkpiaj; bjhl;Lj; jltpg; ghuhl;oatu; ________.
m) rnuh$pdp eha[L M) fkyhneU
,) b\yd; bfy;yu; <) kPuh [tpil: ,) b\yd; bfy;yu;]
,ay; 7
4. bt=;fnlr Rg;ughjk; jpUg;gjpapy; xypf;fj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L ________.
m) 1966 M) 1963
,) 1971; <) 1976 [tpil: m) 1966]
5. ,irf;Ff; fpilj;j kFlk; vdg; nghw;wg;gl;l tpUJ ________.

m) nehgy; gupR M) jhkiu tpUJ
,) kfnrnr tpUJ <) ,e;jpakhkzp tpUJ [tpil: ,) kfnrnr tpUJ]
6. bghUj;Jf.
bgz;fs; tpUJ
m) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp ? 1. xsit tpUJ
M) ghyruRtjp ? 2. thH;t[upik tpUJ
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd; ? 3. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ
<) rpd;dg;gps;is ? 4. ,e;jpa khkdp tpUJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
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7. fpU&;zk;khSf;F `thH;t[upik tpUJ~ tH=;fpa ehL ________.

m) Rtpl;ru;yhe;J M) RtPld;
,) jha;yhe;J <) knyrpah [tpil: M) RtPld;]
8. gLfu; ,dkf;fspd; thH;tpay; khw;wj;ijg; ngRk; g[jpdk; ________.

m) fupg;g[kzpfs; M) ntUf;FePu;
,) nrw;W kdpju;fs; <) Fwp+;rpj;njd; [tpil: <) Fwp+;rpj;njd;]
9. `g{jhd ,af;fj;jpy;~ gzpg[upe;jtu; ________.

m) rpd;dg;gps;is M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd; <) ghyruRtjp [tpil: M) fpU&;zk;khs;]
10. r@f mty=;fis cw;W nehf;fp vGj;jpd; tHpahf cyFf;Ff; fhl;oatu; ________.
m) uh$k;fpU&;zd; M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) ghyruRtjp <) vk;.v!;.Rg;g[yl;rkp [tpil: m) uh$k;fpU&;zd;]
11. `fs+;rpak;~ kfspu; FG Kjd; Kjypy; Muk;gpj;jtu; ________.

m) rpd;dg;ghg;gh M) rpd;dj;Jiu
,) rpd;dg;gps;is <) ruRtjp [tpil: ,) rpd;dg;gps;is]
12. `cGgtUf;nf epy cupik ,af;fk;~ bjhl=;fpatu; ________.

m) uh$k;fpU&;zd; M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) ghyruRtjp <) vk;.v!;.Rg;g[yl;Rkp [tpil: M) fpU&;zk;khs;]
13. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkpiag; gpugyg;gLj;jpa ghly; ________.

m) Rg;ughjk; M) fhw;wpdpny tUk; fPjk;
,) ,uFgjp uhftuh$huhk; <) kPuh gw;wpa ghly; [tpil: M) fhw;wpdpny tUk; fPjk;]
14. ghyruRtjpapd; ehl;oaf; fr;nrupiag; g[fH;e;jtu; ________.
m) gz;ol; neU M) fhe;jp
,) gz;ol; ,utpr=;fu; <) ,af;Feu; ,utpf;Fkhu; [tpil: ,) gz;ol; ,utpr=;fu;]
,ay; 7
15. `fhe;jp mikjp tpUij~ fpU&;zk;khSf;F tH=;fpa ehL ________.

m) ,e;jpah M) Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
,) rp=;fg;g{u; <) RtPld; [tpil: M) Rtpl;ru;yhe;J]
FWtpdh
1. vk;.v!; Rg;g[yl;Rkpapd; ,iriag; ghuhl;onahu; ahtu;>
$t\u;yhy; neU
rnuh$pdp eha[L
fhe;jpaofs;
b\yd; bfy;yu; ? Mtu;
2. uh$k;fpU&;zdpd; g[fH;bgw;w r@f ehty;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
fupg;g[ kzpfs;
Fwp+;rpj;njd;
miytha;f; fiuapy;
nrw;wpy; kdpju;fs;
ntUf;F ePu; ? MfpaitahFk;
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3. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp jd; ,irj;jpwid vk;bkhHpfspbyy;yhk; btspg;gLj;jpdhu;>

jkpH;/ bjY=;F/ rk!;fpUjk;/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk;/ ,e;jp/ kuhj;jp/ F$uhj;jp Mfpa ,e;jpa
bkhHpfspy; ghoa[s;shu;. M=;fpyj;jpYk; ghoa[s;shu;.
4. fpU&;zk;khs; fsg;gzpg[upe;j ,af;f=;fs; ahit>
xj;JiHahik ,af;fk;
rl;lkWg;g[ ,af;fk;
bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk;
g{jhd ,af;fk;
cGgtUf;nf epy cupik ,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; gzpg[upe;jhu;.
5. fs+;rpak; kfspu; FG @yk; bra;ag;gl;l gzpfs; ahit>
tptrha epyj;ij Fj;jiff;F vLj;jy;.
Typntiyf;F Ml;fisr; nru;j;jy;.
mtu;fs; @yk; elt[/ fisbaLg;g[/ mWtil ntiyfisr; bra;jy;.
Typia ruprkkhfg; gpupj;Jf; bfhLj;jy;.
tajhdtu;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F cjt[jy; MfpaitahFk;.
6. kfspu; FG@yk; bra;ag;gl;l gzpfs; ahit>
tptrha epyj;ij Fj;jiff;F vLj;jy;.
Typntiyf;F Ml;fisr; nru;j;jy;.
mtu;fs; @yk; elt[/ fisbaLg;g[/ mWtil ntiyfisr; bra;jy;.
Typia ruprkkhfg; gpupj;Jf; bfhLj;jy;.
tajhdtu;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F cjt[jy; MfpaitahFk;.
,ay; 7
1. c=;fs; Cupy; fod ciHg;ghsu; ? rpwg;g[kpf;ftu; ? nghw;wj;jf;ftu; ? vd;w epiyfspy; eP=;fs;
fUJfpd;w bgz;fs; bjhlu;ghd bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J tH=;Ff.
fod ciHg;ghsu;
(khiyapy; g{ tpw;gtu;/ tPl;L ntiy bra;gtu;)
v=;fs; Cupy; tpkyh vd;bwhU bgz;kzp ,Ue;jhu;. khiyapy; g{ tpw;ghu;/ tPl;L ntiy
bra;thu;. mtu; fy;tpahsnuh/ vGj;jhsnuh/ nghuhl;lf;fhunuh my;yu;. fod ciHg;ghsu;.
vt;thbwdpy;/ jpUkzkhd ehs; Kjy; fztuhy; gy ,d;dy;fisj; Jd;g=;fis
mDgtpj;jnjhL/ ,sk;tajpnyna tpjita[khfp r@f mtyj;Jf;Fk;/ cs;shdhu;.
Jd;g=;fisg; bgw;w mtu; `Jd;gk;~ Jilj;J}d;Wk; J}zhf khwpdhu;.
ciHg;ig kl;Lk; @yjdkhff; bfhz;lhu;. ciHg;igna capu; @r;rha; khw;wpdhu;. tPl;L
ntiy Kjy; fpilf;Fk; ntiyfis vy;yhk; bra;J. jd; gps;isfspd; fy;tpf; fz;fisj;
jpwe;jhu;.
xU FHe;ijia kUj;Jtuhft[k; kw;bwhU FHe;ijiag; bghwpahsuhft[k; khw;wpa tpkyh
ciHg;gpd; ,yf;fzkhfj; jpfH;e;jhu;.
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rpwg;g[kpf;ftu;
(eu;j;jfp eluh$;)
kJiu khefupy; gpwe;J/ cyfpd; gy;ntW gFjpf;Fr; brd;W jd; fiyia elj;jp rpwg;g[
bra;jtu; eu;j;jfp eluh$;.
,tu; ahu; vd;why; ekf;Fk; ek; vz;z=;fs; vy;yhk; rpjWk;. ,tu; xU @d;whk; ghypdj;jtu;.
bry;tf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu; bgw;nwhuhy; btWf;fg;gl;L/ jd; Mrpupauhy; <u;f;fg;gl;L/
mtuplnk FUFyKiwapy; gujf; fiyia fw;wtu;.
jd; Mrpupauhy; eu;j;jfp vd;W miHf;fg;gl;l ,tu; 30 Mz;Lfshf jd; gujf; fiyia
cyf mu=;fpy; elj;jp 2019?Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah ,tUf;F gj;k_ tpUjspj;jJ. kdpj
,dj;jpy; kw;wtuhy; jhk; btWf;fg;gl;lhYk; jd;ida[k;/ jkpHupd; gujf;fiyiaa[k;
cyfpw;Ff; bfhz;L brd;w rpwg;g[kpf;ftu; eu;;j;jfp eluh$;
nghw;wj;jf;ftu;
(rhiy Xuk; cztfk; elj;Jgtu;)
nfhit ngqu; gFjpapy; trpf;Fk;/ ghl;o bgau; brhd;dhny midtUf;Fk; bjupa[k;. me;j
mst[f;F ,l;ypahy; g[fH; bgw;wtu;. ,d;Wk; xU qgha;f;F Mtp gwf;Fk; ,l;yp tpw;gtu;.
ey;y Ritahd rl;dpnahL 80 tajpYk; ,yhgj;ij nehf;fhky; gyupd; grpahw;wpatu;.
mtu; njitia Ml;rpau; nfl;lhYk; vJt[k; ntz;lhk; vd;ghu;.
Ml;rpau; mtUf;F gpujhd; ke;jpup Mth!; nah$dh tPLk;/ muR mtiu bfsutpj;Jk;
tUfpwJ. xU qgha; ,l;ypahy; Xuhapuk; nfho kf;fshy; nghw;wg;gLgtu;.
,ay; 7

www.tnpscjob.com
,ay; ehL fw;fz;L
g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk;
7
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,U ehl;L muru;fSk; Jk;igg; g{itr;Nog; nghupLtjd; fhuzk; ________.

m) ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wy; M) Mepiu ftu;jy;
,) typikia epiyehl;ly; <) nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifaply;
[tpil: ,) typikia epiyehl;ly;]
FWtpdh
1. g[wj;jpizfspy; vjpbujpu;j; jpizfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

btl;rpj; jpiz × fue;ijj; jpiz
t+;rpj; jpiz × fh+;rpj; jpiz
behr;rpj; jpiz × cHpi+j; jpiz
rpWtpdh
1.
mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd;/ kUj ehl;L kd;dDld; nghu; g[upe;J me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w
,ay; 7
epidf;fpwhd;" mg;nghu; epfH;itg; g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzj;jpd; tHp
tpsf;Ff.
,e;epfH;t[f;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpiz `t+;rpj;jpiz~ MFk;.
kz;zhir fhuzkhfg; giftu; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjp t+;rpg;g{itr; Nog; nghUf;Fr;
bry;tJ t+;rpj;jpizahFk;.
mte;jp ehl;Lkd;dd;/ kUj ehl;L kd;dDld; gifbfhz;L nghu; g[upe;J kUj ehl;ilf;
ifg;gw;w epidg;gjhy; ,e;epfH;t[ `t+;rpj;jpizf;Fg;~ bghUe;jp tUfpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. g[wk; gw;wpa bewpfisf; TWtJ ________.

m) g[wj;jpiz M) g[wehD}W
,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) gupghly; [tpil: m) g[wj;jpiz]
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2. g[wj;jpizfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

m) xd;gJ M) gjpbdhd;W
,) gd;dpuz;L <) gjp@d;W [tpil: ,) gd;dpuz;L]
3. btl;rpg; g{ ,d;W vt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) ky;ypifg;g{ M) ,l;ypg;g{
,) r=;Fg;g{ <) cd;dpg;g{ [tpil: M) ,l;ypg;g{]
4. xU jiyf;fhkj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; jpiz ________.
m) bgUe;jpiz M) bghJtpay;
,) iff;fpis <) bfhilia [tpil: ,) iff;fpis]
5. `thif~ vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;>
m) nghu; M) btw;wp
,) MepiukPl;ly; <) kjpy; tisj;jy; [tpil: M) btw;wp]
6. `behr;rp~ ve;epyj;Jf;F cupaJ ________.
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk;
,) Ky;iy <) ghiy [tpil: M) kUjk;]
7. behr;rpg; g{it Nog; nghupLtJ ________.
m) nfhl;iliaf; fhf;f M) kd;didf; fhf;f
,) Mepiuf; ftu <) typikia epiyehl;l
[tpil: m) nfhl;iliaf; fhf;f]
8. ghlhz; jpiz gpupj;J vGJf.

m) ghlhz; + jpiz M) ghlhz; + Mz; + jpiz
,) ghL + Mz; + jpiz <) ghl + Mz; + jpiz [tpil: ,) ghL+Mz;+jpiz]
9. fh+;rp vd;gJ xU tif ________.

,ay; 7
m) beLkuk; M) FWkuk;
,) FW+;bro <) g[ju;r;bro [tpil: M) FWkuk;]
10. nghiuj; bjhl=;Fk; epfH;thff; fUjg;gLtJ ________.
m) nfhl;il tisj;jy; M) nghuply;
,) Mepiu ftu;jy; <) nfhl;il fhj;jy; [tpil: ,) Mepiu ftu;jy;]
11. kf;fs; rpW FGf;fshf thH;e;j nghJ ________ brhj;jhff; fUjpdu;.
m) nfhl;ilia M) Mepiufis
,) epyj;ij <) tPuj;ij [tpil: M) Mepiufis]
12. kd;ddJ nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ gpw khz;g[fisa[k; ghLk; jpiz ________.
m) ghlhz; jpiz M) bghJtpay; jpiz
,) thifj; jpiz <) behr;rpj; jpiz [tpil: m) ghlhz; jpiz]
13. md;gpd; Ie;jpiz gw;wpaJ ________ MFk;.

m) mfg;bghUs; M) g[wg;bghUs;
,) Ez;bghUs; <) Itifepyk; [tpil: m) mfg;bghUs;]
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14. ftu;e;J bry;yg;gl;l Mepiufis kPl;gJ ________.

m) btl;rp M) t+;rp
,) fue;ij <) cHpi+ [tpil: ,) fue;ij]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. btl;rpj;jpiz ? m) ftu;e;J bry;yg;gl;l Mepiu kPl;ly;
2. fue;ijj;jpiz ? M) kz;zhir fUjp gifehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w nghuply;
3. t+;rpj;jpiz ? ,) ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurndhL vjpu; epd;W nghuply;
4. fh+;rpj;jpiz ? <) Mepiu ftu;jy;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. behr;rpj;jpiz ? m) nfhl;iliaf; ftu nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp tisj;jy;
2. cHpi+j;jpiz ? M) nfhl;iliaf; fhj;jy; ntz;o cs;spUe;J nghuply;
3. Jk;igj;jpiz ? ,) ,UbgU nte;jUk; tPuu;fSk; xUtnuhL xUtu; nghupLtJ
4. thifj;jpiz ? <) nghupy; btw;wp
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.<]
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. ghlhz;jpiz ? m) btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu Twg;glhj bra;jpfs;
2. bghJtpay; jpiz ? M) MSikahsupd; fy;tp Kjyhdtw;iwg; g[fH;e;J ghly;
3. iff;fpis ? ,) bghUe;jhf; fhkk;
4. bgUe;jpiz ? <) xUjiyf;fhkk;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
,ay; 7
18. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs; ________.
m) 8 M) 12
,) 6 <) 4 [tpil: m) 8]
19. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs; ________.
m) 8 M) 12
,) 6 <) 4 [tpil: <) 4]
20. mfj;jpizahf ,Ue;J g[wj;jpizahf;fg;gl;l jpizfs; ________.
m) iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz M) bghJtpay;/ ghlhz;
,) btl;rp/ fue;ij <) behr;rp/ cHpi+ [tpil: m) iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz]
21. Klf;fj;jhd; (Klf;bfhw;whd;) vd;gJ ________.
m) cHpi+g; g{ M) Jk;igg; g{
,) btl;rpg; g{ <) behr;rpg; g{ [tpil: m) cHpi+g; g{]
22. kUj epyj;jpw;Fupag; g{ ________.
m) cHpi+g; g{ M) Jk;igg;g{
,) btl;rpg;g{ <) behr;rpg;g{ [tpil: <) behr;rpg;g{]
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m) btl;rpj;jpiz ? Mepiu ftu;jy;
M) fue;ijj;jpiz ? Mepiu kPl;ly;
,) t+;rpj;jpiz ? kz;zhir fhuzkhf nghu;
<) fh+;rpj;jpiz ? nfhl;iliaf; fhj;jy;
[tpil: <) fh+;rpj;jpiz ? nfhl;iliaf; fhj;jy;]

m) fh+;rpj;jpiz ? vjpu;j;Jg; nghuply;
M) behr;rpj;jpiz ? nfhl;il fhj;jy;
,) cHpi+j;jpiz ? kjpy; tisj;jy;
<) Jk;igj;jpiz ? nghupy; btw;wp [tpil: <) Jk;igj;jpiz ? nghupy; btw;wp]
FWtpdh
1. g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy Fwpg;gpLk; g[wj;jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rp behr;rp ghlhz;
fue;ij cHpi+ bghJtpay;
t+;rp Jk;ig iff;fpis
fh+;rp thif bgUe;jpiz
2. behr;rpg; g{f;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kzpbehr;rp/ fU behr;rp/ kiy behr;rp/ btz; behr;rp ? nghd;witahFk;.
3. Jk;igj; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
gif bfhz;l nte;ju;fs; ,UtUk; `jk; typikna bgupJ~ vd;gij epiy ehl;Lk; bghUl;L
jk; tPuu;fSld; Jk;igg; g{r;No fsk; Fwpj;Jg; nghupLjy; MFk;.
,ay; 7
4. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.

ghL + Mz; + jpiz vdg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdJ/ fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bry;tk;/ g[fH;/ <if Kjypatw;iwg; nghw;wpg;
ghLtJ.
nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ xUtupd; gpw khz;g[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpLtnj ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
5. bghJtpay; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu cs;s g[wj;jpizfspy; bghJthdtw;iwa[k;/ mtw;Ws;

Twg;glhjdtw;iwa[k; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpiz MFk;.
6. g[wj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ >
g[wk; gw;wpa bewpfisf; TWtJ g[wj;jpizahFk;.
7. Mepiu ftu;jy; eilbgwf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kf;fs; rpW FGf;fshf thH;e;j fhyj;jpy;/ Mepiufis (khLfis) brhj;jhff; fUjpdu;.
xU FGtpdu; kw;bwhU FGtpdu; Mepiufisf; ftu;jy; tHf;fkhapw;W.
nghiuj; bjhl=;Fk; epfH;thf Mepiu ftu;jy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
8. nghupLk; muru;fs; ,UtUk; xnu tifg; g{itr; NLtu; ? vg;nghJ> vt;tifg;g{>
gif kd;du; ,UtUk; typik bgupJ vd;W epiyehl;l/ jk; tPuu;fSld; Jk;igg; g{itr;
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Nog; nghupLtu;.
9. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs; vj;jid > mit ahit>
g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs; : vl;L
btl;rpg;g{ ? btl;rpj;jpiz behr;rpg;g{ ? behr;rpj;jpiz
fue;ijg; g{ ? fue;ijj; jpiz cHpi+g;g{ ? cHpi+j;jpiz
t+;rpg;g{ ? t+;rpj;jpiz Jk;igg;g{ ? Jk;igj;jpiz
fh+;rpg;g{ ? fh+;rpj;jpiz thifg;g{ ? thifj;jpiz
10. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs; : ehd;F.
mit: ghlhz; jpiz/ bghJtpay; jpiz/ iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz
11. bjhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; mfj;jpizahf ,Ue;J g[wj;jpizahf;fg;gl;l jpizfs; ahit>
iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz.
12. kjpy; nghu; gw;wpa jpizfs; ahit>
behr;rpj;jpiz/ cHpi+j;jpiz.
13. Mepiu gw;wpa jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rpj;jpiz/ fue;ijj;jpiz.
14. vjpu; vjpu; g[wj;jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rpj;jpiz (ftu;jy;) fh+;rpj;j;piz (vjpu;nghuply;)
fue;ijj;jpiz (kPl;ly;) behr;rpj;jpiz (nfhl;il fhj;jy;)
t+;rpj;jpiz (kz;zhir fUjpg; nghuply;) cHpi+j;jpiz (nfhl;il Kw;Wifaply;)
15. btw;wpg;g{ vJ>
btw;wpg;g{ : thif
,ay; 7
nghupy; btw;wp bgw;w kd;dDf;F thifg;g{ No kfpH;tu;.
16. fy;tp/ bry;tk;/ tPuk; Kjypatw;iwg; g[fH;e;J ghLk; g[wj;jpiz vJ>
ghlhz; jpiz.
17. g[wg;bghUs; gw;wp ciuahoatu;fs; ahtu;>
fps;sptstd; : KJfiyj; jkpH; ,yf;fpak; gapYk; khztu;
nruyhjd; : gj;jhk; tFg;g[ khztu;
18.
ghz;ltu;fSf;Fk; bfsutu;fSf;Fk; bgUk;nghu; elf;fpd;wJ. ,jidg; g[wg;bghUs;
btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; tHp tpsf;Ff.
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; :
gifkd;du; ,UtUk; typik bgupJ vd;W epiyehl;l/ jk; tPuu;fSld; Jk;igg;g{itr; Nog;
nghupLtu;. ,J Jk;igj; jpiz.
tpsf;fk; :
ghz;ltu;fSf;Fk; bfsutu;fSf;Fk; j=;fs; typik bgupJ vd;W epiyehl;l/ jk;
tPuu;fSld; nghupLtjhy;/ ,jidj; Jk;igj; jpizahff; bfhs;syhk;.
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19. kiyg;gFjpapy; mupajhff; fpilf;Fk; bey;ypf;fdp. mJ ePz;l Ma[s; jUk;. mjpand ePtpu;
cz;zhJ. vk; rhjy; xHpa bfhLj;j bgUkfnd vd;W thH;j;Jfpwhu; xsitahu;. ,jidg;
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; tHp tpsf;Ff.
g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; :
ghLtjw;Fj; jFjp cila Xu; MSikahsupd; fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bry;tk;/ g[fH;/ fUiz
Kjypatw;iwg; nghw;wpg;ghLtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
tpsf;fk; :
mjpakhdpd; g[fiH xsitahu; ghLtjhy;/ ,BJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. g[wj;jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit> tpsf;Ff.
g[wj;jpiz 12 tifg;gLk;. mit:
btl;rpj;jpiz ? epiu ftu;jy;
fue;ijj;jpiz ? epiu kPl;ly;
t+;rpj;jpiz ? t+;rpg;g{ No nghUf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
fh+;rpj;jpiz ? fh+;rpg;g{ No vjpu;j;Jg; nghuply;
behr;rpj;jpiz ? nfhl;iliaf; fhf;f cs;spUe;J nghupLjy;
cHpi+j;jpiz ? nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;w Rw;wp tisj;jy;.
Jk;igj;jpiz ? typikia epiyehl;l fsk; Fwpj;Jg; nghupLjy;
thifj;jpiz ? nghupy; btw;wp bgw;wtd; thif No kfpH;jy;
ghlhz;jpiz ? nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ kd;ddpd; nguhz;ikfisg; ghLtJ
bghJtpay; ? g[wj;jpizfspy; bghJthdtw;iwa[k;/ mtw;Ws;
Twg;glhjdtw;iwa[k; TWtJ.
,ay; 7
iff;fpis bgUe;jpiz ? xUjiyf;fhkk;

bgUe;jpiz ? bghUe;jhf;fhkk;
bkhHpbgau;f;f.
Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Marutam region
was the fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands. The property of a farmer depended on getting the
necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these elements of nature, sunlight was
considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils.
tpil:
kUj epyk;
gz;ila r=;f ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy;/ g{nfhs mog;gilapy; (epy mikg;g[g;go) jkpH;ehL
Ie;J tifahf ,Ue;jJ. mtw;Ws; kUj epyg;gFjpna cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F Vw;wjha; ,Ue;jJ.
me;j epyg;gFjpapy; tptrhapfs; (cHtu;fs;) gad;bgWk; tifahd njitahd gUt
fhy=;fs; rpwe;jpUe;jJ. njitahd Nupa btg;gk;/ tskhd epyk;/ nghJkhd mst[ kiHa[k;
,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; tptrhak; brHpj;jJ. kUj epyj;jpd; ,aw;iff; TWfshYk;/ nghJkhd
Nupa btg;gj;jpdhYk; gHe;jkpHfj;jpy; kUjepyj;jpy; cHt[j;bjhHpy; rpwe;jpUe;jJ.
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gpd;tUk; bjhlu;fisf; bfhz;L bghUj;jkhd bjhlu; mikf;f.

tug;nghfpnwd;/ ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ/ bfh+;rk; mjpfk;/ Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;/ kwf;f epidf;fpnwd;.
tug;nghfpnwd;
vd; ez;gd; ,d;Dk; rpwpJ neuj;jpy; tug;nghfpnwd; vd;whd;.
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ
v=;fs; ehL g+;rk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.
bfh+;rk; mjpfk;
r=;ffhyj;jpy; kd;du;fSf;F fhjYk; tPuKk; bfh+;rk; mjpfkhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;
Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; Kuzhfg; ngRtJ ed;wd;W.
kwf;f epidf;fpnwd;.
vdf;F gpof;fhj epfH;t[fis kwf;f epidf;fpnwd;.
bjhifr; brhw;fisg; gpupj;J vGjp/ jkpH; vz;QU jUf.
@nte;ju;fshy; ehw;wpira[k; nghw;wp tsu;f;fg;gl;l Kj;jkpnH/ cyf bkhHpfspy;
cau;e;jbjd;w brk;khe;j Tw;wpw;F/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; mike;Js;s ,Ujpiz
mikg;ng fhuzkhFk;. Kg;ghiy KGikahfj; je;j jkpHpd; rpwg;gpid Ie;jpizfspy;
mHFw tpsf;Fgit r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. ehdpyj;jpy; grpj;jtu;f;F mWRit czt[nghy;
gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;bjhifa[k; gog;gtu;f;F kdjpw;fpdpik <e;J jkpH;g;bgUik rhw;WfpwJ.
bjhifr; brhw;fs;
bjhifr; brhw;fs; vz;QU
ehw;wpir : ehd;F + jpir (ehd;F ? ௪) fpHf;F/ nkw;F/ bjw;F/ tlf;F.
(@d;W ? ௩)
,ay; 7
Kj;jkpH; : @d;W + jkpH; ,ay;jkpH;/ ,irj;jkpH;/ ehlfj;jkpH;.
,Ujpiz : ,uz;L + jpiz (,uz;L ? ௨) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz.
Kg;ghy; : @d;W + ghy; (@d;W ? ௩) mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy;/
,d;gj;Jg;ghy;.
Ie;jpiz : Ie;J + jpiz (Ie;J ? ௫) Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.
mWRit : mW + Rit (MW ? ௬) ,dpg;g[/ g[spg;g[/ fhu;g;g[/ frg;g[/ ctu;g;g[
(fupg;g[)/ Jtu;g;g[.
fojk; vGJf.

ehspjH; xd;wpd; bgh=;fy; kyupy; `cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F te;jid bra;nthk;~ vd;w c=;fs;
fl;Liuia btspapl ntz;o me;ehspjH; MrpupaUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eu;
Mu;. ,uhftd;/
16/ bgupafiltPjp/
kJiu.
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bgWeu;
Mrpupau; mtu;fs;/
`fdy;~ ehspjH;/
kJiu.
bghUs;: fl;Liu btspapl ntz;Ljy; ? bjhlu;ghf.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah/
j=;fs; ehspjHpd; rhu;ghf bgh=;fy; gz;oifia xl;o btspapLk; bgh=;fy; kyUf;fhf
cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F te;jid bra;nthk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;W vGjpa[s;nsd;.
mf;fl;Liuiaj; j=;fs; mYtyfj;Jf;F mDg;gpa[s;nsd;. jh=;fs; mf;fl;Liuiaj; j=;fs;
ehspjH; rhu;ghf btspapLk; bgh=;fy; rpwg;g[ kyupy; vd; fl;Liua[k; btsptu Mtd bra;a[k;go
gzptd;g[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
ed;wp-
,lk; : kJiu ,g;gof;F/
ehs; : 8.3.2020 j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
Mu;. ,uhftd;.
ciwnky; Kftup:
bgWeu;
Mrpupau; mtu;fs;/
`fdy;~ ehspjH; mYtyfk;/
kJiu ? 10.
ftpijia ciuahlyhf khw;Wf.
ftpij ciuahly;
,ay; 7
kfs; mk;kh vd; fhJf;bfhU njhL ? eP mk;kh- vd; fhJf;F xU njhL

brhy;Yfpwhs; mtrpak; th=;fp te;J nghL- th=;fpj; jh=;fk;kh- njhL ,y;yhky;
Rk;kh ,Uf;f KoahJ ? ehd; btW=;fhnjhL vd;dhy; ,Uf;f
brhy;yp tpl;nld; cdf;F KoahJ... brhy;ypl;nld;.
,g;nghJ-
jha; fhJf;Ff; fk;ky; mHfd;W ? ehd; fhjpw;Fj; j=;ff; fk;ky; kl;Lk;
brhy;Yfpwhs; fHWtijf; ftdp ed;W mHF fpilahJ. ehd; brhy;tijf;
ePju; bkhHpia btFgzptha; ? ftdpj;J gzpthd brhw;fisa[k;
epjk; ey;y fUj;Jfisa[k; cd; fhJfSf;F
eP nfl;L te;J fhjpy; mzptha;- mzpahf mzpe;J bfhs;.
kfs; nkYk; iff;fpuz;L tisay; tPjk; ? eP iff;F ,uz;L tisay;fs; fld;
brhy;Yfpwhs; fld;gl;Lg; nghl;ooDk; th=;fpahtJ vdf;F th=;fpj;jh mk;kh
nghJk;- gf;fp tisay; ,y;iyah? vd;W
gf;fpbad; bwd;id bay;nyhUk; gs;spapy; vd;idf; nfyp bra;fpwhu;fs;.
?vd;
ghlrhiyapw; brhy;y neUk;-
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jha; brhy;Yk; thuh tpUe;J te;j fisapy;?mtu; kfns..... ek;ikj; njo tUk;
rkhjhdk; kfpH cgrupj;jhy; tisay;- tpUe;jpdiu kfpH;r;rpa[ld; cgrupj;jny
MuhtKnj kjp Jy=;F ? tisay; .... mwpthu;e;j kfns nfs;...
bgz;nz mtu;fs; brhy;Yk; tisay;... cdf;F
mtu;brhy;t Jd;iffl;F if tpy=;F.
tpy=;F-
gpd;Dk; kfs; Mguz=;fs; ,y;iy ahdhy; ? mzpfyd;fs; ,y;yhky; bjUtpy;
vd;id nghdhy; vd;id ahu; jhd; kjpg;ghu;>
ahu; kjpg;ghu; bjUtpy; nghdhy;> ,ijr; brhd;dhy; cdf;Ff; nfhgk;
nfhgnkh mk;kh ,ijr; brhd;dhy; tUfpwJ. vd; Fiwia ePf;f khl;lha;...
? vd;
Fiwjtpu;f;f Koa[k;
mjw;Fj; jha;: fw;gJ bgz;fSf;fh guhzk; ? fy;tpjhd; bgz;fSf;F cz;ikahd
bfk;g[f; mzpfyd;" khzpf;ff;fy; itj;j
fy;itj;j/ eifjPuhj uzk;- mzpfyd; jPuhj uzj;ijna jUk;
fw;w bgz;fis ,e;j ehL?jd; kfns" fy;tp vd;Dk; mzpfyd;
fz;zpy; xw;wpf; bfhs;Skd; mzpe;j bgz;fis ,e;ehL
nghL- fz;Qf;Fs; itj;Jg; nghw;Wk;
vd;gij czu;e;Jbfhs;.
? ghujpjhrd;
Cu;g;bgau;fspd; kqcit vGJf.

j+;rht{u; j+;ir g[Jr;nrup g[Jit
g[Jf;nfhl;il g[Jif Fk;gnfhzk; Fle;ij
,ay; 7
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jpUr;rp jpUbey;ntyp bey;iy
cjfkz;lyk; cjif kd;dhu;Fo kd;id
nfhak;g[j;J}u; nfhit kapyhg;g{u; kapiy
ehfg;gl;odk; ehif irjhg;ngl;il irij
glk; jUk; bra;jpiag; gj;jpahfj; jUf.
bra;jp :
gif bfhz;l ntw;W ehl;L kd;did vjpu;j;Jg;
nghupl t+;rpg;g{ No btd;nw jPUnthk; vd Fjpiug;gil/
fhyhl;gil/ ahidg;gilnahL Kd;ndwpr; bry;Yk; 17Mk;
E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; MFk;.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
kpupay; ? kpsF
tUj;jid ? gpiHg;g[/ bjhHpy;/ bgUFjy;/ khdpa cupik/ rk;gsk;.
mjrp ? rzy;
Jup+;rpy; ? btsthy;tif/ rPf;fupkuk;
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fpHf;F btSj;jJ
bghGJ g[yu;e;jJ
miuFiw cwf;fj;jpYk;
vGe;jhd; Mu;tj;njhL
njhspny Vw;wpdhd; Vupid.....
re;jjpfs; brHpj;J tsu
grpj;jtDf;Fg; grpahw;w.....
gfytid tz=;fp
czitg; gilf;f
g[[wg;gl;L tpl;lhd;.
miu epu;thzj;njhL.....
fiyr;brhw;fs; mwpnthk;.
Consulate - Jizj;J}jufk;
Guild - tzpff;FG
Patent - fhg;g[upik
Irrigation - ghrdk;
Document - Mtzk;
Territory - epyg;gFjp
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
murhy; epWtg;gLk; fl;ll=;fspYk; rpiyfspYk; epWtpatu; bgau;/ epWtg;gl;l fhyk;/
nehf;fk; rhu;e;j gpw bra;jpfSk; jh=;fpa fy;btl;Lfisg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,it ekJ
,ay; 7
,d;iwa tuyhw;iwg; g[yg;gLj;Jgit.

mJnghynt nfhtpy;fspYk; gHikahd epidt[r; rpd;d=;fspYk; fl;oatu;fs; bgau;fSk;
tuyhWk; ,lk;bgw;wpUf;Fk;. mit ek; gHk;bgUikiaa[k; tuyhw;iwa[k; mwpar; bra;a[k;
mupa Mtz=;fs; vd;W mwptPu;fs;jhnd> ,tw;iwg; guhkupf;ft[k;/ ghJfhf;ft[k; c=;fshy;
,ad;w bray;fs;.
y;btl;Lfspd; tHp mwpayhFk;

f tw;wpd; kjpg;igf; Fiwf;Fk; go vJt[k;
m
bra;jpfis vd; ez;gu;fSf;Ff; Tw mDkjpf;fkhl;nld;.
TWntd;.
y;btl;Lfisf; Fwpj;J mtu;fisg;
f uyhw;W rhrdk; vd;gij czur;
t
bgUkpjk; milar; bra;ntd;. bra;ntd;.
y;btl;L kd;du;fisg; gpd;gw;wp
f y;btl;L TWk; ,yf;fpa/ fiy
f
ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsu;f;fyhk; vd;gij tuyhw;iw kf;fs; mwpar; bra;ntd;.
czu;j;Jntd;.

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,ay; mwk; ciueil cyfk;
r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk;

8
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. nkd;ik jUk; mwk; vd;gJ __________.

m) ifk;khW fUjhky; mwk; bra;tJ.
M) kWgpwg;gpy; gad; bgwyhk; vd;w nehf;fpy; mwk; bra;tJ.
,) g[fH; fUjp mwk; bra;tJ.
<) gjpYjtp bgWtjw;fhf mwk; bra;tJ.
[tpil: m) ifk;khW fUjhky; mwk; bra;tJ.]
2. cyfnk tWika[w;whYk; bfhLg;gtd; vd;Wk;/ bghUs;fspd; ,Ug;igf;Tl mwpahky;

bfhLg;gtd; vd;Wk; ghuhl;lg;gLnthu; __________.
m) cjpad;" nruyhjd; M) mjpad;" bgU+;rhj;jd;
,) ngfd;" fps;sptstd; <) beL+;brHpad;" jpUKof;fhup
[tpil: M) mjpad;" bgU+;rhj;jd;]
FWtpdh
1. Fwpg;g[ tiuf: mitak;.
,ay; 8
mwk; TWk; kd;w=;fs; murdpd; Ml;rpf;Fj; Jizg[upe;jd.
``mwk; mwf;fz;l bewpkhd; mitak;~~ vd;fpwJ g[wehD}W. ciwa{upypUe;j mitak;
jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ.
kJiuapypUe;j mitak; gw;wp kJiuf; fh+;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
kJiu mitak; Jyhf;nfhy; nghy; eLepiy kpf;fJ.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; mw=;fs; ,d;iwf;Fk; njitahditna vd;gjw;Fr; rpy
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; mw=;fs;/ xU kdpjd; jdpahft[k;/ r@f cWg;gpduhft[k;
,a=;Ftjw;Fk;/ mtdJ gz;g[ eyid cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; cjt[fpwJ.
murpay; mwk;:
``mwbewp Kjw;nw murpd; bfhw;wk;~~
ePu; epiyiag; bgUf;fp/ epytsk; fz;L/ czt[g; bgUf;fk; fhz;gJk;/ mjid
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; bra;tJk; murdpd; mwk;. ,t;twk; ,d;iwa NHypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
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tzpfj;jpy; mwk;:
``mwtpiy tzpfd; Mma; my;yd;~~
mwk; bra;tjpy; tzpf nehf;fk; ,Uj;jy; TlhJ. nehf;fkpd;wp mwk; bra;tnj tzpf
mwdpd; nkd;ikahFk;.
nghu; mwk;:
jkpHu; nghu; bra;tjpYk; mwbewp cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. nghu; mwk; vd;gJ/ tPukw;nwhu;/
rpwhu;/Kjpnahu; nghd;wtiu vjpu;j;J nghu; bra;ahky; ,Ug;gJ.
cjtp bra;tjpy; mwk;:
gpwUf;F cjtp bra;tij mwkhff; fUjpdu;. mjhtJ/ jd;idj; jhz;o gpwiug; gw;wpr;
rpe;jpf;Fk; epiy.
`gpiHah ed;bkhHp~ vd;W ew;wpiza[k; TWfpwJ.
epyk; bgau;e;jhYk; bgha; brhy;yf; TlhJ. bka;ngRk; ehnt kdpjid cau;j;Jk;.
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; mwk; xU kdpjd; jdpahft[k;/ r@f cWg;gpduhft[k;
,a=;Ftjw;Fg; gz;g[ eynd fhuzk; vd;W r=;f ,yf;fpak; @ykhf mwpa KofpwJ.
,Wjpahf/ r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; mw=;fs; ,d;iwa kdpjDf;F mog;gilahft[k;/
tHpfhl;Ljyhft[k; cs;sJ.
beLtpdh
1.
gs;spj; jplypy; fple;j gzg;igia cupatuplk; xg;gilj;jija[k;/ mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Lg;
bgw;wija[k; gw;wp btspa{upy; ,Uf;Fk; cwtpdu; xUtUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
cwtpdUf;F kly;
jpUr;rp/
18.03.2020
,ay; 8
md;g[s;s rpj;jg;ghtpw;F ,uF vGJtJ/

eyk;. eyk; mwpa Mty;.
ehd; ,d;W kpf;f kfpH;r;rpapy; ,Uf;fpnwd;. Vd; bjupa[kh> new;W tFg;g[ Koe;J
btspna te;J bfhz;oUe;njd;. mg;nghJ gs;spj;jplypy; xU gzg;ig fple;jJ. mjpy;
mjpfkhd gzk; ,Ue;jJ. xU epkplk; gak;- Inah- ,t;tst[ gzk; ,Uf;fpwnj. igia
vLj;Jf; bfhz;L jiyik Mrpupauplk; brd;nwd;. mtu; mYtyf CHpau; fl;lzk; tNypj;j
gzk; ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; vLj;Jr; bry;Yk;nghJ jtw tpl;Ltpl;lhu; vd;whu;.
jiyik Mrpupau; kpft[k; kfpH;e;jhu;. vd; neu;ikiaa[k;/ fz;zpakhd braiya[k;
ghuhl;odhu;.
`gpwu; bghUSf;F Mirg;glhj cd;idg; ghuhl;ona jPu ntz;Lk; vd;W/ kWehns
fhiy ,iwtzf;ff; Tl;lj;jpy; khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; vd; neu;ikiag; ghuhl;o/ rd;khdj;
bjhifiag; guprhft[k; tH=;fpdhu;.
mJ kl;Lkpy;yhky; vd;idg; gs;sp khztu; jiytuhf;fpdhu;. neu;ikf;F vg;nghJk;
cau;t[ cz;L vd;W Twp/ mjw;F `,uFnt~ rhd;W vd;W vd;idg; ghuhl;odhu;.
,e;epfH;tpd;; kfpH;r;rpia c=;fSlDk;/ rpj;jp/ j=;ifa[lDk; ,f;fojk; @yk; gfpu;e;J
bfhs;tjw;F kfpH;fpnwd;.
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,g;gof;F/
j=;fs; md;g[s;s/
,uF.k.
ciwnky; Kftup:
bgWeu;
r. ,utp/
11/ ghujp efu;/
nfhit ? 2.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. r=;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpe;ijaf; fhyk; __________.
m) mwbewpf; fhyk; M) kd;du; fhyk;
,) gf;jpf; fhyk; <) rkaf; fyg;gpy;yhf; fhyk; [tpil: m) mwbewpf; fhyk;]
2. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wp `ftpij thH;f;ifapd; jpwdha;t[~ vd;wtu; __________.
m) $p.a{. nghg; M) Mu;dhy;L
,) fhy;Lbty; <) tPukhKdptu; [tpil: M) Mu;dhy;L]
3. r=;fg; ghlypy; mwk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; ahiu Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpna Twg;gLfpwJ>

m) tPuu;fis M) kf;fis
,) mikr;ru;fis <) muru;fis [tpil: <) muru;fis]
4. kJiuapd; mitak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.

m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kJiuf;fh+;rp
,) gupghly; <) kJiu Kk;kzpf;nfhit [tpil: M) kJiuf;fh+;rp]
,ay; 8
5. cjtp bra;jiy `cjtpahz;ik~ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; __________.
m) <Hj;Jg; g{jd; njtdhu; M) ef;fPuu;
,) jpUKof;fhup <) fgpyu;; [tpil: m) <Hj;Jg; g{jd; njtdhu;]
6. `,ug;nghu;f;F <ahJ thH;tij tpl capu; Jwg;gJ nkyhdJ~ vd;W TWk; mfE}y; __________.
m) fypj;bjhif M) FWe;bjhif
,) I=;FWE}W <) gupghly; [tpil: m) fypj;bjhif]
7. ngfd;/ kWik nehf;fpf; bfhLf;fhjtu; vd;W ghuhl;oatu; __________.

m) fgpyu; M) xsitahu;
,) ef;fPuu; <) guzu; [tpil: <) guzu;]
8. `ts;sypd; bghUs;/ ,utydpd; bghUs;~ ? vd;wtu; __________.

m) ef;fPuu; M) fgpyu;
,) bgUk;gJkdhu; <) ey;ntl;ldhu; [tpil: ,) bgUk;gJkdhu;]
9. èpiwtilfpwtnd bry;td;~ vd;W TWk; jj;Jtk; __________.

m) khnthtpak; M) jhnthtpak;
,) bgsj;jk; <) b$d;jj;Jtk; [tpil: M) jhnthtpak;]
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10. `gpiHah ed;bkhHp~ vd;W tha;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.

m) fypj;bjhif M) g[wehD}W
,) ew;wpiz <) bfhd;iw nte;jd; [tpil: ,) ew;wpiz]
11. ek;kplKs;s mjpraj; jpwt[nfhy; vJ>

m) @is M) ehf;F
,) fz; <) if [tpil: M) ehf;F]
12. nru muru;fspd; bfhilg; gjpthf jpfGk; E}y; __________.
m) g[wehD}W M) gupghly;
,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: ,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J]
13. jd;dplKs;s vy;yhtw;iwa[k; bfhLg;gtd; vd;W jpUKof;fhupiag; ghuhl;oatu;
m) fk;gu; M) fgpyu;
,) xsitahu; <) ey;ntl;ldhu; [tpil: M) fgpyu;]
14. gpd;tUk; g[ytu;fisa[k;/ kd;du;fisa[k; rupahd ,izahfg; bghUj;Jf.

m) ef;fPuu; ? 1. ML nfhl;ghl;Lr; nruyhjd;
M) xsitahu; ? 2. bgU+;rhj;jd;
,) fgpyu; ? 3. mjpad;
<) er;brs;isahu; ? 4. jpUKof;fhup
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: ,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1]
15. ,utyu; tuhtpl;lhYk; njo tutiHj;Jf; bfhLf;Fk; kd;dd; __________.

m) mjpad;
M) jpUKof;fhup
,) MLnfhl;ghl;Lr; nruyhjd;
<) ey;ntl;ldhu; [tpil: ,) MLnfhl;ghl;Lr; nruyhjd;]
,ay; 8
16. fh+;rp khefuj;J rpw;wurnu __________ vd;Wk; rkag; bgau; fz;lhu;.

m) ju;ku; M) fd;g{rpa!;
,) nghjp ju;ku; <) g[j;ju;; [tpil: ,) nghjp ju;ku;]
17. nghjp ju;kUf;Ff; nfhapy; fl;oatu;fs; __________.

m) rPdu;fs; M) $g;ghdpau;
,) fpnuf;fu;; <) g[j;ju;; [tpil: m) rPdu;fs;]
18. r@ff; flypd; xU Jsp __________.
m) gwitfs; M) tpy=;Ffs;
,) ku=;fs; <) kdpjd; [tpil: <) kdpjd;]
19. brhw;bwhlu;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jf.
i) bra;a btWj;jdu; ii) gHpjUk; bray;fis
iii) guprhff; fpilj;jhYk; iv) cynf
m) (iv)-(iii)-(ii)-(i) M) (iii)-(iv)-(i)-(ii)
,) (ii)-(i)-(iv)-(iii) <) (i)-(iv)-(iii)-(ii) [tpil: m) (iv)-(iii)-(ii)-(i)]
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20. bghUj;Jf.
1. cyfnk tWika[w;whYk; bfhLg;gtd; ? m) MLnfhl;ghl;Lr; nruyhjd;
2. ,utyu; tuhtpl;lhYk; mtu;fisj;
njo miHf;Fk; ,ay;g[ ? M) ngfd;
3. kWik nehf;f;pf; bfhLf;fhjtd; ? ,) kiyakhd; jpU Kof;fhup
4. vy;yhtw;iwa[k; bfhLg;gtd; ? <) mjpad;
m) 1.m 2.M 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M)1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
21. bghUj;Jf.
1. bfhil ts;sy; vGtupd;
bfhilg;bgUik ? m) Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpa=;fs;
2. bfhil ,yf;fpa=;fs; ? M) rpWghzhw;Wg; gil
3. nru muru;fspd; bfhilg;gjpt[ ? ,) ts;sy;fs;
4. ,y;nyhu; xf;fy; jiytd; ? <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
m) 1.m 2.M 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: ,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
22. jtwhd brhw;bwhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m) ehf;F Xu; mjpraj; jpwt[nfhy;.
M) ehf;F ,d;gj;jpd; fjitj; jpwg;gJ.
,) ehf;F Jd;gj;jpd; fjitj; jpwg;gJ.
<) bka; ngRk; eh kdpjidj; jhH;j;JfpwJ.
[tpil: <) bka; ngRk; eh kdpjidj; jhH;j;JfpwJ.]
23. `brk;ik rhd;w fhtpjp khf;fs;~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; __________.

m) mikr;ru;fs;; M) kd;du;fs;
,ay; 8
,) g[ytu;fs; <) rhd;nwhu;fs; [tpil: m) mikr;ru;fs;];
24. `brk;ik rhd;w fhtpjp khf;fs;~ vd;W mikr;ru;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l g[ytu; __________.
m) kh=;Fo kUjdhu; M) guzu;
,) Mt{u; @y=;fpHhu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: m) kh=;Fo kUjdhu;]
25.
jk;iktpl typik Fiwe;jhnuhL nghu; bra;tJ TlhJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;l g[ytu;
__________.
,) Mt{u; @y=;fpHhu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: ,) Mt{u; @y=;fpHhu;]
26.
Fw;w=;fis/ mwj;jpd; mog;gilapy; Muha;e;J jz;lid tH=;f ntz;Lk; vd;W Twpa
g[ytu; __________.
,) Mt{u; @y=;fpHhu; <) Cd; bghjpg; gR=;Filahu;
[tpil: <) Cd; bghjpg; gR=;Filahu;]
27. `mwk; mwf; fz;l bewpkhd; mitak;~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; __________.
m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
,) gupghly; <) ew;wpiz [tpil: m) g[wehD}W]
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28. jdpr; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wpUe;j mw mitak; mike;jpUe;j ,lk; __________.

m) ciwa{u; M) kJiu
,) jpUbey;ntyp <) khky;yg[uk; [tpil: m) ciwa{u;]
29. cz;ikahd bry;tk; vd;gJ gpwu;Jd;gk; ePf;FtJ jhd; vd;wtu; __________.

m) ey;ntl;ldhu; M) guzu;
,) Mt{u; @y=;fpHhu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: m) ey;ntl;ldhu;];
30. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; ngRk; rpwe;j mwk; __________.

m) cjtp M) bfhil
,) tha;ik <) bghUs; [tpil: ,) tha;ik]
31. <jy; gw;wpar; bra;jpfisf; TWk; mf,yf;fpak; __________.
m) fypj;bjhif M) FWe;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) ew;wpiz [tpil: m) fypj;bjhif]
32. bry;tj;Jg; gand <jy; vd;W TWk; E}y; __________.
m) g[wehD}W M) fypj;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) gupghly; [tpil: m) g[wehD}W]
FWtpdh
1. mwj;jpd; FwpaPlhf nghw;wg;gl;lit vit>
kd;du;fSila br=;nfhYk;/ btz;bfhw;wf; Fila[k; mwj;jpd; FwpaPLfshfg;
nghw;wg;gl;ld.
2. mikr;rupd; flikfshfr; r=;f ,yf;fpak; ahJ TWfpwJ>
murd; mwbewpapy; Ml;rp bra;a cjtp g[upa ntz;Lk;.
ed;Wk; jPJk; Ma;jYk;;/ md;g[k; mwDk; fhj;jYk; mikr;ru; flik vd;W kJiuf; fh+;rp
TWfpwJ.
,ay; 8
3. jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;w mitak; vit>

ciwa{upy; ,Ue;j mwmitak; jdpr; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wpUe;jJ.
kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mitaKk; rpwg;g[g; bgw;W ,Ue;jJ.
,t; mita=;fs; Jyhf; nfhy; nghy; eLepiyika[ld; ,Ue;jd.
4. kfpH;r;rp vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
xU kdpjd; jd;Dila kfpH;r;rpia kwe;J/ kw;wtu; kfpH;;r;rpia ehLtJjhd; cz;ikahd
kfpH;r;rp.
mjhtJ jd; kfpH;r;rpia kwg;gJjhd; kfpH;r;rp.
5. tha;ik gw;wp ,yf;fpa=;fs; Fwpg;gpLtijf; TWf.
`bgha;ahr; bre;eh~
`bgha;gL gwpah ta=;F bre;eh~
~gpiHah ed;bkhHp ? ew;wpiz~
`bgha;bkhHpf; bfhL+;brhy;~
vd;W bgha; Twf;TlhJ/ tha;ikna Twntz;Lk; vd;gij ,yf;fpa=;fs; typa[Wj;jpf;
TWfpd;wd.
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6. r=;f ,yf;fpak; Kjy; jukhd mwk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

,ay;ghf mwpa[k; mwk; Kjy; jukhdJ.
rpe;jpj;J mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; mwk; ,uz;lhk; jukhd mwk;.
jhk; rpe;jpf;fhky; gpwu; brhy;y mwpa[k; mwk; @d;whe;jukhd mwk;.
vdnt/ r=;f ,yf;fpa mw=;fs; ,ay;ghd Kjy; jukhd mwk; vd;gJ rhyg; bghUe;Jk;.
7. mw ,yf;fpa=;fspy; <jy; gw;wpf; Twg;gl;Ls;sij tpsf;Ff.
g[w ,yf;fpa=;fspy; kl;Lky;y/ mw ,yf;fpa=;fspYk; <if gw;wpa bra;jpfs; cs;sd.
<ahik ,Hpt[ vd mw ,yf;fpak; TWfpwJ.
,ug;nghu;f;F <ahJ thH;tijtpl capiu tpl;LtpLjy; nkyhdJ vd;W fypj;bjhif
TWfpwJ.
8. bfhilapy; rpwe;j kd;du;fs; ehy;tiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cyfnk tWika[w;whYk; bfhLg;gtd; ? mjpad;
kWik nehf;fp bfhLf;fhjtd; ? ngfd;
,utyu; tuhtpl;lhYk; mtu;fisj; njo tutiHj;Jf; bfhLg;gtd; ? MLnfhl;ghl;Lr;
nruyhjd;.
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; bfhLg;gtd; ? jpUKof;fhup.
,t;thW kd;du;fs; bfhilahy; rpwe;jpUe;jdu;.
9. `brk;ik rhd;w fhtpjp khf;fs;~ bjhlu; bghUs; TWf.
ed;Wk; jPJk; Ma;jYk; md;g[k; mwDk; fhj;jYk; brk;ik rhd;w mikr;ru; flikahFk;.
10. `mwtpiy tzpfd; Mma; my;yd;~ vd;w g[wehD}w;W tupfspd; cl;fUj;ijg; g[yg;gLj;Jf.
,g;gpwg;gpy; mwk; bra;jhy; mjd; gaid kWgpwg;gpy; bgwyhk; vd;w tzpf nehf;fk; TlhJ.
mj;jifa nehf;fk; ,y;yhjtd; ts;sy; Ma;.
11. mw=;Twitak; ,Ue;j ,l=;fs; ahit>
1. ciwa{u; 2. kJiu
,ay; 8
12. ts;sy;fs; vt;thbwy;yhk; nghw;wg;gl;ldu;>
,y;nyhu; xf;fy; jiytd;/ grpg;gpzp kUj;Jtd; vd;bwy;yhk; ts;sy;fs; nghw;wg;gl;ldu;.
13.
cjtpahz;ik vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; kw;Wk; mjidf; Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ahu; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gplt[k;>
cjtp bra;jiy <Hj;Jg; g[{jd; njtdhu; `cjtpahz;ik~ vd;w brhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
14. cz;ikahd bry;tk; vJ vd ey;ntl;ldhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;>
gpwu; Jd;gk; jPu;g;gJ jhd; cz;ikahd bry;tk; vd ey;ntl;ldhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
15.
`Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpa=;fs; bfhil ,yf;fpa=;fshf cs;sd~ ? ,f;Tw;wpy; Rl;lg;gLk;
Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpa=;fs; ahit>
jpUKUfhw;Wg; gil  bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
bghUehuhw;Wg;gil  Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
16. ts;sy; vGtupd; bfhilr;rpwg;igg; g[yg;gLj;Jtd vit>
ts;sy; vGtupd; bfhilr;rpwg;ig rpWghzhw;Wg;gila[k;/ bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; ghly;fSk;
g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
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17. Fkzd; tUe;jpajhfg; bgUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>

jd;id eho te;j guprpyd; bghUs; bgwhky; jpUk;g[tJ/ ehl;il ,He;j Jd;gj;ij tplg;
bgUe;Jd;gk; vd;W Fkzd; tUe;jpajhfg; bgUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
18. `,y;nyhu; xf;fy; jiytd;~ ahu; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
bghUs; ,y;yhj ViHr; Rw;wj;jpw;Fj; jiytd; ts;sy;fs; Mtu;.
19. bfhil vd;gJk; Xu; mwk; vd;gjid xsitahu; vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
`cyfnk tWika[w;whYk; bfhLg;gtd; mjpad;~ vd;fpd;w xsitapd; Tw;W bfhil vd;gJk;
Xu; mwk; vd;gjidj; bjspthf;FfpwJ.
rpWtpdh
1. cz;ikahd bry;tk; vJ>

cz;ikahd bry;tk; vd;gJ gpwu; Jd;gk; jPu;g;gJjhd;.
`rhd;nwhu; bry;tk; vd;gJ nru;e;njhu;~
g[d;fz; m+;Rk; gz;gpd;
bkd;fz; bry;tk; bry;tk; vd;gJnt~
vd;W ey;ye;Jtdhu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. bry;tk; vd;gJ rpe;ijapd; epiwt[.
2. r=;ffhyg; nghu; mwk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
jkpHu; nghupYk; mwj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
nghu; mwk; vd;gJ tPukw;nwhu; g[wKJfpl;nlhu;/ rpwhu;/ Kjpnahu; Mfpnahiu vjpu;j;Jg; nghu;
bra;ahikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
gR/ ghu;g;gdu;/ bgz;fs;/ nehahsu;/ g[jy;tiug; bgwhjtu; MfpnahUf;Fj; jP=;F tuhky;
nghupLtJk; nghu; mwkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
3. nehf;fk; fUjp mwk; bra;jy; TlhJ tpsf;Ff.
,ay; 8
mwk; bra;tjpy; tzpf nehf;fk; ,Uj;jy; TlhJ.

,g;gpwg;gpy; mwk; bra;jhy; kWgpwg;gpy; gad; bgwyhk; vd;W fUjpa[k; bra;jy; TlhJ.
nehf;fkpd;wpj; jUk; mwnk rpwe;j mwkhFk;.
4. bfhilapd; rpwg;ig ,yf;fpa=;fs; nghw;WtJ gw;wp vGJf.
filbaG ts;sy;fspd; bfhilr; rpwg;g[/ rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapYk; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ghlypYk; nghw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpa=;fs; bfhil ,yf;fpa=;fshfnt cs;sd.
gjpw;Wg;gj;J nru muru;fspd; bfhilg; gjpthFk;.
g[wehD}w;wpYk; Fwpg;gpl;l kd;du;fspd; bfhilr; rpwg;g[f; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. kfpH;r;rp bgUf vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;>
kdpjd; r@ff; flypd; xU Jsp.
kdpjd; vy;nyhnuhLk; vy;yhtw;nwhLk; vt;tst[f;F vt;tst[ jd;id ,izj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwhndh mt;tst[ kfpH;r;rp bgUFk;.
,e;j kfpH;r;rpg; bgUf;fpy; jpisf;f ntz;Lk; vd;why; midj;ija[k; CLUtpr; bry;Yk;
bghJtpjpahd mwj;ij kdpjd; Vw;why; kfpH;r;rp bgUFk;.
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6. bfhil vd;Dk; gFjpapy; mike;j ts;sy;fs; bgaupidj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

gplt{u;f; fpHhd; kfd; bgU+;rhj;jd;  mjpad;
MLnfhl;ghl;Lr; nruyhjd;  ngfd;
Fkzd;  jpUKof;fhup
1. `ghlg;gFjpapy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwf; fUj;Jf;fis typa[Wj;Jk; r=;f ,yf;fpag;

ghlyofs; Ie;jpidj; bjhFj;J mit TWk; mwr; bra;jpfis vGJf.
r=;f ,yf;fpag; ghlyofs; fPH;f;fhQk; Ie;jpd; mog;gilapy; mwr;bra;jpfis typa[Wj;JfpwJ.
tWik  epiyahd bry;tk;
neupa Ml;rp  tha;ik
<if
`,k;ikr; bra;jJ kWikf;F Mk; vDk;
mwtpiy tzpfd; Mma; my;yd;.....~ ? g[wehD}W
,g;gpwg;gpy; mwk; bra;jhy;/ mjd; gaid kWgpwg;gpy; bgwyhk; vd;w tzpf nehf;fk; TlhJ.
nehf;fk; ,d;wp mwk; bra;tnj nkd;ik.
`mwbewp Kjw;nw murpd; bfhw;wk;
mwd;bewp gpiHahj; jpwdwp kd;du;~
kd;dUila br=;nfhYk; btz; bfhw;wf; Fila[k; mwj;jpd; FwpaPLfshfg;
nghw;wg;gl;ld. murpd; br=;nfhy; nghd;W neupa Ml;;rpia nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
`bry;tj;Jg; gand <jy;~ ? g[wehD}W

tPuj;ijg; nghynt <ifiaa[k; jkpH; E}y; nghw;wpaJ. <ifa[k; Xu; mwr;brany. bry;tj;jpd;
,ay; 8
gad; bfhLj;J kfpH;tnj vd;W thH;e;jdu;.
`rhd;nwhu; bry;tk; vd;gJ nru;e;njhu;

g[d;fz; m+;Rk; gz;gpd;
bkd;fz; bry;tk; bry;tk; vd;gJnt~ ? ew;wpiz
gpwu; Jd;gj;ijj; jd; Jd;gkhff; fUjp cjt[jny gz;g[. gpwu; Jd;gk; jPu;g;gnj cz;ikahd
bry;tk; MFk;.
`gpiHah ed;bkhHp~ ? ew;wpiz

bka; ngRtJ ed;bkhHpahFk; tha;ik vdg;gLtJ jtwpa[k; bgha; ngrhjpUj;jy;. epyk;
bgau;e;jhYk; bgha; brhy;yf;TlhJ.
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2. bfhd;iw nte;jd; Kjyhd gpw;fhy mwE}y;fspd; bgau;fis mwpe;J/ mtw;Ws; VnjDk;

xU E}ypd; mwf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf; bfhz;L mit ,d;Wk; bghUe;;jp epw;gJ Fwpj;Jf;
fye;JiuahLf.
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; : nrhK/ fyh/ khyh/
nrhK : ehDk; eyk;jhd; rup ehk; ,d;iwf;F tFg;gpy; mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpg; goj;njhk;
my;yth/ mijg; nghynt vspikahd mwf;fUj;Jf;fis ehk; g[upe;J bfhs;Sk;
tifapy; rpy E}y;fs; TWfpwJ. mjidg; gw;wpg; ngRnthkh.
fyh : vdf;F bfhd;iw nte;jd; kpft[k; gpof;Fk;
khyh : vdf;Fk;jhd;...
nrhK : mijg;gw;wpg; ngRnthk;. ,e;E}y; mfuepuy; mikg;g[g;go 91 xw;iw tupg; ghf;fshy;
MdJ
fyh : mij vGjpdJ xsitjhnd.
khyh : rupahfr; brhy;yp tpl;lhna-
nrhK : me;j E}ypy; <if vd;Dk; mwj;ijg; gw;wp xU tup czu;j;JfpwJ. mJ
vd;d bjupa[kh>
fyh : `<ahu; njl;ilj; jPahu; bfhs;thu;;~
nrhK : rupahfr; brhd;dha;.
khyh :
Mkhlh ehk; xUtUf;Fk; bfhLf;fhky;/ ahUf;Fk; ed;ik bra;ahky; nru;j;J
itj;jpUf;Fk; bry;tk; ahUf;Fk; gad;glhJ/ mjid jpUlnuh kw;wtnuh
bfhs;tu;.
fyh : v=;fs; gf;fj;J Cupy; kpfg; bgU+;bry;te;ju;. ntiy ghu;g;gtUf;Ff; Tl Typ
,ay; 8
xG[=;fhj; ju khl;lhu;. ,Uk;g[g; bgl;oapy; g{l;o itj;JtpLthu;. xU ehs; te;j

jpUld; bgl;oia cilj;J mj;jida[k; bfhs;isaoj;J tpl;lhd;.
nrhK :
g[upe;J bfhz;Ou;fsh njhHpfns- vf;fhyj;jpYk; mwf;fUj;Jfs; vg;nghJk;/
Kf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; bghUe;Jtdthfnt cs;sJ.

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,ay; mwk; ftpijg; ngiH

+hdk;
8 ? jp.brh. ntQnfhghyd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. tPl;ilj; Jilj;Jr; rhak; moj;jy; ? ,t;to Fwpg;gpLtJ __________.

m) fhyk; khWtij
M) tPl;ilj; Jilg;gij
,) ,ilawhJ mwg;gzp bra;jiy
<) tz;zk; g{Rtij [tpil: ,) ,ilawhJ mwg;gzp bra;jiy]
FWtpdh
1. fhyf; fGij fl;blWk;ghdJk; ftp+u; bra;tJ ahJ>
fhyf; fGij fl;blWk;ghdJ vd;gJ fhyk; khwp taJ Kjpu;jiyf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
taJ Kjpu;e;J clYk; cly; cWg;g[fSk; tYtpHe;jhYk; mwg;gzpiaj; bjhlu;e;J
bra;fpwhu;.
thspj;jz;zPu;/ rhaf;Ftis/ Jzp fe;ijahdhYk;/ rhak; mof;Fk; J}upif fl;ilahdhYk;
Rj;jk; bra;tJ nghy/ fhyf;fGij fl;blWk;ghd gpd;Dk; mwg;gzp XahJ bjhlu;fpwJ.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 8
1. `Rw;Wr;NHiyg; ngQtnj ,d;iwa mwk; vd;w jiyg;gpy;~/ bgw;nwhu; Mrpupau; Tl;lj;jpy;
ngRtjw;fhd ciuf;Fwpg;g[ xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
(Fwpg;g[: Rw;Wr;NHy; khRgLtijj; jLf;fr; rl;l=;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;oUe;jhYk; xt;bthUtupd;
cs;sj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wnk Rw;Wr;NHiyg; ghJfhf;Fk;)
ciuf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
mwk; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; juy;.
Rw;Wr;NHy; vd;why; vd;d>
Rw;Wr;NHnyhL mwj;jpw;F cs;s bjhlu;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
mwk; rhu;e;j tifapy; khR miltijj; jtpu;f;f tHp TWjy;.
rl;l=;fs; td;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;/ murpd; thapyhf bkd;ikg;gLj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
befpHp/ Miyf;fHpt[/ er;Rf;fhw;W/ thfdg;g[if ,tw;why; Rw;Wr;NHy; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;
vd;gij kf;fs; kdjpy; gjpa itj;jy;.
,f;Fwpg;g[fis ikakhf itj;J ciuahw;w ntz;Lk;.
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2. thspj; jz;zPu;/ rhaf; Ftis/ fe;ijj; Jzp/ fl;ilj; J}upif ? ,r;brhw;fisj; bjhlu;g[gLj;jp
xU gj;jp mikf;f.
tPl;od; Rtu;/ rd;dy; nghd;wtw;wpy; mGf;Fg;goe;Jk;/ rd;dy;fspy; fiuahd;
gotijj; jLf;f/ thspj; jz;zPiuf; bfhz;L Rtiua[k; rd;diya[k; ed;F fGt ntz;Lk;.
gpwF fe;ijj; Jzpahy; ed;F Jilj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. @d;whtjhf/ rhaf; Ftisapy; cs;s
rhaj;ijf; fl;ilj; J}upiff; bfhz;L rhak; g{rp g[Jg;gpf;f ntz;Lk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
fhyf;fGij ? cUtfk;
fe;ijj;Jzp ?
,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
Jilj;njd; ? Jil + j; + j; + Vd; moj;njd; ? mo + j; + j; + Vd;

Jil ? gFjp mo ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp j; ? re;jp
Vd; ? Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W tpFjp Vd; ? Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W tpFjp
bghUj;jpndd; ? bghUj;J + ,d; + Vd; Xa;e;J ? Xa; + j;(e;) + j; + c
bghUj;J ? gFjp Xa; ? gFjp
,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
Vd; ? Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
,ay; 8
1. `+hdk;~ ? ftpijapd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) ntQnfhghyd;
,) ,uh$nfhghyd; <) ,uhknfhghyd; [tpil: M) ntQnfhghyd;]
2. cyfpw;fhd gzpfs; vijr; rhu;e;J tsu ntz;Lk;>
m) kwk; M) mwk;
,) +hdk; <) fy;tp [tpil: M) mwk;]
3. `+hdk;~ ftpij ,lk;bgw;w bjhFg;g[ __________.
m) jPf;Fr;rp M) kPl;rp tpz;zg;gk;
,) nfhil tay; <) nfhilkiH [tpil: ,) nfhil tay;]
4. jp.brh.ntQnfhghyd; gpwe;j Cu; __________.
m) j+;rht{u; M) jpUthjt{u;
,) jpUthqu; <) jpUitahW [tpil: <) jpUitahW]
5. jp.brh.ntQnfhghyd; vf;fhyj;Jg; g[Jf;ftp+u;fspy; xUtu;>
m) kzpf;bfho M) vGj;J
,) thdk;gho <) ftpf;Fapy;fs; [tpil: M) vGj;J]
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6. ntQnfhghyd; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpaJ __________.

m) nfhit kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy;
M) kzpg;ghy; bghwpapay; fy;Y}upapy;
,) brd;id fpz;o fy;Y}upapy;
<) ntshz;ikf; fy;Y}upapy; [tpil: M) kzpg;ghy; bghwpapay; fy;Y}upapy;]
7. ``kPl;rp tpz;zg;gk;~~ ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; Mrpupau; __________.

m) ntQuhk; M) ntQnfhghyd;
,) rp.R. bry;yg;gh <) fgpyd; [tpil: M) ntQnfhghyd;]
8. `+hdk;~ ftpij czu;j;Jk; bghUs; __________.

m) r@f mwg;gzp
M) tPl;ilg; g[Jg;gpj;jy;
,) ,iltplhj r@f mwg;gzpia
<) cyfg; gzpfs; [tpil: ,) ,iltplhj r@f mwg;gzpia]
9. mwg;gzp Xa;e;jhy; __________ ,y;iy.

m) kdpjd; M) ,aw;if
,) cyfk; <) fly; [tpil: ,) cyfk;]
10. ``g[Jf;bfhf;fp bghUj;jpndd;~~ ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;JtJ __________.
m) rhsuf; fjit rPu;g;gLj;Jjy;
M) r@fj;ijr; rPu;g;gLj;Jjy;
,) bgha;fis ePf;Fjy;
<) tPl;ilg; g[Jg;gpj;jy; [tpil: M) r@fj;ijr; rPu;g;gLj;Jjy;]
11. bghUj;Jf.
1. fiuahd; ? m) fl;blWk;g[
2. fhyf;fGij ? M) te;bjhl;Lk;
,ay; 8
3. bjUg;g[Gjp ? ,) fhw;Wilf;Fk;
4. rl;lk; ? <) kz;tPL fl;Lk;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
12. `mwg;gzp Xa;tjpy;iy
Xa;e;jpoy; cyfkpy;iy-~ ? ,t;tofspy; mike;j eak;>
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: <) ,iag[]
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. thsp ? m) Ftis
2. rhak; ? M) jz;zPu;
3. fe;ij ? ,) J}upif
4. fl;il ? <) Jzp
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
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FWtpdh
1. ntQnfhghydpd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs; ahit>
nfhil btapy;/ kPl;rp tpz;zg;gk; Mfpait MFk;.
2. `+hdk;~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ,lk;bgWk; mBwpiz capu;fs; ahit>
fiuahd;/ fGij/ fl;blWk;g[.
3. `fhyf;fGij
fl;blWk;ghd
,d;Wk;
ifapny~ ? vd ,t;tofSf;F ,izahd jkpH;g;gHbkhHp vGJf.
fGij nja;e;J fl;blWk;g[ MdJ.
rpWtpdh
1. jp.brh. ntQnfhghyd; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : jp.brh.ntQnfhghyd;
gpwg;g[ : 7.11.1929
Cu; : j+;rht{u; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUitahW.
fy;tp : brd;id ynahyh fy;Y}upapy; ,sk; mwptpay; gl;lk;/ uh$!;jhd; gpyhdpapy;
,ae;jputpay; (mechanical) bghwpapay; gl;lk;.
gzp : kzpg;ghy; bghwpapay; fy;Y}upapy; ve;jputpay; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
E}y;fs; : nfhiltay;/ kPl;rp tpz;zg;gk;.
1959 Kjy; ``vGj;J~~ ,jHpy; ftpij vGjj; bjhl=;fpdhu;.
2. `+hdk;~ ftpij czu;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ> (my;yJ) ``mwg;gzp Xa;tjpy;iy/ Xa;e;jpoy;
cyfkpy;iy~~ ? vdf; ftp+u; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
,ay; 8
`+hdk;~ ftpij ,ila[whJ bra;a[k; mwg;gzpahk; r@fg; gzpia czu;j;JfpwJ.

tPl;od; rhsuj;jpy; vj;jid Kiw g[Gjp xl;odhYk;/ fiuahd; kz; tPL fl;odhYk;
Jilf;fpnwhk;. Rj;jg;gLj;Jfpnwhk;.
Rj;jg;gLj;Jk; ,g;gzpia Kjpu; tajhFk; tiu bra;J bfhz;nljhd; ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
rKjhaj;jpYk; rPu;nfLfs; bjhlu;e;J Vw;gLk;.
mty=;fs; ele;Jbfhz;nljhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
vdpDk; mtw;iwj; jLj;J r@fj;ijr; rPu;gLj;Jk; gzpahd mwg;gzpia bjhlu;e;J ehk;
bra;Jbfhz;nl ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ.
3. mwg;gzp Xa;tjpy;iy
Xa;e;jpoy; cyfkpy;iy-.
m) ,t;tofs; ,lk;bgw;w E}y; vJ>
nfhiltay;.
M) ,t;tofs; ,lk;bgw;w ftpij vJ>
+hdk;.
,) vJ Xa;tjpy;iy>
mwg;gzpfs; Xa;tjpy;iy.
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<) ,t;toapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,iag[r; brhw;fis vGJf.

Xa;tjpy;iy cyfkpy;iy
4. `fhyf;fGij
fl;blWk;ghd
,d;Wk;
ifapny
thspj;jz;zPu;.......~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
jp.brh.ntQnfhghydpd; nfhil tay; bjhFg;gpy; `+hdk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[f; ftpijapy;
,t;tupfs; ,lk;bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs;:
fhykhfpa fGij fl;blWk;ghfj; nja;e;Jnghd ,d;W tiu ifapy; thspj; jz;zPu;
kl;Lnk itj;Js;nshk;.
tpsf;fk;;:
fhyf; fGij fl;blWk;ghdJ vd;gJ fhyk; khwp taJ Kjpu;jiyf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
taJ Kjpu;e;J clYk; cly; cWg;g[fSk; tYtpHe;jhYk; mwg;gzpiaj; bjhlu;e;J
bra;fpwhu;.
thspj;jz;zPu;/ rhaf;Ftis/ Jzp fe;ijahdhYk;/ rhak; mof;Fk; J}upif fl;ilahdhYk;
Rj;jk; bra;tJ nghy/ fhyf;fGij fl;blWk;ghd gpd;Dk; mwg;gzp XahJ bjhlu;fpwJ.
1.
``Jspg;gh~~ xd;wpidj; nju;e;bjLj;J mjpy; btspg;gLk; fUj;jpidg; gw;wp tFg;giwapy;
,uz;L epkplk; ciu epfH;j;Jf.
,ay; 8
Muha;r;rp kzpmoj;j khLfs;
muz;kidj; jl;oy;
gpupahzp Mfptpl;ld.
ePjp jtwhj br=;nfhy; tisahj kughf ,Ue;jJ nrhH kug[. mr;nrhH kugpny te;jtd;
kDePjpr; nrhHd;.
muz;kid thapypd; Muha;r;rp kzpia moj;j gRtpd; Jaiuj; Jilf;fj; jd; xnu kfid
nju;f;fhypy; ,l;Lf; bfhd;W gRtpd; Jaiuj; jhDk; mDgtpj;J ``thapy;yh $PtDf;Fk;
mwk;~~ czu;j;jpa khz;g[ ek; jkpH; kz;.
Mdhy; rPu;nfL mile;J cs;s ,d;iwa r@fr; NHypy; ePjp nfl;Lg; nghuhLgtu;fns
jz;of;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;;" mHpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
,r;r@f mtyj;ijna ,f;ftpij njhYupj;Jf; fhl;oa[s;sJ. md;W Muha;r;rp kzp moj;j
nghJ gRt[f;F ePjp fpilj;jJ. ,d;nwh- ePjp nfl;Fk; khLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;L tpLk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;ghf ,f;ftpij czu;j;JfpwJ.
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2.
jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fspd; jiyg;gpid vGjp/ mfutupirg;gLj;jp
mjd; bghUspid vGJf.
mwj;Jg;ghypy; 38 mjpfhu=;fs; cs;sd. mit:
1. mlf;fKilik ? mlf;fj;jpd; nkd;ik
2. mUSilik ? fUiz cilatuha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
3. mthtWj;jy; ? nguhiria tpyf;F
4. mGf;fhwhik ? bghwhik ePf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. mwd; typa[Wj;jy; ? mwj;jpd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; TWjy;
6. md;g[ilik ? md;gpd; kfj;Jtk;
7. ,y;thH;f;if ? FLk;g thH;tpd; rpwg;g[/ bgUik
8. ,d;dhbra;ahik ? Jd;gk; bra;ahjpUj;jy;
9. ,dpaitTwy; ? ,dpa brhw;fspd; rpwg;g[
10. <if ? bfhLj;J kfpH;jypd; rpwg;g[
11. CH; ? tpjp typik
12. xg;g[utwpjy; ? bfhLj;jy;
13. xGf;fKilik ? xGf;fnk cau; bry;tk;
14. flt[s; thH;j;J ? ,iwtid thH;j;Jjy;
15. fs;shik ? kJ mUe;Jjy; TlhJ
16. TlhbthGf;fk; ? bgha; xGf;fk;
17. bfhy;yhik ? capu;f;bfhiyf; TlhJ.
18. bra;e;ed;wpawpjy; ? xUtu; bra;j ed;ikia epidj;jy;
19. jtk; ? Jd;gj;ijg; bghWj;jy;/ gpwUf;Fj; Jd;gk; bra;ahik
20. jPtpidar;rk; ? jPr; bray; bra;a m+;Rjy;
21. Jwt[ ? cyfg; gw;iw ePf;Fjy;
22. eLt[ epiyik ? ghugl;rk; ghuhjpUj;jy;
23. epiyahik ? vJt[k; epiyad;W
,ay; 8
24. ePj;jhu; bgUik ? Jwt[ nkw;bfhs;gtu; rpwg;g[

25. gadpy brhy;yhik ? gadw;w brhw;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;
26. gpwdpy; tpiHahik ? gpwu; kidtp/ bghUis tpUk;ghik
27. g[fH; ? rpwg;g[
28. g[yhy; kWj;jy; ? Cd; cz;zhjpUj;jy;
29. g[w=;Twhik ? xUtu; ,yhjplj;J mtiug; gw;wpg; ngrhik
30. bghiwa[ilik ? bghWik
31. kf;fl;ngW ? gps;isr; bry;tk;
32. bka;a[zu;jy; ? bgha; kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgLjy;
33. thH;f;ifj; Jiz eyk; ? ed;kidahs; bgUik
34. tha;ik ? cz;ikapd; nkd;ik
35. thd;rpwg;g[ ? kiHapd; rpwg;g[
36. tpUe;njhk;gy; ? tpUe;jpdiu cgrupj;jy;
37. btFshik ? rpdk; bfhs;shik
38. btBfhik ? gpwu; bghUis tpUk;ghik

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,ay; mwk; ftpijg; ngiH

fhyf;fzpjk;
8 ? fz;zjhrd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhyf; fzpjk; ftpijapy; ,lk;bgw;w bjhlu; ............

m) ,fH;e;jhy; vd; kdk; ,we;J tplhJ.
M) vd;kdk; ,fH;e;jhy; ,we;JtplhJ.
,) ,fH;e;jhy; ,we;JtplhJ vd; kdk;.
<) vd;kdk; ,we;JtplhJ ,fH;e;jhy;. [tpil: m) ,fH;e;jhy; vd; kdk; ,we;J tplhJ]
FWtpdh
1. ``bfhs;nthu; bfhs;f" Fiug;nghu; Fiuf;f-

cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ.~~
m) mo vJifia vGJf.
M) ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ vGJf: bfhs;f/ Fiuf;f.
mo vJif:
bfhs;nthu;
,ay; 8
cs;tha;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[:
bfhs;f/ Fiuf;f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
beLtpdh
1. fhyf;fzpjk; ftpijapy; bghjpe;Js;s ea=;fisg; ghuhl;o vGJf.

ftp+d; ahndhu; fhyf; fzpjk;
fUg;gLbghUis cUg;gl itg;ngd;-
g[tpapy; ehndhu; g[fGilj; bja;tk;
bghd;dpDk; tpiykpF bghUbsd; bry;tk;-
,itrup bad;why; ,ak;g[tbjd; bjhHpy;
,itjt whapd; vjpu;g;gbjd; ntiy-
Mf;fy; mspj;jy; mHpj;jy; ,k; @d;Wk;
mtDk; ahDnk mwpe;jit" mwpf- ? fz;zjhrd;
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``fhyf;fzpjk;~~
jpuz;l fUj;J:
ftp+d; ehnd fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gtd;. cs;sj;jpy; cjpf;Fk; bghUis thu;j;ij totk;
bfhLj;J xU cUtkha; mtw;iw ehd; gilg;gjhy; ,g;g{kpapy; ehDk; g[fH;bgw;w bja;tk;.
bghd;idtpl tpiy cau;e;j bry;tk; vd;D[ila fUj;Jfs;.rupahdtw;iw vLj;Jr;
brhy;tJk;/ jtwhdtw;iw vjpu;g;gJk; vd; gzp. gilj;jy;/ fhj;jy;/ mHpj;jy; vd;Dk; @d;W
gzpfSk; ehDk; flt[Sk; mwpe;jit.
nkhid eak;:
fhl;Lf;F ahid
ghl;Lf;F nkhid
bra;a[spy; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid MFk;.
ftp+d;...
fUg;gL....
,it rup
,it jtwhapd; ... nkhid eak; bgw;W te;Js;sJ.
vJif eak;:
kJiuf;F itif
bra;a[Sf;F vJif
bra;a[spy; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.
fUg;gL bghUis cUg;gl itg;ngd; ? rPu; vJif eak; mike;Js;sJ.
Kuz;:
ehl;Lf;F muz;
ghl;Lf;F Kuz;
bra;a[spy; moapnyh rPupnyh vjpbujpu; bghUs; jUk; tifapy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ Kuz;
,ay; 8
MFk;. Mf;fy; × mHpj;jy; vd;W Kuz;gl;l brhw;fs; mikj;J bjhLj;jpUg;gjhy; Kuz;

eaKk; cs;sJ.
,iag[ eak;:
monjhWk; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ brhy;nyh ,iae;J tuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[ MFk;.
... g[fGilj; bja;tk;
...bghUbsd; bry;tk; ? ,iag[ eaKk; cs;sJ.
mzp eak;:
fz;zjhrd; ,g;ghlypy;/ flt[Sf;F ,izahf
ahndhu; fhyf;fzpjk;
ehndhu; g[fGilaj; bja;tk;
vd cUtfg;gLj;jp cs;sjhy; ,g;ghlypy; cUtf mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
re;j eak;:
re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk; vd;gjw;F Vw;g/ ,g;ghlypy; `vz;rPu; fHpbeoyo~ Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. mftnyhira[ld; ,dpa re;j eaKk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
fhyf;fzpjk; ? cUtfk;
Mf;fy;/ mspj;jy;/ mHpj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
bfhs;f/ vGJf ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
bfhs;nthu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
mwpe;J ? tpidbar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
,we;j ? ,w + j;(e;); + j; + m mHpj;jy; ? mHp + j; + j; + my;

,w ? gFjp mHp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ (e;) MdJ tpfhuk; j; ? re;jp
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp my; ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
mku;ntd; ? mku; + t; + Vd;
mku; ? gFjp
Vd; ? Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhyj;ij bty;gtd; __________.
m) Mrpupau; M) muru;
,) ftp+d; <) Xtpad; [tpil: ,) ftp+d;]
2. fz;zjhrdpd; ,aw;bgau; ahJ>
,ay; 8
m) Kj;jurd; M) Kj;ijah
,) Kj;Jf;Fkhu; <) Kj;Jrhkp [tpil: M) Kj;ijah]
3. fz;zjhrd; gpwe;j khtl;lk; __________.
m) ,uhkehjg[uk; M) bey;iy
,) g[Jf;nfhl;il <) rptf=;if [tpil: <) rptf=;if]
4. fz;zjhrd; gpwe;j Cu; __________.
m) rpWTly;gl;o M) Tly; khefu;
,) Kf;Tly; <) rptf=;if [tpil: m) rpWTly;gl;o]
5. fz;zjhrd; Kjd; Kjypy; jpiug;glj;jpw;Fg; ghly; vGjpa Mz;L __________.
m) 1939 M) 1942
,) 1949 <) 1950 [tpil: ,) 1949]
6. fz;zjhrd; vGjpa Kjy; jpiug;glg; ghly; __________.

m) thH epidj;jhy; thHyhk; M) fy=;fhjpU kdnk
,) kyu;fisg; nghy; j=;if <) cd;id mwpe;jhy; eP cd;id mwpe;jhy;
[tpil: M) fy=;fhjpU kdnk]
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7. fz;zjhrd; jpiug;glg; ghly; thapyhf kf;fSf;F __________ czu;j;jpdhu;.

m) bka;apaiy M) cyfpaiy
,) Md;kPfj;ij <) ,yf;fzj;ij [tpil: m) bka;apaiy]
8. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w fz;zjhrdpd; E}y; __________.

m) kh=;fdp M) ,naR fhtpak;
,) nrukhd; fhjyp <) rptf=;ifr; rPik [tpil: ,) nrukhd; fhjyp]
9. jkpHf murpd; muritf; ftp+uhf ,Ue;jtu; __________.

m) ghujpahu; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ituKj;J <) nkj;jh [tpil: M) fz;zjhrd]
10. fz;zjhrd; ml;rag;ghj;jpuk; vd;W vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
m) jj;Jtk; M) bfhs;if
,) +hdk; <) gz;ghL [tpil: m) jj;Jtk;]
11. fz;zjhrd; jd; thf;F @y=;fshf vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
m) jd; E}y;fis M) ciufis
,) ,jH;fis <) tskhu; ftpfis [tpil: <) tskhu; ftpfis]
12. `khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;~ vd;wtu; ahu;>

m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujp
,) fz;zjhrd; <) bgupahu; [tpil: ,) fz;zjhrd;]
13. `ftp+d; ahndhu; fhyf; fzpjk;~ ? ,t;tofspy; mike;j eak;.
m) vJif M) nkhid
,) ,iag[ <) Kuz; [tpil: M) nkhid]
14. `g[fH;e;jhy; vd;Dly; g[y;yupf; fhJ

,ay; 8
,fH;e;jhy; vd;kdk; ,we;J tplhJ-~ ? ,t;tofspy; mike;j Kuz; brhy;>

m) vd;Dly; × vd;kdk;
M) g[y;yupf;fhJ × ,we;JtplhJ
,) g[fH;e;jhy; × ,fH;e;jhy;
<) g[fH;e;jhy; × vd;kdk; [tpil: ,) g[fH;e;jhy; × ,fH;e;jhy;]
15. `ftp+d; ahndhu; fhyf; fzpjk;~ vd;W Twpatu; __________.

,) Rujh <) fz;zjhrd; [tpil: <) fz;zjhrd;]
16. `khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;~ vd;W Twpatu; __________.

17. `tz;lha; vGe;J kyu;fspy; mku;ntd;~ ?vdf; Twpatu; __________.

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FWtpdh
1. ftp+d; vd;gtd; ahu;>
kdk; vd;Dk; taypy; brhy;nyhu; bfhz;L cGJ/ rpe;jid tpijfisj; J}tp/ klik vd;Dk;
fis gwpj;J/ jj;Jt ePu;g; gha;r;rp/ mwk; vd;Dk; fjpu; mWg;gtnd ftp+d; Mthd;.
2. vtu; Twhj xd;iwj; jhd; Tw Kidtjhf fz;zjhrd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
fk;gd;/ ghujpahu;/ ghujpjhrd; Mfpnahu; brhy;yhj rpytw;iwr; brhy;ypl Kidntd;
(Kay;ntd;) vd;W fz;zjhrd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
3. vitbay;yhk; khwhjit>
fhL/ nkL/ kuk;/ fy;/ tdtpy=;Ffs; Mfpait khwhjitahFk;.
4. fz;zjhrdpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fs; ahit>
ghly;fs; g[idtjpy;/ ,yf;fpa cyfpy; rpwe;j ftp+u;/ ngr;rhsu;/ ,jHhsu; nghd;wtw;wpy;
rpwe;J tps=;fpdhu;.
5. fz;zjhrdpd; bgw;nwhu; ahtu;>
fz;zjhrdpd; bgw;nwhu; : rhj;jg;gd;/ tprhyhl;rp Mtu;.
6. `Mf;fy; mspj;jy;/ mHpj;jy;,k; @d;Wk;
mtDk; ahDnk mwpe;jit~ ? mtDk; ahDk; ahtu;>
mtd; vd;gJ ,iwtd; (,iwtd;)
ahd; vd;gJ ftp+dhfpa fz;zjhrd;.
7. `fUg;gLg; bghUis cUg;gl itg;ngd;~ ahu;>
fUg;gLg; bghUis cUg;gl itg;gtu; ftp+u; (fz;zjhrd;).
8. `cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ~ ? ,j;bjhlu; bghUs; MHj;ij tpsf;Ff.
xUtu; jd; thahy; g[fH;tJk; ,fH;tJk; ek; clk;gpd; kPJ te;J nruhJ.
,ay; 8
rpWtpdh
1. fz;zjhrd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgau; : Kj;ijah
gpwg;g[ : 24.6.1927
bgw;nwhu; : rhj;jg;gd; ? tprhyhl;rp
Cu; : rptf=;if ? rpWTly;gl;o
rpwg;g[ : jkpHf muritf; ftp+u;
rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ ? ,naR fhtpak;
g[idg;bgau; : tz=;fhKo/ Mnuhf;fpaehjd;/ fhiuKj;Jg;g[ytu;.
,wg;g[ : 17.10.1981
2. fhyf;fzpjk; ftpijapy; ,lk; bgWk; Kuz; brhw;fis vGJf.
rup × jtW  g[fH;e;jhy; × ,fH;e;jhy;
Mf;fy; × mHpj;jy;  jPik × ed;ik
mtDk; × ahDk;  bjhlf;fk; × Kot[
cz;lhapd; × ,y;yhapd;
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3. `ftp+d; ahndhu; fhyf; fzpjk;

fUg;gL bghUis cUg;gl itg;ngd;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
fz;zjhrd; ftpijj;bjhFg;gpy; `fhyf;fzpjk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,t;tupfs; ftp+u;
TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
ftp+dhfpa ehd; fhykhfpa fzpjk; nghd;wtd;. ftpijfspy; fUthd bghUisf; Tl
gad;gLk; bghUshf Mf;Fntd; vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
4. èhnd bjhlf;fk;" ehnd Kot["
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;od; rl;lk;-~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
fz;zjhrd; ftpijj;bjhFg;gpy; `fhyf;fzpjk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,t;tupfs; ftp+u;
TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
ftp+dhfpa ehnd midj;jpd; bjhlf;fk; Mntd;. ehnd Kot[k; Mntd;. ehd; brhy;tJ
jhd; ehl;oDila rl;lk; MFk;.
5.
`ftp+d; ahndhu; fhyf; fzpjk;~ ? vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ftp+u; fz;zjhrdpd; ftpijapy;
c=;fisf; ftu;e;j @d;W bjhlu;fis vGjp fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
g[fH;e;jhy; vd;Dly; g[y;yupf; fhJ
,fH;e;jhy; vd;kdk; ,we;J tplhJ~
? jd;id xUtu; g[fH;tjpdhy; bgUkfpH;r;rpailtnjh/ ,fH;tjpdhy; kdk; tUe;Jtnjh
,y;iy vd;gJ gz;gl;l kdj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
`bry;tu;j=; ifapy; rpiwg;gl khl;nld;"
gjtp thSf;Fk; gag;gl khl;nld;-~~
,ay; 8
? vd;gjpypUe;J gznkh/ gjtpnah jd;id xUnghJk; moikg;gLj;j ,ayhJ vd;gjw;Fr;

rhd;whf mikfpwJ.
`vt;btit jPik vt;btit ed;ik
vd;g jwpe;J VFbkd; rhiy-~
? ey;yJ vJ bfl;lJ vJ vd;gjwpe;J gFj;jwpt[ld; bray;gLtjw;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
beLtpdh
1. fz;zjhrdpd; `fhyf;fzpjk;` ftpijf; fUj;Jfspy; cd;idf; ftu;e;jijr; RUf;fp vGJf.
ftp+d; ehd; Xu; fhyf;fzpjk; fUthfpa bghUis cUg;gl itg;ngd;. g{kpapy; g[fGf;F
cupa bja;tk; ehd;.
bghd;idtpl cau;e;jJ vd; bry;tk;. xU bray; rup vd;why; vLj;Jr; brhy;ntd;" jtW
vd;why; vjpu;g;ngd;. mJjhd; vd; ntiy.
Kj;bjhHpy; ehDk; mtDk; kl;Lnk mwpe;jJ. bry;tu; thspy; rpiwg;gl khl;nld;. gjtp
thSf;Fg; gag;gl khl;nld;. md;g[k;/ tpUg;gKk; kpFe;J Mir jUtij tpUk;g[ntd;.
vd;dplk; cz;L vd;why;/ gpwu; cz;zj; jUntd;. ,y;iy vd;why; gpwu; ,y;yk; jl;Lntd;.
tz;L nghy khwp kyupy; mku;e;J/ Foj;j njid Cu;g;g[wk; jUntd;.
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fk;gd;/ ghujp/ ghujpjhrd; Mfpnahu; brhy;yhj fUj;Jfisr; brhy;ypl Kaw;rpg;ngd;.

vd;Dly; g[fH;e;jhy; g[y;yupf;fhJ. ,fH;e;jhy; vd; kdk; ,we;J tplhJ.
vd; ftpij thf;F@yk; mij itj;J ,we;j gpwF jPu;g;ig vGJ=;fs;. fy;/ kuk;/ tpy=;fhf
khw ehd; fhl;L tpy=;F fpilahJ.
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;. khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd;. ed;ik/ jPik mwpe;J
Vw;Fk; vd; rhiy.
jiytu; khWthu;fs;/ ju;ghu; khWk;/ jj;Jtk; kl;Lk; Fiwahj ml;rag; ghj;jpuk;
Vw;Wf;bfhs;nthu; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sl;Lk;. Fiug;nghu; Fiuf;fl;Lk;.
tha;r;brhw;fs; clk;gpidj; bjhlhJ. ehnd bjhlf;fk; ehnd Kot[. ehd; brhy;tJjhd;
ehl;od; rl;lk;.
1. ftpijfis xg;gpl;Lf; fUj;Jiuf;f.

ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpa[k; ftpauRk;
ejpapd; gpiHad;W ejpbts;sk; fha;e;J tpl;lhy;
eWk;g[dypd;ik md;nw ejpbra;j Fw;wk; ,y;iy
gjpapd; gpiHad;W tpjpbra;j Fw;wk; ,d;wp
gae;j ek;ikg; g[ue;jhd;
kjpapd; gpiHad;W ntW ? ahuk;kh-
kfd; gpiHad;W ike;j ? fz;zjhrd;
tpjpapd; gpiH eP
,jw;bfd;id btFz;lbjd;wd;
? fk;gd;

ejpapd; gpiHad;W:
,uhkd; fhdfk; bry;y ntz;Lk; vd;wt[ld; ,yf;Ftd; rpdk; bfhz;lhd;.
mz;zidf; fhdfk; nghfr; brhy;yptpl;lhu;fns/ tpjpf;F tpjp fhuzk; vd; tpy;ypdhy;
,ay; 8
midtiua[k; mHpg;ngd; vd;W Mntrg;gl;l ,yf;Ftidj; jLj;J epWj;jp ,uhkd;
TwpaJ ,J.
ejpapd; gpiH vJt[k; my;y ey;y jz;zPu; ,y;yhjJ.
eWk;g[dy; ,d;ik vd;gJ/ ejpapy; ePu; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ey;yjhf ,y;iy. mJnghy ehd;
fhdfk; bry;tJ jrujd; gpiHa[k; md;W. md;nghL ek;ik tsu;j;j ifnfapd; kjpapd;
gpiHa[k; md;W.
gujd; gpiHa[k; ,jpy; ,y;iy. tpjpapd; gpiH. eP Vd; ,jw;fhff; nfhgg;gLfpwha;. ``rpdKk;
ntfKk; jtpu;~~
,ijg; nghynt fz;zjhrdpd; ghlyhd `èjpbts;sk; fha;e;J tpl;lhy;...~~ ghly;

czu;j;JtJk; tpjpiaj; jhd;.
jtW bra;ahj ehafd; kPJ gHp Rkj;jg;gLk; NHypy; ejpapd; ePu;ikiag; nghy khDlu;
cs;s=;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; ew;gz;g[fs;/ kdrhl;rp cz;ik/ bgha; mwpjy; tw;wptpLfpwJ.
ejp tw;wptpl;lhy; mJ ejpapd; Fw;wk; my;y. tpjpapd; Fw;wnk.
mijg;nghynt khDlu; gz;g[fs; khw;wk; bgw;W ehafd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l gHp ght=;fSk;
tpjp bra;j gpiHnaad;wp ntW ahUkpy;iy vd;gij fz;zjhrd; Twpa[s;shu;.

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,ay; mwk; tpupthdk;
,uhkhDru; ? ehlfk;
8
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L xU gf;f mstpy; ehlfk; vGJf.

khztd; ? bfhf;ifg; nghy/ nfhHpiag; nghy ? cg;igg; nghy ? ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; ? bfhf;F
fhj;jpUe;J fpilf;Fk; tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;Sk; ? Fg;igiaf; fpswpdhYk; jdJ
czit kl;Lnk vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; nfhHp ? fz;Qf;Fj; bjupahtpl;lhYk; cg;gpd; Ritia
czuKoa[k; ? Mrpupau; tpsf;fk; ? khztd; kfpH;r;rp.
fhl;rp ? 1
,lk; : tFg;giw
ghj;jpu=;fs; : Ffd;/ brHpad;/ jkpHhrpupau; kw;Wk; khztu;fs;.
Ffd; : brHpah- te;Jtpl;lhah.
brHpad; :
te;Jtpl;nld; Ffd;. ,d;W ek; jkpHhrpupau; mtu;fs; khztd; vg;go
,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;W rpy Fwpg;g[fis tH=;Ffpnwd; vd;whnu- mtu; miwf;Fr;
bry;nthkh>
Ffd; : bry;nthk; brHpad;- ,Jtiu ehd;ife;J Kiw brd;W ghu;j;njhk;. Mrpupaiur;
,ay; 8
re;jpf;f Koatpy;iy...
brHpad; : ,d;W fl;lhak; ek;ik re;jpg;ghu;.
fhl;rp ? 2
,lk; : tFg;giw
ghj;jpu=;fs; : Mrpupau;/ Ffd;/ brHpad;.
khztu;fs; ,UtUk; : tzf;fk; Iah-
Mrpupau; : tzf;fk;-
Ffd; : Iah- cs;ns tuyhkh>
Mrpupau; : thU=;fs;- te;jjd; fhuzk; TW=;fs;.
brHpad; :
Iah/ thH;tpy; Kd;ndw rpy Fwpg;g[fisr; brhy;yp mwpt[iu TWfpnwd;
vd;wPu;fns... mjw;fhfj;jhd; te;njhk;.
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ. c=;fSf;F @d;W cjhuz=;fs; Twg;nghfpnwd;. Kjypy; bfhf;ifg;
nghy~ tha;g;g[ fpl;Lk; tiu bfhf;ifg; nghy fhj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. tha;g;g[
fpl;oat[ld; rupahfg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mijj;jhd; ts;Stu;/
`bfhf;bfhf;f~ vdg; ghoa[s;shu;.
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Ffd; :
rup=;f Iah- ,dpnky; eh=;fs; mtrug;gl;L vija[k; rpe;jpf;fhJ bray;gl
khl;nlhk;.
Mrpupau; : ,uz;lhtjhf/ `nfhHpiag; nghy;-~
brHpad; : Mkh=;f Iah- mbjd;d nfhHpiag; nghy;......
Mrpupau; : nfhHp/ Fg;igiaf; fpswpdhYk; Fg;igf;Fs; ,Ue;jhYk; jdf;Fj; njitahd
`czit kl;Lnk~ bfhj;jpj; jpd;Dk;. mJnghy ,e;j rKjhaj;jpy; c=;fisf;
bfLf;Fk; Fg;igfisg; nghy gy ,Ue;jhYk; ckf;Fj; njitahd
ed;kzpfis kl;Lk; nju;e;bjLj;J thH ntz;Lk;.
,UtUk; : ed;whfg; g[upe;jJ Iah-
Mrpupau; : @d;whtjhf/ cg;igg; nghy...
Ffd; : Mk;. Iah/ `cg;igg;nghy~ vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; jhU=;fs;.
Mrpupau; : TWfpnwd;- cg;igf; fz;zhy; ghu;f;fyhk;. Ritia ehtpy; ,l;L czuyhk;.
mJnghy xt;bthUtupd; btspj;njhw;wk; vg;goapUg;gpDk;/ c=;fisr;
rhu;e;jtupd; Fzeyd;fis Muha;e;J czu;e;J mwpe;J ele;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. kpf beU=;fp ,Ue;jhYk;/ kpf J}uk; ,Ue;jhYk; Jd;ge;jhd;. cg;g[
FiwthdhYk; cz;z KoahJ. mjpfkhdhYk; cz;z KoahJ. msnthL
,Ue;jhy;jhd; Urpf;f Koa[k;. ehKk; msnthL ,Ug;nghk;.
,UtUk; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp Iah- vk; mwpt[f; fz;fisj; jpwe;J eh=;fs; vg;go thH ntz;Lk;
vd;gija[k; bjspt[gLj;jp tpl;Ou;fs;.
ed;wp- Iah-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
,ay; 8
1. Mz;Lf;F xUKiw kyu;tJ __________.
m) gpuk;kfkyk; M) rz;gfk;
,) Fwp+;rp <) Ky;iy [tpil: m) gpuk;kfkyk;]
2. jz;L bfhof;F ,izahdtu;fs; ahtu;>
m) g{uzu; M) Tnuru;
,) Kjypahz;lhd;/ Tnuru; <) ,uhkhDru; [tpil: ,) Kjypahz;lhd;/ Tnuru;]
3. jiyKiwf;F xUKiw kl;Lnk kyu;tJ __________.
m) @=;fpy; M) Fwp+;rp
,) fkyk; <) brz;gfk; [tpil: m) @=;fpy;]
4. rupahd Tw;Wfisj; nju;e;bjL.
i) ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ,d;W jpUke;jpuk; ckf;Ff; fpilj;jJ vd;whu; g{uzu;.
ii) Mrpupau; fl;lisia kPwpdhy; jz;lidahf eufnk fpilf;Fk;.
iii) brsk;gpa ehuhazid milf;fykhff; bfhLf;ftpy;iy.
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m) @d;W Tw;WfSk; rupahdit

M) M kl;Lk; rupahd Tw;W
,) M/ , ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.
<) Tw;W m/ M ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.[tpil: <) Tw;W m/ M ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.]
5. g{uzupd; kfd; bgau; __________.
m) ehuhazd; M) brsk;a ehuhazd;
,) brsk;a uh$d; <) Kjypahz;lhd; [tpil: M) brsk;a ehuhazd;]
6. `èhd; kl;Lnk jz;lid bgw;W eufk; nru;ntd;.
kf;fs; midtu;f;Fk; eyk; fpl;Lk; ? vd;W Twpatu;>
m) ,uhkhDru; M) g{uzu;
,) Tnuru; <) Kjypahz;lhd; [tpil: m) ,uhkhDru;]
7. brsk;a ehuhazd; ahuplk; milf;fyg;gLj;jg;gl;lhd;>
m) Kjypahz;lhdplk; M) g{uzuplk;
,) ,uhkhDruplk; <) Tnuruplk; [tpil: ,) ,uhkhDruplk;]
8. gpwtpg; gpzpiaj; jPu;f;Fk; mUkUe;J __________.
m) jpUke;jpuk; M) jpUePW
,) ke;jpuk; <) Jwt[ [tpil: m) jpUke;jpuk;]
9. ehuhazdpd; jpUg;ghj=;fisg; g[fyplkhff; bfhs;gtu; __________.
m) jpUkfs; M) kiykfs;
,) fiykfs; <) miykfs; [tpil: m) jpUkfs;]
10. ,isahH;thnu- vd;W g{uzu; ahiu miHj;jhu;>
m) Tnuriu M) Kjypahz;lhid
,) ,uhkhDriu <) bgupatiu [tpil: ,) ,uhkhDriu]
,ay; 8
11. 12 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw kl;Lk; kyUk; kyu;

m) brz;gfk; M) Fwp+;rp
,) Ky;iy <) gpuk;kfkyk; [tpil: M) Fwp+;rp]
12. Tu;nty; Fit,a bkha;k;gpd;
nju;tz; ghupjz; gwk;g[ ehnl- ?,g;ghly; tup ve;E}ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ>
,) ew;wpiz <) fypj;bjhif [tpil: M) g[wehD}W]
13. rptf=;if khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s kiy

m) gHdp kiy M) gpuhd; kiy
,) bghjpif kiy <) ey;yp kiy [tpil: M) gpuhd; kiy]
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beLtpdh
1. ,uhkhDru; ehlfk; @yk; ,uhkhDrupd; gz;g[fisf; TWf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
bghWik cilatu;
el;g[f;F kupahij
jd;dykw;w gue;j cs;sk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
gpwu;eyk; nghw;Wtnj kdpj thH;tpd; rpwe;j epiy MFk;. jhd; kl;Lk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy;
nghJk; vd;W vz;Qnthu; kj;jpapy; midtUk; xd;whf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W brhy;yp
thH;e;J fhl;oa ,uhkhDrupd; gz;g[eyd;fs; gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
bghWik cilatu;:
jpUke;jpuj; jpUtUisf; fw;Wf; bfhs;tjw;fhf gjpbdl;L Kiw g{uziur; re;jpf;fr;
brd;whu;.
,d;whtJ ek; tpUg;gk; epiwntWkh- vd;w cld;te;jtu;fisa[k; bghWika[ld; tHp
elj;Jfpwhu;.
c=;fis kl;Lk;jhnd tur;brhd;ndd; vd;w g{uzuplKk; bghWika[ld; gjpy; TWfpwhu;.
,t;thW ,uhkhDru; bghWik vd;Dk; gz;gpy; rpwe;jpUj;jiy mwpayhk;.
el;g[f;F kupahij:
vg;bghGJk; jd;Dld; ,Uf;Fk; Tnuriua[k;/ Kjypahz;lhida[k; cz;ikahd el;g[ld;
nerpf;fpwhu;.
jpUke;jpu jpUtUisf; fw;fg; nghFk; bghGJTl/ g{uzu; jz;L bfhoa[ld; kl;Lk;
,ay; 8
thU=;fs; vd;fpwhu;.
mg;nghJk; ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; vd;Dld; ,Uf;Fk; jz;Lk; bfhoa[k; nghd;wtu;fs;jhd;
vd;W Twp el;g[ czu;it btspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
jd;dykw;w gue;j cs;sk;:
gpwtpg; gpzp jPu;f;Fk; mUkUe;jhd jpUke;jpuj;ij fw;wgpd; jd;dyk; fUjp mjidj;
jdf;fhf itj;Jf;bfhs;shky; kf;fSf;Fk; btspg;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpatu;.
FUtpd; fl;lisia kPwpdhy; eufk; te;J nrUk; vd;W bjupe;jnghJk; kf;fSf;Fj;
jpUke;jpuj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
jpUke;jpuj; jpUtUis btspapy; brhd;dhy; ehd; kl;Lnk eufk; bry;ntd;. ,j;jid
kf;fs; eufj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgLthu;fs; my;yth- vd;w gue;j vz;zk; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
mjdhy; kf;fs; Tl;lj;ij miHj;J gpwtpg; gpzpaWf;Fk; jpUke;jpuj;ijf; fw;Wf;bfhLj;J
kf;fis eufpy; ,Ue;J fhj;j kfpH;;r;rpiag; bgw;whu;.
gue;j kdg;ghd;ik bgw;wpUe;jgoahy; g{uzuhy; ``vk; bgUkhd;~~ vd;W miHf;fg; bgw;whu;.
mJ kl;Lkpd;wp g{uzu; jd; kfd; brsk;a ehuhazida[k; milf;fykhf mspj;jhu;.
,itna ,uhkhDru; ehlfk; @yk; ehk; czu;e;J bfhs;Sk; jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd
``,uhkhDrupd; gz;g[fs;~~ MFk;.
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Kot[iu:
jd;dyk; mfw;wp/ bghJeyk; nghw;Wgtnu cz;ikahd kfhd;fshf Koa[k; vd;gjw;F
,uhkhDrnu rhd;whf tps=;Ffpwhu; vdyhk;.
2. `vd; kf;fs; midtu;f;Fk; eyk; fpl;Lk;. vy;yhUk; eyKld;~ vd;w ,uhkhDrupd; Tw;Wf;F
Vw;g jd;dykw;w gz;g[fisf; bfhz;ltu;fshf ehk; thH ntz;Lk; vd;gjid eP=;fs; mwpe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
md;id bjurh
tpntfhde;ju;
mg;Jy;fyhk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ehSf;F xUKiw kyu;tJ brz;gfk;. Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw kyu;tJ gpuk;k fkyk;.
gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lf;F xUKiw kyu;tJ Fwp+;rp. jiyKiwf;F xUKiw kl;Lnk
kyu;tJ @=;fpy;. mijg;nghy; ek; jiyKiwf;F xUKiw gpwg;gtu;fs; +hdpfs;. mt;thW
cjpj;jtu;jhd; ,uhkhDru;. mtu; jdf;F kl;Lnk tPLngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
epidg;gtu; kj;jpapy; vy;yhUf;Fk; eyk; fpl;l ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp/ thH;e;J fhl;oa
mtuJ thH;f;if nghw;Wj;jw;FupaJ.

md;id bjurh:
may;ehl;Lg; bgz;kzpahf ,Ue;jhYk;/ ,e;jpa ehl;Lf; Fokfshfnt thH;e;jtu;
md;id bjurh. mtu; neha;tha;g;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk;/ Mjutw;w vspnahUf;Fk; jdJ
fs=;fkpy;yhj nritahy; bgUe;bjhz;lhw;wpdhu;.
``fhz;fpd;w kdpju;fsplj;jpy; md;g[ Twhtpl;lhy;
,ay; 8
fhzhj ,iwtdplj;jpy; vg;go md;g[ TWtha;~~

vd;w tptpypaj;jpd; thu;j;ijfisf; bfhs;ifahff; bfhz;L ``cjt[k; fu=;fs;
b$gpf;Fk; cjLfistpl nkyhdit~~ vd;W Twp jd;dykw;w cjtpfis md;id bjurh
bra;jikahy; xU ftp+u; jdJ ftpijapy;/
`èP fUt[w;wpUe;jhy; xU FHe;ijf;Fj; jhahfp ,Ug;gha;...
fUiza[w;wjhy; cyfj;jpw;nf jhahfptpl;lha;~~
vd;W vGjpdhu;.
tpntfhde;ju;:
may;ehl;oYk; Mfr;rpwe;j Md;kPf ciuahy; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;il cyfwpa bra;j
kfhd; tpntfhde;ju;.
``vtu; xUtUila be+;R ViH kf;fSf;fhfj;
Jauj;jpy; mGnkh/ mtiuna ehd; kfhj;kh vd;ngd;`
vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; tpntfhde;ju;/
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``Raeyk; vd;gij mwnt J}u vwpe;Jtpl;L

ntiy bra;a[=;fs;~~
vd;fpwhu;.
mg;Jy;fyhk;:
jd;dykw;w jdpg;bgUk; jiytuhf thH;e;J kiwe;jtu; mg;Jy; fyhk;.
`èk;ik midtUk; epidt[ TUk; tifapy;
xU bgUk; bry;tj;ij ek; tU=;fhy
re;jjpapdUf;F ehk; tpl;Lr; bry;Yk;
cupika[k; bghWg;g[k; ek; midtUf;Fk; cs;sJ~~
vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; fyhk;/ `vd;d bra;tha;~ vd vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ,is+idj; jhd; gpwu;f;F
vd;dbty;yhk; bra;ayhbkd khw;Wk; fy;tp Kiwjhd; xU ehl;od; vjpu;fhyj;jiytu;fis
cUthf;Fk;` vd jd;dykw;wtu;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd tHpfhl;Ljiya[k; tH=;Ffpwhu;.
Kot[iu:
jhd; kl;Lk; thH ntz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gtu; kj;jpapy; gpwiua[k; thH itg;gjw;fhd
bewpKiwfis mspg;gjhf gyupd; Tw;Wfisa[k; rhd;whff; Twpl ,aYk;. àhd; bgw;w
,d;gk; bgWf ,t;itafk;` vd;Dk; jpU@yupd; thf;fpDf;nfw;g thH;it mikj;Jf;
bfhz;lhy; cyfpy; md;ng epiyj;J epw;Fk;. gupjp Kd; gdp fhzhky; nghtijg; nghy; gif
,t;t[yiftpl;L eP=;fptpLk;.
1. fUj;Jfis ciueilahfg; gog;gjpYk; ehlfkhfg; gog;gjpYk; eP=;fs; czUk; ntWghLfs;

Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
,ay; 8
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs;: kPdhl;rp/ fay;tpHp/ fz;zd;.
kPdhl;rp : midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;- ,d;iwa bghGjpy; midtUk; xd;wha; cs;nshk;.
,g;bghGij ey;yKiwapy; fHpf;f ntz;Lk;.
fay;tpHp : ehk; ,d;W fy;tp bjhlu;ghd bra;jpfisf; fye;Jiuahlyhkh>
kPdhl;rp : ,uhkhDriug;gw;wp fye;Jiuahlyhkh>
fay;tpHp : X... fye;Jiuahlyhnk-
fz;zd; : ehk; ,d;W ehlfkhf ,uhkhDriug; gw;wpg; goj;njhk; my;yth...
kPdhl;rp : Mk;- mjw;bfd;d...
fz;zd; : ciueiliag; gog;gjw;Fk; ehlfj;ijg; gog;gjw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL Fwpj;Jg;
ngRnthkh...
fay;tpHp : X jhuhskhf... ehnd bjhl=;fp itf;fpnwd;. ciueil ePz;l thf;fpa mikg;g[
cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdnt gog;gjw;Fr; rypg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
kPdhl;rp :
rupahfr; brhd;dha;. ehlfkhfg; gof;Fk;nghJ fijg;nghf;fpy; mike;J
tpLfpwJ.
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fz;zd; : fijg;nghf;fpy; miktjhy; gog;gjw;F Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

fay;tpHp : ciuahly; totpy; fUj;Jfs; ,Ug;gjhy; neupy; ngrpf; nfl;gJ nghy; cs;sJ.
kPdhl;rp :
fijkhe;ju;fs; bgau; epidt[f;F tUk;nghnj mtu;fs; TWk; fUj;Jk;
epidt[f;F te;JtpLk;.
fay;tpHp : Mk; kPdhl;rp. ciueilia ehk;jhd; brhy;ypr; brhy;ypg; ghu;j;J epidt[f;Ff;
bfhz;L tuntz;Lk;.
fz;zd; :
Mk; njhHpfns- ek; fye;Jiuahlypy; ,Ue;J xU fUj;ij ciueilapy;
gog;gij tpl ehlf totpy; gog;gnj vspJ vd;gij czu;e;J bfhz;nlhk;
my;yth-
2. ,e;ehlfk; btspg;gLj;JtJ nghd;W ,uhkhDru; thH;f;if epfH;t[fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J
mit Fwpj;j c=;fspd; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
,uhkhDru; jpdKk; Mw;wpy; Fspf;fg; nghFKd; Kjypahz;lhd; vd;w me;jzr; rPlupd;
fuk; gw;wp ePuhlg; g[Fthu;.
ePuho Koj;j gpd; me;jzu; my;yh ``cw=;fhtpy;yp jhrupd;~~ fuk; gw;wp vGthu;.
,J tu;zhrpuk; jUkj;Jf;F vjpuhdJ vd;Wk;/ gpuhkzd; fPH;f; Fyj;njhidj; bjhLtJ
jtwy;yth> ,J ePu; mwpahjjh> ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;wdu; gpw rPlu;fs;.
,uhkhDru; gpd;tUkhW gjpy; Twpdhuhk;:

vj;jid jhd; +hdk; bgw;whYk;/ cau;Fyj;jpy; gpwe;njhk; vd;w vz;zk; vdf;Fs;
Mztkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,iwepiy mila Koahky; ngha;tpLk; my;yth>
vdnt ,g;gpwtpapd; mf=;fhuj;ijg; nghf;f mf=;fhunk rpwpJk; ,y;yhj ,e;j moatidj;
jPz;o vd;idr; Rj;jk; bra;J bfhs;fpnwd; vd;whu;.
,ay; 8
``rhjpia xHpg;nghk;/ Md;kPfj;jhy; rkj;Jtk; tsu;g;nghk;/ cau;t[ jhH;t[ ePf;Fnthk; vd;W

btWk; tha;;g;ngr;R ngrhjtuha;j; jd; bra;ifahy; thH;e;J fhl;oatu; ,uhkhDru;. mtu;
tHpia ehKk; gpd;gw;Wnthk;.

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,ay; mwk; fw;fz;L
gh?tif/ myfpLjy;
8
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; kzpnkfiyapYk; mike;j ghtpdk; __________.

m) mftw;gh M) btz;gh
,) t+;rpg;gh <) fypg;gh [tpil: m) mftw;gh]
FWtpdh
1. Fws; btz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;ij vGjp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
Fws; btz;gh vd;gJ btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk; mikag; bgw;W ,uz;L mofsha;
tUk;.
Kjyo ehd;F rPuhft[k;/ ,uz;lhk; mo @d;W rPuhft[k; tUk;.
v.fh: fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
2.
t+;rp;g;ghtpw;F cupa Xir J}=;fy; Xir MFk;. Js;sy; Xir fypg;ght[f;F cupaJ.
,j;bjhlu;fis xnu bjhluhf ,izj;J vGJf.
t+;rpg;gh J}=;fy; Xiriaa[k;/ fypg;gh Js;sy; Xiriaa[k; bgw;W tUk;.
,ay; 8
rpWtpdh
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vGJf.
mfty; Xir bgw;W tUk;.
<uirr; rPu; kpFjpahft[k; fha;r;rPu; Fiwthft[k; gapd;W tUk;.
Mrpupaj;jis kpFjpahf tUk;.
btz;lis/ fypj;jis Mfpait tputp tUk;.
@d;wo Kjy; vGJgtu; kdepiyf;nfw;g mika[k;.
Vfhuj;jpy; Koa[k;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ahg;gpd; cWg;g[fs; __________.

m) 3 M) 5
,) 6 <) 7 [tpil: ,) 6]
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ghtif Xir
m) btz;gh ? 1. Js;sy; Xir
M) Mrpupag;gh ? 2. brg;gnyhir
,) fypg;gh ? 3. J}=;fy; Xir
<) t+;rpg;gh ? 4. mftnyhir
m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3]
3. @d;W mo Kjy; vGJgtu; kdepiyf;nfw;g mo mika[k; ghtif __________.
m) btz;gh M) Mrpupag;gh
,) fypg;gh <) t+;rpg;gh [tpil: M) Mrpupag;gh]
4. btz;ghf;fspd; tiffs; vj;jid>

m) ehd;F M) MW
,) Ie;J <) VG [tpil: ,) Ie;J]
5. bra;a[spy; ,ilapilna cau;e;J tUk; Xir __________.
m) mfty; M) Js;sy;
,) J}=;fy; <) brg;gy; [tpil: M) Js;sy;]
6. btz;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;fs; __________.
m) Fws;" ehyoahu; M) ehyoahu;" kzpnkfiy
,) Fws;" rpyk;g[ <) Fws;/ tisahgjp [tpil: m) Fws;" ehyoahu;]
7. <w;wo Kr;rPuhft[k; Vida mofs; ehw;rPuhft[k; tUk; gh __________.
m) Mrpupag;gh M) btz;gh
,) fypg;gh <) t+;rpg;gh [tpil: M) btz;gh]
,ay; 8
8.
``bgU=;fij~~/ ``kzpnkfiy~~/ ``rpyg;gjpfhuk;~~ nghd;w fhg;gpaj;jpy; mike;j gh tif
__________.
m) mftw;gh M) btz;gh
,) fypg;gh <) t+;rpg;gh [tpil: m) mftw;gh]
9. gjpd;@d;W mof;F nkw;gl;L tUk; gh tif __________.
m) fypbtz;gh M) t+;rpg;gh
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) ,d;dpir btz;gh [tpil: M) t+;rpg;gh]
10. rPu;njhWe; Js;shJ jhH;e;nj tUtJ __________.
m) J}=;fnyhir M) Js;snyhir
,) brg;gnyhir <) mftnyhir [tpil: m) J}=;fnyhir]
11. ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;w Xir __________.
m) brg;gnyhir M) mftnyhir
,) Js;snyhir <) J}=;fnyhir [tpil: m) brg;gnyhir]
12. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; __________.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M) ehd;F]
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13. ``Vfhuj;jpy;~~ Koa[k; rpwg;g[ila gh tif __________.

m) btz;gh M) Mrpupag;gh
,) fypg;gh <) t+;rpg;gh [tpil: M) Mrpupag;gh]
14. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;wJ ? m) mftnyhir
2. brhw;bghHpthw;WtJ nghd;wJ ? M) brg;gnyhir
3. jhH;e;J cau;e;J tUtJ ? ,) J}=;fnyhir
4. jhH;e;nj tUtJ ? <) Js;snshir
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
15. mftw;ght[ld; bjhlu;gpy;yhj xd;W __________.
,) bgU=;fij <) ehyoahu; [tpil: <) ehyoahu;]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. neu; ? m) kyu;
2. epiu ? M) fhR
3. neu;g[ ? ,) gpwg;g[
4. epiug[ ? <) ehs;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. neu; neu; ? m) g[spkh
2. epiu neu; ? M) njkh
3. neu; epiu ? ,) fUtpsk;
4. epiu epiu ? <) Ttpsk;
,ay; 8
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
18. bghUj;Jf.
1. neu; neu; neu; ? m) g[spkh=;fha;
2. epiu neu; neu; ? M) njkh=;fha;
3. neu; epiu neu; ? ,) fUtps=;fha;
4. epiu epiu neu; ? <) Ttps=;fha;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. neu; neu; epiu ? m) g[spkh=;fdp
2. epiu neu; epiu ? M) njkh=;fdp
3. neu; epiu epiu ? ,) fUtps=;fdp
4. epiu epiu epiu ? <) Ttps=;fdp
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
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20. g[ytu; FHe;ij ,aw;wpa ahg;g[ E}y; __________.

m) ahg;gjpfhuk; M) ahg;gU=;fyk;
,) ahg;gU=;fy=;fhupif <) ed;D}y; [tpil: m) ahg;gjpfhuk;]
FWtpdh
1. ahg;gpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
vGj;J/ mir/ rPu;/ mo/ bjhil/ jis Mfpait MFk;.
2. gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mitahtd: btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/ t+;rpg;gh.
3. btz;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit>
btz;gh Ie;J tifg;gLk;: mitahtd:
Fws; btz;gh/ rpe;jpay; btz;gh/ neupir btz;gh/ ,d;dpir btz;gh/ gBbwhil btz;gh
MfpaitahFk;.
4. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
neupir Mrpupag;gh/ ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh/ epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh/ mokwp kz;oy
Mrpupag;gh.
5. jpUf;FwSk; ehyoahUk; vt;tifg; ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ vdr; Rl;o/ mjd; Xirfisa[k;
Fwpg;gpLf.
jpUf;FwSk; ehyoahUk; btz;ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
mjd; Xir : brg;gnyhir.
6. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; vt;tifg; ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ vdr; Rl;o/ mjd; Xirfisa[k; Fwpg;gpLf.
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; mftw;ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,ay; 8
mjd; Xir :mfty; Xir

7. mftnyhirapy; mike;j E}y;fs; rpytw;wpd; bgau;fis vGJf.
r=;f ,yf;fpak;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=;fij.
8. gjpd;@d;W mof;F nky; tUk; btz;gh vJ>
fypbtz;gh.
9. fypj;jisa[k; btz;lisa[k; tputptUk; gh vJ>
Mrpupag;gh (mftw;gh).
10. Xuirr; rPu;fs; ahit>
neu; ? ehs; " epiu ? kyu;
neu;g[ ? fhR " epiug[ ? gpwg;g[
11. <uirr; rPu;fs; ahit>
neu; neu; ? njkh " epiu neu; ? g[spkh
epiu epiu ? fUtpsk; " neu; epiu ? Ttpsk;
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12. @tirr; rPu;fs; ahit>

fha;r;rPu; fdpr;rPu;
neu; neu; neu; ? njkh=;fha; neu; neu; epiu ? njkh=;fdp
epiu neu; neu; ? g[spkh=;fha; epiu neu; epiu ? g[spkh=;fdp
epiu epiu neu; ? fUtps=;fha; epiu epiu epiu ? fUtps=;fdp
neu; epiu neu; ? Ttps=;fha; neu; epiu epiu ? Ttps=;fdp
rpWtpdh

1. btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
btz;gh brg;gy; Xir bgw;W tUk;.
<w;wo Kr;rPuhft[k; Vida mofs; ehw;rPuhft[k; tUk;. ,aw;rPu;/ btz;rPu; kl;Lnk gapd;W tUk;.
,uz;lo Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mo tiu mika[k;.
<w;Wr;rPu; ehs;/ kyu;;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;oy; Koa[k;.
2. mftw;ghit tpsf;fp/ rhd;W jUf.
mfty; Xir Mrpupag;ght[f;F cupaJ.

,yf;fzf; fl;Lf; nfhg;g[ Fiwthft[k;/ ftpij btspaPl;Lf;F vspjhft[k; ,Ug;gJ
mftw;gh.
rhd;W: r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=;fij ? MfpaitahFk;.
3. myfpl;L tha;ghL vGJf.
Fws;: cyfj;njh blhl;l bthGfy; gyfw;Wk;
t.vz; rPu; mir tha;ghL
1 cy ' fj; ' njh epiu neu; neu; g[spkh=;fha;
,ay; 8
2 blhl; ' l neu; neu; njkh
3 bthG ' fy; epiu neu; g[spkh
4 gy ' fw; ' Wk; epiu neu; neu; g[spkh=;fha;
5 fy; ' yhu; neu; neu; njkh
6 mwp ' tpyh epiu epiu fUtpsk;
7 jhu; neu; ehs;
1. ghlE}ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ftpijfisa[k; mtw;wpd; ghtiffisa[k; tifg;gLj;jp gl;oay;

,Lf.
1. Fws;btz;gh : jpUf;Fws;
2. btz;gh : ePjp btz;gh/ jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;/ njk;ghtzp/
3. fypbtz;gh : Ky;iyg;ghl;L/ gupghly;
4. Mrpupag;gh : md;idbkhHpna/ kiygLflhk;/ jpUkhy; jpUbkhHp/
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;/ bka;f;fPu;j;jp/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/
+hdk;/ fhyf;fzpjk;/ Vu; g[jpjh>
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5. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh : fhw;nw th/ g{j;bjhLj;jy;/ rpj;jhS.

6. fypg;gh : fk;guhkhazk;
2.
btz;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;fs;/ Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; gw;wp tFg;gpy;
fye;JiuahLf.
btz;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;fs; : jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahu;.
Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; : rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=;fij.
fye;Jiuahly;
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs;: ,uF/ kJ/ rhe;jp.
,uF : ez;gh- ,uF bra;a[s; E}y;fs; gy vGjg;gl;lhYk; ehk; ,g;nghJ btz;ghtpYk;/

Mrpupag;ghtpYk; vGjg;gl;l E}y;fs; gw;wp ciuahLnthk;.
kJ : ey;y bra;jp jhd;/ btz;ghtpy; xd;Wk; Mrpupag;ghtpy; xd;Wk;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhkh>
rhe;jp : kJ mz;zh- btz;ghtpy; jpUf;FwSk;/ Mrpupag;ghtpy; rpyg;gjpfhuKk; gw;wp
ngryhkh-.
,uF : ngryhnk- Kjypy; btz;ghtpy; jpUf;Fwisg; gw;wp ngryhk;.
kJ : cyfg; bghJkiw vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; jpUf;Fws; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd
@d;iw jiyikahff; bfhz;L 133 mjpfhuj;ija[k; 1330 ghf;fs; bfhz;L
Fws; btz;ghthy; ghlg;gl;l E}y;.
rhe;jp : ,e;j E}Yf;F gj;J ngu; ciu vGjp cs;shu;fshk;.
,uF : ,d;W Vuhskhdtu; vGjp cs;sdu;. gupnkyHfu; ciujhd; rpwe;j ciu.
rhe;jp : ehk; jpUf;Fwisg; gog;gnjhL ,y;yhky; jpUf;FwnshL Fws; Twpa[s;sJ
nghy; thH;nthk;.
kJ : rup/ btz;ghtpdhy; mike;j E}iyg; ghu;j;njhk;.
rhe;jp : Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j E}y;/ jkpHpy; Kjd; Kjypy; njhd;wpa fhg;gpak; vJ
,ay; 8
vd;Wbrhy;Y=;fs;>
kJ : rpyg;gjpfhuk; rhe;jp-.
,uF : ,e;E}y; nfhtyd;/ fz;zfp/ khjtp vd @d;W @d;whf ghodhYk;
Fokf;fisg;gw;wp ghoa E}y;.
rhe;jp : 1. murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;.
2. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu;
3. CH;tpid cUj;Jte;J Cl;Lk;
vd;Dk; @d;W cz;ikfisf; TWfpwJ.
,uF : xt;bthU E}iya[k; gw;wp ehk; ngrpf;bfhz;nl nghfyhk;. neuk; ngha;f;
bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ. tPl;oy; njLthu;fs;. g[wg;gLnthkh-
@tUk; : ey;yJ. g[wg;gLnthk;.
3. ahg;nghir jUk; ghnthirfs; vitbadg; g[ytu; FHe;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
ahg;nghir jUk; ghnthir
1. brg;gnyhir : ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;w Xir.
2. mftnyhir : xUtu; ngRjy; nghd;w ? brhw;bghHpthw;WtJ nghd;w Xir
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3. Js;snyhir : fd;W Js;spdhw;nghyr; rPu;njhWe; Js;sptUk; Xir. mjhtJ jhH;e;J

cau;e;J tUtJ
4. J}=;fnyhir : rPu;njhWe; Js;shJ J}=;fptUk; Xir/
jhH;e;nj tUtJ ? ahg;gjpfhuk;/ g[ytu; FHe;ij
bkhHpbgau;g;g[:
Once upon a time there were two beggars in Rome. The first beggar used to cry in the streets
of the city, “He is helped whom God helps”. The Second beggar used to cry, “He is helped who the king
helps”. This was repeated by them everyday. The Emperor of Rome heard it so often that he decided to help
the beggar who popularized him in the streets of Rome. He ordered a loaf of bread to be baked and filled
with pieces of gold. When the beggar felt the heavy weight of the bread, he sold it to his friend as soon as
he met him. The latter carried it home. When he cut the loaf of bread he found sparkling pieces of gold.
Thanking God, he stopped begging from that day. But the other continued to beg through the city. Puzzled
by the beggar’s behaviour, the Emperor summoned him to his presence and asked him, “What have you
done with the loaf of bread that I had sent you lately?” The man replied, “I sold it to my friend, because
it was heavy and did not seem well baked” Then the Emperor said, “Truly he whom God helps is helped
indeed,” and turned the beggar out of his palace.
jkpHhf;fk;:

Kd;bghUehs; nuhk; efupy; ,uz;L gpr;irf;fhuu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud;
flt[s; vg;goahtJ ahu; @ykhtJ vdf;F cjt[thu; vd;W fz;zPu; tpl;lhd;. ,uz;lhk;
gpr;irf;fhud; kd;didg; g[fH;e;J ghodhy; kd;dd; fhg;ghd; vd;whd;. jpdKk; ,UtUk;
,g;gona brhy;ypf;bfhz;L ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
nuhk; muru; jd;idg; gw;wpg; ngrpg; g[fH;e;J vg;goahtJ jhd; ghJfhg;ngd; vd;W ek;g[fpw
gpr;irf;fhuDf;F cjt tpUk;gpdhu;.
,ay; 8
ePskhd buhl;og; bghl;lyj;jpy;/ buhl;oj; Jz;Lfs; eLnt rpy bghw;fhRfis itj;Jf;
bfhLj;jhd;.
,uz;lhk; gpr;irf;fhud; buhl;oj; Jz;L bghl;lyk; fdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ" tpw;why; gzk;
rk;ghjpf;fyhk; vd;W Kjy; gpr;irf;fhudhd ez;gdplk; tpw;WtpLfpwhd;.
,g;gona buhl;oj; Jz;il jpdKk; tpw;fpwhd;. mjid th=;Fk; Kjyhk; gpr;irf;fhud;
buhl;oj;Jz;il btl;og;ghu;j;jhy; jpdKk; bghw;fhRfs; kpd;dpd.
jpdKk; flt[Sf;F ed;wp brhy;yp bghw;fhRfis vLj;J itj;J nru;j;J itj;jhd;. gpr;ir
vLg;gij epWj;jp tpLfpwhd;.

,uz;lhk; gpr;irf;fhud; bjhlu;e;J tPjpfspy; gpr;ir vLj;Jf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwhd;.
kd;dd; mtid miHj;J ehd; bfhLj;j buhl;og; bghl;ly=;fis vd;d bra;jha; vd;W
nfl;lhu;.

mJ vLj;Jr;bry;y fdkhf ,Ue;jgoahy; vd; gpr;irf;fhu ez;gdplk; mjid
tpw;Wtpl;nld; vd;whd;.
kd;du; jdf;Fs; epidj;Jf;bfhz;lhu;. ``flt[s; jd;idj; njLgtu;fSf;F cz;ikapny
ahu; @ykhtJ cjt[fpwhu;~~ ,uz;lhk; gpr;irf;fhudplk; jpUk;gp/ `rup eP nghfyhk;~ vd;W
muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J btspnawr; brhd;dhu;.
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kug[j; bjhlUf;fhd bghUswpe;J bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.

kdf;nfhl;il:
gof;fhkny nju;tpy; btw;wp bgw;Wtplyhk; vd;W rpy khztu;fs; kdf;nfhl;il fl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
fz;Qk; fUj;Jk;:
fz;Qk; fUj;jha; ftdKld; goj;jhy; Kjy; kjpg;bgz; bgwyhk;.
ms;sp ,iwj;jy;:
gzj;ijf; fzf;Fg; ghu;f;fhky; ms;sp ,iwj;jhy; tpiutpy; tWikepiy miltha;.
Mwg;nghLjy;:
gpur;rpidfisg; bgupJgLj;jhJ Mwg;nghLjy; mnef jPatpist[fisj; jLf;Fk;.
gpd;tUk; ciuahlypy; cs;s ngr;R tHf;fpid vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
ngr;RtHf;F:
``jk;gP> v=;f epf;fpnw>~~
`èP=;f brhd;d vlj;Jyjhz;nz- vjpu;j;jhg;g[y xU O !;lhy; ,Uf;FJ.~~
``m=;=df;Fs;sna O rhg;Ll;L/ ngg;gug; gor;rpl;L ,U.. eh bturh te;JUntd;~~
``mz;nz- rk;Ktj;ija[k; Tl;of;fpl;L th=;fz;nz- mtbda; ghj;nj buhk;g ehshr;R-~~
``mtk;ghl;onahl btspa{u; nghapUf;fhd;. c=;TUf;nf mtndf; Tl;of;fpl;L tu;nwd;.~~
``buhk;gr; rpd;d taRy ghu;j;jJz;nz- mg;g mtDf;F @Q taR ,Uf;Fk;-~~
``,g;g xrukh tse;Jl;lhd;- xdf;F milahsnk bjupahJ- CUf;F v=;Tl tUthk; ghnud;-
rup/ nghid itap. eh= bfsk;gp;nld;...~~
``rup=;fz;nz~~
vGj;J tHf;F:
``jk;gp v=;nf epw;fpwha;>~~
,ay; 8
`èP=;fs; brhd;d ,lj;jpy;jhd; mz;zh- vjpu;g;g[wj;jpy; xU njePu; fil ,Uf;fpwJ.~~

``m=;nfna njePu; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L/ bra;jpj;jhs; goj;Jf;bfhz;oU. ehd; tpiuthf te;J
tpLfpnwd;.~~
``mz;zh- rz;Kfj;ija[k; Tl;of;bfhz;L thU=;fs; mz;zh- mtidg; ghu;j;J mjpf
ehl;fshfptpl;ld.~~
``mtd; ghl;oa[ld; btspa{u; brd;wpUf;fpwhd;. c=;fs; CUf;nf mtidf; Tl;of;bfhz;L
tUfpnwd;.~~
`èpiwa ehSf;F Kd;dhy; rpd;d tajpy; ghu;j;jJ mz;zh. mg;nghJ mtDf;F @d;W taJ
,Uf;Fk;~~
``,g;nghJ caukhf tsu;e;Jtpl;lhd;. cdf;F milahsnk bjupahJ. CUf;F vd;Dld;
tUthd;. ghu;j;Jf;bfhs;. rup. bjhiyngrpia itj;JtpL. ehd; g[wg;gLfpnwd;.~~
``rup mz;zh-~~
fojk; vGJf.
c=;fs; bjUtpy; kpd; tpsf;Ffs; gGjile;J cs;sd. mjdhy; ,utpy; rhiyapy; ele;J
bry;nthUf;F Vw;gLk; ,ila{Wfis vGjp Mtd bra;a[k;go kpd;thupa mYtyUf;Ff;
fojk; vGJf.
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mDg;g[eu;
v!;. r=;fud;/
23/ ts;syhu; rhiy/
ghujpjhrd; efu;/
jpUr;rp.
bgWeu;
cau;jpU. kpd;thupa braw;bghwpahsu; mtu;fs;/
braw;bghwpahsu; mYtyfk;/
jpUr;rp.
bghUs;: bjUtpsf;Ffs; gGJ ePf;Fjy; ? bjhlu;ghf.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah/
tzf;fk;. ehd; ghujpjhrd; efu; ts;syhu; rhiyiar; rhu;e;jtd;. fle;j thuk; tPrpa
jhnd g[ayhy; v=;fs; bjUtpy; cs;s kpdtpsf;F fk;g=;fs; midj;Jk; rha;e;Jtpl;ld.
,jdhy; ,utpy; btspna bry;nthu;f;F kpft[k; Jd;gkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. bjUtpsf;F ,y;yhjijg;
gad;gLj;jp r@f tpnuhjpfspd; bray;fSk; mjpfkhfp tpl;lJ. mjdhy; jat[bra;J neupy;
ghu;itapl;L gGjile;j kpd;tpsf;Ff; fk;g=;fisr; rupbra;J jUkhW jhH;ika[ld;
nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
ed;wp-
,g;gof;F/
21.03.2020 bjUkf;fs; rhu;ghf/
ghujpjhrd; efu;. v!;. r=;fud;.
ciwnky; Kftup:
bgWeu;
cau;jpU. kpd;thupa braw;bghwpahsu; mtu;fs;/
,ay; 8
braw;bghwpahsu; mYtyfk;/
jpUr;rp.
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
nfhilapny ,isg;ghw;wpf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j
Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHy;fdpe;j fdpna
Xilapny CWfpd;w jP+;Ritj;jz; zPnu
cfe;jjz;zPu; ,ilkyu;e;j Rfe;jkz kynu
nkilapny tPRfpd;w bky;ypag{=; fhw;nw
bkd;fhw;wpy; tpisRfnk Rfj;jpy;cWk; gand
Milapny vidkze;j kzthsh bghJtpy;
MLfpd;w munrvd; my=;fy;mzpe; jUns. ? ts;syhu;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
nfhilapy; ,isg;ghWk; tifapy; fpilj;j Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa jU Mdtd;. kuk;
(jU) jUk; epHyhft[k;/ epHypd; Fspu;r;rpahft[k;/ epHy;jUk; fdpahft[k; ,Ug;gtd;. Xilapny
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CWfpd;w ,d;Rit ePuhft[k;/ ePupd; ,ilapy; kyu;e;J Rfe;jk; jUk; thrkyuhft[k; jpfH;gtd;.
nkilapny tPRfpd;w bkd;g{=;fhw;whft[k;/ bkd;fhw;W jUk; Rfkhft[k; Rfj;jpd; gadhft[k;
,Uf;Fk; ,iwth. ,t;t[yf thH;tpy; Mof;bfhz;oUf;Fk; vd;ida[k; Vw;Wf;bfhz;l
(kde;j) jiytnd (kzthsnd) bghJtpny MLfpd;w/ Ml;Ltpf;fpd;w vk; munr ehd;
jUk; ghkhiyia (my=;fy;) mzpe;J vdf;F mUs; bra;thahf.
nkhid eak;:
FatDf;F ghid
bra;a[Sf;F nkhid
bra;a[spy; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid MFk;.
nkilapny
bkd;fhw;W...
Milapny...
MLfpd;w... vd;W nkhid eaKk; kpFe;J tUfpd;wJ.
vJif eak;:
kJiuf;F itif
bra;a[Sf;F vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f moapnyh rPupnyh ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ
vJifahFk;. ,g;ghlypy;/
nfhilapny
Xilapny
nkilapny
Milapny vd;W vJif eak; mike;Js;sJ.
,iag[ eak;:
,ay; 8
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; ,Wjp vGj;njh brhy;nyh ,iae;J tuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j;

bjhil MFk;.
jz;zPnu
kynu vd ,iag[ eaKk; cs;sJ.
mzp eak;:
mzp vd;why; mHF. ,g;ghlypd; mHFf;F mHF bra;a[k; tifapy;/
``Fspu; jUnt...
epHy; fdpe;j fdpna...~~
,iwtid cUtfg;gLj;Jk; ``cUtf mzpa[k;~~ ,iwtid nkd;ikg;gLj;jp cau;j;jpg;
g[fH;e;J ghoapUg;gjhy; ``cau;t[ etpw;rp mzpa[k;~~ mike;J ghlYf;F eak; Tl;oa[s;sJ.
re;j eak;:
,g;ghly; ,dpa Xira[ld;/ ,ira[ld; ghLk; tifapy;/ xGfpa Xiraha; `vz;rPu;
fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;~ bgw;W mftnyhira[ld; re;j eaKk; kpf;Fs;sJ.
,g;ghly; midj;J ,yf;fpa ea=;fSKilajha;g; gog;nghu; kdjpy; ,iwgf;jpiaa[k;/
,yf;fpa Mu;tj;ija[k; Cl;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
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fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
xd;W/ ,uz;L/ @d;W/ ehd;F/ Ie;J/ MW/ VG/ vl;L/ xd;gJ/ gj;J Mfpa vz;Qg; bgau;fs;
,lk;bgWk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
vz;Qg;bgau;fs; ,lk;bgWk; jpUf;Fws; ghf;fs;:
xd;W : bfhd;wd;d ,d;dh brapDk; mtu;bra;j
xd;Wed;W cs;sf; bfLk;.
,uz;L : jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j=;fh tpaDyfk;
thdk; tH=;fhJ vdpd;.
@d;W : fhkk; btFsp kaf;fk; ,it@d;wd;
ehkk; bflf;bfLk; neha;.
ehd;F : mGf;fhW mthbtFsp ,d;dhr;brhy; ehd;Fk;
,Gf;fhW ,ad;wJ mwk;.
Ie;J : bghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; bgha;jPu; xGf;f
bewpepd;whu; ePL thH;thu;.
MW : gilFo TH;mikr;R el;gud; MWk;
cilahd; murUs; VW.
VG : vGgpwg;g[k; jPait jPz;lh gHpgpw=;fhg;
gz;g[il kf;fl; bgwpd;.
vl;L : nfhapy; bghwpapy; Fzkpynt vz; Fzj;jhd;
jhis tz=;fhj; jiy.
,ay; 8
xd;gJ : xd;gJ vd;w vz;iz jpUts;Stu; jk; E}ypy; v=;Fk; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy
gj;J : eiftifa uhfpa el;gpd; giftuhy;
gj;jLj;j nfho cWk;.
brhw;fisg; gpupj;Jg; bghUs; jUf.
1. fhdil : fhd; mil ? fhl;ilr; nru;
fhd; eil ? fhl;Lf;F elj;jy;
fhy; eil ? fhyhy; elj;jy;
2. tUe;jhkiu: tUk; jhkiu ? jhkiu kyu;
tUk; jh kiu ? jht[k; khd; tUfpwJ.
tUe;jh kiu ? Jd;g[whj khd;
3. gpz;zhf;F : gpz;zhf;F ? vs;/ fliy Ml;Lk;nghJ fpilg;gJ.
gps; ehf;F ? gpst[gl;l ehf;F
4. gyifbahyp : gyif xyp ? gyifahy; Vw;gLk; xyp
gy if xyp ? gy iffs; jl;Lk; xyp.
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mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
MRftp – bfhLj;jg; bghUis clnd ghLk; ghl;L.
mg;ghliyg; ghLk; g[ytd;.
kJuftp – ,dpik bgUfg; ghLk; ftp.
brhw;Rit/ bghUl;Rit epuk;gpa ghl;L.
rpj;jpuftp –
rpj;jpuj;jpy; mikj;jjw;F Vw;g ghLk; ,iwf;ftp/ 21 ea=;fspy; ftpij
,aw;Wgtu;
tpj;jhuftp – tpupj;Jg; ghlg; bgWk; ghl;L.
tpupthfg; ghLk; E}y;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Belief ? ek;gpf;if Renaissance ? kWkyu;r;rp
Philosopher ? bka;apayhsu; Revivalism ? kPl;LUthf;fk;

``kdk; behe;J kWfp
nfl;ft[k; eh vHhJ
thHt[k; tif awpahJ
,uj;jny tHp vd;gij
,Wjp Kot[ Mf;fp
``<bad~~ ,uj;jy; bfhoJ
,uf;fj;Jld; <thiuj;
jLj;jy; mjdpDk; bfhojd;nwh~~
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
,ay; 8
ehk; vg;nghJk; xnu kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy/ ek;ikr; Rw;wp epfGk; bray;fshy; ehk;
miyf;fHpf;fg;gLfpnwhk;. cld; gapy;gtUlndh/ cld;gpwe;jtUlndh vjpu;ghuhky; rr;rut[
Vw;gLfpwJ..... ,e;jr; rkaj;jpy; rpdk;bfhs;sj; jf;f brhw;fisg; ngRfpnwhk;" nfl;fpnwhk;"
iffyg;gpy; <LgLfpnwhk;" ,JfhWk; fw;w mw=;fs; ekf;Ff; ifbfhLf;f ntz;lhkh> khzt
epiyapy; ehk; gpd;gw;w ntz;oa mw=;fSk; mjdhy; Vw;gLfSk; ed;ikfSk;...
ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd (mw=;fs;) mw=;fs; jUk; ed;ikfs;
ey;y brhw;fisna nju;e;bjLj;Jg; ey;y ez;gu;fisg; bgwyhk;. vjpupfisa[k;
ngRjy;. ez;guhf;fyhk;.
xUtiug; gw;wp ,d;bdhUtuplk; njitaw;w rz;iliag; gifia jtpu;j;J/
khw;wpg; ngrhjpUj;jy;. midtUlDk; md;gha; thHyhk;.
gHpth=;Fk; vz;zj;ijf; iftply;. kd mikjp bgwyhk;. ez;guplj;Jk;/
bgha;jtpu;j;J cz;ik ngRjy;. cwtpduplj;Jk; ew;bgau; bgwyhk;.
cz;ik ek; thH;it cau;j;Jk; mr;rkpd;wp
thHyhk;.

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,ay; kdpjk; ciueil cyfk;

b$afhe;jk;
9 ? epidt[ ,jH;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfj;jhd rhjida[k; rthYkhf b$afhe;jd; fUJtJ __________.

m) murpd; eyj;jpl;l=;fisr; bray;gLj;Jjy;
M) bgw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngzpf; fhj;jy;
,) mwptpay; Kd;ndw;wk;
<) btspehl;L KjyPLfs; [tpil: M) bgw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngzpf; fhj;jy;]
2. fiyapd; fztdhft[k; rKjhaj;jpd; g[jy;tdhft[k; ,Ue;J vGJfpnwd;

? ,f;Tw;wpypUe;J ehk; g[upe;Jbfhs;tJ>
m) jk; thH;;f;ifapy; bgw;w tpist[fisf; fiyahf;fpdhu;.
M) r@fg; ghu;itnahL fiyg;gzp g[upant vGjpdhu;.
,) mwj;ijf; TWtjw;fhf vGjpdhu;.
<) mHfpaYld; ,yf;fpak; gilj;jhu;.
[tpil: M) r@fg; ghu;itnahL fiyg;gzp g[upant vGjpdhu;.]
FWtpdh
,ay; 9
1.
ehd; vGJtjw;F xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; cz;L ? ,j;bjhliu ,U
bjhlu;fshf;Ff.
ehd; vGJtjw;Fj; J}z;Ljy; xd;Wz;L.
ehd; vGJtjw;Fj; J}z;LjYf;Fupa fhuzKk; xd;Wz;L.
rpWtpdh
1. b$afhe;jd; jk; fij khe;ju;fspd; rpwe;j TWfisf; Fwpg;gplj; jtWtjpy;iy vd;W
mnrhfkpj;jpud; TWfpwhu;. ? ,f;Tw;iw bka;gg
; pf;Fk; bray; xd;iwj; ``ju;ff
; j;jpw;F mg;ghy;~~
fij khe;ju; thapyhf tpsf;Ff.

``ju;f;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy;~~ fij khe;ju;:
fz;zpy;yhj gpr;irf;fhud;/ ju;kk; bra;jtd;

khe;ju;fspd; rpwg;g[f; Twp bka;g;gpf;Fk; bray;:
,uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F btspna ,Ue;j fz;zpy;yhj gpr;irf;fhuDf;F ,uz;lzhit
mtu; nghl;lhu;. mijg; bgw;Wf;bfhz;ltu; iffs; Ftpj;J/ `rhkp/ eP=;fnghw tHpf;bfy;yhk;
g[z;zpak; cz;L/ vd;W thH;j;jpdhd;. me;jg; gpr;irf;fhuDf;Fj; ju;kk; bra;ahky;
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,Ue;jpUe;jhnyh my;yJ ju;kk; bra;j Xuzhit vLj;Jr; brd;wpUe;jhnyh> tpgj;Jf;Fs;shd

,uapypy;jhd; brd;wpUg;ghd;. ju;kk; jiyfhf;Fk; vd;gijj; ju;kk; bra;jtd; czu;e;jhd;.
ju;kk; je;jtDk; mijg;bgw;wtDk; kdjhu thH;j;Jk; ed; khe;ju;fspd; rpwg;g[f;
TWfshFk;.
beLtpdh

1.
b$afhe;jd; epidt[r; rpwg;gpjiH thu ,jH; xd;W btspapl ,Uf;fpwJ. mjw;fhd xU
Rtbuhl;oia totikj;J mspf;f.
Rtbuhl;o
f=;fh thu ,jH;

btspapLk;
b$afhe;jd; epidt[r; rpwg;gpjH; ? 2020

btspaPl;L ehs;
cs;ns.....
 thH;f;if tuyhW
100
29.03.2020  gilg;gpd; mDgtk; gf;f=;fs;
 fhe;jk; b$afhe;jd;: fl;Liu
``Kjypy; vGJfpwtd; vd;w Kiwapy;/ vij  g[fH; ftpijfs;
vGJtJ vd;W jPu;khdpg;gtd; ehnd~~  jpiungRk; fhe;jk; ? JQf;Ffs;
? b$afhe;jd;  rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ mDgtk;
tpiy Kd;gjpt[f;F:
` 30 _ f=;fh gjpg;gfk;/ jpUbey;ntyp?1.
bjhiyngrp: 0462?2338899
,ay; 9
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. tFg;g[ khztu;fspd; gilg;g[fisj; jpul;of; FGthf ,ize;J ifbaGj;J ,jH; xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
(khztu; bray;ghL)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpjk; njha;e;j vGj;jhSik kpf;ftu; __________.
m) b$afhe;jd; M) b$ankhfd;
,) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; <) R$hjh [tpil: m) b$afhe;jd;]
2. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJbgw;w b$afhe;jdpd; g[jpdk; __________.
m) f=;if v=;nf nghfpwhs;
M) ahUf;fhf mGjhs;
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,) rpy neu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs;

<) ,kaj;Jf;F mg;ghy; [tpil: ,) rpy neu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs;]
3. ju;khu;j;j=;fis cgnjrpf;fnt __________ ghujj;ij vGjpatu;.
m) tpahru; M) fk;gu;
,) tpy;ypg[j;J}uhu; <) ghujpahu; [tpil: m) tpahru;]
4. `èhw;bghUl; gaj;jbyhL~~ ? ,jpy; èhw;bghUl;~ vd;gJ __________.

m) mwk;/ khdk;/ fy;tp/ g[fH; M) mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL
,) mwk;/ kwk;/ khdk;/ g[fH; <) g[fH;/ fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bgUik
[tpil: M) mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL]
5. fiyg;gzp vd;whny mjDs; ml=;FtJ __________.

m) khDlk; M) r@fg;ghu;it
,) ed;bdwp <) ehl;Lg;gw;W [tpil: M) r@fg;ghu;it]
6. b$afhe;jd; thH;e;j fhyk; __________.
m) 1934?2015 M) 1936?2016
,) 1939?2017 <) 1940?2018 [tpil: m) 1934?2015]
7. gpbu+;R bkhHpapy; te;j ``fhe;jp thH;f;if tuyhw;wpd;~~ jkpHhf;f E}y; vJ>
m) cz;ik RLk; M) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij
,) thH;tpf;f te;j fhe;jp <) njtd; tUthu; [tpil: ,) thH;tpf;f te;j fhe;jp]
8. Kd;rp gpnuk;re;jpd; thH;f;if tuyhW __________.

m) xU fjhrpupadpd; fij M) gpusak;
,) ,dpg;g[k; fupg;g[k; <) a[fre;jp [tpil: m) xU fjhrpupadpd; fij]
9. ``ju;f;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy;~~ rpWfij mike;j bjhFg;g[ __________.
m) up&p@yk; M) a[fre;jp
,ay; 9
,) FUgPlk; <) xU gpo nrhW [tpil: M) a[fre;jp]
10. jd;Dila gilg;g[fSf;Fj; jhnd Kd;Diu vGJk; gHf;fk; cilatu; __________.

m) nkj;jh M) R$hjh
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: <) b$afhe;jd;]
11. b$afhe;jd; ahiug; gw;wp ftpij vGjpa[s;shu;>

m) fz;zjhrd; M) gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;
,) g[yikg;gpj;jd; <) thyp [tpil: M) gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;]
12. nrhtpaj; ehl;od; tpUJ bgw;w b$afhe;jdpd; E}y; __________.

m) cd;idg;nghy; xUtd; M) ,kaj;Jf;F mg;ghy;
,) g[jpa thu;g;g[fs; <) xU kdpjd; xUtPL xU cyfk;
[tpil: M) ,kaj;Jf;F mg;ghy;]
13. fUj;jhHKk; thrfr; Ritg;g[k; fye;J ,yf;fpa=;fs; gilj;jtu; __________.

m) mfpyd; M) b$afhe;jd;
,) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; <) fy;fp [tpil: M) b$afhe;jd;]
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14. rkfhyf; fUj;Jfisa[k; epfH;t[fisa[k; rkfhy bkhHpapy; rkfhy czu;tpy; je;jtu;

,) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; <) fy;fp [tpil: M) b$afhe;jd]
15. cd;idg;nghy; xUtd; ? jpiug;glj;jpw;fhf b$afhe;jd; bgw;w tpUJ __________.

m) FoauRj;jiytu; tpUJ M) rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ
,) +hdgPl tpUJ <) jhkiuj; jpU tpUJ [tpil: m) FoauRj;jiytu; tpUJ]
16. khWgl;l FGtpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) FUgPlk;/ a[fre;jp
M) xUgpo nrhW/ cz;ik RLk;
,) ,dpg;g[k; fupg;g[k;/ njtd; tUthuh
<) gpusak;/ iftpy=;F [tpil: <) gpusak;/ iftpy=;F]
17. fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; b$afhe;jd; rpWfijj; bjhFg;gpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) FUgPlk; M) gpusak;
,) ghhPRf;Fg;ngh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij [tpil: m) FUgPlk;]
18. fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; b$afhe;jdpd; FWk;g[jpdj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
,) ghhPRf;Fg; ngh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij [tpil: M) gpusak;]
19. fPH;f;fz;ltw;Ws; b$afhe;jd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}ypidf; fz;lwpf.

,) ghhPRf;Fg;ngh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij[tpil: <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij]
20. bghUj;Jf.
1. njtd; tUthuh ? m) FWk;g[jpdk;
2. rpdpkht[f;Fg; nghd rpj;jjhS ? M) rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
,ay; 9
3. Re;ju fhz;lk; ? ,) bkhHpbgau;g;g[

4. thH;tpf;f te;j fhe;jp ? <) g[jpdk;
m) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: ,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
21. b$afhe;jdpd; jpiug;glk; Mfhj gilg;g[ xd;W __________.

m) cd;idg; nghy; xUtd;
M) xU eoif ehlfk; ghu;f;fpd;whs;
,) xUgpo nrhW
<) CUf;F E}W ngu; [tpil: ,) xUgpo nrhW]
22. rpWfij kd;dd; vd;W rpwg;gpf;ff;Toatu; __________.

23. gof;fhj nkij vd;W fh.bry;yg;gd; Fwpg;gpLk; vGj;jhsu; __________.
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24. jpiug;glkhd b$afhe;jdpd; FWk;g[jpdk; vJ>

m) cd;idg; nghy; xUtd; M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd;
,) rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs; <) CUf;F E}W ngu; [tpil: M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd;]
25. b$afhe;jdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w g[jpdk; __________.
m) cd;idg; nghy; xUtd; M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd;
,) rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs; <) CUf;F E}W ngu;
[tpil: ,) rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs;]
26. b$afhe;jd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L __________.

m) 1972 M) 1971
,) 1975 <) 1978 [tpil: m) 1972]
FWtpdh
1. b$afhe;jd; bgw;w tpUJfs; ahit>
FoauRj; jiytu; tpUJ  rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ
nrhtpaj; ehl;L tpUJ  +hdgPl tpUJ
jhkiuj;jpU tpUJ ? MfpaitahFk;.
2. b$afhe;jd; vd;w jkpHdpd; rpwe;j milahs=;fs; vd;W fh. bry;yg;gd; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
neu;bfhz;l Mdhy; tpj;jpahrkhd ghu;it/ epyj;jpy; ahu;f;Fk; m+;rhj bewpKiwfs;/ jpkpu;e;j
+hdr; brUf;F/ fk;gPukhd Fuy;/ tskhd/ g[Jikahd thH;f;ifr; rpj;jpu=;fs; ,itna
b$afhe;jdpd; rpwe;j milahs=;fs;.
3. b$afhe;jd; ,aw;wpa FWk;g[jpd=;fSs; VnjDk; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
iftpy=;F  up&p @yk;
fUizapdhy; my;y  rpdpkht[f;Fg; nghd rpj;jhS
4. b$afhe;jdpd; ,d;bdhU Kfk; ftp+d; ? vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
,ay; 9
gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; gw;wp ftpij vGjpanj/ b$afhe;jd; xU ftp+u; vd;gjw;Fr;
rhd;whFk;.
``vz;zKk; vGj;Jk; cau;e;jpUf;Fk; ? ViH
fz;zPUk; ghlypny fye;jpUf;Fk;
gz;bzhL re;jKk; gha;e;J tUk; ? giHa
kz;zpd; thila[k; nru;e;J tUk;.~~
5. b$afhe;jdpd; rhjidahf jPgk; ,jH; thrfu;fs; TwpaJ ahJ>
rpWfijfspy; gyjpwg;gl;l NH;epiyfisa[k; g[jpa fUj;Jfisa[k; btw;wpfukhf rpj;jupg;gJ
b$afhe;jdpd; mupa rhjid vd;W ghuhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
6. jpiug;glkhd b$afhe;jdpd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
rpy neu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs;.
xU eoif ehlfk; ghu;f;fpwhs;.
cd;idg;nghy; xUtd;/ CUf;F E}W ngu;.
ahUf;fhf mGjhd; ? MfpaitahFk;.
7. `ghapue; njhd;wp Kk;ik apbdhd;wha;~ ? ,t;tofspy; cs;s `Kk;ik~ vit>
1. ,wg;g[ 2. epfH;t[ 3. vjpu;t[
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8. b$afhe;jdpd; rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ E}y;fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.

FUgPlk;  ,dpg;g[k; fupg;g[k;
a[fre;jp  njtd; tUthuh
xUgpo nrhW  g[jpa thu;g;g[fs;
cz;ik RLk;
9. b$afhe;jdpd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}y;fs; ahit>
thH;tpf;f te;j fhe;jp/ xU fjhrpupadpd; fij.
10. `gz;bzhL re;jKk; gha;e;J tUk; ? ViH
kz;zpd; thila[k; nru;e;J tUk;~ ? vd;w ghlyoiag; ghoatu; ahu;> vtiug; gw;wpa ghly;
,J>
b$afhe;jd;
gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; gw;wpaJ ,g;ghly;;.
11. `vz;Qk; vGj;Jk; cau;e;jpUf;Fk; ? ViH
fz;zPUk; ghlypny fye;jpUf;Fk;~ vd;w ghlyoiag; ghoatu; ahu;> vtiug; gw;wpa ghly;
,J>
b$afhe;jd;.
gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; gw;wpaJ ,g;ghly;; ghodhu;.
12. b$afhe;jd; ghu;itapy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfj;jhd rhjid vJ> kpfg;bgupa rthy; vJ>
kfj;jhd rhjid: bgw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngzpf;fhj;jy;/
mJnt kpfg;bgupa rthy; vd;fpwhu; b$afhe;jd;.
13. ,e;j tajpy;/ njrk; bry;Yk; ghij/ vGj;Jyfj;jpd; nghf;F ,tw;iw vy;yhk; ghu;f;Fk;nghJ
vg;go ,Uf;fpwJ> vd;w thrfupd; nfs;tpf;F b$afhe;jd; mspj;j gjpy; ahJ>
fhye;njhWk; khw;w=;fis ehk; ghu;f;fpnwhk;/ ehKk; khwpf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
,ay; 9
rpWtpdh
1. b$afhe;jdpd; g[fH;bgw;w g[jpd=;fs; ahit>
ghhPRf;Fg; ngh-  Re;jufhz;lk;
cd;idg;nghy; xUtd;  xU eoif ehlfk; ghu;f;fpwhs;
f=;if v=;nf nghfpwhs;  xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;
,d;Dk; xU bgz;zpd; fij
2. ``vjw;fhf vGJfpnwd;~~ vd;W b$afhe;jd; tpsf;fkspf;fpwhu;>
ehd; vGJtjw;F xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; cz;L.
KGf;f KGf;f thH;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J ehd; bgWk; fy;tpapd;/ Kaw;rpapd; gaid
btspg;gLj;j vGJfpnwd;.
r@fg; ghu;itnahL fiyg;gzp g[upat[k; vGJfpnwd;.
fyhnjtpapd; (fiy) fhjy; fztdhf ,Ug;gjhYk;/ rKjhaj; jhapd; md;g[g; g[jy;tdhf
,Ug;gjhYk; vGJfpnwd;. ? vd;W b$afhe;jd; tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwhu;.
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3. E}ypd; ,ay;ghfj; jkpH; ,yf;fzk; TWtJ ahJ>

`È}ypdpay;ng Etypd; XupU
ghapue; njhw;wp Kk;ik apbdhd;wha;
ehw;bghUl; gaj;jbyhL vGkje; jGtp~~
vd;W E}ypd; ,ay;ghfj; jkpH; ,yf;fzk; TWfpwJ.
4. ehw;bghUs; gaj;jy; ? vd;gJ vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
E}y; vd;gJ ehw;bghUs; jUtjha;/ gaDilajha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL vd;gnj ehw;bghUs; MFk;.
5. Kd;Diuapy; Kfk; fhl;Lk; b$afhe;jd; Fwpj;J vGJf.
vGj;jhsu;/ xUtUila gilg;g[ nehf;fj;ija[k; gilg;g[ gh=;ifa[k; thH;f;ifr; rpf;fy;fs;
Fwpj;j fz;nzhl;lj;ija[k; czu;j;JtJjhd; Kd;Diu.
jd;Dila gilg;g[fSf;Fj; jhnd Kd;Diufs; vGjpf;bfhs;Sk; b$afhe;jd;/ gpd;du;
tutpUf;Fk; nfs;tpfSf;Fj; jUk; gjpy;fshf mtw;iw Mf;fptpLthu;.
``xU njrj;jpd; xU ehfupfj;jpd; xU fhyj;jpd; xU tsu;r;rpapd; xU thH;f;ifapd; ciufy;
,yf;fpak;. Xu; vGj;jhsd; Mj;k rf;jpnahL vGJfpwhnd mJ nftyk; gpiHg;ngh my;yJ
xU bjhHpnyh my;y. mJ xU jtk;. eP=;fs; fij vd;W epidj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwPu;fns
mJ fhyj;jpd;/ xU thH;f;ifapd; rhrdk;~~ (1966) vd;W ghhPRf;Fg; ngh vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpd;
Kd;Diuapy; b$afhe;jd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
6.
rpWfijfisg; gilg;gjpy; j=;fSila jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j jpwikia thrfu;fs;
bfhz;lhLfpwhu;fns/ ,j;Jiwapy; jh=;fs; filg;gpof;Fk; EQf;f=;fs; ahit vd;w
thrfupd; nfs;tpf;F b$afhe;jd; mspj;j gjpy; ahJ>
EQf;fkh> mg;goj; jdpahf ehd; vija[k; ifahStjhf vz;zpr; bra;tjpy;iy.
vd; kdj;jhy;/ g[j;jpahy;/ czu;tha; ehd; mwpe;J mDgtg;glhj vijg;gw;wpa[k; ehd;
vGjpdjpy;iy. vd;idg; bgupJk; ghjpg;git kdpj thH;tpd; gpur;ridfns. vd;idg;
,ay; 9
bghWj;jtiuapy; vGj;jhsDf;F mtDila gilg;g[fSf;F mog;gilahfp mika
ntz;oaJ kdpj thH;tpd; gpur;ridfns.
beLtpdh
1.
``vjw;fhf vGJfpnwd;~~ vd;W b$afhe;jd; vGJtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij vt;thW
tpsf;fkspf;fpwhu;>
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
jdpKaw;rpapd; gad;
ehw;gad;
fztd;?g[jy;td;
rKjhag; ghu;it
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
jd;idawpjy; vd;gjpYk; jd;id czu;j;Jjy; vd;gjpYk; Kidg;ghf ,Ue;jtu;
b$afhe;jd; kl;Lnk- mtu; vGj;Jyfpy; vGJtjw;fhd fhuz=;fisf; fhz;nghk;.
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jdpKaw;rpapd; gad;:
ehd; vGJtjw;F xU J}z;LjYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; cz;L/ vd; vGj;Jf;F xU
,yl;rpaKk; cz;L. ehd; vGJtJ/ KGf;f KGf;f thH;f;ifapypUe;J ehd; bgWk; fy;tpapd;
tpist[k; vdJ jdp Kaw;rpapd; gaDkhFk;.
ehw;gad;:
tpahrd; Kjy; ghujp tiu jh=;fs; vjw;fhf vGJfpnwhk;> vd;gija[k; fiyiaj;
jh=;fpg;gpof;fr; brhy;yt[k; ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,tu;fistpl fiyiaj; jh=;fpatu;fs; ahUk;
,y;iy. mwbewpia cgnjrpf;f ghujj;ij tpahru; vGjpdhu;. jkpH; ,yf;fzk; ehw;gaidna
E}ypd; gadhfr; Rl;LfpwJ.
fztd;?g[jy;td;:
fiyj;jd;ikf;F vt;tpjf; Fiwt[k; thuhky;/ fyhnjtpapd; fhjw; fztdhft[k; rKjhaj;
jhapd; md;g[g; g[jy;tdhft[k; ,Ue;Jjhd;/ ehd; vGJfpnwd;.
rKjhag; ghu;it:
mu;j;jnk totj;ij tskhf;Fk;. btWk; totk; kug;bghk;ikjhd;. mjdhy; mijg;gpoj;J
Jd;gg;gLj;jhky;/ r@fg; ghu;itnahL fiyg;gzp g[upant ehd; vGJfpnwd;. fiyg;gzpapy;
r@fg;ghu;it mlf;fk;.
Kot[iu:
`vjw;fhf vGJfpnwd;>` vd;W ehd; brhd;d fhuz=;fSf;F vjpuhf ele;jhy; ehd;
fz;of;fg;glt[k;/ jpUj;jg;glt[k; cl;gl;L ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;fpwhu; b$afhe;jd;.

,ay; 9
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,ay; kdpjk; ftpijg; ngiH

rpj;jhS
9 ? ehTu; qkp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`,ts; jiyapy; vGjpanjh fw;fhyk; jhd; vg;nghJk;~ ? ,t;tofspy; fw;fhyk; vd;gJ
__________.
m) jiytpjp M) giHafhyk;
,) VH;ik <) jiyapy; fy; Rkg;gJ
[tpil: <) jiyapy; fy; Rkg;gJ]
FWtpdh
1. `thH;tpy; jiyf;fdk;~/ `jiyf;fdnk thH;t[~ vd;W ehTu; qkp ahUila thH;itf; Fwpj;Jf;
TWfpwhu;>
``thH;tpy; jiyf;fdk; (mfe;ij) gpoj;jtu; ,ilapy; VH;ik fhuzkhfpj; jiyapy; fy; Rke;J
jiyf;fdkhfnt thH;fpwhs; rpj;jhs;.
rpWtpdh
1. rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfs;
,ay; 9
br=;fw;fs; mwpahJ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; TWf.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
``rpj;jhS~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ehTu; qkp vGjpa[s;s ftpijapy; ,t;to
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; : rpj;jhspd; Jd;g=;fisr; br=;fw;fs; mwptJ ,y;iy.
tpsf;fk; : mLj;j ntis czt[f;fhf Rikfis ,wf;fhky; Rkf;Fk; ,tu;fspd; kuzk;Tl
rpwpjsnt rydj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. gy ,d;dy;fspd; eLnt jd; thH;itj;
bjhiyf;fhjpUf;f Rik Rkf;Fk; rpj;jhs;fspd; kdr;Rikiar; br=;fw;fSk;/ fw;fSk;
mwpahJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[
fw;fhyk; ? ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif
g[yk;g[thu; ?
tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
br=;fw;fs; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
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gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
g[yk;g[thu; ? g[yk;g[ + t; + Mu;

g[yk;g [ ? gFjp
Mu; ? glu;f;if tpidKw;W tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ehTu; qkpapd; ,aw;bgau; ahJ>
m) Kfk;kJuBgp M) Kfk;kJ kPuhd;
,) Kfk;kJ ,!;khapy; <) Kfk;kJ [tpil: m) Kfk;kJuBgp]
2. ehTu; qkp gpwe;j khtl;lk;
m) kJiu M) bey;iy
,) j+;ir <) jpUr;rp [tpil: ,) j+;ir]
3. ehTu; qkp Kjd; Kjypy; vGjpa ,jH; __________.
m) F=;Fkk; M) fizahHp
,) bjd;wy; <) g[jpa ghu;it [tpil: M) fizahHp]
4. ehTu; qkp vGjpa g[jpdk; (ehty;) __________.
m) brhy;yhj brhy; M) VHhtJ Rit
,) fg;gYf;Fg; nghd kr;rhd; <) Rgk=;fsh [tpil: ,) fg;gYf;Fg; nghd kr;rhd;]
5. rpwpjsnt rydj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ __________.
m) jiyf;fdk; M) mLj;jtu; fdt[
,) rpj;jhspd; kuzk; <) rpj;jhspd; g[yk;gy; [tpil: ,) rpj;jhspd; kuzk;]
6. bjhHpyhsu;fspd; kdr; Rikia mwpahjJ __________.
,ay; 9
m) fl;llk; M) br=;fw;fs;
,) fk;gpfs; <) kzy; [tpil: M) br=;fw;fs;]
7. jd; thH;t[ bjhiyf;fhky; fhf;f jiyapy; if itg;gtu; __________.
m) rpj;jhS M) bghwpahsu;
,) cHtu; <) fhtyu; [tpil: m) rpj;jhS]
8. ehTu; qkpapd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspy; xd;W __________.

m) fg;gYf;Fg; nghd kr;rhd; M) bfhy;ypg;ghit
,) ejpapd; fhy;fs; <) kPl;rp [tpil: ,) ejpapd; fhy;fs;]
9. ,d;dypy; ,Uf;Fk; bjhHpyhsu; epiyia epidg;gtu;fs; __________.
m) Kjyhspfs; M) ftp+u;fs;
,) kf;fs; <) mikr;ru;fs; [tpil: M) ftp+u;fs;]
10. jd; thH;t[ bjhiyf;fhky;;

jw;fhj;J itg;gjw;fha; ? ,j;bjhlupy; cs;s eak;>
m) nkhid eak; M) vJif eak;
,) ,iag[ <) ctik mzp [tpil: m) nkhid eak;]
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11. `rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfs;

br=;fw;fs; mwpahJ~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; ftp+u;>
m) ehTu; qkp M) fz;zjhrd;
,) b$afhe;jd; <) ghujpahu; [tpil: m) ehTu; qkp]
12. khWgl;l xd;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) kPl;rp M) Rgk=;fsh
,) VHhtJ Rit <) g[jpaghu;it [tpil: ,) VHhtJ Rit]
13. ejpapd; fhy;fs; vd;gJ ehTu; qkpapd; __________.
m) ftpijj; bjhFjp M) gilg;g[fs; btspahd ,jH;
,) ehty; <) rpWfijj; bjhFjp [tpil: m) ftpijj; bjhFjp]
14. `fg;gYf;Fg; nghd kr;rhd;~ vd;gJ ehTu; qkpapd; __________.

m) ftpijj; bjhFjp M) gilg;g[fs; btspahd ,jH;
,) ehty; <) rpWfijj; bjhFjp [tpil: ,) ehty;]
FWtpdh
1. ehTu; qkpapd; gilg;g[fs; btspahd ,jH;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

kPl;rp  bfhy;ypg;ghit
Rgk=;fsh  FKjk;
g[jpa ghu;it  ,yf;fpa btsptl;lk;
F=;Fkk;
2. ehTu; qkpapd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs; ahit>
ejpapd; fhy;fs;
VHhtJ Rit
,ay; 9
brhy;yhj brhy; MfpaitahFk;.
3. rpj;jhs; fw;fs; Rkf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
thH;itj; bjhiyf;fhky; jd;idf; fhf;ft[k;/
mLj;j ntis czt[f;fhft[k; rpj;jhs; fw;fisr; Rkf;fpwhs;;.
4. `jiyf;fdnk thH;thf
Mfpg;nghdJ ,tSf;F~ ? Vd;> ahUf;F>
br=;fw;fisr; Rke;J / rpj;jhSf;Fj; jiyf;fdnk thH;thfpg;nghdJ.
5. `rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfs;
br=;fw;fs; mwpahJ~ vd;W ftp+u; ehTu; qkp TWtjd; cs;nehf;fk; ahJ>
rpj;jhs; jiyapy; Rkf;Fk; br=;fw;fs; Rikfistpl/
mtsJ kdjpy; Rkf;Fk; tWik cs;spl;l Rikfs; Vuhsk; MFk;.
6. èjpapd; fhy;fs;~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFjpia vGjpatu; ahu;> mtu; ,aw;bgau; ahJ>
èjpapd; fhy;fs;~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFjpia vGjpatu; : ehTu; qkp
mtupd; ,aw;bgau; : Kfk;kJ uBgp
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rpWtpdh
1. ehTu; qkp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehTu; qkp j+;ir khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;.
,tuJ ,aw;bgau; Kfk;kJ uBgp.
,tu; 1980fspy; ``fizahHp~~ ,jHpy; vGjj; bjhl=;fpdhu;.
FWehty;/ ftpij/ rpWfij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vdg; gy js=;fspy; ,a=;fp tUgtu;.
fg;gYf;Fg; nghd kr;rhd; vd;w g[jpdj;ija[k; gilj;Js;shu;.
2.
rpj;jhspd; ,d;dy;fis tpsf;Ff (my;yJ) ehTu; qkpapd; `rpj;jhS` ftpijf; fUj;ij
vGJf.
bghw;fhykhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpj;jhs; jiyapy; vGjg;gl;lnjh fw;fhyk;.
jd; thH;it bjhiyj;Jtplhky; fhj;Jf;bfhs;tjw;fhf jiyapy; if itg;gts;.
thH;tpy; jiyf;fdk; (,Wkhg;g[) bfhz;ltu; cz;L. Mdhy;/ fy; Rke;J jiyf;fdkhdJ
,tSf;F.
mLj;jtu; fdt[f;fhf mYf;fhky; Rkf;Fk; fw;fbsy;yhk; ,tspd; mLj;jntis
czt[f;Fjhd;. ,ts; ,we;jhy;Tl rydk; rpwpjst[jhd;.
,e;jr; rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikia mts; Rkf;Fk; br=;fw;fs; mwpahJ.
3. `mYf;fhky; ,ts; Rkf;Fk;
fw;fbsy;yhk;
mLj;jntis czt[f;fhf~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy;:
ehTu; qkpapd; `rpj;jhS~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;j ftpijapy; rpj;jhs; xUtu; TWtjhf
,t;tupfs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
,ay; 9
mLf;Fkho tPlhfnth my;yJ mYtyfkhfnth/ vJthf ,Ug;gpDk; mLj;jtu;

fl;Lk; fl;olj;jpd; fdt[f;F mYg;gpy;yhky; fw;fisr; Rke;J ciHg;gJ vy;yhk;/ rpj;jhspd;
mLj;jntis czt[f;fhfj; jhd;.
1. kdpjneaj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk; g[Jf;ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

thdk; ghu;j;j g{kpaha; cly; vd;gjpy;
twz;L bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ ntw;Wik ,Ug;gpDk;
kdpj neak;. capu; vd;gjpy;
kdpjh/ xw;Wik bfhz;L
cd;ida[k; tpy=;ifa[k; Jauk; fz;lJk;
ntWgLj;JtJ kdpjneak;jhd; fz;zPu; tpLj;J
Mjyhy; kdpjneak; tsu;g;nghk; ,&;lg;gl;L ,dpnj cjt[tnj
g[jpanjhu; cyfk; gilg;nghk;. ,iwtd; tpUk;g[k; kdpjneak;...

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,ay; kdpjk; ftpijg; ngiH

njk;ghtzp
9 ? tPukhKdptu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. g{f;ifiaf; Ftpj;Jg; g{nt g[upnthL fhf;f vd;W __________/ __________ ntz;odhu;.

m) fUizad;/ vyprbgj;Jf;fhf
M) vyprbgj;/ jkf;fhf
,) fUizad;/ g{f;fSf;fhf
<) vyprbgj;/ g{kpf;fhf [tpil: m) fUizad;/ vyprbgj;Jf;fhf]
FWtpdh
1. fha;kzp ahF Kd;du;f;

fha;e;bjdf; fha;e;njd;
? ctik czu;j;Jk; fUj;J ahJ>
ctik:
,sk;gapu; bey;kzp fhQk; Kd;nd kiHapd;wp thHf; fha;jy;
ctik czu;j;Jk; fUj;J:
fUizadhfpa ehd; vd; jhahu; vyprbgj; mtu;fis ,He;J thLfpd;nwd;.
,ay; 9
rpWtpdh
1. vitbay;yhk; mwpnad; vd;W fUizad; TWfpwhu;>

fUizadhfpa ehd; capu; gpiHf;Fk; tHp mwpnad;.
mwpnthL bghUe;jpa cWg;g[fs; ,a=;fhj ,e;j clypd; jd;ikia mwpnad;.
clYf;F ntz;oa czitj; njof; bfhz;L tUk; tHptiffis mwpnad;.
fhl;oy; bry;tjw;fhd tHpfisa[k; mwpnad; vd;W TWfpwhu;.
``bra;Kiw mwpnad;" fhdpy;
bry;tHp mwpnad;~~
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beLtpdh
1.
fUizadpd; jha; kiwt[f;F/ tPukhKdptu; jk; g{f;fs; nghd;w ctikfshYk; cUtf
kyu;fshYk; epfH;j;jpa ftpjh+;rypia tptup.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
tPukhKdptupd; ctik cUtf ftpjh+;ryp
Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
jhapd; md;ig vGj cyf bkhHpfs; nghjhJ. jhia ,He;j Jauk; brhy;ypy; brhy;y ,ayhJ.
jhia ,He;j fUizadpd; fz;zPu; brhw;fis mwpnthk;.
tPukhKdptupd; ctik cUtf ftpjh+;ryp :
1) kyu;g;gLf;if:
fUizadpd; jha; kiwe;Jtpl;lhs;. fUizad; jd; ifiaf; Ftpj;Jg; `g{kpj;jhna-
vd; md;idapd; cliyf; fhg;ghahf vd;W Twp/ FHpapny kyu;g;gLf;ifia gug;gpdhd;.
md;idapd; cliy kz;zpl;L @o kyu;fisa[k; jd; fz;zPiua[k; bghHpe;jhd;.
2) ,sk;gapu; thl;lk;:
vd; jhapd; khu;gpy; kzpkhiybad mire;J thH;e;njnd- ,g;bghGJ. ,sk;gapu; tsu;e;J
Kjpu;e;J fha;e;J kzpahF Kd;ng/ J}a kzp nghd;w kiHj;Jsp ,d;wp thof; fha;e;J
tpl;lJ nghy ehDk; thLfpnwd;. vd; kdk; kuf;fpisapy; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l kyu;nghy;
thLfpwJ.
3) mk;g[ Jisj;j ntjid:
,ay; 9
jPiaa[k; e+;ira[k; jd; Kidapy; bfhz;l mk;g[ Jisj;jjhy; Vw;gLk; g[z;zpd;

tupiag; nghy vd; Jauk; ntjid jUfpwJ. Jiziag; gpupe;j xU gwitiag; nghy
ehd; ,f;fhl;oy; mGJ thLfpnwd;.
4) jtpg;g[:
rupe;j tGf;F epyg;gFjpapny jdpna tplg;gl;Lr; bry;Yk; tHp bjupahky; jtpg;gtd; nghy;
Mndd;. etkzpfs; gjpj;j kzpkhiyfis ,izj;jJ nghd;W ey;y mwd;fs; vy;yhk;
xU nfhitahf ,izj;j jtj;ijna mzpe;j khu;gdhfpa fUizad; g[yk;gpdhd;.
5) capu;fs; mGjy;:
g[yk;giyf; nfl;L gy;ntW ,irfis ,af;fpaJ nghy; njd; kyu;fs;njhWk; kzk; tPRk;
kyu;fSk;/ kyu;e;j Rid njhWk; cs;s gwitfSk;/ tz;LfSk; mf;fhl;odpny mGtd
nghy Tr;rypl;ld.
Kot[iu:
tPukhKdptu; ctik/ cUtf kyu;fshy; jd; ftpij @yk; vyprbgj;Jf;F m+;ryp
brYj;jpa[s;shu;.
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,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
fhf;bfd;W ? fhf;fbtd;W vd;gjd; bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
fzPu; ? fz;zPu; vd;gjd; ,ilf;Fiw
fha; kzp ? tpidj;bjhif
ca;Kiw ? tpidj;bjhif
bra;Kiw ? tpidj;bjhif
bka;Kiw ? ntw;Wikj;bjhif
ifKiw ? @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif
xypj;J ? tpidbar;rk;
thH;e;njd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
gug;gp ? tpidbar;rk;
tP ? XbuGj;bjhUbkhHp
jltpyh ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ey;ywk; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
,s=;TH; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
mwpnad; ? mwp + a;; + M + Vd; gug;gp ? gug;g[ + ,
mwp ? gFjp gug;g [ ? gFjp
a; ? re;jp , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
M ? vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy g[zu;e;J bfl;lJ
Vd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
xypj;J ? xyp + j;; + j; + c
xyp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp
,ay; 9
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fpwp!;Jt[f;F Kd; njhd;wpatu; __________.

m) ngJU M) Mgpufhk;
,) jpUKGf;F nahthd; <) Nir [tpil: ,) jpUKGf;F nahthd;]
2. jpUKGf;F nahthDf;F tPukhKdptu; jd; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,l;l bgau; __________.
m) fUzhfud; M) fUizad;
,) fUzh@u;jj; p <) typd; [tpil: M) fUizad;]
3. fUizadpd; jhahu; ahu;>

m) vyprbgj; M) kupahs;
,) rhuh <) mz;zhs; [tpil: m) vyprbgj;]
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4. brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; bghUj;Jf.

brhy; bghUs;
m) nrf;if ? 1. epyk;
M) mRk;g[ ? 2. ,sk;gapu;
,) ,s=;TH; ? 3. khiy
<) gliy ? 4. gLf;if
m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]
5. njk;gh + mzp vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) thlhj khiy M) Nlhj khiy
,) ghlhj khiy <) njd;khiy [tpil: m) thlhj khiy]
6. fpwpj;Jtpd; tsu;g;g[j; je;ij __________.
m) fUizad; M) Nirag;gu;
,) jhtPJ <) <rhf;F [tpil: M) Nirag;gu;]
7. njk;ghtzp E}ypy; cs;s fhz;l=;fs; __________.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) Ie;J <) VG [tpil: M) @d;W]
8. njk;ghtzp gilf;fg;gl;l fhyk; __________.
m) 7Mk; E}w;whz;L M) 12Mk; E}w;whz;L
,) 17Mk; E}w;whz;L <) 19Mk; E}w;whz;L [tpil: ,) 17Mk; E}w;whz;L]
9. njk;ghtzpapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________.

m) 3656 M) 3565
,) 3613 <) 3615 [tpil: <) 3615]
,ay; 9
10. njk;ghtzpapd; gly=;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________.

m) 33 M) 35
,) 36 <) 39 [tpil: ,) 36]
11. njk;ghtzp xU __________ E}y; MFk;.
m) bgU=;fhg;gpa M) g[jpd
,) ehlf E}y; <) tuyhw;W [tpil: m) bgU=;fhg;gpa]
12. njk;ghtzpia ,aw;wpatu; ahu;>
m) fgpyu; M) fhy;L bty;
,) tPukhKdptu; <) $p.a[.nghg; [tpil: ,) tPukhKdptu;]
13. jkpH; Kjy; mfuhjp vJ>
m) rJufuhjp M) jkpH; mfuhjp
,) bjhd;ik mfuhjp <) giHa mfuhjp [tpil: m) rJufuhjp]
14. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;bgau; __________ MFk;.
m) fhd;Rlhd;R n$hrg; bgRfp M) jhk!; bg!;fp
,) ,!;kj; <) fhy;Lbty; [tpil: m) fhd;Rlhd;R n$hrg; bgRfp]
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15. re;jh rhfpg; tPukhKdptUf;F mspj;j gl;lk; ahJ>

m) rhfpg; M) ,!;kj;
,) ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp <) rd;dpahrp [tpil: ,) ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp]
16. ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) J}atd; M) g[dpjd;
,) bgupnahd; <) J}aJwtp [tpil: <) J}aJwtp]
17. ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gJ __________ bkhHpr; brhy;.
m) ghurPf M) ,yj;jPd;
,) vgpnua <) cUJ [tpil: m) ghurPf]
18. fhdpy; bry;tHp mwpnad; ? ahu; Tw;W>
m) vyprbgj; Tw;W M) fUizad; Tw;W
,) Nirag;gu; Tw;W <) jhtPJ Tw;W [tpil: M) fUizad; Tw;W]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. TH; ? m) fpis
2. bfhk;g[ ? M) gapu;
3. g[iH ? ,) fhL
4. fhd; ? <) Jis
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
20. bghUj;Jf.
1. foe;J ? m) tpyf;fp
2. ctkzp ? M) khiy
3. gliy ? ,) kzkyu;
4. Jzu; ? <) kyu;fs;
,ay; 9
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<]
21. bghUj;Jf.
1. fhf;bfd;W ? m) ,ilf;Fiw
2. fzPu; ? M) bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
3. fha;kzp ? ,) ntw;Wikj;bjhif
4. bka;Kiw ? <) tpidj;bjhif
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
m) jpUKGf;F nahthd; M) mUsg;gd;
,) fUizad; <) vyprbgj; [tpil: <) vyprbgj;]
m) Nirag;gu; M) nahthd;
,) tsd; <) ,naR [tpil: <) ,naR]
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24. `rupe;jd mRk;gpy; bry;Yk;~ ,t;tofspy; `mRk;g[~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.

m) thdk; M) epyk;
,) fhL <) fpis [tpil: M) epyk;]
25. etkzp vd;gjpy; ètk;~ vd;w brhy; Fwpg;gJ __________.

m) MW M) xd;gJ
,) gj;J <) Ie;J [tpil: M) xd;gJ]
26. èy;ywg; gliyg; g{l;Lk;~ ,t;tofspy; `gliy~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy; __________.
m) khiy M) kzkyu;
,) kyu;fs; <) epyk; [tpil: m) khiy]
27. fpwpj;Jtpd; tUifia mwptpj;j Kd;ndho __________.

m) Nirag;gu; M) nahthd;
,) tsd; <) ,naR [tpil: M) nahthd;]
28. fUizad; vd;gtu; __________.
m) tPukhKdptu; M) nahnrg;g[
,) mUsg;gd; <) rhe;jhrhfpg; [tpil: ,) mUsg;gd;]
FWtpdh
1. njk;ghtzp gpupj;Jg; bghUs; TWf.

njk;ghtzp ? njk;gh + mzp vd;Wk; njd; + gh + mzp vd;Wk; gpupf;fyhk;.
njk;gh + mzp vd;gjw;F thlhj khiy vd;W bghUs;.
njd; + gh + mzp vd;gjw;F njd; nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ vd;W bghUs;.
2. tPukhKdptu; gilj;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; ahit>
rJufuhjp  bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; (,yf;fz E}y;)
,ay; 9
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs;  ciueil E}y;fs;

gukhu;j;jf; FU fijfs;  bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}y;fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; gilj;Js;shu;.
3. vjid kl;;Lk; jhd; mwpe;jjhff; fUizad; TWfpwhu;>
jd; jhahfpa vyprbgj; jd; ifahy; fhl;oa Kiwfis kl;Lk; mwpntd;. ntbwhd;Wk;
mwpnad; vd;W TWfpwhu;.
4. njk;ghtzp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
njk;ghtzp bgU=;fhg;gpa tif E}y;.
,e;E}y; @d;W fhz;l=;fis cilaJ.
36 gly=;fisa[k; 3615 ghly;fisa[k; cilaJ.
,e;E}y; ,naRtpd; tsu;g;g[j; je;ijahfpa Nirag;gu; vd;Dk; nahnrg;igg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhff; bfhz;l E}yhFk;.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; tPukhKdptu; Mthu;.
5. fUizad; cs;sk; thoaJ vjw;F xg;ghfj; njk;ghtzp TWfpd;wJ>
fUizad; cs;sk; /kuf;fpisapy; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l kyu; thLjYf;F xg;ghfj; njk;ghtzp
TWfpd;wJ.
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6. fUizad;/ `,Uk;g[iHg; g[z;nghy;~ nehff; fhuzk; ahJ>

fUizadpd; jha; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. jhia ,He;J thLk; mtu;/ jPiaa[k; e+;ira[k; Kidapy;
bfhz;l mk;gpdhy; Jisf;fg;gl;ljhy; cz;lhd/ g[z;zpd; typahy; tUe;JtJ nghd;W
tUe;Jfpd;whu;.
7. ètkzp tlf;f apy;nghy;~ ? ,t;tofs; Rl;Lk; etkzpfs; ahit>
nfhnkjfk;  Kj;J
ePyk;  g[Uluhfk; (g[&;guhfk;)
gtsk;  it#upak;
kufjk;  ituk;
khzpf;fk;
8. jpUKGf;F nahthd; vd;gtu; ahu;>
fpwpj;Jtpw;FKd; njhd;wpatu; jpUKGf;F nahthd;.
,tiu mUsg;gd; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
,tnu fpwpj;Jtpd; tUifia mwptpj;j Kd;ndho.
jd; jhahu; vyprbgj; mk;ikahUld; fhl;odpy; thH;e;jhu;.
tPukhKdptu; fUizad; vd;W ,tiu miHf;fpd;whu;.
9. `mG=;fzPu; bghHpe;jhd;~ ahu;> Vd;>
mG=;fzPu; bghHpe;jtu; :jpUKGf;F nahthd;(fUizad;)
fUizad; jd; md;idapd; cliy kz;Qs; mlf;fk; bra;J/ mjd; nky; kyu;fisa[k;
fz;zPiua[k; xd;whfg; bghHpe;jhd;.
10. fUizad; g[yk;gpaijf; nfl;L/ mGtd nghd;W Tr;rypl;ld vit>
fUizad; g[yk;gpaijf; nfl;L/ njd;kyu;fs; g{j;j kzk; tPRk; kyu;fSk;/ rpWFl;ilfs;
njhWk; cs;s gwitfSk;/ tz;LfSk; mf;fhl;oy; mGtd nghd;W Tr;rypl;ld.
,ay; 9
rpWtpdh
1. fUizadplk; ,aw;if bfhz;l gupt[ ahJ>

ey; mw=;fisbay;yhk; xU nfhitahf ,izj;j mwkhiyia mzpe;j khu;gdhfpa
fUizad; bfhz;l Jaiuf; fz;L ,aw;ifa[k; gupt[ bfhz;lJ.
gy;ntW ,irfis ,af;fpaJ nghd;W/ njd;kyu;fs; g{j;j ku=;fs; njhWk; cs;s kzk;
tPRk; kyu;fSk;/ Rid njhWk; j=;fpa[s;s gwitfSk; tz;LfSk; fUizad; cld;
,ize;J mGtd nghy Tr;rypl;ld.
2. ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp ? tpsf;Ff.
tPukhKdptupd; vspikiaa[k; Jwita[k; fz;L tpae;j/ jpUr;rpia Mz;l re;jhrhfpg;
vd;Dk; kd;du; ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;Dk; gl;lk; tH=;fpdhu;.
,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gjw;Fj; J}aJwtp vd;W bghUs;.
,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gJ ghurPfr; brhy; MFk;.
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3. tPukhKdptu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgau; : tPukhKdptu;
,aw;bgau; : fhd;Rlhd;R (bfhd;!;lhd;) n$hrg; bg!;fp
g[idbgau; : ijupa ehj Rthkp
,yf;fpag; gzp : ,yf;fz E}y;/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[/ rpw;wpyf;fpak;/ ciueil.
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : rJufuhjp/ bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;/ gukhu;j;jf; FUfijfs;/ ntjpau; xGf;fk;/
bre;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;/ bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;.
fhyk; : fp.gp. 1680?1747.
gpwbkhHpg; g[yik : ,yj;jPd;/ fphPf;F/ vgpnuak;/ M=;fpyk;/ bjY=;F.
kiwe;j Cu; : mk;gyf;fhL
4. `J}a;kzp ahfj; J}t[k;
JspapyJ ,s=;TH; tho~ vd;w ctikia tpsf;fpg; bghUbshL bghUj;Jf.
ctik :
,sk;gapu; tsu;e;J Kjpu;e;J bey;kzpfisf; fhQk; Kd;du; kiHj;Jsp ,y;yhky; thof;
fha;jy;.
bghUs; :
fUizad; jhia ,He;J thLjy;.
bghUj;jk; :
fha;jy; nghd;W fUizad; jd; jhia ,He;J thLfpd;whu;.
5. fUizadpd; JaUf;Ff; Twg;gl;l xg;g[ikfs; (ctikfs;) ahit>
,ay; 9
fha;jy;
kuf;fpisapy; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l kyu;
jPiaa[k; e+;ira[k; Kidapy; bfhz;l mk;gpdhy; Jisf;fg;gl;ljhy; cz;lhd/
g[z;zpd; typahy; tUj;jk;.
Jiziag; gpupe;j gwit
rupe;j tGf;F epyj;jpy; jdpna tplg;gl;L tHp bjupahky; jtpg;gtd;.
? Mfpad fUizadpd; JaUf;Ff; Twg;gl;l xg;g[ikfs; (ctikfs;) MFk;.
6. `jha[k; foe;bjidj; jdpj;Jg; nghdhs;~ vd;W fUizad; tUe;jf; fhuzk; ahJ>
ehd; capu;g;gpiHf;Fk; tHp mwpnad;.

epidj;jijf; fz;l mwpt[f;Fg; bghUe;jpathW cWg;g[fs; ,a=;fhj ,e;j clypd;
jd;ikia mwpnad;.
clYf;F ntz;oa czitj; njof; bfhs;Sk; tHpfisa[k; mwpahjtd;.
vd; jha; ifahy; fhl;oa mwpt[iuia kl;Lnk ehd; mwpntd;.
,g;go vd;idj; jtpf;f tpl;Ltpl;L vd; jha; kl;Lk; jdpahfg; ngha;tpl;lhns-
? vd;ida[k; vd; jha; Tl;or; brd;W ,Uf;fyhk;/ vJt[k; bjupahj ehd; vg;go thH;ntndh>
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1. tPukhKdptu; jkpHfj;jpy; j=;fpg; gzp bra;j ,l=;fisg; gw;wpa[k; m=;F mtu; Mw;wpa jkpH;g;
gzpfisg; gw;wpa[k; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; brd;W bra;jpfisj; jpul;Lf.
tPukhKdptu; 1710 Kjy; 1747 tiu jkpHfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jkpH;g;gzp Mw;wpdhu;.
Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhauplk; jkpH; fw;whu;.
,yf;fpar; Rtofisj; njo vLj;jjhy; ``Rto njLk; rhkpahu;~~ vdg;gl;lhu;.
jpUf;Fws;/ njthuk;/ jpUg;g[fH; nghd;w E}y;fisg; gpw Inuhg;gpa bkhHpfspy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jhu;.
jkpH;?yj;jPd; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpdhu;. mjpy; 1000 jkpH;r; brhw;fSf;F ,yj;jPdpy;
tpsf;fk; mspj;J cs;shu;.
jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghiya[k; bghUl;ghiya[k; ,yj;jPdpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jhu;.
1728,y; g[Jitapy; ,tupd; gukhu;j;jf; FUtpd; fij E}y; Kjy; Kiwahf mr;rpl;L
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
ntW ve;jf; fhg;gpag; g[ytUk; rpw;wpyf;fpak;/ mfuhjp ,yf;fzk;/ ciueil vd gpw
,yf;fpa tiffspy; E}y;fs; gilf;ftpy;iy.
,j;jkpH;g; gzpfis ,tu; jkpH;ehl;oy; kJiu/ jpUr;rp/ fd;dpahFkup/ Mw;fhL ntY}u;/
rptf=;if/ ,uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa gy;ntW ,l=;fspy; j=;fpg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
2. fz;zjhrdpd; ,naR fhtpaj;jpy; kiyg; bghHpt[g; gFjpiag; goj;J mjpy; tUk; mwf;
fUj;Jfis vGJf.

kiyg; bghHptpd; mwf;fUj;Jfs;:
vspa kdj;njhu; ngW bgw;nwhu;.
t+;rkpy;yhj be+;rj;Jld;/ gpwiug; gHp brhy;yhJ thH;gtu; tpz;zuR va;Jthu;.
Jauk; milnthu; ngW bgw;nwhu; mtu;fs; MWjy; bgWthu;fs;.
,ay; 9
rhe;jk; cilatu; ngW bgw;wtu;fs;" juzp (cyfk;) KGtJk; mtu;fSf;F cupaJ.
ePjpapd;nky; gw;Wf;bfhz;L thH;gtu;fs; ghf;fpak; bgw;wtu;fs;.
,uf;f rpe;ij cilatu;fs; ghf;fpathd;fs;" mtu;fSf;nf ,uf;fk; fpilf;Fk;.
J}a kdija[ilatu;fs; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wtu;fs;" njhd;Wk; flt[is mtu;fs; neupy; fhz;gu;.
gpwu; ntjid jPu;f;f/ jk;ik tUj;Jk; +hdpfs; vtnuh/ mtu;fs; tpz;zf muir mile;nj
jPu;tu;.
kdpju;fs; ghy; gif bfhz;L/ ko epiwa fhzpf;ifia ,iwtDf;F kl;Lk;
brYj;Jtjhy; gad; vd;d>
``CUf;Fj; jPikfs; bra;J ? cd;
cs;sk; kfpH;tJ ghtk;
ahUf;Fk; jPikapy;yhky; ? eP
mHpe;J tpLtnj yhgk;~~
,itnghd;w ,d;Dk; gy mwf;fUj;Jfs; ``kiyg;bghHptpy;~~ ,lk;bgw;W cs;sd.

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,ay; kdpjk; tpupthdk;

xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;
9 ? F. mHfpuprhkp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1.
mHfpuprhkpapd; `xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;~ rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk; fijkhe;ju;
Fwpj;J vGJf.
kdpj neak; bfhz;l fijkhe;ju; ? tPug;gd;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
md;ghsu;
bfhilahsu;
gz;ghsu;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
F.mHfpuprhkpapd; `xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;` rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk;
fij khe;ju; tPug;gd;. mtu; jhd; tWikg;gl;l nghJk; jd; md;iga[k; mUisa[k; bfhz;L
el;igg; nghw;wpdhu;.
md;ghsu;:
,ay; 9
tPug;gd; fh+;rpg[uj;jpy; tpwFfilapy; ntiy bra;J te;jhu;. mtu; ViHahf

,Ue;jhYk; ez;gd; Fg;g[rhkp kPJ kpFe;j md;g[ itj;jpUe;jhu;. mdhijahd Fg;g[rhkpf;F mtd;
cwtpdu;fSk; cjt Kd;tutpy;iy. Mdhy; jd;Dila tWikiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky;
tPug;gd;/ Fg;g[rhkpa[ld; kdpj neaj;Jld; ,Uf;fpd;whu;.
bfhilahsu;:
Fg;g[rhkp neha;tha;g;gl;L ntiy ,He;jnghJ tPug;gd; mtiu jd; tPl;ow;F
miHj;J te;J czt[ bfhLg;ghu;. nkYk;/ jhd; fld; th=;fp mjidf; Fg;g[rhkpf;Ff;
bfhLg;ghu;. brd;idf;Fr; bry;Yk; MWKfj;jplk; fojk; xd;iwa[k; @d;W qghiaa[k;
Fg;g[rhkpaplk; bfhLj;J mDg;gpdhu; tPug;gd; .
gz;ghsu;:
tPug;gd; Fg;g[rhkp Fzkila ehs;njhWk; nfhapYf;Fr; brd;W ntz;Lfpwhu;.
mtUf;F ntiy ,y;yhjnghJk; ez;gd; Fg;g[rhkpf;Ff; bfhLf;f xUtuplk; @d;W qgha;
fld; th=;fp brd;idf;Fr; bry;Yk; MWKfj;jplk; bfhLj;J mDg;g[fpwhu;. Fg;g[rhkpiag;
ghu;f;f tuyhk; vd;why;/ ,e;j @d;W qgha; ngUe;Jf;F brythfptpLk; vd;gjhy;jhd;
bfhLj;jDg;g[fpnwd;. ,d;bdhU ,lj;jpYk; gzk; nfl;oUg;gjhft[k; fpilj;jt[ld;
Fg;g[rhkpiag; ghu;f;f tpiuthf tUtjhft[k; tPug;gd; bjuptpj;jhu;.
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Kot[iu:
VH;ikapYk; el;igg; ghuhl;o cjt[k; tPug;gd;/ kdpj neaj;jpd; khkFlkhfj; jpfH;fpd;whu;.
mtupd; bray;ghLfs; fy; kdija[k; fiuj;J kdpjneaj;ijr; Ruf;f itf;fpd;wJ. xUtd;
,Uf;fpwhd;/ kdpj neaj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whf mtd; ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;~~ fijapd; Mrpupau; __________ Mthu;.

m) mHfu;rhkp M) mHfpuprhkp
,) mz;zhJiu <) R$hjh [tpil: M) mHfpuprhkp]
2. muRg; gzpia cjwptpl;L KGjhf vGj;Jg;gzpia nkw;bfhz;ltu; __________.

m) mHfpuprhkp M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
,) b$afhe;jd; <) R$hjh [tpil: m) mHfpuprhkp]
3. __________ tupirapy; @j;jtu; mHfpuprhkp Mthu;.

m) thdk;gho M) kzpf;bfho
,) fupry; vGj;jhsu;fs; <) fizahHpapy; vGjpatu;
[tpil: ,) fupry; vGj;jhsu;fs;]
4. mHfpuprhkp ve;ehl;oy; gilg;ghsu;fSf;fhd gilg;g[g; gapw;rp mspj;jhu; __________.

m) jha;yhe;J M) ,e;jpah
,) ,y=;if <) knyrpah [tpil: <) knyrpah]
5. rupahd Tw;Wfisj; nju;f.

i) jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Mu;tk; bfhz;L mHfpuprhkp jpwdha;t[ E}y;fisg; gilf;ftpy;iy.
ii) F. mHfpuprhkp gy ,jH;fspy; gzpahw;wpatu;.
,ay; 9
iii) tPug;gDk; Fg;g[rhkpa[k; buhk;g rpnefk;.
m) @d;W Tw;WfSk; rupahdit
M) Tw;W (ii), (iii) rupahdit
,) Tw;W (iii) kl;Lk; rup
<) @d;W Tw;WfSk; jtwhdit. [tpil: M) Tw;W (ii), (iii) rupahdit]
6. xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; fij btspahd ,jH; __________.

m) fiykfs; M) fizahHp
,) FKjk; <) Mde;jtpfld; [tpil: m) fiykfs;]
7. ``xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;~~ fij btspahd Mz;L __________.
m) 1956 M) 1966
,) 1976 <) 1979 [tpil: M) 1966]
8. tPug;gd; Fg;g[rhkpf;F bfhLj;Jtpl;l gzk; __________.
m) xU qgha; M) @d;W qgha;
,) ehd;F qgha; <) Ie;J qgha; [tpil: M) @d;W qgha;]
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1. r@fj; bjhz;L bra;J cau;e;j tpUJfisg; bgw;w MSikfisg; gl;oaypl;L mtu;fs;

bra;j r@fg;gzp Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs;: kjpaHfd;/ g[dpjh
kjpaHfd; : g[dpjh- j=;fk;kh vd;w r@fr; nritahsu; v=;F vg;nghJ gpwe;jhu; vd;W cdf;Fj;
bjupa[kh>
g[dpjh : bjupahJ kjpaHfh... eP brhy; bjupe;Jbfhs;fpnwd;.
kjpaHfd; : ,tu; rdtup 7Mk; ehs; 1925,y; ahH;g;ghzk; mUfpy; cs;s Xu; Cupy; gpwe;jtu;.
irt rpj;jhe;j jj;Jt=;fspy; <LghLilatu;.
g[dpjh : mtuJ r@fg; gzpfs; gw;wp brhy;fpwhah>
kjpaHfd; :
X-... brhy;fpnwd;. 1977,y; Xu; Mya epu;thfg; gjtpia KGikahf
vLj;Jf;bfhz;L Md;kPfj;jpd; thapyhf mwr;rhiyfs;/ ee;jtdk;/ jPu;j;j jlhfk;
cUthf;fpdhu;. Mjutw;w rpWkpfSf;Fj; ``Ju;f;fhg[uk; kfspu; ,y;yk;~~ epWtpdhu;.
md;dg{uzp md;djhd kz;lgk; mikj;jhu;. tnahjpfu;fSf;F milf;fyk;
bfhLj;jhu;. md;idau; ,y;yk;/ Ju;f;fhnjtp kzpkz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iw
Muk;gpj;J r@fj; bjhz;lhw;wpdhu;.
g[dpjh : X-... ,t;tst[ nritfs; bra;jpUf;fpwhu;fsh... mjdhy;jhd; mj;jid tpUJfSk;/
gl;l=;fSk; bgw;whnuh.
kjpaHfd; : Mk; g[dpjh. ,d;Dk; ,Jnghd;w MSikfspd; rpwg;g[fis kPz;Lk; ehk; re;jpf;Fk;
nghJ ngryhkh>
g[dpjh : X-... ngryhk;. ,g;nghJ g[wg;gLfpnwd;. ed;wp lh...
2. ``mfef el;gnj el;g[~~ ? vd;w jiyg;gpy; ez;gu;fSf;F cjtpa NHy;fisr; Ritgl vGJf.
,ay; 9
``mfef el;gnj el;g[~~

vdf;F xU ez;gd; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; vdf;F ez;gd; vd;W g[wj;nj ghu;g;gtu;fSf;Fj;
bjupahJ. ez;gu;fs; vd;W ahUk; fz;Lgpoj;jJk; ,y;iy.
``Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W~~ vd;gij eh=;fs; ,UtUk; czu;e;J ,Ue;njhk;.
xUehs; tFg;giwf;F mwptpg;g[ xd;W te;jJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l g[j;jfk; th=;f gzk;
bfhLg;gJ bjhlu;ghd mwptpg;g[ mJ. v=;fs; tFg;gpy; midtUk; bfhLj;J tpl;nlhk;. vd;
ez;gidj; jtpu...
mtd; vd;idg; ghu;j;jhd;... md;;W ehd; kjpa czt[ vLj;Jtutpy;iy. filapy;
rhg;gpLtjw;fhf itj;jpUe;j gzj;ij mtDf;fhff; bfhLj;Jtpl;nld;. mtd; bfhz;L
te;jpUe;j czitg; gfpu;e;J cz;nlhk;. vy;nyhUk; tpae;jdu;.
vg;golh eP=;f ,uz;LngUk;... vd;W nfl;ltu;fSf;F ,UtUk; xnu khjpup gjpy;
brhd;ndhk;.
``Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W be+;rj;J
mfef el;gnj el;g[~~

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,ay; kdpjk; fw;fz;L

mzpfs;
9
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. tha;ikna kiHePuhfp ? ,j;bjhlupy; btspg;gLk; mzp>

m) ctik M) jw;Fwpg;ngw;wk;
,) cUtfk; <) jPtfk; [tpil: ,) cUtfk;]
FWtpdh
1. jPtf mzpapd; tiffs; ahit>

jPtf mzp @tifg;gLk;. mit:
Kjy; epiyj; jPtfk;
,ilepiyj; jPtfk;
filepiyj; jPtfk; vdg;gLk;.
2. md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ.
? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ>
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;Js;s mzp epuy;epiwazpahFk;.
,yf;fzk;: epuy; ? tupir: epiw ? epWj;Jjy;
,ay; 9
brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jp/ mt;tupirg;gona ,izj;Jg; bghUs;
bfhs;tJ epuy; epiw mzp vdg;gLk;.
rpWtpdh
1. ftp+u; jhk; TwtpUk;g[k; fUj;jpw;F Vw;wthW jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp miktij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
,ay;gha; epfGk; epfH;r;rpapd; kPJ ftp+d; jd; Fwpg;ig (fUj;ij) Vw;wpf;TWtJ jw;Fwpg;ngw;w
mzp vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ``nghUHe; bjLj;j Mbuapy; beL=;bfho
`thuy;~ vd;gdnghy; kwpj;Jf;if fhl;l~~
ghly; bghUs;:
nfhl;il kjpy;nky; ,Ue;j bfhoahdJ tuntz;lhk; vdj; jLg;gJnghy/ iffhl;oaJ
vd;gJ bghUs;.
tpsf;fk;:
nfhtyDk;/ fz;zfpa[k; kJiu khefUf;Fs; brd;wnghJ kjpypd; nky; ,Ue;j bfhofs;
fhw;wpy; ,aw;ifahf mire;jd.
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Mdhy; ,s=;nfhtofs;/ kJiuapy; nfhtyd; bfhiy bra;ag;gLthd; vdf; fUjp
mf;bfhofs;/ ifia mirj;J `,k; kJiuf;Fs; tuntz;lh~ vd;W bjuptpg;gJ nghyf;
fhw;wpy; mirtjhf jd; fUj;ijf; bfhoapd; nky; Vw;wpf; TWfpwhu;. vdnt ,g;ghly;
jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzpf;Fr; rhd;whfpaJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kf;fSf;F mHF nru;g;gd __________ MFk;.

m) mzpfyd;fs; M) fiy
,) fy;tp <) ngr;Rj;jpwd; [tpil: m) mzpfyd;fs;]
2. jPtfk; vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; __________.
m) tpsf;fk; M) rhd;W
,) tpsf;F <) btspr;rk; [tpil: ,) tpsf;F]
3. nfhtyDk; fz;zfpa[k; __________ efUf;Fs; brd;wnghJ bfhofs; mire;jd.
m) j+;ir M) g[fhu;
,) kJiu <) t+;rp [tpil: ,) kJiu]
4. jPtf mzp __________ tifg;gLk;.

m) @d;W M) Ie;J
,) MW <) vl;L [tpil: m) @d;W]
5. epuy; epiwazp ? ,jpy; èpiu~ vd;gjd; bghUs; __________.
m) epWj;Jjy; M) tupir
,) vil <) Tl;lk; [tpil: M) tupir]
6. ,ay;ghf cupar; brhw;fspd; @yk; TWtJ __________ mzp MFk;.
,ay; 9
m) jw;Fwpg;ngw;wzp M) epuy;epiw mzp

,) cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp <) jd;ikazp [tpil: <) jd;ikazp]
7. jd;ik mzpapd; tiffs; __________ MFk;.

m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) VG [tpil: M) ehd;F]
8. jd;ik mzpia __________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) jPtf mzp M) ctik mzp
,) jd;ik etpw;rp mzp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp [tpil: ,) jd;ik etpw;rp mzp]
9. itif ejp gha[k; efuk; __________.
m) bey;iy M) kJiu
,) j+;ir <) flY}u; [tpil: M) kJiu]
10. `nre;jd nte;jd; jpU beL=;fd;~ vDk; ghlypy; mike;j mzp>
m) jPtf mzp M) jd;ik mzp
,) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp <) ctik mzp [tpil: m) jPtf mzp]
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11. bghUj;Jf.
1. nre;jd; ? m) gif
2. bjt; ? M) rpte;jd
3. rpiy ? ,) gwit
4. g[s; ? <) tpy;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
12. bghUj;Jf.
1. jw;Fwpg;ngw;wzp ? m) xU brhy; gy ,l=;fspy; cs;s brhw;fnshL bghUs;
bfhs;sy;
2. jPtf mzp ? M) brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jpg; bghUs;
bfhs;sy;
3. epuy; epiw mzp ? ,) cz;ikahd ,ay;g[j; jd;ik
4. jd;ikazp ? <) ftp+dpd; Fwpg;ngw;wy;
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,]
FWtpdh
1. jd;ikazpapd; tiffis vGJf.
jd;ikazp ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
bghUs; jd;ikazp  rhjpj; jd;ikazp
Fzj; jd;ikazp  bjhHpw; jd;ikazp Mfpait MFk;.
2. jd;ikazpia tpsf;Ff.
vt;tifg;gl;l bghUshf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjd; cz;ikahd ,ay;g[j; jd;ikapidf;
,ay; 9
nfl;gtu;fspd; kdk; kfpGkhW cupar; brhw;fs; mikj;Jg; ghLtJ jd;ikazp MFk;.
,jidj; jd;ik etpw;rpmzp vd;Wk; TWtu;.
rpWtpdh

1. epuy;epiw mzpia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
epuy; ? tupir epiw ? epWj;Jy;.
brhy;iya[k;/ bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jp mt;tupirg;gona ,izj;Jg; bghUs;
bfhs;tJ epuy;epiw mzp vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ.
mzpg; bghUj;jk;:
,f;Fwspy; ``md;g[k; mwDk;~~ vd;w brhw;fis tupirahf epWj;jp ``gz;g[k; gaDk;~~ vd;w
brhw;fis Kiwglf; Twpa[s;sikahy; ,J epuy;epiw mzpf;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.
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11. jPtf mzpia tpsf;fp/ rhd;W TWf.

mzp ,yf;fzk;:
jPtfk; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F tpsf;F vd;W bghUs;. bra;a[spy; Xuplj;jpy; epd;w xU brhy;
bra;a[spd; gy ,l=;fspYk; cs;s brhw;fnshL brd;W bghUe;jpg; bghUis tpsf;FtJ
jPtf mzp vd;gu;.
rhd;W: ``nre;jd nte;jd; jpUbeL=;fz;/ bjt;nte;ju;
Ve;J jle;njhs;/ ,HpFUjp ? gha;e;J
jpirmidj;Jk;/ tPur; rpiybghHpe;j mk;g[k;/
kpirmidj;Jk; g[s;FyKk; tPH;e;J~~
ghlypd; bghUs;:
murDila fz;fs; nfhgj;jhy; rpte;jd. fz;fs; rpte;j mstpy; gif kd;du;fspd; njhs;fs;
rpte;jd. ,uj;jk; gha;e;j jpirfs; midj;Jk; rpte;jd" mk;g[fs; rpte;jd. ,uj;jk; nkny
tPH;tjhy; gwitfs; rpte;jd.
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
Kjypy; cs;s nre;jd (rpte;jd) vd;w brhy; ghlypy; fz;fs;/ njhs;fs;/ jpirfs;/ mk;g[fs;/
gwitfs; midj;njhLk; bghUe;jpg; bghUs; jUfpwJ.
12. `vt;tifg; bghUSk; bka;tif tpsf;Fk;~ mzp vJ> rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)
jd;ik etpw;rp mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;F.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
vt;tifg;gl;l bghUshf ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;ifapy; mike;j mjd; cz;ikahd ,ay;g[j;
jd;ikiaf; nfl;gtu;fspd; kdk; kfpGkhW cupa brhw;fis mikj;Jg; ghLtJ jd;ikazp
MFk;. ,jid jd;ik etpw;rpazp vd;Wk; TWtu;.
rhd;W: ``bka;apw; bghoa[k; tpupj;j fU=;FHYk;
ifapy; jdpr;rpyk;g[k; fz;zPUk; ? itiaf; nfhd;
,ay; 9
fz;lsnt njhw;whd;/ mf;fhupifjd;

cz;lsnt njhw;whd; capu;.~~
ghlypd; bghUs;:
clk;g[ KGf;fj; J}rpa[k; tpupj;j fUikahd jiyKoa[k; ifapy; xw;iwr; rpyk;nghL te;j
njhw;wKk; mtsJ fz;zPUk; fz;l mstpnyna itia gha[k; efuj;J murd; ghz;oad;
njhw;whd;. mtsJ brhy; nfl;L capu; ePj;jhd;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
fz;zfpapd; Jau; epiwe;j njhw;wj;jpid ,ay;ghL cupa brhw;fspd; @yk; Twpaikahy;
jd;ik etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;.
1.
Kd; tFg;g[fspy; fw;w mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; bjhFj;J xg;gilt[ xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.

ctikazp:
``mfH;thiuj; jh=;Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik
,fH;thu;g; bghWj;jy; jiy~~
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gpwpJ bkhHpjyzp:
``gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;l+;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;~~
ntw;Wikazp:
``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL.~~
brhw;bghUl;gpd;tU epiyazp:
``cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp
brag;gl;lhu; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J.~~
bkhHpbgau;g;g[
1. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in School. – Albert Einstein.
xU gs;spapy; fw;Wf;bfhz;lij kwe;J tpl;lhy;/ gs;spapy; fw;w fy;tpapdhy; gad; vd;nd-
2. Tomorrow is often the busiest day of the week. – Spanish Proverb

,t;thuj;jpy; ehis xUehs; kl;Lnk mjpf ntiyg;gS cs;sJ.
3. It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light. – Aristotle
ek; ,Uz;l jUz=;fspYk; xspiag; ghu;g;gijna nehf;fkhff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
4. Success is not final, failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts. – Winston Churchill.
btw;wp vd;gJ Koty;y/ njhy;tp vd;gJk; tpjpay;y. ,uz;Lf;fhft[k; bjhlu;;e;J

Kaw;rpa[lDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; bray;gLtnj vz;zg;;gLk;.
ctikiag; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;bwhlu; cUthf;Ff.

1. jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy
,ay; 9
vd; ez;gd; jhkiu ,iyePu; nghyg; gl;Lk; glhkYk; gHFthd;.
2. kiHKfk; fhzhg; gapu;nghy
jhia ,He;j fUizad; kiH Kfk; fhzhg; gapu;nghy thodhd;.
3. fz;zpidf; fhf;Fk; ,iknghy
,iwtd; mDjpdKk; ek;ikf; fz;zpidf; fhf;Fk; ,iknghyf; fhj;Jf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu;.
4. rpiy nky; vGj;J nghy
rpWtajpy; fw;Fk; mwf;fUj;Jfs; rpiynky; vGj;J nghy; kdjpny epiyj;J epd;W ek;
thH;it tHp elj;Jk;.
bghUj;jkhd epWj;jw; FwpapLf.
nrudpd; gl;lg;bgau;fspy; bfhy;yp btw;gd; kiyakhd; nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
bfhy;yp kiyia btd;wtd; bfhy;yp btw;gd; vdt[k; gpw kiyg;gFjpfis btd;wtu;fs;
kiyakhd; vdt[k; bgau; Nl;of;bfhz;ldu; ,jw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd
tpil:
nrudpd; gl;lg;bgau;fspy; `bfhy;yp btw;gd;~/ `kiyakhd;~ nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
`bfhy;ypkiy~ia btd;wtd; `bfhy;yp btw;gd;~ vdt[k;/ gpw kiyg;gFjpfis btd;wtu;fs;
`kiyakhd;~ vdt[k; bgau; Nl;of;bfhz;ldu;. ,jw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
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thH;j;Jiu vGJf.
ck; gs;spapy; eilbgWk; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;l Kfhkpd; bjhlf;ftpHhtpy; khztu;fSf;F
thH;j;Jiu tH=;f ciu xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
~~ ,d;iwa khztu;fs;
ehisa jiytu;fs;~~
Mk;- md;ghu;e;j khztu;fns- ehisa jiytu;fshd c=;fis ,e;j ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;l

Kfhk; @yk; thH;j;Jtjpy; bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpnwd;.
etPd ghujj;ij cau;j;Jgtu;fns-
`È}W ,is+u;fisf; bfhL=;fs;: ,e;j ehl;ilna khw;wpf; fhl;Lfpd;nwd;~~ vd;whu; Rthkp
tpntfhde;ju; md;W. mtu; ,d;W ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;/ ,e;j KfhkpYs;s c=;fis itj;J etPd
ghujj;ijna totikj;jpUg;ghu;. etPd ghujj;ij cau;j;Jk; cd;dj J}z;fs; eP=;fs;jhd;.
nritr; brk;ky;fns-
kf;fs; bjhz;nl- ,iwtd; bjhz;L vd;ghu;fs;. mijg;nghynt ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;
@yk; kf;fSf;Fr; nrit bra;a fhj;jpUf;Fk; nritr; brk;ky;fns- md;id bju!htpd;
cs;s=;fns- nrit bra;a gzk; njit ,y;iy. ey;y kdk; ,Ue;jhy; nghJk; vd;gij
mwpe;J bray;gLk; bry;t=;fns- c=;fis kdk; befpH;e;J thH;;j;Jfpd;nwd;.
ehisa fyhk;fns-
``J}f;fj;jpy; tUtJ fdtd;W
c=;fisj; J}=;ftplhky; bra;tnj fdt[~~
vd;whu; lhf;lu;. mg;Jy; fyhk;. ehl;ilj; J}a;ikahf;FtjpYk; ehl;ilg; gRikahf;FtjpYk;
eP=;fs; J}=;fhky; fdt[ fz;L edthf;F=;fs;. c=;fs; iffshy; itf;fg;gLk; ,e;j
ku=;fs;jhd; eP=;fs; ehisa fyhk; vd;gijg; giwrhw;Wk;. ,d;iwa ,isa fyhk;fSf;F
thH;j;Jf;fs;.
ehl;L eyj;jpl;lg; gzpg[upa[k; ts;sy;fis kPz;Lk; thH;j;jp/ vd;Diuia epiwt[ bra;fpnwd;.
,ay; 9
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
FWf;bfGj;Jg; nghl;o.
1 2
iy kh s; zp
fh nj
3
u; jp t L w t
F
4
fh iu j; ne l; F W gh
@
5
y fP u; a =; f; H; e; k;
v
7 6
k; =; fP g; fp U kp bjh
jp nj
8 9
f; gh y; =; j if
br jp
10 11 12
a; th yp j; bjh
rp f if
13
=; z s; is j; f;
bk
14 15
a t u; ah it s; id fp
f xs
16 17 18
k; f t U is
c gp tp
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,lkpUe;J tyk; tykpUe;J ,lk;

1. rpWbghGjpd; tiffSs; xd;W(2)? fhiy 15. k
Ue;nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz; ?
2. neu; neu; ? tha;ghL (2) ? njkh Mrpupau; (4) ? vd;whu; ? xsitahu;
11. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W (5) ? 16. k
jpKfk; ctik vdpy; Kfkjp ...........(5)
fypj;bjhif ? cUtfk;
14. kf;fns nghy;tu; ..........(4) ? fatu;
nkypUe;J fPH; fPHpUe;J nky;
y;iyj; jpizf;Fupa bgUk;bghGJ (5) ?
1. K 5. tpilapd; tiffs; (3) ? vl;L
fhu;fhyk; 6. tPukhKdptu; ,aw;wpa E}y; (5) ?
2. bkhHp+hapW (9)? njtneag;ghthzu; njk;ghtzp
3. e
y;y vd;Dk; milbkhHp bfhz;l bjhifE}y; 8. gps;isj;jkpHpd; ,uz;lhk; gUtk; (4) ?
..........(5)? FWe;bjhif br=;fPiu
4. fiH vd;gjd; bghUs; (4) ? @=;fpy; 9. Kg;ghy; gFg;g[ bfhz;l E}y;fSs; xd;W
7. kjpapd; kWbgau;/ ,J epyita[k; Fwpf;Fk; (4) (6) ? jpUf;Fws;
? jp=;fs; 13. kd;ddJ cz;ikahdg; g[fiH vLj;Jf;
10. Fwp+;rpj; jpizf;Fupa tpy=;F ........(4) ? TWtJ (7) ? bka;f;fPu;j;jp
rp=;fk; 17. 9 6 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W
12. ......... vd;gJ g[wj;jpizfSs; xd;W (4) ? (7) ? gps;isj;jkpH;
iff;fpis 18. b ra;jtk; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ (5) ?
tpidj;bjhif
ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sj; jkpH;g; g[ytu;fspd; bgau;fisf; fz;lwpf.

fk;gDk; fz;nlj;Jk; ckWg; g[ytiu ve;jf;
bfhk;gDk; gzpa[k; mwk;ghL+; $thJ MRftpia
,ay; 9
fhrpk;g[ytiu/ Fz=;Foahiu nrfdhg; g[ytiu
bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyiur; rPu;jkpH; kwf;fhjd;nwh
g[ytu; bgau;fs;
fk;gd;  ckWg;g[ytu;  $t;thJg; g[ytu;
mg[y; fhrpk;  Fz=;Fo k!;jhd;  nrf;fpHhu;
bra;F Kjypahu;
tpz;zg;gg; gotj;ij epug;g[f.
nky;epiy tFg;g[ ? nru;f;if tpz;zg;gk;
nru;f;if vz;: 333 njjp: 08.03.2020 tFg;g[k; gpupt[k;: 11 ? m
1. khzt'khztpapd; bgau; : br. g[dpjh
2. gpwe;j njjp : 17.02.2004
3. njrpa ,dk; : ,e;jpau;
4. bgw;nwhu; ' ghJfhtyu; bgau; : F. bry;ykzp ? kzpak;ik
5. tPl;L Kftup : 13/ rptd; nfhtpy; bjU/
rj;ah efu;/ g[Jf;nfhl;il.
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6. ,Wjpahf goj;J Koj;j tFg;g[ : gj;jhk; tFg;g[

7. gapd;w bkhHp : jkpH;
8. bgw;w kjpg;bgz;fs; : 465'500
9. ,Wjpahfg; goj;j gs;spapd; Kftup : muR bgz;fs; cau;epiyg; gs;sp/ g[Jf;nfhl;il.
nju;tpd; bgau; gjpt[ vz;' Mz;L ghlk; kjpg;bgz;fs;
jkpH; 96
M=;fpyk; 92
gs;sp ,Wjpj; nju;t[ fzpjk; 97
226643 ' 2019
(gj;jhk; tFg;g[) mwptpay; 90
r@f mwptpay; 90
bkhj;jk; 465
10. khw;Wr; rhd;wpjH; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh> : Mk;
11. jha;bkhHp : jkpH;
12. nrutpUk;g[k; ghlg;gpupt[k; gapw;W bkhHpa[k; : gpupt[ vz;: 103 ' jkpH; tHp
khzt' khztpau; ifbahg;gk;
br. g[dpjh
ed;wpa[iu vGJf.
gs;sp tshfj;jpy; eilbgw;w ``kuk; eL tpHht[f;F~~ tUif je;jpUe;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu;/ bgw;nwhu;f;F
gRikg; ghJfhg;g[ gil rhu;ghf ed;wpa[iu vGJf.
ed;wpa[iu
tzf;fk;/ ehisa epfH;tpd; bjhlf;fk;jhd;/ ,d;iwa ed;wp
vk; gs;spapd; gRikg; ghJfhg;g[ gilapd; rhu;ghf bfhz;lhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Rw;Wr;NHy;
,ay; 9
ghJfhg;g[ tpHhtpw;F tUif je;jpUf;Fk; midtUf;Fk; ed;wp-

vk; miHg;gpw;fpz=;f/ gy gzpfSf;F ,ilapYk; jd; neuj;ij v=;fSf;fhf xJf;fpj;
je;J/ ku=;fs; gw;wpa rpwg;g[iu tH=;fp ,t;tpHhit rpwg;g[ bra;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; tdr;ruf
mYtyu; mtu;fSf;F kwthj ed;wpia cupj;jhf;Ffpnwd;.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp/ kuk;eLtjw;Fj; njitahd kuf;fd;Wfisj; je;J cjtpajw;Fk; v=;fs;
ed;wpiaj; bjuptpj;Jf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
,t;tpHhtpy; g=;nfw;W Kd;dpiy tfpj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;Fk; bgw;nwhu; Mrpupa fHfj;
jiytu; Iah mtu;fSf;F kpFe;j ed;wpapidj; bjuptpj;Jf;bfhs;fpnwd;. tpHhitr; rpwg;gpf;f
tUif je;jpUf;Fk; bgw;nwhu;fSf;Fk;/ vk;ik Cf;Ftpj;j jiyik Mrpupau;f;Fk;/ Mrpupag;
bgUkf;fSf;Fk; mikjp fhj;j ez;gu;fSf;Fk; vk; gRikg; ghJfhg;g[g; gil rhu;ghf ed;wp
kyu;fisf; fhzpf;ifahf;fp tpilbgWfpnwd;.
ed;wp- tzf;fk;- ,g;gof;F/
ehs; : 08.03.2020 brayu;/
,lk; : nryk; njrpa gRikg;gil/
nryk;.
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tpsk;guj;ij ehspjGf;fhd bra;jpahf khw;wpaikf;f.
``rhiyg; ghJfhg;g[~~ bjhlu; md;W ? mJ bjhlUk; thH;f;ifKiw
rhiyg; ghJfhg;g[ tpHpg;g[zu;t[ tpHh
nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhty; Jiw

bey;iy khtl;lk;
``rhiyg; ghJfhg;g[ tpHpg;g[zu;t[~~ tpHh

$dtup 18/ bey;iy.
bey;iy khtl;lk; My=;Fsj;jpy; rhiyg; ghJfhg;g[ tpHpg;g[zu;t[ tpHh
bfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhty;Jiw Ma;thsu; jiyiknaw;whu;. rhiyf;
FwpaPLfis tpsf;fp/ FwpaPLfs; czu;j;Jtij kdjpy; bfhz;L fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; Toa
ntfj;jpy; thfdj;ij Xl;l ntz;Lk; vd;W typa[Wj;jpdhu;. FHe;ijfs; khztu;fs; kdjpy;
rhiytpjpfisg; gjpj;J tpHpg;g[zu;t[ld; tsu;f;f mwpt[Wj;jpdhu;. jiyf;ftrk;/ ehd;F
rf;fu thfdk; Xl;Lk; nghJ ,Uf;if gl;il fl;lhakhf nghl;Lf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;
vd;whu;. rhiy tpgj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; kuz=;fis ek; tpHpg;g[zu;thy; jLj;J tplyhk; vd;whu;.
epiwthf tUif je;jpUe;j bgupnahu;/ FHe;ijfs;/ fhty;Jiwiar; nru;e;jtu;fs; midtUk;
,ize;J ``rhiy tpHpg;g[zu;it typa[Wj;jp~~ khuj;jhd; bjhlu; Xl;lk; epfH;j;jpdu;.
,ay; 9
fPH;f;fhQk; ehl;fhl;oapy; g[jd; fpHikia xd;whk; njjpahff; bfhz;L jkpbHz;fshy;
epug;g[f.
+hapW jp=;fs; brt;tha; g[jd; tpahHd; bts;sp rdp
௧ ௨ ௩ ௪
௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ ௰ ௧௧
௧௨ ௧௩ ௧௪ ௧௫ ௧௬ ௧௭ ௧௮
௧௯ ௨௰ ௨௧ ௨௨ ௨௩ ௨௪ ௨௫
௨௬ ௨௭ ௨௮ ௨௯ ௩௰
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
Fzjud; – Kdptd;/ ew;FzKs;std;.
brt;it – neu;ik/ kpFjp/ tHp brg;gk;/ rupahd epiy.
efy; – rpupf;if/ kfpH;r;rp/ el;g[/ go/ Vsdk;.
g{l;if – bfhs;if/ typik/ kdcWjp/ rp=;fk;/ ahid.
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bray; jpl;lk;
khztu;fns tpisahl;L cyfpy; c=;fSf;Fg;gpoj;j MSikj;jpwd; kpf;f tpisahl;L tPuu;
gw;wpa gl=;fs;/ bra;jpfis bjhFj;J bjhFg;ngL (Album) bra;J bfhs;S=;fs;.
(khztu; bray;ghL)

mwk; vd;gJ
tyf;iff; bfhLg;gJ
,lf;iff;Fj; bjupaf;TlhJ ? ,J
ju;kj;jpd; ntu;
mwKk; epajpa[k;
mf;fhyKk; ,f;fhyKk; cz;L
ju;kk; bra;tJ tpsk;guky;y
jhH;e;njhu; cau;t[ bgw
Rag;glk; vLj;J
tiyjsk; mDg;g[k;
tHf;fnk ,d;W mwkh>
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
xt;bthU NHypYk; xUtUf;F xUtu; cjtp bra;jgo ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;" cjtp bgw;wgoa[k;
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;" rpy cjtpfs; mtu;fs; kPJs;s md;gpdhy; bra;fpnwhk;" rpy cjtpfs; ,uf;fj;jhy;
bra;fpnwhk;. bjhlu;tz;oapy; ghl;Lg; ghotUk; xUtUf;F ek;ikawpahky; gpr;ir
nghLfpnwhk;. bjhy;iy ntz;lhk; vd;W fUjp/ ntz;lhbtWg;nghL rpy ,l=;fspy; cjtp
bra;fpnwhk;-
,ay; 9
eP=;fs; bra;j/ ghu;j;j cjtpfshy; va;jpa kdepiy...

cjtp kdepiy

tFg;giwapy; vGJnfhy; bfhLj;J f;fl;lhd NHypy; bra;j cjtpahy;
,
cjtpa nghJ. vdf;F kdepiwt[ mtUf;F kfpH;r;rp.
cwtpdUf;F vd; mk;kh gzk; mspj;J fy;Y}upg; gog;igj; bjhlu Koe;jjhy;

cjtpa nghJ. cwtpdUf;F Vw;gl;l ed;wpa[zu;t[.
ngUe;jpy; gazk; bra;jnghJ cld;
kdepiwt[k;/
mtuJ Kfj;jpd;
gazk; bra;j KjpnahUf;Fg; gazr; mikjpa[k;/ kfpH;r;rpa[k; vd;ida[k; kfpHr;
rPl;L vLj;Jf;bfhLj;J cjtpanghJ. bra;jJ.
xUntis czt[ tH=;fpa nghJ. grpg;gpzp jPu;j;j kfpH;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Humanism ? kdpj neak; Cultural Boundaries ? gz;ghl;L vy;iy
Cabinet ? mikr;ruit Cultural values ? gz;ghl;L tpGkpa=;fs;

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10th Tamil Guide by Surya Publications

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(i)

2020?21 g[jpa ghlE}ypd;go

Kidth; g.bg. fypa@h;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,

Kjy; gjpg;g[ : 2019 Vg;uy;

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Corporate Office : Registered Office :

mwpthh;e;j khztr; bry;t=;fns-

vd;w ts;Std; brhy;yha; njhw;wk; bfhz;l khztf; fz;kzpfns-

 3000 TLjy; tpdhf;fs; tpilfSld;

jkpH;g; ghlj;jpy; E}w;Wf;F E}W kjpg;bgz; bgw;W

c=;fs; rhjidf;F v=;fs; thH;j;Jfs;.

xd;W bkhHp ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; 21 $^d;

,uz;L ,aw;if/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L* 64 $^d;

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 115

braw;if Ez;zwpt[ 136

bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp* 148

ehd;F mwptpay;/ ghpghly; 152 $^iy

,yf;fzk; ? bghJ 166

bkhHpbgah;g;g[f; fy;tp 180

ePjp btz;gh* 191

Ie;J kzw;nfzp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;* 195 Mf!;l;

tpdh/ tpil tiffs;/ bghUs;nfhs; 208

vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;

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mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 252

rpw;wfy; xsp (jd; tuyhW) 276

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ehfhpfk;/ bka;f;fPh;j;jp 289

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g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 311

r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk; 321

gh?tif/ myfpLjy; 351

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md;id bkhHpna ? mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH-

bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp ePjp btz;gh

bghUs; bray; tif

Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;

,ay; bkhHp ftpijg; ngiH

``md;id bkhHpna! mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-

 md;id bkhHpna- mHfhd bre;jkpnH-

1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.

2. cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghoaJ vJ>

14. `ghg;gj;nj vz; bjhifna~ ? rupahd bghUisf; fz;lwp.

20. bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

4. ``md;id bkhHpna~~ vd;w ghlypy; mike;Js;s tpspr;brhw;fis vGJf.

``bre;jh kiuj;njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhu;e;j

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1. ``ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I=;FWE}W

,ay; bkhHp ciueil cyfk;

rupahd bjhlu;fs;: gpiHahdj; bjhlu;:

18. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fSs; ? rupahdtw;iwr; nju;e;bjL.

25. ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhz;ltu;

29. `gd;bkhHpg; g[ytu;~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;>

37. bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpatu; ahu;>

1. jhtuj;jpd; mog;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd brhw;fs; ahit>

7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>

1. njtneag;ghthzu; gw;wp ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iw vGJf.

2. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; Fwpj;J ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iwf; TWf.

7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fisa[k; mit vj;jhtug; gp+;RfSf;Fg;

mUikahd Ty=;fSk; rpWTy=;fSk; ,d;Wk; bjd;wkpH; ehl;oy; tpise;J tUfpd;wd.

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md;id bkhHpna- mHfhd bre;jkpnH-

14. `ghg;gj;nj vz; bjhifna~ ? rupahd bghUisf; fz;lwp.

1. ``ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I=;FWE}W

7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fisa[k; mit vj;jhtug; gp+;RfSf;Fg;

brhj;ij ? g[Gg{r;rp mupj;j fha; (m) fdp

1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; bgau;fSf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfpu;f.

4. Kj;jpida[k; mkpH;jpida[k; jUtjhfr; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ vij>

1. m) fhiy neuk; xU epfH;r;rpf;fhfj; bjhlu;tz;oapy; te;J ,w=;fpdhu; jkpHwp+u; fp.th.

8. ``ctika[k; bghUSk; ntw;Wik xHptpj;J xd;bwd khl;od; mJ cUtfkhFk;~~ ? vd;wtu;

1. `nt=;if~ vd;gijj; bjhlu;bkhHpahft[k;/ bghJbkhHpahft[k; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

1. `mwpe;jJ/ mwpahjJ/ g[upe;jJ/ g[upahjJ/ bjupe;jJ/ bjupahjJ/ gpwe;jJ/ gpwthjJ~ ,it

1. njd;/ E}y;/ ig/ kyu;/ th ? ,j; jdpbkhHpfSld; brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhlu;bkhHpfshf;Ff.

1. bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W ,e;jpahtpw;F vj;jid tpGf;fhL kiHg;bghHptpidj; jUfpwJ>

5. ``tha[ tHf;fk; mwpe;J brwpe;jl=;fpy;

<) jpU@yu; [tpil: ,) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[ytu;]

16. cyff; fhw;whiy cw;gj;jpapy; Ie;jhk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ehL

19. ,e;jpahtpy; kpFe;j capupHg;igj; jUk; fhuzpfspy; Ie;jhkplk; bgWtJ

29. ``ejpapy; tpisahof; bfhoapy; jiyrPtp