Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,sikj;jkpnH
gj;jhk; tFg;g[
,ytrk;
1. bkhHp gapw;rp g[j;jfk;
2. IDEAL jkpH; tpdh t=;fp
ciuahrphpah;fs;:
Kidth; rp. gue;jhkd;/ r. nrl;L kjhh;rh/ M.A., M.A., M.Phil.,
M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D., B.Ed., TPT, PGDTR, UGC-NET, Ph.D., Dip.Folk, PGDCA
KJfiyj;jkpHhrphpah;/ flY}h;. <nuhL.
tP. mgpn&fh nfj;jhpd;/ M.A., B.Ed., nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ M.A., M.Phil, B.Ed.,
ghisa=;nfhl;il. ghisa=;nfhl;il.
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Tirunelveli - Chennai
Price ` 300/-
www.nammakalvi.in
(ii)
Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
BANK DETAILS
TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT
CHENNAI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Kft[iu ....
``jkpGauj; jhDah;thd; jkpHd;~~
?ghthzh;
gjpg;gfj;jhh;.
www.nammakalvi.in
(iv)
bghUslf;fk;
vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;
md;id bkhHpna* 1
jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; 8
vGj;J/ brhy; 31
nfl;fpwjh vd;Fuy;- 45
fhw;nw th- 58
bjhifepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 77
tpUe;J nghw;WJk;- 87
fhrpf;fhz;lk;* 100
kiygLflhk; 104
@d;W gz;ghL $^iy
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; 111
jpUf;Fws; 127
g{j;bjhLj;jy; 233
jpUf;Fws; 267
+hdk; 331
mwk;/
vl;L jj;Jtk;/ fhyf;fzpjk;* 337 mf;nlhgh;
rpe;jid ,uhkhDrh; (ehlfk;) 344
rpj;jhS 371
kdpjk;/ etk;gh;
xd;gJ njk;ghtzp* 375
MSik ork;gh;
xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; 384
mzp 387
www.nammakalvi.in
(vi)
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
Ky;iyg;ghl;L fhrpf;fhz;lk;
rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd; tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjpupd;
cWJau; mykuy; nehf;fp/ Ma;kfs; tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
eL=;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;/ ``ifa jpUe;Jw nehf;fy; tUf vd ciuj;jy;
bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyu; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju vGjy; Kd; kfpH;td brg;gy;
,d;nd tUFtu;/ jhau;~~ vd;nghs; bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;
ed;du; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk;. nghbkdpy; gpd; bry;tjhjy;
?eg;g{jdhh; gupe;Jed; Kfkd; tH=;fy; ,t;bthd;ghd;
xGf;fKk; tHpgLk; gz;ng
?mjptPuuhk ghz;oah;
jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;
g[z;zpag; g[ytPu; ahd; ,g;nghH;J ,ilf; fhldhu;f;Fg;
gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk;; bghWf;f vdg; gutpj; jhH;e;jhd;
Ez;zpa nfs;tp nahUk; kd;deP Etd;w brhy;yhk;
jz;zpa mKjhy; v=;fs; nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ vd;dh.
?gu+;nrhjp Kdpth;
www.nammakalvi.in
(vii)
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
brk;bgh dor;rpW fp=; fpzpnahL rpyk;g[ fye;jhlj;
jpUtiu aiu+h ziukzp bahL bkhsp jpfHiu tlkhlg;
igk;bgh dRk;gpa bjhe;jp bahL+;rpW gz;o rupe;jhlg;
gl;l Ejw;bghyp bghl;blhL tl;lr; Rl;o gjpe;jhlf;
fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;oa NHpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kr;rpf; fjpu;Kj; bjhLkhl
tk;gt sj;jpU nkdpa[ khol MLf br=;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj g[upf;Ff dhLf br=;fPiu ? FkuFUguh;
fk;guhkhazk;
jz;liy kapy;f shlj; jhkiu tpsf;fe; jh=;ff;
bfhz;ly;fz; KHtp nd=;ff; Ftis fz;
tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
bjz;oiu baHpdp fhl;lj; njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lf spdpJ ghl kUjk;tPw; wpUf;F khnjh. ?fk;gh;
bta;nahbdhsp jd;nkdpapd; tphpnrhjpapd; kiwag;
bgha;nahbtD kpilahbshL kpisahbdhLk; nghdhd;
iknahku fjnkhkwp flnyhkiH Kfpnyh
Inahtptd; tobtd;gbjh uHpahtH Filahd;. ?fk;gh;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;
khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpa[k; bghd;Dk;
mU=;fy btWf;ifnahL mse;Jfil mwpah
tsk;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;"
ghy;tif bjupe;j gFjpg; gz;lbkhL
Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;" ?,s=;nfhtofs;
fhyf;fzpjk; njk;ghtzp
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;" etkzp tlf;f apy;nghy;
khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd;- ey;ywg; gliyg; g{l;Lk;
vt;btit jPik vt;btit ed;ik jtkzp khh;gd; brhd;d
vd;g jwpe;J VFbkd; rhiy- jd;dpirf;F ,irfs; ghlj;
jiyth; khWtu;" ju;ghu; khWk;"
Jtkzp ku=;fs; njhWk;
jj;Jtk; kl;Lnk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;-
Jzh;mzpr; Ridfs; njhWk;
bfhs;nthu; bfhs;f" Fiug;nghu; Fiuf;f-
cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ" ctkzp fhdk;bfhy; vd;W
ehnd bjhlf;fk;" ehnd Kot[" xypj;J mGt nghd;nw.
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;od; rl;lk;- ?tPukhKdpth;
?fz;zjhrd;
www.nammakalvi.in
(viii)
jpUf;Fws;
bka; czh;jy;
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.
bgupahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;
gy;yhu; gifbfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj
ey;yhu; bjhlu;if tply;.
fz;nzhl;lk;
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
Ms;tpid cilik
mUik cilj;bjd; wrhthik ntz;Lk;
bgUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.
mikr;R
braw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;
jpaw;if mwpe;J bray;.
Fobray; tif
Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fobra;J thH;thidr;
Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF.
ey;Fut[
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ.
?jpUts;Sth;
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 1
md;id bkhHpna
1 ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ve;jkpH;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;
m) ve; + jkpH; + eh M) ve;j + jkpH; + eh
,) vk; + jkpH; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpH; + eh [tpil: ,) vk; + jkpH; + eh]
FWtpdh
1. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-~~
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhg;gpa=;fisj; jtpu v+;rpa[s;s Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fspd;
bgau;fis vGJf.
rPtf rpe;jhkzp/
tisahgjp/
Fz;lynfrp
,itaht[k; v+;rpa Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; MFk;.
rpWtpdh
,ay; 1
1. jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuz=;fshfg; ghtynuW Rl;Ltd ahit>
beLtpdh
1.
kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jg; ghliya[k; bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpH;
thH;j;ija[k; xg;gpl;L nkilg;ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
mwpKf ciu:
jhna- jkpnH- tzf;fk;.
jha; gps;is cwtk;kh/ cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;.
vd;W jkpH;j;jhia tz=;fp/ ,=;F kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; ghliya[k;/
bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; ghliya[k; xg;gpl;Lf; fhz;nghk;.
Re;judhu; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ePu; epiwe;j fliy Milahf cLj;jpa Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epd;W epiybgw;w
bgz;zhf g{kpiaa[k;/ kz;Qyfk; nghw;w thH;e;j nguurpna-
ghujj;ij Kfkhft[k;/ gpiw nghd;w gHikf;Fk; gHikahdtns-
bew;wpahft[k;/ ghz;oadpd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; g[fnH-
bew;wpapy; ,l;l bghl;lhf jkpGk;/ ghl;Lk; bjhifna- fPH;f;fzf;nf- rpyk;ng-
jkpHpd; kzk; vj;jpira[k; tPRkhW nkfiyna- vd;W bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; jkpiH
cUtfg;gLj;jpg; ghoa[s;shu; Re;judhu;. KojhH tz=;fp thH;j;Jfpwhu;.
``ePuhU=; flYLj;j epykle;ijf; ``md;id bkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-~~
bfHpbyhGFk;.....~~
epiwt[iu:
,UtUnk jkpHpd; bgUikiaj; jk; ghly;fspy; g{l;o/ fhye;njhWk; ngRk;goahf mHFw
mikj;Jg; ghoa[s;sdu;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay; 1
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bre;jkpH;/ eW=;fdp/ nguuR/ bre;jhkiu ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
gho/ Foj;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
KfpH;j;j = KfpH; + j; + j; + m
KfpH; ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp
gyt[s; bjupf
,ay; 1
9. ``Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) f.rr;rpjhde;jd; M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;
,) thzpjhrd; <) Koaurd; [tpil: M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;]
10. ``ew;fzf;nf~~ vd;gjpy; Rl;lg;gLk; E}y;fs; vj;jid>
m) 18 M) 10
,) 8 <) 5 [tpil: m) 18]
11. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnkfiy tont-~~ v+;rpa[s;s bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; vj;jid>
m) Ie;J M) @d;W
,) ,uz;L <) vl;L [tpil: M) @d;W]
12. Jiu. khzpf;fk; vd;w ,aw;bgau; bfhz;ltu; ahu;>
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) bgupatd;ftpuhau;
,) njtneag; ghthzu; <) jkpHz;zy; [tpil: m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
13. bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; ghlypy; `gHikf;Fg; gHik~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy;.
m) Kd;id KfpH;e;j M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id
,) Kd;Dk; epidthy; <) Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk;
[tpil: M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id]
www.nammakalvi.in
4 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
m) bjd;dd; M) kd;Dk;;
,) ,d;dWk; <) ,itaidj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;]
21. `md;id bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) Re;judhu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) ghthzu; [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
22. ``rhFk; nghJk; jkpH;goj;Jr; rhf ntz;Lk; ? vd;wd; rhk;gYk; jkpH; kze;J ntf ntz;Lk;~~
vd;W ghoatu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) rr;rpjhde;jd; <) MWKfehtyu; [tpil: ,) rr;rpjhde;jd;]
23. bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gzpfspy; jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;j E}y; vJ>
m) ghtpaf;bfhj;J M) fdpr;rhW
,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu <) cyfpay; E}W
[tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu]
24. bjd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rpl;L Mfpa ,jH;fspd; Mrpupau; ahu;>
m) fz;zjhrd; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 5
FWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpGzu;it cybf=;Fk; gug;g fhuzkha; ,Ue;j ,jH;fs;
ahit>
bjd;bkhHp
jkpH;r;rpl;L
2. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
cyfpay; E}W fdpr;rhW
ghtpaf;bfhj;J kfg[Ft+;rp
E}whrpupak; gs;spg; gwitfs;
vz;Rit vz;gJ
3. tz;L ? njd; jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit ,tw;iw xg;gpl;Lg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp
ahJ>
tz;L ? njd;:
cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLfpd;wJ.
jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit:
jkpHu; bre;jkpiHr; Ritj;J jkpHpd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;wdu;.
,ay; 1
6.
jkpH; vtw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
TWfpwhu;>
gHk;bgUika[k; jdf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[k; ,yf;fpa tsKk; bfhz;lJ jkpH;.
ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ik cilaJ.
ntw;WbkhHpahu; jkpiHf; Fwpj;J ciuj;j g[fH;bkhHpfs;.
Mfpa ,itna jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; TWfpwhu;.
7. ``,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj! vz; bjhifna! ew;fzf;nf!~~
? ,t;toapy; Rl;lg;gLk; bkhj;j E}y;fs; vj;jid>
ghg;gj;J gj;Jg;ghl;L 10
vz; bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif 8
ew;fzf;F gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F 18
bkhj;j E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 36
www.nammakalvi.in
6 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
rpWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,aw;bgau; : Jiu. khzpf;fk;
Cu; : nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;
bgw;nwhu; : Jiurhkp/ F+;rk;khs;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW/ Iia/ bfha;ahf;fdp/ ghtpaf;bfhj;J/ gs;spg;gwitfs;/ E}whrpupak;/
vz;Rit vz;gJ/ kfg[F t+;rp.
rpwg;g[ : ,tupd; jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;jJ.
fhyk; : 10.03.1933 Kjy; 11.06.1995 tiu
2. `Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~ vd;W ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Twf; fhuzk;
ahJ>
brGik kpFe;j jkpnH- vd;Dapnu- brhy;Ytjw;F mupjhd cd;Dila bgUikfis
vd; jkpH; ehf;F vt;thW jhd; tpupj;Jiuf;Fk;.
gHk;bgUik/ jkf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[/ ,yf;fpa tsk; bfhz;l jkpnH-
cd;Dila epiyj;j jd;ika[k; ntw;WbkhHp ngRgtu;fs; cd;idg; gw;wpf; Twpa
g[fGiua[k; vkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it vGg;g[fpd;wd.
vd; jdpj;jkpnH- tz;L bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ nghy eh=;fs;
cd;idr; Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s/ cd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;nwhk;.
5. gupghly;:
,J mfk;/ g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. jkpHpd; Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E}y;. btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh Mfpa ehy;tifg; ghf;fshYk;/ gytifahd mofshYk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. fypj;bjhif:
Ie;jpiza[k; Ituhy; fypg;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;. fypg;ghtpd; Xir Js;sy; Xir.
`fw;wwpe;njhu; Vj;Jk; fyp~ vdt[k; Twg;gLfpwJ.
7. mfehD}W:
mfk; rhu;e;j ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. fspw;wpahid epiu/ kzpkpilg; gtsk;/
epj;jpyf;nfhit vd @d;W gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
8. g[wehD}W:
g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. 400 ghly;fis cilaJ. jkpHupd; tuyhw;Wg; bgl;lfk;. ,J gHe;jkpHupd;
tPuk;/ gz;ghL/ ehfupfk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk;/ bfhil Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
2. ``ve;jkpH;eh epd; bgUik vLj;nj ciutpupf;Fk;~~ vd;w ghlyoiaf; bfhz;L tFg;giwapy;
Ie;Jepkpl ciu epfH;j;Jf.
tzf;fk;-
jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kg;bgUk; gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ. jkpHu;
mfk;/ g[wk; vd thH;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdu;. jkpHpd; gHikianah my;yJ mjd;
bgUikianah ntW vk;bkhHpa[k; beU=;ftpayhJ. jkpH;bkhHp ,wth ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz
ts=;bfhz;L jdf;bfdj; jdpnehf;Fk; nghf;Fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ``jkpnH kpft[k; gz;gl;l
bkhHpbad;Wk;/ mJ jdf;nf cupa ,yf;fpar; bry;t=;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk; bkhHpbad;Wk;~~
khf;R Ky;yu; vd;Dk; bkhHp E}ywp+u; jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Js;shu;.
epiwthf/ jkpHpd; rpwg;ig epiyf;fr; bra;tJk; nkYk; tsur; bra;tJk; jkpHu;fshfpa
ekJ flikahFk;. ,jid czu;e;J jkpHpd; rPupsikiaf; fhf;f vd;Wk; ghLgLnthk;.
ed;wp-
,ay; 1
tzf;fk;--
www.nammakalvi.in
8 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
jkpH;r;brhy; tsk;
1 njtneag; ghthzu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`fha;e;j ,iya[k; fha;e;j njhifa[k;~ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cu=;fs;. ,j;bjhlupy; mof;nfhol;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) ,iya[k; rUFk; M) njhifa[k; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; Xiya[k; <) rUFk; rz;Lk; [tpil: <) rUFk; rz;Lk;]
2. ntu;f;fliy/ kpsfha; tpij/ kh=;bfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gapu;tif
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif
,) bfhGe;J tif <) ,iy tif [tpil: M) kzp tif]
FWtpdh
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rP;g;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
nkw;fz;l bjhlu;fspy; rupahd bjhlu;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o/ v+;rpa gpiHahd bjhlupYs;s
gpiHf;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
,ay; 1
rpWtpdh
1. `g[spa=;fd;W MHkhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.~
,Jnghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;jpd; bgau;fisj; bjhlu;fspy; mikf;f.
gps;is – bjd;dk; gps;is th=;fp te;njd;.
tlyp – fhl;oy; gid tlypiag; ghu;j;njd;.
ehw;W – bey; ehw;W el;nld;.
fd;W – thiHf;fd;W el;nld;.
ig=;TH; – nrhsg; ig=;TH; gRikahf cs;sJ.
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 9
beLtpdh
1.
jkpHpd; brhy;tsk; gw;wpa[k; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpH; kd;wj;jpy;
ngRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;g[fis vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
mwpKft[iu
brhy;tsk;
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit
epiwt[iu
mwpKft[iu:
tzf;fk;- md;idbkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH- vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; jkpH;bkhHp
gpwbkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; jiyr;rpwe;j bkhHpahFk;. mk;bkhHpapd; brhy;tsj;ijg; gw;wpf;
fhz;nghk;.
brhy;tsk;:
,yf;fpar; brk;bkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJntDk;/ jkpH;kl;Lk; mjpy; jiy rpwe;jjhFk;.
jkpH;r;brhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk; fhzyhk;.
xUbghUl; gy brhy; tupirfs; jkpiHj; jtpu ntW ve;jj; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd;
mfuhjpfspYk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
``gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fSk; jkpHpy; cs~~ vd;fpwhu;
fhy;Lbty;.
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit:
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; bfhz;nl mikfpwJ.
,d;iwa mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;nfw;g E}y;fisg; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;Jld; gilj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpa nkd;ikf;Fk; kf;fs; mwpt[ilatu;fshf cau;tjw;Fk;/ g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
,ay; 1
bkhHp vd;gJ cyfpd; nghl;o nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU nghu;f;fUtpahFk;. mf;fUtp
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g khw;wg;gl ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpd; bgUika[k; bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[k; Fd;whky; ,Uf;f jkpHpy; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
cyfpd; gpw Ma;t[r; rpe;jidfisj; jkpH;g;gLj;jp vGJk; nghJ gpwbkhHp mwpahj jkpHUk;
mtw;iwf; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jbfhs;s Koa[k;.
bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mij epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
kf;fspilna gue;j kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k;/ MSikiaa[k; epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk;
njitg;gLfpwJ.
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs; fythky; ,Uf;f fhyj;jpw;nfw;g g[jpa fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[iu:
bkd;ikahd jkpiH nkd;ikahd jkpHhf;f mwptpay; bjhHpy;;El;gr; brhw;fisj;
jkpH;g;gLj;jp jkpHpd; bgUikia cyfpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;nthk;.
g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpd; nrit
,d;iwa jkpGf;Fj; njit
ed;wp-
www.nammakalvi.in
10 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ku+;broapdpd;W g{ fPnH tpGe;j epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; vJ>
m) mUk;g[ M) kyu;
,) tP <) brk;ky; [tpil: ,) tP]
2. jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ahu;>
m) ghthzu; M) fhy;Lbty;
,) ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: M) fhy;Lbty;]
3. jpUts;Stu; jtr;rhiy mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ>
m) my;Y}u; M) jpUts;Su;
,) fy;Y}u; <) bey;Y}u; [tpil: m) my;Y}u;]
4. Fr;rpapd; gpupt[ vr;brhy;yhy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) nghj;J M) Fr;rp
,) ,Qf;F <) rpid [tpil: ,) ,Qf;F]
5. bghUj;Jf.
1. jhs; ? m) Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
2. jz;L ? M) bel;o/ kpsfha;r;bro Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. nfhy; ? ,) jz;L/ fPiu Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. J}W ? <) bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m M) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4?,
,) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m]
6. bghUj;Jf.
,ay; 1
1. jl;L ? m) fUk;gpd; mo
2. fHp ? M) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. fiH ? ,) fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. mo ? <) @=;fpypd; mo
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M
,) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M]
7. bghUj;Jf.
1. fit ? m) mokuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
2. bfhk;g[ ? M) fpisapd; gpupt[
3. rpid ? ,) fitapd; gpupt[
4. nghj;J ? <) rpidapd; gpupt[
m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< M) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.M 3.m 4.< [tpil: m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<]
8. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) J}W M) fHp
,) fiH <) fit [tpil: <) fit]
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 11
9. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jhs; M) jz;L
,) fpis <) nfhy; [tpil: ,) fpis]
10. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) fit M) jl;L
,) bfhk;g[ <) rpid [tpil: M) jl;L]
11. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) fit ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
M) bfhk;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
,) nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
<) Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[ [tpil: m) fit?Fr;rpapd; gpupt[]
12. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) jhs;/ jz;L/ nfhy;/ J}W
M) fit/ bfhk;g[/ fpis/ rpid
,) Rs;sp/ tpwF/ bt=;fHp/ fl;il
<) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH [tpil: <) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH]
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,iy ? m) bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
2. jhs; ? M) nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. njhif ? ,) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
4. Xiy ? <) bey;/ g[y; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
m) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M [tpil: M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m]
14. bghUj;jkw;w xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
,ay; 1
m) rz;L M) rUF
,) njhif <) fl;il [tpil: <) fl;il]
15. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) rz;L ? fha;e;j jhSk; njhifa[k;
M) rUF ? fha;e;j ,iy
,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
<) njhif ? nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
[tpil: ,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy]
16. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) njhif/ Xiy/ rz;L/ rUF M) Jspu;/ Kwp/ bfhGe;J/ bfhGe;jhil
,) g{k;gp+;R/ gp+;R/ tL/ ft;it <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy
[tpil: <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy]
17. Jk;gp ? ,r;brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Jk;gpf;if M) tz;L
,) Je;Jgp <) Jd;gk; [tpil: M) tz;L]
www.nammakalvi.in
12 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
,ay; 1
ii) EHha; - 2. ,sbey;
iii) fUf;fy; - 3. ,sk;ghf;F
iv) fr;ry; - 4. Kw;whj nj=;fha;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
35. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) rptpay; -
R{l;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
ii) mspay; -
gjuha;g; nghd kpsfha;
iii) brhz;L -
FSFSj;j gHk;
iv) btk;gy; -
RU=;fpa gHk;
m) 4, 3, 2, 1 M) 3, 2, 1, 4
,) 1, 3, 4, 2 <) 1, 3, 4, 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
36. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgona/ me;ehl;L kf;fSf;F vJ mike;jpUf;Fk;>
m) md;bghGf;fk; M) mwpbthGf;fk;
,) fsbthGf;fk; <) fw;bghGf;fk; [tpil: M) mwpbthGf;fk;]
www.nammakalvi.in
14 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
FWtpdh
,ay; 1
,ay; 1
Fz;lynfrp ciu njtneak;
Kjypad ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhupd; jkpH;g;gzpiaj; juKau;j;jpa ey;Kj;JfshFk;.
16. cyfj;jkpH; khehL Fwpj;J f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWtd ahit>
``cyfj;jpnyna xU bkhHpf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehL knyrpah. mk;khehl;Lf;Fupa
Kjy; bkhHpa[k; jkpnH-~~ vd;W f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWfpd;whu;.
rpWtpdh
5.
jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gpupe;J bry;Yk; gpupt[fSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fisa[k; mit
jhtu=;fspd; vg;gFjpf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; vd;gija[k; vGJ.
fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
6. ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; ,iyfs; vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg;
gl;oaypLf.
g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;
fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 17
,ay; 1
10. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;nfw;g jhtu=;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk;
brhw;fis vGJf.
bjhyp ? kpf bky;ypaJ FLf;if ? Riuapd; XL
njhy; ? jpz;zkhdJ kl;il ? nj=;fha; bew;wpd; nkw;gFjp
njhL ? td;ikahdJ ckp ? bey;/ fk;g[ Mfpatw;wpd; @o
XL ? kpf td;ikahdJ bfhk;ik ? tuF/ nfH;tuF ckp
11. jhdpa=;fSf;Fj; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Tyk; ? bey;/ g[y; jhdpa=;fs;
gaW ? mtiu/ cSe;J
fliy ? ntu;f;fliy
tpij ? fj;jup/ kpsfha; tpj;J/ bfhz;ilf; fliy
fhH; ? g[sp/ fh+;rpiu tpj;J
Kj;J ? ntk;g[/ Mkzf;F tpj;J
bfhl;il ? kh/ gid tpj;J
nj=;fha; ? bjd;id tpj;J
Kjpiu ? mtiu/ Jtiu gaWfs;
www.nammakalvi.in
18 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
12.
jhtu=;fspd; ,sk; gUtj;jpw;fhd brhw;fisa[k; mjw;Fupa jhtu=;fspd; bgau;fisa[k;
vGJ.
ehw;W ? bey;/ fj;jpupapd; ,sepiy
fd;W ? kh/ g[sp/ thiHapd; ,sepiy
FUj;J ? thiHapd; ,sepiy
gps;is ? bjd;idapd; ,sepiy
Fl;o ? tpshtpd; ,sepiy
klyp (m) tlyp ? gidapd; ,sepiy
ig=;TH; ? bey;/ nrhsj;jpd; ,sepiy
13. jkpH;r; brhy; tsk; Fwpj;J fhy;Lbty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;ij vGJf.
jkpHy;yhj jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; mfuhjpfis Muha[k;nghJ/ jkpHpYs;s xUbghUl;
gybrhy; tupirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpHwp+u;f;Fk; kpfj; bjspthfj;
njhd;Wk;.
jkpHpy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpGf;nf rpwg;ghf cupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fs;
kl;Lkd;wpj; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk;
brhw;fSk; jkpHpy;cs vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lbty;.
14. vtw;iw mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;nf ,aYk;>
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w capupdpd;Wk; gpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ bkhHpahjypd;/ mJnt xU
ehl;lhupd; my;yJ ,dj;jhupd; ehfupfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j tHpahFk;.
bghUisf; Tu;e;J nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL bra;J mtw;wpw;nfw;gg; gUg;bghUl; brhw;fSk;/
Ez;bghUl;brhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila
kf;fl;nf ,aYk;.
15. gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpisahjit vit> tpise;J tUgit vit>
gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ bghd;Dk; kzpa[k; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; ,d;W tpisahtpoDk;
,ay; 1
beLtpdh
1.
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilabjd;Wk; jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilabjd;Wk; bjspthf
tps=;Ftjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;
Kot[iu
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 19
Kd;Diu:
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilaJ/ jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilaJ vd;gijg; ghthzu;/
brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs; vd;w E}ypy;/ `jkpH;r; brhy;tsk;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;:
jhs; ? bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jz;L ? fPiu/ thiHapd; mo
nfhy; ? bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo
J}W ? Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
jl;L (m) jl;il ? fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
fHp ? fUk;gpd; mo
fiH ? @=;fpypd; mo
mo ? g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; mo
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;:
fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;:
g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;
,ay; 1
fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;:
(g{k;gp+;R ?g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R/ gp+;R ?,sk;fha;)
tL ? khk;gp+;R ,sePu; ? Kw;whj nj=;fha;
@R ? gyhg;gp+;R EHha; ? ,sk;ghf;F
ft;it ? vs; gp+;R fUf;fy; ? ,sbey;
FUk;ig ? bjd;id/ gid gp+;R fr;ry; ? thiHg;gp+;R
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;:
bfhj;J ? mtiu/ Jtiu fjpu; ? nfH;tuF/ nrhsf; fjpu;
Fiy ? bfho Ke;jpup myF (m) Fuy; ? bey;/ jpidf; fjpu;
jhW ? thiHf;Fiy rPg;g[ ? thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;:
Nk;gy; ? Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha;
rptpay; ? RU=;fpa gHk;
www.nammakalvi.in
20 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 21
,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;
1 re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
,ay; 1
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHHfdhu; jkpiHa[k; fliya[k; ,ul;LwbkhHpa[k; gh=;fpid tpsf;Ff.
ghly; mofs; jkpH; fly;
Kj;jkpH; Ja;g;gjhy; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;jpid mkpH;e;J jUfpwJ.
Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kr;r=;fk; fz;ljhy; Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/
Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W
tifahd r=;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
bkj;j tzpfyKk; Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs;
nktjhy; mzpfydha;g; bgw;wJ. te;J brd;wJ.
(bkj;j mzpfyd;)
epj;jk; miz r=;fg;gyifapy; mku;e;J jd; miyahy; r=;fpidj; jLj;J
fple;nj r=;fj;jtu; r=;fg;g[ytu;fs; ghJfhj;jdu;. epWj;jpf; fhj;jJ.
fhf;f
www.nammakalvi.in
22 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `jkpH;/ MHp ,uz;Lf;Fk; bghUs;gLk; goahd~ ? ,ul;Lw bkhHpjyzp mika ghoa Mrpupau;
ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) jkpHHfdhu; <) vHpy; Kjy;td; [tpil: ,) jkpHHfdhu;]
M) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
<) rpnyil mzp [tpil: <) rpnyil mzp]
FWtpdh
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ tisahgjp/ Fz;lynfrp.
2. flypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; bghUl;fs; ahit>
Kj;Jk;/ mkpH;jKk; fpilf;fpwJ.
btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/ gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W tifahd r=;Ffs; fpilf;fpwd.
3. jkpH;bkhHp Fwpj;J jkpHHfdhu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fis mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;wJ.
r=;fg;g[ytu;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d> mjd; ntWbgau; ahJ>
xU brhy;nyh brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.
ntWbgau; ? rpnyil mzp.
5. rpnyilfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rpnyilfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
brk;bkhHpr; rpnyil
gpupbkhHpr; rpnyil
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 10
,ay; 1
khiya[k; te;Jtpl;lnj-~~ vd;whu;. vy;nyhUk; me;jr; brhy;ypd; rpnyilr; rpwg;ig
kpft[k; Ritj;jdu;.
M) ,ir tpkuprfu; Rg;g[Ltpd; tpkuprd=;fspy; eakhd rpnyilfs; fhzg;gLk;. xU Kiw
xU bgupa tpj;JthDila ,irepfH;r;rpia tpku;rdk; bra;a[k; nghJ mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lJ:
``md;W fr;nrupapy; mtUila fhjpYk; fk;ky;/ FuypYk; fk;ky;.~~
,) jkpHwp+u; fp.M.bg. tpRtehjd; gy; kUj;Jtj;jpy; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;w ez;gu; xUtiu
mwpKfk; bra;J itj;jnghJ ``,tu; gy;Jiw tpj;jfu;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
itnghd;w gy rpnyilg; ngr;Rfis eP=;fs; nfl;oUg;gPu;fs;. mtw;iwj; bjhFj;Jr;
,
brhy;ea=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;J fye;JiuahLf.
Mrpupau; : ,d;W tFg;gpw;F g[jpjhf te;j khztd; v=;nf>
khztd; : ,njh/ cs;nsd; Iah. (khztd; tFg;gpd; filrp ,Uf;ifapypUe;J TWfpwhd;)
Mrpupau; : cd; bgau; vd;d>
khztd; : ftpaurd;.
Mrpupau; : mg;goahdhy; cdf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa ePz;l thiya[k; Tu;ikahd
ef=;fisa[k; fhztpy;iyna.
www.nammakalvi.in
24 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
2.
bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fisg; ghLk; ftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy;
goj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
thH;f epue;juk;- thH;f jkpH;bkhHp--
thHpa thHpant-
thdk; mse;j
tz;bkhHp thHpant ? thH;f
VH;fly; itg;gpDk;
jd;kzk; tPrp
,irbfhz;L thHpant
vd;bwd;Wk; thHpant ? thH;f
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHpna
thdk; mwpe;j
midj;Jk; mwpe;jpLk;
tsu;bkhHp thHpant-
thHpant-
thHpant-
thHpant- ? ghujpahu;
,ay; 1
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 25
ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
1 vHpy; Kjy;td;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vGJf.
NHy; ? btspehl;oypUe;J c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH;
bkhHpiag; ngr kl;Lnk bjupa[k;. M=;fpy ,yf;fpak; goj;j mtuplk; jkpH; ciueilapd;
rpwg;g[g; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
g=;FbgWnthu; ? jkpHd;/ cwtpdu; kfs;
cwtpdu; kfs; : tzf;fk; Iah.
jkpHd; : tzf;fk;
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciuahly;/ ciueil vd;why; vd;d>
jkpHd; : ePa[k; ehDk; ngrpdhy; ciuahly;. mijna vGjpdhy; ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueil tsu;r;rp gw;wp c=;fs; fUj;J ahJ>
jkpHd; : ciueilapy; vJif nkhid nghd;w mzpfnsh ,y;iy. Mdhy;
mLf;F bkhHpfs; cz;L. ftpijahdJ braw;ifj; jd;ik bfhz;lJ.
ciueilnah ,ay;ghd xG=;fpy; mika[k;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : jkpH; ciueilapd; ntW tiffs; cz;lh>
,ay; 1
jkpHd; : cz;L. bghJthf ciueilapid MW gpupt[fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. tpsf;f
ciueil/ msit ciueil/ vLj;Jiu ciueil/ tUzid ciueil/
ehlf ciueil/ rpe;jid ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : vdf;F tUzid ciueiliag; gw;wp Tw Koa[kh>
jkpHd; : TWfpnwd;. tUzid ciueil vd;gJ g[yDzu;t[ mDgt=;fis
tUzidahf tptupg;gJ. kf;fs;/ capupd=;fs;/ bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw
tUzpg;gJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; Xir ,d;gk; Vw;gLkh>
jkpHd; : vJif/ nkhidr; brhw;fis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp ciuahrpupau;fs; gyu;
ciubaGjp cs;sdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,uh. gp. nrJgps;isapd; jkpHpd;gk;
vd;Dk; E}iyf; Twyhk;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; cz;lh>
jkpHd; : cz;L. K.t. ciueilapy; ctik/ vJif/ nkhid brhy;yhl;rp nghd;w
ehd;F cyf cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; nkhid eak; cs;sjh>
jkpHd; : cs;sJ. rhd;whf/ ,uh.gp. nrJgps;isapd; `jkpH; tpUe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;
`fiya[k; fw;gida[k;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; mike;j fl;Liuapy;/
www.nammakalvi.in
26 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
,ay; 1
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpa[k; ,iz xg;g[k;
kiHa[k; g[aYk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; t. uhkrhkp
Kd;Diu:
czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik bfhz;l bkhHpeilna Vw;w fUtpahf tps=;Ftjhy;
jw;fhyj;jpYk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jtijg; gy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
Fwp+;rpkyu; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp:
`jpUg;gu=;Fd;wj;jpd; mHifg; ghu;g;gjw;bfd;nw ,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bgupa
epiyf; fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk; ePu; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;~ vd;W/ `Fwp+;rp
kyu;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp ctikiag; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
,f;fhy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ctikia tpl cUtfnk czu;t[fisj; J}z;o
vGg;g[tjpy; btw;wp bgWfpd;wJ. `Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jfs; Jspu;j;jd~ vd;W cUtfkhf
vGJfpwhu;fs;.
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil:
`fsk;g[fj; Joj;J epd;w cdf;F/ btw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ/ cz;L kfpH;e;jha;; cd;
g[d;dif jhd; mjw;Fr; rhd;W~ vd;gJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil MFk;.
www.nammakalvi.in
28 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik
nfs;tpnyna gjpy;
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
r=;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhu; njhg;ghft[k;/ ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; je;ijahu;
njhl;lkhft[k;/ ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; g{=;fhthft[k; tps=;FfpwJ. njhg;g[ <e;j gad;fisa[k;
njhl;lk; je;j ea=;fisa[k; g{=;fhtpd; mHfpida[k; xd;W nru;j;J ciueilapd;
mzpeyd;fshf mit tps=;Ftijf; fhz;nghk;.
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs;:
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpa=;fshfp/ fhg;gpa=;fshfp/
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fshfp/ re;jf; ftpijfshfp/ g[Jf;ftpijfshfp/ ,d;iwa epiyapy; etPd
ftpijfspy; te;J epw;fpwJ. ciueilapd; tsu;r;rpapy; rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ g[jpdk; vd;w
tot=;fs; cUthfpa[s;sd.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; fw;gida[k; ,yf;fiza[k;:
mBwpizg; bghUs;fisa[k; cau;jpizahff; fUjpf; fw;gid bra;J vGJtJ
,yf;fzj;jpy; cz;L. bjhy;fhg;gpau;/ `+hapW/ jp=;fs;/ be+;rk; nghd;w mBwpizg;
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 29
,ay; 1
fUj;ijnah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; brhy;tJz;L. brhw;fis msthfg; gad;gLj;jp ciueilia
mHF bra;a K. tujuhrdhu;/ jk; ehl;Lg;gw;W vd;Dk; fl;Liuj; bjhFg;gpy;/ `thH;f;if
elj;Jtjw;Fg; bghUs;fs; gy ntz;Lk;. muprp/ fha;/ fdp Kjypait ntz;Lk;. cil/ tPL
Kjypait ntz;Lk;. fhRk; fhfpj nehl;Lk; ntz;Lk;/ ,d;Dk; gy ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw
MSk; mwpt[k; ntz;Lk;~ vd;W vGjpapUf;fpwhu;.
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik:
gog;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ nghy ,Ug;gpDk; cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj ?
bka;k;ikiar; brhy;YtJ `Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik~ MFk;.
rhd;W:
`,e;j cyfj;;jpy; gak; vd;w xd;wpw;Fj; jtpu ntW vjw;F ehk; gag;gl ntz;Lk;>~
brhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mGj;jk; bfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; g[jpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis
mikj;J vGJtij `vjpupiz ,irt[~ vd;gu;.
`Foirfs; xU gf;fk;;" nfhg[u=;fs; kWgf;fk;" grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk;;"
g[spr;nrg;gf;fhhu;fs; kWgf;fk;" bkype;j vYk;g[f;TLfs; xU gf;fk;;" gGj;j bjhe;jpfs;
kWgf;fk;" nfL bfl;l ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpw;F vd;iwf;F tpnkhrdk;> njhHu;fns/ rpe;jpa[=;fs;-
vd;W njhHu; g. $Pthde;jk; vGjpapUg;gJ ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpwJ.
www.nammakalvi.in
30 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
nfs;tpnyna gjpy;:
tpilj;ju ntz;oa njit ,y;yhky; nfs;tpnyna gjpy; ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k;
vGJtJ czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lf;F cjtf; Toajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhd;whf/ `mtu;
(bgupahu; <. bt. uh) ngrhj ehs; cz;lh> Fuy; nfl;fhj Cu; cz;lh> mtuplk; rpf;fpj; jpzwhj
gHik cz;lh> vijf; fz;L mtu; jpifj;jhu;> ve;jg; g[uhzk; mtuplk; jhf;Fjiyg;
bgwhjJ> ........ vdnt jhd; bgupahUila bgUk; gzpia ehd; xU jdp kdpjdpd; tuyhW
vd;wy;y xU rfhg;jk;. xU fhy fl;lk;? xU jpUg;gk; ? vd;W TWfpnwd;~ vd;Dk; bgupahiug;
gw;wpa mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; Tw;wpidf; Twyhk;.
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw:
ciueilapy; brhy;iynah fUj;ijnah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; Kiwapny cs;s
rpwg;gpid `cr;repiy~ vd;gu;.
`,e;jpah jhd; vd;Dila nkhl;rk;- ,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik. ,e;jpah
jhd; vd; ,sikapd; bkj;ij vd; bastdj;jpd; ee;j tdk; vd; fpHf;fhyj;jpd; fhrp~ vd;W
ghujp vd;Dk; jkpH;f;ftp+u; ek; ehl;il cau;j;jpf; TWtijr; rhd;whff; Twyhk;.
Kot[iu:
<uhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F nkyhf vy;yh tsj;JlDk; fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wthW
jftikj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w ek; jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpH;/ jw;fhy ciueil totj;jpYk; kpFe;j
brGika[ld; tps=;Ftij mwpa KofpwJ.
1. eP=;fs; goj;jtw;Ws; epidtpy; eP=;fh ,lk; bgw;w ,yf;fpaj; bjhlu;fs;/ ea=;fis vGJf.
,yf;fpaj; bjhlu; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s eak;
cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy. ctik
Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jf;fs; Jspu;j;jd. cUtfk;
jiyg;g[ : neuk;
jtpu;f;f ntz;oa brhy; : fofhuk;
Fwpg;g[ : xU epkplk; ngr ntz;Lk;. jkpH;r;brhw;fis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. Ie;J
tpdhofSf;F nky; ,ilbtsp ,Uj;jy; TlhJ.
,J nghd;W ntW ntW jiyg;g[fspy; tFg;giwapy; ngrpg; gHFf.
``fhyj;nj flikiar; bra;
fhyk; bghd; nghd;wJ.~~
vd;gu; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu;. fhyk; ekf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ehd; brytHpj;j kzpj;Jspfs;
kPz;Lk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;gtd; gpwuhy; kjpf;fg;glj;
jf;ftd;. fhe;jpaofsplk; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j gz;g[fspy; xd;W fhyk; jtwhik. Fwpj;j
neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;tjw;fhfnt fhe;jpaofs; jd; ,ilapy; (,Lg;g[) vg;bghGJk;
neuk; ghu;f;Fk; fUtpiaj; bjh=;ftpl;oUg;ghu;.
fhyk; jtwhikiaf; filgpog;gPu;-
fhyj;ij tPz; bra;ahjPu;--
fhyk; ek;ik thH;j;Jk;.
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 31
vGj;J/ brhy;
1
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1.
`nfl;ltu; kfpHg; ghoa ghly; ,J~ ? bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s bjhHpw;bgaUk;
tpidahyiza[k; bgaUk; Kiwna
m) ghoa" nfl;ltu; M) ghly;" ghoa
,) nfl;ltu;" ghoa <) ghly;" nfl;ltu; [tpil: <) ghly;" nfl;ltu;]
FWtpdh
,ay; 1
msbgilahFk;.
rpWtpdh
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) ,uz;L [tpil: M) ehd;F]
2. vBB fpy=;fpa/ cudir, ? ,r;brhw;fspy; cs;s msbgilfs;
m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
M) ,d;dpir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil/ xw;wsbgil
<) xw;wsbgil/ ,d;dpir msbgil [tpil: m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil]
3. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; xw;bwGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>
m) 11 M) 13
,) 15 <) 12 [tpil: m) 11]
4. bghUj;Jf.
i) X xjy; ntz;Lk; ? 1. ,d;dpir msbgil
ii) bfLg;gJ}ck; ? 2. bra;a[spir msbgil
iii) cudir, ? 3. xw;wsbgil
iv) vBB fpy=;fpa ? 4. brhy;ypir msbgil
m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3 M) i.4 ii.3 iii.2 iv.1
,) i.2 ii.3 iii.4 iv.1 <) i.3 ii.4 iii.1 iv.2 [tpil: m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3]
5. ntWgl;l xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) cwhmu; M) bfLg;gJ}ck;
,ay; 1
,ay; 1
17. ``me;jkhd;~~ vd;gJ vt;tif bkhHp>
m) bjhlu; bkhHp M) jdp bkhHp
,) bghJ bkhHp <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) bghJ bkhHp]
FWtpdh
1. rhu;bgGj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rhu;bgGj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
capu;bka; Fw;wpaypfuk;
Ma;jk; Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
capusbgil xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
xw;wsbgil kfuf;FWf;fk;
Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
2. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
FWf;f=;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
Ifhuf;FWf;fk; kfuf;FWf;fk;
xsfhuf; FWf;fk; Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
3. msbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
msbgil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: capusbgil/ xw;wsbgil.
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 35
,ay; 1
rhd;W: tudir,/ cudir,.
10. xw;wsbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a rpy bka;baGj;JfSk;/ Ma;j
vGj;Jk; msbgLg;gJ xw;wsbgilahFk;.
rhd;W: vBB fpy=;fpa/ v=;=;fpiwtd;.
11. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; bka;baGj;Jfs; kw;Wk; Ma;j vGj;J Mfpatw;iw vGJf.
bka; vGj;Jfs; ? =;/ +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ t;/ a;/ y;/ s; (gj;J)
Ma;j vGj;J ? B (xd;W)
bkhj;j vGj;Jfs; ? 11
12. brhy; vd;why; vd;d>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;njh bghUs; jUkhapd; mJ brhy; vdg;gLk;.
(brhy;;ypd; ntWbgau;fs; ? gjk;/ bkhHp/ fpstp)
13. bkhHp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bkhHp @d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp/ bghJbkhHp.
www.nammakalvi.in
36 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
rpWtpdh
,ay; 1
bjhlu;bkhHp:
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlu;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ
bjhlu;bkhHp MFk;.
v.fh: fz;zd; te;jhd;.
bghJbkhHp:
xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k; mr;brhy;ny gpupe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k;
jUtJ bghJbkhHp MFk;.
jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlu;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; mika[k;.
rhd;W: vl;L
vl;L ? vz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vs; + J ? vs;is cz;.
2. brhy;ypd; bray;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,U jpizfisa[k; Ie;J ghy;fisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
@tif ,l=;fspYk; tUk;.
cyf tHf;fpYk; bra;a[s; tHf;fpYk; tUk;.
btspg;gilahft[k; Fwpg;ghft[k; tps=;Fk;.
www.nammakalvi.in
38 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
(bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : rup ,d;W mk;khitg; gpupahzp bra;J jur;brhy;nthk;. (bjhlu;bkhHp)
4. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;. kiy kPJ VWntd;" Xuplj;jpy; mku;ntd;" nkYk; fPGk;
ghu;g;ngd;" Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;g;ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpna vLj;bjGjpj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshf khw;Wf.
miHf;Fk; ? miHj;jy; ghu;g;ngd; ? ghu;j;jy;
VWntd; ? VWjy; va;Jk; ? va;jy;
mku;ntd; ? mku;jy;
5. fl;L/ brhl;L/ tHpghL/ nfL/ nfhwy; ? ,j;bjhHpw;bgau;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
brhl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
tHpghL : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
nfL : Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
nfhwy; : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 39
goj;Jr; Ritf;f.
ghlypy;/ kuk; vd;Dk; brhy;/ ,lj;jpw;nfw;g bghUs; jUtjha; 11 ,l=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;fisg; bghUj;jpg; goj;J Ritf;f.
ghlypd; bghUs;:
``murd; Fjpiuapy; Vwp
ntiyj; njhspy; itj;J
murd; g[ypiaf; fz;L
ntypdhy; g[ypiaf; Fj;jp
fhl;L tHpna brd;W
tskidf; nfl;Fk; nghJ
muridf; fz;l khju;
MykuKld; Muj;jp vLj;jhu;.~~
bkhHpbgau;g;g[:
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own
language that goes to his heart. – Nelson Mandela
eP=;fs; xU kdpjdplk; VjhtJ xU bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mij mtd; g[upe;J bfhz;L mtd;
@isf;Fr; bry;fpwJ. Mdhy; mtDila bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mJ mtd; be+;rj;ijj;
bjhLk;. ? bey;rd; kz;nlyh
2. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going. –
Rita Mae Brown
bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mJnt kf;fs; v=;fpUe;J te;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; v=;Fg;
nghfpwhu;fs; vd;gijr; brhy;Yk;. ? upl;lh nk gput[z;
,ay; 1
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiHfisj; jpUj;Jf.
``njzpny Cupa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cy;yyt[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[du;e;jpd; g[Unthnk~~ ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafdhu;.
jpUj;jk;:
``njdpny Cwpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cs;sst[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[zu;e;jpd; g[W[nthnk~~
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fspd; Tl;lg;bgau;fisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
(Ftpay;/ Fiy/ ke;ij/ fl;L)
fy; ? Ftpay; (fw;Ftpay;)
gHk; ? Fiy (gHf;Fiy)
g[y; ? fl;L (g[w;fl;L)
ML ? ke;ij (Ml;Lke;ij)
www.nammakalvi.in
40 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; bfhz;L `rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
jiyg;g[ : rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
r=;fj;jkpH;
mwj;jkpH;
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;
rpw;wpyf;fpak;
rkaj;jkpH;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
``brhy;ypy; cau;t[ jkpH;r;brhy;ny ?mijj;
bjhGJ goj;jplo ghg;gh~~
?ghujpahu;
cyfpy; kdpj ,dk; vd;W njhd;wpanjh/ md;nw jkpH; bkhHpa[k; njhd;wpaJ. md;W Kjy;
,d;W tiu jkpH;bkhHp ,sikahfnt ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. xt;bthU fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk;
thH;e;j rhd;nwhu;fshy; jkpH; rpwg;g[w;W epw;fpd;wJ.
r=;fj;jkpH;:
`jkpH;~ vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpag; ghapuj;jpy; ,lk;bgWfpd;wJ. fpgp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;ow;F
Kd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa=;fs; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; MFk;. mitna r=;fj;jkpH; jUk; fs+;rpak;
MFk;. fgpyu;/ guzu;/ xsitahu;/ ef;fPuu;/ ey;ye;Jtdhu; Kjypa vz;zw;wj; jkpH;r;
rhd;nwhu;fshy; ghl;Lk; bjhifa[k; cUthf;fg;gl;L r=;fj;jkpH; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
mwj;jkpH;:
r=;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; bgha;a[k; Fw;wKk; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ. mjidg;
nghf;f jpUts;Stu;/ rkz Kdptu;fs;/ tpsk;gpehfdhu;/ fgpyu;/ fzpnkjhtpahu; Mfpa gy
,ay; 1
rhd;nwhu; bgUkf;fs; mwE}y;fisg; gilj;J/ mwj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;.
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;:
Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSk;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fSk; fhg;gpaj; jkpiH tsu;j;jd. ,s=;nfhtofs;/
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;/ jpUj;jf;fj;njtu; Mfpa rhd;nwhu;fs; fhg;gpaj; jkpiHj; jiHf;fr; bra;jdu;.
rpw;wpyf;fpak;:
(guzp/ rjfk;/ gps;isj;jkpH;)
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; 96 tifg;gLk;. mit tHp rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; bgUfp rpw;wpyf;fpaj;
jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. xUtiuf; FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J/ 10 gUt=;fspy; tshr;rp epiyiag;
ghLtJ gps;isj;jkpH; MFk;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ FkuFUguu; Mfpnahu; gps;isj;jkpH; gho
tsu;j;jdu;. rjfk; (100) ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ rjfk;. Mj;kehj njrpfu;/ fhu;nkff; ftp+u;
Mfpnahu; rjfk; ghodhu;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ bra=;bfhz;lhu; guzp ,yf;fpaj;ij tsu;j;jdu;.
rkaj;jkpH;:
irtk;/ itztk;/ fpwpj;jtk;/ ,!;yhk;/ rkzk;/ bgsj;jk; Mfpa rka=;fSk; jkpH; tsu;f;Fk;
gzpapy; <Lgl;L rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. jpUeht[f;furu;/ tPukhKdptu;/ ckWg;g[ytu;
Mfpnahu; rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. ,jw;F gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;/ ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;/
rPwhg;g[uhzk;/ njk;ghtzp rhd;whFk;.
www.nammakalvi.in
42 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
Kot[iu:
fhye;njhWk; jkpH;/ jd;id tsu;g;gtu;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhz;L tsu;e;Jk;
rpwe;Jk; tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
``jkpGauj; jkpHd; cau;thd;
jkpHauj; jkpHd; mau;thd;~~
?ghthzu;
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
njdpDk; ,dpaew; bre;jkpH; bkhHpna
bjd;dhL tps=;Fwj; jpfGe;bjd; bkhHpna
CdpDk; xspu;t[Wk; xz;lkpH; bkhHpna
czu;tpDf; Fzu;tjha; xspu;jkpH; bkhHpna
thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna
khe;jUf; fpUfzh ta=;Fed; bkhHpna
jhddp rpwg;g[We; jdpj;jkpH; bkhHpna
jiHj;jpdp njh=;Ftha; jz;lkpH; bkhHpna ? fh. ekr;rpthau;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
`thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J~
``njdpDk; ,dpikahd brk;ik bgw;w bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp. bjd;dhl;oy; rpwe;J
tps=;Ffpd;w bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp. xsp tPrp mwpt[k;/ brwpt[k; El;gKk; bfhz;l bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp
czu;nthL czu;thd bkhHp/ thdpDk; cau;e;j tsk;kpf;f bkhHp jkpH;. jiHj;J X=;Ftha;
Fspu;r;rp j=;fpa jkpH; bkhHpna~~ vd jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shu; f. ekr;rpthau;.
bjhil eak;:
`bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~
,ay; 1
,iag[ eak;:
`ghlypd; ,iag[
gog;nghu;f;F tpag;g[~
bra;a[spy; filrp vGj;njh rPnuh mirnah xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j; bjhil MFk;.
`bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; brhy; monjhWk; te;J ,iaghf mike;Js;sJ. monjhWk; @d;whk;
rPupy; bre;jkpH;/ xz;lkpH;/ xspu;jkpH;/ tz;lkpH;/ jdpj;jkpH;/ jz;lkpH; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; te;J
ghlYf;F ,iaghf mike;Js;sd.
mzp eak;:
`nfhtpYf;F mHF kzp
bra;a[Sf;F mHF mzp~
,g;ghlypy; `bkhHp~ vd;w brhy; xnu bghUspy; gyKiw te;J brhw;bghUl; gpd;tU
epiyazpiaf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
ghtif : vz;rPu; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 23
,ay; 1
Fwspd;gk;/ Ritf;fhj ,sePu;/ fhg;gpar; Rit/ kdpjFy nkd;ik/ tpLKiwehs;
v.fh: Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpHd; cz;lh>
Ritf;fhj ,sePu; : kd;dd; Ritf;fhj ,sePu; cz;nlh>
fhg;gpar; Rit : fk;gu; fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpar; Rit cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jnjh>
kdpjFy nkd;ik : ,e;E}w;whz;oy; kdpjFy nkd;ik rpwg;g[w;W tps=;Ffpwnjh>
tpLKiwehs; : njnuhl;lk; md;W tpLKiw ehs; vd mwptpf;fg;gLkh>
vz;Qg;bgau;fisf; fz;L/ jkpH; vz;fspy; vGJf.
bra;a[s; mo vz;Qg; bgau; jkpH; vz;
ehw;wpira[k; bry;yhj ehoy;iy ehd;F ௪
vWk;g[e;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L ௮
Ie;Jrhy;g[ Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J ௫
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;F/ ,uz;L ௪௨
Mid Mapuk; mkupil btd;w khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp Mapuk; ௧௦௦௦
www.nammakalvi.in
44 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mltp/ mty;/ Rty;/ brW/ gHdk;/ g[wt[.
mltp ? fhL/ jpus;/ bjhFjp/ nrhiy
mty; ? gs;sk;/ tpisepyk;/ Fsk;/ bey; ,oay;
Rty; ? gplup/ KJF/ nkL/ bjhy;iy
brW ? tay;/ Fsk;/ ghj;jp/ nfhgk;
gHdk; ? tay;/ kUjepyk;/ bgha;if
g[wt[ ? g[wh/ rpWfhL/ Ky;iyf;bfho/ gapupLk; epyk;
,jpy; eP=;fs; bry;Yk; tHp ahJ> c=;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; tHp ahJ>
eh=;fs; ,d;brhy; tHpiana gpd;gw;Wnthk;. v=;fs; ez;gUf;Fk; mt;tHpiana fhl;o
mtu;fisa[k; mt;tHpapd; go elf;fr; bra;nthk;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Vowel ? capbuGj;J Monolingual ? xU bkhHp
Consonant ? bka;baGj;J Conversation ? ciuahly;
Homograph ? xg;bgGj;J Discussion ? fye;Jiuahly;