11th Tamil Full Guide - Surya Elamai Tamil

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11
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Kidtu; rp. gue;jhkd;/ M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D., Kidtu; g.bg. fypa@u;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,
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M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.

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®
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, Phone : 0462 - 2338899, 2338484.
Salai Kumaran illam, Mobile : 94431-58484,
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Madurai Road, 94421-58484,

Tirunelveli - 627 001. 94425-58484.
E-mail: suryaguides@yahoo.com
website : www.suryapublications.in
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Published by
B.Arumugam
Surya Publications
(A Unit of Shyamala group)
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OUR BANK DETAILS

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Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Number : 446971431
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Bank Name : INDIAN BANK

IFSC Code : IDIB000T034
Branch Name : TIRUNELVELI JUNCTION
Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Number : 510909010051752
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Bank Name : CITY UNION BANK

IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : PALAYAMKOTTAI
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,ul;Lk;~
Alv
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ gy;yhz;L
,ay;ng~ (y; + M) = yh vd;whdJ.
2. fhw;wpnywp `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fhw;wpnywp
fhw;wpy; + Vwp
3. Rtbuyhk;
a
,ay;ng~ (y; + V = ny)
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ
vd;whdJ.
Rtbuyhk;
.Kk
Rtu; + vyhk; ,ay;ng~ (u; + v = bu) vd;whdJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

wI
1. jha;bkhHpna Kjd;ikahdJ ? ,f;Tw;Wf; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

LV
Mrpupau; : khzt/ khztpanu jkpH;bkhHpiag; gw;wp ,t;tFg;gpy;

w
fye;JiuahLnthk;.
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah.
Mrpupau; : jkpH; vd;why; vd;d>
A
//w
ahHpdp : ,sik vd;gJ bghUs; MFk;.

Mrpupau; : ed;W- jkpHpd; bgUikiag; gw;wp vtnuDk; TwKoa[kh>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
vHpdp : ehd; TWfpnwd;. `fy; njhd;wp kz; njhd;whf; fhyj;nj Kd; njhd;wpa
@j;jf;Fo~.
Mrpupia : jkpH; njhd;wpa ,lk;....>
,uF : by@upah fz;lk;.
Mrpupau; : jkpH;bkhHp Kjd;ikahdJ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf vijahtJ Tw
,aYkh>
tp
ahHpdp : cyf bkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; `m~ vd;w vGj;J Kjd;ikahdJ/

,ijna ts;Stu; `mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk;~ vd;fpwhu;.
Mrpupau; : ed;W/ ed;W- kPz;Lk; ehis re;jpg;nghk;--
ht
3
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.in
2. `fhyj;ij btd;w bkhHp~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij gilf;f.
kdpj ,dj;jpd; milahsk; bkhHp
gz;ghl;od; goepiy bkhHp
cyfbkhHpf;bfy;yhk;
L al
ikag;g[s;spaha; tps=;Fk; bkhHp ? v=;fs;
jkpH;bkhHpna....
r=;fk;bjhl=;fp
A d
,d;wst[k; ,dpikaha; tps=;Fk;
cau;jdpr;brk;bkhHp
D ika
,lu;gy fle;J fiygy fw;W
1 fhyj;jhy; btd;w bkhHp
v=;fs; jkpH;bkhHpna......
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpj ,dj;jpd; Mjp milahsk; ________.
m) gz;ghL
,) bkhHp
a
M) gupzhk tsu;r;rp
<) ehfupfk; tpil: ,) bkhHp
.Kk
2. bkhHp/ ________ tsu;r;rpia mog;gilahff; bfhz;L cUthdJ.
m) gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhz M) mwptpay; gupkhz
,) kdpj <) NHypay;; tpil: m) gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhz
3. Xu; ,dj;jpd; ikag;g[s;spahf tps=;FtJ ________.
wI
m) tuyhW M) gz;ghL
LV
,) bkhHp <) ehfupfk; tpil: ,) bkhHp

w
4. vGjj;jhd; ntz;Lk;
vGfpd;w a[fj;jpndhu; ghliy - ,t;tofspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ea=;fs; ________.
m) mobaJif-monkhid M) monkhid-mo,iag[
A
//w
,) rPu;vJif-rPu;nkhid <) Kuz;-cUtfk;

tpil: m) mobaJif - monkhid
s:K
5. R. tpy;tuj;jpdj;jpd; gpwg;gplk; ________.

m) jpupnfhzkiy M) kl;lfsg;g[
,) Ky;iyj;jPt[ <) g[=;FLj;jPt[ tpil: <) g[=;FLj;jPt[
6. `capu;j;bjGk; fhyj;Jf;fhf~ vd;w ftpij E}y; bjhFf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 2001 M) 2005
tp
,) 2011 <) 2015 tpil: m) 2001

7. g[=;FLj;jPt[ mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
m) ahH;g;ghzk; M) ,yl;rj;jPt[fs;
ht
,) khyj;jPt[fs; <) jpupnfhzkiy tpil: m) ahH;g;ghzk;

4
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. `jd; ,dj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; ghlhj ftpij/ ntupy;yhj kuk;" Toy;yhj gwit~ vd;W
Twpatu;
m) fyPy; fpg;uhd; M) R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
,) ,uNy; fk;rnjt; <) thy;l; tpl;kd; tpil: ,) ,uNy; fk;rnjt;
L al
9. epiwkzp je;jts; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) fz;zfp
,) jkpHd;id <) ghujj;jha;; tpil: ,) jkpHd;id
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrpupau; : ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
gpwe;j ,lk; : ahH;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s g[=;FLj; jPt[
ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; jiyg;g[ : `capu;j;bjGk; fhyj;Jf;fhf~
bjhFf;fg;gl;l fhyk; : 2001 Mk; Mz;L
Alv
,tuJ fhyk; : 1950 Kjy; 2006 tiu
gpw Fwpg;g[fs; : ,y=;ifj; jkpHu;/ ftpijfs; ,aw;WtJld; rpwg;ghfg;
ghLk; jpwDk; bfhz;ltu;.
2. g[Jf;ftpij vd;gJ ahJ> a
kug[ rhu;e;j bra;a[s;fspd; fl;Lg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; bfhz;l
ftpijfisg; g[Jf;ftpijfs; vd;gu;.
.Kk
3. fly; nfhshy; bfhs;sg;gl;l gFjp vJ>
Kjy;/ ,ilj; jkpH;r; r=;f=;fs; mike;j ,by@upa fz;lj;jpy; cs;s fghlg[unk fly;
nfhshy; bfhs;sg;gl;l gFjp MFk;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. jkpH;g; ghly;fs; vtw;iwbay;yhk; fle;J bry;tjhff; ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
jkpH;g; ghly;fs; fhw;wpnywp/ mJ bry;Yk; jpirba=;Fk; brd;W/ miyfpd;w fliya[k;/
beUg;ghw;iwa[k;/ kiy KfLfisa[k; fle;J bry;tjhff; ftp+u; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
A
//w
2. ahUf;Fg; gy;yhz;L ghl ntz;Lk;>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
jkpHd;idapd; jpUtoiaj; bjhGJ/ mts; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp/ jkpiHg; gz;gLj;jp/
s:K
ed;bdwpfis tpijj;J/ jkpH; bkhHp brHpj;njh=;fp tsu/ ciHj;jtu;f;bfy;yhk;

+hdkhfpa tpisr;riyj; je;j jkpHd;idf;Fg; gy;yhz;L gy;yhz;L/ gy;yhapuj;jhz;L
ghl ntz;Lk;.
3. g[Jf;ftpij ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
kug[ rhu;e;j bra;a[s;fspd; fl;Lg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; bfhz;l
tp
ftpijfisg; g[Jf;ftpijfs; vd;gu;. gog;nghupd; MH;kdjpy; g[Jf;ftpij Vw;gLj;Jk;

jhf;fnk Kjd;ikahdJ. ,J gog;nghupd; rpe;jidf;nfw;g tpuptila[k; gd;Kfj; jd;ik
bfhz;lJ.
ht
***
5
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.in
ciueil
,ay; 1 ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. xU jput epiyapy;/ ehd; tpUk;g[k; tifapy; vd;dplk; fPH;g;goe;J ele;Jbfhs;Sk; vdJ
1 bkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpahfg; gjpt[ bra;ag;gLfpwnghJ ciwe;Jnghd gdpf;;fl;oiag;
nghd;w jpl epiyia milfpwJ. ,t;tupfs; czu;j;Jk; fUj;J.
,ay;
m) bkhHp vd;gJ jpl/ jput epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

M) ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpia jpl/ jputg; bghUshf cUtfg;gLj;jtpy;iy.
,) vGj;JbkhHpiatpl ngr;RbkhHp vspikahdJ.
Alv
<) ngr;RbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; vGj;JbkhHp vspikahdJ.
tpil: ,) vGj;JbkhHpiatplg; ngr;RbkhHp vspikahdJ.
FWtpdh a
1. ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp kpf;fJ Vd;>
.Kk
vGj;JbkhHp ? vGJtij kl;Lk;jhd; kdpjdpd; if bra;fpwJ.
ngr;RbkhHp ? Kfj;jpypUf;Fk; tha;/ clk;gpypUf;Fk; ifiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp
btspg;ghl;ilj; bjuptpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.
vGj;J bkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;RbkhHp czu;r;rpf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
wI
LV
rpWtpdh
w
1. Tw;W : FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ bghUisg; ftpij : Tz;L jpwe;jJ

gjpt[ bra;tjd;W; epidt[Tuj;jf;f rpwfof;fth>
jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;. ,y;iy- rPl;blLf;f.
A
//w
Tw;wpy; FwpaPL vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ftpijapy; vg;bghUshf te;Js;sJ>

rpwfpUe;Jk; gwg;gij kwe;j fpsp.
s:K
v$khdpd; tpuyirt[f;Fr; rPl;blLf;Fk; fpsp.

rPl;blLf;f kl;Lk; btspna tUtjw;F mDkjp.
ahnuh xUtdpd; Rfj;jpw;F jd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpbfhLf;Fk; thapy;yh fpspapd;
moik thH;t[.
beLtpdh
tp
1. eP=;fs; bkhHpia btspg;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; ngr;RbkhHpiaa[k; vGj;JbkhHpiaa[[k;

vt;thW czu;fpwPu;fs; vd;gij tptupf;f.
ht
6
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
ngr;RbkhHp
L al
vGj;JbkhHp
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
A d
``ngRtJ nghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk;~~
mJnt khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik.
D ika
vd;w kfhftp ghujpapd; Tw;Wgo/ vGj;J bkhHpiaf; fle;J/ ngr;R bkhHp vt;thW
ek;kplk; beUf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ ,f;fl;Liu.
ngr;RbkhHp:
vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;RbkhHp czu;r;rpf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Alv
,yf;fpa tHf;iff; iftpl;Lg; ngr;RbkhHpf;Fj; jpUk;gpat[ld; mjpf btspg;ghl;Lr;
rf;jpahf khwptpLfpwJ.
Kfj;jpypUf;Fk; tha;/ clk;gpypUf;Fk; ifiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;ilj;
bjuptpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. a
ngr;R vd;gJ jd;idj; jpwe;Jbfhs;fpw xU bray;ghL" ngr;R vd;gJ bkhHpapy;
ePe;JtJ.
.Kk
ngr;RbkhHpapd;nghJ ekJ clk;gpd; btspg;ghLfs; bkhHpbad;Dk; ePupy; Kd;ndhf;fp
efur; bra;fpd;wd.
ftp+u;fs; rpyu; j=;fspd; ftpijfis vjpupypUf;Fk; thrfDld; ngRtJnghy
mikf;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa neuobkhHp xUnghJk; gHik fl;Ltjpy;iy.
wI
LV
neuobkhHp vg;nghJk; capu;g;g[lDk; khwpf;bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. neuobkhHpjhd;

ftp+upd; fhyj;ij epu;zapf;fpwJ.
w
ngr;RbkhHpapy; xU ftpij bra;ag;gLfpwnghJ mJ clk;gpd; nky;njhy; nghy

,a=;FfpwJ.
vGj;JbkhHp:
A
//w
vGj;JbkhHpapy; ngr;irf; nfl;f vjpuhsp xUtd; fpilahJ.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
vGj;J vd;gJ jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf;bfhs;fpw ngr;R vdyhk;.
s:K
vGj;J bkhHpapy; ftpij bra;fpwnghJ brhw;fshdJ ftpijapd; czu;it

czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy; nghu;j;jp @otpLfpd;wd.
vGj;JbkhHp ngr;RbkhHp nghd;W btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp ,y;yhjJ.
Kot[iu:
vGj;J eil fhyj;jhy; mHpahJ vd;Wk; VLfspy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. ngr;R bkhHpnah/
tp
ngrpa mg;bghGnj fhw;nwhL fiue;J tpLk;. vdnt/ ehd; bkhHpia btspg;gLj;jk;

epiyapy;/ vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;R bkhHpapid vspikahf czu;fpnwd;.
ht
7
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
1. ghujpapd; trdftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpijia tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
L al
+hapW
+hapnw ,Uis ,ubty;yhk; epd;idf;
vd;d bra;Jtpl;lha;> fhzhj kaf;fj;jhy;
A d
Xl;odhah> bfhd;whah> ,Uz;oUe;jjh>
tpG=;fptpl;lhah> epd;idf; fz;lt[ld;
D ika
fl;o Kj;jkpl;L epd;bdhsp jhD=;bfhz;L
1 epd; fjpu;fshfpa iffshy;
kiwj;J tpl;lhah>
epd;idf; fye;Jtpl;ljh>
eP=;fs; ,UtUk;
,ay;
,Us; epdf;F gifah> xUjha; tapw;Wf;

mJ epd; fhjypah> FHe;ijfsh>
Alv
2. ftpij Fwpj;Jj; jkpH;f;ftp+u;fspd; fUj;Jfisj; jpul;o xg;gilt[ vGJf.
fUj;Jfs; jk;ikj; cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij ? ,d;g
jhnk Msf; cUbtLg;gJ ftpij
fw;Wf;bfhz;l
g[jpa kf;fshl;rp Kiwna
a bjs;sj; bjspe;j jkpHpy; ? cz;ik
bjspe;J ciug;gJ ftpij ? ftpkzp
.Kk
g[Jf;ftpij ? K.nkj;jh
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
w
1. 2011Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w ,e;jpudpd; E}y; ________.

m) gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;
M) Kg;gl;il efuk;
A
//w
,) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs;
<) btspr;rk; tpil: m) gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;
2. ,e;jpud; elj;jpa ,jH;fs; ________.
s:K
m) ,e;jpah/ tp$ah M) btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy

,) nfhFyk;/ fy;fp <) bjd;wy;/ Fapy; tpil: M) btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy
3. fiyfspd; cr;rk; ________ vd;gu;.
m) fij M) g[jpdk;
,) ftpij <) Xtpak; tpil: ,) ftpij
tp
4. ftpijapid ,ad;wtiug; ngRtJnghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk; vd;W Twpatu; ________.

m) ftpkzp M) rptjk;gp
,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
ht
8
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. thy;l; tpl;kdpd; ehL ________.
m) gpuhd;R M) mbkupf;fh
,) rpyp <) b$u;kdp tpil: M) mbkupf;fh
6. g[Jf;ftpij ,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ________.
L al
m) thy;l; tpl;kd; M) ky;yhu;nk
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
7. rpyp ehl;oy; gpwe;j ,yj;jPd; mbkupf;fhtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j ftp+u; ________.
A d
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: M) ky;yhu;nk
D ika
8. g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; vd;Dk; g[fH; bgw;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ________.
9. gpuhd;R ehl;ilr; nru;e;j ftp+u; ________.
Alv
10. ``,njh nfs; vd; be+;nr khYkpfspd; ghliy~~ vd;W vGjpatu; ________.
m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
,) ghg;nyh beqlh
a
M) ky;yhu;nk
<) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: M) ky;yhu;nk
.Kk
11. fisj;Jg; nghd ck; fj;jpupf;nfhyhy; fhyj;ij btl;l KoahJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: ,) ghg;nyh beqlh
wI
12. Mw;W}u; utptu;kh vk;bkhHpf;ftp+u;>

LV
m) kiyahsk; M) fd;dlk;
,) bjY=;F <) jkpH; tpil: m) kiyahsk;
w
13. thy;l; tpl;kdpd; ftpijia M=;fpyj;jpypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jtu; ________.

m) r=;fu; b$auhkd; M) bt._uhk;
A
//w
,) M.uh.nt=;flhrygjp <) ,e;jpud; tpil: m) r=;fu; b$auhkd;

14. ahUila ftpijiag; gpbu+;R bkhHpapypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jhu; bt._uhk;>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K

15. ghg;nyh beqlhtpd; ftpijia vk;bkhHpapypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jhu;
M.uh. nt=;flhrygjp>
m) gpbu+;R M) M=;fpyk;
tp
,) ,yj;jPd; <) ,e;jp tpil: M) M=;fpyk;

16. ,e;jpudpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhnre;jpud; M) ,uhrkhzpf;fk;
,) ,uhrnfhghyd; <) ,uhrJiu tpil: m) ,uhnre;jpud;
ht
9
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.in
17. jkpHpd; ftpijapay; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ________.
m) fh.rptjk;gp M) thdkhkiy
,) fh.R.gps;is <) K.t. tpil: m) fh.rptjk;gp
L al
18. kndhukh gp!;th!; vk;bkhHpf; ftp+uhthu;>
m) kiyahsk; M) fd;dlk;
,) xupa <) t=;f tpil: ,) xupa
A d
19. `gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;~ vd;gJ ________.
m) Kjy; E}y; M) rhu;g[ E}y;
,) tHpE}y; <) bkhHp bgau;gg; [ E}y; tpil: <) bkhHp bgau;g;g[ E}y;
D ika
1 20. ,e;jpuDf;Fg; bghUe;jhj Jiwiaf; fz;lwp.
m) bkhHpbgau;g;g[ M) Xtpak;
,ay;
,) fiy tpku;rdk; <) ,ir tpil: <) ,ir

21. Kg;gl;il efuk; vd;gJ ,e;jpudpd; ________ bjhFg;g[.
Alv
m) rpWfijj; M) fl;Liuj;
,) ftpijj; <) fojj; tpil: ,) ftpijj;
22. `cybfyhk; jpuz;Lte;J xUnruj; jhf;fpdhYk; njhw;fhj bgUefuk; xd;W fz;nld;~
vd;gJ ahUila fdt[f;ftpij>
m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
a
M) ky;yhu;nk
.Kk
23. ghg;nyh beqlh jd;Dila ftpijfSf;fhf ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupR bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1961 M) 1965
,) 1971 <) 1975 tpil: ,) 1971
wI
LV
24. `gfypd; bgau;fs; midj;ija[k; ,utpd; ePu; miHf;fpwJ~ vd;W ftpij ghoatu; ________.
w
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: ,) ghg;nyh beqlh
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. `cyfk;~/ èhd;~ vd;gJ Fwpj;J vu;d!;;l; fhrpuu; TWtJ ahJ>

bkhHp vd;w xd;W gpwe;jt[ld; `cyfk;~ vd;gJk;/ èhd;~ vd;gJk; jdpj;jdpaha;g; gpupe;J
s:K
j=;fisj; jdpj;Jtkhf epiy epWj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,Jnt `cyfk;~/ èhd;~ vd;gJ

Fwpj;J vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; TWk; fUj;jhFk;.
2. vGj;JbkhHp/ ngr;R bkhHp Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s ntWghLfs; ahit>
vGj;JbkhHp ngr;R bkhHp
tp
jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf;bfhs;tJ. Mdhy; ngr;RbkhHp mg;goay;y" gpwuplk;

neupilahfg; ngRtJ.
vGj;JbkhHpiag; ngr vjpuhsp ,y;iy. ngr;RbkhHpiaf; nfl;f vjpuhsp cz;L.
vGj;JbkhHp vGJtij kl;Lk;jhd; ngr;RbkhHp ngRk;nghJ Kfk;/ tha;/
ht
bra;fpwJ. clk;g[/ czu;r;rp btspg;ghL bjupfpwJ.

10
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vGj;JbkhHpapy; brhw;fs; ftpijapd; mjpf czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp
czu;it czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy; bfhz;lJ. ngr;R vd;gJ bkhHpapy; ePupir.
nghu;j;jptpLfpd;wd.
3. ftp+dplk; bkhHp vg;go @tif epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ>
L al
bkhHp vd;gJ xU jput epiyapy;/ ftp+d; tpUk;g[k; tifapy; mtdplk; fPH;g;goe;J
ele;J bfhs;fpwJ.
vGj;J bkhHpahfg; gjpt[ bra;a[k;nghJ ciwe;Jtpl;l gdpf;fl;oiag; nghd;w jpl
A d
epiyia mile;J tpLfpwJ.
gpd; mJ mr;rplg;gl;l xU ftpijaha; khWk;nghJ/ ftp+dplkpUe;J gpupe;J
D ika
brd;W tpl;l bghUsha; khwp tpLfpwJ. ,t;thW bkhHp ftp+dplk; @tif
epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ.
4. khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik ahJ>
fiyfspd; cr;rk; ftpij.
mf;ftpijapid ,ad;wtiu ngRtJnghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk;.
Alv
mJnt khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik vd;W ghujp Twpdhu;.
5. vJ ftp+u; xUtiu epfH;fhyj;jtuh/ ,we;j fhyj;jtuh vd eph;zapf;fpwJ> (m)
kiyahsf; ftp utptu;khtpd; fUj;J ahJ>
a
neuo bkhHp vdg;gLk; ngr;R bkhHp xUnghJk; gHik MtJk; ,y;iy.
ntw;W bkhHp MtJk; ,y;iy.
.Kk
mJ vg;nghJk; capu;g;g[lDk;/ khwpf; bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
mk;bkhHp jhd; ftp+u; xUtiu epfH; fhyj;jtuh/ ,we;j fhyj;jtuh vd eph;zapf;fpwJ.
,Jnt kiyahsf; ftp utptu;khtpd; fUj;jhFk;.
wI
6. ngr;R bkhHpf; ftpij/ vGj;J bkhHpf; ftpij Mfpa ,uz;ila[k; ntWgLj;Jf.

LV
ngr;R bkhHpf; ftpij vGj;J bkhHpf; ftpij

w
ngr;RbkhHpf; ftpij clk;gpd; nky; vGj;J bkhHpapy; mnj brhw;fs; ftpijapd;

njhy;nghy; ,a=;FfpwJ. czu;it czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy;
nghu;j;jp @o tpLfpd;wd.
A
//w
7. ftpij vd;gJ vJ vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F ,e;jpud; TWk; gjpy; ahJ>

ftpij vd;gJ bghUsd;W.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
mJ bkhHpf;Fs; cyifa[k; cyfpw;Fs; bkhHpiaa[k; KGtJk; EiHj;J tpLtjw;fhf

KaYk; bjhlu;e;j xU gilg;g[r; bray;.
,Jnt ftpij Fwpj;J Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWk; gjpyhFk;.
8. FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ ahJ>
FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ bghUisg; gjpt[ bra;tjd;W.
tp
mJ epidt[Tuj;jf;f jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;.

9. ftp+dpd; flik ahJ>
xU ftpijiag; gilg;gjw;F vj;jifa bkhHpia ehk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;nwhnkh/
mjd; Fzhk;r=;fisa[k;/ ngr;R tHf;Ffisa[k; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;oaJ
ht
ftp+dpd; flikahFk;. 11
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. ,e;jpud; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,uhnre;jpud; vd;Dk; ,aw;bgau; bfhz;ltu;.
L al
rpwe;j fiy tpku;rfu;/ ftp+u;/ bkhHp bgau;g;ghsu;/ Xtpau; vdg; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
bfhz;ltu;.
``gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;~~ vd;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}Yf;fhf/
A d
2011 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
Kg;gil efuk;/ rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs; nghd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fisa[k;/ jkpH;
D ika
mHfpay;/ etPd Xtpak; nghd;w fl;Liu E}y;fisa[k; gilj;Js;shu;.
1 btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy Mfpa ,jH;fisa[k; elj;jpa[s;shu;.
2. thy;l; tpl;kd; ftpij gw;wp Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWtJ ahJ>
,ay;
thy;l; tpl;kd; mbkupf;fhitr; nru;e;j ftp+u;/ ,jHhsu;/ fl;Liuahsu;/ g[Jf;ftpij

,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jtu;.
Alv
,tuJ ftpijfspy; ve;j xU brhy;Yk; kw;bwhU brhy;iy tpl Kf;fpakhdJ my;y.
vGj;Jfs; brhw;fspy; fiue;J tpLtJ nghy/ brhw;fs; ftpijapy; fiue;J
tpLtjpy;iy.
a
brhw;fs; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns ngrpf; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
ftpijfs; ,Wf;fpr; Rw;wg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUisg; nghd;W my;yhky;/ ngr;R bkhHpf;nf
cupa jsu;nthL fl;lg;gl;lit.
.Kk
rpy ftpijfs;/ eldkhLgtd; mt;tg;nghJ elg;gjw;Fj; jhtp tpLtJ nghy/
btWknd ngr;R vd;Dk; epiyf;F eGtp tpLk;.
3. ky;yhu;nk ftpij Fwpj;J ,e;jpud; TWtJ ahJ>
wI
ky;yhu;nk ftpij/ vjpupy; ,Ug;gtiu miHj;Jg; ngRtJ nghd;wJ md;W.

LV
kpd;rhu ,uapypd; beUf;fj;jpy;/ goapy; bjh=;fpf; bfhz;L nghfpwnghJ/ btspapy;

gue;J ,Uf;Fk; jdpikiar; rhl;rpahf itj;Jj; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns ngrpf;
w
bfhs;Sk; tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.

nkYk; ,tu; ftpijapy; ngr;R vd;gJ @oa epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l xt;bthU brhy;Yk; jd;idg; gw;wpna ngrpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
A
//w
FwpaPLfspd; Tl;lk; xU KidapYk;/ bkhHp kWKidapYk; ,Uf;ifapy;

ftpijapd; ngr;R/ ,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; btspapy; g[H=;FfpwJ.
s:K
FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;;gJ bghUisg; gjpt[ bra;tjd;W" epidt[Tuj;jf;f

jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;.
4. ghg;nyh beqlh ftpij Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ>
ghg;nyh beqlh ftpij/ xU bghUisg; gw;wpaJ my;yhky;/ thH;f;ifapd; totkw;w
jd;ikiag; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ.
tp
xU totk; bfhs;Sjy; vd;gij nehf;fp thH;f;if bjhlu;e;J Kay;fpwnghJk;/ mJ

,e;j Kaw;rpapy; vg;nghJk; btw;wp bfhs;tjpy;iy.
,J nghd;w ftpij ve;j tpj Kd; Tl;oj; jpl;lnkh/ xG=;fikjpnah ,d;wp xd;iwr;
Rl;LtJ nghyf; fhl;o clnd vija[k; Rl;lhky; Koj;J tpLfpwJ.
ht
,tuJ ftpij tpupe;jjhft[k;/ ikaj;ij nehf;fp efu;tjhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.

12
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. bkhHp vd;w xd;W jk;Ks; njhd;wpaJk; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;J Mrpupau; ,e;jpud;
TWtJ ahJ>
bkhHp vd;w xd;W njhd;wpat[ld;jhd;/ cyfk; vdJ ftdj;jpw;Fupa xd;wha; khwpaJ.
vdJ cyfj;ij ,iH ,iHaha;g; gpupj;Jk;/ tFj;Jk;/ bjhFj;Jk; tpjtpjkhd J}
L al
u=;fspy; itj;Jk; bfhLj;jJ.
,jd; @ykha; cyfj;jpd; gy fjt[fs; jpwf;fyhapd.
bkhHpapd; rhtpiaf; bfhz;L jpwf;fpw bghGbjy;yhk;/ ,JtiuapYk; bgau;
A d
xl;lg;gl;ouhj gytw;iw vd; fz;fshy; fz;Lgpof;fj; bjhl=;fpndd;.
mtw;wpw;F ehnd vdf;Fg; gpoj;jkhd bgau;fisr; Nl;lj; bjhl=;fpndd;.
D ika
bgau;fSf;Ff; fle;jfhyk;/ epfH;fhyk;/ vjpu;fhyk; vd;fpw tz;z=;fisg; g{Rk;
rf;jpia bkhHp vdf;Ff; bfhLj;jJ.
mtw;iw tpjtpjkhd mLf;Ffspy;/ xUikahft[k;/ gd;ikahft[k; mtw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g mLf;Ffpd;w jpwid bkhHp vdf;F tH=;fpaJ.
,t;thW Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWfpwhu;.
***
Alv
bra;a[s;
,ay; 1
a ed;D}y; ghapuk;
? gtze;jp Kdptu;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
1. bghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
w
m) m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? a[fj;jpd; ghly;

M) gtze;jp Kdptu; ? ed;D}y;
,) R. tpy;tuj;jpdk; ? Mwhk; jpiz
A
//w
<) ,e;jpud; ? ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k;

i) m/ M ii) m/ <
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
iii) M/ < iv) m/ , tpil: 3) M/ <
s:K
2. ghapuk; ,y;yJ ________ md;nw.

m) fhtpak; M) gDty;
,) ghly; <) ftpij tpil: M) gDty;
FWtpdh
tp
1. `ghapuk;~ gw;wp eP=;fs;; mwpa[k; fUj;J ahJ>

ghapuk; ? bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
E}iy cUthf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; rpwg;g[/ me;E}y; tH=;Fk; fUj;Jtsk; Mfpa
ht
,t;tpuz;oida[k; bjhFj;J E}y; Kfg;gpy; itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpg; ngRtJ ghapukhFk;.

13
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. E}y; xd;wpd; Kft[iuapy; ,lk;bgw ntz;Ltdthf ed;D}y; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
Kft[iu ? E}Yf;F Kd; brhy;yg;gLtJ.
L al
gjpfk; ? Ie;J bghJt[k; gjpbdhU rpwg;g[khfpa gytifg;bghUs;fisa[k; bjhFj;Jr;
brhy;tJ.
mzpe;Jiu/ g[ide;Jiu ? E}ypd; bgUik Kjypait tps=;f my=;fupj;Jr;
A d
brhy;tJ.
E}d;Kfk; ? E}Yf;F Kfk;nghy Kw;gl;oUg;gJ.
D ika
g[wt[iu ? E}Yf;Fr; brhy;ypa bghUs; my;yhjtw;iw E}ypd; g[wj;jpny brhy;tJ.
1 je;Jiu ? E}ypy; brhy;ypa bghUs; my;yhjtw;iwj; je;J brhy;tJ ? vd;gdthFk;.
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. ed;D}y; bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; thapyhf mwpayhFk; bra;jpfisj;
Alv
bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
a
Kd;Diu
bghJg;ghapuk;
.Kk
rpwg;g[g;ghapuk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
wI
ghapuk;: bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

LV
E}iy cUthf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; rpwg;g[/ me;E}y; tH=;Fk; fUj;J tsk; Mfpa

,t;tpuz;oida[k; bjhFj;J E}y; Kfg;gpy; itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpg; ngRtJ ghapuk;
w
MFk;.
bghJg;ghapuk;:
E}ypd; ,ay;g[ fw;Fk; Kiw
A
//w
khztu; ,ay;g[ fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw

Mrpupau; ,ay;g[
s:K
vd;Dk; Ie;ija[k; TWtJ bghJg;ghapuk;.

rpwg;g[g;ghapuk;:
E}yhrpupau; bgau;.
E}y; gpd;gw;wpa tHp.
E}y; tH=;fg;gLfpd;w epyg;gug;g[.
tp
E}ypd; bgau;.
bjhif/ tif/ tpup vd;gdtw;Ws; ,d;djpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;Dk; ahg;g[.
E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fUj;J.
ht
E}iyf; nfl;;nghu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
E}iyf; fw;gjdhy; bgWfpd;w gad;.
,itna rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; MFk;.
Kot[iu:
E}y;fspd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpa[k;/ mtw;iwj; bjhFj;J itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpa[k;
L al
ed;D}ypd; bghJg; ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g; ghapuk; thapyhf mwpa KofpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
A d
khefu; ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
fhl;ly;/ nfhly; ? bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
D ika
nfl;nghu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Ie;Jk; ? Kw;Wk;ik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
itj;jhu; = it + j; + j; + Mu; bfhs;nthd; = bfhs; + t; + Xd;

it gFjp bfhs; gFjp
Alv
j; re;jp t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Xd; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W
Mu; a
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpFjp
.Kk
Vw;wp = Vw;W + , epd;w = epy;(d;) + w; + m
Vw;W gFjp epy; gFjp (y; ? d; MdJ tpfhuk;)
, tpidbar;r tpFjp w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
wI
LV
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
w
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. mzpe;Jiu `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; mzpe;J(j; + c)
mzpe;J + ciu tpl;nlhLk;~ + ciu
A
//w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ mzpe;j; + ciu

,ay;ng~
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
mzpe;Jiu
s:K
vd;whdJ.
2. bghJr;rpwg;g[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w (J = j; + c)
bghJ + rpwg;g[ capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~
èpiy bkhHpaPw;W capu;Kd;/ rfu bghJ + r; + rpwg;g[
bka; (r;) kpFk;~ vd;whdJ.
tp
3. vz;bghUs; `MW VH; my;ytw;wpd; <w;Wapu;bka; vl; + bghUs;

vl;L + bghUs; bfLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
aPw;W capu;bka; (L) bfl;L
`vl;ld; clk;g[ zt;thFk;~ vz;bghUs;
ht
vd;whdJ.
15
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.in
4. E}w;bgau; `ys ntw;Wapy; typtupd; wlt[k; E}w;bgau;
E}y; + bgau; MFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ yfuk;/ vd;whdJ.
wfukhfp
5. @tif @d;W vd;gJ vz;Qg; bgau;. @d; + tif
L al
@d;W + tif `MW VH; my;ytw;wpd; <w;Wapu;bka;
bfLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `W~ bfl;L
`@d;wd; cWg;g[ mHpa[k;~ vd;Dk; @tif vd;whdJ.
A d
tpjpg;go/ `d;~ bfl;L
6. g[wt[iu `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ g[w + ciu
D ika
1 g[wk; + ciu epiybkhHpaPw;W kfuk; (k;) bfl;L
`Vid capu;tupd; tt;t[k;~ vDk; g[wt; + ciu
tpjpg;go/ tfu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp
,ay;
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ g[wt[iu vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (t; + c = t[)
Alv
1. vy;yhtif E}y;fSf;Fk; mHF jUtjhf itf;fg;gLtJ mzpe;Jiu ?

a
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vd;why; vd;d>
.Kk
ghyd; : xU E}iy Mf;fpatu; my;yhj ,d;bdhUtu; bfhLf;;Fk; mwpKfk;
mzpe;Jiu MFk;.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu ahuhy; vGjg;gLk;>
wI
khyd; : mj;Jiwapy; mwpt[k; mDgtKk; cs;stuhy; vGjg;gLk;.

LV
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vt;thW mika[k;>

fPud; : mzpe;Jiu E}ypd; RUf;fkhft[k; mika[k; rpy ntisfspy; ePst[k;
w
bra;a[k;.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vt;thW mika[k; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L TwKoa[kh>
ghyd; : khlf;Fr; rpj;jpuKk; khefu;f;Ff; nfhg[uKk;
A
//w
Mlikj;njhd; ey;yhu;f;F mzpa[k; nghy; ? ehoKd;

IJiuah epd;w mzpe;Jiuia ve;E}w;Fk;
s:K
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ khztu;fns- ehis re;jpg;nghk;--
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
tp
1. bghUj;jkpy;yhj ,iziaf; fz;lwp.

m) khl=;fs; ? Xtpa=;fs; M) efu=;fs; ? nfhg[u=;fs;
,) kfspu; ? mzpfyd; <) njhs;fs; ? fhtpa=;fs;
ht
tpil: <) njhs;fs; ? fhtpa=;fs;

16
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ìtj;jhu;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; tpFjp
m) it M) jhu;
,) Mu; <) mu;; tpil: ,) Mu;
L al
3. ghapuk; ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5; tpil: m) 2
A d
4. bghJg;ghapuj;jpy; Twg;gLk; bra;jpfs; _________.
m) 3 M) 4
D ika
,) 5 <) 6 tpil: ,) 5
5. rpwg;gg
[ g
; hapuj;jpy; Twg;gLk; bra;jpfs; _________.
m) 5 M) 6
,) 7 <) 8; tpil: <) 8
6. ed;D}y; xU __________.
Alv
m) Kjy; E}y; M) tHp E}y;
,) rhu;g[ E}y; <) bkhHpbgau;gg
; [ E}y; tpil: M) tHp E}y;
,) fy;yhlk;
a
7. ed;D}ypd; Kjy; E}yhf tps=;FtJ _______.
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
<) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
.Kk
tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
8. ed;D}y; vGjg;gl;l E}w;whz;L ________.
m) fp.gp. 11 M) fp.gp. 12
wI
,) fp.gp. 13 <) fp.gp. 14 tpil: ,) fp.gp. 13

LV
9. ed;D}ypy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs; ________

w
m) vGj;J ? brhy; M) vGj;J ? bghUs;

,) bghUs; ? ahg;g[ <) brhy; ? mzp tpil: m) vGj;J ? brhy;
10. ed;D}y; vGj;jjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;bgwhj ,ay; ________.
A
//w
m) vGj;jpay; M) gjtpay;
,) cUg[g;g[zupay; <) ,ilapay; tpil: <) ,ilapay;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
11. vl;lhk; jPuj

; j
; =;fuu; ________.
m) re;jpug;gpugh M) uprgnjtu;
,) gj;kgpugh <) tpkyehju; tpil: m) re;jpug;gpugh
12. ________ vd;w rpw;wuru; nfl;Lf;bfhz;ljhy; gtze;jp Kdptu; ed;D}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
m) khaf=;fd; M) rPaf=;fd;
tp
,) f=;fd; <) khatu;kd; tpil: M) rPaf=;fd;

13. re;jpug;gpughtpd; nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
m) nkl;Lg;g[J}u; M) nkl;#u;
,) g[J}u; <) g[j;J}u; tpil: m) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
ht
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14. nkl;Lg;gJ
[ }u; vd;Dk; Cu; ________ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
m) ehkf;fy; M) <nuhL
,) ju;kg[up <) flY}u; tpil: M) <nuhL
15. rPaf=;fd; vd;gtu; ________ Mthu;.
L al
m) nguuru; M) rpw;wuru;
,) mikr;ru; <) ts;sy; tpil: M) rpw;wuru;
16. `Mlikj;njhs;~ ,jpy; `mik~ vd;Dk; brhy; jUk; bghUs; ________.
A d
m) khspif M) Xtpak;
,) gz; <) @=;fpy; tpil: <) @=;fpy;
D ika
1 17. `nfhly;~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________ .
m) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W M) bjhHpw;bgau;
,ay;
,) ,yf;fzg;nghyp <) bgabur;rk; tpil: M) bjhHpw;bgau;

18. ghapuj;jpw;Fupa bgau;fs; _______.
m) 5 M) 6
Alv
,) 7 <) 8 tpil: ,) 7
19. gtze;jpahupd; Cu; _______.
m) rdfhg[uk;
,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
a
M) <nuhL
<) ehkf;fy; tpil: m) rdfhg[uk;
.Kk
20. gtze;jpahupd; cUtr;rpw;gk; mike;Js;s Cu; _________.
m) rdfhg[uk; M) <nuhL
,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u; <) ehkf;fy; tpil: ,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
21. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vGjpatu;
wI
m) fe;jg;igau; M) tprhfg;bgUkhisau;
LV
,) mUk;gjt[iufhuu; <) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; tpil: M) tprhfg;bgUkhisau;

w
22. ed;D}y; Kjy; gjpg;g[ btspte;j Mz;L

m) 1824 M) 1834
,) 1844 <) 1846 tpil: M) 1834
A
//w
23. brd;idg;gl;lzj;jpd; fy;tp tpsf;ftr;Rf; Tlj;jpy; 1834 Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l

E}y; _______.
m) ed;D}y; M) ehyoahu;
s:K
,) ehd;kzpf;foif <) jpUf;Fws; tpil: m) ed;D}y;
FWtpdh
1. rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ>
E}yhrpupau; bgau; E}y; te;j tHp
tp
E}y; tH=;Fk; epyk; E}ypd; bgau;

,iag[ E}y; TWk; bghUs;
E}iyf; nfl;lw;F cupatu; nfl;nghu; bgWk; gad;
ht
Mfpa vl;oida[k; tps=;f czu;j;JtJ rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. È}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu ,d;wpaikahjJ~ vt;thW> tpsf;Ff.
khspif fl;ll ntiyg;ghL mike;jjhapDk;/ mjw;Fg; bghypt{l;l mHfpa Xtpak;
,d;wpaikahjJ. xU efuk; kpfg; bgupajha; mike;jpUe;jhYk;/ mjw;F nkYk;
bgUik nru;j;jplf; nfhg[uj;njhL Toa jiythapy; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
L al
bgz;fs; ,aw;ifapnyna mHFs;stuhapDk;/ mHFf;F mHTl;l mzpfyd;
,d;wpaikahjJnghy/ xU E}y; rpwg;g[ilajhapDk; mjw;nfhu; mzpe;Jiu
,d;wpaikahjJ.
A d
***
D ika
Jizg;ghlk;
Mwhk; jpiz
,ay; 1
Alv
? Kj;Jyp=;fk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
a
beLtpdh
.Kk
1. jkpHu; thH;nthLk; g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[fnshLk; m. Kj;Jyp=;fj;jpd; jpizg;ghFghL
vt;thW ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ>
wI
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
LV
Kd;Diu cyf mu=;fpy; jkpH;

w
g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[ gdpa[k; gdprhu;e;j epyKk;

capu; thGk; jpwik Kot[iu
g[yk;bgau; ,yf;fpak;
A
//w
Kd;Diu :
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
r=;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; j=;fs; thH;tpl=;fisj; njog; g[yk; bgau;ej ; du;. mt;thW
s:K
mtu; g[yk; bgau;ej ; g; gFjpia ,lj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jthW Ie;jpizfshf tFj;jdu;.

gpwF nghu; murpd; rPww ; k; fhuzkhft[k; bgau;ej
; du;. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpwF
,y=;ifapy; rp=fsu;fspd; bfhiy btwp jhf;FjYf;Fg; gae;J rpjwpg; g[yk;bgau;ej ;
jkpH;rr
; @fj;jpd; epiyiaf; ek; fz; Kd;nd epfH;tJg;nghy ,f;fl;Liuapy; Mrpupau;
glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;oa[ss ; hu;.
tp
g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[ :
Kj;Jyp=;fk; ,y=;ifapYs;s kt[z;ytpdpahtpy; ,Ue;jnghJ 1958?Mk; Mz;L
Xu; ,ut[ fytuk; epfH;e;jJ/ md;wput[ KGtJk; mtuJ tPl;Lr; brhe;jf;fhuu; mth;fisg;
ghJfhj;jhu;" fytuk; Koe;jJk; mtiua[k;/ mtuJ tPl;lhiua[k; ,d;Dk; rpy jkpH;f;
ht
FLk;g=;fisa[k; mfjpfs; Kfhkpw;F miHj;Jr; brd;wdu;.

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,e;j epiyapy; Kj;Jyp=;fk; `nldpay; oBngh~ vGjpa ùhgpd;rd; Fqnrh~ vd;w xU
g[j;jfj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;Jr; brd;whh;. Kfhkpy; xU bjhz;L epWtdk; ,ytrkhff;
bfhLj;j bgupjhd ,ut[ Milapd; nky; rl;il kl;Lnk mtUf;F mfg;gl;lJ. kwpay;
ifjpfs; nghy tupirapy; jl;ilnae;jp czt[f;fhf epd;wnghJ/ `,dpnky; ,g;go xU
L al
fzk; cd; thH;f;ifapy; tuhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;~ vd;W mtUf;Fj; jhnd brhy;ypf;
bfhz;lhh;.
capu;thGk; jpwik :
A d
Kg;gJ taJila g[yk; bgau;e;j jkpH; ,is+u; xUtiur; re;jpj;jhh;. mtu;
,y=;ifapYk;/ gh=;fhf;fpYk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;. bfLit kPwpj; j=;fpajw;fhf/
rp=;fg;g{upYk; mbkupf;fhtpYk; jz;lid bgw;wpUf;fpwhu;. rpiwthrk; Koe;J/ filrpahf
D ika
1 fdlht[f;F te;J nru;e;jhu;. vd; jpwik ehd; ,d;W tiuf;Fk; capu; thH;tJ vd;W
neu;Kfj; nju;tpy; Twpa[s;shu;.
,ay;
g[yk;bgau; ,yf;fpak; :
Mapukhapuk; Mz;Lfshf kdpjd; g[yk; bgau;e;jgona ,Uf;fpwhd;. r=;f ,yf;fpak;
Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy Mfpa Ie;J epy=;fisg; gw;wpg; ngRk; gy
Alv
ghly;fs; jiytd; jiytpiag; gpupe;J bry;tijg; `bghUs;tapd; gpupt[~ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtijr; Rl;of; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
cyf mu=;fpy; jkpH; :
a
jkpHu;fs; vl;Lf;nfhog; ngu; cyfk; KGtJk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;/ fdlhtpy; kl;Lk;
@d;W yl;rk; jkpHu;fs; thH;fpd;wdu;. gpupl;o&; uhr;rpaj;ij ``Nupad; kiwahj ehL~~
.Kk
vd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,g;nghnjh ``Nupad; kiwahj jkpH;g;g[yk;~~ vd;fpd;wdu;/
gdpa[k; gdprhu;e;j epyKk; :
E}y;fis vupj;J me;j ,dj;ijna mHpg;gJnghy; jkpHu;fis mHpf;f KoahJ.
fdlhtpy;/ jkpHu;fSf;Fr; brhe;jkhd `td;dp tPjp~ vd;gJ <Hj;jkpHupd; g[yk;bgau;
wI
tuyhw;iw epidt[gLj;jpagona ,d;Wk; epw;fpwJ. gj;J yl;rk; kf;fs; g[yk; bgau;e;J

LV
brd;wile;jJ gdpg;gpunjr=;fSf;Fj;jhd;. gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyj;ija[k; gw;wpa Mwhk;

jpizg; ghly;fs; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.
w
Kot[iu :
fpuhkj;jpy; rupahff; fhiy MW kzpf;Fr; rj;jkpLk; `MW kzpf; FUtp~ cz;L. ,jw;F
vy;iyna fpilahJ. ,kakiyf;Fg; gwe;J ngha; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g[k; jd;ika[ilaJ.
A
//w
<Hj;jpypUe;J g[yk; bgau;e;jtu;fSk; ,e;j MW kzpf; FUtp nghy/ mtu;fSf;F

vy;iyna fpilahJ. mtu;fs; cyfk; Mwhk; jpizahf tps=;Fk; gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j
epyKkha; ,Uf;Fk; gdpg;gpunjr ehLfspy;jhd; vd;W Mrpupau; m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; TWfpwhu;.
s:K

1. may;ehl;oy; trpf;Fk; eP=f
; s; c=;fs; kz;zpd; epidt[fis ez;gUld; gfpu;tJnghbyhU
fw;gidf;fojk; vGJf.
fw;gidf;fojk;
tp
mbkupf;fh
17.11.2020.
vd; md;ghd ez;gDf;F/
eyk;. eyk; mwpa mth kpff; bfhs;fpnwd;. eP/ cd; kidtp/ gps;isfs; eykh- brhe;j
ht
kz;iz tpl;L mfjpaha; te;J gpiHg;g[j; njo te;J gLk; ,d;dy;fis btWk;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
brhy;ypy; Twptpl KoahJ. fdt[fs; vy;yhk; jfu;e;Jk; jsu;e;Jk; nghapd. fle;j fhy
epidt[fspd; Vf;fk;/ brhe;j kz;zpd; epidt[fs;/ rpWtaij epidf;ifapy; ePs;fpwJ
fz;zPu; MW. g[yk; bgau;e;J thH;e;jnghJk; g[yk; bgauhj epidt[fsha;.....
md;g[ld;/
L al
kh.brHpad;.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
k. fe;jd;/
A d
25/ fk;gd; efh;/
kJiu ? 5.
D ika
2. ehspjH;fspy; btspahFk; g[yk;bgau; kf;fs; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;og;
glj;bjhFg;ghf;Ff.
Alv
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mwhk; jpiz vdg;gLtJ _________.
wI
m) kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j epyKk;

LV
M) fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j epyKk;

,) taYk; tay; rhu;e;j epyKk;
w
<) gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyKk; tpil: <) gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyKk;
2. 1996 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehL murpd; Kjy; gupirg; bgw;wtu; _______ bgw;w E}y; _______ .
A
//w
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tlf;F tPjp

M) tpy;tuj;jpdk; ? ehlw;wtd;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
,) ituKj;J ? fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;
s:K
<) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tk;rtpUj;jp tpil: <) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tk;rtpUj;jp
3. fdlhtpy; <Hj;jkpHiu epidt[gLj;Jk; tPjp _________.

m) bfhf;Ftpy; tPjp M) td;dp tPjp
,) jpupnfhzkiy tPjp <) ahH;g;ghz tPjp tpil: M) td;dp tPjp
tp
4. ùhgpd;rd; Fqnrh~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; _________ .

m) nldpay; oBngh M) qnrh
,) ky;yhu;nk <) vu;d!;l;fhrpuu; tpil: m) nldpay; oBngh
ht
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5. $p.a[. nghg; gpwe;j ehL __________.
m) ,=;fpyhe;J M) mbkupf;fh
,) fhdh <) fdlh tpil: <) fdlh
L al
6. ``Xu; ,dj;ij mHpg;gjw;F mtu;fs; E}iy vupj;jhy; nghJk; mtu;fs; mwpt[ nkYk;
tsu;tjw;F Koahky; epd;W tpLk;~~ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) uhgpd;rd; Fqnrh M) uhgpd;rd; qnrh
,) Bghud;\pl; 451 <) Bghud;\pl; 481; tpil: ,) Bghud;\pl; 451
A d
7. cyfk; KGtJk thGk; jkpHu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
D ika
m) 4 nfho M) 8 nfho
1 ,) 40 nfho <) 80 nfho tpil: M) 8 nfho
,ay;
8. fdlhtpy; thGk; jkpHu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.

m) 2 ,yl;rk; M) 3 ,yl;rk;
,) 4 ,yl;rk; <) 5 ,yl;rk; tpil: M) 3 ,yl;rk;
Alv
9. Nupad; kiwahj jkpH;g;g[yk; ________.
m) ,y=;ifuhr;rpak; M) gpupj;jhdpa muR
,) ,e;jpauhr;rpak; <) gpuhd;!; uhr;rpak; tpil: M) gpupj;jhdpa muR
m) etk;gu; 14
a
10. jkpHu; ghuk;gupa ehs; ________.
M) ork;gu; 14
.Kk
,) $dtup 14 <) $dtup 16 tpil: ,) $dtup 14
11. $dtup 14 jkpHu; ghuk;gupa ehshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L _______.
m) 2010 M) 2011
tpil: ,) 2012
wI
,) 2012 <) 2013

LV
12. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ bgupa njrk; ________.

m) gpuhd;!; M) ,y=;if
w
,) mbkupf;fh <) fdlh tpil: <) fdlh

13. bfhf;Ftpy; fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gwitfs; _______.
A
//w
m) MWkzpf;FUtp ? fhfk; M) fhfk; ? fpsp

,) MWkzpf;FUtp ? bfhf;F <) fhfk; ? bfhf;F tpil: m) MWkzpf;FUtp ? fhfk;
14. Kj;Jyp=;fj;jpd; Cu; _________ .
s:K
m) g[=;FLj; jPt[ M) bfhf;Ftpy;

,) jpupnfhzkiy <) Ky;iyj;jPt[ tpil: M) bfhf;Ftpy;
15. `bfhf;Ftpy;~ vd;Dk; Cu; mike;Js;s ehL ________.
m) ,y=;if M) fdlh
,) ,e;jpah <) knyrpah tpil: m) ,y=;if
tp
16. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; vl;Lj;bjhifapy; bghUe;jhj E}iyf; fz;lwp.

m) ew;wpiz M) I=;FWE}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) gHbkhHp ehD}W tpil: <) gHbkhHp ehD}W
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
17. ew;wpizapd; 153 MtJ ghliyg; ghoatu; _______.
m) jdpkfdhu; M) fgpyu;
,) guzu; <) nkhrpfPudhu; tpil: m) jdpkfdhu;
L al
18. Kj;Jyp=;fk; thlif tPl;oy; j=;fpapUe;j ,lk; _______.
m) bfhf;Ftpy; M) g[=;FLj;jPt[
,) kt[z;ytpdpah <) kl;lfsg;g[ tpil: ,) kt[z;ytpdpah
A d
19. Kj;Jyp=;fk; j=;fpapUe;j thlif tPlL; f;fhuupd; bgau; _______.
m) gpupl;nlh M) gpuP!;
D ika
,) irkd; <) jpupkd;nd tpil: M) gpuP!;
20. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwp.
i) Kj;Jyp=;fk; j=;fpapUe;j thlif tPl;Lf;fhuUf;Fj; jkpH; bjupahJ.
ii) Kj;Jyp=;fj;Jf;Fr; rp=;fsk; bjupahJ.
iii) ,UtUf;Fk; jkpH;/ rp=;fsj;jpy; g[yik cz;L.
Alv
m) @d;Wk; rup M) @d;Wk; jtW
,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
21. bfhGk;g[f;F bky;y bky;y fytuk; Cu;e;J te;jjhf Kj;Jyp=;fk; Fwpg;gpLk; Mz;L
m) 1948 nk khjk;
,) 1946 nk khjk;
a
M) 1958 nk khjk;
<) 1948 nk khjk; tpil: M) 1958 nk khjk;
.Kk
22. kz;zpypUe;J gapu;fisg; gpL=;fpbawptJ nghy/ elf;Fk; mtyk; vd;W Kj;Jyp=;fk;
Fwpg;gpLtJ _______.
m) jha; kz;zpypUe;J kdpjt[apu;fisg; bgau;j;J vwptJ
M) jhaplkpUe;J FHe;ijfisg; gpupg;gJ
wI
,) ,aw;ifia mHpg;gJ
LV
<) flypy; tp&j;ijf; fyg;gJ

w
tpil: m) jha; kz;zpypUe;J kdpjt[apu;fisg; bgau;j;J vwptJ

23. `bt+;rpd nte;jd; gif miyf;fy=;fp/ thH;nthu; nghfpa ngu; Cu;g; ghH;~ vd;W ghoatu;
A
//w
m) jdpkfdhu; M) fzpnkjhtpahu;
,) nkhrpfPudhu; <) xsitahu; tpil: m) jdpkfdhu;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
24. `bt+;rpd nte;jd; gif miyf;fy=;fp/ thH;nthu;

nghfpa ngu; Cu;g;ghH;/ vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; _______.
m) ew;wpiz M) I=;FWE}W
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: m) ew;wpiz
25. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; kf;fs; g[yk;bgauf; fhuzkhf ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLtJ
tp
m) tWikapy; btspnawpatu; gpiHg;gpw;fhf

M) murupd; bfhiyr; rPw;wj;jpw;Fg; gae;J
,) may;ehL fle;J Ml;rp g[upa
<) gpwehl;ltupd; gilbaLg;g[ tpil: M) murupd; bfhiyr; rPw;wj;jpw;Fg; gae;J
ht
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26. jpUf;Fwisa[k; jpUthrfj;ija[k; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; _______.
m) tPukhKdptu; M) khf;!;Ky;yu;
,) $p.a[.nghg; <) rPfd; ghy;f; tpil: ,) $p.a[.nghg;
L al
27. 1983 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; jkpHu;fs; Fonawpa ehL _______.
m) M!;jpnuypah M) fdlh
,) knyrpah <) rp=;fg;g{u; tpil: M) fdlh
A d
28. t.$.r b$aghyd; vk;bkhHpf; ftp+u;>
m) kiyahs M) t=;f
,) <Hj;J <) jkpH;ehL tpil: ,) <Hj;J
D ika
1 29. èhndh tHpjtwp myh!;fh te;Jtpl;l xl;lfk; nghy; X!;nyhtpy;~ vd;W jd; tUj;jj;ijg;
gjpa[k; ftp+u; _______.
,ay;
m) tpy;tuj;jpdk; M) Kj;Jyp=;fk;
,) b$aghyd; <) kfpghyd; tpil: ,) b$aghyd;
Alv
30. `fly;g[wh~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; _______.
m) fy;fp M) mfpyd;
,) rhz;oy;;ad; <) Kj;Jyp=;fk; tpil: ,) rhz;oy;;ad;
m) jkpHu; gLbfhiy
a
31. 1981 Mk; Mz;L nk khjk; 31 Mk; ehs; jkpHuhy; kwf;ftpayhj epfH;t[ _______.
M) mfjpfs; gLbfhiy
.Kk
,) E}y;fs; vupg;g[ <) <Hj;Jf; Foirfs; vupg;g[ tpil: ,) E}y;fs; vupg;g[
32. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwp.
i) MWkzpf;FUtpf;F vy;iyna fpilahJ.
wI
ii) ,ka kiyf;Fg; gwe;J ngha; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g[k;.

LV
iii) <Hj;jpypUe;J g[yk;bgau;e;jtu;fs; MWkzpf;FUtpiag; nghd;wtu;fs;.

w
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
33. Mwhk; jpizia ,aw;wpatu; _______.
A
//w
m) tpy;tuj;jpdk; M) ,e;jpud;
,) Kj;Jyp=;fk; <) b$aghyd; tpil: ,) Kj;Jyp=;fk;
s:K
***
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 1 bkhHpKjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfspd; mog;gilapy; Kiwahdijf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) md;dk;/ fpz;zk; M) lkhuk;/ ,=;=dk;
,) qgha;/ yl;rhjpgjp <) bwf;if/ m=;=dk; tpil: m) md;dk;/ fpz;zk;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. capbuGj;J/ gd;dpuz;L/ jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahu;
? ,r;brhw;fspy; vt;tif <w;bwGj;Jfs; mike;Js;sd>
capbuGj;J: (J ? j; + c) ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `c~ vd;Dk; capbuGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
(capuPW) a
gd;dpuz;L: (L ? l;; + c) ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `c~ vd;Dk; capbuGj;J <w;wpy;
.Kk
mike;Js;sJ. (capuPW)
jpUf;Fws;: s; ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `s;~ vd;Dk; bka;baGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
(bka;aPW)
ehyoahu;: u; ,r;brhy;ypy; ù;~ vd;Dk; bka;baGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
wI
(bka;aPW)
LV
rpWtpdh
w
1. bkhHp Kjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; ahit> xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

bkhHp Kjy; vGj;Jfs; ? 22
A
//w
capbuGj;J ? 12/ bka;baGj;J ? 10.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
capbuGj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;.
s:K
v.fh:
mk;kh/ ML/ ,iy/ <l;o/ cuy;/ C+;ry;/ vWk;g[/ Vzp/ Ie;J/ xl;lfk;/ Xlk;/ xsit.
bka;fspy; f/ =/ r/ +/ j/ e/ g/ k/ a/ t vd;Dk; gj;Jk; brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;.
v.fh:
fg;gy;/ =dk;/ rf;fuk;/ +kyp/ jz;zPu;/ ez;gd;/ ge;J/ kUj;Jtk;/ atu;/ tuk;.
tp
Ma;j vGj;J brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tuhJ.

bkhHp ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; ? 24
capbuGj;J ? 12/ bka;baGj;J ? 10/ Fw;wpaYfuk; ?1.
ht
capbuGj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

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.in
v.fh:
rpy(m)/ epyh(M)/ eup(,)/ jP(<)/ kpsF(c)/ g{(C)/ nr(Vv)/ v=;nf(v)/ kiH(I)/
beh(x)/ kynuh(X)/ bfs(xs)
bka;fspy; +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s; vd;Dk; gjpbdhd;Wk; brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy;
L al
tUk;.
v.fh:
bky;ypd bka; ? cup+;/ bgz;/ btupe;/ mwk;/ khd;
A d
,ilapd bka; ? bgha;/ ghy;/ bjt;/ ghH;/ ths;
giHa ,yf;fz E}yhu; bkhHp ,Wjpf; Fw;wpaYfu vGj;ija[k;/ brhy;ypd;
D ika
,Wjpapy; tUtjhfr; nru;j;Jf; bfhs;tu;.
1 v.fh: vBF ? Fw;wpaYfuk; <whapw;W.
,ay;
1. c=;fs; tFg;giwapYs;s khztu;fspd; bgau;fs; rpytw;wpd; Kjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfisj;
Alv
jdpj;J vGjp eP=;fs; gapd;w ,yf;fzg; gFjpa[ld; xg;gpl;L Ma;f.
1. guj;Fkhu; ? guj; + Fkhu;
epiybkhHp bka;aPW tUbkhHp bka;k;Kjy;
a
2. re;jhdyl;Rkp ? re;jhdk; + yl;Rkp
epiybkhHp bka;aPW tUbkhHp bka;k;Kjy;
.Kk
3. Kj;jHfd; ? Kj;J + mHfd;
epiybkhHp capuPW tUbkhHp caph;Kjy;
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs;

wI
gf;fk; : 20
LV
1. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;t[ bra;f.

w
m) bkhHp + MSik → capu; + capu;

M) jkpH; + czu;t[ → bka; + capu;
,) fly; + miy → capu; + bka;
A
tpil: ,) fly; + miy → capu; + bka;

//w
<) kz; + tsk; → bka; + bka;

2. fPH;f;fhQk; Fwpg;g[fspy; bghjpe;Js;s nkilg;ngr;rpy; rpwe;J tps=;fpa jkpHwp+u;fspd;
s:K
bgau;fisf; fz;lwpf.
m) brd;id khfhzj;Jf;Fj; jkpH;ehL vd;W bgau; khw;wk; bra;j Kjy;tu; (3)
mz;zh (mwp+u; mz;zhJiu)
M) bjhHpyhsu;fspd; je;ij vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; (10)
fypahz Re;judhu; (jpU.tp.f.)
tp
,) capiu czu;it tsu;g;gJ jkpnH vd;W ghoatu; (6)

ghujpjhrd; (ftp+u; ghujpjhrd;)
<) bghJt[ilikf; bfhs;ifapd; Kd;ndhofSs; xUtu; (2)
$Pth ($Pthde;jk;)
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. ngr;R tHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
m) fhy=;fhj;jhy ve;jpupr;rpg; gor;rh xU bjspt[ bfilf;Fk;.
tpoaw;fhiyapy; (mjpfhiyapy;) vGe;J gog;gjhy; xU bjspt[ fpilf;Fk;.
M) Kaw;rp br+;rh mJf;nfj;j gyd; tuhkg; nghthJ
L al
Kaw;rp bra;jhy; mjw;nfw;w gyd; tuhky; nghfhJ.
,) fhyj;Jf;nfj;j khupg; g[JR g[Jrh bkhHp totj;j khj;jDk;.
fhyj;Jf;F Vw;w khjpup g[jpJ g[jpjhf bkhHp totj;ij khw;w ntz;Lk;.
A d
<) xt;bthUj;jUk; ngrpf;fpl;oUf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhj;ija[k; ftdkhg; gjpa itf;fDk;.
xt;bthUtUk; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ftdkhfg; gjpa itf;f
D ika
ntz;Lk;.
c) nju;btGj ntfkhfg; ngh=;f/ neu=;fHpr;rp nghdhg; gjl;lkhapUk;.
nju;btGj tpiuthfr; bry;Y=;fs;/ neuk; fHpj;Jg; (jhkjkhfg;) nghdhy; gjw;wkhfp
tpLk;.
4. tpdhf;fs;.
Alv
m) bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
bkhHp Kjy; vGj;Jfs; ? 22
capbuGj;Jfs; ? 12 a
bka;baGj;Jfs; 10 ? f/ =/ r/ +/ j/ e/ g/ k/ a/ t.
.Kk
M) bkhHpf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; vj;jid> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
bkhHpf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; ? 24
capbuGj;Jfs; ? 12
bka;baGj;Jfs; 11 ? +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s;.
wI
bkhHp ,Wjpf; Fw;wpaYfu vGj;J ? 1

LV
,) capuPW/ bka;aPW ? tpsf;Ff.

w
epiy bkhHp ; <w;wpy; cs;s vGj;J capu; vGj;jhf mike;jhy; mjid ``capuPW~~ vd;gu;.
v.fh:
kzp + mo (zp ? z; + ,)/ `,~ vd;Dk; capuhFk;.
A
//w
,t;thW miktij epiy bkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s vGj;J bka; vGj;jhf mike;jhy;
``bka;aPW~~ vd;gu;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
v.fh:
s:K
mtd; + mHfd; ,jpy; `d;~ vd;Dk; bka;ahFk;.

<) capu;Kjy;/ bka;k;Kjy; ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptupf;f.
v.fh:
kzp + mo
,jpy; tUbkhHp `mo~ MFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; vGj;J `m~ vdnt ,J capu;KjyhFk;.
tp
v.fh:
kiH + Jsp
,jpy; tUbkhHp `Jsp~ MFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; vGj;J (j; + c ? J) bka;baGj;J. vdnt ,J
ht
`bka;k;Kjy;~ MFk;.
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c) Fu=;Ff;Fl;o ? g[zu;r;rpia tpsf;Ff.
Fu=;Ff;Fl;o = Fu=;F + Fl;o
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu; Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `f;~ vd;Dk; ty;ypd
bka; kpFe;J Fu=;Ff;Fl;o vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
L al
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. ,d;iwa tHf;fpy; tuhj mf;fhy tHf;fpy; ,lk; bgw;w ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; _________.
1 m) +;/ e;/ t;
,) k;/ d;/ a;
M) +;/ z;/ e;
<) t;/ H;/ s; tpil: m) +;/ e;/ t;
,ay;
2. vGj;Jfspd; re;jpg;ghft[k;/ brhw;fspd; re;jpg;ghft[k; miktJ _________.

m) g[zu;r;rp M) bjhlu;
Alv
,) thf;fpak; <) gj;jp tpil: m) g[zu;r;rp
3. ,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; _________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 3 M) 4
,) 5 <) 6 a tpil: M) 4
4. jw;bghGJ jkpHfj;jpy; tHf;fpy; ,y;yhj ,y=;ifj; jkpHu; gad;gLj;Jk; brhy; _________.
.Kk
m) c=;=dk; M) m=;=dk;
,) ,=;=dk; <) ah=;=dk; tpil: m) c=;=dk;
5. epiybkhHpnahL te;J nrUk; brhy;iy _________ vd;W miHg;gu;.
wI
m) Kjy;bkhHp M) epiybkhHp
LV
,) tUbkhHp <) jdpbkhHp tpil: ,) tUbkhHp

w
6. brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;fhd rhd;W _________ .

m) g+;R M) KuL
,) Ee;ij <) tPL tpil: ,) Ee;ij
A
//w
7. capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W _________ .

m) tPoy;iy M) Kul;Lf;fhis
s:K
,) mr;Rg;gyif <) g+;Rg;bghjp tpil: M) Kul;Lf;fhis

8. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ Rl;blGj;J MfhJ>
m) m M) ,
,) c <) v tpil: <) v
9. tpdh vGj;Jfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
tp
m) v/ ah M) m/ ,
,) c. C <) I/ xs tpil: m) v/ ah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
10. Fw;wpaYfuk; _________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 5 M) 6
,) 7 <) 8 tpil: M) 6
11. bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if _________ .
L al
m) 22 M) 24
,) 12 <) 14 tpil: m) 22
12. bkhHp,Wjp vGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if _________ .
A d
m) 22 M) 24
,) 12 <) 14 tpil: M) 22
D ika
13. gpd;tUk; brhw;fspy; vJ jkpH;r; brhy;yhFk;>
m) bwf;if M) uhf;fp
,) lg;gh <) nfhij tpil: <) nfhij
14. `=dk;~ vd;Dk; brhy; jUk; bghUs; _________ .
Alv
m) tpjk; M) tpthjk;
,) kf;fs; <) kd;wk; tpil: m) tpjk;
FWtpdh
a
1. `=~ fu bka; bkhHpf;F Kjypy; vt;thW tUk;> rhd;W jUf.
.Kk
`=~fu bka; mfu capu; xd;Wld; kl;Lnk nru;e;J bkhHpf;F KjyhFk;. mt;thW bkhHpf;F
Kjyhf tUk;nghJ m/ ,/ c vd;Dk; Rl;Lfisa[k;/ v/ ah vd;Dk; tpdh vGj;Jfisa[k;
Kjypy; bfhz;nl tUk;.
v.fh: m=;=dk;/ ,=;=dk;/ c=;=dk;/ v=;fdk;/ ah=;=dk;.
wI
2. g[zu;r;rp vd;gJ ahJ>

LV
epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; ,iztijg; g[zu;r;rp vd;gu;.

w
mBjhtJ epiybkhHpapd; <w;bwGj;Jk; tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;Jk; xd;W nrUk;

nru;f;ifna `g[zu;r;rp~ vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: jkpH; + murp - jkpHurp.
A
//w
3. epiybkhHp/ tUbkhHp ? tpsf;Ff.

epiybkhHp vd;gJ Kd; epw;Fk; (epiyj;J epw;Fk;) bkhHpahFk;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
tUbkhHp vd;gJ epiybkhHpa[ld; te;J nrUk; bkhHpahFk;.
s:K
v.fh: kh + fha; ? kh=;fha;.
4. ,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
bgau;r;brhy; tpidr;brhy;
tp
,ilr;brhy; cupr;brhy;
5. capu; Kjy;/ bka; Kjy; ? tpsf;Ff.
tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;J capbuGj;jhf ,Ue;jhy;/ mJ capu;Kjy; vdg;gLk;.
ht
tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;J bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy;/ mJ bka;k; Kjy; vdg;gLk;.

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6. epiybkhHp <Wk;/ tUbkhHp KjYk; g[zu;tJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHp <Wk;/ tUbkhHp KjYk; g[zu;tJ ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
capu;Kd; capu; capu;Kd; bka;
bka; Kd; capu; bka;Kd; bka; MFk;.
L al
v.fh: kzp (z; + ,) + mo → capu;Kd; capu;
kiH (H; + I) + (j; + c) Jsp → capu;Kd; bka;
mtd; + mHfd; → bka;Kd; capu;
A d
ghy; + (f; + c) Flk; → bka;Kd; bka;
7. rhu;bgGj;JfSs; vt;btGj;J brhy;ypy; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; thuhJ> vt;btGj;Jfs;
D ika
1 brhy;ypy; Kjypy; tuh>
rhu;bgGj;JfSs; Ma;jk; brhy;ypy; Kjypnyh ,Wjpapnyh thuhJ.
,ay;
Fw;wpaYfuKk; (Ee;ij jtpu) Fw;wpaypfuKk; brhy;ypy; Kjypy; thuh.
8. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; jUf.
Alv
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;.
beoy;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: ehL
capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: tapW
td;bwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;.
bkd;bwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;.
av.fh: Rf;F
v.fh: ge;J
.Kk
,ilj;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: khu;g[
Ma;jj;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: vBF
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk; : 22

wI
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;.
LV
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;/ ``g[yikf; fjputd;~~ vdj;

w
jkpHwp+u;fs; nghw;wpa jkpH;bkhHpg; bgUk;g[ytu; kfhtpj;Jthd;

kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; Mthu;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp mUfpy; cs;s mjtj;J}u;
vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;j ,tu;/ jpUthtLJiw klj;jpd; jiyikg;
A
//w
g[ytuhf tps=;fpdhu;.
kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;/ jkpHwp+u;fisj; njof; fz;L/
s:K
tHpgl;L/ brtpjpwe;J fw;whu;. jpUthtLJiw klj;jpd; jiytu; kfhtpj;Jthd;

Rg;gpukzpa njrpfu;/ brd;idj; jhz;ltuhau;/ jpUj;jzpif kPdhl;rpRe;judhu;
tprhfg; bgUkhs; Mfpnahuplk; g[{f;fs;njhWk; brd;W (1815?1876)
njDz;Qk; tz;Lnghy; ghlk; fw;whu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa nrf;fpHhu; gps;isj;jkpH; vd;w
E}y; ,tUila bgUikia vd;Wk; czu;j;Jk;. jy g[uhz=;fs; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jtu;.
akf me;jhjp/ jpupge;jhjp/ btz;gh me;jhjpfs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;fpg; g[fH; bgw;whu;.
tp
khiy/ nfhit/ fyk;gfk;/ gps;isj;jkpH; Mfpatw;iwg; ghog; bgUik mile;jhu;.

c.nt. rhkpehju;/ jpahfuhru;/ Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyu; Kjyhndhu; ,tupd; khztu;fs;.
kfhtpj;Jthd; jpuprpug[uk; kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; mtu;fspd; g[fH; jkpH; cs;stiuapYk;
thGk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. jkpHpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; g[yikf; fjputd;
? ,j;bjhlupy; g[yikf; fjputd; vd;gjw;F ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
cUtfk;.
2. nkw;fz;l gj;jpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ctik/ cUtfj; bjhlu;fisf; fz;lwpf.
L al
g[yikf; fjputd; ? cUtfk;
njDz;Qk; tz;L nghy ? ctik
3. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; jyg[uhz=;fs; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jtu;.
A d
? tpilf;nfw;w tpdhit mikf;f.
kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; vtw;iwg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytu;>
D ika
4. gj;jpapy; bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfisf;bfhz;L mike;j brhw;fSs; vitbait
tlbkhHpr; brhw;fs; vdr; Rl;Lf.
tl bkhHpr; brhw;fs; ? kfhtpj;Jthd;/ jyk;.
5. tps=;fpdhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; vGJf.
tps=;fpdhu; ? tps=;F + ,d; + Mu;
Alv
tps=;F ? gFjp
,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
II jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
a
.Kk
1. The Pen is mightier than the Sword.
ths; Kidiatpl typikahdJ ngdh Kid.
2. Winners don’t do different things, they do things differently.
btw;wpahsu;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd bray;fisr; bra;akhl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy;/ mtu;fs;
wI
xt;bthU braiya[k; tpj;jpahrkhfr; bra;thu;fs;.

LV
3. A picture is worth a thousand words.

w
Mapuk; brhw;fistpl Xh; Xtpak; kjpg;g[ tha;e;jJ.

4. Work while you work and play while you play.
gUtj;nj (fhyj;nj) gapu; bra;.
A
//w
5. Knowledge rules the world.

mwpnt cyif MSk;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
III gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpH;gLj;Jf.

thlif ? Fof;Typ epr;rak; ? cWjp
rk;gsk; ? Cjpak; njrk; ? ehL
tprh ? may;ehL bry;y mDkjpr; gj;jpupif ? ehspjH;
rPl;L (m) EiHt[ ,irt[
tp
uhr;rpak; ? muR" nguuR brhe;jk; ? cwt[

khjk; ? jp=;fs; cj;jputhjk; ? cWjp
+hgfk; ? epidt[ tpj;jpahrk; ? ntWghL
ht
gh!;nghu;l; ? flt[r;rPl;L nfhupf;if ? ntz;Lnfhs;

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rupj;jpuk; ? tuyhW rkPgk; ? mUfpy;
nghyP!; ? fhtyu; re;njh&k; ? kfpH;r;rp
tUlk; ? Mz;L cw;rhfk; ? bgUk; Mh;tk;
L al
fk;bgdp ? epWtdk; a[fk; ? gy E}W Mz;L
fhyk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ? ,d;wpaikahik jUzk; ? ntis/ bghGJ
A d
IV fPH;f;fhQk; epfH;r;rp epuypidg; goj;Jr; bra;jpf; fl;Liuahf khw;Wf.
mr;bra;jpia ehspjHpy; btspapl ntz;o Kjd;ik MrpupaUf;Ff; fojk;
D ika
vGJf.
1 epfH;r;rp epuy;
,ay;
``mupad nfs; g[jpad bra;~~ (jp=;fs; TLif)

neuk;: 2.30 gpw;gfy; ,lk;: m.nk.ep. gs;sp
Alv
2.30 jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
2.35 tuntw;g[iu : khztu; ,yf;fpar;bry;td;
2.40 jiyika[iu : jpU vHpyd;/ jiyik Mrpupau;.
2.50
a
rpwg;g[iu : ftp+u; thzp
``g[yk;bgau; jkpHupd; thH;f;if~~
.Kk
3.45 ed;wpa[iu : khztu; V+;rypd;
4.00 ehl;Lg;gz;
bra;jpf; fl;Liu
wI
jpUbey;ntyp/ Mf. 10 ? jpUbey;ntyp/ muR nky;epiyg;gs;spapy; `mhpad nfs;

LV
g[jpad bra;~ vd;Dk; jp=;fs; TLif eilbgw;wJ. gpw;gfy; 2.30 kzpf;Fj; jkpH;j;jha;
w
thH;j;Jld; epfH;r;rp bjhl=;fpaJ. khzth; ,yf;fpar; bry;td; tuntw;g[iu Mw;wpdhh;.

gs;spapd; jiyikahrphpah; jpU. vHpyd; jiyika[iuahw;wpdhh;. epfH;r;rpapy; rpwg;g[
tpUe;jpduhfg; g=;nfw;w ftp+h; thzp ``g[yk;bgah; jkpHhpd; thH;f;if~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
rpwg;g[iuahw;wpdhh;. khzth; V+;rypd; ed;wpa[iu etpy/ ehl;Lg;gz;Qld; jp=;fs;
A
//w
TLif ,dpnj epiwt[w;wJ.

? Kjd;ik MrpupaUf;Ff; fojk;
s:K
mDg;g[eu;
jiyikahrphpah;/
muR nky;epiyg; gs;sp/
ghujpahu; bjU/
jpUbey;ntyp?5.
tp
bgWeu;
Kjd;ik Mrpupau;/
`f=;fh~ ehspjH;/
ht
jpUbey;ntyp?1.
32
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Iah
bghUs;: vk; gs;spapd; jp=;fs; TLif epfH;it ck;Kila `f=;fh~
ehspjHpy; btspapl ntz;LtJ bjhlh;ghf.
L al
tzf;fk;. vk;gs;spapy; 09.08.2020 md;W jp=;fs; TLif eilbgw;wJ. ,f;TLif
gw;wpa bra;jpapidj; j=;fs; ehspjHpy; btspapl;L cjt[khW md;g[ld; ntz;Lfpnwd;.
,g;gof;F/
k. fiyaurd;.
A d
jiyikahrphpah;/
jpUbey;ntyp muR nky;epiyg;gs;sp/
D ika
09.08.2020 jpUbey;ntyp.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
Kjd;ik Mrphpah;/
`f=;fh~ ehspjH;/
jpUbey;ntyp?1.
Alv
V gj;jpapidg; goj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
`jkpH;~ vd;w brhy; jkpHu;f;F ,dpikahdJ. `,dpika[k; ePu;ika[k; jkpbHdy;~
a
MFk; vd;W gp=;fy epfz;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. `jkpH;~ vd;w brhy;iy ,dpik/ gz;ghL/
mfg;bghUs; vd;Dk; bghUs;fspYk; tH=;fpa[s;sdu;.
.Kk
``mJ}ck; rhYk; ew;wkpH; KGjwpjy;~~ vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlyoapy; `jkpH;` vDk;
brhy; bkhHp/ ftpij vd;gtw;iwj; jhz;og; ``gy;fiyg; g[yik~~ vd;w bghUspy;
Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. ``jkpH;bfG Tly;~~ vd;wtplj;jpYk; ``fiyg;g[yik~~ vd;w bghUspny
Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gd; ``jkpH; jHP,a rhaytu;~~ vd;Dk; ,lj;J/ `jkpH;~ vd;gjw;F mHFk;
bkd;ika[k; bghUshfpd;wd.
wI
LV
njthuk; nghd;w gf;jp ,yf;fpa=;fspy; `jkpH;~/ ghl;L vd;Dk; bghUspy; Msg;gLfpwJ.

+hdrk;ge;jd; brhd;d ``jkpH; ,it gj;Jnk~~/ @yd; ciu bra;j @thapuk; jkpH; vd;gd
w
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. Kg;gJ ghl;Lf;fshyhd jpUg;ghitia Mz;lhs; ``jkpH;khiy~~

vd;nw Fwpg;gJ ,=;F vz;zj;jFk;. (`gz;ghl;L mirt[fs;~ ? bjh. gukrptd;)
1. jkpH; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa gy;ntW bghUs;fs; ahit>
A
//w
jkpH; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa gy;ntW bghUs;fs; ,dpik/ ePu;ik/ gz;ghL/
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
mfg;bghUs;/ gy;fiyg;g[yik/ fiyg;g[yik/ mHF/ bkd;ik/ ghl;L
s:K
MfpadthFk;.
2. gj;jpapy; cs;s msbgilfisf; fz;lwpf.
mJ}ck;; ? ,d;dpirasbgil
jHP,a ? brhy;ypirasbgil
3. jkpH; vd;wt[ld; c=;fs; kdj;jpy; njhd;Wtij xU tupapy; Fwpg;gpLf.
tp
jkpH; vd;wt[ld; vd; kdj;jpy; cyfpd; Kjy; bkhHpa[k; ,dpika[k; tha;e;j bkhHpa[k;
MFk;.
4. jpUg;ghitf;F Mz;lhs; Fwpg;gpLk; bgau; ahJ>
jpUg;ghitf;F Mz;lhs; Fwpg;gpLk; bgau; jkpH; khiy vd;gjhFk;.
ht
33
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.in
5. gj;jpapd; ikaf;fUj;jpw;nfw;g xU jiyg;gpLf.
``jkpH;~~.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk; : 24
L al
1. vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
``mtd; jz;zPu; gl;l ghlha;f; fhrpid ms;sp tPRfpwhd;~~
A d
vd;ghu;fs;. vg;nghJ> Kd;g[. Mk;. mg;nghJ MW/ Vup/ Fsk;/
Fl;il vd vy;yh ePu;epiyfspYk;/ nfhilf;fhy=;fspYk;
D ika
Tlj; jz;zPu; jl;Lg;ghod;wpf; fpl;oaJ. mjdhy;/ kf;fs;
1 tiuaiw ,d;wp myl;rpakha;j; jz;zPiug; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
mjdhy; nkw;brhd;d gHbkhHp vGe;jJ.
,ay;
Mdhy;/ ,d;nwh> fhR bfhLj;Jf; FoePu; th=;f ntz;oa

mtyepiy cUthfpa[s;sJ. fhuzk;/ kdpjnd...- Mk;.
mtd; jd; Raeyj;jpw;fhf ePu; epiyfisg; ghH;gLj;jpdhd;.
Alv
kiH bga;af; fhuzkha;; ,Ue;j ku=;fis vy;yhk; btl;or;
rha;j;jhd;. mjdhy; ku=;fspy; thGk; gwitfSk;/ ku=;fSf;fpilna fhl;oy; thGk;
kpUf=;fSk; czt[ njo/ ePu; njo/ kdpjd; thGk; ehL/ efu=;fSf;Fs; g[fj; bjhl=;fp
a
tpl;ld- kdpjh- eh=;fs; cz;L/ gUfp/ thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j fhl;il mHpj;J tpl;lha;-
czt[k; ePUk; njo ,njh/ cd; gFjpf;Fs; te;J tpl;nlhk;. mlf; flt[ns- ,=;Fkh xU
brhl;Lj; jz;zPu; Tl ,y;iy- vd;W TWtJ nghyf; FHha; thaUnf/ jd; myif
.Kk
tpupj;J itj;J/ FHhia tpl;L vl;og; ghu;j;Jr; brhl;l ,Uf;Fk; ePiug; gw;w/ gwit
MtnyhL fhj;jpUf;fpwJ.
2. bjhlupy; cs;s brhw;fis xG=;FgLj;jp ,uz;L brhw;bwhlu;fshf;Ff.

wI
v.fh: Xu; gapu; gwit tsu ntz;Lk; mHfhd jz;zPu; kapy;.

LV
m) kapy; Xu; mHfhd gwit.

w
M) gapu;; tsuj; jz;zPu; ntz;Lk;.

i) gs;spf;Tlk; vy;yhk; jUgit xt;bthU fiyfs; FHe;ija[k; nghf ntz;Lk;
kfpH;r;rp.
A
//w
xt;bthU FHe;ija[k; gs;spf;Tlk; nghf ntz;Lk;.

fiyfs; vy;yhk; kfpH;r;rp jUgit.
s:K
ii) epyt[ tPRtjhy; bjw;fpypUe;J khiy bjd;wy; kfpH;tpf;Fk; vdg;gLfpwJ kdij.

bjw;fpypUe;J tPRtjhy; bjd;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
khiy epyt[ kdj;ij kfpH;tpf;Fk;.
iii) gpwu; bra;ahtpl;lhYk; bra;j jPik kwf;ff;TlhJ ed;ik bra;af;TlhJ cjtpia.
ed;ik bra;ah tpl;lhYk; jPik bra;af; TlhJ.
gpwu; bra;j cjtpia kwf;ff; TlhJ.
tp
iv) new;W Vd; te;j igad; gf;fj;jpy; ahu; ,Uf;ftpy;iy bjupa[kh>

new;W te;j igad; ahu; bjupa[kh>
Vd; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy>
ht
34
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
v) nfhry kf;fs; ehL xU kfpH;r;rpahf rpwe;j thH;e;J ehL te;jdu;.
nfhry ehL xU rpwe;j ehL.
kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpaha; thH;e;J te;jdu;.
3. ntu;r; brhw;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;oy; cs;sthW bjhlu;fsha; khw;Wf.
L al
m) th M) ngR ,) jh <) XL c) ghL
v.fh:
A d
m) th ? ntu;r;brhy;
mUzh tPl;Lf;F te;jhs;. ? tpidKw;W
D ika
m=;F te;j ngUe;jpy; midtUk; Vwpdu;. ? bgabur;rk;
fUzhfud; nkilapy; te;J epd;whu;. ? tpidbar;rk;
vd;idg; ghu;f;f te;jtu; vd; je;ijapd; ez;gu;. ? tpizahyiza[k; bgau;
M) ngR ? ntu;r;brhy;
,uhkd; nkilapy; ed;whfg; ngrpdhd;. ? tpidKw;W
Alv
,dpikahfg; ngrpa mfpyid midtUk;
ghuhl;odu;. ? bgabur;rk;
ngr;rhsu; Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; ngrp Koj;jhu;. ? tpidbar;rk;
ngr ntz;Lk;
a
ngRgth;/ mt;tg;nghJ eifr;Rit fye;J
? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
.Kk
,) jh ? ntu;r; brhy;
Rw;Wyh bry;y vd; je;ij vdf;Fg; gzk; je;jhu;. ? tpidKw;W
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; Kd;ndhu; ekf;Fj; je;j
bry;t=;fshFk;. ? bgabur;rk;
wI
vy;iyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ek; ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; jk;

LV
capiuj; je;J ehl;ilf; fhf;fpd;wdu;. ? tpidbar;rk;

gupRg; bghUspy; mijj; je;jtu; bgau; Fwpg;gplg;
w
glhikahy;/ kzkf;fs; jpifj;jdu;. ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;

<) XL ? ntu;r;brhy;
gyuhkd; Xl;lg;
A
//w
ge;jaj;jpy; tpiue;J Xodhd;. ? tpidKw;W

ntfkhf Xoa mfpyd; btw;wpthif Nodhd;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
? bgabur;rk;
s:K
mfpyd; ntfkhf Xo epd;whd; ? tpidbar;rk;

tPl;il tpl;L Xoatd; gj;jhz;L fHpj;Jj;
jpUk;gpdhd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
c) ghL ? ntu;r;brhy;
fz;zd; ,irnahL ed;F ghodhd;. ? tpidKw;W
tp
Kfpyd; gho kfpH;e;jhd;. ? tpidbar;rk;

,yf;fpah ,dpikahfg; ghoa ghliy midtUk;
,urpj;jdu;. ? bgabur;rk;
rpwg;ghfg; ghoatu; ghprpidg; bgw;whu;. ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
ht
35
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.in
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
clypy; epfGk; kdjpy; epfGk;

nfhgk; tUk;nghJ ehk; bra;a ntz;oaJ
khw;w=;fs; khw;w=;fs;
L al
nfhgj;ij Kfk; ,ay;g[ gjw;wk; kdij mikjpahd braypy;
cldoahf epiyapypUe;J <LgLj;Jjy;.
btspg;gLj;JtJ khWjy;
A d
cs;nsna if fhy; jLkhw;wk; nfhgj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpg;
xspj;Jf; eLf;fk; bghWika[ld; bray;gLntd;.
D ika
bfhs;tJ
1 mikjpahtJ tpau;it jtwhd kdijr; rhe;jg;gLj;jp jpahdk;
bgUFjy; KobtLj;jy; nghd;w bray;ghLfspy;
,ay;
vjpu;kiwahff; jiy typj;jy; bghWik <Lglr; bra;jy;.

fhl;LtJ ,Hj;jy;
Alv
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
mHfpay;
g[j;jf kjpg;g[iu
?
?
a
Aesthetic
Book Review
.Kk
,jHhsu; ? Journalist
g[yk;bgau;jy; ? Migration
fiy tpku;rfu; ? Art Critic
bka;apayhsu; ?
wI
Philosopher
LV
***
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
36
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; khkiH nghw;WJk;
L al
ciueil ,aw;if ntshz;ik
Vjpypf; FUtpfs;
2
mHfpa bgupatd;
fhtpak; gpukps;
A d
bra;a[s;
jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S bgupatd; ftpuhau;
I=;FWE}W ngadhu;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; ahid lhf;lu; b$ankhfd;
g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;
,yf;fzk;
bka;k;kaf;fk; (bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
Alv
ciueil
,ay; 2 a ,aw;if ntshz;ik
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kz;Qf;F tsk; nru;g;gd __________.
wI
LV
m) kz;g[G M) CLgapu;
,) ,aw;if cu=;fs; <) ,it @d;Wk; tpil: <) ,it @d;Wk;
w
2. fUg;gl;o/ gd=;fw;fz;L nghd;wit __________.

m) kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs;M) neuog; bghUs;fs;
m) m?kl;Lk; rup M) M?kl;Lk; rup
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) m?jtW/ M?rup tpil: m) m kl;Lk; rup
3. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
s:K
m) gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;fpd;wdu;.

M) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; vd;gJ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; fpilf;fhj FUtpfshFk;.
,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
<) ahidfshy; btF bjhiytpy; cs;s ePupid thrid @yk; mwpaKoa[k;
tpil: ,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
tp
FWtpdh
1. jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ek; jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; gid kuk;.
ht
,J ViHfspd; fw;gf tpUl;rk;.

37
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.in
rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd;.
epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jd;ika[s;sJ.
gidkuj;jpypUe;J gjePu;/ E=;F/ gd=;fpH=;F Kjypad fpilf;fpd;wd.
gjePiuf; bfhz;L fUg;gl;o/ fw;fz;L Mfpait jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
L al
rpWtpdh
1. ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpakh> ? Ek; fUj;ij vGJf.
A d
ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp rhj;jpank-
tpisr;ry; TLjyhf ntz;Lbkd epidj;J Vuhskhd cu=;fisg; nghl;lhy;/
D ika
2 ehshf ehshf kz; e+;rhfpg; ngha; tpisr;rYk; Fiwe;JtpLk;.
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs; ve;j ,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[k; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy
,ay;
,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fs;:

ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
,oj;J/ nfhkpaj;jpy; Cwitj;Jg; gapupy; bjspj;jhu;fs;.
Alv
g{r;rpa[k; gog;goahff; Fiwe;jJ.
,t;ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahy; Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk;/ mHptpy;yhky;
bjhlh;tjhy; kz;tsk; rpwf;fpd;wJ.
a
ntjpg;g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gapu;fSf;Fs; CLUtp/ rhg;gpLfpw kf;fSf;Fk; epiwa neha;
cz;lhf;Fk;.nkYk; kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fj;jpdhy;/ kz;Qk; jd;
.Kk
tsj;ij ,Hf;fhky; tYg; bgWfpd;wJ.
vdnt ntjpf; fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpank vd;W ehd;
fUJfpd;nwd;.
beLtpdh
wI
LV
1. `Rw;Wr;NHiy tsg;gLj;JtJ ,aw;if ntshz;ikna~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nkilg;

w
ngr;rpw;fhd ciuia cUthf;Ff.

midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.
me;epau; tuthy;
A
//w
mHpe;jJ ek; Mnuhf;fpak;

ePz;l fhyk; thH
epWj;jpLnthk;
s:K
ntjp cuj;ij
ML/ khL tsu;g;nghk;
Vu; bfhz;L cGJ
Vw;wk; fhz;nghk; ?vd;W ek;khH;thu; tHpapy; ``Rw;Wr;NHiy tsg;gLj;Jk; ,aw;if
ntshz;ikna~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,d;W ehd; ciuahw;w te;Js;nsd;.
tp
kdpj capu;fs; thH mog;gilahf tps=;FtJ ntshz;ikna-

vdnt/ kz;Qf;Fk;/ kz;zpy; thGk; capu;fSf;Fk; CW tpistpf;fpd;w epiy
khwt[k;/ ,aw;if ntshz;ik g[Jg;bghypt[ bgwt[k; vd; fUj;ij Kd; itf;fpd;nwd;.
,d;W/ tpisr;riyg; bgUf;Ftjw;fhf/ ,urhad cuk;/ kUe;Jfs; ,l;L kz;iz
ht
e+;rhf;fp tpl;ldu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,aw;if ntshz;ikapy; epyj;ijr; rup bra;tJjhd; Kjy; ntiy.
mWtil Koe;j gpwF/ itf;nfhiyr; rkkhfg; gug;gp/ koar; bra;J/ kWtUlk;
te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cH ntz;Lk;.
itf;nfhy; bkd;ikahdjhft[k;/ ,nyrhdjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j itf;nfhypd;
L al
kjpg;ig kf;fs; mwpe;J bfhz;lhy; cyfnk xUKiw FY=;Fk;-
epyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyg; gug;g[tJ- cur; brofis tsu;g;gJ- epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
Fg;igTsr; bro/ brj;ijfis epyj;jpw;Ff; bfhLj;jhy; gapUk;/ epyKk; brHpf;Fk;.
A d
ePu; tsk;
rpd;dr; rpd;djhf tha;f;fhy; btl;oa[k;/ fpzw;iwr; Rw;wpYk; kuf;fd;Wfis el;Lk;
D ika
itf;f ntz;Lk;.
kiH ed;whfg; bga;a[k; nghJ tha;f;fhy; @ykhfj; jz;zPu; te;J Fsj;jpy; nj=;Fk;.
ePnu ,y;yhj giHa fpzw;wpYk; epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; caUk;.
CLgapu;
bey;Yf;F CLgapuhf cSe;J nghLthu;fs;. ,ij mWtil bra;jgpd;/ CL gapupd;
ntu; Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d; epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp/ tpisr;riy
Alv
mjpfupf;fr; bra;a[k;.
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs; ve;jg; g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypiag; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;> vdnt ntjpf;
fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpank-
a
ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
ed;whf ,oj;Jf; nfhkpaj;jpy; Cwitj;Jj; bjspj;jhy; nghJk;. g{r;rpfs; XotpLk;.
.Kk
nkYk; epyj;jpYs;s kz;g[G nghd;w Ez;Qapupfs; mHpe;J nghfhkypUf;Fk;.
kz;zpYs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fj;jpdhy; kz;Qk; jd; tsj;ij ,Hg;gjpy;iy-
Mk;- Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk; FiwahkYk;/ kz;rj;J tPzhfhkYk; epyk; ey;
tskhapUf;Fk;. vdnt/
wI
kz; tsnk- kdpj tsk;-

LV
kiHePu; nrfupg;ng- epyj;jo ePu;kl;l cau;t[-

w
,aw;if ntshz;ikiag; bgUf;Fnthk;-

Rw;Wr;NHiyg; ghJfhg;nghk;-
vd;W Twp vdJ ciuia Kof;fpd;nwd;.
A
//w
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
1. khoj;njhl;lk; mikf;Fk; Kiwia ,izaj;jsk; @yk; mwpe;J tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

Mrpupau; : md;g[ khztu;fns- new;iwa tFg;gpy; khoj;njhl;lk; gw;wpg; ghu;j;njhk;.
mijg; gw;wp ,izajsj;jpy; ghu;j;jPu;fsh> xt;bthUtuhf TW=;fs;
ghu;f;fyhk;.
ghyd; : Kjypy; ,lj;ijj; nju;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. Nupa xsp gLk;goahf ,Uj;jy;
tp
ntz;Lk;. tofhy; trjp ntz;Lk;.

KUfd; : ,lk; nju;t[ bra;j ,lj;jpy; ePu;f;frpt[ tuhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
jUz; : mjpf vil ,y;yhj bjhl;ofisg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
ht
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.in
Fkud; : bro tsu;tjw;F Vw;w ey;y kz; bfhz;LtUjy; ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if
cu=;fs; ,l ntz;Lk;.
tpkyh : g{r;R mupf;fhj fha;fwp tpijfisj; nju;t[ bra;J eLjy; ntz;Lk;.
rush : khoj;njhl;lj;jpy; g{r;brofs;/ fPiufs; nghd;wtw;iw tsu;f;fyhk;.
L al
fPud; : ed;F cukpl;L ePu;gha;r;rp fisbaLj;Jg; gapu; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp. midtUk; ed;whff; TwpdPu;fs;. ed;wp-
A d
2. gs;spapy; bray;gLk; njrpag; gRikg;gil Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk; Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf
kuf;fd;Wfis el;L tsu;g;gjpy; c=;fs; bray;ghL Fwpj;J ciu epfH;j;Jf.
D ika
md;ghdtu;fSf;F tzf;fk;.
2 v=;fs; gs;spapy; bray;gLk; gRikg;gil/ Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk; gw;wp c=;fs; Kd;
ehd; ngrte;Js;nsd;. gRikg;gil eLtz; murhy; bray;gLk; mikg;g[/ Rw;Wr;NHy;
,ay;
khepy murhy; bray;gLk; mikg;g[. ,t;tpuz;Lk; khztu;fSf;F tpHpg;g[zu;it

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
bro/ bfhofs;/ ku=;fs; tsu;j;jy;/ tsu;j;j ku=;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;/ ePu;epiyg;
Alv
ghJfhj;jy;/ J}u;thu;jy; nghd;wtw;Wld; epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait vt;tpj
khrpdhYk; ghjpf;fg;glhky; ghJfhj;Jj; J}a;ikahd ,e;jpahit cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk;/ gRikg;gil Mfpait btWk; mikg;g[fshf kl;Lnk
a
,y;yhky;/ khwhf mtw;wpd; cah;nehf;f=;fisr; bray;gLj;Jtjpy; xt;bthUtUk;
Kd;epw;f ntz;Lk;. `J}a;ik ,e;jpah~ vd;gJ btw;W KHf;fkha; ,uhky; btw;wp
KHf;fkha; xypf;f ntz;Lk;.
.Kk
MSf;bfhU kuk; tsu;g;nghk;-
Mz;ltdhk; ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;nghk;--
ed;wp-
wI
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
LV
w
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpj capu;fs; thH mog;gilahf tps=;FtJ ________.
A
//w
m) ntshz;ik M) bert[
,) ePu; <) kiH tpil: m) ntshz;ik
2. cHt[ cyfpw;F mr;rhzp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
s:K
m) jpU@yu; M) jpUts;Stu;
,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: M) jpUts;Stu;
3. `cHt[f;Fk; bjhHpYf;Fk; te;jid bra;nthk;~ vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd;
,) ghujpahu; <) xsitahu; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
tp
4. ,aw;if ntshz;ikahy; g[fH; bgw;wtu; ________.

m) mfj;jpad; M) ekr;rpthak;
,) ek;khH;thu; <) bgupahH;thu; tpil: ,) ek;khH;thu;
ht
40
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; ________.
m) kh M) gyh
,) thiH <) gid tpil: <) gid
6. ViHfspd; fw;gf tpUl;rk; vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; kuk; ________.
L al
m) kh M) gyh
,) thiH <) gid tpil: <) gid
7. rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd; ________.
A d
m) kz; M) gidkuk;
,) Mykuk; <) kiy tpil: M) gidkuk;
D ika
8. krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh ________ ehl;L mwp+u;.
m) $g;ghd; M) I!;yhe;J
,) mau;yhe;J <) rp=;fg;g{u; tpil: m) $g;ghd;
9. itf;nfhy; gw;wpa kpfr; rpwe;j Ma;it epfH;j;jpatu; ________.
m) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh M) RRKxndh
Alv
,) vkndh <) gu;nuh tpil: m) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
10. Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fis cyfpw;Fr; brhd;dtu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
,) gu;nuh
a
<) RRKxndh tpil: M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
11. khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak; Mfpatw;iwf; fye;J itf;nfhiy kl;fr; bra;J cUthf;FtJ
.Kk
________ vdg;gLk;.
m) bjhGcuk; M) ntjp cuk;
,) braw;if cuk; <) kUe;J tpil: m) bjhGcuk;
12. bey;Yf;F CLgapuhfg; nghLtJ ________.
wI
LV
m) ghu;yp M) fUk;g[
,) nrhsk; <) cSe;J tpil: <) cSe;J
w
13. cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Ug;gJ ________.

m) iel;u$d; M) fhu;gd;
,) i\l;u$d; <) Mf;rp$d; tpil: m) iel;u$d;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
14. epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp mLj;j tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr; bra;tJ ________.
m) cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
s:K
M) ku=;fs; btspapLk; Mf;rp$d;

,) Nupaxsp
<) Fspu;e;j ePu; tpil: m) cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
15. cHitj; bjhl=;Fk; fhyk; ________.
m) Mog;gl;lk; M) ijg;gl;lk;
tp
,) Ig;grpg;gl;lk; <) Mdpg;gl;lk; tpil: m) Mog;gl;lk;

16. tptrhaj;jpd; tre;jfhykhf ,aw;if ntshz;ik vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; jpfGk; vd;W
Twpatu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bgpnfhnfh
ht
,) brhf;fyp=;fk; <) RRK xndh tpil: M) krhdg[Bgpnfhnfh

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17. g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;F ,l ntz;oa cuk; ________.
m) ,iyr;rUF/ rhk;gy; M) khl;Lr;rhzk;
,) nfhkpak; <) ntjp cuk; tpil: m) ,iyr;rUF/ rhk;gy;
18. ed;bra; epyj;jpw;F ,l ntz;oa cuk; ________.
L al
m) khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak; M) ,iyr;rUF
,) ntjpcuk; <) rhk;gy; tpil: m) khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak;
19. neuog; bghUshfg; gidapypUe;J fpilg;git ________.
A d
m) fUg;gl;o M) gd=;fw;fz;L ,) E=;F <) gjePu;
i) m kl;Lk; rup ii) , kl;Lk; rup
D ika
iii) ,/ < ? rup iv) m/ M ? rup tpil: iii) ,/ < ? rup
2 20. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahy; Vw;gLk; neha;fs; ________.
,ay;
m) g[w;Wneha; M) tapw;Wg;g[z;
,) kyl;Lj;jd;ik <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;
21. ntu; Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp mLj;j tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr;
Alv
bra;tJ ________.
m) i\l;u$d; M) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;i!L
,) iel;u$d; <) fhu;gd; nkhdhf;i!L tpil: ,) iel;u$d;
m) ntY}u; g[ul;rp ? 1806

a
22. krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh E}Yk; Mz;Lk; ________.
M) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp ? 1978
.Kk
,) jkpH;j;njrg; g[ul;rp ? 1920 <) gRikg;g[ul;rp ? 1960
tpil: M) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp ? 1978
23. `,aw;if midj;ija[k; thuptH=;Fk; jha;~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
wI
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
LV
,) RRK xndh <) brhf;fyp=;fk; tpil: M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh

24. gdk; tpijia ________ ,ilbtsp tpl;L el;L itj;jhu; brhf;fyp=;fk;.
w
m) ,uz;lof;F ,uz;lo M) @d;wof;F @d;wo

,) ehd;fof;F ehd;F <) Ie;jof;F Ie;jo tpil: M) @d;wof;F @d;wo
A
//w
FWtpdh
1. ,aw;if ntshz;ik kPz;Lk; g[Jg;bghypt[ bgw typa[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ Vd;>
s:K
,aw;ifapypUe;J tpyfp kz;Qf;Fk;/ kz;zpy; thGk; capu;fSf;Fk; CW

tpistpf;fpd;w epiy khWtjw;fhf ,aw;if ntshz;ik kPz;Lk; g[Jg;bghypt[ bgw
typa[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. bjhG cuk; vd;why; vd;d>
khl;Lr; rhzk;/ khl;Lr; rpWePu; Mfpatw;iw itf;nfhnyhL fye;J kf;fr; bra;J
tp
cUthf;fg;gLtnj bjhG cuk; vdg;gLk;.

3. kz; e+;rhfpg; nghff; fhuzk; ahJ>
,d;iwa tptrhaj;jpy; cuk;/ g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp vd;W ,urhadg; bghUl;fs; mjpfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;/ kz; e+;rhfpg; nghfpwJ.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. CLgapu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf..
epyj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf tpistpf;fg;gLk; gapu;fSf;F ,ilna ntbwhU gapiua[k;
tpistpg;gu;. mJnt CLgapu; vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: bey;Yf;F Clhf cSe;J tpistpf;fg;gLk;.
L al
5. gidapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; kjpg;g[f;Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs; ahit>
fUg;gl;o/ gd=;fw;fz;L Mfpait kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fshFk;.
6. gidkuk; vg;gog; gapuplg;gLfpwJ>
A d
xU gd=;bfhl;ilia @d;wof;F @d;wo js;sp kw;bwhU gd=;bfhl;ilia
elntz;Lk;.
D ika
,t;thW ,ilbtsptpl;L el;lhy; mJ gjpndhU Mz;Lfspy; gyd; jUk;.
7. gid jUk; gad;fs; ahit>
gidkuk; rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghdha; ,Ue;J kf;fSf;Fg; gadspf;fpd;wJ.
mk;kuk; MHj;jpy; ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
mjdhy; epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; FiwahJ.
Alv
,itna gidkuj;jhy; rKjhak; bgWk; gad;fs; MFk;.
8. Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fs; ahit>
Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fis cyfpw;Fr; brhd;dtu; ``khrhdg[Bg[nfhfh~~ Mthu;.
cHg;glhj epyk;.
a
,urhad cuk; ,y;yhj cw;gj;jp.
.Kk
g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp bjspf;fg;glhj gapu;g; ghJfhg;g[.
jz;zPu; epWj;jhj bey; rhFgo.
xl;L tpij ,y;yhky; cau; tpisr;ry;.
,itaht[k; Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fshFk;.
wI
LV
9. itf;nfhiy koar; bra;J cGjy; vd;why; vd;d>

epyj;jpidr; rupbra;tjw;fhf/ mWtil Koe;j gpwF/ epyj;jpy; itf;nfhypidr;
w
rkkha;g; gug;gp koar; bra;tu;.

kWgUtk; te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cGtu;.
,ijna itf;nfhiy koar; bra;J cGjy; vd;gu;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
10. epyj;jpd; e+;ir ePf;f ehk; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;>
epyj;jpd; e+;ir ePf;f...
s:K
itf;nfhiy klf;fp cGtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; gUtk; te;jt[ld; ePiuj; njf;fp

cGjy; ntz;Lk;.
cGk;nghJ bjhG cuk; ,l ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; xnu Mz;oy; epyj;jpd; e+;R eP=;fhJ. ,uz;L/ @d;W Mz;LfshFk;.
11. tpisepyj;ij vt;thW tsk;bgwr; bra;ayhk;>
tp
tpisepyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyr; rkkha;g; gug;gp/ koar; bra;J/ kWgUtk; te;jt[ld;

epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cHntz;Lk;.
tpisepyj;jpy; cur; brofis tsu;f;f ntz;Lk;.
epyj;jpypUe;J fpl;Lk; brj;ij brofis epyj;jpw;nf bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;
ht
,r;bray;fs; tpis epyj;ij tsk; bgwr; bra;a[k;.

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.in
12. g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;nfw;w cuk; vJ>
fha;e;j ,iyr; rUF/
ML/ khL Kjypa fhy;eilfspd; rhzj;ij vupg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; rhk;gy;
Mfpaitw;iwf; fye;J ,Ltnj g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;fhd cuk; MFk;.
L al
13. ,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jfshy; tpisa[k; jPikfs; ahit>
,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;J tpisfpd;w gapUf;Fs;Sk; CLUtptpLfpwJ.
mg;gapu; jUk; tpis bghUs;fis cz;fpd;w kf;fs; g[w;W neha;/ tapw;Wg; g[z;/
A d
kyl;Lj; jd;ik Kjypatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
14. CLgapu; nghLtjhy; epyj;jpd; tsk; vt;thW bgUFfpwJ>
D ika
2 bey;Yf;F CLgapuhfg; nghlg;gLtJ cSe;J.
,ij mWtil bra;j gpd;/ CLgapupd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
,ay;
epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp/ mLj;J tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr; bra;a[k;.

15. ntjpf; fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rp kUe;ij vg;goj; jahupg;gJ>
ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH Mfpa vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
Alv
ed;whf ,of;f ntz;Lk;.
mijf; nfhkpaj;jpy; Cw itf;fntz;Lk;
gpd; mijj; bjspj;jhy; g{r;rpbay;yhk; ngha;tpLk;.
a
16. ,aw;ifahd g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypahy; tpisa[k; ed;ikfs; ahit>
gapu;;fis mHpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; Fiwa[k;.
.Kk
kz;g[G nghd;w rpwpa capu;fs; tsu;fpd;wd.
kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Qapupg; bgUf;fj;jpdhy;/ kz;Qk; jd;Dila tsj;ij
,Hf;fhky;/ tYg; bgWfpd;wd.
wI
17. rhFgo vt;thW bra;a ntz;Lk;>

LV
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;du; epyj;ij Mwg; nghl ntz;Lk;.

w
rupahd fhy ,ilbtspapy; khwp khwpg; gapupl ntz;Lk;.

18. ,aw;if cu=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; gad; ahJ>
epyj;jpYs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk; Fiwahky;/ kz; rj;J tPzhfhky; epyKk;
A
//w
jd;dplKs;s ts=;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; bgWfpwJ.

,aw;ifahd cuk;/ kUe;J Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtJ/ ek; Rw;Wr; NHiyf;
fhg;gjw;fhd tHpahft[k; jpfH;fpwJ.
s:K
19. ,aw;if ntshz;ik tHpKiwfis ehk; vt;thW fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;>

ek; gFjpiar; Rw;wpa[s;s gz;izfisg; ghu;itapl;Lk;/
murpd; `ntshz;ik mYtyfk;~ @yk; elf;Fk; gapw;rpfspy; fye;J bfhz;Lk;/
,aw;if ntshz;ik gw;wpa gy ey;y tHpKiwfis ehk; fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;.
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. gidkuj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit>
gidkuk; rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd;.
L al
epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ.
kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs;:
gidkuj;jpypUe;J neuoahff; fpilf;Fk; gjePiu kf;fs; gUfp/ E=;ifj; jpd;W
A d
kfpH;fpd;wdu;.
kpFe;j tUtha; <l;Lk; nehf;fpy; gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;w
D ika
kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fis cUthf;fp tpw;fpd;wdu;;.
2. itf;nfhypd; kfj;Jtk; gw;wp ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
itf;nfhy; bkd;ikahdJ" ,nyrhdJ. ,e;j itf;nfhiyr; rkkhfg; gug;gp/ koar;
bra;J kWgUtk; te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cH ntz;Lk;. ,Jnt epyj;ijr;
rup bra;tjw;fhd Kjy; tHpahFk;.
Alv
epyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyg; gug;g[tJ/ cur;brofis tsu;g;gJ/ epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
Fg;ig/ bro/ brj;ijfis epyj;jpw;nf bfhLg;gJ ,r;bra;iffs; bew;gapUk;/ khupf;
fhyg; gapUk; tsu;tjw;fhd tsj;ijg; g{kpf;F mspf;fpd;wd.
nkw;Twpa midj;Jk; itf;nfhypd; kfj;Jtk; MFk;.
a
3. mwp+u; krhdg[Bg[fhnfh gw;wp ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
.Kk
mwp+u; krhdg[Bg[fhnfh $g;ghdpau; Mthu;.
,tu; Kg;gj;ije;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ itf;nfhy; Fwpj;J Ma;t[ nkw;bfhz;lhu;.
mjd; gadhf 1978 Mk; Mz;L `xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpdhu;.
mtu; vGjpa/ tptrhaj;jpd; Ie;J ke;jpu=;fs;:
wI
cHg;glhj epyk;.
LV
,urhad cukpy;yhj cw;gj;jp.

w
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp bjspf;fg;glhj gapu;g;ghJfhg;g[.

jz;zPu; epWj;jg;glhj bey; rhFgo.
xl;L tpij ,y;yhj cau; tpisr;ry;.
A
//w
***
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
tp
ht
45
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.in
bra;a[s;
Vjpypf;FUtpfs;
,ay; 2 ? mHfpa bgupatd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
2 1. bghUj;jkhd ,yf;fpa totk; vJ>
m) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; ? kug[f; ftpij
M) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S ? rpWfij
,ay;
,) ahid lhf;lu; ? FWk; g[jpdk;

<) I=;FWE}W ? g[Jf;ftpij tpil: ,) ahid lhf;lu; ? FWk; g[jpdk;
Alv
2. ``thd; bgha;j;jJ~~ ? vd;w brhw;bwhlu; czu;j;jk; kiwKfg;bghUs;
m) thdk; ,oe;jJ M) kiH bga;atpy;iy
,) kpd;dy; btl;oaJ <) thdk; vd;gJ bgha;ahdJ
FWtpdh
a tpil: M) kiH bga;atpy;iy
.Kk
1. Vjpypaha;f; FUtpfs; v=;nfh nghapd ? bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
ku=;fs; btl;lg;gl;ljhy;/ fhLfs; mHpe;J nghapd.
wI
kiHiag; bga;ar; bra;a[k; ku=;fs; btl;lg;gl;ljhy;;/ kiHa[k; bga;atpy;iy.

LV
kiH bga;ahjjhy;/ kz; ts=;fSk; rpije;J nghapd.

,t;thW ,aw;ifr; NHypy; gy khw;w=;fs; Vwgl;ld.
w
mtw;iw ek;gp thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j FUtpfSk;/ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; ,y;yhjjhy;/

v=;nfh ntW ,Ug;gplk; njo nghapd.
A
//w
rpWtpdh
1. fhw;wpy; MLk; g[y; tPLfSf;F mHfpa bgupatd; jUk; xg;gPL ahJ> Vd;>
s:K
fhw;wpy; MLk; g[y;tPLfSf;F mHfpa bgupatd; jUk; xg;gPL ``J}f;fzh=; FUtpf;

TLfs;~~ MFk;.
FUtpfisa[k; TLfisa[k; fhzKoatpy;iy.
Kd;bgy;yhk; milkiHf;fhyj;jpy; Mw;wpy; bts;sk; fiug[uz;L XLk;.
fiufspy; beoa ku=;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
tp
ku=;fspy; gwitfspd; xypfs; nfl;Lf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.

tHpbeLfspYk; J}f;fzh=;FUtp TLfs;. Ks;shy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f;FUtp TLfspy;
FUtpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; Vf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf fhw;wpy; mira[k; tPLfbsd
tUzpf;fpwhu;.
ht
46
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. efu=;fspd; bgUf;fKk; gwitapd=;fspd; mHpt[k; ? fhuz=;fSld; tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrpupau; : ek; jkpHu;fs; ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;f;if elj;jpdu;. Mdhy;
L al
efukakhjypd; fhuzkhf mHpit nehf;fp bry;fpwjh> Mf;fj;ij nehf;fpr;
bry;fpwjh> vd;gijg; gw;wp ghyd;/ khyd; tpthjpg;ghu;fs;. Kjypy; ghyid
tUkhW miHf;fpnwd;.
A d
ghyd; : mwptpd; cr;rj;ijj; bjhlf;Toa ehk; ,d;Dk; rpy fhy=;fspy; Mfhaj;jpy;
thGk; epiyf;F tUnthk;. kdpjdpd; njitapd; mog;gilapy; efukak;
vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhf khwptpl;lJ. gy;ntW bjhHpy;El;g=;fspd; tHpna
D ika
,d;W cyif bty;yf;Toa mst[f;F te;Jtpl;nlhk;. fpuhk=;fspy; cs;s
ehfupf FiwghL/ njitfs; FiwghL/ fy;tpapd;ik nghd;wtw;why; ehk;
Jd;gg;gLfpnwhk;. mjdhy; efu=;fspd; bgUf;fk; njitbad;gJ vd; thjk;
MFk;.
khyd; : mwpt[k;/ mwptpaYk;/ MfhaKk; njitjhd;. Mdhy; cz;gjw;F czt[
Alv
v=;fpUe;J fpilf;Fk;. nuhnghthf ,Ue;jhYk; rhu;$; bra;ayhk;. ehk; vd;d
bra;a Koa[k;> bjhHpy;El;g tsu;r;rpahy; miytupir (,izg;ghd;fs;)
nfhg[u=;fs; mikf;fg;gLtjhy; 70?90 rjtPjk; gwitapd=;fs; mHpf;fg;
gLfpwJ. rhag;gl;liwapd; fhuzkhf ePu;epiy khR mile;J gwitapd;
a
,dg;bgUf;fk; jilgLfpwJ. gwit ,dk; mHptjhy; jhtu=;fspd;
,dg;bgUf;fKk; jilgLfpwJ. ed;wp-
.Kk
Mrpupau; : ,UtUk; j=;fs; fUj;ij tYthf itj;jPu;fs;. ,f;fhyr;NHypy; ,uz;Lk;
njitahf ,Ug;gpDk; kdpj thH;tpw;F eyk; gaf;Fk; tHpfisna gpd;gw;Wnthk;.
2. c=;fsJ kiHf;fhy mDgt=;fisf; ftpijahf btspg;gLj;Jf.
kiHf;fhy mDgtf; ftpij
wI
LV
ahu; fhjypj;Jf; iftpl;lhu;fnsh- brhl;L kiHa[k; ifapy; gl;L

nkfk; mGfpwJ kiHaha; cliyj; bjhl;L bjwpf;Fk;
w
,oj;J xypf;Fk; nkf=;fspd; mGif ghu;f;Fk; ,lbky;yhk; gRik

kz;zpy; kuk; bro bfhofspd; kfpH;r;rp Cbuy;yhk; kfpH;r;rp ? Mdhy;
bfhl;Lk; nkfj;jpy; xt;bthU nkfj;jpd; fz;zPuhy;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
vdf;Fk; befpH;r;rp-
s:K
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mHfpa bgupatdpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhrnfhghyd; M) mfj;jpad;
tp
,) mutpe;jd; <) mfpyd; tpil: ,) mutpe;jd;

2. mHfpa bgupatd; `jfg;gd;bfho~ g[jpdj;jpw;fhfj; jkpHf murpd; tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 2001 M) 2002
ht
,) 2003 <) 2004 tpil: ,) 2003

47
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3. FwL/ beupf;fl;L cs;spl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrpupau;
m) mfpyd; M) ,e;jpud;
,) mHfpabgupatd; <) bgupatd; ftpuhau; tpil: ,) mHfpabgupatd;
4. capu;fspd; ,Ug;ig Kot[ bra;tJ
L al
m) ,aw;ifr;NHy; M) braw;ifr;NHy;
,) ePu;epiyfs; <) epyj;njhw;wk; tpil: m) ,aw;ifr;NHy;
5. cyfr; rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; ehs;
A d
m) gpg;utup 20 M) khu;r; 2
,) khu;r; 20 <) Vg;uy; 2 tpil: ,) khu;r; 20
D ika
2 6. ,aw;iff;Fk; kdpju;f;Fk; bjhg;g[s;bfho
m) fhL M) fly;
,ay;
,) kiHj;Jsp <) fz;zPu;j;Jsp tpil: ,) kiHj;Jsp

7. kz;zpy; Kjy;Jsp tpGifapy; kyu;td
m) g{f;fs; M) capu;fs;
Alv
,) brofs; <) gapu;fs; tpil: M) capu;fs;
8. @=;fpy; fpisfspy; mku;e;J/ gho ek;ikg; gutrg;gLj;Jgit vd;W mHfpa bgupatdhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtd
m) Fapy;fs;
,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs;
aM) fhf=;fs;
<) J}f;fzh=;FUtp tpil: ,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs;
.Kk
9. kiHf;F Mjhuk;
m) fly; M) ku=;fs;
,) fhw;W <) kiy tpil: M) ku=;fs;
wI
10. g[y;tPLfisf; fl;oait

LV
m) Fapy;fs; M) ku=;bfhj;jpfs;
w
,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; <) J}f;fzh=;FUtpfs; tpil: <) J}f;fzh=;FUtpfs;

11. jha; kz;zpd; khu;g[fshf tps=;Fgit
m) MW M) fpzW
A
//w
,) Cw;W <) ,it midj;Jk; tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;

12. Vjpypaha;f; FUtpfs; v=;nfh nghapd ? vd;W ghoatu;
s:K
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; M) mHfpa bgupatd;

,) bgupatd; ftpuhau; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: M) mHfpa bgupatd;
rpWtpdh
1. capu;fspd; ,Ug;ig ,aw;if Kot[ bra;tij mHfpa bgupatd; vt;thW tptupf;fpwhu;>
tp
milkiHf; fhyk;:
Cupy; Kd;bgy;yhk; milkiHf;fhyk; vd;whny/ Mw;wpy; ePu; epuk;gp fiu
g[uz;nlhLk;.
ht
fiuapd; ,Ugf;f=;fspYk; ePz;L tsu;e;j ku=;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

48
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
FUtpf; TLfs;:
fiuapd; Cnl nghFk; tHpfspbyy;yhk; ,irf;fpd;w gwitfspd; Fuy;fisf;
nfl;Lf; bfhz;nl bry;yyhk;.
tHpbay;yhk; J}f;fzh=;FUtp g[wf ; shy; fl;oa TLfs; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLfpd;wnghJ/
L al
g[y; tPLfs; nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
ghLk; rpl;Lfs;:
@=;fpy; fpisfspy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; rpl;Lfs;/ Mw;wpy; RHpe;J XLk; ePupd; Xira[ld;
A d
nru;e;J ghof; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
,aw;if tsk; epuk;gpa fhyk;:
D ika
,t;thW/ ,aw;if tskhd ePUk;/ epyKk; tsKld; ,Ue;jjhy;/ Cbu=;fpYk; ku=;fs;
tsu;e;J gRik epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
RU=;ff; Twpd;/ mf;fhyk; kz;khjh jd; ts=;fis thup tH=;fpa fhyk; vdf; Twpd;
kpifahfhJ.
2. mHfpa bgupatd; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
Alv
,aw;bgau; : mutpe;jd;
g[idg;bgau; : mHfpa bgupatd;
Cu; : ntY}u; khtl;lk;/ nguzhk;gl;L.
gzp
rpwg;g[fs; :
a
: muRg;gs;sp Mrpupau;
.Kk
ehty;/ rpWfij/ ftpij/ fl;Liu nghd;w gilg;g[j; js=;fspy; ,a=;Fgtu;.
`jfg;gd; bfho~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhf 2003 Mk; Mz;oy; jkpHf murpd; tpUJ
bgw;wtu;.
gy;Jiw ty;Yeu;.
wI
gilg;g[fs; :
LV
FwL/ beupf;fl;L ? rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fs;

w
cdf;Fk; vdf;Fkhd brhy;/ mqg e+;R ? ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs;

kPs;nfhzk;/ bgUFk; ntl;if ? fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[fs;
Mfpad ,tuJ gilg;g[fshFk;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
beLtpdh
s:K
1. NHypay; khw;wj;jhy; epfH;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtyj;ij mHfpa bgupatd; jk; ftpijapy;

vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;>
,g;nghJ v=;Fk; FUtpfisnah mtw;wpd; TLfisnah ghu;f;f Koatpy;iy.
Kd;g[/ Cupy; milkiH bga;jhy;/ Mw;wpy; ePu; fiu g[uz;L XLk;. me;j Mw;wpd;
fiuapy; thdsht cau;e;J epw;Fk; ku=;fs; tupirahf mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. ku=;fspy;
gy;ntW gwitfs; j=;fpj; jj;jk; Fuypy; xyp vGg;g[k;.
tp
nghFk; tHpbay;yhk; M=;fh=;nf FUtpfs; fl;oa J}f;fzh=;FUtpf; TLfs;/

g[y;yhy; ntag;gl;l tPLfs; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLtd nghy mire;jhLk;.
rpl;Lfnsh Mw;nwhuk; tsu;e;jpUe;j @=;fpy; fpisfspd;kPJ mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. mit
ht
RHpj;J XLk; Mw;W ePupd; ,irf;nfw;gg; ghLk;.

49
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nkw;Twg;gl;l fhl;rpfs; aht[k; kz;khjhtpd; tdg;ghy; fhzf;Toa fhl;rpfsha;
,Ue;jd.
Mdhy; ,g;nghJ> v=;Fk; ku=;fs; btl;o tPH;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kiHiag; bga;tpf;Fk; ku=;fs; tPH;e;jjhy; kiHa[k; bgha;j;jJ.
L al
kiH bgha;j;jikahy; kz;khjh mspj;j ts=;fSk; rpije;jd.
ts=;fs; rpije;jikahy;/ mtw;iw ek;gp thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j FUtpfSk;/ thH
tHp bjupahky; v=;nfh gwe;J brd;W tpl;ld-
A d
vd;W NHypay; khw;wj;jhy; epfH;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtyj;ij Mrpupau; mHfpa
bgupatd; jk; ftpijapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
D ika
***
2 bra;a[s;
,ay;
fhtpak;
,ay; 2 ? gpukps;
Alv
1. gpukpspd; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpypUe;J c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpijia tFg;giwapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gy;yp
a
.Kk
,wf;fj; Jof;Fk; thyh>
capnuhL kPz;l clyh>
jpiua[k; glKk;
fhyk; tpupj;j jpiuah> glk;>
wI
thH;t[ XLk; glkh> jpiujg;gpj; jpira[s;

LV
jPf;fz; jpwe;jhy; vwpag;gl;LtpLkh>

w
jPf;Fj; jpiuah>
2. gwit gw;wp vGjg;gl;l ftpijfs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;Jf; ifnalhf;Ff.
gwit
A
//w
1. capuw;w kuf;fpisapy; 2. gwitfs; fpisfis ek;gp

mku;e;J cl;fhUtjpy;iy
Vfhe;j bgUbtsp mjd; rpwFfis
s:K
nehf;fp ek;gpj;jhd; mku;fpd;wJ

gwitfspd; +hdj; njly;-- thH;f;ifapy; ek;gpf;if
mtrpak;--
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
tp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpukps; vd;w g[idg;bgau; bfhz;ltu;; ________.
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; M) rptuhkyp=;fk;
ht
50 ,) mHfpa bgupatd; <) ghyKusp tpil: M) rptuhkyp=;fk;
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; g[idbgau;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) ghDr;re;jpud; M) ghyre;jpud;
,) mqg;rptuhk; <) jUK rptuhk; tpil: M) ghyre;jpud;
3. rptuhkyp=;fk; gpwe;j ehL ________.
L al
m) ,e;jpah M) knyrpah
,) ,y=;if <) fdlh tpil: ,) ,y=;if
4. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; ftpijfs; KGikahf ________ vd;Dk; bgaupy; bjhFf;fg;
A d
gl;Ls;sd.
m) gpukps; ftpijfs; M) y=;fhg[up uh$h
D ika
,) jUK rptuhk; ftpijfs; <) btapYk; epHYk; tpil: m) gpukps; ftpijfs;
5. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) y=;fhg[up uh$h ? 1. ftpijj;bjhFg;g[
ii) e|j;jputhrp ? 2. fl;Liuj;bjhFg;g[
iii) btapYk; epHYk; ? 3. ehlfk;
Alv
iv) gpukps; ? 4. rpWfijj;bjhFg;g[
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
m) gpukps; M) rpwF
a
6. ,wFfspd; bjhFjpia ________ vd;gu;.
.Kk
,) ,wf;if <) g[utp tpil: M) rpwF
7. ________ vd;gJ fhtpaj;Jf;fhd bghJthd ghLbghUs;.
m) fhjy; M) thH;t[
,) czu;t[ <) bka;g;ghL tpil: M) thH;t[
wI
8. fhw;wpd; jPuhj gf;f=;fspy; xU gwitapd; thH;it vGjpr; bry;tJ ________.

LV
m) ,wF M) fhy;fs;
w
,) kiHj;Jsp <) gpupt[ tpil: m) ,wF
FWtpdh
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
1. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; g[idbgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gpukps;  mqg; rptuhk;
s:K
ghDre;jpud;  jUK rptuhk;

2. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; gilg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gpukps; ftpijfs;  y=;fhg[upuh$h ? rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
e|j;jputhrp ? ehlfk;  btapYk; epHYk; ? fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[
3. rptuhkyp=;fk; ,a=;fpa Jiwfisf; TWf.
tp
g[Jf;ftpij  rpWfij
tpku;rdk;  ehlfk;
ht
***
51
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bra;a[s;
jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S
,ay; 2 ? mHfpa bgupatd; ftpuhau;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
2 1. `tsU=; fhtpy; Kfpy;bjhif VWk; ? bghd;
khlk; v=;Fk; mfpw;g[if ehWk;~ ? mof;nfhol;l bjhlu; Fwpg;gpLtJ vd;d>
,ay;
fhtpy; Kfpy; bjhif VWk;

bjd;fiu ehl;oy; ePz;L tsu;e;Js;s nrhiyapy; nkff;Tl;l=;fs; j=;fpr; bry;Yk;.
Alv
rpWtpdh
1. ``ryr thtpapy; br=;fay; gha[k;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
a
bgupatd; ftpuhau; ,aw;wpa `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ tlfiu ehL
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
.Kk
bghUs;:
jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; cs;s kPd;fs; m=;Fkp=;Fk; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
tpsf;fk;:
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;w gz;zpid ,irg;gjhy;
wI
kPidg; gpoj;J cz;gjw;fhf te;j cs;shd; gwit ,irf;nfl;L/ kjFfspy fl;lg;gl;l

LV
r=;fpypapy; thiy Ml;of;bfhz;L mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. mg;nghJ jhkiuj;jlhfj;jpy; kPd;fs;

w
Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
beLtpdh
A
//w
1. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; tlfiu/ bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;tHp ,aw;if

ts=;fis tptupf;f.
s:K
tlfiu ehl;od; tsk;:

,e;jsg;gz;Qk; cs;shd; gwita[k;: ``kyupy; Musp ,e;Jsk; ghLk;~~...
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;Dk; gz;iz uP=;fhukpl;Lg;
ghLk;.
,t;tpiriaf; nfl;L bka;kwe;J tha;f;fhypd; kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapd;
tp
kPJ mku;e;j cs;shd; gwit/ kPidg; gpoj;J cz;zhky; thiy Ml;of; bfhz;L
mku;e;jpUf;Fk;.
jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; kPd;fs; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
Kj;Jf;fis <d;w btz;r=;Ffs; gutpf; fhzg;gLk;.
ht
kpd;diybahj;j bgz;fs; bga; vd;why; kiH bga;a[k;.

52
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
cs;s=;if Ve;jp ,ue;Jz;Qk; ,ay;g[ila Kdptu;fs; TWtJ bka;ahFk;.
,j;jpUkiyapy; g[ytu;fs; nghw;Wk; jpUkiyr; nrtfd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk;:
L al
``tsU=; fhtpy; Kfpy; bjhif VWk;~~...
bjd;fiu ehl;od; ePz;L tsu;e;j nrhiyapy; nkff;Tl;l=;fs; j=;fpr; bry;Yk;.
bjd;fiu ehl;oy; cs;s bghd;dhyhd khlkhspifapy; mfpw;g[ifapd; eWkzk;
A d
gutpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.
khl khspiffis kapy;fSk;/ fhu;fhy nkf=;fSk; NH;e;J fhf;Fk;.
D ika
br=;nfhiyf; bfhz;l kd;du; bjd;fiu ehl;il ePjp jtwhJ fhty; fhg;ghu;.
,sk;bgz;fs; bghd;dhyhd mu=;fpy; eoj;J tpisaho kfpH;tu;.
Fs=;fspd; miyfs; Kj;Jfis Ve;jp tUk;.
miyfs; fiuapy; nkhJk;nghJ Kj;Jfs; rpjwp btof;Fk;.
,j;jifa Fw;whyj;jpy; tz;Lfs; bkha;f;Fk; bfhd;iw kyu;No bjd;dhLila
rptd; Fw;whyehjuhf tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
Alv
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
br=;fay;/ btz;r=;F ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
Vw;gtu;
Kfpy; bjhif/ mfpw; g[if
a ?
?
tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhiffs;
.Kk
FspUk; k+;i+a[k; bfhz;lYk; ? vz;Qk;ik
Kj;J Ve;jp/ bfhd;iw NL ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhiffs;
<d;w r=;F ? bgabur;rk;
Ve;jp btof;Fk; ? tpidbar;rk;
wI
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
LV
w
<d;w = <d; + w; + m myu;e;J = myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c

<d; gFjp myu; gFjp
w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j;(e;) re;jp/ j;/ e; MdJ tpfhuk;
A
//w
m bgabur;r tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
khkiH nghw;WJk;
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
s:K
tpiue;J = tpiu + j;(e;) + j; + c Ve;jp = Ve;J + ,

tpiu gFjp Ve;J gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp/ j;/ e; MdJ tpfhuk; , tpidbar;r tpFjp
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
tp
ht
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gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. br=;fay; `brk;ik~ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
L al
brk;ik + fay; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ brk; + fay;
epiybkhHpaPw;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
`Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;~ vDk; br=;fay;
A d
tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W kfu xw;W(k;)/ vd;whdJ.
tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F(f;)
,dkhd `=;~ Mfj; jpupe;J/
D ika
2 2. mspa[yhk;
msp + cyhk;
`,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
afu clk;gL bka; bgw;W/
mspa; + cyhk;
,ay;
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ mspa[yhk;

,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ (a;+c=a[); vd;whdJ.
3. bghd;du=;F `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu; tupd; bghd; + mu=;F
Alv
bghd; + mu=;F ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `d~ fu xw;W
,ul;oj;J/
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ bghd;du=;F
4. mfpw;g[if
a
,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ (d;+m=d)
`ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd;
vd;whdJ.
mfpw;g[if
.Kk
mfpy; + g[if wlt[k; MFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
epiybkhHpaPw;W `y~ fu bka; (y;) `w~
fukhfp (w;)
5. jpUkiyr; nrtfd; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w jpUkiyr;
wI
jpUkiy + capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; nrtfd;

LV
nrtfd; tpjpg;go/ `r;~ kpFe;J vd;whdJ.

w
1. c=;fs; gs;sp tshfj;jpd; ,aw;ifr;NHiy nkk;gLj;jt[k; ghJfhf;ft[k; Vw;w jpl;lk;

A
//w
xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
vd; gs;sp tshfj;jpy; ,aw;ifr;NHy; nkk;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;
s:K
`Rw;Wr;NHy; ghJfhg;g[ ,af;fk;~ vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;Fntd;.

mjpy; Mu;tk; cs;stu;fis cWg;gpdu;fshfr; nru;g;ngd;.
khztu;fSf;Fj; Jiw rhu;e;jtu;fsplk; Kjypy; gapw;rp mspg;ngd;.
Kjypy;/ ,Uf;fpd;w ku=;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
g[jpa kuf;fd;Wfis eLjy;.
tp
`khRf;fl;Lg;ghL~ gw;wpa bjhlu; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ epfH;r;rpfis elj;Jjy;.

fHpt[ePu; nj=;fhik/ ,aw;if cuk;/ gapu;g;ghJfhg;g[ nghd;w bray;ghLfisg; gw;wp
thuk; xUKiw tpthjpj;jy;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
i) fh ? 1. r=;fpyp
ii) kz;lyk; ? 2. nkff;Tl;lk;
A d
iii) Kfpy;bjhif ? 3. cyfk;
iv) ,l=;fzp ? 4. nrhiy
D ika
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
2. tl MupehL vdg;gLtJ ________.
m) jpUkiy M) Fw;whyk;
,) jpUj;jzp <) cjfkz;lyk; tpil: m) jpUkiy
Alv
3. bjd; MupehL vdg;gLtJ ________.
m) jpUkiy M) Fw;whyk;
,) cjfkz;lyk; <) jpUj;jzp tpil: M) Fw;whyk;
m) g[y;Y M) g[s;S
a
4. bey;Y tifia vz;zpdhYk; ________ tifia vz;z KoahJ.
.Kk
,) gs;S <) fy;Y tpil: ,) gs;S
5. cHtu;/ cHj;jpaupd; thH;f;ifia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; ________.
m) Fwt+;rp M) cHtu;
,) gps;isj;jkpH; <) gs;S tpil: <) gs;S
wI
LV
6. ntshz;ik ,yf;fpak; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ ________.

m) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp M) jpUf;Fws;
w
,) Fwt+;rp <) gs;S tpil: <) gs;S

7. jusk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Kj;J M) miy
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) j=;fk; <) jfuk; tpil: m) Kj;J
8. kpd;diybahj;j ________ bga; vd;why; kiH bga;a[k;.
s:K
m) bgz;fs; M) Mz;fs;
,) Jwtpfs; <) njtu;fs; tpil: m) bgz;fs;
9. jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLgit ________.
m) kPd;fs; M) Kjiyfs;
,) tpz;kPd;fs; <) tpy=;Ffs; tpil: m) kPd;fs;
tp
10. tlfiu ehl;oy; uP=;fhukpl;Lg; ghLk; tz;Lfspd; gz; ________.

m) ,e;jsk; M) rhjhup
,) Ky;iy <) Fwp+;rp tpil: m) ,e;jsk;
ht
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11. bjd;fiu ehl;od; ePz;L tsu;e;j nrhiyapy; j=;fpr; bry;git ________.
m) fhf=;fs; M) nkff;Tl;l=;fs;
,) kapy;fs; <) Fapy;fs; tpil: M) nkff;Tl;l=;fs;
12. Fw;whyehju; Noa kyu; ________.
L al
m) bfhd;iw M) jhkiu
,) fhah <) my;yp tpil: m) bfhd;iw
13. btz;r=;F vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
A d
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
,) ctikj;bjhif <) cUtfk; tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif
D ika
2 14. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; bey;tiffspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) kzy;thup M) fU=;Niu
,ay;
,) g[j;jd; thup <) fhup tpil: <) fhup

15. Fw;whyj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s gz;g[spg;gl;lzj;jpYs;s rpWFd;wpd; bgau; ________.
m) jpUkiy M) KJkiy
Alv
,) Midkiy <) nru;tuhad; kiy tpil: m) jpUkiy
16. jpUkiyf;Fd;wpd; nkYs;stu; ________.
m) mUfd; M) KUfd;
,) jpUkhy;
a
<) rptd; tpil: M) KUfd;
17. `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ E}ypy; tputp te;Js;s ghtiffs; ________.
.Kk
m) fypj;Jiw M) fypg;gh
,) rpe;J <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;
18. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S E}ypd; Mrpupau; ________.
wI
m) mHfpa bgupatd; M) bgupatd; ftpuhau;

LV
,) jpupTluhrg;gu; <) gps;is bgUkhs; tpil: M) bgupatd; ftpuhau;

19. gs;spir vd;W tH=;fg;gLk; E}y; ________.
w
m) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S M) Kf;Tlw;gs;S

,) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp <) jpUf;Fw;why Fwt+;rp
A
//w
tpil: m) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S

20. bgupatd; ftpuhaupd; fhyk; ________.
m) fp.gp. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L M) fp.gp. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
s:K
,) fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L <) fp.gp. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L

tpil: ,) fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L
21. brk;kiwahd;/ fUkiwahd; vd;gJ jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; ________.
m) bey; tiffs; M) khL tiffs;
,) Fjpiu tiffs; <) ku tiffs; tpil: M) khL tiffs;
tp
22. ts;isf;if vd;gJ xU tif ________.

m) jhdpak; M) cHt[f;fUtp
,) rikay;bghUs; <) fy;tp cgfuzk; tpil: M) cHt[f;fUtp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
23. gs;S ________ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
m) fhtpak; M) cHtu; ,ir
,) cHj;jpg;ghl;L <) g[s;spir tpil: ,) cHj;jpg;ghl;L
24. gz;g[spg;gl;lzk; vd;Dk; Cu; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; ________.
L al
m) jpUg;g{u; M) kJiu
,) J}j;Jf;Fo <) jpUbey;ntyp tpil: <) jpUbey;ntyp
A d
i) mfpw;g[if ? 1. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
ii) br=;fay; ? 2. vz;Qk;ik
D ika
iii) k+;ira[k; bfhz;lYk; ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
iv) bfhd;iw NL ? 4. Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
26. `<d;w~ vd;gjd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; ________.
Alv
m) <d;+w;+m M) <d;W+m
,) <d;+,d;+w;+m <) <+,d;W+m tpil: m) <d;+w;+m
27. rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspd; tif ________.
m) 16
,) 64
a
M) 18
<) 96 tpil: <) 96
.Kk
28. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; g[yd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tifiar; rhu;e;jJ ________.
m) gs;S M) Fwt+;rp
,) fyk;gfk; <) gps;isj;jkpH; tpil: m) gs;S
wI
29. kyupy; Musp ,e;Jsk; ghLk;

LV
kil,l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk; ? vd;Dk; mofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s eak; ________.

w
m) nkhid M) vJif
,) me;jhjp <) ctik tpil: m) nkhid
30. `te;Jsk; MLk;~ vd;gjpy; `csk;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
A
//w
m) cs;sk; M) cs;shd; vd;w gwit
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) czu;tw;wtd; tpil: M) cs;shd; vd;w gwit
s:K
31. xg;goia nkw;ghu;it bra;gtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; ________.

m) xg;goahu; M) nkw;fhzp
,) fz;fhzp <) nkw;goahu; tpil: ,) fz;fhzp
FWtpdh
tp
1. gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cl;nfhs; ahJ>

cHtu; cHj;jpauJ thH;f;ifapy; epfGk; epfH;r;rpfis vspa eilapy;/ eak;gl
btspg;gLj;Jtnj gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cl;nfhshFk;.
2. gs;S rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; ntWbgau;>
ht
cHj;jpg;ghl;L.
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3. tlfiu ehl;oYs;s tz;Lfs; vd;d bra;a[k;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;Dk; gz;iz uP=;fhukpl;Lg;
ghLk;.
4. gs;S ,yf;fpak; vt;tifiar; rhu;e;jJ>
L al
bjhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzg;go gs;S/ `g[yd;~ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.
5. ghku kf;fSf;F Kjd;ik bfhLj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa tiffs; ahit>
gs;S/ Fwt+;rp/ behz;o ehlfk; KjypaitahFk;.
A d
6. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; ahu;>
Fw;whyj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s Cu; gz;g[spg; gl;lzk;.
D ika
2 ,t;t{iug; gz;bghHpy; vdt[k; tH=;Ftu;.
,t;t{upy; cs;s jpUkiyf; Fd;wpd;kPJ KUff; flt[s; nfhtpy; bfhz;Ls;shu;.
,ay;
mk;KUfnd `jpUKUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; Mthu;.

7. cs;shd; gwit vt;thW mku;e;jpUf;Fk;>
tha;f;fhypd; kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapy;/ kPidg; gpoj;J cz;gjw;fhf te;j
Alv
cs;shd; gwit thiy Ml;of; bfhz;L mku;e;jpUf;Fk;.
8. tlfiu ehl;oYs;s thtp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ahJ>
a
jlhfj;jpy; kpFe;j ePu; epuk;gpapUg;gjhy;/ m=;nf vz;zw;w jhkiug; g{f;fs; g{j;Js;sd.
nkYk;/ ePu; thH; capupdkhd bre;epw=;bfhz;l fay; kPd;fs; jlhfj;jpy; m=;Fkp=;Fk;
Js;spg; gha;e;J/ fz;Qf;F tpUe;J gilf;Fk; vd tlfiu ehl;oYs;s thtp gw;wpf;
.Kk
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
9. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; cHt[f; fUtpfs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
fyg;ig cHf;nfhy;
wI
Efk; bfhG
LV
g{l;L fakuk;
kz;btl;o tlk;
w
ts;isf;if
10. nrtfd; vd;ghd; vtd;>

A
//w
nrtfd; ? tPud;/ KUfd;.

mwptpw; rpwe;j g[ytu;fs; jk; ftpijfs; @yk;/ KUfidg; nghw;wpg; g[ide;J
ghLthu;fs;.
s:K
11. `kil, l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk;~ ? tpsf;Ff.

tlfiu ehl;oy;/ bga;j kiH ePiu tPzhf Xl tplhky; njf;fp itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
nj=;fpa me;ePupy; kPdpd=;fs; Js;spf; Fjpj;jhLfpd;wd.
mtw;iwf; fz;l cs;shd; vd;Dk; gwit/ mtw;iwf; bfhj;jp cz;gjw;fhf/
kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapy; mku;e;J bfhz;L thiy Ml;of;
tp
bfhz;oUf;Fk; vd;gij @j;j gs;sp `kil, l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk;~ vd;fpwhs;.

12. `thtpj; ju=;fk; btof;Fk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
bjd; fiu ehl;oYs;s Fs=;fspy; miyfs; Kj;Jfis Ve;jp tUk;.
ht
mt;tiyfs;/ fiufspy; nkhJk;bghGJ Kj;Jfs; rpjwp btof;Fk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
13. ahu; thu;j;ijfs; bka;ahFk;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; cs;s=;ifnae;jp/ gpwu; jUk; czit ,ue;J cz;Qk; ,ay;g[ila
Kdptu;fs; TWk; thu;j;ijfs; bka;ahFk;.
mjdhy; m=;F/ kpd;bdhsp nghyg; nguHF bgw;w bgz;fs; mu=;fpy; Vwp ehl;oak;
L al
MLk; fiy rpwe;Js;sbjd mwpfpnwhk;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. Fl=;if Vw;gtu; vtu;> mtu; vj;jifatu;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; JwtpaUk;/ +hdpfSk; thH;fpd;wdu;.
D ika
mtu;fs;/ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; Jwe;J thH;gtu;fshapUf;fpd;wdu;.
khdj;ij kiwf;f/ ,Lg;gpy; Xu; Mila[ld; jpuptu;.
cz;gjw;F Xu; cz;fyk; Tlf; bfhz;ouhj Kw;We;Jwe;jtu;fshapUf;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; jhkhf tpUk;gp vtuplKk; czt[ nfl;fhjtu;.
gpwu; Kd; te;J jUk; czit Ie;J tpuy;fisa[k; xd;whf ,izj;Jf; FHpthf;fp/
Alv
mjpy; czit ,lr; brhy;yp cz;gtu;fs;.
,j;jifa gw;ww;w Jwtpau; TWk; vt;thf;Fk; gypf;Fk;.
2. bjd;fiu ehl;L ePu;tsr; rpwg;gpidj; jpUkiyKUfd; gs;S v=;=dk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ>

a
kz;tsKk;/ ePu;tsKk; kpFe;j ehl;oy; gad;gL bghUs; gytw;iwj; jUk;
capupd=;fs; thH;tJ ,aw;if.
.Kk
nkw;Fwpj;j ,U ts=;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ bjd;fiu ehL.
m=;F ePu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; vGk; miyfs;/ m=;Fs;s Kj;Jr;rpg;gpfisj;
J}f;fp te;J/ fiug;gf;fkha; tPRfpd;wd.
tPrg;gl;l Kj;Jr; rpg;gpfs; btoj;Jg; gpsg;gjhy;/ mtw;wpypUf;Fk; Kj;Jfs; rpjwp
wI
tPH;fpd;wd.
LV
,t;thW bjd;fiu ehl;L ePu;tsr; rpwg;igg; gw;wpj; jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S

w
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
3. ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf. `nfhy;Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~.
,lk; Rl;Ljy;:
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bgupatd; ftpuhau; ,aw;wpa `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ ,isa
gs;sp jd; ehl;L tsk; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ `nfhy; Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~ vd;W
s:K
Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;.
bghUs;:
bjd;fiu ehl;oy;/ muru;fs; eLepiy gpwHhky; ehl;ilf; fhg;gu;.
tpsf;fk;:
ehl;oy; ePjpia epiybgwr; bra;gtd; murd;. mjdhy;/ mt;turd; jdf;F
tp
ntz;oatu; ? ntz;lhjtu;/ bry;tu; ? ViH vd;gd nghd;w ntWghLfisf; fUj;jpy;

bfhs;shJ/ epahak; tH=;f ntz;Lbkd;gij epidt{l;Lk; tifapy; mtd; ifapy;
br=;nfhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tyg;g[wnkh ,lg;g[wnkh rhahJ br=;Fj;jha; ,Uf;Fk;
nfhy; nghy; ,Ue;J/ jd; ehl;il Ms;gtu; Ml;rp bra;fpd;wdu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;
tifapy; ``nfhy; Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~~ vd;fpwhs;/ ,isa gs;sp.
ht
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beLtpdh
1. tlfiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp bga;a[k;/ bra;a[k; vd vtw;iw vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;>
``Fykpd; dhu; kiH bga;badg; bga;a[k;~~
L al
tlfiu ehl;oy; thGk; bgz;fs; mHfpa njhw;wk; cilatu;fs;.
xGf;fk; ngQk; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;fs;.
gpw Mltiu Vwpl;Lg; ghuhkYk;/ kdjpy; vz;zhkYk; thH;gtu;fs;.
A d
gpw bja;t=;fisj; bjhHhky;/ bfhz;l ``fztnd fz;fz;l bja;tbkd~~ tHpgl;L
thH;gtu;fs;.
D ika
,j;jifa xUkdg;gl;l bgz;ou; `bga;~ vdr; brhd;dhy;/ ,aw;if clnd ,ire;J
2 kiHiag; bga;tpf;Fk; vd;fpwhs;/ tlfiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp.
``Fl=;if Vw;gtu; vdr; bra;a[k;~~
,ay;
tlfiu ehl;oy; JwtpaUk;/ +hdpfSk; thH;fpd;wdu;.

mtu;fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; Jwe;J thH;gtu;.
Alv
khdj;ij kiwf;f ,Lg;gpy; Xu; Mila[ld; jpuptu;.
cz;gjw;F Xu; cz;fy=;Tlf; bfhz;ouhj Kw;We; Jwe;jtu;.
mtu;fs; jhkhf tpUk;gp vtuplKk; czt[ nfl;fhjtu;.
a
gpwu; Kd; te;J jUk; czit/ Ie;J tpuy;fisa[k; xd;whf ,izj;Jf; FHpthf;fp
mjpy; czit ,lr; brhy;yp cz;gtu;fs;.
,j;jifa gw;ww;w Jwtpau; TWk; vt;thf;Fk; gypf;Fk; vd;fpwhs; tlfiu ehl;Lg;
.Kk
gs;sp.
2. bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp fhf;Fk;/ eof;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtdtw;iwf; TWf.

bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp fhf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtd:
wI
grpg;gpzpiag; nghf;fp/ ehl;oYs;s kf;fis eynkhL thHr; bra;tJ kiH.

LV
ghtg; gpzpfisg; nghf;fp/ kf;fisg; ngupd;gk; bgw tHp bra;git/ KUfd; if

w
ntYk;/ mtd; thfdkhfpa kapYk; MFk;.

,t;thW ,Utifg; gpzpfisa[k; mfw;Wk; khkUe;J/ jd; ehl;oy; ,Ue;J kf;fisf;
fhf;Fk; vd kfpH;r;rp bgh=;ff; TWfpwhs; ,isa gs;sp.
A
ehl;oy; ePjpia epiybgwr; bra;gtd;/ kd;dd;.

//w
mjdhy; mk;kd;dd; jdf;F ntz;oatu; ? ntz;lhjtu;/ bry;tu; ? ViH vd;gd

nghd;w ntWghLfisf; fUj;jpy; bfhs;shky;/ epahak; tH=;f ntz;Lbkd;gij
s:K
epidt{l;Lk; tifapy; mtd; ifapy; br=;nfhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tyg;g[wnkh/ ,lg;g[wnkh rhahJ br=;Fj;jha; ,Uf;Fk; nfhy; nghy; ,Ue;J/
eLepiynahL kd;du; Ms ntz;Lk;.
``,skpd; dhu;bghd; mu=;fpy; eof;Fk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtd:
kiH tsKk;/ bghUs; tsKk; kpFe;j ehl;oy;jhd; fiyfs; brHpj;J tsUk;.
tp
bjd;fiu ehL ePu;tsKk;/ epytsKk; bfhz;lJ.

m=;F ehl;oak; nghd;w gy fiyfs; tsu;r;rp bgw;Ws;sd.
vdnt/ ,isa gs;sp jd; ehl;oy; kpd;diyg; nghyg; nguHF bgw;w bgz;fs;
mu=;fpy; Vwp ehl;oakhLtu; vdf; fUJtjhf TWfpwhs;.
ht
***
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 2 I=;FWE}W
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m) gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;fpd;wdu;.
M) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; vd;gJ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; fpilf;fhj FUtpfshFk;.
,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
<) ahidfshy; btF bjhiytpy; cs;s ePupid thrid @yk; mwpaKoa[k;.
Alv
tpil: ,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fs; cilaJ.
FWtpdh
a
1. myu;e;J ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
myu;e;J = myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c
.Kk
myu; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
rpWtpdh
wI
1. I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghly; Rl;Lk; jpiz/ Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;fis ml;ltizg;

LV
gLj;Jf.
w
I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghly; Rl;Lk; jpiz ? Ky;iy

Kjw;bghUs;:
epyKk;/ bghGJk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
A
//w
epyk; ? fhLk;/ fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bghGJ ? bgUk; bghGJ/ rpW bghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;
bgUk;bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk;
s:K
rpWbghGJ ? khiy
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
bja;tk; ? jpUkhy;
kf;fs; ? Mau;/ Ma;r;rpau;/ FWk;bghiw/ ehld;/ njhd;wy;.
gwit ? fhl;Lf; nfhHp
tp
tpy=;F ? khd;/ Kay;

kyu; ? Ky;iy
gz; ? Ky;iyg; gz;
czt[g; bghUs; ? tuF/ rhik
ht
bjhHpy; ? VWjGt[jy; 61
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.in
cupg;bghUs;:
,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; MFk;.
Jiw:
jhd; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng tpid Koj;J te;jik Fwpj;Jj; jiytd; jiytpaplk;
L al
TwpajhFk;.
jpiz/ Jiw tpsf;fk;:
jpiz : kf;fspd; xGf;fk;.
A d
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
D ika
fhah bfhd;iw/ bea;jy; Ky;iy ? ck;ikj; bjhiffs;
2 myu;e;J/ tpiue;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
bfhz;ld;why; (My;) ? mirepiy
,ay;
fz;zp ? mz;ik tpspr;brhy;

MLfk; ? jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
Alv
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
MLfk; = ML + f; + mk; tpiue;J = tpiu + j;(e;) + j; + c
ML
f;
gFjp
re;jp
a myu;
j;(e;)
gFjp
re;jp/ j;/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
.Kk
mk; jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp

wI
LV
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; g{f;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfisj; jpul;o/ jfty; gyifapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
w
g{f;fs;
kzpr;rpif
A
//w
fue;ij brk;kzpg;g{ vd;fpwhu; er;rpdhu;.

xU tif @ypifr; bro. g[ju;nghy; fhzg;gLk;.
ehWfue;ij. 3 Kjy; 5 kP tiu tsUk;.
s:K
jpUePw;Wg;gr;ir vd;gu;. Mz;L KGtJk; g{f;Fk;.

flw;fiufspy; tsUk;.
Ttpsk; g{
Ttpuk;
tpy;tkuk; vd;gu;.
tp
,J kiy kuk;.

,kakiyapd; mothuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
ghiy epyj;J jhtuk;.
15 Kjy; 25 mo tiu tsUk;.
fha; ths; nghd;W jl;ilahf
@tpiy/ Ie;jpiy bfhz;lJ.
ePz;L ,Uf;Fk;.
ht
ePs;tl;lk; totk; bfhz;lJ.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
thif
kutif.
twz;l epyj;jpy; tsUk;.
L al
bkd;ikahd/ btz;ikahd g{f;fs;.
18 Kjy; 30 kP tiu tsUk;.
A d
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
D ika
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,y;ywj;jpy; rpwf;f ntz;oait _______.
m) md;g[k; mwDk; M) gifa[k; el;g[k;
,) tpUg;g[k; btWg;g[k; <) mGifa[k; eifg;g[k; tpil: m) md;g[k; mwDk;
Alv
2. `MLfk; tpiue;nj~ vd;W Koa[k; ghlypy; jiytdpd; tuitj; jiytpf;F mwptpg;git
m) MLfs; M) gwitfs;
,) kyu;fs; <) Fjpiufs; tpil: ,) kyu;fs;
m) 4 ? 8 M) 9 ? 12
a
3. I=;FWE}w;wpd; mo tiuaiw ________.
.Kk
,) 3 ? 6 <) 13 ? 21 tpil: ,) 3 ? 6
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. mk;@tdhu;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. Xuk;nghfpahu;
wI
iii) kUjk; ? 3. ngadhu;

LV
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. fgpyu;

w
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
5. Xjyhe;ijahu; ghoa jpiz ________
A
//w
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) bea;jy; <) ghiy tpil: <) ghiy
s:K
6. I=;FWE}w;wpd; flt[s; thH;j;J ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.

m) bgUe;njtdhu; M) tue;jUthu;
,) tujuhrdhu; <) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; tpil: m) bgUe;njtdhu;
i) My; ? 1. jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
ii) fz;zp ? 2. mz;ik tpspr;brhy;
tp
iii) MLfk; ? 3. mirepiy

m) 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 3/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 1
ht
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.in
8. `myu;e;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; ________.
m) myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c M) myu;e;J + c
,) myu; + j; + e; + j; + c <) myu; + j;(e;) + J tpil: m) myu;+j;(e;)+j;+c
9. `myu;e;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; tpFjp ________.
L al
m) myu; M) j;
,) c <) m tpil: ,) c
10. I=;FWE}W vd;Dk; E}iyj; bjhFj;jtUk; bjhFg;gpj;jtUk; ________.
A d
m) kh=;Fo kUjdhu; ? fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiw
M) fgpyu; ? ghup
D ika
,) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; ? khe;ju+; nruypUk;bghiw
2 <) xsitahu; ? mjpakhd;
,ay;
tpil: ,) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; ? khe;ju+; nruypUk;bghiw

11. ________ r=;ffhy g[ytu;fspy; xUtu;.
m) nrf;fpHhu; M) fzpnkjhtpahu;
Alv
,) ngadhu; <) g{j+;nre;jdhu; tpil: ,) ngadhu;
12. ngadhu; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,aw;wpa[s;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
m) 100 M) 105
,) 200
a
<) 110 tpil: M) 105
13. gUt=; Fwpj;J gpupe;j jiykfd; jhd; jpUk;gptUk; gUtkhff; Fwpj;Jr; brd;w gUtk;
.Kk
m) ,sntdpy; fhyk; M) KJntdpy; fhyk;
,) fhu;fhyk; <) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; tpil: ,) fhu;fhyk;
14. `nguku;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~ vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
wI
m) jiytd; Tw;W M) jiytp Tw;W

LV
,) ew;wha; Tw;W <) njhHp Tw;W tpil: m) jiytd; Tw;W

w
FWtpdh
1. Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa rpWbghGJ/ bgUk;bghGJ ahit>
A
Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa rpWbghGJ ? khiy.

//w
bgUk;bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk;.
2. kiHf;fhy kyu;fs; ahit>
s:K
fhah jstk;
Ky;iy bea;jy;
bfhd;iw gpltk;
Mfpad kiHf;fhy kyu;fshFk;.
3. `g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt~ ? tpsf;Ff.
tp
fhu;fhyj;jpy; fhah/ bfhd;iw Mfpa ku=;fspYk;/

bea;jy;/ Ky;iy Mfpa bfhofspYk;/
jstk;/ gpltk; Mfpa brofspYk;
ht
g{f;fs; kyu;e;J/ Ky;iy epyk; g{tzpe;jhw;nghy; mHFld; jpfH;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. nguku;f; fz;zp ? vd;W ahu; ahiu tpspj;jdu;>
xd;iw xd;W vjpu;j;Jg; nghupLtJ nghd;W gpwGk; mHfpa bgupa fz;fis cilatns
vd;W Ky;iy epyj; jiytd;/ jd; jiytpia tpspj;jhd;.
L al
beLtpdh
1. I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghlypy; tUk; Ky;iy epy ,aw;if mHif tptupf;f.
fhu; fhyj; bjhlf;fj;jpny Ky;iy epyj;jpYs;s kuk;/ bro/ bfho Mfpa aht[k; ed;F
A d
jiHj;J kyu;e;Js;sd.
bfhd;iw ku=;fspy; bghd;dpw kyu;fs; kyu;e;Js;sd.
D ika
fhahtpy; ePyepw kyu;fs; kyu;e;Js;sd.
mjdhy; Ky;iy epyk; bghd;dhYk; kzpahYk; mzpfyd;fis mzpe;J jpfH;fpd;w
,sk; bgz;izg; nghd;W bghypt[ bgw;Ws;sJ.
kfpH;r;rp bfhz;l tz;Lfs;/ Ky;iy epyj;jpy; fhu;g; gUtk; bjhl=;fpajhy;/ kyu;e;j
kyu;fspy; cs;s njid cz;L/ mk;kyu;fspy; epiwe;jpUe;j kfue;jg; bghofs;
Alv
gotjhy; bghd;epwk; bgw;Wj; jpfH;fpd;wd.
nkYk; ,k;Ky;iy epyj;jpny mBwpiz capupd=;fshfpa khDk;/ KaYk; clyhy;
kl;Lky;yhky;/ cs;sj;jhYk; xd;Wgl;l md;g[ bfhz;L To kfpH;fpd;wd.
a
,t;thW fhu;fhyKk; Ky;iy epyKk;/ fhjyhfpa ,d;gj;ij kpFtpg;gjw;F cupa
fhyKk; ,lDkha; cs;sd.
.Kk
``g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt
ngukh;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~~
? ngadhh;.
wI
LV
***
w
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
tp
ht
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.in
Jizg;ghlk;
ahid lhf;lu;
,ay; 2 ? b$ankhfd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
2 1. ahid lhf;lu; fij thapyhf ,aw;if/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[ Mfpait Fwpj;J ePtpu;
mwpe;jtw;iwj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
,ay;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
Alv
,aw;if rPuHpt[ ghJfhg;g[
fhLfspd; murd;
capupdg; ghJfhg;g[
Kot[iu
a
Kd;Diu :
.Kk
kdpjd; jd; nguhirf; fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fis mHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;.
cyfpy; capupd=;fs; cUthdnghnj mit thH;tjw;fhd ,aw;if ts=;fis ,iwtd;
gilj;jhd;. mt;thW gilf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if ts=;fs;/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[ gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
wI
,aw;if rPuHpt[ ghJfhg;g[:

LV
,d;iwa kdpjdpd; thH;f;if Kiw epw;ff;Tl neukpy;yhky; ,ae;jpukakhfp

tpl;ljhy; tdtpy=;Ffs;/ fhLfs;/ mjpy; thGk; tpy=;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhf;fj;
w
jtwpajhy;/ Rw;Wr;NHy; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mHptpypUe;J ghJfhf;f kj;jpa khepy

muRfs; jdpr;rl;l=;fis cUthf;fp fhg;gf=;fs; mikj;Jg; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpHfj;jpy; 15 tdtpy=;F ruzhya=;fs;/ 5 njrpa g{=;fhf;fs;/ 14 gwit
A
//w
ruzhya=;fs; thapyhf ,aw;if/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[g; gzpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd.
s:K
ruzhya=;fs; Vw;gLj;JtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mHpe;J tUk; capupd=;fis

ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
fhLfspd; murd;:
fhLfspd; murd; vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; ahidfSf;F ,d;W gy nrhjidfs; te;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpy=;Ffspy;
tp
gR/ Fjpiuf;F mLj;jg;goahf ahid kpft[k; nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.

gH=;fhyj;jpy; Mrpahtpy; gytif ahidfs; fhzg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ,d;W Mg;gpupf;f
ahid kw;Wk; ,e;jpa ahidfs; kl;Lnk cs;sd.
xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fhLfspd; murd; vd;W bgUikahff; Twg;gl;l ahidfs;/
ht
,d;iwa epiyapy; kdpj ,dj;jhy; fhLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;L/ Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;ljhy;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
czt[f;fhft[k;/ ePu; njitf;fhft[k; fhl;il tpl;L btspnaWfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
thfd=;fspy; mogl;Lk;/ Rlg;gl;Lk; ,wf;fpd;wd.
capupdg; ghJfhg;g[:
,aw;if capupd=;fis ek;khy; ,ad;w tiu ghJfhg;nghk;. fhLfis mHpj;J
L al
ehlhf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij iftpLnthk;. ahid lhf;lu;. nf/ vd;W midtuhYk;
miHf;fg;gLk; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jpapd; Mnyhridg;go/ td capupd=;fSf;F kUj;Jt
cjtp mspg;nghk;.
A d
Rw;Wyhr; bry;gtu;fs; fhl;Lg;gFjpf;Fr; brd;W Foj;Jtpl;L kJFg;gpfisnah/
fz;zhog; bghUl;fisnah tPrpbawptJ Kw;wpYk; jtpu;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. Koe;jtiu
D ika
fhl;ow;Fr; Rw;Wyh bry;tijj; jtpu;j;J tdtpy=;Ffisg; ghJfhg;nghk;.
Kot[iu:
Mlk;guj;jpw;fhft[k;/ bghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhft[k; je;jk;/ f!;J}up/ njhy;/ ,iwr;rp/
muf;F nghd;w ,aw;if jUk; bghUl;fisa[k;/ tdtpy=;Ffis mHpj;J fpilf;Fk;
bghUl;fisa[k; jtpu;j;J ehk; eyKld; thHt[k; ek;ikr; rhu;e;j ,aw;if/ ,aw;if
capupd=;fs; eyKld; thHt[k; tHptif bra;nthk;.
Alv
1. fhl;LtsKk; fhl;Lapu;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy; ? capu;r;r=;fpyp mikjy; ,uz;L
a
fUj;JfSf;Fk; tYr;nru;f;Fk; tifapy; fUj;jhly; epfH;j;Jf.
md;ghh;e;j khzth;fns- ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjpy; Kjd;ikahdJ. fhl;L
.Kk
tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; MFk;. fhl;L tsnk midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; g[fyplk; MdJ.
Mjp fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; fhl;Laph;fnshL Xh; capuhf fhLfspy; jhd; thH;e;J te;jhd;.
jd;ida[k; ghJfhj;J jdf;F Mjhukha; tps=;fpa fhl;L tsj;ija[k; ghJfhj;J/
midj;J caph;fisa[k; nerpj;jhd;. fhl;L tsnk gy;Yaph;g; bgUf;fj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkha;j;
wI
jpfH;fpwJ.
LV
fhl;od; caph;fshfpa g[y;/ g{z;L Kjy; tpy=;F/ gwitfs; midj;Jk; tsKld;

,Ue;jhy; jhd; caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; ,Uf;Fk;. caph;r;r=;fpyp vd;gJ vd;d bjhpa[kh>
w
khzth;fns/ caphpay; RHw;rp vd;W xd;W nfs;tpg;gl;oUg;gPh;fs;. g[y; g{z;L jhtu

tiffis cz;L thGk; tz;odk;/ g{r;rpfs;/ tpy=;Ffs;/ gwitfs; xd;Wf;bfhd;W
czt[ KiwfspYk; thH;tpay; TWfspYk; rhh;e;jpUg;gJ caph;r;r=;fpyp MFk;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; r@f thH;t[ rpwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
bghUs;. caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; jpfH fly;thH; caphpdk;/ kiythH; caphpdk;/ fhl;oy;
s:K
thGk; caphpdk; vd ,it midj;Jk; xU epiyapy; ,Ue;J ,d;bdhU epiyapy; rhh;e;nj

mike;Js;sJ. ,t;thW caph;r;r=;fpyp @yk; ,aw;ifna xt;bthU caphpdj;ija[k;
xd;Wf;bfhd;W gpd;dpg; gpizj;Js;sJ.
,aw;ifia mHpg;gjhYk; thH;tpay; Kiwfs; khWtjhYk; “Web of life” vdg;gLk;
,e;j caph;g;gpizg;g[/ caph;r;r=;fpyp gpizg;g[ rw;W jsh;e;Js;sJ vd;W Rw;Wg;g[w
Ma;thsh;fSk; Rw;Wg;g[wtpay; Mh;tyh;fSk; TWfpd;wdh;.
tp
†g{kpiaa[k;. g{kpapd; caph;fisa[k;

fhj;J gy;Yaph;fSk; rkepiyapy;
thH fhl;Ltsk; fhg;nghk;
caph;r;r=;fpypa[k; gpizg;g[ilajha;.
ht
caph;g;g[ilajha; khwl;Lk;‡
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2. eP=;fs; mz;ikapy; goj;j rpWfij xd;iw tFg;giwapy; TWf.
rpWfij
Xu; Cupy; ViHf;Foahdtdpd; kfd; ,e;j Mz;L gjpbdhd;whk; tFg;g[ nghfpwhd;.
fhyj;jpd; nfhyj;jhy; cyfnk bfhuhdhtpd; gpoapy; mfg;gl;lJ. gs;spfs; @lg;gl;ld.
L al
midj;J tFg;g[fSk; ,iza tFg;g[fshf khwpd. ,td; ed;F gof;Fk; khztd;.
rpyfhykhf tiyj;js tFg;gpy; g=;Fg; bgw Koatpy;iy. fhuzk; jd; je;ijapd;
miyngrp gGjile;J tpl;lJ. ,ij vz;zp tUj;jk; mile;jhd;.
A d
xUehs; ViHf;Foahdtdpd; kfDf;F miyngrp xd;W fPnHapUe;J fpilj;jJ.
mJ kpft[k; tpiy cau;e;jJ. mij vLj;jhd;. mf;fk; gf;fk; ahUk; ,y;iy. ,e;j
epiyapy; miyngrpapd; cupikahsuplk; ,Ue;J miHg;g[ te;jJ. miHg;ig Vw;Wg;
D ika
2 ngrpdhd;. jhd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; Twp xg;gilj;jhd;. miyngrpapd; cupikahsu;
mtd; neu;ikiag; ghuhl;o q. 500 bfhLj;jhu;. mtd; th=;f kWj;jhd; vd;whYk;/ mtu;
bfhLj;J tpl;Lr; brd;whu;.
,ay;
tHf;fk;nghy; ehl;fs; fle;jd. ,td; itj;jpUe;j q. 500 I vLj;Jf;bfhz;L

jd;Dila miyngrpiar; rupbra;a filf;Fg; nghdhd;.
Alv
filapy; ,Ue;j ntiyahsplk; TwpanghJ ,J mjpf brythFk; vd;W
mDg;gptpl;lhu;. mg;nghJ filia tpl;L btspna tUk;nghJ filapd; cupikahsu;
cs;ns tUfpwhu;. ,td; gupjhgj;njhL btspnaWfpwhd;. mtUf;F re;njfk;. ,tid
v=;nfh ghu;j;j khjpup ,Uf;fpwnj vd;W miHj;J tprhupf;Fk;nghJ/ ele;j fijiaf;
a
TWfpwhd;. clnd mtu;/ mtDila miyngrpiar; rupbra;J/ mtd; thH;tpy;
tpsf;nfw;wpaJ kl;Lky;yhky;/ jd;Dila kdpjneaj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. ahid lhf;lu; vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.

LV
m) b$ankhfd; M) gpug+;rd;
w
,) lhf;lu; nf. <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) b$ankhfd;

2. tp&;Qg[uk;/ bfhw;wit vd;Dk; g[jpd=;fspd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) gpug+;rd; M) ,e;jpud;
A
//w
,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) b$ankhfd; tpil: <) b$ankhfd;

3. Cikr; bre;eha;/ kj;jfk; vd;Dk; fijfs; ________ ghj;jpukhff; bfhz;lit.
s:K
m) ahidia M) Fjpiuia
,) g{idia <) rp=;fj;ij tpil: m) ahidia
4. àhid lhf;lu;~ vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdk; ________ vd;Dk; rpWfijj; bjhFg;gpy;
,lk;bgw;W cs;sJ.
m) md;g[ M) muk;
tp
,) mwk; <) mHF tpil: ,) mwk;

5. fhH;tiu epy;yhf; fL=;fspw;W xUj;jy;
ahH;tiuj; j=;fp ah=;F ? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) fypj;bjhif
ht
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: M) jpUf;Fws;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. ahid lhf;lu; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) lhf;lu; fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
7. jkpHfj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd fhl;oay; ty;Yeu;fspy; xUtu; ________.
L al
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) lhf;lu; fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
8. `fhl;od; @ytu;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
A d
m) rp=;fk; M) g[yp
,) ahid <) ghk;g[ tpil: ,) ahid
D ika
9. ahidfspd; cly;epiyiag; ngQtjw;fhf tpjpKiwfs; cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
10. ahidfspy; ________ rpw;wpd=;fs; ,d;W cyfpy; v+;rpa[s;sd.
m) 2 M) 3
Alv
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: M) 3
11. kdpju;fs; jtpu;j;j kw;iwa tpy=;Ffspy; mjpf ehl;fs; thGk; jiuthH; tpy=;F
m) rp=;fk; M) g[yp
,) eha; a
<) ahid tpil: <) ahid
12. bghJthf vy;yh ahidfSk; Vwj;jhH ________ Mz;Lfs; tiu capu; thH;fpd;wd.
.Kk
m) 60 M) 65
,) 70 <) 75 tpil: ,) 70
13. jkpHff; nfhtpy; ahidfSf;F tdg;g[j;Jzu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp murpd; @
yk; bray;gLj;jpatu; ________.
wI
m) tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp

LV
,) b$ankhfd; <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp

w
14. tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp `ntQnkdd; VyP!;~ tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L ________.

m) 2000 M) 2001
,) 2002 <) 2003 tpil: m) 2000
A
//w
15. Fl;oahid ________ kuj;joapy; epd;wJ.
khkiH nghw;WJk;
m) k+;rzj;jp M) njf;F
,) nt=;if <) fUntykuk; tpil: m) k+;rzj;jp
s:K
16. ahid lhf;lu; fijapy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj ftp+u; ________.

m) b&y;yp M) ghujp
,) fk;gd; <) guzu; tpil: <) guzu;
17. kdpjdpd; fPH;ikfs; ehs;njhWk; tsu;tjd; rhl;rpahf epfH;tJ ________.
m) ahidfspd; kuz=;fs; M) epyeLf;fk;
tp
,) ghtk; <) fly; rPw;wk; tpil: m) ahidfspd; kuz=;fs;

18. ahidiaf; Fwpf;fhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) ntHk; M) fak;
,) my;ypad; <) fwp tpil: <) fwp
ht
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,yf;fzk;
,ay; 2 g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;
L al
A d
1. g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs; Vd;> ,jpypUe;J eP=;fs; bgWk; gad;fisj; jpul;Lf.
g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;:
D ika
g[zh;r;rp vd;gjw;F ,izjy;/ TLjy;/ nrh;jy;/ g[zh;jy; vd;W bghUs; bfhs;th;.
2 brhw;g[zh;r;rpapd;nghJ epiybkhHp ,WjpapYk; tUbkhHp KjypYk; Vw;gLk;
khw;w=;fisr; RU=;fr; brhy;Yk; tiuaiwfns g[zh;r;rp tpjpfs;.
,ay;
gad;fs;:
bkhHpiag; gpiHapd;wpf; ifahst[k; ghlyofisg; bghUs; czh;t[f;F Vw;w
tifapy; gphpj;jwpat[k; bkhHp MSikiag; g[hpe;Jbfhs;st[k; g[zh;rr
; p tpjpfs;
Alv
gadhfpd;wd.
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk; : 50
v.fh: tz;L + mHF tz;lHF

a
1. Fw;wpaYfug; g[zu;r;rpia vL;j;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl; nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~ fuk;
bfl;L/ (l; + c) `tz;l; + mHF~ vd MdJ.
gpd; `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (l; + m – l) tz;l; +
mHF `tz;lHF~ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
wI
LV
2. fUtpHp/ ghrpiy/ rpwpad;/ bgU=;fy; Mfpa brhw;fisg; gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
w
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fUtpHp `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ fUtpHp vd;whdJ.
fUik + tpHp tpFjp bfl;L
A
//w
2. ghrpiy `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ gR + ,iy

gRik + ,iy tpFjp bfl;L
s:K
`Mjp ePly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `g~ fuk; ghR + ,iy

`gh~ vd ePz;L
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl; ghr; + ,iy
nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
aPw;W `c~ fuk; bfl;L/ (r; + c – R)
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ghrpiy vd;whdJ.
tp
,ay;ng~ (r; + , = rp)

ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. rpwpad; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ rpW + md;
rpWik + md; tpFjp bfl;L
`,ila[fuk; ,a;ahjy;~ vDk; rpwp + md;
tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk;
L al
(W – w; + c) `,~fukhfp (w; + , – wp)
`,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ rpwpa; + md;
à~fu clk;bgLbka; njhd;wp/
A d
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ rpwpad; vd;whdJ.
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a)
D ika
4. bgU=;fy; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ bgU + fy;
bgUik + fy; tpFjp bfl;L
`,dkpfy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ bgU=;fy;
tUbkhHp Kjy; `f~ fuj;jpw;F vd;whdJ.
,dkhd/ `=~fuk; kpFe;J/
3. g[zu;r;rp tpjp je;J tpsf;Ff.
Alv
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. g[ydwpt[ `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[ydwpt[
2.
g[yd; + mwpt[ a
,ay;ng~ (d; + m = d)
tpy;byhoe;jJ `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd;
vd;whdJ.
tpy;y; + xoe;jJ
.Kk
tpy; + xoe;jJ ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go `y;~
,ul;oj;J
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpy;byhoe;jJ
,ay;ng~ (y; + x = byh) vd;whdJ.
wI
3. tHpapy;iy `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tHp + a; + ,y;iy

LV
tHp + ,y;iy à~fu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp/

`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tHpapy;iy
w
,ay;ng~ (a; + , = ap) vd;whdJ.

4. jpiug;glk; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w jpiug;glk;
jpiu + glk; capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; vd;whdJ.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
tpjpg;go/ `g;~ kpFe;J
5. +hapw;Wr; `capu;j; bjhlu;f; Fw;wpYfu=;fSs; lw +hapw;W + bryt[~
s:K
bryt[ xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go

+hapW + (w; + c) ,ul;oj;J +hapw;Wr;bryt[
bryt[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w vd;whdJ.
capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk;
tpjpg;go/`r;~ kpFe;J
4. tpjp ntWghlwpe;J tpsf;Ff.

tp
jd;bdhw;wpul;ly; – jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;.

,dkpfy; – td;ikf;F ,dkhfj; jpupgt[k; MFk;.
jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;:
ht
,J gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfSs; xd;W.

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v.fh: rpw;wpy; = rpWik + ,y;
`Kw;Wk; xw;W xnuhtHp~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W cfuk; (W – w; + c) bfl;L
`rpw; + ,y;~ vd;whdJ.
gpd;/ `jd; xw;W ,ul;ly;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W xw;W ,ul;oj;J/ (w;w;)
L al
`rpw;w; + ,y;~ vd;whdJ.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W cau;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
,J bka;aPw;Wg; g[zupay; tpjpfSs; xd;W.
A d
v.fh: fz;zpik = fz; + ,ik
tUbkhHp Kjypy; capu; te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `z;~ ,ul;oj;J/ (z;z;) `fz;z; +
D ika
,ik~ vd;whdJ.
2 5. bghUj;Jf.
m) mo mfuk; I Mjy; – i) br=;fjpu;
,ay;
M) Kd; epd;w bka; jpupjy; – ii) bgU=;bfhil

,) MjpePly; – iii) ig=;TH;
<) ,dkpfy; – iv) fhupUs; tpil: m. iii M. i ,. iv <. ii
Alv
6. Tw;Wfisg; goj;Jf; fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; rupahdijj; nju;f.
m) epiybkhHpapy; Fw;wpaYfukhft[k; tUbkhHpapd; Kjy; capbuGj;jhft[k;
mika[k;nghJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpiag; bgWk;.
a
M) epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; ,<I tUk;nghJ tfu clk;gLbka; bgWk;.
,) gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rpapy; `<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpna Kjd;ikahdjhf tps=;Fk;.
.Kk
<) jd;bdhw;wpul;ly; vd;Dk; tpjp gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rpf;Fg; bghUe;Jk;.
i) m/ M/ , rup/ < jtW ii) m/ ,/ < rup/ M jtW
tpil: ii) m/ ,/ < rup/ M jtW
wI
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
LV
gyt[s; bjupf
w
1. gjpbdl;L bka;fSs; clk;gLbka;fshf tUgit ________.

m) g;/ k; M) a;/ t;
A
//w
,) f;/ r; <) w;/ d; tpil: M) a;/ t;

2. , < I tHp tUk; clk;gLbka; ________.
s:K
m) a; M) t;
,) g; <) k; tpil: m) a;
3. `khrw;whu;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;
ii) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
iii) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
tp
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; kl;Lk; rup

,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,uz;L kl;Lk; rup tpil: m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
4. ________ vd;Dk; ,U bka;fnshL Cu;e;JtUk; beoy;bjhlu;/ capu;j;bjhlu;f;
ht
Fw;wpaYfu=;fs; tUbkhHpnahL nrUk;nghJ xw;W ,ul;oj;Jg; g[zUk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) g;/ t; M) f;/ r;
,) l;/ w; <) z;/ d; tpil: ,) l;/ w;
5. epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s ________ Fw;wpaYfuj;ijg; nghynt jhd; Vwpa
bka;ia epWj;jp cfuk; kiwa[k;.
L al
m) Fw;wpaYfuk; M) Kw;wpaYfuk;
,) Ifhuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; tpil: M) Kw;wpaYfuk;
6. ________ vd;gJ g[zu;e;jgpd; epw;Fk; brhy;ypd; totk;.
A d
m) ,ay;gPW M) tpjpaPW
,) bka;aPW <) capuPW tpil: M) tpjpaPW
D ika
7. `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; _______.
m) tutwpe;jhd; M) khrw;whu;
,) nrhw;Wg;ghid <) gs;spj;njhHd; tpil: m) tutwpe;jhd;
8. `jpiug;glk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
m) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
Alv
M) jdpf;Fwpd; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
<) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
a
tpil: m) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
9. `g{=;bfho~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
.Kk
m) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,d td;ika[k; njhd;Wk;
M) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;
,) kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;
<) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
wI
LV
tpil: M) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;

w
10. `thbahyp~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.

m) Kw;Wk; mw;nwh xnuh tHp
M) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
,) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
<) mo mfuk; I Mjy; tpil: M) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
11. `fy;yju;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
s:K
i) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng

ii) jd;bdhw;W ,ul;ly;
iii) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
iv) y/ s ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; w/ lt[k; MFk;
m) iii, i ? rup M) i ? rup
,) ii, iv ? rup <) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup tpil: m) iii, i ? rup
tp
12. epiybkhHpr; brhy;;ypd; ,Wjp vGj;jhf kfubka; tUk;nghJ/ mr;brhy; ________

epiyfspy; g[zUk;.
m) 2 M) 3
ht
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: M) 3
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13. kfu <w;Wg; g[zu;r;rp vd;gJ ________.
i) kfubka; bfl;Lg; g[zUk;
ii) kfubka; bfl;L ,d bky;byGj;Jj; njhd;wpg; g[zUk;
iii) kfubka; bfl;L ty;ypdk; kpf;Fg; g[zUk;
L al
,) Kjy; ,uz;L rup <) filrp ,uz;L rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
14. `@J}u;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
A d
i) <Wnghjy;
ii) MjpePly;
D ika
iii) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;
2 iv) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) i. ii. iii ? rup
,ay;
,) i, ii ? rup <) i, iv ? rup tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup

15. `<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; ________.
Alv
m) gHj;njhy; M) bgUtHp
,) g{+;nrhiy <) Mw;WePu; tpil: M) bgUtHp
16. `bgupad;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) <Wnghjy;
ii) ,il cfuk; ,a;ahjy;
a
.Kk
iii) clk;gLbka; à;~ ,ilapy; njhd;Wk;
iv) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) i. ii. iii ? rup
,) i, iii, iv ? rup <) i, ii ? rup tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup
wI
17. ìge;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

LV
i) <Wnghjy; ii) mo mfuk; Ì~ Mjy;

iii) ,idat[k; iv) ,dkpfy;
w
m) i. ii. iii ? rup M) i, ii, iv ? rup

,) ehd;Fk; rup <) i, ii ? rup tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
A
18. ìk tpFjp bfl;L epiybkhHpr; brhy; xw;W ,ul;of;Fk;~ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;W ________.
//w
m) bel;oiy M) Mw;WePu;
,) gRe;jspu; <) gHj;njhy; tpil: m) bel;oiy
s:K
19. `bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy;
iii) ,idat[k; iv) Kd; epd;w bka;jpupjy;
m) i, iv ? rup M) ii, iii ? rup
,) i, ii ? rup <) i, iii ? rup tpil: m) i, iv ? rup
tp
20. `fU=;fly;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy;
iii) ,idat[k; iv) Kd; epd;w bka;jpupjy;
m) i, ii ? rup M) i, iii ? rup
ht
,) i, iv ? rup <) i, ii, iii ? rup tpil: m) i, ii rup

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
21. gz;g[g;bgau; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) jd;bdhw;W ,ul;ly;
M) MjpePly;
,) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
L al
<) mo mfuk; I Mjy; tpil: ,) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
22. bgU=;fyk; vd;Dk; brhy;ypw;Fupa g[zu;r;rp tpjpfisj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) <Wnghjy;/ jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;
A d
M) <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
,) <Wnghjy;/ MjpePly;
tpil: M) <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
D ika
<) <Wnghjy;/ ,idat[k;
FWtpdh
1. clk;gLbka; vGj;Jfs; ahit>
a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; clk;gLbka;fshFk;.
Alv
2. clk;gLbka;g; g[zu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d>
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;Jk;/ tUk;bkhHpapd; Kjy; vGj;Jk;/ capu;buGj;Jfspy;
,Ue;jhy;/ cr;rupg;gpd;nghJ xyp cld;ghL ,y;yhky; ,ilbtsp Vw;gLk;.
cld;glhj ,uz;ila[k; nru;j;Jg; g[zu;f;f tUk; bka; clk;gLbka;g; g[zu;r;rp
a
MFk;.
v.fh: g{tHF ? g{ + t; + mHF
.Kk
3. Kw;wpaYfug;g[zu;r;rp tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s Kw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaYfuk; nghynt jhk; Vwpa
bka;ia epWj;jp/ cfuk; kiwa[k;.
gpwF/ epiybkhHp ,Wjp vGj;J tUk;bkhHpapy; Kjy; vGj;njhL g[zUk;.
wI
v.fh: tutwpe;jhd; ? tut[ + mwpe;jhd;

LV
4. ,ay;gPW/ tpjpaPW?g[zh;r;rpf;F tpjpiaf; Twp rhd;W jUf.

w
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; f/ r/ j/ g kpFk;.

v.fh: gs;spj;njhHd; ? gs;sp + njhHd;
5. g{g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
g{ vd;Dk; brhy; epiybkhHpahf ,Ue;jhy;;/ tUk;bkhHpapd; Kjy; vGj;J
bka;baGj;jhf tUk;nghJ/ ty;ypd bka; kpFe;J g[zUk;.
s:K
mtw;wpw;F ,dkhd bka; kpFjy; cz;L.

v.fh: g{f;bfho/ g{=;bfho (g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[e; njhd;Wk;)
6. bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy;/ tUbkhHpapd; Kjyhf tUk;
capnuhL/ bka;nahL g[zu;tJ bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp.
v.fh: thbahyp ? tha; + xyp (cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng)
tp
7. jdpf;Fwpy; xw;W g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.

epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J jdpf;Fwpy; rhu;e;j bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; tUk;bkhHpapd;
Kjy; vGj;J capuhf ,Ug;gpd; epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J xw;W ,ul;of;Fk;.
ht
v.fh: fy; mju; ? fy;y; + mju; (y; + m ? y/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;)
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8. bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ> tiffs; ahit>
brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; bka;baGj;Jfs; mLj;jLj;J tUtJ cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gu;.
tiffs;: cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;.
L al
9. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>
brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; xnu bka;baGj;J mLj;jLj;J tUtJ cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gu;.
A d
v.fh: mr;rk; ? m + r; + r; + m + k;/ vr;rk; ? v + r; + r; + m + k;
***
D ika
2 bka;k;kaf;fk;
(bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; bka;baGj;Jfs; mLj;jLj;J tUtJ ________.

m) capu;kaf;fk;
,) g[zu;r;rp
a
M) bka;k;kaf;fk;
<) clk;gLbka; tpil: M) bka;k;kaf;fk;
.Kk
2. bka;k;kaf;fk; ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: m) 2
wI
3. bka;k;kaf;fj;jpd; tiffs; ________.

LV
i) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; ii) jdpepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

iii) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk; iv) khw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
w

,) ii, iv ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: M) i, iii ? rup
4. brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; xnu bka;baGj;J mLj;jLj;J tUtJ ________.
A
//w
m) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

,) <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; <) ,it vJt[kpy;iy
s:K
tpil: m) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

5. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;F kl;Lnk cupa vGj;Jfs; ________.
i) u; ii) H; iii) f; iv) r;
m) i, ii ? rup M) ehd;Fk; rup
,) i, ii, iii, iv ? rup <) i, iii, iv ? rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
tp
6. jk; vGj;JfSld; kl;Lnk nrUk; cldpiy bka;k;kaf;f vGj;Jfs; _________.

i) f; ii) r; iii) j; iv) g;
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
ht
,) Kjy; ,uzLk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup

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.in
7. brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; btt;ntW bka;baGj;Jfs; bjhlu;e;J tUtJ ________.
m) cldpiiy bka;k;kaf;fk; M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
,) <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
tpil: M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
L al
8. jdpr;brhw;fspnyh Tl;Lr;brhw;fspnyh brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; a;/ u;/ H; Mfpa bka;fs;
________ tUk;.
m) @bthw;wha; M) ehd;bfhw;wha;
A d
,) Xbuhw;wha; <) <buhw;wha; tpil: <) <buhw;wha;
D ika
i) mr;rk; ? 1. <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk;
ii) nju;jy; ? 2. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
iii) fha;r;ry; ? 3. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 2 tpil: ,) 3/ 2/ 1
Alv
FWtpdh
1. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
a
brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; btt;ntW bka;baGj;Jfs; bjhlu;e;J tUtij ntw;Wepiy
bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gu;.
.Kk
v.fh: nju;jy;/ (u;)/ NH;f (H;)
2. <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
jdpr;brhw;fspnyh/ Tl;Lr;brhw;fspnyh brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; a;/ u;/ H; Mfpa bka;fs;
<buhw;wha; tUtij <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gu;.
wI
v.fh: fha;r;ry; ? fh + a; + r; + r; + m + y;
LV
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
w
gf;fk; : 53
jkpHpir ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; Mgpufhk; gz;oju; bjd;fhrpf;F
A
//w
mUnfa[s;s rhk;gtu; tlfiu vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,sikapnyna
khkiH nghw;WJk;
g[ifg;glf;fiy/ mr;Rf;fiy/ nrhjplk;/ kUj;Jtk;/ ,ir Mfpa Jiwfspy;
bgUtpUg;gk;bfhz;L/ neuk; fpilf;Fk;nghbjy;yhk; mjd; El;g=;fisg; gapd;whu;.
s:K
jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wk;nghnj rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; rPupa mwpt[ bgw;W

kf;fshy; md;g[ld; `gz;Ltu;~ (kUj;Jtu;) vd;W miHf;fg;
gl;lhu;. rpy Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpagpd; mijtpLj;J KGikahfr;
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; brYj;jpdhu;. j+;irapy; Fonawpdhu;. kf;fs;
mtiug; `gz;oju;~ vd miHf;fj; bjhl=;fpdu;. gz;ilj; jkpH; E}
y;fisbay;yhk; MH;e;J fw;W/ `r=;fPj tpj;jpah kfh$d r=;fk;~ vd;Dk;
tp
mikg;ig cUthf;fp/ jkJ brhe;jr; brytpnyna jkpHpir khehLfs;

elj;jpdhu;. midj;jpe;jpa mstpy; ele;j ,ir khehLfSf;Fk; brd;W
ciuahw;wpdhu;. mtUila ,irj;jkpH;j; bjhz;od; rpfuk; `fUzhkpu;j
rhfuk;~. vGgj;njhuhz;Lfs; thH;e;J jkpGf;Fj; bjhz;L bra;jtu; Mg;ufhk; gz;oju;
ht
(1859 ? 1930)
Mgpufhk; gz;oju;.
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tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fs;:
,af;fj;jpd; nghw;wg;gLk; cs;s rpw;W}upy; g[ifg;gl
L al
mr;Rf;fiy kUj;Jtk; tpUg;gk; vy;yhk;
Mw;Wk; bgw;W kf;fs; miHf;f
Mw;wpa tpLj;J brYj;jp kf;fs;
A d
fw;W mikg;ig cUthf;fp elj;jpdhu;
D ika
2. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
2 ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fs;:
je;ij vd;W gz;oju; bjd;fhrp
,ay;
rhk;gtu; gpwe;jtu; bfhz;L El;g=;fisg;

gapd;whu; md;g[ j+;ir E}y;fs;
Alv
MH;e;J r=;fPj brhe;j ele;j
brd;W bjhz;L thH;e;J bra;jtu;
3. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;ft[k; cs;s brhw;fis vGjp/
bka;fis mof;nfhoLf. a
cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k; cs;s brhw;fs;:
.Kk
vy;yhk; ? E}y;fs;
vGgj;njhuhz;Lfs;
jkpGf;Fj; bjhz;L
4. fPH;f;fhQk; tlbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ff.

wI
m) r=;fPjk; ? ,ir M) tpj;jpah ? fy;tp

LV
,) kfh$dk; ? bghJkf;fs; <) rhfuk; ? fly;

w
5. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[k; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzKk; jUf.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ :
gapd;whu;/ bjhl=;fpdu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;Wfs;
A
//w
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
m) gapd;whu; gapy; (d;) + w; + Mu;
s:K
gapy; (d;) ? gFjp. `y;~ `d;~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;

w; ? ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
M) bjhl=;fpdu; bjhl=;F + ,d; + mu;
bjhl=;F ? gFjp
tp
,d; ? ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1. Just living is not enough. One must have sunshine, freedom and a little flower - Hans Anderson
btWknd thH;e;jhy; kl;Lk; nghjhJ. Nhpaidg; nghy gpufhrkhft[k;/ Rje;jpukhft[k;
rpWkyhpd; kzk;nghyt[k; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ? \hd;!; Mz;lu;rd;.
L al
2. In nature, light creates the colour. In the picture, colour creates the light. - Hans Hofmann
``,aw;ifapy; xsp tz;zj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ~~. glj;jpnyh tz;zk; xspia
cUthf;FfpwJ. ? \hd;!; n\hBg;nkd;.
A d
3. Look deep into nature and then you will understand everything better. - Albert Einstein
``,aw;ifia MHkhf cw;W nehf;fpdhy;/ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ed;whfg; g[upe;J bfhs;s
D ika
Koa[k;. ? My;gu;l; Id;!;Od;.
4. Simplicity is nature’s first step and the last of art. - Philip James Bailey.
``vspikna ,aw;ifapd; Kjy; goa[k; fiyapd; ,Wjpa[khFk;~~ ? Bgpypg; n$k;!; bga;ny.
5. Roads were made for journeys not destinations. - Confucius.
``rhiyfs; gaz=;fSf;nfad;wp/ Kot[f;fhf my;y~~ ? fd;g{rpa!;.
Alv
3. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fis xnu bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. ciy ? cis ? ciH.
a
kd cisr;ry; jPut[k;/ ciy bfhjpf;ft[k; ciHf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. typ ? tsp ? tHp.
.Kk
gs;spf;Fr; bry;Yk; tHpapy;/ tsp ntfkhf tPrpajhy;/ typ kpf;f Mykunk rha;e;J fple;jJ.
3. fiy ? fis ? fiH.
fisahd Kfk; bfhz;l/ mg;bgz; fiHapy; Vwp MoaJk; fiyjhd;.
4. fid ? fiz.
wI
fidj;Jf; bfhz;nl Xoa Fjpiu kPJ/ vtnuh bjhLj;j fiz gha;e;jJ.

LV
5. Fiu ? Fiw.
w
eha; Fiuj;jjhy;/ ghlypd; xyp Fiwthfnt nfl;lJ.

6. bghup ? bghwp.
bghup bghupf;Fk;nghJ jPg;bghwp gl;Lf; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
4. fPH;fhQk; tpsk;guj;ijg; gj;jpahf khw;wp mikf;f.
s:K
cly; tsu;j;njd;! capu; tsu;j;njd;!!

,aw;if czt[j; jpUtpHh
ehs;: ij 5 Kjy; 11 tiu neuk;: khiy 6?10 kzp ,lk;: jPt[j;jply;/ brd;id.
Mthuk;g{r; rhW J}Jtisr; rhW
Fjpiuthypg; bgh=;fy; rhikg; ghahrk;
thiHg;g{ til nfH;tuF cg;g[kh
tp
jpidg; gzpahuk; fk;;g[g; g[l;L

ty;yhiu mg;gsk; mfj;jpg;g{ nghz;lh
Klf;fj;jhd; njhir Ks;KU=;if mil
,d;Dk; gy......
ht
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efupy; eykspf;Fk; czt[j; jpUtpHh- jPt[j;jplypy; jpuz;ldu; kf;fs;-
`cly; tsh;j;njd;/ caph; tsh;j;njd;~ vd;Dk; jpU@yhpd; thf;F clyeyj;ijg;
ngQtjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Jhpj czt[fshy; gyUk; cly;eyj;ijf;
bfLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w ,d;iwa epiyapy; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;F mHF nrh;f;Fk; tifapy;
L al
brd;idj; jPt[j;jplypy; tUfpd;w ij 5 Mk; ehs; bjhl=;fp 11 Mk; ehs; Koa ehs;njhWk;
khiy 6 kzp bjhl=;fp 10 kzp Koa ,aw;if czt[j;jpUtpHh eilbgwt[s;sJ.
Mthuk; g{r;rhW/ Fjpiuthypg; bgh=;fy;/ thiHg;g{ til/ jpidg; gzpahuk;/ ty;yhiu
mg;gsk;/ Klf;fj;jhd; njhir/ J}Jtisr; rhW/ rhikg; ghahrk;/ nfH;tuF cg;g[kh/
A d
fk;g[g; g[l;L/ mfj;jpg;g{ nghz;lh/ Ks;KU=;if mil cs;spl;l Vuhskhd czt[
tiffs; j=;fs; ehtpDf;F tpUe;J gilf;ff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ``,aw;if cznt cly;
D ika
eyj;jpw;fhd czt[~~. midtUk; tUif je;J ,aw;if czitr; Ritj;J ,d;g[WtPu;.
2 bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk; : 54
,ay;
I eak; ghuhl;Lf.
1. btz;zpyh
kPd;fs;nfho nfhoNH btz;zpyhnt- xU
Alv
bts;spnahlk;nghy tUk; btz;zpyhnt-
tsu;e;Jtsu;e;J te;j btz;zpyhnt- kPz;Lk;
thothog; nghtnjndh> btz;zpyhnt-
a
Tif Me;ijnghy ePa[k; btz;zpyhnt- gfy;
Tl;odpy; cw=;Fthnah> btz;zpyhnt-
.Kk
ge;jog;nghk; cd;idbad;W btz;zpyhnt- ePa[k;
ghupy; tu m+;rpdhnah> btz;zpyhnt- ? ftpkzp
Kd;Diu:
wI
``cs;sj;Js;sJ ftpij ? ,d;g

LV
cUbtLg;gJ ftpij
bjs;sj; bjspe;j jkpHpy; ? cz;ik
w
bjspe;J ciug;gJ ftpij~~.

vd;Dk; ghlyofs; ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk; gps;isapd; ftpijf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;jijg; nghd;W ftpijfs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. 20Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,izaw;w
A
//w
jkpH;f; ftp+u;fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;.tuyhw;W nehf;Fila ftpijfs;/ FHe;ijg;

ghly;fs;/ thH;tpay; nghuhl;l ftpijfs;/ r@fg; ghly;fs;/ gy;Ritg; ghf;fs;... vd
tpupe;j jsj;jpy; bray;gl;ltu; ,th; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
s:K
jpuz;l fUj;J :
``thiHf;Ff; FUj;J mHF
ftpijf;Ff; fUj;J mHF~~.
vd;gjw;F Vw;wthW mHfpa/ bjspthd fUj;Jfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ ,g;ghly;.
btz;zpyhthdJ/ nfho tpz;kPd;fs; gil NH;e;J tu/ thdf;flypy; xU btz;zpw
tp
Xlk; kpje;J tUtijg; nghyg; gtdp tUfpwJ.btz;zpyt[/ khjj;jpy; gjpide;J

ehl;fs; ed;F tsu;e;J/ epiwthd xspiag; gug;gp KGkjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.gpd;g[
mLj;j gjpide;J ehl;fs; bky;y bky;yj; nja;e;J/ xspia ,He;J mkhthirahf
,Uf;fpwJ.gfypy; fz; bjupahjjhy;/ Tifa[k; Me;ija[k; Tl;oy; cw=;Ftijg; nghy/
ht
btz;zpyt[k;/ gfypy; cw=;fptpl;L ,utpy; gpufhrk; mspf;fpwJ.jhd; bgsu;zkpad;W

80
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ge;J nghyj; njhw;wkspg;gjhy;/ g{kpapy; ,Ug;gtu; KGkjpiag; ge;J vd epidj;J/
kf;fs; ge;joj;J tpisahLthu;fs; vd m+;rpna gfypy; tutpy;iy vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
ikaf; fUj;J :
kdijf; ftUtJ ikaf; fUj;J vd;gjw;F Vw;wthW/,g;ghlypy; thdj;jpy; gtdp tUk;
L al
btz;zpytpd; mHifa[k;/ tsu;e;J/ nja[k; btz;zpytpd; jd;ikiaa[k;/ btz;zpyt[
gfypy; btspna tuhjjd; fhuzj;ija[k; ikaf; fUj;jhff; ftp+u; tu;zpj;Js;s tpjk;
ghuhl;Ljw;F cupajd;nwh- goj;jpd;g[wj; jf;fjd;nwh-
A d
``khlj;Jf; nfhg[uKk;
khefUf;Fr; rpj;jpuKk;~~.
D ika
bjhil eak;
``bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~~.
vd;gjw;nfw;g/ ,g;ghlypy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; nghd;w bjhil ea=;fs;
mike;Js;sd.
nkhidj; bjhil :
Alv
``nkhid xU ghlypd; nrid~~
monkhid :
a
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ monkhidahFk;.
v.fh: tsu;e;J ? tho" Tif ? Tl;odpy;" ge;jog;nghk; ? ghupy;
.Kk
vJifj; bjhil :
``kJiuf;F mHF itif
bra;a[Sf;F mHF vJif~~
bra;a[spy; rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp tuj;
wI
bjhLg;gJ rPu; vJifahFk;.

LV
v.fh: tsu;e;J ? tsu;e;J" nfho ? nfho" tho ? tho

,iag[j; bjhil :
w
``bra;a[Sf;F ,iag[
gog;nghu;f;F tpag;g[~~
bra;a[spd; mofspy; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah/ rPnuh xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: btz;zpyhnt btz;zpyhnt.
s:K
mzp eak; :
``nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF~~.
vd;gjw;fpz=;f/ ,g;ghly; ctikazpahy; mzp eak; bgWfpwJ.
v.fh: ``Tif Me;ij nghy
tp
bts;spnahlk; nghy tUk; btz;zpynt~~.

re;j eak;
`àhidf;F mHF je;jk;
bra;a[Sf;F mHF re;jk;~~
ht
81
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.in
vd;gjw;nfw;g/ ,g;ghly; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ btz;gh tifiar;
rhu;e;jJ. `brg;gnyhir~ bgw;W te;Js;sJ. nkYk; ,g;ghly;/ ty;nyhir/ bky;nyhir
bgw;W/ ,ira[ld; ghof; fspg;gjw;nfw;w tifapy;/ re;j eak; bgw;Wj; jpfH;fpwJ.
Rit eak; :
L al
``tpUe;Jf;F mWRit
bra;a[Sf;F vz;Rit~~ vd;gJ nghy....
bjhy;fhg;gpau; bka;g;ghl;ow;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jjd; mog;gilapy;/ ,g;ghlypy;
A d
ctifr; Rit (bgUkpjr;Rit) gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
``tsu;e;J tsu;e;J te;j btz;zpyhnt~~.
D ika
bky;y bky;y tsu;e;J KGkjpahFk; epytpd; xspiag; ghh;j;J/ jd; cs;sj;jpy; vGk;
2 kfpH;r;rpiaf; ftp+u; btspg;gLj;jpa[s;sjhy;/ ctifr; Rit (m) bgUkpjr;Rit epuk;g
te;Js;sJ.
,ay;
brhy; eak; :
``brhy;Yf brhy;iyg; gpwpnjhu;brhy; mr;brhy;iy
bty;Y+;brhy; ,d;ik awpe;J~~.
Alv
vd;Dk; bgha;ah bkhHpg; g[ytu; ts;Stupd; thf;fpw;fpz=;f/ ,g;ghlypy;/ ``bts;spnahlk;~~
vd;w brhy; ftpijf;F nkYk; eak; nru;f;fpwJ.
bghUs; eak; : a
``gy;yw;Wg; nghdhy; brhy;yw;Wg; nghFk;
.Kk
brhy;yw;Wg; nghdhy; ghly; bghUsw;Wg; nghFk;~~
vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlypy;/ Tif Me;ij nghy ePa[k; btz;zpyhnt ? gfy; Tl;odpy;
cw=;Fthnah> btz;zpyhnt-gfypy; fz; bjupahjjhy;/ jd; Tl;onyna j=;fpapUf;Fk;
Tif/ Me;ijiag; nghy/ epyt[k; gfypy; btsp tutpy;iy vd;W kpFe;j bghUs;
eaj;Jld; ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
wI
LV
fw;gid eak; :
``bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit fw;gid
w
tzpfj;jpy; njit tpw;gid~~

vd;gJ nghy/ ,g;ghly; g[ytupd; ftpd;kpF fw;gid eak; brwpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
A
//w
jiyg;g[ :
``clYf;Fj; njit ciHg;g[
bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit jiyg;g[~~
s:K
``btz;zpyh~~
Kot[iu :
``fhyk; ftp+idf; bfhd;wJ ? mtd;
ftpij fhyj;ij btd;wJ~~
xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;~~ vd;gJ nghyf; ftpkzpapd; ,g;ghly;/ midj;J
tp
ea=;fisa[k; bgw;W/ btWk; bghGJnghf;Fg; ghlyhf mikahky;/ vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

mHpahJ ntqd;wp epw;Fk; tpGJg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sik nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
ht
82
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. tpGe;j kyu;
fpisf;Fj; jpUk;g[fpwJ
mllh... tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp. ? nkhuplhnf
fUj;J :
L al
Xu; mHF nghdhYk; kw;bwhU mHF/ mjd; ,lj;ij epug;g[k; vd;gJ ,jd; cl;fUj;J.
II vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
A d
brHpj;jpUe;j ku=;fis vy;yhk; btl;o
mHpj;Jtpl;Lj;/ jd; mau;tpidg; nghf;fpf;
bfhs;s/ ,d;Dk; rw;W neuj;jpy; rupe;J tpLk;
D ika
kuj;jpd; epHyoapy; mku;e;Js;shd; kubtl;o.
ts=;fis vy;yhk; mHpj;J/ twz;l
epykhf;fptpl;L/ ehk; vg;go thHg;
nghfpd;nwhk;>
khjk; Kk;khup bghHpe;j g{kp ,J-
Alv
,d;nwh fhl;il btl;o tPl;il
cUthf;fpa[s;nshk;-

kz;g[Gthfg; nghfpnwhk;-
a
ku=;fs;/ fhw;W/ epyk; vd;W mj;jid ts=;fisa[k; mHpj;Jtpl;L btapypy; fha[k;
.Kk
,t;thW ,aw;ifapid mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy;/ kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; vjpu;fhy
thH;t[ me;j kubtl;oapd; epiyiag; nghd;Wjhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
mjpy; vs;sst[k; re;njfkpy;iyad;nwh-
III g[jpu;fspy; kiwe;Js;s brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
wI
1. Ie;bjGj;Jf;fhud; 2. ,Wjp ,uz;blGj;njh

LV
Kjypuz;nlh gHj;jpd; Ke;ija gr;ir epiy

w
ghl;blGJgtupd; gl;lk; jkpH;f;flt[spd; Kw;ghjpia

,uz;Lk; @d;Wnkh KjypU vGj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;
gRk;ghy; vd;gjd; gpd; ,Wjp eLtpnyh XbuGj;J xUbkhHp
A
//w
filrp ,uz;blGj;njh mjw;Fk; Kd; bghl;L itj;j =fuk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
khdpdj;jpy; xU tifahk; nru;j;jhy; fhahthd;
,uz;Lk; Ie;Jnkh gpupj;jhy; epiybkhHpapy; kukhthd;
s:K
bghUis tpw;fj; njitahk; VbHGj;Jf;fhud; mtd; ahu;>

mJ vd;d>
tpil: ftpd;fiy tpil: KU=;iff;fha;
,itnghd;w rpWrpW g[jpu;f; ftpijfis vGjpg; gHFf.
IV Rw;Wr;R{Hy; tpHpg;g[zu;t[/ ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;g[ Fwpj;j KHf;fj;bjhlu;fs; vGjpf; fhl;rpg;
tp
gLj;Jf.
v.fh: 1. tpijg;ge;J vwpe;jpLtPu;! g{kpg;ge;J fhj;jpLtPu;-
2. rpl;Lf;FUtpf;Ff; bfh+;rk; muprpapL! cyf capu;fSf;F cd; fUizapL-
ht
83
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
V bra;J fw;nghk;.
ntshz;ik bjhlu;ghd brhy; tpsf;f mfuhjp xd;W cUthf;Ff.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
L al
Kd; khjpupahdtu;fs; vd;W ahiuf; fUJtPu;fs;> mtu;fsplkpUe;J eP=;fs; fw;Wf;bfhs;s
tpUk;g[k; ew;gz;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
A d
Kd; khjpupahdtu; ehd; tpUk;gpa ew;gz;g[
je;ij neue;jtwhik
D ika
bjhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrpupau; vjw;Fk; m+;rhik
2 cwtpdu;
jkpHhrpupau;
vija[k; bgupa Jd;gkhf vz;zhik
bkhHp MSik
,ay;
ez;gd; nkilapy; ngRk; jpwik

mz;zd; ,ila{w;iw vjpu; bfhs;Sk; jpwik
khkh vd;d ele;jhYk; rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; rkhspf;Fk; Fzk;
Alv
jha; ,d;Kfj;Jld; tpUe;njhk;gy;
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
,aw;if ntshz;ik
a
? Organic Farming kjpg;g[f;Tl;Lg; bghUs; ? Value Added Product
.Kk
ntjp cu=;fs; ? Chemical Fertilizers ntu;Kor;Rfs; ? Root Nodes
xl;L tpij ? Shell Seeds J}f;fzh=;FUtp ? Weave Bird
bjhG cuk; ? Farmyard Manure mWtil ? Harvesting
wI
***
LV
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
84
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; gPL bgw epy;
L al
ciueil kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; ,.M.g
Xu; Ma;t[
3 fhtor;rpe;J brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
A d
bra;a[s; FWe;bjhif bts;sptPjpahu;
D ika
g[wehD}W flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
Jizg;ghlk; thothry; rp.R. bry;yg;gh
,yf;fzk; gFgj cWg;g[fs;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
Alv
ciueil
kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Xu; Ma;t[
,ay; 3 a ? Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd;/ ,.M.g.
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. Tw;W : ``nfhL~~ vd;gJ jkpH;r;brhy; MFk;.

tpsf;fk; : nfhL vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F kiya[r;rp/ ty;yuz;/ nfhl;il vd;Dk; bghUs;fSk;
w
cz;L.
m) Tw;W rup/ tpsf;fk; jtW M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ tpsf;fk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ tpsf;fKk; jtW
A
//w
tpil: M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup

FWtpdh
s:K
1. ``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; vt;thW vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ>

gPL bgw epy;
``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jkpH;bkhHpapy; nfhl;il/ nfhL vdg;gLfpwJ.
kiyahsj;jpy; `nfhl;l~/ `nfhL~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
fd;dlj;jpy; `nfhl;nl~/ `nfhz;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
tp
bjY=;fpy; `nfhl;l~ vdg;gLfpwJ.

JStpy; `nfhl;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
njhlh bkhHpapy; `Fthl;~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
nkYk; fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fshy; R{Hg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
ht
Fwpf;fpwJ.
85
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
rpWtpdh
1. `kiy kdpj thH;tpy; rpwg;gplk; bgw;Ws;sJ~ ? vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tptupf;f.
jkpHupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyiaa[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk;/ gz;ila gjpt[fshf/ `nrnahd;
L al
iktiu cyfk;~ vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpa moa[k;/ `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~
vd;Dk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil moa[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
ghz;oa kd;dd; xUtd; `kyaj;Jt$~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhd;. ,=;F `kiy~ vdg;
A d
bghUs;gLk; `kya~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtplj; bjhlu;g[f;F muz; nru;f;fpwJ.
jkpHu;fs; jk; thH;tpy;/ Èdp Kjy; motiu~/ `moKjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk;
D ika
bjhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s `kiy~ vdg; bghUs;gLk;
3 `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; `tpspk;g[~ vd;Dk; bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j jkpHu;fspd; ,Ug;gplg; bgau;fSk;/ ,aw;ifnahL
Alv
,iae;nj ,Ue;jd ? Tw;wpid bka;g;gpf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
a
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;
.Kk
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
Kot[iu
wI
LV
Kd;Diu:
r=;fg; ghly;fs;/ jkpHh;fs; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;J thH;e;jijg; glk;gpoj;Jf;
w
fhl;Lfpd;wd. Fwp+;rpepyk; rhh;e;j ghly;fs; kiynahL ,iae;j jkpHh;jk; rPhpa

thH;tpidg; ngrpd. me;j tifapy; jkpHh;fs; ,Ug;gplg; bgah;fs; ,aw;ifnahL
,iae;J ,Ue;jijf; fhz;nghk;.
A
//w
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;:

jkpHd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; thH;e;j epyk; Fwp+;rpahFk;.
s:K
Fwp+;rp vd;gJ kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lkhFk;.

v=;Fk; ,aw;ifaHF Fo bfhz;oUf;Fk; kiyg;gFjpapy; thH;e;j jkpHd;/ ehsiltpy;
Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy; nghd;w epy=;fspy; brd;W gutp thHj; bjhl=;fpdhd;.
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;:
ghz;o ehl;ony kJiuf;F mUnf xU kiya[k;/ nrhH ehl;ony xU kiya[k;/
bjhz;il ehl;ony xU kiya[k; mike;Js;sd.
tp
mk;kiyfisr; rhu;e;J Cu;fs; mike;Js;sd.

vdnt/ mt;t{u; kf;fs; mk;kiyfis kwthky;/ jk;@u;fSf;F Kiwna ahidkiy/
Rthkpkiy/ jzpif kiy (jpUj;jzp) vdg; bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
ht
nfhL vd;gJ kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

86
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mj;jifa nfhL xd;W nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
mf;nfhl;oid xl;o thH;fpd;w kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUr;br=;nfhL~ vd;W
bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
mf;nfhL bre;epwk; tha;e;jjhy;/ mJ br=;nfhlhapw;W.
L al
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
jpUf;Fw;why kiy mothuj;jpy; fz;ftUk; jz;zW+; nrhiyfs; cs;sd.
mr;nrhiyfSf;F eLnt Xu; Cu; cs;sJ.
A d
mt;t{u; kf;fs;/ jk;@upd; ,aw;if eyj;jpidf; fz;L ,d;g[w;Wj; jk;@Uf;Fg;
ìgk;bghHpy;~ vd;W bgaupl;ldu;.
D ika
mJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; `gk;g[sp~ vdj; jpupe;J tH=;FfpwJ.
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
bfoy ejpf;Fj; bjd;fiuapy; ghjpup ku=;fs; epiwe;j ,lk; cs;sJ. mt;tplj;jpy;
mk;ku=;fs; NH thH;e;j kf;fs; jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u;~ vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
Alv
Ky;iy epyj;jpny njhd;Wk; Cu;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; gho vd;Dk; bgau; bgWk;.
jpUj;bjhz;luhfpa rz;nlRtuu; gRf;fis nka;j;J/ <rDf;Fg; g{rid g[upe;j ,lk;
cs;sJ.
a
m=;Fj; j=;fp thHj; bjhl=;fpa kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpU Mg;gho~ (jpUtha;g;gho)
vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
.Kk
Kot[iu:
tlnkw;F ehLfshd ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhdpd; beLkiyfnshL
bghUe;jpa rhd;Wfs;/ mg;gFjpfspy; jpuhtplu;fs; thH;e;jjw;fhd
milahs=;fis cWjp bra;tnjhL/ kiy ,lg;bgau;Ma;t[fspd; tsu;r;rpiaa[k;
wI
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
LV
,t;thW ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j gz;ila kf;fs;/ mt;tt;tplj;Jr;

rpwg;gpw;nfw;gg; bgaupl;L tH=;fpa jpwid vz;zp be+;rk; bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpwJ.
w

1. c=;fs; Cupd; mUfpYs;s/ c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j kiyfspd; bgau;f; fhuzj;ij mwpe;J
A
//w
tFg;gpy; gfpu;e;Jbfhs;f.
nru;tuhad; kiy:
s:K
nryj;jpd; Kjd;ik kiyj;bjhlu;.

nru; + miuad; vd;gjpd; jpupna nru;tuhad;.
gPL bgw epy;
miuad; vd;gJ murd;.
nruyk; vd;gJ nryk; vd;whdJ.
ahid kiy (Mid kiy):
tp
kJiuapy; xj;jf;fil vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;sJ. ePsk; 4/000 kP;/ mfyk; 1200 kP;/ cauk;
400 kP.
rw;W J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghu;j;jhy; ahid gLj;jpUg;gJ nghy; njhd;Wtjhy; ahid
kiy vd;gu;.
ht
87
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.in
,ij eurp=;fk=;fyk; vd;gu;.
,=;F rkzu; gLf;iffs; cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; kiy:
miktplk;: jkpHfk; kw;Wk; nfusk;. nkw;Fj; bjhlu;r;rp kiyj;bjhlupy; bjd;gFjpapy;
L al
cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; mjpfk; gapupLtjhy; Vyf;fha; kiy vd;gu;. fhgp/ kpsFk; gapupLtu;.
mjd; gug;g[ 2/800 r.fp.kP.
A d
2. kiy Fwpj;j ntW brhw;fisa[k; rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fisa[k; jpul;og; gl;oay; cUthf;Ff.
D ika
mryk; kiy (mirah epiy) mirahky; cWjpaha; ,Ug;gjhy; mryk;.
3 Fd;wk;
FtL
rpWkiy/ (rpwpa kiyg;gFjp)
kiya[r;rp (kiyapd; cr;rpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gJ)
,ay;
rpfuk; kiya[r;rp/ kiy/ cah;r;rp (fpuhk;g[/ Rf;F/ ,yt=;fk; tpisa[k; gFjp)

rpfhp kiy
Alv
rpfhp jpk;gk; kiy ntk;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. kdpj r@fj;jpd; Mjp epyk; ________.
m) fhL M) kiy
,) tay; <) ghiytdk; tpil: M) kiy
wI
2. bghUj;jkpy;yhjijf; fz;lwp.
LV
m) kiy ? Fwp+;rp M) fhL ? Ky;iy

w
,) tay; ?kUjk; <) fly; ? ghiy tpil: <) fly; ? ghiy

3. ‘OROLOGY’ vd;gJ ________ gw;wpa Ma;t.[
m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs; M) jhtu=;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs;
A
//w
,) MW/ fly; <) gwitfs;/ tz;Lfs; tpil: m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs;

4. jpuhtplu;fs; mog;gilapy; ________ thH; kf;fs;.
s:K
m) tay; M) fhL
,) kiy <) fly; tpil: ,) kiy
5. jpuhtplu;fis `kiyepy kdpju;fs;~ vd;W miHj;jtu; ________.
m) fhy;Lbty; M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
,) khf;!;Ky;yu; <) rPfd;ghy;f; tpil: M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
tp
6. ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) mfj;jpak; tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
ht
88
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fu;ehlfj;ijr; rhu;e;j ,df;FGitf; fz;lwp ________.
m) ky gzpf;fu; M) kyad;
,) ky ntlh <) knyU tpil: <) knyU
8. `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf;fpHt~ vd;fpw mofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ________.
L al
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) beLey;thil <) Ky;iyg;ghl;L tpil: m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
9. nfhl;lh ,dkf;fs; thGk; ,lk; ________.
A d
m) ePyfup M) ghyf;fhL
,) ,Lf;fp <) jl;rpz fd;dlh tpil: m) ePyfup
D ika
10. bfhz;lhnjhuh ,dkf;fs; thGk; khepyk;________.
m) fu;ehlfh M) nfush
,) $hu;fz;l; <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk; tpil: <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk;
11. xo!htpy; thGk; ,df;FGf;fs; ________.
m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu; M) bfhz;lnjhuh
Alv
,) nfhl;lh <) knyU/ kyntlh tpil: m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu;
12. gH=;Foapdu; ________ ePiuj; j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;.
m) mUtp
,) XLk;
a
M) Cw;W
<) Fsj;J tpil: ,) XLk;
.Kk
13. gH=;Fofs; ePbuLj;Jg; gUfpa ,l=;fs; ________.
i) rpw;whWfs; ii) Xilfs; iii) fly;
m) i, ii - rup M) @d;Wk; rup
,) i, iii - rup <) ii, iii - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
wI
14. FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpg;gLk; brhy; ________.

LV
m) bkl;L M) jl;L
w
,) nkl;L <) Jl;L tpil: m) bkl;L

15. `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd; FoapUg;g[fs; mike;Js;s ,l=;fspy;
rupahd ,iziaf; fz;lwp.
A
//w
m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h M) Me;jpuh/ bjY=;fhdh

,) xup!h/ fu;ehlfh <) fu;ehlfh/ bjY=;fhdh tpil: m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h
s:K
16. `kiy~ vd;Dk; jpuhtplr;brhy; `kya~ vd;W tH=;fg;gLk; bkhHp ________.

m) rk!;fpUjk; M) ,e;jp
gPL bgw epy;
,) kiyahsk; <) JS tpil: m) rk!;fpUjk;
17. kyaj;Jt$ vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ________.
m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
tp
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; tpil: ,) ghz;oad;

18. Èdp Kjy; mo tiu~/ `mo Kjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk; bjhlu;fspy; tiu vd;w brhy;
________ vd;w bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) vy;iy M) epiwt[
ht
,) ,Wjp <) tpspk;g[ tpil: <) tpspk;g[ 89

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19. `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUe;jhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) nfhL M) fiu
,) vy;iy <) go tpil: <) go
20. jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;w brhy; ________.
L al
i) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
ii) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
iii) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
A d
iv) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
m) i, ii - rup M) i, iii - rup
D ika
,) iii, iv - rup <) ii, iv - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
3 21. ________ kiy vd;w totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgaupy; xnubahUKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,ay;
m) fu;ehlfj;jpy; M) nfusj;jpy;
,) Me;jpuhtpy; <) bjY=;fhdhtpy; tpil: m) fu;ehlfj;jpy;
Alv
22. kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy;yhd `kny~ ________ ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk;
bgWfpd;wJ.
m) 13 M) 14
,) 15 <) 16 tpil: ,) 15
m) 8
a
23. nfus khepyj;jpy; ________ `kiy~ tpFjp ,lg;bgau;fs; cs;sd.
M) 9
.Kk
,) 10 <) 11 tpil: ,) 10
24. Tw;W : `nfhl;il~ vd;gJ fd;dl bkhHpapy; tH=;Fk; brhy;yhFk;.
tpsf;fk; : fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fspy; NHg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
wI
Fwpg;gJ `nfhl;il~ vd;gjhFk;.

LV
m) Tw;W?rup/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
w
,) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
<) Tw;W/ tpsf;fk; ? rup tpil: M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
A
//w
i) nfhl;l/ nfhL ? 1. JS
ii) nfhl;nl/ nfhz;nl ? 2. bjY=;F
s:K
iii) nfhl;l ? 3. fd;dlk;

iv) nfhl;nl ? 4. kiyahsk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
26. `nfhl;il~ vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUk; `f;thl;~ vd;gJ ________ bkhHpr;brhy;.
m) njhlh M) gpuhFap
tp
,) JS <) bjY=;F tpil: m) njhlh

27. ,e;jpahtpy; ________ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;sd.
m) kiy M) nfhl;il
ht
,) fhty; <) ngl;il tpil: M) nfhl;il

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
28. jpuhtplu;fspd; kiyg;bgUkpjj;jpd; ePl;rp ve;bje;j ehl;L beLkiyfnshL bghUe;jp
nghFk; rhd;Wfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
M) rPdh/ neghsk;
L al
,) ghfp!;jhd;/ g=;fshnj&;
<) Mg;fhdp!;jhd;/ rPdh tpil: m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
29. KVT COMPLEX vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
A d
m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
M) bfhw;if taY}u; bjhz;o tshfk;
D ika
,) Fwpr;rp t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
<) Fwpr;rp t+;rp jpUr;rp tshfk; tpil: m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
30. bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfj;ij Ma;t[yfpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L te;jtu; ________.
m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; M) vk;.ghyfpU&;zd;
,) R. bt=;fnlrd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; tpil: m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
Alv
31. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Jizahrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ehspjH; ________.
m) jpdje;jp M) jpdg{kp
,) jpdkzp <) jpdfud; tpil: ,) jpdkzp
m) bjd;wy;
a
32. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Mnyhrfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,yf;fpa ,jH; ________.
M) fizahHp
.Kk
,) Fapy; <) nfhFyk; tpil: M) fizahHp
33. md;g[s;s mk;kh/ rpwFf;Fs; thdk; vd;Dk; E}y;fspd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) ,iwad;g[ M) ,e;jpud;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd;;
wI
tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
LV
34. 1984Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj;nju;tpy; Kjd;Kjyhf/ KGtJkhfj; jkpHpnyna

w
vGjp/ Kjy; Kaw;rpapnyna nju;r;rp bgw;wtu; ________.

m) ,iwad;g[ M) uhjhfpU&;zd;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) rfhak; tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
A
//w
35. ``nfhil~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r;brhy; ________ vd;w bghUspYk; ifahsg;gLk;.

m) btapy; M) kiy
s:K
,) ,o <) kiH tpil: M) kiy

gPL bgw epy;
FWtpdh
1. jkpHupd; flt[isa[k; kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs; vit>
jkpHpupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs;:
tp
bjhy;fhg;gpak; ciuf;Fk; ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;Dk; moa[k;/

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; cs;s ``tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~~ vd;Dk;
moa[k; MFk;.
ht
91
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2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs; vij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>
jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdupd; kiy rhu;e;j
g[tpr;NHiy btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
3. bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikia vj;jifa kd;dUf;Fg; gHe;jkpH;
L al
,yf;fpa=;fs; tH=;fpd>
bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikiag; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs;/
kiyg;gFjpfspd; jiytu;fsha; tps=;fpa filbaG ts;sy;fs; vGtUf;Fk; tH=;fpd.
A d
4. ``tiu~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs;fs; ahit>
jkpHpy; `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; nfhL/ kiy/ rpfuk;/ tpspk;g[/ fiu/ vy;iy/ Edp vdg;
D ika
bghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wd.
3 5. `kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~ ,g;ghlk; vjpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ> mij
vGjpa Mrpupau; ahu;>
,ay;
``kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~~ vd;Dk; ghlk;/ `rpe;J btspg;gz;ghl;od; jpuhtpl

moj;jsk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mij vGjpa Mrpupau; Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; vd;gtuhthu;.
Alv
6. `nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs; ahJ>
`nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs;: kiya[r;rp/ rpfuk;/ kiy/ ty;yud;/ nfhl;il
Mfpad MFk; a
7. `nfhl;il vd;Dk; ,lg;bgauhy; jkpH;ehL bgWk; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
.Kk
,e;jpahtpy; ``nfhl;il~~ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fSk; jkpH;ehl;oy;jhd; cs;sd.
rpWtpdh
1. bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgau; bgWk; rpwg;gplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
wI
jkpH;ehL:
LV
jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;Dk; brhy; 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf

w
,lk;bgWfpd;wJ.
Me;jpuh:
Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; `ky;~ vd;Dk; ntu;r;brhy;/ Ifhu <W bgw;W `kiy~ vd
A
//w
tH=;fg;gLtjw;F khwhf/ Mfhu <W bgw;W `kyh~ vd tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.

fUehlfh:
fUehlf khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd xnu Xu; ,lj;jpy;
s:K
kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. `kny~ vd;gJ 15 ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk; bgWfpwJ.

(kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy; ? kny)
nfush:
nfus khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd tpFjpapy; mike;j ,lg;bgau;fs; gj;J cs;sd.
bjd;dpe;jpah:
tp
ve;j xU khepyj;jpYk; Kd;bdhl;lfnth gpd;bdhl;lhfnth tUfpd;wdntad;wp/

kiy vd;w jdpr;brhy;yhf tH=;fg;gltpy;iy.
2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdu; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
ht
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij tpsf;Ff.

92
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
kiy rhu;e;j thH;tpay;:
jpuhtpl kiythH; kf;fspd; FoapUg;g[fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdu; jk; kiy rhu;e;j
thH;tpaypd; r@f/ rkaf; TWghLfs; Fwpj;j g[upjiyj; jUfpd;wd.
rpw;whWfs;/ Xilfs;:
L al
gH=;Foapdu;/ XLk; ePiuna j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;/
vdnt mtu;fs;/ j=;fs; FoapUg;g[g; gFjpiatpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; XLk; rpw;whWfs;/
XilfspypUe;J ePbuLj;Jg; gUFfpwhu;fs;.
A d
g[dpj ,lk;:
ePyfpupapy; cs;s `njhlh~ ,dj;jtu; ghy; vUikf; bfhl;oy;fisg; g[dpj ,lkhff;
D ika
fUJgtu;fs;.
vdnt/ mtw;iwr; Rw;wp cau;e;j kjpw; Rtu;fis mikj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fspd; tPLfspy; jpz;Lfs; (nkilfs;) Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; `bkl;L~ vd;Dk; brhy; mjd; caukhd/
nklhd mikg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Alv
kiya[r;rpapy; FoapUg;g[fs;:
Me;jpuhtpYk;/ xo!htpYk; cs;s `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd;
FoapUg;g[fs; bgUk;ghYk; kiy cr;rpfspy; mike;Js;sd.
gH=;Foj; jiytupd; tPL/ kw;w tPLfis tpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
a
caukhd nkil/ jpz;iz/ Rw;Wr;Rtu;fs;/ nknyhil ePu; Mfpait jpuhtplg;
gH=;Foapdupd; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
.Kk
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
***
wI
bra;a[s;
LV
fhtor;rpe;J
w
,ay; 3 ? brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;

A
//w
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
s:K
gyt[s; bjupf gPL bgw epy;

1. fhtor; rpe;Jf;;Fj; je;ij vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,) KUfd; <) ghujpahu; tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;
tp
FWtpdh
1. fhtor;rpe;J vd;gJ ahJ>
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhh; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkuig fhtor;rpe;J
ht
vdyhk;.
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KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;
bfhz;L bry;nthh;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;th;.
mth;fspd; tHpeilg;ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk;
njhd;wpaJ.
L al
nkYk; jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,ir kung fhtor;
rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. jkpH;g;gz;ghl;od; milahsk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
D ika
fhto/ jkpH;g; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W.
3 jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
jkpHu;fs; gz;gl;ltu;fs;. fy;tpawpt[k;/ mDgt mwpt[k; bfhz;ltiuj;jhk;
,ay;
gz;gl;ltu; vd;gu;.
<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vGe;j bjhy;fhg;gpak; nghd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;/ r=;f
,yf;fpa=;fSk; jkpHu;fspd; fy;tpawpitf; fz;Tlha;f; fhl;Lgit.
Alv
thH;f;if mDgtj;jpy; bjwpe;J tpGe;j Kj;Jfns àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu;~/
`jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwu;ju thuh~~/ èPu;tHpg; g#ck; g[idnghy; MUapu; Kiw tHpg#ck;~
KjypadthFk;.
a
,j;jifa caupa gz;ghl;oidf; bfhz;l jkpHu;fs;/ ,iriaa[k;/ ,iw czu;ita[k;
jk; ,U tpHpfshfg; nghw;wpdu;.
.Kk
,t;t[z;ikia btspg;gLj;Jfpd;w E}y;fns jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit/ jpUg;g[fH;/
fhtor;rpe;J KjyhditahFk;.
fhtoapd; fUg;bghUs;:
fhtoj;jz;od; ,U gf;fKs;s gyiffs; fe;jdpd; jpUtofs;.
wI
me;jj; jpUtofisj; njhspy; Rkg;gJ bgUk; ngW vdf; fUjp/ KUfdoahu;fs;

LV
nfhtpy; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdu;.

w
KUfdoahu; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L Mog;ghoa tHp

eilg; ghly;fns fhtor;rpe;J MFk;.
beLtpdh
A
//w
1. fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghly; ? ,f;Tw;iw mz;zhkiyahupd; ghly;tHp kjpg;gPL

bra;f.
s:K
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
fhtor;rpe;J ? njhw;wk;
fhtor;rpe;J ? ghtotk;
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp
tp
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;

jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;
Kot[iu
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Kd;Diu:
jkpHh; tHpghl;oy; ,ira[k; eldKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthfj; jpfH;fpd;wd. bja;tj;ij
tz=;Ftjw;Fg; g[{khiya[k; ghkhiya[k; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpd;wd. me;j tifapy;
fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghlyhf KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;oy; ,lk;bgWtij
L al
,dpf; fhzyhk;.
fhtor; rpe;J ? njhw;wk;:
fhto/ jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W. jkpHu;fs; Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk;
A d
KUfd; nfhtpy;fspy; fhto vLj;J MLtJ tHf;fk;. fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu;/ mijr;
Rikahf vz;zhky;/ ghoathnw bry;tjw;F tHpeilg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
fhtor;rpe;J ? gh totk;:
D ika
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkug[ fhtor;rpe;J.
KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; nghd;w bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tu;. mtu;fs; Mly;
ghly;fSld; Myak; nehf;fpr; bry;tu;. mtu;fspd; tHpeilg; ghly;fspypUe;J fhtor;
rpe;J vd;Dk; gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp:
Alv
brd;dpFsk; ? mz;zhkiyjhrd; ghoa cyfk; nghw;Wk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk;
kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; jd; kiy nghd;w mfd;w njhs;fspy; rhj;jpf; bfhs;fpwhd;
KUfd;.
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;: a
flypy; thGk; kPd;/ kfuk; nghd;w cUtikg;g[fs; bfhz;l bfhofs; rpwf;f/ KUfd;
.Kk
nfhapy; jpfH;fpwJ.
jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;:
fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ mkuhtjp gl;odj;jpy;
cs;s njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;W milfpwJ.
wI
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;:

LV
be+;rk; befpH;e;JUf/ j=;fj;jpDk; nkyhd fhtoiaj; njhspy; J}f;fpf; fdypy;

cUfpa bkGbfd KUfid nehf;fp tUk; gf;ju;fs; KUfd; mUisg; bgWtu;. ,d;gk;
w
miltu;.
Kot[iu:
mz;zhkiyahh;/ fGFkiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfr;
A
//w
bry;nthhpd; jpUg;gfH; ghly; KHf;fj;jpidg; nghw;wp ciug;gjhy; xU rpwe;j

tHpeilg;ghlyhff; fhtor;rpe;J rpwf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
s:K
``mkuhtjp ,iknahu;brtp milf;Fk;...~~

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
gPL bgw epy;
khnj – tpsp
jhtp – tpidbar;rk;
brhy;ntd; – jd;ik xUik vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W
tp
Vwpa – bgabur;rk;
tUgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gyt[k; – Kw;Wk;ik
ht
cau;e;njh=;Fk; – xUbghUl;gd;bkhHp
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.in
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tUfpd;w = th(tU) + fpd;W + m

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;
L al
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
A d
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
D ika
3 1. jpUg;g[fH;
jpU + g[fH;
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;
Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `g;~
jpU + g; + g[fH;
vd;whdJ.
,ay;
kpFe;J/
2. cau;e;njh=;Fk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L cah;e;(j; + c) +
cau;e;J + XLk;~~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `c~fuk; X=;Fk;
Alv
X=;Fk; bfl;L/ cau;e;j; + X=;Fk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,ay;ng~ (j; + X = njh) vd;whdJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
a gf;fk;: 63
.Kk
1. ve;bje;j ehLfspy; fhto Ml;lk; ,d;wst[k; epfH;j;jg;gLfpwJ> mjw;fhd fhuz=;fisj;
jpul;o/ fye;Jiuahly; epfH;j;Jf.
KUfid tHpgLtjw;fhfg; bry;nthu; tHpghl;Lg; bghUs;fisj; jz;od;
,Ug[wKk; itj;J njhspy; Rke;J Mog;gho bry;tu;. ,f;fhto Ml;lk; ve;bje;j
wI
ehLfspy; eilbgWfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wp ,t;tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLnthk;.

LV
KUfd; : fhto Ml;lk; ij khjKk;/ g=;Fdp khjKk; kpft[k; rpwg;ghf eilbgWk;.

w
vd; rnfhjup xUtu; rp=;fg;g{upy; cs;shu;. mtUk; fhto vLj;J KUfDf;F

neu;j;jp fld; bra;thu;. mg;nghJ mij vd; khkh mtu; miyngrpapy;
neuiyahf mDg;gpaij ehd; fz;L kfpH;e;njd;.
A
//w
ts;sp : jkpHu;fs; v=;bfy;yhk; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk; jkpH;f;flt[s;

KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLg;ghu;fs;. cyfpy; kpfr;rpwg;g[ tha;e;j knyrpahtpy;
caukhd KUfd; rpiy kiyaothuj;jpy;/ ,f;nfhapy; g[yk;bgau;e;j
s:K
jkpHu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,d;wst[ m=;Ff; fhto vLj;J kf;fs; neu;j;jpf;

flid epiwntw;Wtu;.
khyh : fhy=;fhykhf ,t;tHf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky; ,y=;ifapYk;
KUfdJ bgUikiag; nghw;Wk;tifapy; fjpu;fpuhkk; vd;w gFjpapy;
fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;fpd;wdu;.
tp
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ/ khztu;fns- v=;bfy;yhk; jkpHu;fs; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk;

KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;tu;. fhtoahdJ/ ghy;fhto/ gd;dPu;
fhto/ g[&;g fhto vdg; gytif cz;L. mjw;nfw;g/ ghliyg; gho
KUfg;bgUkhid tHpgLtu;.
ht
ey;yJ. ,d;iwa tFg;g[ ,dpnj epiwt[w;wJ. ed;wp-

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. eP=;fs; tpUk;g[k; jiyg;gpy; vJif/ nkhid/ re;jeak; bfhz;l ghly; xd;iw vGjp.
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH;f;flt[s;
,y=;if KUfDf;nfhu;
L al
fjpu;fhkk; ? bghUs;
,y=;Fk; knyrpahtpy; ? gy
fpuhkk; Jy=;Fk;
A d
,yz;lDf;Fk; bjhlu;e;J te;jhd; ? v=;fs;
Rthkp ehjd; mUisr;
D ika
Ruf;f te;jhd;
vJif:
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;
nkhid:
Alv
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;" Rthkp/ Ruf;f
re;j eak;:
a
,g;ghly; jdpr;brhy;Yld; rpe;Jg;ghtpy; mike;J rpwg;g[WfpwJ.
khztu;fns- ,jidg;nghy eP=;fSk; ghly;fisr; nrfupj;J ea=;fisf; fz;L
.Kk
,d;g[W=;fs;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
1. fhtor;rpe;jpd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.

w
m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
M) ghujpahu;
,) ghujpjhrd;
A
//w
<) fhsnkfg;g[ytu; tpil: m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;

2. mz;zhkiyahu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fisf; fz;lwp.
i) ru!;tjp me;jhjp ii) rlnfhgu; me;jhjp
s:K
iii) r=;fud;nfhtpy; jpupge;jhjp iv) nfhkjp me;jhjp

gPL bgw epy;
m) i, ii - rup M) iii, iv - rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) ii, iii, iv - rup tpil: M) iii, iv ? rup
3. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ E}w;whz;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.
m) 17 Mk; M) 18 Mk;
tp
,) 19 Mk;; <) 16 Mk; tpil: ,) 19 Mk;

4. fhtor;rpe;ijg; ghoatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
ht
,) jha[khdtu; <) mz;zhkiyahu; tpil: <) mz;zhkiyahu;

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5. jpUg;g[fiH mUspatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) jha[khdtu; tpil: m) mUzfpupahu;
6. mUzfpupahupd; jpUg;g[fH;j; jhf;fj;jhy; tpise;j rpwe;j re;j ,yf;fpak; ________.
L al
m) fhtor;rpe;J M) ePjpbewptpsf;fk;
,) nfhkjp me;jhjp <) jpUke;jpuk; tpil: m) fhtor;rpe;J
7. jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; tz;zr;rpe;J ghoatu; ________.
A d
m) mUzfpupahu; M) ghujpahu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) xsitahu; tpil: ,) mz;zhkiyahu;
D ika
3 8. fhtor;rpe;J ghlypd; bkl;oid mikj;jtu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,ay;
,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjk; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;

9. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ mitapy; muritg; g[ytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
Alv
M) ,Ujahya ntyg;gj;njtUila
,) mupku;j;jd ghz;oaUila
<) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;f nrhHUila tpil: m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
m) 16 M) 18
a
10. mz;zhkiyahu; Cw;W kiyf;Fr; brd;wnghJ taJ ________.
.Kk
,) 19 <) 20 tpil: M) 18
11. mz;zhkiyahupd; Cu; ________.
m) bgupaFsk; M) bgU=;Fsj;J}u;
wI
,) brd;dpFsk; <) Fspj;jiy tpil: ,) brd;dpFsk;

LV

w
i) tpyhrk; ? 1. njtu;
ii) E}g[uk; ? 2. kjpy;
iii) ,+;rp ? 3. rpyk;g[
A
//w
iv) ck;gu; ? 4. mHF

m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
s:K
13. ryuhrp vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.

m) flypy; fpilf;Fk; Kj;Jf;fs;
M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;
,) thdpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;g[ tpz;kPd;fs;
<) g{kpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fdpk ts=;fs;
tp
tpil: M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;

14. j;t$!;jk;gk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) kjpy; nkypUf;Fk; bfho M) bfho kuk;
ht
,) kuf;fd;W <) fg;gypy; gwf;Fk; bfho tpil: M) bfho kuk;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
i) g[ak; ? 1. cyfk;
ii) $fk; ? 2. njhs;
iii) td;dk; ? 3. nkfk;
L al
iv) g[ay; ? 4. mHF
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
A d
16. `jhtp~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) tpidbar;rk; M) bgabur;rk;
D ika
,) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W <) brhy;ypir msbgil tpil: m) tpidbar;rk;
17. `khnj~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; M) tpsp
,) md;bkhHpj; bjhif <) bgabur;rk; tpil: M) tpsp
18. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; ________.
Alv
m) jpUg;g[fH; M) cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,) VHpir <) befpH;e;JUf tpil: m) jpUg;g[fH;
19. `tUfpd;w~ vd;w brhy;ypd; gFjp ________.
m) th
,) t
M) tU
a
<) tUfpd;W tpil: m) th
.Kk
20. cau;e;njh=;Fk; ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) i - rup M) ii - rup
wI
,) i, ii - rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) i, ii ? rup

LV
21. kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; njhspy; rhu;j;jpf; bfhs;gtu; ________.

w
m) mUfd; M) KUfd;
,) rptd; <) jpUkhy; tpil: M) KUfd;
A
//w
22. fGFkiyj; jiytd; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgtu; ________.

m) fz;zg;gu; M) Ffd;
,) KUfd; <) rptnfhrupahu; tpil: ,) KUfd;
s:K
23. fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ ________ gl;odj;jpYs;s

gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;wilfpwJ.
m) mkuhtjp M) mk;gpfhtjp
,) brd;dpFsk; <) jpUkiy tpil: m) mkuhtjp
24. jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; ? tHf;fhw;wpYs;s ,ir kug[ ________.
tp
m) fu;ehlfk; M) ,e;J!;jhdp
,) ,e;jsk; <) fhtor;rpe;J tpil: <) fhtor;rpe;J
25. Tw;W i) : KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;
ht
bfhz;L bry;nthu;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;tu;

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.in
Tw;W ii): tHpeilg; ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk; njhd;wpaJ.
m) Tw;W: i ? rup M) Tw;W: ii ? rup
,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup <) Tw;W: i, ii ? jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup
26. `fGfhrygjp~ vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Cu; ________.
L al
m) fGFkiy M) jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk;
,) Midkiy <) FlFkiy tpil: m) fGFkiy
A d
FWtpdh
1. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ahu;>
D ika
3 `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
fGFkiyapy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfd; Mthd;.
,ay;
2. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;w totk; vt;thW njhd;wpaJ>

`fhtor;rpe;J~ : Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd
tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tJ tHf;fk;.
Alv
mt;thW fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu; Mly; ghly;fSld; bry;Yk;/ tHpeilg; ghly;
tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;w gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
3. `ryuhrp~ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgit ahit>
a
`ryuhrp~ vd;gJ flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
4. fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tpkhdk; Fwpj;Jf; fhtor; rpe;J TWtJ ahJ>
.Kk
mJ j=;fj;jhyhdJ.
mJ tpz;Qyfpy; cs;s njtu;fspd; nfhtpy; nfhg[u tpkhdr; rpfuj;ijf; fle;J
cau;e;jpUf;Fk;.
mjd; xsp/ khR goahky; fz;fs; TRk;goahd mHnfhL gy cyf=;fspYk; tps=;Fk;.
wI
LV
5. vtw;iw eof;Fk;/ jhf;Fk; vdf; fhtor; rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

fGFkiyf; nfhtpypy;/ j=;fs; fhw;rpyk;g[ xypf;Fk;go/ rpw;wpil bfhz;l bgz;ou;
w
eldkhLtij èof;Fk;~ vdt[k;/

ghk;g[fs; ,J ,o KHf;fnkh vd m+;rpj; jiy J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk;go nfhtpy; gyfzpapy;
itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; KHtpid mog;gjhy; vGk; ngbuhyp/ ehd;F jpirfspYk; brd;W
A
//w
nkhjp xypg;gijj; `jhf;Fk;~ vdt[k;

fhtor;rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
s:K
6. `fhtor;rpe;J~ Mrpupau; fGFkiy KUfd; nfhtpy; fk;gk; vg;goj; njhd;WfpwJ vd;W

TWfpwhu;>
ePupy; thGk; kPd;fs; Tl;lj;ijg; nghd;w totj;ijf; bfhz;l Fk;g ,uhrpiar; Nupad;
jd; jiyf;F nky; Rke;jpUg;gJ nghy/ fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; re;epjp Kd;nd bfho gwf;Fk;
fk;gKk; kpf cau;e;njh=;fpf; fhzg;gLk; vdf; fhtor;rpe;J Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. `cw=;Fk; kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;~ ? vJ> v=;F cw=;fp kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;>
tp
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; kjpy;fs; tpz;zpYs;s njtu;fspd; bghd;dhl;ila[k; kPWk;

mst[f;F cau;e;J tps=;Fk;.
mjdhy;/ kpft[k; Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa kiH nkf=;fs; gyt[k; mk;kjpy;fspy; j=;Fk;.
mof;fo kpd;dp/ ,o KHf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. vJ brtp milf;Fk;/ mz;lk; cilf;Fk;>
mUzfpupahu; vGjpa jpUg;g[fH;g; ghly;fisg; gyKiw ghog; gHfpa gapw;rpahy;/
KUfd; moahu; gyUk; mg;ghly;fisf; Tl;lkha;g; ghLtu;.
me;jj; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ tpz;zpYs;s mkuhtjp vd;Dk; efupy; thGk;
L al
njtu;fspd; brtpfis milf;FkhW bra;a[k;.
gy cyf=;fisf; bfhz;l ,e;j mz;lj;ijna cila[k;go bra;a[k;.
9. vtu; `,fnk fjp~ fhz;ghu;/ ,d;gk; g{z;lhu;>
A d
moahu;fspd; tha;/ fUizna cUthd KUfidg; nghw;wpg; ghLk;.
mtu;fspd; njhs;kPJ fhto tPw;wpUf;Fk;.
D ika
mtu;fs; cs;sk;/ mst[f;fjpfkhd btg;gj;jhy; cUFk; bkGifg;nghy; gf;jpahy;
fiue;jpUf;Fk;.
,j;jifa moahu;fs; ,t;t[yfpy; cau;e;j epiy bgw;W/ ,d;gkha; thH;tu;.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. ts;sp gjk; gzpa[k; nerid vt;thbwy;yhk; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
TWfpwhu;>
cyfk; nghw;Wk; tz;zk; ehd; bjhLj;j ,dpa ftp khiyia/ kiy nghd;w jd;
a
njhs;fspy; mzpe;jtd; KUfd;.
jpz;zpad;" ntiyf; ifapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; tPuk; brwpe;jtd;;" mHfpa kapy;kPJ
.Kk
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; <rd;.
jd; kidtpa[k;/ Fwtu;f; Fyj;jpy; njhd;wpatSkhfpa ts;spapd; mHfpa ghj=;fisf;
fhjyhy; gzpfpd;w moatd;.
moahu;fSf;F ntz;Ltdtw;iw tH=;fpf; bfhz;L/ fGfhryk; vd;Dk; efupy;
wI
vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;w ,j;jifa KUfid ehd; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu;

LV
TWfpwhu;.
w
***
A
//w
s:K
gPL bgw epy;

tp
ht
101
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
bra;a[s;
FWe;bjhif
,ay; 3 ? bts;sptPjpahu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
3 1. bts;sptPjpahu;
2. mz;zhkiyahu;
m) g[wehD}W
M) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
,ay;
3. thothry; ,) FWe;bjhif
4. ,sk;bgUtGjp <) fhtor;rpe;J
1) m M , < 2) M < m ,
Alv
3) , < M m 4) , < m M tpil: 3) , < M m
2. `,dpbjd~ ? ,r;brhy;ypy; mike;j g[zu;r;rp tpjpfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
a
m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
M) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;.
.Kk
<) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
tpil: m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
FWtpdh
wI
LV
1. FWe;bjhif Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpa[k; bra;jp ahJ>

w
FWe;bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.

ehd;fo Kjy; vl;lofs; tiu mike;j FWfpa ghf;fshy; MdJ.
mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j 401 ghly;fis cilaJ.
A
//w
ciuahrphpah;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y;.

Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l bjhif E}yhf ,e;E}y; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; g{upf;nfh Mthu;.
s:K
`èy;y FWe;bjhif~~ vd mil bfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ.

,e;E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhu; Mthu;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;ffhyj;jpy; eilbgw;w r@f epfH;t[ bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tp
,f;fhyr; r@f epfH;t[fs; vGj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia xg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

r=;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,d;iwa tiuapy; r@fj;jpy; kzf;bfhil vd;gJ gutyhf
cs;sJ vd;gija[k;/ mtw;wpy; rpy khw;w=;fisa[k; fhz ,aYk; vdyhk;.
bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; tUk; jiytDk; jiytpa[k; xUtiubahUtu; tpUk;gpdu;.
ht
102
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mtu;fs; cwit mwpe;j jiytp tPl;lhu;/ mtis btspna bry;ytplhky; tPl;oy;
rpiw itj;jdu;.
mjid mwpe;j jiytd;/ kzk; ngrp tUkhW/ @j;njhu; rpyiu mDg;gp itj;jhd;.
mtu;fSk; brd;W/ jiytp tPl;lhUld;/ eak;glg; ngrpj; jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F
L al
kzk; g[upe;J ju/ jiytp tPl;lhu; ,ira[k;go bra;jdu;.
Mdhy; ,d;W kzkfd; tPl;lhUf;Fg; bgz; tPl;lhu; kzf;bfhil je;J kfisj;
jpUkzk; bra;tpf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
A d
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
D ika
gpupe;njhu;/ g[zu;g;nghu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;
ed;W ed;W – mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
btz;liy – gz;gj
[ ;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
Alv
gpupe;njhu; = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; g[zu;g;nghu; = g[zu; + g; + g; + Xu;
gpup gFjp g[zu; gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) g; re;jp
j;
Xu;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy;
a g;
Xu;
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
.Kk
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

wI
LV
1. jz;Lil `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tp;l;L jz;l; + cil

jz;L + cil XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
w
jz;(l; + c) + epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/

cil `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ jz;Lil
,ay;ng~ (l; + c = L) vd;whdJ.
A
//w
2. ek;@u; `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ek;k; + Cu;

ek;; + Cu; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `k~fu xw;W
,ul;oj;J/
s:K
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ek;@u; vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (k; + C = @)
gPL bgw epy;
3. btz;liy btz;ik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.

btz;ik + `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ btz; + jiy
jiy epiybkhHpaPw;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
tp
`zsKd; lzt[k; MFk; jef;fs;~ btz;liy

vd;Dk; tpjpg;go jfuk;/ lfukhfp vd;whdJ.
ht
103
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
1. jpUkz=;fspy; kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk ? tpthjpf;f.

kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk-
L al
r=;f fhyj;jpy; kzkfd; tPl;lhu;/ bgz; tPl;lhu; nghJk; vd;wst[f;Fg; bghd;
bfhLj;J bgz; nfl;ldu;. mJ ,d;W Kw;wpYk; khwptpl;lJ.
A d
ts;Stg; bgUe;jif/
`md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
D ika
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ~ vd;whu;.
3 Mdhy; ,d;nwh/
eifa[k; el;Lk; tz;oa[k; ,Ue;jhy; fy;ahzk; fhl;rp elf;Fk; vd;whfptpl;lJ. ,jpy;
,ay;
VjhtJ Fiwe;jhYk; jpUkzk; jilgLk;. ,J fl;lha tNyhfptpl;lJ.

jd; kfDf;Fr; bra;j bryitg; bgz; tPl;lhuplk; bgwj; Jof;fpd;wdu;. FzKk;
Alv
kzKk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUkzk; bra;j fhyk; khwp/ gzKk; g=;fsht[k; ,Ue;jhy; jpUkzk;
vd;w epiyahfptpl;lJ. fl;lha kzf;bfhilahy; kuz=;fs; cUthfptpl;ld.
xU r@fj;ij fl;likf;ff;Toa ,y;thH;nthu; r@f tpnuhjpfshf khWfpd;wdu;.
a
kzf;bfhil jtpu;j;J kuzky;yh bgUthH;t[ thHt[k;/ r@fg; gpur;rid cUthfhky;
,Uf;ft[k; ``kzf;bfhil bfhLg;gJ Fw;wk;/ th=;FtJ Fw;wnk-~~ vd;gijf;
Twpf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. jz;L vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.

w
m) E}w;fz;L M) Cd;Wnfhy;
,) Jyhf;nfhy; <) kzpf;Tz;L tpil: M) Cd;Wnfhy;
2. FWe;bjhifapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
A
//w
m) 401 M) 201
,) 256 <) 101 tpil: m) 401
s:K
3. ciuahrpupau;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y; ________.

m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) beLey;thil tpil: ,) FWe;bjhif
4. èy;y~ vd;w milbkhHpia cila vl;Lj;bjhif E}y; ________.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
tp
,) g[wehD}W <) gupghly; tpil: m) FWe;bjhif

5. FWe;bjhif E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) cUj;jpurd;ku;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) fgpyu; tpil: m) g{upf;nfh
ht
104
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l vl;Lj;bjhif E}yhff; fUjg;gLtJ ________.
m) ew;wpiz M) FWe;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: M) FWe;bjhif
7. bts;sptPjpahu; r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; ghoa[s;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
L al
m) 13 M) 12
,) 10 <) 14 tpil: m) 13
8. FWe;bjhifapd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.
A d
m) bts;sptPjpahu; M) g{upf;nfh
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
D ika
9. ghujk; ghoatu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) fgpyu;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
10. btz;liyr; rpjtyu; ? ,jpy; rpjty; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) fhjzp M) fhw;rpyk;g[
Alv
,) jiyg;ghif <) tisay; tpil: ,) jiyg;ghif
11. FWe;bjhif fhl;Lk; mf;fhy r@f epfH;t[ ________.
m) bghUsPl;ly; M) nghu;
a
,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy; <) el;g[ tpil: ,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy;
12. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghlypd; ghtif ________.
.Kk
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) mWrPu;f;fHp beoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) neupir Mrpupag;gh
13. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghly; ahu; ? ahuplk; TwpaJ>
wI
m) njhHp ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ

LV
M) ew;wha; njhHpaplk; TwpaJ

w
,) ghfd; ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ

<) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ tpil: <) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
14. gpupe;njhu;/ ed;W ed;W ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
A
//w
m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;

M) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;/ tpidbar;rk;
,) bgabur;rk;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
s:K
<) bjhHpw;bgau;/ ,ul;ilf;fpstp gPL bgw epy;

tpil: m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
15. jz;Lil ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
tp
iii) y/ s ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; w/ l?t[k; MFk;

,) ii, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; jtW tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
ht
105
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
16. gpupe;njhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;jpd;go gpupj;bjGJk; Kiw ________.
m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; M) gpup + j; + j; + Xu;
,) gpupe;J + Xu; <) gpup + e; + j; + Xu; tpil: m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu;
L al
FWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhif ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
FWik + bjhif ? FWe;bjhif.
A d
,e;E}y; 4 mo Kjy; 8 mofs; tiu FWfpa Mrpupag;ghf;fisf; bfhz;L bjhFf;fg;
gl;l E}y;.
D ika
3 ,J msthy; bgw;w bgauhFk;.
nkYk; ,e;E}ypy; 400 ghly;fs; cs;sikahy; ,J `FWe;bjhif ehD}W~ vdt[k;
tH=;fg; bgWk;.
,ay;
FWe;bjhif @yk; gz;ilj; jkpHupd; xGf;fk;/ thH;f;if Kiw/ gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/

gz;ghL/ ehfupfr; rpwg;g[ Kjypa bra;jpfis ed;F czuyhk;.
Alv
2. bts;sptPjpahu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bts;sptPjpahu; r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[ytu;fspy; xUtu;.
r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; 13 ghly;fs; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit.
a
,tu; kJiuapy; bts;spak;gyj; bjUtpy; ,Ue;jjhy;/ ,g;bgau; bgw;whu; nghYbkdj;
bjupfpwJ.
.Kk
rpWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;jpida[k; mjd; gpd;dzpiaa[k; tpsf;Ff.
FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;Jk; mjd; gpd;dzpa[k;:
wI
jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; gpwuwpahjthW/ jdpna gy Kiw re;jpj;Jf; fhjy; bfhz;L

LV
fst[ kzk; nkw;bfhz;ldu;. Mdhy; jiytp/ mf;fst[ kzk; ePof;ff; TlhJ" Cuhu;
w
mwpaj; jiytd; jd;id kze;J bfhs;s ntz;Lbkd tpUk;gpdhs;.

mt;thnw jiytd;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrp tUkhW/ jd; cwtpdu; rpyiuj; jiytp
,y;yj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhu;. jiytpf;F cwtpdu; mtu;fnshL kzk; gw;wp/ tPl;ow;F
A
//w
Kd; cs;s gFjpapy; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jdu;. mjid tPl;oDs; ,Ue;J ftdpj;Jf;

bfhz;oUe;j jiytp/ `xUntis ek; cwtpdu; vd;idj; jiytDf;Fj; jpUkzk;
bra;J bfhLf;f kWg;gnuh-~ vd;W vz;zp tUe;jpdhs;.
s:K
jiytpapd; tUj;jj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpe;j njhHp/ ``mt;thW fUjhnj" re;jpf;f

,ayhJ gpupe;jpUf;Fk; c=;fisf; To kfpGkhW bra;a ntz;Lbkd;W fUJk;
rhd;nwhUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; mf;Tl;lj;jpy; cs;shu;. `,ij
vt;thW mwptha;>~ vd eP nfl;fyhk;. m=;nf jiytdpd; cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/
èd;W ed;W~ vd kfpH;e;J/ ek; cwtpdu; cld;gl;Lf; TWfpd;wdu;. nkYk; `ck; tUif
vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;W jiytdJ cwtpduplk; Twp kfpH;fpd;wdu;.
tp
mjdhy;jhd; ,t;thW TWfpnwd;~~ vd;whs;.

ht
106
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. `gpupe;njhu;g; g[zu;g;nghu; ,Ue;jdu;.~
,lk;:
L al
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;to ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
A d
gpupe;njhiur; nru;j;J itg;nghu; cs;sdu;.
tpsf;fk;:
D ika
Kd;g[/ jiytd; jiytp Mfpnahu; bfhz;oUe;j fhjYwitj; jiytpapd;
bgw;nwhUk; cwtpdUk; mwpe;J/ jiytpia tPl;il tpl;Lr; bry;yhjthW/ tPl;onyna
rpiwapl;ldu;. ,t;thW md;W/ ``g[zu;e;njhu;g; gpupg;nghuha;~ ,Ue;jdu;/ Mdhy;/ ,d;W
mtu;fns jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F kzk; Koj;Jj; ju ,irtjd; @yk; ``gpupe;njhu;
g[zu;g;nghu;~~ Mapdu; vd;fpwhs; njhHp.
Alv
2. ed;W ed;W vd;Dk; khf;fnshL
,d;W bgupbjd;Dk; M=;fz jitna.
,lk;:
a
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; bgz;ghw; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa/ FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy;
,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
.Kk
bghUs;:
jiytd; tPl;L thapw; gFjpapy;/ jiytd; tPl;lhUk;/ jiytp tPl;lhUk; kzk;
Fwpj;Jg; ngrpdu;. mg;nghJ jiytdJ cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ jiytpapd; cwtpdu;
`èd;W ed;W~~ vd;W TwpaJld; ``c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~~
wI
vd;wdu;.
LV
tpsf;fk;:
`èk; cwtpdUk;/ jiytd; tPl;L cwtpdUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf;
w
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdu;. jiytdpd; tPl;lhh; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ èy;yJ ey;yJ~ vd;W

ek; tPl;lhu; Twp `c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;fpd;wdu;. ``,jd;
tHp/ c=;fs; jpUkzj;ij elj;jpl ,U tPl;lhUk; ,ire;jdu; vd;gJ btspg;gLfpwJ
A
//w
md;nwh>~~ vdf; Twpj; njhHp jiytpia kfpH;tpj;jhs;.
***
s:K
gPL bgw epy;

tp
ht
107
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
bra;a[s;
g[wehD}W
,ay; 3 ? ,sk;bgUtGjp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. jkpHu;fs; g[fH;/ gHp Mfpatw;iw vt;thW Vw;wjhfg; g[wehD}W TWfpwJ>
3 g[fH; : jkpHu;fs; g[fH; tUbkd;why; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;.
gHp : gHp tUbkd;why;/ cyfk; KGtJk; fpilj;jhYk;/ Vw;Wf;bfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;.
,ay;
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; fUj;jpw;F ,izahd Fwl;ghf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; Fwl;gh
a
cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
mkpH;jk; ,iatJ MapDk;/ ,dpJ vdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu.
tpUe;J g[wj;jjhj; jhDz;ly; rhth
kUe;bjdpDk; ntz;lw;ghw;W md;W.
.Kk
gpwu; m+;RtJ m+;rp m+;RtJ m+;rhik ngijik m+;RtJ
m+;ry; mwpthu; bjhHpy;.
J+;rYk; ,yu; CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gu; ciyt[,d;wpj;
wI
jhHhJ c+w;W gtu;.

LV
g[fH; vdpd; capU=; bfhLf;Ftu; kapu;ePg;gpd; thHhu; ftupkhd; md;du;

capu;ePg;gu; khdk; tupd;.
w
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mk;k mirepiy
A
–
//w
cz;ly;/ J+;ry; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;

Kayh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
s:K
m+;Rjy;/ Kdpjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;

KaYeu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
J+;ry; = J+;R + my; Kdptpyu; = Kdp + t;; + ,y; + mu;

tp
J+;R gFjp Kdpt[ gFjp

my; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp t; clk;gLbka; re;jp"
,y; vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
ht
mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. g[fbHdpd; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[fbHdpd;
L al
g[fH; + vdpd; ,ay;ng~ (H; + v = bH) vd;whdJ.
2. ,iatjhapDk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L ,iatj; +
,iatJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ MapDk;
A d
MapDk; epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
,iat (j; + c) `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,iatjhapDk;
D ika
+ MapDk; ,ay;ng~ (j;; + M = jh) vd;whdJ.
3. Kdptpyu; `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp~ vDk; Kdpt; + ,yu;
Kdpt[ + ,yu; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk;
Kdpt[ (t; + c) bfl;L/
+ ,yu; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Kdptpyu;
,ay;ng~ (t; + , = tp) vd;whdJ.
Alv
4. m+;Rtj+;rp `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L m+;Rtj; + m+;rp
m+;RtJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
m+;rp epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
a
,ay;ng~ (j; + m = j)
m+;Rtj+;rp
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
5. gHpbadpd; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ gHp + a; + vdpd;
gHp + vdpd; afu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ gHpbadpd;
,ay;ng~ (a; + v = ba) vd;whdJ.
wI
LV

w
1. cyfpay; fUj;Jfisg; ngRk; VnjDk; Xu; ,yf;fpag; ghlypd; eaKk; brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ngRf.
cyfpay; fUj;Jfis eak;gl brhy;Yk; bgUik xsitahiu tpl;lhy; ntW vtnuDk;
A
//w
,y;iy vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W

fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk; vd;ghu;fs;. mg;gog;gl;l fk;gid .................
s:K
bgUik xsitahiur; rhUk;.

nrhHd; mitapy; fk;gd; bgupJk; nghw;wg;gl;ltu;. mstw;w md;g[k; bfhz;ltu;.
gPL bgw epy;
xsitapd; ghliyf; nfl;L nrhHnd fy=;fpdhd;.
``thd;FUtp apd;TL ty;yuf;Fj; bjhy;fiwahd;
njd;rpyk;gp ahtu;f;F+; bra;aupjhy; ? ahk;bgupJk;
ty;nyhnk vd;W typikbrhy ntz;lh=;fhz;
tp
vy;yhu;f;Fk; xt;bthd; bwspJ~~

nrhHnd-
J}f;fzh=;FUtp fl;oa TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
ht
fiuahd; vt;tst[ mHfhf El;gkha;g; g[w;W fl;LfpwJ mJnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-

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.in
rpye;jp tiyiag; nghy; vtuhYk; fl;lKoa[kh-
njdPf;fs; fl;Lk; TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
,tw;iw ahuhYk; bra;a ,ayhJ. xt;bthUtUf;F xU jpwik cz;L. fk;gu;
? tpUj;jk; vd;why;/ g[fnHe;jp ? btz;gh. Mjyhy; xU jpwikia itj;J mtu;
L al
midj;jpYk; jpwik vd;W nghw;wf;TlhJ.
2. c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j/ eP=;fs; nfs;tpa[w;w `gpwu;f;bfd KaYeu;~ vtnuDk; xUtu; Fwpj;j
jfty;fisj; jpul;of; fl;Liu cUthf;Ff.
A d
jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu;
jkpH; ,is+u; Kjy; Kjpatu; tiu kd=;fspy; thH;gtu; jpU.tp.f. jkpGf;Fk;/
D ika
3 jkpH;ehl;Lf;Fk; vz;zw;w bjhz;L bra;jtu;.
,tu; ngr;R bgUk;g[ayhft[k;/ vGj;J vupkiyahft[k;/ bra;jp rpw;gpahft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
,ay;
jkpH;ehl;Lf; fhe;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu;.

jkpGf;Fk;/ jkpH; vGj;jhsu;fSf;Fk; je;ijahft[k;/ bjhHpyhsu;fSf;Fj; jhahft[k;
tps=;fpatu;.
Alv
@d;bwGj;J rfhg;jk;/ Md;w vGj;jhsu;/ nju;e;j rpe;jidahsu;/ ciuahrpupau;/
bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;/ ftp+u;/ ,iwg;gzpa[k; jkpH;g;gzpa[k; ehl;Lew;gzpa[k; bfhz;ltu;.
bkhj;jj;jpy; jdf;bfd thHhg; gpwu;f;bfd KaYk; nguUs; be+;rk; bfhz;ltu;.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jkpHupd; thH;tpay; fUt{ykhf tps=;Fk; E}y; ________.
wI
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
LV
,) FWe;bjhif <) gupghly; tpil: M) g[wehD}W

w
2. Tw;W i) : jkpHupd; tPuj;ija[k; <uj;ija[k; kl;Lk; ngrhky;/ thH;tpd; tpGkpa=;fisa[k;

ngRk; E}y; g[wehD}W MFk;.
Tw;W ii) : jdf;bfd thHh kdpju;fisg; gw;wpg; g[wehD}W ngRfpwJ.
A
//w

,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
s:K
i) jhs; ? 1. Kaw;rp
ii) Kdpjy; ? 2. btWj;jy;
iii) J+;ry; ? 3. typik
iv) nehd;ik ? 4. nrhk;gy;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
tp
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/4 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3

4. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jtu; ________.
m) $p.a[.nghg; M) $hu;$; vy;.\hu;l;
ht
,) tPukhKdptu; <) fhy;Lbty; tpil: m) $p.a[.nghg;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. g[wehD}W ________ ghf;fshy; MdJ.
m) btz;gh M) mftw;gh
,) Fwl;gh <) fypg;gh tpil: M) mftw;gh
6. flw;bryt[ xd;wpy; ,we;J nghdtu; ________.
L al
m) beL+;brHpad; M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
,) khwd;tGjp <) Re;jughz;oad; tpil: M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
7. `bgUtGjp~ vd;Dk; bgau; Fwpg;gJ ________.
A d
m) nruid M) ghz;oaiu
,) nrhHid <) gy;ytiu tpil: M) ghz;oaiu
D ika
i) mk;k ? 1. mirepiy
ii) J+;ry; ? 2. bjhHpw;bgau;
iii) Kayh ? 3. <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 2
Alv
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3
9. J+;ry; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpFjp ________.
m) ry; M) jy;
,) my;
a
<) ,y; tpil: ,) my;
.Kk
10. g[wehD}W ________ Mk; Mz;L ________ mtu;fshy; Kjd; Kjyhf mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;L
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
m) 1894/ c.nt.rh M) 1884/ c.nt.rh
,) 1894/ k.bgh.rp <) 1884/ fp.M.bg tpil: m) 1894/ c.nt.rh
wI
FWtpdh
LV
w
1. g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; ahit>

gz;ilj; jkpHu;fspd; cau;e;j ehfupfk;/ murpay;/ nghu;j;jpwk;/ rKjhag; gz;ghL/
gHf;ftHf;f=;fs; Mfpatw;iw czu;tjw;Ff; fUtpahfg; g[wehD}W jpfH;fpwJ.
A
//w
,e;E}y; jkpHupd; rpwe;j fUt{ykhFk;.

,itna g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; MFk;.
s:K
2. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit> mtw;Ws; mfk;/ g[wk; gw;wpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mfg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
gPL bgw epy;
ew;wpiz/ fypj;bjhif/ FWe;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ I=;FWE}W Mfpa Ie;Jk; mfg;bghUs;
gw;wpad.
g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
tp
gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wehD}W Mfpa ,uz;Lk; g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad.

mfKk;/ g[wKk;:
gupghly; mfKk;/ g[wKk; gw;wpaJ.
ht
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.in
3. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; ahu;> mtiug; gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptd ahit>
`cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; flYs; kha;e;j
,sk;bgUtGjp Mthu;.
L al
`tGjp~ vd;Dk; bgauhy; ,tu; ghz;oa Fyj;jtu; vd mwpfpd;nwhk;.
,sikapnyna nguwptpdhy; bgUik bgw;wtu; vd;gJ njhd;w/ ,tu; `,sk;bgUtGjp~
vdg;gl;lhu;.
A d
flw;nghupy; ,tu; ,we;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy; ,tu;/ gpw;fhyj;jtuhy;/ `flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhu;.
D ika
4. ,t;t[yfk; vjdhy; epiy bgw;wpUf;fpwJ>
3 jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ gyu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;
,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ.
,ay;
5. `jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;~ ? vtu;> vij>

jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ fpilj;jw;fupa njtu;
cz;Qk; mKjk; fpl;odhYk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdJ vd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;z
Alv
khl;lhu;.
6. `m+;RtJ m+;rpj; J+;rYk; ,yu;~ ? tpsf;Ff.
jkf;bfd thHhJ gpwUf;bfd thH;gtu;/ m+;r ntz;oatw;wpw;F m+;RtnjhL
a
epd;wplhky;/ mtw;iwj; jPu;j;jw;F/ VjhtJ tHp cz;lhapd; mjida[k; nrhk;gypd;wpr;
bra;tu; vd;gjhk;.
.Kk
7. Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; vtu;>
Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid/ mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; lhf;lu; c.nt.
rhkpehijau; Mthu;.
8. g[wehD}w;iwg; gpw bkhHpapy; btspapl;l gpwbkhHpahsu; ahtu;>
wI
LV
nguhrpupau; $hu;$; vy;. \hu;l; vd;ghu;/ g[wehD}W KGtija[k;/ M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp

bgau;j;J btspapl;lhu;.
w
nkdhl;lwp+u; $p.a{.nghg; mtu;fs; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw bkhHpbgau;j;J

btspapl;lhu;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rp MtJ vt;thW>

s:K
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; gynuhL cz;Qjy; ntz;Lk;.

gpwuplk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
gpwu; m+;rj;jf;ftw;Wf;Fj; jhKk; m+;Rjy; ntz;Lk;.
g[fiH tUe;jpa[k; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
gHpapid vt;tst[ ed;iktupDk; bfhs;Sjy; TlhJ.
jk; bghUl;ld;wpg; gpwu; bghUl;nl capu; thH;f;if ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
tp
vd;Dk; cz;ikg; bghUs;fs; kf;fSf;F ,k;ik/ kWikfl;F cWjp gaf;Fbkd;W/ jkJ

mDgtj;jpy; bjspe;J ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;sikahy;/ ,r;bra;a[s; bghUz;bkhHpf;
fh+;rp Mapw;W.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. bghJtpay; jpiz ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk; :
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu cs;s jpizfspy; Twg;glhj bra;jpfisa[k; gpw bghJthd
bra;jpfisa[k; bjhFj;Jf; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpizahFk;.
L al
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
A d
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu Kdptpyu;-...~
tpsf;fk; :
D ika
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;f;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.
bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
bfhz;oUg;gjhfg; g[wj;jpizfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJthd bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; ,BJ
Alv
``bghJtpay; jpiz~~ Mapw;W.
3. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;Jiw ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk; :
a
kf;fSf;F eyk; bra;a[k; thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWjy; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;
JiwahFk;.
.Kk
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu" Kdptpyu;-...~
wI
LV
tpsf;fk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
w
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.

bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
A
//w
bfhz;oUg;gjhf thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWtjhy; ,BJ ``bghUz;bkhHpf;

fh+;rpj;Jiw~~ Mapw;W.
s:K
4. ,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUg;gjw;Ff; flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s bra;jpfisj;

bjhFj;bjGJf.
gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; bjatj;jpdhyhtJ/ jtj;jpdhyhtJ jkf;F te;J
TLtjhapDk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdbjd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;"
vtnuhLk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;SjYk; ,y;yhjtu;"
gpwu; m+;rj; jFe;j Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jhKk; m+;rp/ mjidj; jPu;f;fr; nrhk;gp ,Uj;jYk;
tp
,y;yhjtu;"
jkf;Fg; g[fH; fpl;Ltjhapd;/ mjw;fhfj; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gtu;"
gHp fpl;Lkhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk; KGtJk; fpilg;gjhapUe;jhYk; bfhs;shjtu;"
ht
kdf;ftiy bfhs;Sjy; ,y;yhjtu;.

113
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.in
,t;thwhd khl;rpikg;gl;l jd;ikauhfpj; jk; thH;t[f;bfd;W Kaw;rpapid
nkw;bfhs;shJ/ gpwu; bghUl;Lr; bra;gtu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;/ ,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk;
epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,itna flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s
bra;jpfshFk;.
L al
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. ........................,e;jpuu;
A d
mkpH;jk; ,iatjhapDk; ,dpbjdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;.
D ika
,lk;:
3 flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-` vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wr;
bra;a[spy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
,ay;
bghUs;"
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; jkf;Ff; fpl;Ltjha; ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjd; ,dpik fUjpj;
Alv
jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;.
tpsf;fk;:
jd;id cz;lhiur; rhfhky; fhg;gJ mKjk;. mj;jd;ika[ila njtu;fspd;
a
czt[ gpwUf;Ff; fpilf;fhJ. mj;jifa mKjnk bja;tj;jpdhnyh/ jtj;jpdhnyh/
jkf;Ff; fpilj;jhYk;/ jkf;bfd thHhg; bgupnahu;fs; jhk; kl;Lk; mijj; jdpj;J
cz;z khl;lhu;fs;. gynuhL gfpu;e;J cz;ghu;fs;. ,j;jifatu; ,Ug;gjhy; cyfpay;
.Kk
epiybgWfpwJ vd;fpwhd;/ ,sk;bgUtGjp.
2. ``g[fbHdpd; capUk; bfhLf;Ftu;/ gHpbadpd;
cyFld; bgwpDk; bfhs;syu;~~
wI
,lk;:
LV
flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk;

g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; ,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
w
bghUs;:
g[fH; fpilg;gjhapd; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;. gHp fpilg;gjhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk;
KGtJk; bgWtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;shu;.
A
//w
tpsf;fk;:
jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLk; nknyhu;fs;/ g[fH;
s:K
cz;lhFbkd;why; mjw;fhfj; jkJ cly;/ bghUs; Mfpatw;iw kl;Lky;yhky;/ jk; mupa

capiua[k; bfhLg;ghu;fs;. Mdhy;/ bra;aj; jfhj bray;fisr; bra;tjw;fhf/ ,t;t[yfnk
jkf;Ff; fpilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjid Vw;Wf; bfhs;skhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhk;.
***
tp
ht
114
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
thothry;
,ay; 3 ? rp.R. bry;yg;gh
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. thothry; fij thapyhf eP=;fs; czu;e;j fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[- fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk;
Alv
fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs; Jilj;jhd;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR Kot[iu
Kd;Diu: a
Mrpupau; rp.R. bry;yg;gh rpWfij/ g[jpdk;/ ftpij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Kjyhd
,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;ntW js=;fspy; g=;fspg;g[r; bra;jpUf;fpwhu;. ``vGj;J~~ ,jHpidj;
.Kk
bjhl=;fp/ etPd jkpHpyf;fpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu;. thothry;/ Rje;jpu jhfk;/
$Ptdhk;rk; nghd;wit ,tuJ gilg;g[fshFk;. ,tUila ``Rje;jpu jhfk;~~ g[jpdj;jpw;F
2001 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ fpilj;jJ.
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[-
wI
tPuj;jpd; tpisepyk; jkpHfk;. nghu; KuR nfl;lt[ld;/ fy=;fhJ ifapy; nty; vLj;Jf;
LV
bfhLj;J/ `bew;wpapy; jpyfkpl;L/ nghuplr; brd;W/ btw;wpa[ld; tUf- vd tHpaDg;gp

w
itf;Fk; k=;ifaiuf; bfhz;l ehL.

fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs;-
,j;jifa tPukf;fs; ,d;Wk; jkpHfj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. jpd;W
A
//w
bfhGj;Jj; jpdbtLj;J tsu;e;jpUf;Fk; fhisfis vjpu;j;J epd;why;/ mf;fhisfspd;

Tupa bfhk;g[fshy; Fj;Jg;gl;Lr; rhf neupLk; my;yJ bgU=;fhaKw;W tPH neupLk;
vd;gij vy;nyhUk; mwptu;. vdpDk;/ mjidg; g[we;js;sp/ nghuho/ fhisfis mlf;fp
s:K
btw;wp bgwg; gyE}W tPu ,is+u;fs; $y;ypf;fl;L epfGk;nghJ Kd; tUtijf;

fhQk;nghJ tpag;g[ nkypLfpwJ.
gPL bgw epy;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR-
nkw;Fwpj;j tPukugpy; te;jtd;jhd; `thothry;~ fijapy; ,lk;bgWk;/ gpr;rp. mtd;
$y;ypf;fl;Lg; nghl;oapy; fye;J bfhz;lhd;. mLj;jLj;J xt;bthU fhisiaa[k;
mtpH;j;J tpl;ldu;. mit Js;spa[k;/ Fjpj;Jk;/ bfhk;g[fis mirj;Jf; bfhz;Lk;/
tp
`vtnuDk; beU=;fpdhy; mt;tst[jhd;~ vd;W TWtJ nghyg; bgU@r;R tpl;Lf;

bfhz;Lk; te;jd. mg;go te;j fhisfSs; xd;Wjhd; thog[uj;Jf; fhis. mJ
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR- Mk;" cly; tsj;jhYk;/ epwj;jhYk; mJ mg;goj; njhd;wpaJ.
mjidf; fz;L gyUk; gpd; th=;fpdu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp typiknahL mjd; Kd;g[ epd;whd;.
ht
115
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je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-
mjidf; fz;L m=;fpUe;njhu; midtUk; mr;rj;jpy; ciwe;J epd;wdu;. `gpr;rpf;F
,d;W rht[ epr;rae;jhd;-~ vd;nw Kot[ fl;odu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp mjd; bfhk;g[f;F neu;
vjpu;epd;whd;. `mg;gd; Mirf;F kl;Lkd;wp/ capUf;nf ciyitj;j fhup. mjd; bfhk;gpy;
L al
,d;Dk; mg;gd; ,uj;jk; tHpe;J bfhz;oUg;gJ nghd;w gpuik mtDf;F Vw;gl;lJ-~
vd;fpwhu; fijahrpupau;.
fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk; Jilj;jhd;-
A d
Mk;- fle;j $y;ypf;fl;od; nghJ mf;fhupia mlf;fg; gpr;rpapd; mg;gd; Kaw;rp bra;jhu;"
Mdhy;/ mf;fhisahy; Fj;jg;gl;L ,we;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gHpth=;fnt gpr;rp mf;fhisia
,g;nghJ vjpu;j;J epw;fpd;whd;. jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisiaf; bfhy;tjw;fhf md;W"
D ika
3 jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisapid mlf;fpj; jd; tPug;guk;giuf;F Vw;gl;l fs=;fj;ijf;
Jilg;gjw;fhf. mt;thnw mf;fhisnahL Kk;Kiw nkhjp/ mjid tPH;j;jpj; jiuapy;
rhar; bra;jhd;.
,ay;
``fs=;fk; fiue;jJ"
tPuk; epiyj;jJ-~~
Alv
Kot[iu:
gpr;rpiag; ghu;j;J/
a
``crpyD}u; mk;gpypapd; bgaiuf;
fhg;ghw;wp tpl;lhalh. eP kDrDf;Fg;
bghwf;fnylh/ g[ypf;Fg; bghwe;j ga/
.Kk
ntbwj;ijr; brhy;wJ~~
vd;W cUkhg;gl;iliaf; fpHtd; ePl;l/ gpr;rpapd; fz;fspypUe;J Mde;jf; fz;zPu;
tHpe;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
wI

LV
1. eP=;fs; fz;Lfspj;j VW jGt[jy; epfH;tpd; fhl;rpfis tFg;gpy; neu;Kf tUzid

w
bra;J fhl;Lf.
v=;fs; Cu; kJiu. kJiu vd;whny $y;ypf;fl;Lf;F bgau; nghd ,lk;. tHf;fk;
nghy; bgh=;fy; md;nw fisf;fl;l Muk;gpj;jJ.
A
//w
bgh=;fYf;F Kd;dnu mjw;Fz;lhd Vw;ghLfisr; bra;tu;. gupRj;bjhifa[k;

Vw;ghL bra;J itg;gu;.
s:K
tpHh md;W fhiyapny fhisnahL/ fhisapd; cupikahsu;/ cwt[fs; vy;yhk;

te;J nru;e;J tpLthu;fs;.
xt;bthU fhisf;Fk; g=;nfw;g[ milahs ml;il tH=;fg;gLk;. tupirg;go
thothrYf;F miHj;Jtug;gLk;. thothriyj; jpwe;jt[ld; rPwpg;gha[k; fhisfis
mlf;Fk; ,is+u;fspd; gl;lhsk; Ftpa[k;. mtu;fSf;Fk; milahs ml;il
tp
tH=;fg;gLk;.
fhisapd; ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g gupRj; bjhifa[k; VWk;. rpy fhisfspy; gupRg;bghUSk;
,Uf;Fk;. fhisfs; kz;izf; Fj;jp fpsWk;. mg;nghJ/
tlf;fj;jpahd; tuhd;-
ht
116 fUg;g[g; gprhR khjpup flY}u; fhis tUJ- thothriy tpl;L btspna tUJ-
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ga brj;jhd;-
buz;L gt[d; j=;fk;-
thlh thlh mlf;F xUgf;fk;-
Ko+;rh mlf;fp ghU xUgf;fk;-
L al
ju;kfj;jhtpd; gupR @d;W gt[d; gupR Vwpf;bfhz;nl tUJ-
capUf;nf ciyitf;Fk; uh$hsp khjpup epf;FJ-
tlf;fpj;jpahd; tuhd; bky;y tuhd; te;jpl;lhd;-
A d
xnu Fj;J J}f;fpg;nghl;lJ-
Inah mk;kh vd;W fjwpatd; kPz;Lk; tuhd; bky;y/ bky;y-
D ika
xnu mKf;F mKf;fpl;lhd;-
btw;wp btw;wp tlf;fpj;jpahd; btw;wp bgw;Wtpl;lhd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. xj;ijf;F xj;ijahff; nfhjhtpy; ,w=;Fk; kpUfj;Jf;Fk;/ kD&Df;Fk; elf;Fk;
tptfhuj;Jf;F ,uz;obyhU Kot[ fhQk; ,lk; ________.
m) bjd; my=;fk;
,) beLthry;
a
M) thothry;
<) ikjhdk; tpil: M) thothry;
.Kk
2. thothry; vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) rp.R.rpd;dg;gh
,) ,e;jpud; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
wI
3. `bfhy;nyw;Wf; nfhl+;Rthid kWika[k; g[y;yhns~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

LV
m) g[wehD}W M) fypj;bjhif
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W tpil: M) fypj;bjhif
w
4. gpr;rp btd;bwLj;j fhisapd; Cu; ________.

m) my=;fhey;Y}u; M) crpyD}u;
A
//w
,) mtzpahg[uk; <) thog[uk; tpil: <) thog[uk;

5. thog[uk; fhisapd; bgau; ________.
s:K
m) fhup M) gpr;rp
,) kUjd; <) mk;gpyp tpil: m) fhup
gPL bgw epy;
6. rp.R. bry;yg;gh cjtp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fs; ________.
i) re;jpnuhjak; ii) jpdkzp
iii) jpdg{kp iv) jPf;fjpu;
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
tp
,) iii, iv - rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup

7. rp.R.bry;yg;gh bjhl=;fpa ,jH; ________.
m) bjd;wy; M) Fapy;
ht
,) vGj;J <) fizahHp tpil: ,) vGj;J 117

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8. rp.R. bry;yg;gh ________ vd;w g[jpdj;jpw;fhf ________ Mk; Mz;L rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUJ bgw;whu;.
m) thothry;/ 2000 M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
,) $Ptdhk;rk;/ 2002 <) jhfk;/ 2000 tpil: M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
L al
9. gp.vy;.uhikahtpd; rpWfijg;ghzp/ jkpH;r; rpWfij gpwf;fpwJ vd;w gilg;gf[ spd; Mrpupau;
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) mfj;jpayp=;fk;
,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) ,e;jpud; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
A d
10. thothry; vd;gJ ________.
m) g[jpdk; M) FWk; g[jpdk;
D ika
,) rpWfij <) tuyhW tpil: M) FWk; g[jpdk;
3 ***
,ay;
,ay; 3 gFgj cWg;g[fs;
Alv
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; ,lk;bgWk; mog;gil cWg;g[fs; vit>
m) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpFjp/ tpfhuk;
M) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia
wI
,) gFjp/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;

LV
<) gFjp/ tpFjp tpil: <) gFjp/ tpFjp

w
rpWtpdh
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
A
//w
tUfpd;whs; = th(tU) + fpd;W + Ms; thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md;

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;. thH; gFjp
s:K
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy

Ms; glu;f;ifg; bgz;ghy; Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpidKw;W tpFjp
fhz;gpg;ghu; = fhz;gp + g; + g; + Mu; gpupe;j = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + m
fhz;gp gFjp gpup gFjp
tp
g; re;jp j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W m bgabur;r tpFjp
ht
tpFjp
118
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. ciueilg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s vitnaDk; gj;Jr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gFgj
cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
L al
czh;fpnwd; = czh; + fpW + Vd; ele;J = el + j;(e;) + j; + c
czh; gFjp el gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy" j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;"
A d
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy"
tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
D ika
tpspj;J = tpsp + j; + j; + c Foj;J = Fo + j; + j; + c
tpsp gFjp Fo gFjp
j; re;jp j; re;jp/
Alv
mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c cGjy; = cG + jy;
mwp gFjp cG gFjp
j;
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
a
re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;" jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
.Kk
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
gUFfpwhh; = gUF + fpW + Mu; fle;j = fl + j;(e;) + j; + m
gUF gFjp fl gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
wI
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

LV
m bgabur;r tpFjp
w
fw;gpj;jhu; = fw;gp + j; + j; + Mu; thH;jy; = thH; + jy;

fw;gp gFjp thH; gFjp
j; re;jp jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
A
//w
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
s:K

gPL bgw epy;
1. gFgj cWg;g[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>

gFgj cWg;g[fs; MW MFk;.
mit: gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gdthFk;.
tp
2. fhyk;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiy ? j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; vd;gd.
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W vd;gd.
ht
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? g;/ t; vd;gd.

119
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v.fh:
bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md; – ,we;jfhyk;
cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md; – epfH;fhyk;
bra;thd; – bra; + t; + Md; – vjpu;fhyk;
L al
3. gFgjj;jpy; re;jp/ rhupia vt;btt;tpl=;fspy; mika[k;>
re;jp:
A d
re;jp vd;gjw;Fg; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpa gFgj cWg;g[fs; g[zUk;nghJ ,ilapy; njhd;Wk;
D ika
cWg;g[/ re;jp vdg;gLk;.
3 re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ tHf;F.
v.fh: mirj;jhd; ? mir + j; + j;; + Md;
,ay;
rhupia:
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpnahL ,ilepiyiaa[k;/ ,ilepiynahL tpFjpiaa[k;
bghUj;jkha;r; rhu;e;J ,iaa tUk; cWg;g[/ rhupia vdg;gLk;.
Alv
bgUk;ghYk; rhupia ,ilepiyf;Fk;/ tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
v.fh: jUFbtd; ? jh(jU) + F + t;; + vd;
4. tpFjpfs; vtw;iw czu;j;Jk;> a
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
.Kk
5. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
vz; brhw;fs; gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
1. mike;J mik j; e; j; c
wI
2. ghu;j;jhd; ghu; j; j; Md;

LV
3. njhd;wp njhd;W ,
w
4. tUfpwhu; th tU fpW Mu;

5. bra;f bra; f
6. ele;jdd; el j; e; j; md; md;
A
//w
7. bfhLj;j bfhL j; j; m
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;f.

s:K
m) md; ? te;jdd; M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ

,) F ? fhz;Ftd; <) md; ? brd;wd tpil: M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ
7. gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
,d;
ngR
tp
fpW
vGJ Md;
t;
tz=;F
M
ht
120
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ngR + ,d; + Md; ? ngrpdhd; ngR + fpW + Md; ? ngRfpwhd;
vGJ + ,d; + Md; ? vGjpdhd; vGJ + fpW + Md; ? vGJfpwhd;
tz=;F + ,d; + Md; ? tz=;fpdhd; tz=;F + fpW + Md; ? tz=;Ffpwhd;
ngR + t; + Md; ? ngRthd; ngR + M + Md; ? ngrhd;
L al
vGJ + t; + Md; ? vGJthd; vGJ + M + Md; ? vGjhd;
tz=;F + t; + Md; ? tz=;Fthd; tz=;F + M + Md; ? tz=;fhd;
8. ntu;r;brhy;/ vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy/ tpFjp Mfpatw;iwr; nru;j;Jr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
A d
ghu; M Md; ghu; + M + Md; ? ghuhd;
D ika
fhz; my; ms; fhz;(fz;) + l; + ,y; + ms; ? fz;oys;
ciu ,y; mu; ciu + j; + j; + ,y; + mu; ? ciuj;jpyu;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gFjpia ________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Kjdpiy
,) Kjw;brhy;
a
M) KjbyGj;J
<) epiybkhHp tpil: m) Kjdpiy
.Kk
2. tpFjp bgwhj Vty; tpidahf tUtJ ________.
m) ,ilepiy M) tpidr;brhy;
,) tpidKw;W <) gFjp tpil: <) gFjp
wI
3. mBwpiz xd;wd;ghy;/ glu;f;if ,lk; vd;gdtw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk; tpFjp ________.

LV
m) Md; M) Ms;
w
,) J <) mu; tpil: ,) J

4. epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfSf;Fg; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) fpW M) fpd;W
A
//w
,) Mepd;W <) g;/ t; tpil: <) g;/ t;

5. Xu; Mf;fg;bgau; brhy;ypy; bgau;g; gFjpia tpFjpnahL ,izg;gjw;F tUk; ,ilepiy
________ MFk;.
s:K
m) Mf;f ,ilepiy M) vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy

tpil: <) bgau; ,ilepiy
gPL bgw epy;
,) fhy ,ilepiy <) bgau; ,ilepiy
6. Tw;W i) : re;jp vd;gjw;Fj; jkpHpy; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
Tw;W ii) : re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ bgUtHf;fhFk;.
tp
,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup tpil : <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
7. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;JWg;g[ ________.
m) vGj;Jg;ngW M) g[wepiy
ht
,) ,yf;fzg;nghyp <) jdp epiy tpil: m) vGj;Jg;ngW

121
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8. jkpH; Xu; ________ bkhHp.
m) ntw;W epiy M) xl;L epiy
,) xl;lhj epiy <) khw;W epiy tpil: M) xl;L epiy
9. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ________ f;Fg; bghUs; ,y;iy.
L al
m) tpFjp M) rhupia
,) ,ilepiy <) gFjp tpil: M) rhupia
10. Tw;W i) : md; vd;gJ tpFjpahf tUk;nghJ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
A d
Tw;W ii) : Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ `md;~ rhupiaahf tuhJ.
D ika
3 ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
11. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; `tpFjp~ btspg;gLj;jp czu;j;Jgit ________.
,ay;
m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; M) ,ilepiy/ capuPW/ bka;aP

,) re;jp/ rhupia tpfhuk; <) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ ntw;Wik
tpil: m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;
Alv
12. gFgjj;jpy; ________ vd;gitna bghUs; jUk; cWg;g[fshFk;.
m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy M) rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
,) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ rhupia a
<) ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
tpil: m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy
.Kk
13. gFjp/ tpFjp ,ilepiy Mfpait g[zUk;nghJ mtw;wpd; totj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
________ vdg;gLk;.
m) re;jp M) rhupia
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpfhuk; tpil: <) tpfhuk;
wI
14. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.

LV
m) M M) My;
w
,) ,y; <) jy; tpil: <) jy;

15. glu;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjpfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) J M) W
A
//w
,) L <) f tpil: <) f

16. xU bkhHpapd; mog;gilahd ntu;r;brhy; ________.
s:K
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) ,ilepiy <) vGj;Jg;ngW tpil: m) gFjp
17. ________ fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
m) ,ilepiy M) fhy ,ilepiy
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpidr;brhy; tpil: ,) vGj;Jg;ngW
tp
18. g[zu;r;rpapd; nghJ Vw;gLk; tpfhu=;fs; ________.

i) njhd;wy; ii) jpupjy;
iii) bfLjy; iv) vJt[kpy;iy
m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup M) ehd;Fk; rup
ht
,) ehd;F kl;Lk; rup <) i, ii - rup tpil: m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup

122
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
19. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) j; M) l;
,) w; <) t; tpil: <) t;
20. tpa=;nfhs;/ bjhHpw;bgau;/ bgabur;rk;/ tpidbar;rk; nghd;w gy;ntW ,yf;fzg;
L al
bghUz;ikfis czu;j;jg; gad;gLtJ ________.
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) rhupia <) re;jp tpil: M) tpFjp
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. gjk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;J te;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;J bjhlu;e;J te;njh xU bghUs; jUkhapd;
mJ gjk; vdg;gLk;.
2. gjj;jpd; ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
gjj;jpd; ntW bgau;fs;:
Alv
brhy;  bkhHp  fpstp
3. gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gjk; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: gFgjk;/ gfhg;gjk; MFk;.
4. gfhg;gjk; ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
a
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;f Koahj/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; juhj/ ,LFwpaha;
.Kk
mike;j brhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ehL/ kz;.
5. gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
wI
1. bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; 2. tpidg;gfhg;gjk; 3. ,ilg;gfhg;gjk; 4. cupg;gfhg;gjk;

LV
v.fh:
w
bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; – md;id/ jiy/ ePu;/ ge;J

tpidg;gfhg;gjk; – el/ bra;/ cz;/ jpd;
,ilg;gfhg;gjk; – ck;/ kw;W/ nghy/ My;
A
//w
cupg;gfhg;gjk; – rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp

6. vit gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;>
s:K
,ilr;brhy;Yk;/ cupr;brhy;Yk; gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;.

7. gFgjk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wld; tptup.
gPL bgw epy;
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;ff; ToaJk;/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; jUtJkhd
brhy; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: mwp+d; ? ,r;brhy;iy mwp + +; + md; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. gpupj;jgpd; `mwp~ vd;gJ
tp
mwpita[k;/ `md;~ vd;gJ Mz;ghiya[k; czu;j;Jk;.

8. bgau;g; gFgjk; vtw;wpd; moaha;g; gpwf;Fk;>
bgau;g; gFgjk;/ bghUs;/ ,lk;/ fhyk;/ rpid/ Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; moaha;g;
gpwf;Fk;.
ht
123
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.in
9. mWtifg; bgau;g; gFgj=;fSf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
bghd;dd; – bghUl;bgau;g; gFgjk;
kJiuahd; – ,lg;;bgau;g; gFgjk;
rpj;jpiuahd; – fhyg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
L al
jiyad; – rpidg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
,dpad; – Fzg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
Xl;Leu; – bjhHpw;bgau;g; gFgjk;
A d
10. gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk; vd;Dk; MWk; gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
D ika
11. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[fs; ahit> vjdhy; mit Kf;fpakhdit
3 vdg;gLfpd;wd>
gFgj cWg;g[fSs; gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy vd;Dk; @d;W cWg;g[fSk; Kf;fpakhd
,ay;
cWg;g[fshFk;.
gFjpahy; bjhHpYk;/ tpFjpahy; jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpadt[k;/ ,ilepiyahy;
fhyKk; tps=;Fk;. vdnt ,it Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
Alv
12. vt;t[Wg;g[fs; ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;>
re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gd ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;.
a
13. ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mjd; tiffs; ahit>
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; cWg;g[ ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
,J bgau; ,ilepiy/ tpid ,ilepiy vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
.Kk
14. bgaupil epiy vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
bgau;g; gFgjj;jpy; tUk; ,ilepiy bgau; ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ftp+d; ? ftp + +; + md;.
wI
,r;brhy;ypy; `+;~ vd;gJ ,ilepiy. ,J fhy=;fhl;lhJ.

LV
15. tpid ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

w
tpidg; gFgjj;jpy; cs;s ,ilepiy tpid ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;. tpid

,ilepiy fhy=;fhl;Lk;.
tpid ,ilepiyia/ ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ vjpu;fhy
,ilepiy vd @d;W tiffsha;g; gpupg;gu;.
A
//w
16. fhy=;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfisf; TWf.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; : j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md;
s:K
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md;

vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : g;/ t;/ f; eof;Fk; – eo + f; + f; + ck;
17. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfisr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,y;/ my;/ M vd;gd vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; MFk;.
v.fh: fz;oyd; ? fhz; (fz;) + l; + ,y; + md;
tp
18. tpfhuk; vd;gJ ahJ> rhd;W fhl;o tpsf;Ff.

gFjp jpupe;J (khwp) tUtJk;/ re;jp jpupe;J tUtJk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: je;jhd; ? jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
jh(j) ? gFjp/ `j~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j;(e;) ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy
ht
,ilepiy/ Md; ? glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

124
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
19. vGj;Jg; ngW vd;gJ ahJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; je;J tpsf;Ff.
gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;Jwg;g[ vGj;Jg;ngW
vdg;gLk;.
rhhpia tuntz;oa ,lj;jpy; g[s;sp bgw;w vGj;J caph; Vw ,lkspj;J te;jhy;
L al
mjid vGj;Jg;ngW vd;gu;.
tpFjp jdpna tuhky; Jizahfg; bgw;W tUk; vGj;nj vGj;Jg;ngW MFk;.
vGj;Jg;ngW fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
A d
v.fh:
ghLjp ? ghL + j;; + ,
D ika
bkhHpahjhd; ? bkhHp + a; + M + j; + Md;
,r;brhw;fspy; `,~ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjpf;F Kd;Dk; `M~ vd;Dk;
vjph;kiw ,ilepiyf;Fg; gpd;Dk; tUk; `j;~ vd;gJ vGj;Jg;ngwhFk;.
21. re;jpaha; tUk; vGj;Jfs; ahit;>
bgUk;ghYk; j;/ g;/ f; Mfpa @d;W vGj;JfSs; xd;W re;jpaha; tUk;.
Alv
22. md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpa tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ vJ rhupiaaha; tUk;>
md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpad tpFjpaha; tUk;nghJ/ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
23. `tpfhuk;~ vt;thW Vw;gLk;>
a
Xu; vGj;J kw;nwhu; vGj;jha;j; jpupe;Jk;/ bfl;Lk;/ beoy; Fwpyhft[k; khw;wk; bgWk;.
,j;jifa khw;wnk tpfhukhFk;.
.Kk
v.fh: epd;whd; ? epy;(d;) + w; + Md;
,jpy; èpy;~ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cs;s `y;~ `d;~ Mfj; jpupe;jJ.

wI
LV
`jkpH;g; gjpg;g[yfpd; jiykfd;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; rp.it.
w
jhnkhjudhu; ,y=;if/ ahH;g;ghzj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. jkpH;ehl;Lf;F

tUifg[upe;J/ jk; ,UgjhtJ tajpnyna èPjpbewp tpsf;fk;~ vd;Dk;
E}iy ciua[ld; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;L/ mwp+u;fspd; ftdj;ijf;
A
//w
ftu;e;jhu;. 1868 Mk; Mz;L/ bjhy;fhg;gpar; brhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;Fr;

nrdhtiuau; ciuiaa[k; gpd;du;f; fypj;bjhif/ ,iwadhu;
mfg;bghUs;/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l gy E}y;fisa[k; brk;ikahfg;
s:K
gjpg;gpj;Jg; g[fH;bfhz;lhu;. mj;Jld; epy;yhJ/ fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/

el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fisa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.
gPL bgw epy;
rp.it. jhnkhjudhu; Mwhk; thrfg; g[j;jfk; cs;spl;l gs;spg;ghlE}y;fisa[k; vGjpdhu;.
(1832 ? 1901) mtUila jkpH;g;gzpiaf; fz;l bgu;rpty; ghjpupahu;/ mtiuj;
jhk; elj;jpa `jpdtu;j;jkhdp~ vd;Dk; ,jGf;F Mrpupauhf;fpdhu;.
mt;tkak; mtu; M=;fpnyau; gyUf;Fk; jkpH; fw;Wj; je;jhu;. murh=;fj;jhuhy;/ brd;id
tp
khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g; gz;ojuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpwF/ gp.vy;. nju;tpYk; nju;r;rp bgw;W/
Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; tHf;fwp+uhfg; gzpahw;wp/ 1884 Mk; Mz;oy; g[Jf;nfhl;il cau;ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. jhnkhjudhu; ve;jg; gzp Mw;wpdhYk; jkJ brhe;jg; gzpahff;
fUjpf; flikahw;wpdhu;.
ht
125
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.in
1. khepyf;fy;Y}up ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
khepyf;fy;Y}up ? khepyk; + fy;Y}up
`kt;tPW xw;wpHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `k~fu bka;(k;)
bfl;L khepy + fy;Y}up vd;whdJ.
L al
gpd; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ `f~fu
xw;W(f;) kpFe;J/ khepy + f; + fy;Y}up ? khepyf; fy;Y}up vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
2. Mrpupauhf;fpdhu; ? ,jd; gFjp
A d
m) MR M) Mrpup
,) Mrpupauhf;F <) Mrp tpil: m) MR
D ika
3 3. rpW rpW bjhlu;fshf khw;wp vGJf.
jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;Lf; fypj;bjhif/
,ay;
tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/

Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;.
tpil:
Alv
jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;lhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fypj;bjhif/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa
E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;. a
4. bgUk;g[fH; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
.Kk
bgUk;g[fH; ? gz;g[j;bjhif.
5. fy;Y}up/ cau;ePjpkd;wk;/ tuyhW/ gzp Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd M=;fpyr; brhw;fis
vGJf.
wI
fy;Y}up – College tuyhW – History

LV
cau;ePjpkd;wk; – High court gzp – Job

w
6. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

1. Fkuid gw;wp bjupe;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUifj; jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;F gf;fj;J tPLjhd; FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fis nghyntg; bgz;fSk; muR gzpia bgwntz;Lk;.
A
//w
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu; ed;ikj; jPikfis g[upe;J ngRtu;.

4. jkpHu; Mw;W jz;zPiu njf;fp nrkpj;J fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
s:K
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;jg; bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nritg; g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;l

bra;jdu;.
tpil:
1. Fkuidg; gw;wpj; bjupe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUif jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;Fg; gf;fj;J tPLjhd;/ FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fisg; nghynt/ bgz;fSk; muRg; gzpiag;
tp
bgwntz;Lk;.
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu;/ ed;ik jPikfisg; g[upe;J ngRtu;.
4. jkpHu; Mw;Wj; jz;zPiuj; njf;fpr; nrkpj;Jf; fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;j bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nrit g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;lr;
ht
126 bra;jdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. jkpHhf;fk; jUf:
1. Education is the most powerful weapon, which you can use to change the world.
fy;tp vd;gJ/ cyifna khw;wf; Toa kpft[k; rf;jp tha;e;j Ma[jkhFk;.
2. Looking at beauty in the world is the first step of purifying the mind.
L al
cyfpy; cs;s mHif ,urpg;gJ kdijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kjy; goahFk;.
3. Culture does not make people. People make culture.
gz;ghL kf;fis cUthf;fhJ" kf;fs; gz;ghl;il cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;.
A d
4. A people without the knowledge of their past history and culture is like a tree without roots.
jk; Kd;ndhupd; tuyhw;iwa[k;/ gz;ghl;ila[k;/ mwpahj kf;fs;/ ntuw;w kuk; nghy;tu;.
D ika
5. A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people.
xU ehl;od; gz;ghL vd;gJ/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; cs;sj;jpYk;/ Md;khtpYk;
thH;fpwJ'j=;fpa[s;sJ.
8. fPH;f;fhQk; bra;jpiag; goj;J mwptpg;g[g; gjhif xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
Alv
jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
$dtup ? 10/ kJiu. kJiuia ikakhff; bfhz;L ,a=;fp tUk; r@fey

jkpHu;fspd;
gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f;
Fwpj;Jk;/ gz;ghL
a
mikg;ghd rpwFfs; rhu;gpy; xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; bjg;gf;Fsk;
mUfpy;/ ghujp fiyf;Tl mu=;fpy; $dtup 13Mk; ehs; eilbgw
cs;sJ. ,jpy; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f; Fwpj;Jk; bjhiyj;j
.Kk
Fwpj;jhd njlypd; gz;ghl;il kPl;blLg;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ``gz;ghLfshy; thGk;
njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpHu;~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; r@f Mu;tyUk; ftp+Ukhd md;gurp
rpwFfs; r@f ngrtpUf;fpwhu;. ,jd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahff; fye;JiuahlYk;
mikg;gpd; rhu;ghf eilbgw ,Uf;fpwJ. tpUg;gk; cs;s r@f Mu;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}up
wI
xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; khztu;fs;/ gs;sp khztu;fs; fye;J bfhs;syhk; vd;W rpwFfs;

LV
eilbgw cs;sJ. mikg;gpd; xU=;fpizg;ghsuhd ,dpad; bjuptpj;Js;shu;.

w
jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
ehs; : 13.01.2021
A
//w
,lk; : kJiu bjg;gf;Fsk; ? ghujp fiyf;Tlk;

rpwg;g[iu : ftp+h; md;gurp/ r@f Mu;tyu;
s:K
jiyg;g[ : gz;ghLfshy; thGk; jkpHh;

gPL bgw epy;
tpiHt[ : r@f Mh;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}hp khzth;fs;/ gs;sp khzth;fs; cs;spl;nlhhpd;
tUifa[k; fye;JiuahlYk;.
miHg;gpd; kfpH;tpy;/
tp
,dpad;/
xU=;fpizg;ghsu;/
`rpwFfs;~ mikg;g[/
kJiu.
ht
127
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.in
fl;Liu vGJf.
1. ``gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhg;nghk;
L al
gFj;jwpt[ nghw;Wnthk;~~ ? vd;Dk; bghUs;gl xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
A d
Kd;Diu
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;
D ika
3 thH;it Kd;ndw;Wk; tskhd bjhlu;fs;
me;epau; Ml;rpapy; mtyk;
,ay;
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy
Kot[iu
Alv
Kd;Diu:
ehL vdg;gLtJ ahJ> vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F/ ey;ypirg; g[ytu; xsitahu; mUikahd
tpsf;fk; xd;W jUfpwhu;. ve;ehl;oy; Mltu; ew;gz;g[k; ew;braYk;/ bfhz;ltuha;
thH;fpwhnuh/ me;ehnl èhL~ vdg;gLk; vd;fpwhu;. mj;jifa gz;ghl;nlhL thH;e;jtu;
jkpHu;.
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
a
.Kk
`gz;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `jFjp~ vd;gjhFk;. epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy; vd;W
TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ> ,ila{whd fy; Kjyhdtw;iw mfw;wp/ MH mfy/ cGJ/
ePu; gha;r;rp/ bkd;ikahf;fp/ gapu; tpistjw;fhd jFjpia Vw;gLj;JjyhFk;. mJnghy/
xUtdplKs;s nguhir/ nfhgk;/ bfhiybtwp nghd;w jPadtw;iw mfw;wp/ mtidr;
wI
rKjhaj;njhL ,iae;J thH;tjw;fhd `jFjp~iag; bgwr; bra;tJjhd; gz;ghlhFk;.

LV
,j;jifa gz;ghl;il xUtDf;F mspg;git mwpt[ E}y;fnsahFk;.

w
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;:
jkpHu;fspd; mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;/ r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. mit btWk; bghGJnghf;F
E}y;fs; my;y" thH;f;if mDgtj;jpypUe;J bgwg;gl;l Kj;Jfis Vuhskha;g;
bgw;Ws;sit. mj;jifa Kj;jhd fUj;Jfs; kdpjid khz;g[s;stdhf;Fgit.
A
//w
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy:
mr;rj;jpd; cr;rj;jpy; md;iwa jkpHu;fs; thH;e;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; gFj;jwpa[k;
s:K
jpwd; ,y;yhikna MFk;. vdnt/ Kd;ndhu;fs; ekf;F mspj;j gz;ghl;L bewpfisg;

gpd;tUk; jiyKiwapdu; ngzpf; fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
``vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.~~
vd;Dk; bgha;ah bkhHpg; g[ytuhfpa ts;Stu; thf;fpw;nfw;wthW/ vija[k; ,J
tp
Vw;fj; jf;fjh vd Muha;e;J mwpe;J gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. mr;rk; bfhz;L mwpahikf;F

mo gzpaf; TlhJ.
Kot[iu:
`jpUe;jpa gz;g[k; rPu;j;j ehfupfKk;~ bfhz;l ek;kpilna/ nkiy ehl;od; gHf;f
ht
128 tHf;f=;fs; CLUtp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidr; rPu;Fiyf;f Kidfpd;wd. mjpypUe;J kPz;L/
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
gFj;jwpitg; nghw;wp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidg; ghJfhj;J/ cyf mu=;fpy; jkpHu; cau;e;njh=;fp
thH Kay;nthk;- gz;ghl;L czu;t[k;/ gFj;jwpa[k; jpwDk; bfhz;l rKjhae;jhd;
thH;tpd; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; vdf; Twpd; kpifahfhJ md;nwh-
rpj;jpuf;ftp
L al
jkpH;f; ftpijfSs; rpj;jpuftp mikg;g[k; xd;whFk;. rpj;jpuftpapy; gy tiffs;
cs;sd. rpj;jpuftp vd;gJ VnjDk; xU bghUisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; ftpijapida[k;
mjw;Fs;shf mikj;J vGJtjhFk;.
A d
khiykhw;W
khiykhw;W rpj;jpuftp tiffSs; vspikahdJ (khiy ? g{f;fshy; tupirahfj;
D ika
bjhLj;jJ.) khiyapd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L KidfspypUe;J fPH;nehf;fpdhYk;
khiyapd; Koghf cs;s xU KidapypUe;J nky;nehf;fpr; brd;whYk; mk;khiy xnu
jd;ik cilajhfj; njhd;Wk;. mJnghy xU ghliy KjypypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk;
KotpypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk; mnj vGj;Jfs; mike;j ghlyhf khiykhw;W mika[k;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; PALINDROME vd;Dk; totKk; ,j;jifaJ vd;W xUthW Twyhk;.
Alv
vGjpg;gHFf.
a
.Kk
wI
LV
njU tUnj eP th ghg;gh khkh eP th khkh

khkh th eP khkh
w
ghg;gh th eP njU tUnj

cld;gl;Lk; kWj;Jk; ngRf.
M=;fpnyau; tUif (cld;gly;)
A
//w
M=;fpnyau; tUifahy; ,e;jpah KGtJk; ,uapy; ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[ trjp mtu;fshnyna mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ekJ ehl;od;
s:K
kpfg;bgupa mYtyff; fl;ll=;fs; mtu;fs; fl;Lkhdj;jhy; Mditna. nkYk;/ ekJ

bjhHpy;Jiwia nkk;gLj;jpaJk; mtu;fns. mtu;fspd; fhyk;/ tsu;r;rpg; goepiyapd;
tpoaw;fhyk;.
gPL bgw epy;
M=;fpnyau; tUif (kWj;jy;)

M=;fpnyau; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uapy; ghijfisj; JiwKf=;fnshL ,izj;J
mjd; tHpahf ekJ mupa bry;t=;fisa[k; cw;gj;jpg; bghUs;fisa[k; gpupl;lDf;Ff;
tp
bfhz;L brd;wJ mtu;fs; thH;it nkk;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tjw;fhfnt. bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[

trjpfisa[k; bgupa fl;ll=;fisa[k; ,e;jpau;fSf;fhfr; bra;J bfhLf;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fspd; Ml;rpKiwj; njitfSf;fhfnt bra;J bfhz;ldu;. vdnt/ M=;fpnyau;
ek;ik Ml;rp bra;j fhyk; ek;ik ehnk bjhiyj;jpUe;j ,Us; fhyk;.
ht
129
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.in
nkYk;/
m) bjhHpy;El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsu;r;rpna'tPH;r;rpna.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsu;f;fpwJ'Fiwf;fpwJ.
,) jkpHu;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;'js;sp itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mfpa
L al
jiyg;g[fspy; ngrt[k; vGjt[k; bra;f.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsh;r;rpna (cld;ghL) :
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
A d
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
D ika
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
3 cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
,ay;
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna

ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tPH;r;rpna (kWj;jy;) :
Alv
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
a
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
.Kk
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna
ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsh;f;fpwJ (cld;gly;) :
wI
jw;nghJ jahhpf;fg;gLk; czt[fspd; tiffs; jukhf/ rhptpfpjr; rj;Js;sjhf

LV
,Ug;gjhy; kf;fs; bghpJk; tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;.

w
jpd;gz;l=;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Kiw jukhdjhft[k;/ Rfhjhukhdjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

rpw;Wz;ofs; Ritahdjhft[k;/ juKs;sjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rhd;whf ,iwr;rpfisf; bfhz;L gw;gy tifahd czt[fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L
A
//w
kf;fisg; bghpJk; <h;g;gjhf cs;sd.

M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;itf; Fiwf;fpwJ (kWj;jy;) :
jw;nghija czt[ kdpj clypy; gy rj;Jfisr; nrh;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
s:K
neha;fisj;jhd; nrh;f;fpwJ. ghypy; a{hpaht[k;/ gH=;fspy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[k;/ ikjh

nghd;w kht[g; bghUl;fspy; er;Rk;/ Fsph;ghd=;fspy; g{r;rp kUe;J ,Ug;gjhft[k;/
mhprpapy;Tl gpsh!;of;/ Kl;ilapYk; braw;if vdg;gy jug;gl;l bghUl;fspy;
clYf;F xt;thg; bghUl;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Jhpj czt[ tiffspy; gad;gLj;JtJ Rj;jk; bra;ag;glhj vz;bza; MFk;.
behWf;Fj;jPdp bra;ag;gLk; vz;bza; mof;fo khw;whky; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
tp
Rfhjhuf;Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; gw;gy neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
mtru epiyapy; bra;ag;gLk; Jhpj czt[ Ritahf ,Ug;gpDk;/ mjw;F ehk;
ht
moikahfp neha;f;Fs; tpGe;J tpLfpnwhk;.

130
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;ghf vz;bzahy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l jpd;gz;l=;fs;/ ikjh/ lhy;lh ,itaht[k;
clYf;F cghij cz;L bra;fpd;wd.
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itf;fpwhh;fs; (cld;gly;) :
jkpHh;fs; ,is+h; Kjy; Kjpath; tiu Mil cLj;Jtjpy; ,d;Dk; ftdk;
L al
brYj;Jfpd;wdh;.
cz;Qk; cztpy; ,d;Dk; jkpHh;fs; gHikiana cz;L kfpH;fpd;wdh;.
,iw tHpghl;oYk; ,d;Dk; kpFe;j gf;jp cilath;fshfnt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
A d
kUj;Jtj;jpYk; @ypif kUj;Jtk;/ ghl;o itj;jpak; ,d;Dk; if bfhLf;fpd;wJ.
tpUe;njhk;gypy; ,d;Dk; cgrhpg;gpy; JspasntDk; Fiwtpy;yhky; ele;njWfpwJ.
D ika
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; js;sp itf;fpwhh;fs; (kWj;jy;) :
,d;iwa ,is+h;fs; MQk;/ bgz;Qk; ghuk;ghpa cilfis kwe;J
nkiyehLfspd; Mil tpUk;gpfshf khwptpl;ldh;.
ghuk;ghpa tptrhaj;ij xJf;fptpl;L/ btt;ntW bjhHpy;fspny Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
czt[ cz;gjpYk; nkiyehLfspd; jahhpg;g[fisna bghpJk; tpUk;gp cz;fpd;wdh;.
Alv
Tl;Lf;FLk;g thH;f;if kiwe;J jdpf;Foj;jdk; nknyh=;fp cwt[fs; eype;Jtpl;ld.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
vz; ntiyfs;
a Mz; ' bgz; VnjDk;
Mz; bgz; ,UtUk; xd;iw kl;Lk; nju;t[ bra;jhy;
.Kk
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
1. g{j;bjhLj;jy; – –  –
2. fzpdpapy; gzp – –  –
wI
3. fhtyu; – –  –
LV
4. rikg;gJ – –  –

w
5. kUj;Jtk; – – –
6. tHf;fwp+u; – –  –
7. tPl;od; J}a;ik – –  –
A
//w
8. bjhHpy; Kidnthu; – –  –
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
s:K
,df;FG – Ethnic Group

gPL bgw epy;
Kd;bdhl;L – Prefix
g[tpr;NHy; – Earth Environment
gpd;bdhl;L – Suffix
tp
ntu;r;brhy; mfuhjp – Etymological Dictionary

gz;ghl;Lf;TWfs; – Cultural Elements
***
ht
131
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thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
,ay; 3 ? jpUts;Stu;
L al
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk; : 87
A d
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy; bra;jtk;
D ika
<z;L Kayg; gLk;.
3 M) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy
,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
,ay;
,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;

kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
Alv
tpil: ,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
2. Jd;gg;gLgtu; ________.
m) jPf;fhak; gl;ltu;
,) bghUisf; fhf;fhjtu;
a
M) jPapdhy; Rl;ltu;
<) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu; tpil: <) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu;
.Kk
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
kiykpirj; njhd;Wk; kjpak;nghy; ahidj;
jiykpirf; bfhz;l Filau; ? epykpirj;
wI
J+;rpdhu; vd;bwLj;Jj; J}w;wg;gl; lhuy;yhy;

LV
v+;rpdhu; ,t;t[yfj; jpy;

m) xd;wh cyfj;J cau;e;j g[fHy;yhy;
w
bghd;whJ epw;gbjhd;W ,y;.

M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
A
//w
,) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy

,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
s:K
tpil: M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;

bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
4. fPH;f;fhQk; g[Jf;ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
g{f;fSf;Fk; Kl;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; m) mUtpid bad;g csnth fUtpahd;
g[H=;FfpwJ nahrid fhyk; mwpe;J brapd;.
tp
ghrj;Jf;Fk; epahaj;Jf;Fk; eLtpy;

M) gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
eR=;FfpwJ mwk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;.
,d;gj;Jf;Fk; nguhirf;Fk; elf;Fk;
nghuhl;lj;jpy; btof;fpd;wd ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
ht
btspapy; Fz;LfSk; Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tPl;oy; rz;ilfSk;. . . . . tpil: ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
Mir mWj;jy; vspjy;y- Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.
Kad;W ghu;f;fyhk; th-
L al
5. xg;g[ut[ vd;gjd; bghUs; _________.
m) mlf;fKilaJ M) gz;g[ilaJ
,) CUf;F cjt[tJ <) bry;tKilaJ tpil: ,) CUf;F cjt[tJ
A d
6. bghUj;Jf.
m) thH;gtd; i) fhj;jpUg;gtd;
D ika
M) thHhjtd; ii) kUe;jhFk; kukhdtd;
,) njhd;Wgtd; iii) xj;jjwpgtd;
<) bty;y epidg;gtd; iv) g[fH; jUk; gz;g[ilatd;
c) bgUk; gz;g[ilatd; v) ,irbahHpj;jtd;
vi) tPH;gtd; tpil: m.iii M.v ,.iv <.i c.ii
Alv
7. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) Rlr;RlUk; – tpidbar;rk;
M) Rlr; RlUk; bghd; – bgabur;rk;
,) Rlr;Rl
8. tpiue;J bfLgtd; ahu;>
a – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
.Kk
m) gpwUld; xj;Jg;nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
M) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf
epidf;fhjtd;.
,) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidf;fhjtd;.
wI
<) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf

LV
epidg;gtd;.
w
tpil: <) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
9. ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? bghUs; TWf.
ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? cjtp bra;tjw;fhf.
A
//w
10. gw;W eP=;fpatDf;F cz;lhtJ ? gw;ww;wtidg; gw;Wtjhy; cz;lhtJ

m) gw;Wfs; bgUFk; ? bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk;.
s:K
M) gw;Wfs; mfYk; ? bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk;.

,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
gPL bgw epy;
<) bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk; ? gw;Wfs; bgUFk;.
tpil: ,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
11. mUtpid ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
tp
mUtpid ? mUik + tpid

`mUik~ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
`<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
ht
mU + tpid mUtpid vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.

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.in
FWtpdh
1. jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; g[z; vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij tL vd;Wk; ts;Stu; TWtJ Vd;>
xUtid/ xUtd; jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy;
L al
MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ vd;Wk; mtd; kdj;jpy; Mwhj;
jGk;gha; ,Uf;Fk;.
A d
mjdhy; ts;Stk;/ jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; `g[z;~ vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij `tL~ vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
D ika
2. ``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
3 bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
,ay;
ctik :
jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; neha;f;F kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kuk;.
ctnkak;:
Alv
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;
ctk cUg[:
mw;W (nghy)
tpsf;fk;:
a
kUe;Jkuk; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
.Kk
jd; nkw;gl;il Kjypatw;iwr; brJf;fpf; bfhz;lnghJk;/ mJ jd; Fiwiag;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;. mJnghy xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk;/
gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd; Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;yhUila
tUj;jj;ija[k; jtwhky; jPu;f;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
wI
bghUj;jk;:
LV
bgUe;jifahDf;F kUe;JkuKk;/ bgUe;jifahd; bry;tk; kUe;J kuj;jpd;

gaDf;Fk; bghUe;Jfpd;wd.
w
3. vjw;F Kd; ey;y bray;fis tpiue;J bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
tPL ngw;wpw;fhd ew;bray;fis tpiue;J bra;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
,y;iybadp;y; xUtd; jhd; vz;zpa vz;zj;ij vLj;Jr; brhy;y ,ayhjthW/

ehtpid ,Gj;J/ tpf;fy; tplhJ te;J ,wf;f neUk;.
4. rPu; J}f;fp Muhantz;oa Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
s:K
jhd; bra;af; fUjpa braypd; typik/

mijr; bra;a tpUk;g[k; jd; typik/
mjw;F CW bra;J tpyf;ff; Toa giftdJ typik/
jdf;Fj; Jizahthu;/ giftu;;f;Fj; Jizahthu; typik Mfpadthk;.
5. kUe;J kukhf ,Ug;gtu; ahu;> kUe;J vJ>
tp
kUe;J kukha; ,Ug;gtd;/ gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatd;.

kUe;J/ mtdplk; nrUk; bry;tk;.
ht
134
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. ``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL.~~
L al
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpiar; tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ntw;Wikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
A d
Kjypy; ,UbghUs;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s xw;Wikiaf; Twpg; gpd;du; mtw;iw
ntWgLj;jp/ xd;W kw;bwhd;iw tpl ntWgl;lJ vdf; TWjy; ntw;Wikazp MFk;.
D ika
bghUs;:
jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy; MwptpLk;. Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;lg[z;/ cs;sj;jpy; eP=;fhj jGk;ig cz;lhf;fp tpLk;. jP cliyr; RLk;" jPa
brhy; cs;sj;ijr; RLk;.jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z; rpy ehs;fspy; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;" Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ MwhJ. kdj;jpy; tLtha; epiyj;J epw;ff; ToaJ vd ntWgLj;jp
,U bghUs;fSk; xw;Wik ciladthapDk;/ jPia tpl/ jPa brhy; (fL+;rhy;)
Alv
bfhoaJ vd;W ntWgLj;jpajhy; ,f;Fws; ntw;Wikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
mzpg; bghUj;jk;:
jPa[k;/ jPa brhy;Yk; RLk; jd;ikahy; xw;Wik cilad.
a
2. g[fGf;Fupa gz;g[fshf ePtpu; fUJtd ahit> g[fHpd; bgUikiag; bghJkiw tHpepd;W
TWf.
.Kk
g[fGf;Fupa Fz=;fsha; ehd; fUJtd/ ,uf;fk;/ <jy; MFk;.
,uf;fk; fhuzkha; <jy; epfGk;.
<jy; fhuzkha;f; fhupakhfpa g[fH; epw;Fk;.
clnyhL thH;tJ/ capUf;F ed;ik njof; bfhs;tjw;nf MFk;;.
wI
g[fH; ,y;yhky; thH;gtiu/ cyfk; mwpahJ.

LV
mtu;fs; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ gpwe;Jk; gpwthjtuhfnt fUjg;gLthu;.

w
Mjyhy;/ mtu;fis ,we;jtu; (eilg;gpzk;) vd;whu;.

3. ehr;brw;W tpf;Fs;nky; thuhKd; ey;tpid
nkw;brd;W bra;ag; gLk; ? ,f;Fwl;ghit myfpl;L tha;ghL TWf.
A
//w
vz; rPu; mir tha;ghL

1. ehr;'brw;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
s:K
2. tpf;'Fs;'nky; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;

3. th'uh'Kd; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
gPL bgw epy;
4. ey;'tpid neu; + epiu Ttpsk;

5. nkw;'brd;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
6. bra;'ag; neu; + neu; njkh
tp
7. gLk; epiu `kyu;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghL

,f;Fwl;gh ``kyu;~~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;lhy; Koe;Js;sJ.
ht
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4. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag;
bghUj;jp vGJf.
tpidtypa[k; jd;typa[k; khw;whd; typa[k;
Jiztypa[k; J}f;fpr; bray;
L al
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; `brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp~ mike;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy;Yk;/ bghUSk; gpd;du;g; gyKiw tUkhW
A d
TWtJ brhw;bghUl; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
bghUs; :
D ika
3 xU braiyr; bra;aj; bjhl=;Fk; Kd;/ me;jr; braypd; typika[k;/ jd; typika[k;/
giftdpd; typika[k;/ Jizahthu; typika[k; gw;wpr; rPu;J}f;fp Muha;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,ay;
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
,f;Fwspy; `typik~ vd;Dk; bghUspy;/ Kd;du; te;j `typ~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ mnj
bghUspy; gpd;du;g; gyKiw te;jikahy;/ ,f;Fws; brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy
Alv
mzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
5. tpUk;gpaij miltJ vg;go> Fws;tHp tpsf;Ff.
+hyk; fUjpDk; if TLk;:
a
xUtd; jf;f fhykwpe;J/ Vw;w ,lk; mwpe;J/ xU braiyr; bra;thdhapd;/ mtd;
,t;t[yfj;jpidna Msf; fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk; vd;fpwhu;/ bja;tg; g[ytu;
.Kk
jpUts;Stu;.
`+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; brapd;~
wI
xUtDf;F Vw;w fhyk; tha;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;/ mtd; jd; typik Kjypatw;why;

LV
Kad;whYk;/ bra;J Kof;f tpUk;g[k; bray;fisr; bra;J Kof;f ,ayhJ.

jd; typik Kjypatw;why;/ Vw;w fhyj;ij tUtpf;ft[k; ,ayhJ.
w
Mfnt/ xUtd; jd; bray;fisr; bra;J Kog;gjw;F/ Vw;w fhyk; miktJ mUik
vd;gJ njhd;w `,iae;j fhy;~ vd;whu;.
A
//w
``va;jw;F mupaJ ,iae;jf;fhy; me;epiyna

bra;jw;F mupa bray;~~
s:K
fhyj;nj Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;:

vdnt/ fhyk; ePoj;J epy;yhky; tpiue;J bry;Yk; jd;ikaJ vd;gij czu;e;J/
Vw;w fhyk; tha;j;jnghJ/ bra;jw;fupa bray;fis vy;yhk; Koj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
bgha;ahbkhHpg; g[ytu; jpUts;Stu;.
beLtpdh
tp
1. bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk; tHpfis xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuk;tHp epWt[f.

ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf- jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
L al
cyfeilia mwpe;J el- Kot[iu
kUe;J kuk;
Kd;Diu
A d
mwf;fUj;Jfis ,uz;nl mofspy; vLj;Jiug;gjpy; cyf ,yf;fpa=;fspnyna
Kd;epw;gJ jpUf;Fws;. gpwUf;F cjt[tijg; bghpJk; nghw;WfpwJ ts;Stk;.
xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuj;jpd; tHpna bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk;
D ika
fUj;Jfisf; fhz;nghk;.
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf-:
cyf eilapid mwpe;J rKjhaj;jpw;F cjtp thH;jny xg;g[uthFk;. xUtu; Kad;W
bghUs; <l;LtJ jf;ftu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nfahFk;. jhnk cz;gjw;fhft[k;/ nru;j;J
itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; bghUs; <l;lyhfhJ.
Alv
cyfeilia mwpe;J el-
cyfeilia mwpe;J elj;jny capUilahu;f;F mwpt[k; braYkhFk;.
cyfeilia mwpe;J eltjhtuplk;/ mt;twpt[k; braYk; fhzg;glhikahy;/ mtu;fs;
capnuhoUe;jhYk; gpzkhfnt kjpf;fj; jf;ftu; Mthu;.
a
kUe;J kuk;:
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatdplj;jpy; bry;tk; nrUkhdhy;
.Kk
mr;bry;tk;/ jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuk; nghy
vy;nyhu;f;Fk; vy;yh tifapYk; gad;gLk;.
vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;:
wI
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj br=;Fj;jhd cr;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/ gpwtw;why;

LV
kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J ntbwhU fhyj;jpy; ,y;yhky;

mHpe;J nghff; ToajhapUe;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
w
m=;=dkpd;wpf; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;

fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
A
//w
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;

gad;gLk;.
jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
s:K
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjyptw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
gPL bgw epy;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;
Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
tp
Kot[iu:
jhd; bgw;Ws;s bry;tk; vd;gJ jdf;fhdJ kl;Lkd;W" gpwUf;fhd cjtpiar;
bra;tjw;FkhdJjhd; vd;gij ts;Stk; mHfha; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
ht
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~

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2. `mlf;fKilik xUtiu thH;tpdpy; cau;j;Jk;~ ? ,f;Tw;iw Kg;ghy;tHp tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
L al
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
A d
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
D ika
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;ghypd; tHpna kdpj thH;tpDf;fhd midj;Jf;
3 fUj;Jfisa[k; vLj;jpak;g[fpwJ ts;Stk;. me;j tifapy; mlf;fKilikna xUtiu
thH;tpdpy; cah;j;Jk; vd;gij Kg;ghypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fUj;Jfshy; mwpayhk;.
,ay;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ:

mlf;fKilik vd;gJ jd; kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpad jPa bewpapy; bry;yhJ/
ml=;fp thH;jyhFk;. ,j;jifa mlf;fk; cs;stdpd; cau;thdJ/ vy;yhuhYk; ghu;f;ff;
Alv
Toa kpfg; bgupa njhw;wk; bfhz;l/ kiyia tpl kpfg; bgupajhFk;.
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
mlf;fpahs ntz;oa kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpatw;Ws;Sk; ehtlf;fk;
a
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ehtlf;fk; ,y;yhky; ngrpdhy;/ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;L/ mjd;
fhuzkha;g; gy Jd;g=;fs; te;J nrUk;.
.Kk
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l g[z;/ clystpy; tLtha; khwhJ
,Ue;jhYk;/ cs;sj;jstpy; Vw;gl;l mj;Jd;gk; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;. Mdhy;/
bfhLbkhHpahy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidr; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tL/ vd;Wk; khwhJ. mtd;
wI
be+;rpy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. Mjyhy;/ gpw mlf;f=;fspDk; ehtlf;fk; xUtDf;F kpf

LV
,d;wpaikajjhFk;.
w
Kot[iu:
mlf;fk; vd;gJ xUtiu thH;tpy; cah;j;Jk; mUk;gz;ghFk;. vdnt mlf;fKilik
vd;gij midtUk; thH;tpdpy; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk; vd;W Kg;ghy; tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
A
//w
`èpiyapd; jphpahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;

kiyapDk; khzg; bghpJ~~
s:K
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kiyapDk; – ck; – cau;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
ehfhf;f – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
fhf;f/ njhd;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs;
nrhfhg;gu; – gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
tp
Rl;l g[z;/ Rl;l tL – bgabur;r=;fs;

Mw;wpj; je;j – tpidbar;rk;
jg;gh kuk; – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
bgUe;jif – gz;g[j;bjhif
ht
bra;jtk; – tpidj;bjhif
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
thuh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ey;tpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
nehjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
gw;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
L al
jUk; – `bra;a[k;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
mUtpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
fUJgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
A d
g[zu;r;rp tpjp.
D ika
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. jhshw;wp `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ jhshw;wp
jhs; + Mw;wp ,ay;ng~ (s; + M) = sh vd;whdJ.
2. bghUbsy;yhk; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ bghUbsy;yhk;
bghUs; + ,ay;ng~ (s; + v = by) vd;whdJ.
Alv
vy;yhk;
3. mr;rpWk; `capu; tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L mr;(r;+c)+ ,Wk;
mr;R + ,Wk; XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp mr;r; + ,Wk;
a
<w;W cfuk; bfl;L/
,ay;ng~ (r; + , = rp)
mr;rpWk;
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
fhf;f = fh + f; + f ml=;fpahd; = ml=;F + ,(d;) + a; + Md;

wI
fh gFjp ml=;F gFjp

LV
f; re;jp ,(d;) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy" dfuk; g[zu;e;J

w
bfl;lJ.
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W a; clk;gL bka;
tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
A
//w
thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md; thHhjhd; = thH; + M + j; + Md;

thH; gFjp thH; gFjp
s:K
t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy M vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; j; vGj;Jg;ngW
gPL bgw epy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpae;jhd; = tpa + j;(e;); + j; + Md; Rl;l = RL (Rl;L) + m
tpa gFjp RL gFjp/ `Rl;L~ vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;j
(Rl;L) fhyk; fhl;oaJ.
tp
j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp
Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. cyfg; bghJkiw vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
m) g[wehD}W M) ehyoahu;
,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUthrfk; tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws;
A d
2. jpUf;Fws; ________ E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
D ika
3 ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F <) gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F
tpil: ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F
,ay;
3. jpUf;Fwspd; ghtif ________.

m) Fws; btz;gh M) neupir Mrpupag;gh
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) Fws; btz;gh
Alv
4. ghtpd; tifiaj; jd; bgauhff; bfhz;Ls;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) FWe;bjhif a
<) mfehD}W tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
5. jpUf;FwSf;Fg; ________ ngUila ciu ,Ug;gjhfg; gHk;ghly; xd;W TWfpwJ.
.Kk
m) gj;J M) gjpd;@d;W
,) gjpdhd;F <) gjpdhW tpil: m) gj;J
6. jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vGjhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) kzf;Fltu; M) fhyp=;fu;
wI
,) gupg;bgUkhs; <) kiwkiyaofs; tpil: <) kiwkiyaofs;

LV
7. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;fg; g[ytu; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ E}y; ________.

w
m) tzf;fk; ts;St M) ts;StKk; thH;tpaYk;

,) Fwnshtpak; <) jpUts;Stkhiy tpil: <) jpUts;Stkhiy
8. jpUts;Stiuf; Fwpg;gplhj rpwg;g[g; bgaiuf; fz;lwp.
A
//w
m) bgUehtyu; M) Kjw;ghtyu;
,) bgha;apy; g[ytu; <) ehtyu; tpil: <) ehtyu;
s:K
9. VG rPu;fspy; thH;tpay; bewpfisg; ngRk; E}y; ________.

m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) esbtz;gh <) jpUg;g[fH; tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
10. jPapdhy; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
tp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp

,) gpd;tUepiy mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ntw;Wik mzp
11. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
ht
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
,) cUtf mzp <) Vfnjr cUtf mzp tpil: M) ctik mzp
12. Rlr;RUk;; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;
Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
L al
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ctik mzp
A d
13. gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
D ika
,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp <) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
tpil: ,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp
14. gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
Alv
,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp <) ,y;bghUs; ctik mzp
tpil: ,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. a
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) fw;gpay;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) xHpgpay;
.Kk
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) CHpay;
m) 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3
,) 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 1
wI

LV
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 70 mjpfhu=;fs;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 25 mjpfhu=;fs;
w
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 38 mjpfhu=;fs;

m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
A
//w

i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 3 ,ay;fs;
s:K
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 2 ,ay;fs;

iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 4 ,ay;fs;
gPL bgw epy;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
18. mwj;Jg;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
tp
m) ghaputpay; M) ,y;ywtpay;
,) Jwtwtpay; <) muR ,ay; tpil: <) muR ,ay;
19. bghUl;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) muR ,ay; M) mikr;R ,ay;
ht
,) xHpgpay; <) CHpay; tpil: <) CHpay;

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20. ,d;gj;Jg;ghypy; ,lk;bgWk; ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) ,y;ywtpay; M) Jwtwtpay;
,) xHpgpay; <) fstpay; tpil: <) fstpay;
21. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs; ________, Fwl;ghf;fs; ________.
L al
m) 133/ 1330 M) 130/ 1300
,) 125/ 1250 <) 135/ 1350 tpil: m) 133/ 1330
22. xUtu; vijf; fhf;fhtpl;lhYk; fhf;f ntz;oaJ ________.
A d
m) tPl;il M) ehia
,) ehit <) gzpia tpil: ,) ehit
D ika
3 23. bgUe;jifahsdplk; cs;s bry;tk; xg;gplg;gLtJ ________.
m) kUe;J kuj;Jld; M) njtUyf czt[ld;
,ay;
,) fw;gf tpUl;rj;Jld; <) gad;glh kuj;Jld; tpil: m) kUe;J kuj;Jld;

24. jtkpUg;gtiuj; Jd;gk; tUj;j tUj;j ________ tsUk;.
m) +hdk; M) bry;tk;
Alv
,) mGif <) mHpt[ tpil: m) +hdk;
FWtpdh
1. jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
a
.Kk
jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs;:
,e;E}y; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; @d;W bgUk;gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
133 mjpfhu=;fis cilaJ.
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
wI
2. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>

LV
Kg;ghy; bgha;ahbkhHp
w
cj;ju ntjk; tha[iw thH;j;J

bja;tE}y; jkpH;kiw
cyfg; bghJkiw Mfpadthk;
A
//w
3. jpUts;StUf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>

ehadhu; khjhDg=;fp
njtu; bre;ehg;nghjhu;
s:K
Kjw;ghtyu; bgUehtyu;
bja;tg;g[ytu; bgha;apy;g[ytu; vd;gdthk;.
ehd;Kfd;
4. kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ vJ>
kiyiaf; fhl;oYk; kpfg; bgupaJ/ jdf;Fupa epiyapypUe;J khWglhky;/ mlf;fj;njhL
tp
thH;gtDila cau;thFk;.
5. brhy;ypGf;Fg; gl;Lr; nrhfhg;gu; ? ahu;>
xUtu; vjid mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhYk;/ ehf;F xd;widahtJ mlf;fp Ms ntz;Lk;.
ht
mt;thW mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhy;/ ngRk;nghJ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj; Jd;g[Wtu;.

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.in
6. jhshw;wpj; je;j bghUspd; gad; ahJ>
xUtd; Kaw;rp bra;J ghLgl;Lj; njoa bghUspd; gad;/ jFjp cilahu;f;F ntshz;ik
(cjtp) bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
7. xj;j mwpthd; capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> Vd;>
L al
capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu;/ cyf eilahfpa xg;g[utpid mwpe;J gpwUf;F cjtp
thH;gtidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
nkYk; cyf eilia mwpe;J elj;jny/ capUilahu;f;F cupa mwpt[k; braYk;
A d
MFk;.
Mjyhy;/ mjid cilatnd capu; thH;thd; vd;whu;.
D ika
8. bgUe;jifahd;fz; gLk; bry;tk; vjw;F xg;ghdjhFk;>
gpwUf;F cgfhuk; bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;/ jd;
vy;yh cWg;g[fSk;/ kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhFk;.
9. cyfpy; bghd;whJ epw;gJ vJ>
jdf;F ,izapy;yhjjha;/ cau;e;J tps=;Fk; g[fnH/ ,t;t[yfpy; mHptpy;yhjjha;
epiyj;J epw;Fk;.
Alv
Vidait aht[k; mHpaf; Toaitnaahk;.
10. njhd;whik ed;W ? Vd;>
ntz;Lk;.
a
,t;t[yfpy; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;jhy;/ g[fGf;Ff; fhuzkhfpa Fz=;fnshL gpwf;f
mf;Fz=;fs; ,y;yhjtu; kf;fsha;g; gpwthky;/ tpy=;fha;g; gpwj;jny ey;yjhk;.

.Kk
11. tir xHpe;j thH;t[/ ,ir xHe;j thH;t[ gw;wp ts;Stu; fUj;J ahJ>
jk; kPJ gHp eP=;fg;/ g[fH; bgUf/ thGk; thH;nt cau;;e;j thH;thFk;.
g[fH; cz;lhfhky;/ gHp cz;lhf thGk; thH;t[ thH;thfhJ" mtu;fs; thH;t[ ,wg;g[f;Fr;
rkk;.
wI
,it ts;Stu; fUj;jhFk;.

LV
12. jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfs; ahit>

w
jtk; bra;gtu; jk; Ik;g[yd;fis mlf;f ntz;Lk;.

gpw capu;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; epfHhjthW ele;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;g=;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
,itna jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfshFk;.

13. ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy;~~ ? tpsf;Ff.
s:K
jt typik bgw;wtuhy; vija[k; Mf;f ,aYk;.

vija[k; fhf;f ,aYk;
gPL bgw epy;
vija[k; mHpf;f ,aYk;
mtu; ,j;jifa typik tha;e;jtu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F
va;jyhy;~~ vd;whu;.
tp
14. `nehw;fpw;gtu;f;F Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsptpLk;~ ? tpsf;Ff.

mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; jd;ikia ,He;jpUf;fpwJ
capu;.
mt;t[apiuj; Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;gpy; Rlr;Rl/ jtk; vd;Dk; xsptpl;L/ gyuhYk;
ht
nghw;wg;gLfpd;w bgUikapid milfpwJ.

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15. vj;jifa bgUikia cilj;J ,t;t[yF>
new;W capnuhL ,Ue;j mtnd/ ,d;W capnuhL ,y;iy vd;W brhy;Yk; mst[f;F
,t;t[yF epiyahikia kpFjpaha;f; bfhz;lJ.
16. vtiu `xU bghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~ vd;whu; ts;Stu;>
L al
xUtd;/ Kd; bra;j tpidf;Fj; jf;f msthfnt ,t;t[yfpy; thH;thd; vdg; gyUk;
mwptu;. Mdhy;/ me;j tpidapd; mst[ vt;tst[ fhyk; vd mwpa khl;lhu;.
vdpDk;/ jhk; ePz;l fhyk; thH;nthk; vdf; fUjpf; bfhz;L gythW bra;fpd;wdu;"
A d
ngRfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa kaf;f mwptpdiuna/ ``xUbghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~~
vd;whu; ts;Stu;.
D ika
17. `nfhoa[k; my;y" gy fUJg~ ? ,f;Fwso czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
3 ,t;toahdJ `thH;t[ khakhdJ" mk;kha thH;f;ifapid mwpa ,ayhJ.
vdnt/ mj;jifa thH;itg; bgw;wtd;/ gythW vz;Qtijj; jtpu;j;J/ cWjpg;
,ay;
gadha; xd;iwna milaf; fUj ntz;Lk;~ vd;Dk; cz;ikia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

18. Jwt[ vd;gJ ahJ>
g[wj;nj cs;s bry;tj;jpd; kPJ bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k;/ mfkhfpa clypd; kPJ
Alv
bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k; tpLjny Jwt[ MFk;.
19. `vtd; Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd;~ ? vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
ve;j ve;jg; bghUspdplj;JkpUe;Jk;/ gw;iw tpl;L eP=;fpdtd;/ me;j me;jg; bghUshy;
a
Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ.
20. `gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg; gw;Wf~/ vd;W ts;Stu; TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ>
.Kk
xd;iwr; rhu;e;j capuhy; ,Uf;f Koa[k;.
mj;jifa capuhy;/ jdf;F Xu; Mjhukhd gw;Wf; nfhod;wpj; jdpj;J epw;f ,ayhJ.
mjdhy;jhd; capu; cliya[k;/ clYf;F Mjhukhd cyfj;ija[k;/ cyfj;J ,d;g
Efu;r;rpiaa[k; gw;wp epw;fpwJ.
wI
me;j cyfj;ija[k;/ ,d;g Efu;r;rpiaa[k; capu; Jwe;J tpl;lhy;/ mJ gw;wp epw;gjw;F

LV
ntW xd;W ntz;Lk; md;nwh> mjdhy;jhd; ts;Stu; ``gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg;

gw;Wf~~ vd;fpwhu;.
w
21. `gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpapidr; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
`gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; brhw;gpd;tUepiyazp
mike;Js;sJ.
A
//w
,f;Fwspy; `gw;W~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ gy Kiw te;Js;sJ.

Mdhy;/ mJ `mfg[wg; gw;W~/ `gpoj;Jf; bfhs;sy;~ vd btt;ntW bghUs; jUtjhy;/
s:K
mJ brhw;gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
22. `,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
mth vd;W brhy;yg;gLfpd;w Jd;g=;fSf;Fs; Kjyhd bgUe;Jd;gk; ,y;iy vd;why;/
,d;gnk v=;Fk; bgUfp epw;Fk;.
23. mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;wJ Vd;>
tp
capUf;F ,ay;gha; mike;Js;s mwpahikapd; Fzk;/ mth.

mJ/ gaidf; bfhLf;Fk;nghJ/ Jd;gkha; KofpwJ.
cly; Jd;gk;/ kdj;Jd;gk;/ tpidapdhy; Vw;gLk; capu;j;Jd;gk; Mfpa @tifj;
Jd;gj;Jf;Fk; Kjyha; epw;gJ mth.
ht
Mfnt mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;whu;.

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.in
24. vJ tPl;od;gj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;>
Mir/ vjdhYk; epuk;ghj ,ay;gpidf; bfhz;lJ
mjid xUtd; ePf;fp tpl;lhy;/ me;epiyna xnu epiyikaha; ,Uf;Fk;
,ay;gpdjhfpa tPl;od;gj;ijj; jUk;.
L al
25. `Muh ,aw;if mth~ ? tpsf;Ff.
vjidg; bgw;whYk;/ vjid mDgtpj;jhYk; nkYk; Xu; ,d;gk; ,Ug;gjha;r; bry;Yk;
,ay;gpida[ilaJ/ Mir.
A d
mjdhy;/ mJ `Muh ,aw;if mth~ vdg;gl;lJ.
26. vg;nghJ gw;ww;wdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;>
D ika
mthtpid ePj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mjw;F cliyj; jwpnghy; epWj;j ntz;Lk;
kdj;ijg; g[yd; tHp XlhJ jLf;f ntz;Lk;
capupidg; bgha;r;rhu;gpdpd;Wk; tpyf;fj; jdpj;J epWj;j ntz;Lk;.
capu; jdpj;J epw;Fk; ,ay;gpdJ md;W.
Alv
me;epiyapy; gw;ww;whdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;.
27. vtd; tpiue;J bfLthd;>
may; nte;jnuhL/ mtu;fs; typik bjupe;J bghUe;j xGfhkYk;
a
jd; typikapd; msit mwpe;J bfhs;shkYk;
jhnd jd; typikia tpae;jtdha;
.Kk
may;nte;jnuhL gif bfhz;l murd; tpiutha;f; bfl;lHpthd;.
28. gPypbga; rhfhL czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
kpft[k; bky;ypa kapypwifna/ jh=;Fk; mst[f;F nky; Vw;wpdhy;/ typa tz;oapd;
mr;R Kupe;J tpLk;.
wI
mJnghy/ jdpj;jdpna nehf;fpd; vspauhapDk;/ gyu; xd;W Todhy; mtu; kpf;f

LV
typauhtu; vd;gjhk;.
w
29. csnghy ,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLtJ ahJ>

jdf;F cs;s bghUspd; msit mwpe;J/ mjw;nfw;gr; bryit mlf;fpr; rpf;fdkha;
thHg; gHf ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
mt;thW gHfhJ/ tut[f;F mjpfkha;r; brytHpj;J/ thH;gtDila thH;f;iffs;

cs;sd nghyg; gfl;lha;j; njhd;wp/ cz;ikapy; ,y;yhjdtha;/ Kotpy;
mj;njhw;wKk; ,y;yhky; mHpe;bjhHpa[k;.
s:K
30. `mUtpid vd;g csnth~ ? ahUf;F>

gPL bgw epy;
xU braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjw;nfw;w/ fUtpfnshL/ ey;y fhyj;ija[k; mwpe;J
bra;gtu;f;F mupa bray;fs; vd;git ,y;iy.
31. `+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
tp
xUtd; jf;f fhyKk; ,lKk; mwpe;J bray;gLthdhapd;/ mtd; ,t;t[yfj;ijna Msf;

fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk;.
32. `fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gu;~ ? ahu;>
cyfk; KGtija[k; iff;bfhs;s tpUk;g[gtu;/ jk; typikapDk;/ Vw;w fhyj;ijna
ht
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gu;.
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33. +hyk; bty;yf; fUJgtu; ahJ bra;tu;>
,e;j cyfk; KGtija[k; bty;yf; fUJgtu;/ jf;f fhyj;jpida[k; Vw;w ,lj;jpida[k;
mwpe;J bray;gLtu;.
34. fhykwpe;J bray;gLtJ vt;thW>
L al
jhk; epidj;j bray; Kotjw;nfw;w fhyk; tha;f;Fk;nghJ/ mjidj; jtw tplhky;
mr;braiyr; bra;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
35. Kg;ghypd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
A d
vz; ghy; mjpfhuk; ,ay; ,ay;fspd; bgau;fs;
D ika
1. mwk; 38 4 ghaputpay; 04/ ,y;ywtpay; 20/ Jwtwtpay; 13/
3 2. bghUs; 70 3
CHpay; 01
murpay; 25/ mikr;rpay; 32/ xHpgpay; 13
,ay;
3. ,d;gk; 25 2 fstpay; 07/ fw;gpay; 18
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; Fws; tHpna vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ehtpid mlf;fp Ms;f: a
xUtd; jd; ehtpid mlf;fp Msntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj;
Jd;g[Wthd;.
.Kk
jPahy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk; ehthy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk;:
xUtd;/ xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clk;gpy; ,Ue;jhYk;/ kdj;jpy; MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ/ mtd; kdj;jpy; vg;nghJk;
MwhJ/ tLtha; mike;J Jd;g[Wj;Jk;. Mfnt xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk;.
wI
LV
2. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh ? tpsf;Ff.

jg;ghikahtJ ? gad;gLjypy; jtwhik.
w
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj/ br=;Fj;jhd kiya[r;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/

gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J/ ntbwhU fhyj;jpy;
,y;yhky; mHpe;J nghff; Toajha; ,Ue;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
A
//w
mt;thW ,y;yhky; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;

fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
s:K
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;

gad;gLk; vd;gjhk;.
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
tp
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;

Fiwia nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
ht
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3. xg;g[utpd; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
<l;Ltd bty;yhk; <tjw;nf:
xUtd; ghLgl;L ciHj;Jg; bghUs; <l;Ltbjy;yhk/ jhnd cz;gjw;fhft[k;/
nru;j;J itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; my;y"
L al
jFjp cilatu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
,Ue;jhYk; ,we;jtnd:
xg;g[uthfpa cyf eilia mwpe;J/ gpwUf;F cjtp thH;gtnd capu; thH;gtd;
A d
Mthd;.
me;j xg;g[uit mwpahjtd;/ cyfpy; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ brj;jtUs; xUtdhfnt
D ika
fUjg;gLthd;.
kUe;J kuk; nghd;wJ:
xg;g[uthsd;/ bry;tk;/ gad;bfhLj;jypy; jg;ghj kUe;J kuk;/ midtu;f;Fk; vspjpy;
gad;gLtJ nghd;wjhFk;.
mBjhtJ/ mr;bry;tk; vy;nyhUk; vspjpy; bgw;Wg; gad; bgw cjt[k;.
Alv
4. brhw;gpd; tUepiy mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
a
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; gy Kiw te;J/ btt;ntW bghUs;fisj; jUtJ brhw;gpd;
tUepiy mzpahFk;.
.Kk
v.fh:
``gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F.~~
tpsf;fk;:
wI
gw;Wfis mfw;Wtjw;fhfnt gw;wpy;yhjtidg; gw;wp epw;f ntz;Lk;.

LV
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
w
,g;ghlypy; `gw;W~ vd;w brhy; gy Kiw gapd;W te;J/ gpd;gw;Wjy;/ Mir

,y;yhjtd;/ el;g[/ Mir vd;w ntW ntW bghUl;fisj; je;Js;sjhy;/ ,f; Fwl;gh
,t;tzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhkapw;W.
A
//w
5. ``Rlr; RlUk; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;

Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F~~
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s mzpia tpsf;fpg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
s:K
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ. gPL bgw epy;

mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; mike;J/ ,ilapy;
nghy/ nghd;w ctk cUg[fs; btspg;gilahfg; bgw;W/ bghJj;jd;ika[k; bgw;W
tUtJ ctikazpahFk;.
tp
ctik (ctkhdk;) : Rlr;RlUk; bghd; xsptpLk;.

ctnkak; : nehw;fpw;gtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsp tpLk;.
ctik cUg[ : nghy.
ht
bghJj;jd;ik : xsptpLjy;.
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tpsf;fk; :
Ru=;fj;jpy; btl;o vLf;fg;gLk; bghd;idj; jPapypl;L khRnghf;fp xsp bgwr;
bra;tu;. mJngy/ mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; epiyia
,He;jpUf;Fk; capu;/ Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;g[ Rlr;Rlj; jtk; vd;Dk; xsp tpl;Lg;
L al
gpufhrpf;Fk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
capUf;Fg; bghd;Dk;/ Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jPa[k; bghUj;j ctikfsha; mike;J/ nghy
A d
vd;w ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf te;jikahy;/ ctikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
6. gpwpJ bkhHpjyzpia tpsf;fpf; FwnshL bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
D ika
3 mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ftp+d; xU bra;a[spy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twp/ mjd; @yk; ctnkaj;ijg; bgw
,ay;
itg;gJ gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vdt[k; TWtu;.

v.fh:
``gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
Alv
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;~~.
tpsf;fk; :
bkd;ikahd kapypwFjhd; vd;whYk;/ mst[f;F kpFjpahf tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/
tz;oapd; mr;R Kwpe;J tpLk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
a
.Kk
kpf bkd;ikahd kapypwif/ mst[f;F mjpfkha; tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/ kpf
typikahd tz;oapd; mr;Rk; Kupe;J tpLk;. ,e;j ctikapypUe;J/ xUtd; typand
MapDk;/ mtd;/ vspau; vd;W giftu;nky; bry;thdhapd;/ mtu;fs; gyu; xd;W Todhy;/
mtd; typaHpe;J bfl neUk; vd;Dk; ctnkag; bghUs; bgwg;gLtjhy;/ ,f;Fwl;gh
wI
gpwpJbkhHpjyzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
LV
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
148
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
L al
ciueil jkpHff; fy;tp tuyhW
gps;isf;Tlk;
4
,uh. kPdhl;rp
ew;wpiz nghjdhu;
A d
bra;a[s;
bjhy;fhg;gpak;
rpwg;gg[ g; hapu ciu tpsf;fg; ghly;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; ,jHhsu; ghujp
,yf;fzk; gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfs;
ciueil
4
Alv
,ay; jkpHff; fy;tp tuyhW
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. VL/ Rto/ bghj;jfk;/ gDty; Kjypa brhw;fs; jUk; bghUs; _________ vd;gjhFk;.
LV
m) E}y; M) Xiy
,) vGj;jhzp <) jhs; tpil: M) Xiy
w
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. r=;ffhyj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHpapd; epiy gw;wp ,uhrkhzpf;fdhupd; Tw;W ahJ>
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
r=;ffhyj;jpy;/ jkpH; Ml;rp bkhHpahft[k;/ gapw;W bkhHpahft[k;/ ,yf;fpa bkhHpahft[k;
tps=;fpaJ.
s:K
rkak;/ thzpfk; nghd;w vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; bghJbkhHpahft[k; tps=;fpaJ.

,t;thW jkpH; bkhHpapd; epiy Fwpj;J ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; TWfpwhu;.
2. c.nt.rh. mtu;fs; gapd;w fy;tpKiw Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
c.nt.rh. gapd;w fy;tp Kiw ? cah;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw
jpUthtLJiw MjPd klj;jpy; jiyikg; g[ytuha; tps=;fpatu; kfhtpj;Jthd;
tp
kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is Mthu;.

,tuplj;jpy; jkpH;j; jhj;jh c.nt.rhkpehju; ghlk; gapd;whu;.
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; c.nt.rh fy;tp
gapd;Ws;shu;.
ht
149
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fy;tp Fwpj;J eP=;fs;; mwpe;j bra;jpfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fy;tp Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;j bra;jpfs;
L al
1. fy;tp fw;fg; gpupe;J bry;tJ Xjw; gpupt[ bjhy;fhg;gpak;
2. fy;tpapdhy; bgUkpjk; njhd;Wk; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
3. Mrpupau;?khztu; Mfpatu;f;fhd ,yf;fz=;fs; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ed;D}y;
A d
4. cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWg;bghUs; bfhLj;Jk; gpw;iw epiy g[wehD}W
KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;W.
D ika
5. Jizaha; tUtJ J}a ew;fy;tp jpUke;jpuk;
4 6. fy;tp mHnf mHF ehyoahu;
7. ,sikapy; fy; xsitahu;
,ay;
2. rkzg; gs;spfSk; bgz; fy;tpa[k; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

rkzg; gs;spfs;:
Alv
rkz rkaj;ijr; nru;e;j jpfk;guj; Jwtpfs;/ kiyf; Fiffspy; j=;fp/ khztu;fSf;Ff;
fy;tpapida[k;/ rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisa[k; nghjpj;jdu;.
mj;Jwtpaupd; `gLf;if~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; `gs;sp~ vd;W bghUs;.
tH=;fyhapw;W.
a
mg;gLf;ifapd; kPJ khztu;fs; mku;e;J fw;wjdhy;/ fy;tpf;Tlk; `gs;spf;Tlk;~ vd
rkzg; gs;spfspy; gapd;w khztu;fs;/ j=;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F vLj;j gLf;iffs;

.Kk
gw;wpj; jpUr;rp kiyf;nfhl;ilapYk;/ jkpHfj;jpd; g[fH;bgw;w rkzf; Fd;whd
fGFkiyapYk; cs;s fy;btl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
bgz;fy;tp:
te;jthrp mUfpYs;s ``ntly;~~ vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;s rkzg; gs;spapy;/ bgz; rkz
wI
Mrpupau; xUtu; 500 khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jhu;.

LV
gl;odpf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg; bgz; Mrpupau;/ tpshg;ghf;fj;jpy; rkzg; gs;sp xd;iw

w
epWtpa[s;shu;.
rkzg; gs;spfspy; bgz;fSk; Mrpupau;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
bgz;fSf;bfdj; jdpahff; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; rkzg; gs;spfs; ``bgz;fs; gs;spfs;~~
vd miHf;fg;gl;ld.
A
//w
beLtpdh
s:K
1. bgsj;jf; fy;tp/ rkzf; fy;tp/ kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiwfshy; jkpHff; fy;tp Kiwapy;
Vw;gl;l gy;ntW khWjy;fis tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
rkz kjj;jpd; fy;tp Kiw
tp
a[thd; Rth=; rPdg;gazp

kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiw
M=;fpnyau; nghw;wpa jpz;izg;gs;spf; fy;tpKiw
cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw
ht
Kot[iu
150
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Kd;Diu:
fy;tp vd;gJ/ jdp kdpjidr; rKjhaj;jpw;F Vw;wtdha; khw;Wk; ty;yik
bfhz;ljha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. me;j tiapy; ,jidna Kjd;ik nehf;fhff; bfhz;L
jkpHfk; ,r;rPhpa gzpapy; fle;J te;j ghij nghw;WjYf;FhpaJ.
L al
rkz kjj;jpd; fy;tp Kiw:
fy;tp/ kUe;J/ czt[/ milf;fyk; Mfpa ehd;F bfhilfSk; rkzj;jpd; jiyaha
mw=;fs;.
A d
rkz kjj;ijr; nru;e;j jpfk;guj; Jwtpfs; kiyf;Fifapy; j=;fpf; fy;tpiaa[k; rkzf;
fUj;Jfisa[k; khztu;f;Fg; nghjpj;jdu;.
D ika
gs;sp vdg; bghUs;gLk; gLf;iffspd; kPJ mku;e;J fw;wjdhy; fy;tpf;Tlk;/
gs;spf;Tlk; vd;whapw;W.
gs;sp vd;Dk; brhy; rkz/ bgsj;j rka=;fspd; bfhilahFk;.
rkzg; gs;spfspy; gapd;w khztu;fs; j=;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F vLj;j gLf;iffs;
gw;wpj; jpUr;rp kiyf;nfhl;ilapYk;/ rkzf; Fd;whd fGFkiyf; fy;btl;oYk;
Fwpg;g[fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Alv
te;jthrp ? ntly; vd;Dk; Cupy; ,Ue;j rkzg; gs;spapy; bgz; Mrpupau; xUtu; 500
khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jhu;.
gl;odf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg;bgz; Mrpupau; tpshg;ghf;fj;jpy; rkzg;gs;sp xd;iw
epWtpdhu;. a
bgz;fSf;bfdf; fw;gpf;Fk; gs;spfs; bgz; gs;spfs; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld.
.Kk
gl;o kz;lgk; vd;w fiytotk; rkaj; JiwapypUe;Jjhd; njhd;wpaJ. gl;okz;lgk;
vd;gJ rkaf; fUj;Jfs; tpthjpf;Fk; ,lk;.
``xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs;
gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~
wI
vd;W kzpnkfiy ngRfpwJ.

LV
a[thd; Rth=; rPdg;gazp:

w
jkpHf ? fh+;rpg[uj;jpYs;s bgsj;jg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; j=;fp a[thd; Rth=; rpwg;g[iu

Mw;wpapUf;fpwhu;.
,r;bra;jp bgsj;jKk; rkzKk; jkpHfj;jpd; fy;tp tuyhw;Wf;Fr; bra;j
A
//w
bgUk;g=;fpid tpsf;FfpwJ.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiw:
,k;Kiwapy; khkztu;fs; Mrpupau;fis mQfp/ mtUld; gy Mz;Lfs; j=;fp/
s:K
mtUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.

bra;J fw;wy;/ thH;e;J fw;wy;/ vspikahf thH;jy; vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; FUFyf;
fy;tp Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ.
,k;Kiw nghjdh Kiwiaj;jhz;o thH;tpaiyf; fl;likg;gjhf tps=;fpaJ.
M=;fpnyau; nghw;wpa jpz;izg;gs;spf; fy;tpKiw:
tp
19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapy; fpuhk=;fs;njhWk; jpz;izg; gs;spfs;

,Ue;jd.
jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tl Mrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau;fs; vdg;gl;ldu;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpKiw
jpz;izg; gs;spKiw vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
ht
,g;gs;spfs; xnu khjpupahd tud;Kiwa[ld; bray;gltpy;iy. 151

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.in
jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp mikg;g[fis M=;fpnyau; ehl;Lf;fy;tp vd;W miHj;jdu;.
,g;gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw Mfpad Mrpupaupd;
tpUg;gg;gona mike;jpUe;jd.
bghJ kf;fspd; fy;tpj; njitia ,g;gs;spfs; Xust[ g{u;j;jp bra;jd.
L al
`jpz;izg; gs;spfspd; fy;tpj;juk; Inuhg;gpa ehLfspd;
mg;nghija juj;ijf; fhl;oYk; cau;e;jJ~ ? jhk!; kd;nwh.
A d
cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw:
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw vd;w tifik
MFk;.
D ika
4 kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isaplk; c.nt.rh ghlk; gapd;w Kiw ,JthFk;.
nkw;Twpa fy;tpKiwfs; jkpHfj;jpy; gy;ntW khWjy;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.
,ay;
Kot[iu:
xUthpd; thH;f;if KGtJk; bjhlu; eilKiwahfj; jpfGk; fy;tpahdJ r@f
khw;wj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahf; fhuzpahf miktij ed;F mwpa KofpwJ.
Alv
a
1. jkpHfj;jpd; gz;ilf; fy;tpKiwfs; Fwpj;Jr; bra;jpg;glf; fl;Liu VL xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
.Kk
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp
r=;ffhyf; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw
fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fs; Inuhg;gpaupd; fy;tpg;gzp
wI
FUFyf; fy;tpKiw Kot[iu

LV
w
Kd;Diu:
fy;tpapy; rpwe;j jkpH;ehl;oy; fhye;njhWk; kf;fspd; njitfSf;nfw;g fw;wYk;
fw;gpj;jYk; gy;ntW gupzhk=;fisg; bgw;W tsu;e;Js;sd.
A
//w
r=;ffhyf; fy;tp:
r=;ffhyj;jpy; jkpH; Ml;rp bkhHpahf/ gapw;W bkhHpahf/ ,yf;fpa bkhHpahf ,Ue;jJ.
mjdhy; tzpfk; kw;Wk; rkaj;JiwfspYk; bghJbkhHpahf tps=;fpaJ. r=;fk; vd;w
s:K
mikg;ng gyu;To tpthjpf;Fk; ,lkhdJ. nkYk; mw=;Tu; mitak;/ rkzg;gs;sp/

g[j;jg;gs;sp nghd;w mikg;g[fs; r=;fk; kw;Wk; r=;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy;gzpiar;
bra;J te;jd.
fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fs;:
fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,l=;fis gs;sp vd;Wk; fy;Y}up vd;Wk; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
Fwpf;fpd;wd.
tp
FUFyf; fy;tpKiw:
,k;Kiwapy; khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fis mQfp/ mtu;fSld; j=;fp/ Mrpupau;f;Fj;
njitahd gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.
ht
152
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp:
fpuhk=;fs; njhWk; jpz;izg; gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;gs;sp Mrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau;
vdg;gl;ldu;. ,g;gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw ,it
Mrpupaupd; tpUg;gg;gona ele;jd.
L al
cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw:
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw vdg;gl;lJ.
Inuhg;gpaupd; fy;tpg;gzp:
A d
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; rkag; gug;g[r; r=;fk; Kjd;Kjypy; ju=;fk;ghoapy; fy;tpg; gzpiaj;
bjhl=;fpaJ. ,tu;fs; mwg;gs;spfis epWtpanjhL Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k;
bjhl=;fpdu;.
D ika
Kot[iu:
gz;ila fy;tpKiw vd;gJ kdpj thH;tpanyhL beU=;fpa bjhlh;igf;
bfhz;oUe;Js;sJ. gy;ntW gapw;rpfisa[k;/ fiyfisa[k; fw;Wf;bfhs;tjhf ,f;fy;tp
rpwe;jpUe;jJ vdyhk;.
2. jkpHfj;jpy; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF fy;tpKiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy;
Alv
fye;Jiuaho Kot[fisg; gjpt[ bra;f.
fy;tp
xU ehl;od; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ mjd; fy;tp nkk;ghL mog;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
a
tpLjiyf;F Kd; fy;tp/ bkhHpiag; gapy;tjhfnt ,Ue;jJ. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF
njitfSf;F Vw;g kWrPuikg;g[ bra;jdu;.
.Kk
r@fk;/ ePjp/ rkak;/ rkju;kk;/ czt[/ bjhHpy;/ mwptpay;/ bjhHpy;El;gk; nghd;wit
mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ.
1948 ? lhf;lu; uhjhfpU&;zd;
1952 ? A. byl;Rkz Rthkp
wI
1964 ? nfhj;jhup
LV
1968 ? njrpafy;tpf; bfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;L nkk;gLj;jpdu;.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tp jpwe;jbtsp gs;sp
w
fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; gy;fiyf;fHf=;fs;

,ilepiyf; fy;tp bjhHpy;El;g epWtd=;fs;
A
fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; fy;tp rYiffs;

//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nghd;wit nkk;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; fy;tp tsu;r;rp bgw;wJ.
s:K
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L xUtUf;F ________ njhd;Wk; vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWfpwJ.
m) tPuk; M) md;g[
tp
,) fspg;g[ <) bgUkpjk; tpil: <) bgUkpjk;

2. fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfg; gpupe;J bry;tij ________ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
m) bghUs;tapw; gpupt[ M) Xjw; gpupt[
ht
,) fy;tpapw; gpupt[ <) mwj;njhL epw;wy; tpil: M) Xjw; gpupt[

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3. cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk;/ gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw vd;W
ghoatu; ________ ghlg;gl;l E}y; ________.
m) Mupag;gil fle;j beL+;brHpad;/ g[wehD}W
M) flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp/ g[wehD}W
,) jiyahd=;fhdj;J brUbtd;w ghz;oad;/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J
L al
<) fps;sptstd;/ Kj;bjhs;shapuk;
tpil: m) Mupag;gil fle;j beL+;brHpad;/ g[wehD}W
4. rka E}Yk; jj;Jt E}Yk; fw;gpg;nghu; ________ vdg;gl;ldu;.
A d
m) fzf;fhau; M) Mrpupau;
,) Futu; <) Fwtu; tpil: ,) Futu;
D ika
4 5. `gs;sp~ vd;w brhy;Yf;F ________ vd;W bghUs;.
m) gz;g[ M) gHFjy;
,) gLf;if <) goj;jy; tpil: ,) gLf;if
,ay;
6. gl;odpf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg; bgz; Mrpupau; rkzg; gs;spia epWtpa ,lk; ________.
m) E=;fk;ghf;fk; M) kPdk;ghf;fk;
Alv
,) Mjk;ghf;fk; <) tpshg;ghf;fk; tpil: <) tpshg;ghf;fk;
7. butbuz;l; bgy; vd;w ghjpupahu; ________ ehl;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.
m) ,=;fpyhe;J M) fdlh
,) !;fhl;yhe;J a <) gpuhd;!; tpil: ,) !;fhl;yhe;J
8. jkpH;j;jhj;jh c.nt.rhkpehju; ghlk; gapd;w Kiw ________.
m) FUFyf; fy;tpKiw M) jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tpKiw
.Kk
,) cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw <) rkaf; fy;tpKiw
tpil: ,) cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw
9. ________ klj;jpd; jiyikg;g[ytuhf kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is tps=;fpdhu;.
m) kJiu MjPd M) jpUg;gde;jhs; MjPd
wI
,) jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u; MjPd <) jpUthtLJiw MjPd

LV
tpil: <) jpUthtLJiw MjPd

w
10. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isaplk; ghlk; gapd;wtu; ________.

m) K. tujuhrdhu; M) c.nt. rhkpehju;
,) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhu; <) MWKf ehtyu; tpil: M) c.nt. rhkpehju;
A
//w
11. `fzf;fhau; ,y;yhj CUk; gpzf;fWf;Fk;~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

m) ehyoahu; M) ehd;kzpf;foif
,) Vyhjp <) jpupfLfk; tpil: <) jpupfLfk;
s:K

i) bghJf; fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 1. 1910
ii) jkpH;ehL ,ilepiyf; fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 2. 1826
iii) Kjy; bghJf;fy;tp ,af;Feu; epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 3. 1794
iv) !;Ty; Mg; ru;nt bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 4. 1854
tp
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
13. 1859 ,y; fpz;o bghwpapay; fy;Y}upahf tsu;r;rpaile;j epWtdk; ________.
m) !;Ty; MBg; ru;tP!; M) !;Ty; MBg; ru;nt
ht
,) fhny$; MBg; ru;tP!; <) fhny$; MBg; ru;nt tpil: M) !;Ty; MBg; ru;nt
154
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
14. fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; ________ gpuptpduhf ,Ue;jdu;.
m) ,Utifg; M) @tifg;
,) mWtifg; <) Itifg; tpil: M) @tifg;
15. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L njhd;Wk; bka;g;ghL ________.
L al
m) eif M) ,sptuy;
,) bgUkpjk; <) mGif tpil: ,) bgUkpjk;
16. jpz;izg;gs;spfs; ________ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ld.
A d
m) bjspe;j gs;spfs; M) bjw;wpg; gs;spfs;
,) FUFyg; gs;spfs; <) cau;epiyg; gs;spfs; tpil: M) bjw;wpg; gs;spfs;
D ika
17. jpz;izg; gs;spfs;/ ghlrhiyfs;/ kf;fhg[fs;/ kju!hf;fs; nghd;w fy;tp mikg;g[fis
________ vd;W M=;fpnyau; miHj;jdu;.
m) tPl;Lf;fy;tp M) ehl;Lf;fy;tp
,) Vl;Lf;fy;tp <) kf;fs; fy;tp tpil: M) ehl;Lf;fy;tp
18. ahUila Mizf;fpz=;fg; bghJf;fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;J.
m) ru;. jhk!; kd;nwh M) jhk!; nuh
Alv
,) bkf;fhny gpug[ <) rhu;y!;t[l; tpil: m) ru;. jhk!; kd;nwh
19. gs;spapWjp tFg;g[ ? khepy mstpyhd bghJj;nju;tpy; eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L
m) 1910 M) 1911
,) 1912
a
<) 1913 tpil: M) 1911
20. brd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up ________ bjhl=;fg;gl;l Kjy; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upfSs;
.Kk
xd;W.
m) Mrpahtpy; M) bjw;fhrpahtpy;
,) ,e;jpahtpy; <) bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; tpil: ,) ,e;jpahtpy;
21. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;nrwpa bkhHp ________.
wI
m) jkpH; M) M=;fpyk;
LV
,) bjY=;F <) ,e;jp tpil: m) jkpH;

w
22. $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;fpd; ehL ________.

m) ,j;jhyp M) b$u;kdp
,) !;fhl;yhe;J <) ,=;fpyhe;J tpil: M) b$u;kdp
A
//w
23. jkpHfj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf mr;Rf;Tlk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; ________.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
m) ehfg;gl;odk; M) g{k;g[fhu;
,) ju=;fk;gho <) fh+;rpg[uk; tpil: ,) ju=;fk;gho
s:K
24. bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.

m) 1834 M) 1844
,) 1835 <) 1837 tpil: ,) 1835
25. ,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk; vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
m) 1835 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
tp
M) 1813 Mk; Mz;L rhrdr; rl;lk;

,) 1882 Mk; Mz;L \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
<) 1854 Mk; Mz;L rhu;y!;t[l; mwpf;if
tpil: <) 1854 Mk; Mz;L rhu;y!;t[l; mwpf;if
ht
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26. rPUil Kiw/ jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;lhakhf;fpa fy;tpf;FG ________.
m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG M) rhu;y!;t[l; fy;tpf;FG
,) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG <) nfhj;jhup fy;tpf;FG tpil: ,) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG
27. mwg;gs;spfisa[k;/ Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k; mikj;jtu;fs; ________.
L al
m) gpbu+;Rf;fhuu;fs; M) M=;fpnyau;fs;
,) lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; <) nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tpil: ,) lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
28. fPiHj;njathjpfs;/ nkw;fj;jpathjpfs; ,ilnaahd fUj;J ntWghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf
A d
cUthd fy;tpf;FG ________.
m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG M) jhk!; kd;nwh fy;tpf;FG
D ika
,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG <) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG tpil: m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG
4 29. 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp tH=;fg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typa[Wj;jpa ,e;jpa murpay;ikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; gpupt[ ________.
,ay;
m) 44 M) 45
,) 46 <) 47 tpil: M) 45
30. jw;fhyf; fy;tpa[k; nju;t[Kiwa[k; cUthf mog;gilahf mike;j mwpf;if ________.
Alv
m) jhk!; kd;nwh fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
M) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
<) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if a tpil: ,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
31. jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiwapy; goj;jtu; ________.
.Kk
m) c.nt. rhkpehju; M) K.tujuhrdhu;
,) ghujpjhrd; <) Rujh tpil: m) c.nt. rhkpehju;
32. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; ehfupfj;ija[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; tsu;g;gjhFk;.
wI
ii) fy;tpapd; Kjd;ikahd nehf;fk; ``jdpkdpjidr; rKjhaj;Jf;F Vw;wtdhf khw;Wjy;.

LV
iii) fy;tpapy; rpwe;jJ jkpH;ehL

m) @d;Wk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
w
,) i, iii ? rup <) ii, iii ? rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup

33. fw;gtu; kdj;jpy; MHg; g[ije;Js;s jpwd;fisj; njhz;o btspf; bfhz;L tUtjhy;
________ vd;w bghUspd; mog;gilapy; fy;tp vd tH=;fyhapw;W.
A
//w
m) fy;Yjy; M) fs;Sjy;
,) tpGjy; <) js;Sjy; tpil: m) fy;Yjy;
s:K
34. mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij totikj;jtu; ________ mikj;j Mz;L ________.

m) nkf;kpy;yd;/ 1450 M) $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;/ 1453
,) rPfd;ghy;f;/ 1753 <) $pah$; a{f;nsh/ 1652
tpil: M) $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;/ 1453
35. bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; bka;g;ghLfspd; tif ________.
tp
m) 6 M) 7
,) 8 <) 9 tpil: ,) 8
36. brd;id kUj;Jtf;fy;Y}up bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 1835 M) 1825
ht
,) 1815 <) 1805 tpil: m) 1835

156
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
37. ,e;jpau;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;Lf;F xU ,yl;rk; xJf;fpa ghuhSkd;wk; ________.
m) ,yz;ld; M) gpuhd;!;
,) bkf;rpnfh <) mbkupf;fh tpil: m) ,yz;ld;
38. jkpHfj; jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tpKiwiaf; fz;L tpae;jtu; ________.
L al
m) butbuz;l; bgy; M) bubuz;l; bty;
,) bkf;fhny <) rhu;y!;t[l; tpil: m) butbuz;l; bgy;
39. jkpHu;fs; ,d;W gutyhf Vw;Wf;bfhz;oUf;Fk; gl;okz;lgk; vd;w fiytotk; ________
A d
JiwapypUe;J njhd;wpaJ.
m) tuyhw;Wj; M) rkaj;
D ika
,) murpay; <) ,yf;fpaj; tpil: M) rkaj;
40. `xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs; gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) esbtz;gh <) bjhy;fhg;gpak; tpil: m) kzpnkfiy
Alv
FWtpdh
1. fy;tpapd; Kjd;ik nehf;fk; ahJ>
``jdp kdpjidr; rKjhaj;jpw;F Vw;wtdhf khw;Wjy;~~ vd;Dk; rPupa gzpna fy;tpapd;
Kjd;ik nehf;fkhFk;. a
2. `fy;;tp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUis tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
fw;gtu; kdj;jpy;/ MHg; g[ije;Js;s jpwd;fisj; njhz;o btspf; bfhz;L tUfpwJ/
fy;tp.
mjdhy;/ mJ/ fy;Yjy; vd;Dk; bghUspd; mog;gilapy; `fy;tp~ vd tH=;fyhapw;W.
3. khztu;fs; vt;thW fy;tp fw;wdu; vd;W g[wehD}w;W mofs; Fwpf;fpd;wd>
wI
``cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk;

LV
gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw~~

w
vd;W g[wehD}w;W mofs; bghUs; bfhLj;Jk;/ bjhz;L bra;Jk; Mrpupauplk; khztu;fs;

fy;tp fw;wijr; rpwg;g[ld; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
4. r=;f fhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy; gzpapid nkw;bfhz;oUe;j mikg;g[fs; ahit>
A
//w
r=;f fhyj;jpy; kd;wk;/ rhd;nwhu; mit/ mw=;Twitak;/ rkzg; gs;sp/ bgsj;jg;gs;sp
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nghd;w mikg;g[fs; fw;gpj;jy; gzpapid nkw;bfhz;oUe;jd.
s:K
5. fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fis ,yf;fpa=;fs; vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd>

``gs;sp~~ vd;W bgupa jpUbkhHpa[k;
``XJk;gs;sp~~ vd;W jpthfu epfz;Lk;
``fy;Y}up~~ vd;W rPtf rpe;jhkzpa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
6. @tif Mrpupag; bgUkf;fs; ahtu;> mtu;fs; fw;gpj;jit ahit>
tp
fzf;fhau;/ Mrpupau;/ Futu; Mfpnahu; @tif Mrpupag; bgUkf;fshtu;.

fzf;fhau; vd;nghu; vGj;J/ ,yf;fpak;/ epfz;L/ fzf;F Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpg;ghu;.
Mrpupau; vdg;gLnthu; @tif ,yf;fzj;ija[k;/ mtw;wpw;fhd ngupyf;fpa=;fisa[k;
fw;gpg;ghu;.
ht
Futu; vdg;gLnthu; rka E}iya[k;/ jj;Jt E}iya[k; fw;gpg;ghu;.

157
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7. rkz rkaj;jpd; jiyaha mw=;fs; ahit>
fy;tp/ kUe;J/ czt[/ milf;fyk; Mfpa ehd;F bfhilfSk; rkz rkaj;jpd; jiyaha
mw=;fshFk;.
8. gs;spfs;/ kd;wk;/ rhd;nwhu; mit ? ,tw;iw tpsf;Ff.
L al
gs;spfs; – fiyfs;/ fy;tp Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; ,lk;.
kd;wk; – fw;w tpj;ijapid mu=;nfw;Wk; ,lk;.
rhd;nwhu; nguit – bray;fisr; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk; ,lk;.
A d
9. ``gs;sp~~ vd;w brhy; cUthff; fhuzk; vd;d>
``gs;sp~~ vd;w brhy;Yf;Fg; ``gLf;if~~ vd;W bghUs;.
D ika
rkzu;fspd; gLf;iffspd;kPJ/ khztu;fs; mku;e;J fw;wjdhy;/ fy;tpf; Tlk;/
4 gs;spf;Tlk; vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
``gs;sp~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ rkz bgsj;j rka=;fspd; bfhilahFk;.
,ay;
10. ``gl;o kz;lgk;~~ Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>

gl;o kz;lgk; vd;gJ/ rkaf; fUj;Jfs; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; ,lkhFk;. ,J gw;wpf; TWk;
Alv
E}y; ``kzpnkfiy~~.
``xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs;
gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~ vdr; Rl;LfpwJ.
a
11. bkl;uh!; rp!;lk; vd;gJ ahJ tpsf;Ff.
butbuz;l; bgy; vd;Dk; !;fhl;yhe;J ghjpupahu;/ jkpHfj; jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp
Kiwiaf; fz;L tpae;jhu;.
.Kk
mk;Kiwapy; mike;j xU gs;spapid !;fhl;yhe;jpy; `bkl;uh!; fhny$;~ vd;Dk;
bgaupy; epWtpdhu;.
,J bkl;uh!; rp!;lk;/ bgy; rp!;lk; kw;Wk; khdplup rp!;lk; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
wI
12. FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>

LV
FUFyf; fy;tp Kiwapy;/ khztu;fs; Mrpupaiu mQfp/ mtUld; gy Mz;L fhyk;

j=;Ftu;.
w
mtUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.

bra;J fw;wy;/ thH;e;J fw;wy;/ vspikaha; thH;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
,f;fy;tp Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ.
A
//w
13. `èhl;Lf; fy;tp~~ vd;W M=;fpnyau;fs; ve;j mikg;g[fis miHj;jdu;>

jpz;izg; gs;spfs;/ ghlrhiyfs;/ kf;jhg[fs;/ kju!hf;fs; nghd;w fy;tp mikg;g[fis
M=;fpnyau;fs; `èhl;Lf; fy;tp~~ vd;W miHj;jdu;.
s:K
14. jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlk; gw;wp vGJf.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Vuhskhd jpz;izg; gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd.
mtw;iwj; bjw;wpg; gs;spfs; vdt[k; tH=;fpdu;.
mg;gs;spahrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
mt;thrpupau;fspd; tpUg;gg;gona ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw
tp
Mfpad mike;jd.
15. jkpH;ehl;oy; fy;tpg; gzpapy; <Lgl;l btspehl;L mikg;g[ vJ> mJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpH;ehl;oy; fy;tpg; gzpapy; <Lgl;l btspehl;L mikg;g[/ lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; rkag;
gug;g[r; r=;fkhFk;.
ht
158 lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mwg;gs;spfisa[k;/ Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k; epWtpdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mg;gs;spfspy; gapy;nthUf;Fupa E}y;fis mr;rpl/ ju=;fk;ghoapy; Xu; mr;Rf;Tlk;
mikj;jdu;.
16. ``,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ> mjd; gadha;
mike;jJ ahJ>
L al
``,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ/ rhu;y!; t[l;od;
mwpf;if.
mjd; gadha;j; jw;fhyf; fy;tpa[k;/ nju;t[ Kiwa[k; cUbtLj;jd.
A d
***
D ika
bra;a[s;
gps;isf;Tlk;
,ay; 4 ? ,uh. kPdhl;rp
Alv
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh a
1. ,=;nf/ Ik;gjhz;L ntk;g[
.Kk
nfhilapy; bfhl;Lk; g{f;fis
vz;zr; brhy;fpwhu;fs; ? vz;zr; brhy;fpwtu;fs; ahu;> vz;Qgtu;fs; ahu;>
vz;zr; brhy;fpwtu; ? jkpH;bkhHp fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;.
vz;Qgtu;fs; ? khztu;fs;.
wI

LV
w
1. jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp gw;wpa c=;fs; vz;z=;fisf; ftpijahf;Ff.

jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp
tskhd ehl;Lf;F mog;gil mwptpd; r=;fehjk; jha;bkhHp
A
//w
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpna- Mw;wypd; ,Ug;gplk; jha;bkhHp
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kdpj Mw;wiy tskhf;Fk; vk;bkhHpf; fw;whYk;
gilg;ghw;wiy mjpfg;gLj;Jk; Vw;wkpF mwpitj; jUtJ
s:K
rpe;jidj; jpwDf;F jpwt[nfhy; jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpna.......-

r@fkhw;wj;jpw;F kfj;jhdJ
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
tp
1. `gps;isf;Tlk;~ vd;w ftpijia vGjpatu; ________.

m) kPdhl;rpRe;juk; M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) Re;judhu; <) ,uh. fhkhl;rp tpil: M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
ht
159
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2. ,uh. kPdhl;rp vGjj; bjhl=;fpa fhyk; ________.
m) 1960 M) 1950
,) 1970 <) 1980 tpil: ,) 1970
3. `cjaefupypUe;J~ vd;gJ ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; ________.
L al
m) fl;LiuE}y; M) gazf;fl;Liu
,) g[jpdk; <) ftpijj;bjhFg;g[ tpil: <) ftpijj;bjhFg;g[
4. ftp+u;. ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; thH;tplk; ________.
A d
m) fhiuf;fhy; M) Mnuhtpy;
,) Mw;fhL <) fhiuf;Fo tpil: M) Mnuhtpy;
D ika
5. rupahd Tw;wpidj; nju;e;bjL.
4 1. ftp+u; ,uh. kPdhl;rp Mrpupag;gzpapy; cs;stu;.
2. nkYk; ,tu; fpuhk nkk;ghl;oy; <LghL bfhz;ltu;.
,ay;
m) 1 ? rup M) 2 ? rup
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup
6. vj;jid Mz;Lfs; cila ntk;g[ nfhilapy; g{f;fisf; bfhl;Ltjhf ,uh. kPdhl;rp
Alv
TWfpwhu;>
m) 30 M) 40
,) 45 <) 50 tpil: <) 50
m) mzpy;
a
7. fU=;fy; J}zpy; mku;e;J jpahdk; bra;tjhf ,uh. kPdhl;rp Fwpg;gpLk; capupdk; ________
M) Xzhd;
.Kk
,) Fu=;F <) kapy; tpil: M) Xzhd;
8. brhe;jbkhHp fw;gpf;Fk; ,e;jg; gs;spf;Tlk; kpft[k; gpoj;Jg; ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W TWgtu;
________.
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
wI
,) ,uh. kPdhl;rp <) fhe;jpaofs; tpil: ,) ,uh. kPdhl;rp

LV
9. `gps;isf;Tlk;~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; bgw;w E}y; ________.

w
m) bfhotpsf;F M) kWgazk;
,) RLg{f;fs; <) thridg;g[y; tpil: m) bfhotpsf;F
10. ,sikapd; rpwif Kwpf;fhjjhf ,Uf;f ntz;oaJ ________.
A
//w
m) tpisahl;L M) gs;spf;Tlk;
,) fiy <) FLk;gk; tpil: M) gs;spf;Tlk;
11. ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
s:K
m) beU+;rp M) kWgazk;
,) thridg;g[y; <) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs; tpil: <) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs;
FWtpdh
1. ``brhe;jbkhHp fw;gpf;Fk;
tp
,e;jg; gs;spf;Tlk;
kpft[k; gpoj;Jg; ngha;tpl;lJ~~ ? vd;W kPdhl;rp TWtd ahit>
brhe;jbkhHp vd;gJ/ ek; jha;bkhHp.
,yf;fzk; fw;fhkny/ ,sikapny ,yf;fzj;njhL ,ay;gha;g; ngRk; bkhHp.
ht
160
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vt;tpj ,lu;g;ghLkpd;wpr; ruskha; ek; fUj;ij btspaplt[k;/ gpwu; fUj;ij
czu;e;jplt[k; gad;gLk; fUtp.
Mfnt/ brhe;j bkhHpahfpa jha;bkhHp @yk; fy;tp vd;Dk; bgU+;bry;tj;ijg; bgw
,aYk; gs;spapy; nrug; gps;isf;Tlg; ghlyhrpupau; tpUk;g[fpwhu;.
L al
2. brk;kz;jhSk;/ tz;zf;Fr;rpfSk; jUfpwhu;fs; ? ahu; ahUf;F/ Vd;>
``gps;isf;Tlk;~~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;/ brk;kz; jhisa[k;/ tz;zf; Fr;rpfisa[k;
Mrpupau;fs; gs;sp khztu;fSf;Fj; jUfpwhu;fs;.
A d
khztu;fs;/ bga;a[k; kiHj;Jspfspd; totj;jpid cs;th=;fp/ Xtpakha;j; jPl;o/
Xtpau;fsha; cUthf tha;g;gspf;fpwhu;fs;.
D ika
3. ``ku=;fspd; KJfpidr; bry;ykha; tUotpl ntz;Lk;" FW+;brofSld; cw;rhfkha;g;
ngr ntz;Lk;~~ ? tpsf;Ff.
ku=;fSk;/ brofSk; Xuwpt[ capupd=;fs;jhk;.
vdpDk; mtw;wpw;Fj; bjhL g[ydwpt[ cz;L.
``,it kue;jhnd/ rpWbrojhnd-~~ vd mw;gkha;f; fUjhJ/ capupfs; vd czu;e;J/
md;nghL mtw;iw mQfp/ ,jkha; tUl ntz;Lk;" cwthl ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
Alv
gps;isf;Tlf; ftp+u;.
rpWtpdh
a
1. ``jha;bkhHpapny gapd;W/ ahJk; Cbud/
cyfpd; cwthfnt tpUk;g[fpnwd; ehd;~~ ? ,BJ vtu; Tw;W> tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
,J/ ``gps;isf;Tlk;~~ vd;Dk; ftpijahrpupaupd; Tw;W.
jha;bkhHpf;fy;tpna jiy rpwe;jJ:
bkhHp xU fUtpjhd;" vdpDk; ,sikbjhl;L/ ek;nkhL ,uz;lwf; fye;Jtpl;l
wI
bkhHp/ jha;bkhHpna MFk;.

LV
mk;bkhHp @yk; fy;tp gapd;why; vija[k; vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhs;s ,aYk;.

mt;thwpUf;fg; gHfp mwpe;j fUtpahd jha;bkhHpia tpLj;Jg; gHfp mwpahj
w
fUtpahd may;bkhHpia ehLtJ mwpt[ilikad;W vd;gij typa[Wj;Jk;

tifapy; `jha;bkhHpapny~ vd `V~fhuk; nru;j;Jf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; ftp+u;.
àhJk; Cnu- ahtUk; nfspu;-~:
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
,d;W cyfpy; thGk; kf;fbsy;yhk; ehL/ bkhHp/ ,dk;/ kjk;/ rhjp vdj; jLg;g[r;
Rtu;fis vGg;gpf; bfhz;L gpupe;J thH;fpwhu;fs;/ ,e;jj; jLg;g[r; Rtu;fbsy;yhk;
s:K
jfu;e;J jtpL bghoahFk; tifapy; g[wehD}w;Wg; g[ytd; g[fd;wJnghy;/ ,t;t[yfpy;

cs;s Cu;fs; aht[k; vk;@nu" ,t;t[yfpy; thGk; kf;fs; ahtUk; vk; cwtpdnu vd thH
tpUk;g[fpnwd; vdg; g[fH;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
***
tp
ht
161
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bra;a[s;
ew;wpiz
,ay; 4 ? nghjdhu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. 9 mo rpw;bwy;iya[k; 12 mo ngbuy;iya[k; bfhz;l E}y;
4 m) ew;wpiz
,) mfehD}W
M) FWe;bjhif
<) I=;FWE}W tpil: m) ew;wpiz
,ay;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. bfhG+;nrhW ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
bfhG+;nrhW ? bfhGik + nrhW
`<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bfhG + nrhW.
a
`,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `r~ fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd/ `+~fuk; kpFe;J/
bfhG + +; + nrhW = bfhG+;nrhW vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
.Kk
rpWtpdh
1. ``Vty; kWf;Fk; rpWtpis ahl;o
mwpt[k; xGf;fKk; ahz;Lzu;e;jds; bfhy;~~ ? ,l+; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
wI
,lk;:
LV
nghjdhu; ,aw;wpa ew;wpiz ghiyj;jpizapy; 110 MtJ ghly;.

w
bghUs;:
jpUkzk; Koj;J fztd; tPl;oy; thGk; jiytpiaf; fhzr;brd;w njhHp mts;
,y;ywk; elj;Jk; gh=;if mtisg; bgw;w jhaplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``mwpt[k; xGf;fKk;
ahz;Lzu;e;jjds; bfhy;-~~ vd;W Twp tpaf;fpd;whs; brtpyp.
A
//w
tpsf;fk;:
``,sikapy; njd; fye;j ghiyg; bghw;fyj;jpy; Ve;jp/ `cz;~ vd ntz;oa[k;/ cz;z
s:K
kWj;J Xl;lbkLj;jts; ek; kfs;. jd;id kze;j fztd; FLk;gk; tWik tha;g;gl;L
tUe;Jk; epiyapYk;/ je;ij tPl;oYs;s bfhGtpa czit mts; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
fztd; tPl;oypUe;J/ xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;L thGk; kdtypik
tha;e;jtsha; cs;shs;. ,j;jifa mwpita[k;/ xGf;fj;ija[k; mts; vt;thWjhd;
mwpe;J bfhz;lhnsh>~~ vd;W tpae;J TWfpwhs; brtpypj;jha;.
2. `rpd;dbjhU Jz;ilj;
tp
jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; fl;o

mHF ghu;f;fpwhs; bry;y kfs;
Ke;jhidia ,Gj;Jg; nghu;j;jpf; bfhs;fpwhs;
xU Fl;o ehw;fhypna tPlhfptpLfpwJ
ht
162 Jz;ilf; fl;of;bfhz;L jhahft[k;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
khwpf;bfhs;s KofpwJ mtshy;.
Jz;L xd;Wjhd;...
mJnt mtsJ kfpH;r;rpa[k;
vd; Jf;fKk;~
L al
? ,g;g[Jf;ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; fUj;ij Muha;e;J vGJf.
vy;yhr; rpWkpg; nghy; mtshy; thH ,aytpy;iy.
tWik/ Mdhy; fw;gidapy; kpjf;fpwhs;.
A d
jd; je;ijapd; Jz;il ,ilapy; itj;J mHF ghu;f;fpwhs;.
Ke;jhzpia ,Gj;Jg; nghu;j;jpf; bfhs;fpwhs;. mts; mg;nghJ jhahfpwhs;.
D ika
mg;gona ehw;fhypapy; mku;fpwhs;. mJjhd; mtsJ Fl;o tPlhfpwJ. mJ mtspd;
kfpH;r;rp.
je;ijapd; Jd;gk;:
je;ij ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L Jd;gk; milfpwhu;.
ek;kplk; cs;snjh xU Jz;L mJ xU g[wk;.
Alv
,g;go kfpGk; bry;y kfis jhd; ed;whf thH;tpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W je;ij tpUk;g[fpwhh;.
beLtpdh
a
1. jiytpapd; ,y;ywg; gh=;fpidg; gw;wpr; brtpypj;jha; ew;whaplk; tpae;J TWtd ahit>
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
.Kk
Kd;Diu
njDk; ghYk; fye;j czt[
tpisahl;Lg; bgz;
tWikapy; brk;ik
wI
Kot[iu
LV
w
Kd;Diu:
tsika[k; tWika[k; thH;f;ifbad;Dk; ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;f=;fshFk;. tskhd
kidapy; gpwe;j bgz;bzhUj;jp/ Fiwe;j tsKila jiytd; tPl;oYk; jd;dpiy
khwhJ tWikapYk; brk;ikaha; thH;fpd;w gh=;fpidg; gw;wpr; brtpypj;jha; ew;wha;
A
//w
tpae;J TWk; bra;jpia ew;wpizapd; tHpna mwpnthk;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
njDk; ghYk; fye;j czt[:
s:K
`èk; kfs; rpWkpaha; ,Ue;j bghGJ/ brtpypj;jhau;/ jk; xU ifapy;/ njd; fye;j
btz;ikahd Ritkpf;f ,dpa ghYzit/ xsp tPRk; bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l
ghj;jpuj;jpy;/ ,l;L Ve;jpf; bfhs;tu;" jk; kWifapy; g[ilg;ghfr; Rw;wg;gl;l g{it Edpapy;
bfhz;l rpwpa bfhk;gpidg; gpoj;Jf; bfhs;tu;. mf;bfhk;ig X=;fp/ `,g;ghYzit
cz;ghahf~ vdf; Twp mof;f Kay;tJ nghy; mr;RWj;Jtu;.
tpisahl;Lg; bgz;:
tp
Mdhy;/ bky;ypa eiuj;j Te;jiyf; bfhz;l Kjpa mr;brtpypj;jhau; gw;w

Koahky;/ jsu;r;rpa[w;Wj; jk; Kaw;rpapidf; iftpl;L tpLtu;. kfnsh/ bjspthd
xspiaf; bfhz;l/ Kj;Jg; guy;fis cila rpyk;g[fs; xypf;f/ Kw;wj;jpy; cs;s ge;jupd;
fPH;j;jhtp Xo/ `cz;nzd;~ vd kWj;Jiuf;Fk; rpwpa tpisahl;ilf; bfhz;ltsha;
ht
,Ue;jhs;.
163
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tWikapy; brk;ik:
``Mdhy;/ ,g;bghGJ mts;/ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztdJ FLk;gk; tWik
tha;g;gl;L tUe;Jk; epiyapYk;/ jd; je;ijapd; bry;tr; rpwg;g[ld; Toa tskhd
czit epidf;ftpy;iy. XLk; ePUf;F ,ilna M=;fh=;F ,ilaPLw;W bky;ypa
L al
fUkzy; fhzg;gLk;. mJnghy/ xU ntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qk; kd typik
cilatsha; ,Uf;fpd;whs;- ,j;jifa mwpita[k;/ xGf;fj;ija[k; ,ts; vg;go mwpe;J
bfhz;lhnsh>~~ vd;W ,uf;fKk; tpag;g[k; bfhz;L Twpdhs; brtpypj;jha;.
Kot[iu:
A d
tWikapy; brk;ikaha; thH mwpt[Wj;JtJ fy;tp. ,k;khz;g[ rpyUf;F ,ay;gpnyna
ifTLk; vd;gij ew;wpizapy; jiytp gw;wpa bra;jpfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
D ika
4 ,yf;fzk;
1. ghiyj; jpiz tpsf;Ff.
,ay;
Kjw;bghUs; :
epyk; : btg;gk; kpFe;j RuKk; Ruk; rhu;e;j ,lKk; (m) kzYk; kzy; rhu;e;j
Alv
,lKk;.
bghGJ : bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
bgUk;bghGJ : ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp
rpWbghGJ : ez;gfy;
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
a
.Kk
bja;tk; : Ju;f;if
kf;fs; : kPsp/ tpliy/ vapdu;/ vapw;wpau;
gwit : fGF/ gUe;J/ g[wh
tpy=;F : typik ,He;j g[yp/ bre;eha;
wI
Cu; : FWk;g[
LV
ePu; : ePu; tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW.

g{ : kuh/ Fuh/ ghjpup
w
kuk; : ,Ug;ig/ Xik

czt[ : tHpg;gwp bra;j bghUs;
giw : nghu;g;giw
A
//w
gz; : ghiyg;gz;
ahH; : ghiy ahH;
bjhHpy; : tHpg;gwp bra;jy;
s:K
cupg;bghUs;:
gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk;
v.fh: ``gpurk; fye;j btz;Ritj; jPk;ghy;~~
jpizg;bghUj;jk;:
jhd; kze;J bfhz;l fztd; tPl;oy;/ tWika[w;w epiyapYk;/ jd; je;ijapd;
tp
tPl;oy; bgw;w tskhd cztpidg; gw;wp epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fhj jiytpapd; tWikapYk;

brk;ikaha; thH;fpd;w jd;ikiaf; TWtJ ghiyj;jpizf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
164
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. Jiw ? tpsf;Ff.
kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
jiytndhL cld; brd;w tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; khwhj kfs;/ ,y;ywk; Mw;Wk;
L al
gh=;if ew;whaplk;/ brtpypj;jha; vz;zpf; TWtJ ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ JiwahFk;.
,j;Jiw ``kidkUl;rp~~ vd;Wk; Twg;gLk;.
v.fh :
A d
``gpurk; fye;j btz;Ritj; jPk;ghy;~~
Jiwg;bghUj;jk;:
D ika
tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; khwhj jiytp/ ,y;ywk; elj;Jk; gh=;fpid ew;whaplk;/
brtpypj;jha; tpae;J TWtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ Jiwf;Fg;
bghUj;jkhapw;W.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
btz;Rit/ bfhG+;nrhW/ jPk;ghy; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
Alv
tpupfjpu;/ xGFePu; – tpidj;bjhiffs;
bghw;fyk;/ bghw;rpyk;g[ – @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f
bjhiffs;
mwpt[k; xGf;fKk;
bfhz;l
a
– vz;Qk;ik
– bgabur;rk;
.Kk
ge;jh; – ge;jy; vd;gjd; <w;Wg;nghyp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
wI
bkype;J = bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c kWj;J = kW + j; + j; + c

LV
bkyp gFjp kW gFjp

w
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j; re;jp

A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
s:K
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. rpWnfhy; rpWik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
rpWik + nfhy; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ rpWnfhy;
tpFjp bfl;L vd;whdJ.
2. bghw;rpyk;g[ `zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k; MFk;~ bghw;rpyk;g[
tp
bghd; + rpyk;g[ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; vd;whdJ.

ty;ypdk; (r;; + , = rp) te;jjhy;/
epiybkhHpaPw;W `d~fuk; `w~ fukhfp
ht
165
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3. g{e;jiy `g{g;bgau; Kd; ,d bkd;ika[k; g{e;jiy
g{ + jiy njhd;Wk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp vd;whdJ.
Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhd/
bky;ypd bka;iag; (e;) bgw;W/
L al
1. NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia tsu;j;Jf;bfhs;gtu; bgz;nz- Mnz- ? fye;Jiuahly;
A d
epfH;j;Jf.
g=;nfw;nghh;: Mrphpah;/ mfpyd;/ ,yf;fpah/ Kfpyd;/ ,dpah
D ika
4 Mrphpah;
khzth;fs;
: tzf;fk; khzth;fns-
: tzf;fk; Iah-
,ay;
Mrphpah; : ,d;iwa ek;Kila tFg;gpy; NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia

tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;gth; bgz;zh/ Mzh vd;w jiyg;gpy; fye;Jiuahl
,Uf;fpd;nwhk; khzth;fns-
Alv
khzth;fs; : eh=;fs; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;nwhk; Iah-
Mrphpah; : fy;tp vd;gJ btWk; g[j;jfj;ijg; gog;gjd;W. goj;jij thH;f;ifapy;
gad;gLj;Jk;nghJjhd; fw;w fy;tp KGik bgWk;.
a
mfpyd; : Iah/ eP=;fs; brhy;Yk; mwpt[iufisbay;yhk; eh=;fs; bjhlh;e;J
gpd;gw;w Kaw;rp bra;fpnwhk; Iah...
.Kk
`,y;yhh;f;F xd;W <tnj <if~ vd;W TwpdPh;fs;.
mjdhy; r@fj;jpy; iftplg;gl;l bghpnahh;f;Fj; njor;brd;W czt[g;
bghUl;fis tHp=;fpndhk;. bgz;fisf; fhl;oYk; Mz;fshfpa eh=;fs;
ghJfhg;nghL brd;W cjtpfisr; bra;a KofpwJ Iah....
wI
LV
Mrphpah; : mUik/ mfpyd;-

,yf;fpah : Iah... eh=;fSk; Tlj;jhd; v=;fs; njhHpahpy; ahnuDk; czt[ vLj;J
w
tuhtpl;lhy; gfph;e;J cz;fpd;nwhk;. VH;ik epiyapYs;s v=;fs; njhHp

fkyht[f;F tUfpd;w jPghtsp gz;oiff;F eh=;fns g[j;jhil vLj;Jj;
jug; nghfpd;nwhk; Iah...
A
//w
Mrphpah; : mUik/ mUik...

vjph;fhyj;jpy; j=;fs; NHYf;nfw;w tifapy; fy;tpia tsh;j;Jf;
s:K
bfhs;tJ Mz;fsh/ bgz;fsh....

Kfpyd; : Iah... cWjpahf Mz;fs;jhd;. gs;sp mstpy; vt;tst[ ed;whfg;
goj;jhYk; bgz;fis cah;fy;tpf;F mDg;g rpy bgw;nwhh; nahrpf;fnt
bra;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; Mz;fs; jh=;fs; tpUk;g[fpd;w vj;Jiwiaa[k;
fw;Wj; j=;fis tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;s KofpwJ. bgz;fisf; fhl;oYk;
Mz;fSf;nf tha;g;g[ mjpfk;.
tp
,dpah : Iah... ,ij Kw;wpYk; kWf;fpnwd;. Kfpyd; kpfg; gH=;fijiaf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. bgz;fshfpa eh=;fs;/ Mz;fSf;F epfuhf/ Vd;
mth;fis tpl xUgonky; NHy;fis btd;bwLj;J v=;fis tsh;j;Jf;
bfhz;L rhjpj;Jf; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpnwhk;. eh=;fs; ,y;yhj Jiwfns
ht
,d;iwf;F ,y;iy... Iah...

166
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Mrphpah; : mUik... rpwg;g[...
Mz;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;...
bgz;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;...
NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia tsh;j;Jf; bfhz;L eykhd thH;it
L al
thH ntz;oaJ kpft[k; Kf;fpak;. thH;j;Jfs; khzth;fns-
khzth;fs; : ed;wp Iah-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
D ika
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jiytpapd; bghw;rpyk;gpy; ,Ue;j guy;fs;
m) Kj;J M) khzpf;fk;
,) it#upak; <) kufjk; tpil: m) Kj;J
2. kfis cz;z itg;gjw;fhf ifapy; brtpypau; itj;jpUg;gJ ________.
Alv
m) g{r;Rw;wpa bkd;ikahd rpWnfhy;
M) tz;zk; jPl;oa rpWnfhy;
,) tise;j rpWnfhy;
<) mHfpa bghk;ik tpil: m) g{r;Rw;wpa bkd;ikahd rpWnfhy;
i) btz;Rit
a
? 1. <w;Wg;nghyp
.Kk
ii) tpupfjpu; ? 2. bgabur;rk;
iii) bfhz;l ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) ge;ju; ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
wI
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
LV
i) gpurk; ? 1. fztd;
w
ii) twd; ? 2. bgUkpjk;

iii) kJif ? 3. tWik
iv) bfhGed; ? 4. njd;
A
//w
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
5. btz;Rit/ tpupfjpu; ? ,tw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[fisf; fz;lwp.
s:K
m) bgabur;rk;/ tpidbar;rk;
M) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidbar;rk;
,) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidj;bjhif
<) cUtfk;/ ctikj;bjhif tpil: ,) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidj;bjhif
i) jPk;ghy; ? 1. <w;Wg;nghyp
tp
ii) xGFePu; ? 2. bgabur;rk;

iii) bfhz;l ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) ge;ju; ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
ht
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 167

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.in
7. mwpt[k; xGf;fKk; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) ck;ikj;bjhif M) cUtfk;
,) vz;Qk;ik <) ctikj;bjhif tpil: ,) vz;Qk;ik
8. bkype;J ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
L al
m) bkyp + j; + j; + c M) bkype;J + c
,) bkyp + e; + j; + c <) bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c tpil: <) bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c
9. `rpWnfhy;~ vd;gjw;fhd g[zu;r;rp tpjp ________.
A d
m) <Wnghjy; M) ,dkpfy;
,) MjpePly; <) Kd;epd;w bka;jpupjy; tpil: m) <Wnghjy;
D ika
10. bghw;rpyk;g[ ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
4 m) zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k;
M) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
,ay;
,) kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;

<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k;
11. ew;wpizg; ghly;fspd; motiuaiw ________.
Alv
m) 4?8 M) 13?31
,) 9?12 <) 3?6 tpil: ,) 9?12
12. ew;wpiz E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; ________.
,) cUj;jpurd;ku;
a
m) ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp M) flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
<) bgUe;njtdhu; tpil: m) ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp
.Kk
13. ew;wpizapd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.
m) bgUe;njtdhu; M) ngadhu;
,) nghjdhu; <) guzu; tpil: m) bgUe;njtdhu;
14. ew;wpizapd; 110 Mk; ghliy kl;Lk; ghoatu; ________.
wI
m) ngadhu; M) nkhrpfPudhu;
LV
,) nghjdhu; <) guzu; tpil: ,) nghjdhu;

w
15. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpiz ghlypy; mike;Js;s Jiw ________.

m) ,ad;bkhHp thH;j;J M) @jpd; Ky;iy
,) kidkUl;rp <) bghUz;bkhHpf;fh+;rp tpil: ,) kidkUl;rp
A
//w
16. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghly; ahUila Tw;W>

m) njhHp Tw;W M) ew;wha; Tw;W
,) brtpypj;jha; Tw;W <) jiytp Tw;W tpil: ,) brtpypj;jha; Tw;W
s:K
17. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s jpiz ________.

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
,) ghiy <) bghJtpay; tpil: ,) ghiy
FWtpdh
tp
1. nghjdhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ew;wpizia ,aw;wpatu; nghjdhu;.
,tu; filr;r=;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;jtu;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
ht
,tiug; gw;wp ntW vJt[k; mwpa ,aytpy;iy.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ew;wpiz gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ew;wpiz/ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; Kjy; E}y;.
ey;y vd;w milbkhHpahy; nghw;wg;gLk; rpwg;gpid cilaJ.
ew;wpizapy; cs;s ghly;fs; aht[k; Mrpupag;ghf;fshy; Mdit.
L al
9 mo Kjy; 12 mofs; tiua[s;s Mrpupag;ghf;fs; ehD}W ,e;E}ypy; cs;sd.
mjdhy; ,J ew;wpiz ehD}W vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
,e;E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp.
A d
,e;E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhu; Mthu;.
3. ew;wpizg; ghly; vj;Jiwiar; rhu;e;jJ> tpsf;Ff.
D ika
ew;wpizg; ghly; ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ vd;Dk; Jiwiar; rhu;e;jJ.
mBjhtJ/ tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; eP=;fhj jk; kfs;/ vtUkwpahJ/ jiytDld;
brd;W/ mtid kze;J/ ,y;ywk; Mw;Wk; gh=;ifr; brtpypj; jha; ew;whaplk;
TwpajhFk;.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. brtpypj;jha; rpWtpisahl;ow;F czt{l;oa epfH;it vGJf.
brtpypj;jha;; njd; fye;j ,dpa Ritkpf;f ghYztpid xsp tPRk; bghd;dhy;
a
bra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuj;jpy; bfhz;ldu;.
g{tpidr; Rw;wpa Edpia nfhypid kW ifapdpy; itj;jpUg;ghs;;.
.Kk
mf;nfhypidf; bfhz;L/ `cz;ghahf-~ vd;W mr;RWj;Jths;.
rpWgps;isahd jiytp/ jd; fhypy; mzpe;Js;s Kj;Jg;guy;fisf; bfhz;l
bghw;rpyk;g[ xypf;f XLths;;.
mtu;fshy; gpof;f ,ayhjthW ge;jypd; fPnH jhtp Xo/ `cz;nzd;~ vd;W kWj;Jf;
wI
Twpdhs;.
LV
2. kfspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ fz;L brtpypj;jha; tpae;jJ Vd;>

w
brtpypau;; njd; fye;j ghiyg; bghw;fyj;jpy; Ve;jpf; bfhz;L/ g{tpidr; Rw;wpa

nfhypd; Edpia kWifapy; gpoj;J X=;fpathW/ `cz;f~ vd;W mr;RWj;Jtu;.
mg;nghJ jiytp/ `cz;nzd;~ vdf; Twp kWj;J XLths;.
mts; ,g;nghJ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztd; FLk;gk; tWik tha;g;gl;L/
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tUe;Jtij vz;zpf; fy=;ftpy;iy"
nkYk;/ jd; je;ij tPl;oy; cs;s tskhd cztpida[k; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
s:K
xUbghGJ tpl;L xUbghGJ cz;Qk; kd typik bfhz;ltsha; thH;fpd;whs;.

,j;jifa mwpita[k; xGf;fj;jpida[k; jd; kfs; vt;thW mwpe;J bfhz;lhnsh>
vd;W vz;zpj; jd; kfspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ fz;L brtpypj;jha; tpae;jhs;.
3. bgz;fspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ vt;thW ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk; vdg; nghjdhu; mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhu;>
ew;wpizj; jiytp/ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztdpd; FLk;gk;/ tWik
tp
tha;g;gl;L tUe;Jtij vz;zpf; fy=;ftpy;iy"

jd; je;ijapd; tPl;oy; cs;s tskhd czit tpUk;gt[kpy;iy"
fztd; tPl;oy; xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qk; epiyia Vw;Fk; kdtypik
cilatsha[k; ,Ue;jhs;.
ht
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,t;thW jiytpapdJ epiyiar; brtpyp TWtjpypUe;J/ jd;id kze;J
bfhz;l fztdpd; FLk;gk; tWiktha;g;gl;L tUe;Jk; epiyapypUe;jhYk;/
mt;tWikiag; g[wj;jhu; mwpahjthW nghw;w ntz;Lk;"
jd; je;ijapd; FLk;gk; vt;tst[ bry;tr; rpwg;g[ld; ,Ue;jhYk;/ jd; fztdpd;
L al
tWik epiyia vz;zpj; jd; je;ijaplkpUe;J cjtpia vjpu;ghu;f;ff; TlhJ"
g[Fe;j FLk;gj;jpd; NH;epiyf;nfw;gj; jd; thH;f;ifia mikj;Jf; bfhz;L thH
ntz;Lk;.
A d
,y;thH;tpy; <Lgl;l bgz;fSf;F mJnt bgUik jUk; vd;W nghjdhu;
mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhu;.
4. `xGFePu; Ez=;fwy; nghy~ ? ,t;t[tikia tpsf;fpg; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
D ika
4 ctik : XLfpd;w ePhpny fplf;Fk; Ez;kzypy; cs;s ,ilbtsp
ctnkak; : jiytp xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qjy;.
,ay;
ctk cUg[ : nghy

bghUj;jk; : XLfpd;w ePhpny fplf;Fk; Ez;kzypy; ,ilbtsp ,Ug;gJnghy;
jiytp kze;j fztd; FLk;gk; tWikg;gl;Ls;sjhy;/ mts; @d;W
Alv
neuKk; cz;z ,ayhky;/ xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;L thH
ntz;oa[s;sJ vd;gjhk;.
***
a
bra;a[s;
.Kk
bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,ay; 4 ? bjhy;fhg;gpau;
wI
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
LV
w
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd tpiliaj; nju;f.
A
//w
m) fy;tp mHnf mHF ? 1. bjhy;fhg;gpar; rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciug;ghly;

M) ,sikapy; fy; ? 2. jpUke;jpuk;
,) Jizaha; tUtJ J}aew;fy;tp ? 3. Mj;jpNo
s:K
<) ghlk; nghw;wy; nfl;lit epidj;jy; ? 4. jpUf;Fws;

? 5. ehyoahu;
i) m?2/ M?3/ ,?4/ <?1 ii) m?3/ M?4/ ,?1/ <?2
iii) m?5/ M?3/ ,?2/ <?1 iv) m?4/ M?1/ ,?2/ <?5 tpil: iii) m?5/ M?3/ ,?2/ <?1
2. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYs;s bkhj;j ,ay;fspd; vz;zpf;if _________.
m) 9 M) 3
tp
,) 27 <) 13 tpil: ,) 27
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mwpjy;/ nghw;wy;/ epidj;jy;/ nfl;ly;/
gapwy;/ tpdhjy;/ tpLj;jy; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
L al
edp ,ff;Fk; – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
,ff;Fk;/ ciuf;Fk; – bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;Wfs;
nfl;nghd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
A d
tpLj;jy; = tpL + j; + jy; mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
D ika
tpL gFjp mwp gFjp
j; re;jp j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
nfl;ly; = nfs;(l;) + l; + my; bgUf = bgU + f
Alv
nfs;(l;) gFjp bgU gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
my; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. ,Gf;fpd;wp `capu; tupd; cf;Fws; bka; ,Gf;f; + ,d;wp
,Gf;F + ,d;wp tpl;L XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
wI
,Gf;(f; + c) + epiybkhHpaPw;W cfuk; (F = f; + c)

LV
,d;wp bfl;L/
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,Gf;fpd;wp
w
,ay;ng~ (f; + m) = fp vd;whdJ.

2. Kiwawpe;J `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ Kiw + a; + mwpe;J
Kiw + mwpe;J à~fu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Kiwawpe;J
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a) vd;whdJ.
s:K
1. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;j bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J xg;gilt[ cUthf;Ff.

bjhy;fhg;gpak;:
bjhd;ik + fhg;gpak; ? bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
tp
bjhy;fhg;gpak; ,d;Wk; fpilf;fg;bgWk; kpfg;giHa jkpH; ,yf;fz E}y;.

,yf;fpa totpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,yf;fz E}y;.
gH=;fhyj;J E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;iwa jkpH; ,yf;fz tpjpfSf;F mog;gilahd
ht
E}y;. 1602 E}w;ghf;fs; bfhz;lJ.

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.in
@d;W mjpfhuk;: vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs;.
ghapuk; je;jtu; : gdk;ghudhu;" ciuahrpupau; : ,sk;g{uzu;
rpwg;g[: bjhy;fhg;gpak; gue;Jgl;l Xu; ,yf;fzf;fly; tpupe;j E}yhapDk; brwpe;j
fUj;Jfis jd;dfj;nj bfhz;lJ. jkpHfj;jpd; gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;Wr;
L al
rhd;WfSld; mwpa cjt[k; E}y; MFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
4 1. thH;tpd; ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;Jf; TWk; E}y; ________.
m) ed;D}y; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ,yf;fztpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,ay;
2. khztu; vt;thW fw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; gFjp ________.

m) rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
Alv
M) bka;g;ghl;oay;
,) bghJg;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
<) mfj;jpizapay;
a tpil: m) rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
3. ghlf;fUj;Jfisg; gpwu;f;F Kiwahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Mw;wy; bgw;wtu; ________.
.Kk
m) xUKiw nfl;nghu; M) ,UKiw nfl;nghu;
,) @d;WKiw nfl;nghu; <) rpyKiw nfl;nghu; tpil: ,) @d;WKiw nfl;nghu;
4. `,Gf;F~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Fw;wk; M) ,dpik
wI
,) Fw;wkpd;ik <) gpiHaw;w tpil: m) Fw;wk;

LV
5. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.

w
m) mfj;jpau; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) gtze;jp <) Iaupdhju; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
6. fhyj;jhy; gHikahd ,yf;fzE}y; ________.
A
//w
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y;
,) ,yf;fztpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; tpil: m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
7. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cs;s ,ay;fs; ________.
s:K
m) 27 M) 25
,) 9 <) 16 tpil: m) 27
8. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mjpfhu=;fs; ________.
m) 3 M) 4
,) 5 <) 6 tpil: m) 3
tp
i) mwpjy; ? 1. nfl;lit
ii) edp ,ff;Fk; ? 2. ePf;Fk;
iii) ,ff;Fk; ? 3. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
ht
iv) tpdhait ? 4. bjhHpw;bgau;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
FWtpdh
L al
1. `tHf;fpd; ,yf;fzk; ,Gf;fpd;wp mwpjy;~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; cs;s tHf;F vd;gJ vtw;iwf;
Fwpf;fpwJ>
`tHf;F~ vd;Dk; brhy; cyf tHf;F/ E}y; tHf;F Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
A d
2. kwthikf;F mog;gil vJ>
Mrpupauplk; ghlkha;f; nfl;ltw;iw kPz;Lk; epidt[gLj;jpr; rpe;jpg;gnj kwthikf;F
D ika
mog;gilahFk;.
3. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ciuahrpupau;fspy; rpyiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,sk;g{uzu; nrdhtiuau;
er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; bja;tr;rpiyau;
fy;yhldu; nguhrpupau;
Alv
4. Mrhd; rhu;e;J miktuf; nfl;ly; ? tpsf;Ff.
Mrpupauplk; ghlk; nfl;ltw;iwr; rpe;jpf;Fk;nghJ Ia=;fs; vHyhk;"
mit mfy/ Mrpupaiu mQfp/ kPz;Lk; nfl;Lj; bjspt[ bgwy; ntz;Lk;.
a
5. xUtUld; fy;tp gapYk; xU rhiy khzhf;fiu mk;khz;g[ilnahu; vdr; Rl;of; TwpaJ
Vd;>
.Kk
fy;tpiana fUj;jha;f; bfhz;oUf;Fk; khzhf;fu;fSlnd gHFjy; ntz;Lk;.
fy;tpapy; fUj;jpy;yhjtu; xU rhiy khzhf;fuhapDk; mtu;fSld; gHFjy; TlhJ
vd tw;g[Wj;j `mk;khz;g[ilnahu;~ vdr; Rl;of; Twpdhu;.
6. khztu;fs; ahUld; fye;Jiuahog; gapw;rp bgWtu;>
wI
khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fisg; nghd;w cau; rpe;jid cilatu;fSld; fye;Jiuaho/

LV
gapw;rp bgWtu;.
w
7. goj;j ghlk; kwthky; epiybgWtnjhL IaKk; mfYk; ? vg;nghJ>

jd;ndhL xj;j khzhf;fUld; nru;e;J/ tpdh ? tpil @yk; gapd;why;/ goj;j ghlk;
kwthky; epiybgWtnjhL IaKk; mfYk;.
A
8. fw;wtu; ahu;;>
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
xUtd;/ xU E}iy xUKiw ghlk; nfl;ljndhL mikahky;/ ,UKiw nfl;ghdhapd;
mtd; bgUk;ghYk; jtwpy;yhky; fw;wtd; Mthd;.
s:K
9. gpwUf;Fg; ghlk; brhy;y ty;ytd; ahu;>

xU E}iy/ @d;W Kiw ghlk; nfl;L mwpe;jtd;/ jhDk; ghlk; brhy;Yk; Kiwia
mwpe;J gpwu;f;Fg; ghlk; brhy;y ty;ytd; Mthd;.
beLtpdh
tp
1. khztu; ghlk; nfl;Fk; tuyhw;iwj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

khztu; ghlk; nfl;Fk; tuyhW:
rpwg;g[ila khztu;:
khztu; jhk; fw;wtw;wpw;Fupa cyf tHf;F/ bra;a[s; tHf;F Mfpatw;wpid mwpjy;
ht
ntz;Lk;.
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jhk; ghlk; nfl;ltw;iw kPz;Lk; epidt[gLj;jpr; rpe;jpg;gnj kwthikf;F
mog;gilahFk;.
ghlk; nfl;ltw;iwr; rpe;jpf;Fk;nghJ Vw;gLk; Iak; mfy/ Mrpupaiu mLj;J/ kPz;Lk;
nfl;Lj; bjspjy; ntz;Lk;.
L al
cld; gapy;gtu;fSs; fy;tpna fUj;jha; cilatu;fSld; gHFjy; ntz;Lk;.
goj;j ghlk; kwthky; epiybgwt[k; Iak; mfyt[k; jd;ndhL xj;j khztUld;
nru;e;J tpdh?tpil @yk; gapy ntz;Lk;.
A d
,UKiw nfl;nghu;:
Mrpupau; TWk; fUj;Jfis xUKiwf;F ,UKiw nfl;Fk; khztu; E}iyg; gpiHapd;wpf;
D ika
fw;Fk; jpwd; bgWtu;.
4 @d;W Kiw nfl;nghu;:
@d;W Kiw nfl;nghu; ghlf;fUj;Jfisg; gpwu;f;F Kiwahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Mw;wy;
,ay;
bgWtu;.
,j;jd;ikapy; ghlk; nfl;liyf; flikahff; bfhz;l khztu;fs;/
Alv
mwpahikapypUe;J tpyfpr; rpwe;J tps=;Ftu;.
***
a
Jizg;ghlk;
.Kk
,ay; 4 ,jHhsu; ghujp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
beLtpdh
w
1. ghujpapd; ,jHhsu; Kfk; Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwptd ahit>

A
//w
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu fUj;Jg;gl=;fs;
ghujpapd; gd;Kf=;fs; bray; tPuu;
s:K
,jHhrpupau; gzp Kot[iu

,jHpay; mwk; cilatu;
Kd;Diu:
`vGj;Jj; bja;tk;/ vGJnfhYk; bja;tk;~ vd;Dk; xg;gw;w mupa nehf;F/ ghujpapd;
tp
cs;sj;jpy; MH Cd;wpf; fhy;gjpj;J epd;wJ. vGJtJ mtuJ ,dpa gzp vd;whYk;/

mijf; fhrhf;Fk; fiyahf mtu; fUjptpltpy;iy. ehnl jk; tPbld vz;zpj; jk;
ftpij @yk; nghu; KuRk; bfhl;oatu;" ftpij vd;Dk; ifths; xd;W kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy;
nghjhJ" ehspjH; vd;Dk; ntYk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;/ Kg;gJ nfho kf;fis moikr; nrw;wpy;
ht
mGj;jf; fUJk; M=;fpy muR vd;Dk; muf;fid bty;y ,aYk; vd;W KobtLj;jhu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ghujpapd; gd;Kf=;fs;:
ghujp ftp+u; kl;Lky;yu;" rpwe;j ngr;rhsu;" ghlfu;" fl;Liuahsu;" fijahrpupau;"
bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;" murpay; mwp+u;" Md;kPfthjp. ,it midj;jpw;Fk; nkyhf kpfr;
rpwe;j ,jHhsu;.
L al
,jHhrpupau; gzp:
ghujpahu;/ ,jHpay; vd;Dk; Vzpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; fhy; gjpj;jJ Rnjrkpj;jpud;
vd;Dk; ehspjH; goapy;jhd;" gpd; gy;ntW fhuz=;fshy; mtu; rf;futu;j;jpdp/ ,e;jpah/
A d
ghyghujp Kjyhd ,jH;fspy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; nj=;fp epd;w tpLjiyj;
jhfnkh Fiwatpy;iy.
D ika
,jHpay; mwk; cilatu;:
fUj;Jfs; kf;fisr; brd;wile;jhy; nghJk; vd;bwz;zp ghujp TL tpl;Lf;
TL gha;tJ nghy; jk; bgaiu tpLj;J/ b&y;ypjhrd;/ fhspjhrd;/ ntjhe;jp
bry;yk;kh/ rhtpj;jpup/ fpU&;zd; vdg; gw;gy bgah;fspy; tpLjiya[zh;it vGg;gpf;
bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
fUj;Jg; gl=;fs;:
Alv
goj;Jg; g[upe;J bfhs;sr; bra;a[k; vGj;Jfis tplg; ghu;j;jt[ld; fUj;ij vspjpy;
g[upe;J bfhs;sr; bra;a[k; jpwk; bfhz;lit fUj;Jg; gl=;fSk; nfypr; rpj;jpu=;fSkhFk;.
,jid ed;Fzu;e;j ghujp/ jkpH; ,jHpay; Jiwapy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpah/ tp$ah Mfpa
a
,U ,jH;fspYk; fUj;Jg; ghl=;fis btspapl;L/ Kd;ndhoaha; tps=;fpdhu;.
bray; tPuu;:
.Kk
`àhkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHp nghy; ,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk;~~ vd;W
brhy;ystpy; Fwpj;j jk; jkpH;g;gw;iw epWj;jpf; bfhz;ltuy;yu;/ ghujp. `miuFiwahf
M=;fpyf; fyg;nghL ngRtJjhd; mwpt[ ,Ug;gjw;F milahsk;~ vd @lj;jdkha;j;
jkpHf kf;fs; fUjpf; bfhz;oUe;j mf;fhyj;jpny/ jkpH; ,jH;fspy; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/
wI
ehs; Mfpatw;iw Kjd; Kjyhff; Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ghujp. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; jkpHpy;

LV
jiyg;gpLtjw;Fk; ghujpna Kd;ndhoahfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. jiyg;gpliy ``kFlkply;~~

vd;nw TWfpwhu;. mtuJ ngr;Rk; @r;Rk; gzpa[k; jkpHpd; tsu;r;rpia Kd;dpl;nl ,Ue;jJ.
w
``ntiyiar; bra;nthk;" rk;gsj;ijg; bgWnthk;" bte;jijj; jpd;W tpjp te;jhy;

rhnthk;~~ vdr; rhjhuz kdpjdha;g; ghujp thH tpUk;gtpy;iy.
A
//w
``njor; nrhWepjk; jpd;W ? gy
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
rpd;d+; rpWfijfs; ngrp
....................................................
s:K
.....................................................
ntof;if kdpjiug; nghy; ? ehd;
tPH;ntd; vd;W epidj;jhnah>~~
vd;W ntW Xu; ,lj;jpy; mtu; Twpajw;fpz=;f/ ntW gy JiwfspYk; rpwe;J
tps=;FtJ nghy;/ ,jHhsu; gzpapYk; Kd; tupirapy; epw;fpwtu; ghujp.
tp
Kot[iu:
ve;j beUf;foahd fhyfl;lj;jpYk; ghujp jk; ,jHpay; gzpiaf; iftpltpy;iy.
,tuJ ,jH;fs; vy;yhk; bjhFf;fg;gl;L/ ,d;W E}yhf;fk; bgw;Ws;sd. ghujpapd;
foj=;fSk;/ fUj;Jg; glj;bjhFg;g[k; E}yhf;fk; bgw;Ws;sJ ek; ``jkpHpdj;jpd; ngW~~
ht
MFk;.
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.in
1. ghujp gzpg[upe;j ,jH;fspd; ml;ilg; gl=;fisa[k; fUj;Jg;gl=;fisa[k; ,izaj;jpy;

nrfupj;Jg; glj; bjhFg;g[ bra;at[k;.
L al
A d
D ika
4
,ay;
Alv
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ________ rk!;jhdj;jpd; gzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;oypUe;J btspnawpdhu; ghujp.
m) vl;ilag[uk; M) g[Jf;nfhl;il
wI
,) ,uhkehjg[uk; <) rptf=;if tpil: m) vl;ilag[uk;

LV
2. ghujp cjtp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH; ________.

m) Fapy; M) bjd;wy;
w
,) Rnjrkpj;jpud; <) nfhFyk; tpil: ,) Rnjrkpj;jpud;

3. jkpH; ,jHpay; Jiwapy; Kjd;Kjyhff; fUj;Jg;gl=;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
A
//w
,) fz;zjhrd; <) fy;fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp tpil: m) ghujpahu;

4. ghujp bgz;fSf;fhf ve;j,jHpy; Fws;btz;gh vGjpa[s;shu;.
s:K
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;utu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) ghyghujp tpil: M) rf;utu;j;jpdp
5. rupahd Tw;wpidj; nju;f.
1. ghujp `,e;jpah~ ,jiHr; rptg;g[ tz;zj;jpy; btspapl;lhu;.
2. rptg;g[ tz;zk; g[ul;rpiaa[k;/ tpLjiyiaa[k; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
m) 1 ? rup M) 2 ? rup
tp

6. fz;zk;kh/ ts;sp vd;Dk; g[idbgau;fshy; ghujpahy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu; ________.
m) jkpH;j;jha; M) ghujj;jha;
ht
,) bry;yk;kh <) f!;J}upgha; tpil: ,) bry;yk;kh

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; jkpHpy; jiyg;gpLtjw;F Kd;ndho ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) jpU.tp.f
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
8. jiyg;gpliyf; Fwpg;gpl ghujpahu; gad;gLj;jpa brhy; ________.
L al
m) jdpr;rpwg;g[ M) nguHF
,) ,izaw;wJ <) kFlkply; tpil: <) kFlkply;
9. ,jH;fspy; M=;fpyj; jiyg;g[ itg;gijg; ghujp rho vGjpa ,jH; ________.
A d
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;futu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) tp$ah tpil: m) Rnjrkpj;jpud;
D ika
10. M=;fpnyau;fspd; bfLgpoahy; ghujp ghz;or;nrup brd;wnghJ ________ ,jGk; cld;
brd;wJ.
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;futu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) tp$ah tpil: ,) ,e;jpah
11. ``mkhDy;yhfhidg; gw;wp xU tpahrk; vGjp MgpRf;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;L nghf ntz;Lk;~~
vd;W ,wg;gjw;F Kjy;ehs; ,ut[ Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
Alv
m) ghujpahu; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
,) mg;Jy; fyhk; <) jpU.tp.f tpil: m) ghujpahu;
12. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/ ehs; Mfpatw;iw Kjd; Kjypy; Fwpj;jtu; ________.
m) ghujpahu;
,) fz;zjhrd;
a
M) ghujpjhrd;
<) Mjpj;jdhu; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
.Kk
13. bry;yk;kh vd;w g[idbgaupYk; vGjpatu; ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) rp.R. bry;yg;gh
14. ghujp ahid kpjpj;Jr; rhftpy;iy. ________ kpjpj;Jr; brj;jhu; vd v=;nfnah ftpj;Jtkhfg;
wI
goj;j epidt[.
LV
m) Mjpf;fr;rf;jp M) Kjyhspj;Jtk;
,) tWik <) bry;tk; tpil: ,) tWik
w
15. ,jHpay; Jiwapy; ``jhd;~~ vd;w xd;iw xHpj;jtu; ________.

m) ghujpahu; M) ,uhkRg;g[
,) Mjpj;jdhu; <) nrh tpil: m) ghujpahu;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
16. ,sir Rg;ukzpad;/ rhtpj;jpup/ rp.R. ghujp/ ntjhe;jp/ epj;jpa jPuu;/ cj;jkj; njrhgpkhdp/
b&y;ypjhrd;/ fhspjhrd;/ rf;jpjhrd;/ up&pFkhud;/ fhrp/ ru!;tjp/ gp+;Rf; fhspjhrd;/
s:K
fpU&;zd; vdg; gy g[idbgau;fspy; vGjpatu; ________.

,) fpU&;z@u;j;jp <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
17. gp.gp. Rg;igah/ \up\uu;/ vd;.ehfrhkp/ t. uhkrhkp/ guyp. R. bey;iyag;gu;/ fdfyp=;fk;
nghd;nwhu; ahuplk; Jizahrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;fs;>
m) ghujpahu; M) fpU&;z@u;j;jp
tp
,) ghujpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;

18. ,jHhsu; ghujp vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; kfshf ,lk;bgWgtupd; bgau; vd;d>
m) ky;ypfh M) thdjp
,) khyjp <) ftpjh tpil: M) thdjp
ht
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.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 4 gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
4 1. epHy;nghyj; bjhlu;e;jhd; ? ,J vt;tif ctik>
m) tpid M) gad;
,) totk; <) cU tpil: m) tpid
,ay;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. ctik/ cUtfk; ? ntWgLj;Jf.
ctik cUtfk;
ctikj;bjhlupy; ctik
ctnkak; gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: gtsk; nghd;w tha;.
a
Kd;Dk;/ cUtfj;bjhlupy; ctnkak; Kd;Dk;/
ctik gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: tha;g;gtsk;.
.Kk
ctik mzpapy; ctkhdKk;/ cUtfj;jpy;/ ctik ntW/ ctnkak;
ctnkaKk; ntW ntwhdit. ntW vdj;njhd;wh tz;zk;/ ,uz;Lk;
xd;nw vdj; njhd;WkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
1. cs;Siw ctik/ ,iwr;rp ? vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.

w
cs;Siw ctik:
ftp+u; jhd; Twf; fUjpa bghUis btspg;gilahff; Twhky;/ mfkhe;ju;fspd;
kdczu;t[fisf; fUg;bghUs;fs; @yk; ctikg;gLj;JtJ.
A
//w
v.fh:
`<ay; g[w;wj;J ....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
s:K
tpsf;fk;:
grpa[ld; miye;j fuo <ry; g[w;wpy; iftpl;lJ. g[w;wpy; ,Ue;j ghk;gpd; nky; fuoapd;
efk; gl;ljhy; ghk;g[ tUe;jpaJ vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs;. ,jpy; jiytd; ,utpy; fhl;ilf;
fle;J tUtij vz;zp jiytp tUe;JtJ kiwKfkhf Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fuo? jiytd;" ghk;g[ ? jiytp.
tp
,iwr;rp:
cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;g[ ,y;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs; MFk;.
v.fh:
èir bgupJ ....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifapd; ghly;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpsf;fk;:
jiytpia Mw;Wtpf;Fk; njhHp/ jiytd; bry;Yk; tHpapy; Mz; ahid/ jd; bgz;
ahidapd; grpiag; nghf;f àh~ kuj;jpd; gl;ilia chpj;J mjd; <ur;Ritiag; gUfr;
bra;a[k; vd;gJ bghUs;. ,jd;@yk; Mz; ahidapd; md;gpidg; ghu;f;Fk; jiytd;/
L al
cd;idj; njo tUthd; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
A d
1. g{it tpl;L ,w=;fhnj 2. kdpju;f;F czthtij vz;zp
,wf;if Kwpe;j tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpna fz;zPu; tpl;ldnth kPd;fs;
D ika
cdf;fhf vWk;g[fs;. fly; ePupy; cg;g[.
? ,f;ftpijfs; gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfshy; jdpj;Jtk; bgw;Ws;sd ? tpsf;Ff.
gpd;dh; tuf;Toa Jd;gj;ij gpd;dhy; jdf;F Vw;glf;Toa
Kd;dhnyna mwpt[Wj;Jk; a[f;jp. mtyj;ij Kd;dnu mwpe;J
ftp+d; jd; kdf;Fwpg;igf; Jd;g[Wjy;.
ftpijapy; Vw;wpf; TWtJ. ftp+h; jhd; epidf;Fk; fUj;jpidg;
Alv
jw;Fwpg;g[ Vw;w mzp tifahFk;. ghly;fspy; Vw;wpf;TWtJ. ,Jt[k;
g{it tpl;L ,w=;fpdhy; jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzptifahFk;.
cd;idj; Jd;g[Wj;j vWk;g[fs; kPd;/ jhd; kdpjh;f;F czthfg;
fhj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W a
vjph;bfhs;stpUf;Fk; Jd;gj;ij
nghfpnwhk; vd;W tUe;jp tpl;lf;
fz;zPh;jhd; fly;ePhpy; cg;g[ fye;J
.Kk
Kd;Tl;ona mwptpf;Fk; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij
a[f;jpahFk;. mwptpf;Fk; xU a[f;jpahFk;.
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 110

wI
1. ctik vt;bttw;wpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;>

LV
ctik tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ cU vd;w ehd;fd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.

w
2. ctikj;bjhlu;fshy; miHf;fg;bgWk; r=;fg;g[ytu;fs; bgau;fisj; bjhFj;J/ mtw;wpy;

cs;s ctikfisf; fz;lwpf.
r=;fg; g[ytu;fs; ctik
brk;g[yg;bgay;ePuhu; brk;g[yk;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nja;g[upgH=;fapw;wpdhu; – gH=;fapW
mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; – mzpy;
s:K
Fg;igf; nfhHpahu; – Fg;ig

XnuUHtu; – Vu;
3. xl;Lg; nghlhj
Mfhak; nghy ? ,e;j
cyfKk; xd;nwjhd;... ? ,f;ftpijapy; gapd;WtUtJ
m) ctik M) cUtfk;
tp
,) cs;Siw <) ,iwr;rp tpil: m) ctik

4. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; `,iwr;rp~ gw;wpa Tw;iwj; nju;f.
m) FwpaPLfisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;.
M) xg;gPl;Lr; brwpt[k; bghUs; mGj;jKk; rpwf;f mika[k;.
ht
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.in
,) tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ epwk; Mfpa ehd;fpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
<) cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs;.
tpil: <) cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs;.
5. cs;Siwf;Fk; ,iwr;rpf;Fk; cs;s ntWghl;oidr; rhd;WfSld; Ma;f.
L al
cs;Siw ,iwr;rp
ctikf;Fs; kw;bwhU bghUisf; Fwpg;g[g; bghUSf;Fs; nkYk; xU Fwpg;g[g;
A d
Fwpg;ghf czu;j;jpdhy; cs;Siw. bghUs; mike;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ ,iwr;rp.
cs;Siw ctik ftpijg; bghUnshL ,iwr;rp ftpijg; bghUnshL g[wj;nj
D ika
nru;e;J tUtJ. btspg;gLk;.
4 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
Alv
1. ctik tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ cU vd;w ehd;fpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;wtu;
m) mfj;jpau; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) gtze;jp <) tPukhKdptu; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
m) ctnkak;
a
2. fz;zd; g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd; vd;gjpy; fz;zd; vd;gJ ________.
M) ctkhdk;
.Kk
,) ctk cUg[ <) bghJj;jd;ik tpil: m) ctnkak;
3. mjpakhdpd; btw;wpg; g[fiHa[k; tPur;rpwg;iga[k; kpfr; RU=;fpa mofspy; mHfhfg;
g[ide;jtu; ________.
m) fgpyu; M) Xjyhe;ijahu;
wI
,) xsitahu; <) eg;griyahu; tpil: ,) xsitahu;

LV
4. ctikapd; brwpthu;e;j totnk ________.

w
m) cUtfk; M) gz;g[j;bjhif
,) tpidj;bjhif <) vz;Qk;ik tpil: m) cUtfk;
5. jP nghy; rpdk; vd;gijr; rpdj;jP vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
A
//w
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) thyp

,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
6. fUg;bghUs; bfhz;L tpsf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;g[g; bghUshfpa ________ jkpHpyf;fpaj;jpd;
s:K
neupa/ ,dpa/ ehfupf tHpahFk;.

m) ctik M) cUtfk;
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) ,iwr;rp tpil: ,) cs;Siw ctkk;
7. bgU=;fpd;W}u; fpHhu; ghoa ghly; xd;wpy; mike;Js;s cs;Siw ctkk; ahUf;F ahu;
brhy;tJ nghy; mikfpwJ>
tp
m) njhHp jiytpf;Ff; TwpaJ

M) njhHp jiytdplk; TwpaJ
,) ew;wha; njhHpaplk; TwpaJ
<) njhHpf;Fr; brhy;tJnghy; jiytp kiwe;J epw;Fk; jiytDf;Ff; TwpaJ
ht
tpil: <) njhHpf;Fr; brhy;tJnghy; jiytp kiwe;J epw;Fk; jiytDf;Ff; TwpaJ

180
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. ,Wj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) j=;Fjy; M) bjh=;Fjy;
,) ,Uj;jy; <) ,wj;jy; tpil: m) j=;Fjy;
9. guprpyu;f;F ,dpad;/ giftu;f;F ,d;dhjtd; ________.
L al
m) mjpakhd; M) mwpt[ilek;gp
,) ey=;fps;sp <) beL=;fps;sp tpil: m) mjpakhd;
10. r=;fg;ghly;fspy; bgUk;ghd;ikahf ,lk;bgWk; mzp ________.
A d
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp tpil: m) ctik mzp
D ika
11. mjpakhDf;F ctikahff; Twg;gLk; tpy=;F ________.
m) ahid M) g[yp
,) Fjpiu <) fhis tpil: m) ahid
12. ctikiaf; bfhz;L bgau; Nl;lg;glhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) brk;g[yg;bgay;ePuhu; M) nja;g[upgH=;fapw;wpdhu;
Alv
,) mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; <) xsitahu; tpil: <) xsitahu;
13. ctikapd; mog;giliag; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd; ? 1. epwk;
iv) jspu; nghYk; nkdp

a
ii) kiH nghyf; bfhLf;Fk; if ? 2. totk;
iii) Jo nghYk; ,il ? 3. gad;
? 4. bjhHpy;
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
14. rpdj;jP ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
wI
m) cUtfk; M) ctikj;bjhif
,) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; <) vz;Qk;ik tpil: m) cUtfk;
LV
15. gh+;rhyp rgjj;jpy; fjputd; xspgl;L tpjtpjkhd kha=;bfhs;Sk; nkf=;fSf;Ff;

w
TWfpd;w cUtf=;fs; ahu; ? ahuplk; TwpaJ>

m) tpJud; ? mUr;Rddplk; M) ju;kd; ? mUr;Rddplk;
,) gh+;rhyp ? mUr;Rddplk; <) mUr;Rdd; ? gh+;rhypaplk;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tpil: <) mUr;Rdd; ? gh+;rhypaplk;
16. mfkhe;jupd; kd czu;t[fisf; fUg;bghUs;fs; @yk; ctikg;gLj;Jtij ________
s:K
vd;gu;.
m) cs;Siw ctkk; M) cUtfk;
,) ,iwr;rp <) ctikj;bjhif tpil: m) cs;Siw ctkk;
17. ________ vd;gJ jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nf cupa xg;gw;w bewp.
m) xGf;fk; M) fw;g[
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) cUtfk; tpil: ,) cs;Siw ctkk;
tp

i) cs;Siw tpid/ gad; nghd;w mog;gilfspy; njhd;Wk;.
ii) FwpaPLfisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;.
m) i ? rup M) ii ? rup
ht
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup 181

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.in
19. Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; Kjypa Ez;fiyfspYk; ________ bghUs;fs; cz;L.
m) Fwpg;g[g; M) kiw
,) btspg;gil <) ,urpf;Fk; tpil: m) Fwpg;g[g;
20. jiytDf;Fk;/ jiytpf;Fk; FwpaPLfsha;g; bgU=;Fd;W}u; fpHhu; ghlypy; mike;jit
L al
m) fuo/ ghk;g[ M) g[yp/ khd;
,) rp=;fk;/ Kay; <) Fu=;F/ nfhl;lhd; tpil: m) fuo/ ghk;g[
A d
i) ,iwr;rp tlbkhHpapdu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w bjhdpf;F ,izahdJ
ii) bjhdp mfg;ghly;fspYk;/ g[wg;ghlypYk; tUk;.
iii) ,iwr;rp mfg;ghlypy; kl;Lnk tUk;.
D ika
4 m) i, ii ? rup
,) ii, iii ? rup
M) ii, iii ? rup
<) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
,ay;
22. Mz;ahid bgz; ahidapd; grpiag;nghf;f ________ kuj;jpd; gl;ilia cupj;J

mjpYs;s <ur;Ritiar; gUfr; bra;a[k;
m) ah M) bfhd;iw
Alv
,) nt=;if <) g[d;id tpil: m) ah
23. vk;kuj;ijj; jdf;Fj; j=;if vd;W ew;wha; Twpajhfj; jiytp jiytdplk; TWfpwhs;>
m) g[d;id M) ah
,) bfhd;iw
a
<) nt=;if tpil: m) g[d;id
.Kk
i) ahida[k; mjpakhDk; ? 1. ew;wpiz
ii) fuoa[k; ghk;g[k; ? 2. FWe;bjhif
iii) ah kuk; ? 3. mfehD}W
iv) g[d;id kuk; ? 4. g[wehD}W
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
wI
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
LV
FWtpdh
w
1. ctik vd;why; vd;d>

xU bghUis kw;bwhU bghUnshL xg;g[ik njhd;wf; TWjy; ctikahFk;.
A
//w
2. ctikj; bjhlu; vt;thW mika[k;> rhd;W jUf.

ctikj; bjhlupy; ctik Kd;Dk;/ ctnkak; gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
s:K
v.fh: jhkiu nghd;w Kfk; ? ,BJ ctikj; bjhlu;.

jhkiu ? ctik" Kjypy; te;jJ. Kfk; ? ctnkak;" gpd; te;jJ.
3. cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d>
ctik ntW/ ctnkak; ntW vdj; njhd;whky;/ ,uz;Lk; xd;nw vdj; njhd;WkhW
TWtJ cUtfkhFk;. v.fh: Kfkjp.
tp
4. cUtfj; bjhlu; vt;thW mika[k;> rhd;W jUf.

cUtfj; bjhlupy; ctnkak; Kd;Dk; ctik gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: Kfj;jhkiu ? ,j;bjhlupy; Kfkhfpa ctnkak; KjypYk;/ ctikahfpa jhkiu
gpd;Dk; te;Js;sd.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. ctik ? cUtf khw;wk;.
ctik cUtfk; cUtfk; ctik
kyuo mokyu; jhs;kyu; kyu;j;jhs;
L al
kyu;f;fz; fz;kyu; g[ag;bghd; bghw;g[ak;
njd;bkhHp bkhHpj;njd; jkpHd;id md;idj;jkpH;
jhkiuKfk; Kfj;jhkiu bkhHpj;jha; jha;bkhHp
A d
kyu;f;if ifk;kyu; bkhHpaKJ mKjbkhHp
FKjtha; tha;f;FKjk;
D ika
6. ctik vt;tog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;fpwhu;/ bjhy;fhg;gpau;> rhd;W jUf.
ctik/ tpid (bjhHpy;)/ gad;/ totk; (bka;)/ cU (epwk;) vd;Dk; ehd;fd;
mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;fpwhu;/ bjhy;fhg;gpau;.
v.fh: g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd;. (tpid) kiH nghyf; if. (gad;)
Jo nghYk; ,il. (totk;) jspu; nghYk; nkdp. (epwk;)
Alv
7. ve;j ehd;F cWg;g[fs; ctikapid mikf;fpd;wd> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
ctik/ ctk cUg[/ bghJj;jd;ik/ ctnkak; Mfpa ehd;F cWg;g[fSk; nru;e;J
ctikapid mikf;fpd;wd.
a
v.fh: fe;jd; g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd;.
,j;bjhlupy;/ g[yp ? ctik" fe;jd; ? ctnkak;" nghy ? ctk cUg[" gha;jy; ? bghJj;
jd;ik.
.Kk
8. ctikahy; bgau; bgw;w r=;fg; g[ytu;fs; rpyiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
XnuUHtu; nja;g[up gH=;fapw;wpdhu;
brk;g[yg; bgay; ePuhu; mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; Mtu;
wI
9. mjpakhid ahidnahL xg;gpl;Lg; ghoa ghlypd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

LV
Fsj;jpy; Cu;r; rpW gps;isfs; ahidkPJ ePiu ,iwj;Jk;/ mjd; btz;bfhk;g[fisf;

fGtpa[k; tpisahLtu;.
w
Mdhy;/ me;j ahid kjk; bfhz;lhy;/ vtUk; mjid mQf ,ayhJ.

mJnghy/ guprpyu; vtUk; jd;id beU=;Ftjw;F/ mjpakhd; ,dpatdha; ,Ug;ghd;.
Mdhy;/ giftuhnyh mtid mQfnt ,ayhJ.
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
ctikaha; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ahid/ ,g;ghlYf;F capql;LfpwJ.
10. gpd;tUk; g[Jf;ftpijapy; mike;Js;s ctik/ ctk cUg[/ bghJj; jd;ik/ ctnkak;
s:K
Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
fz;zPiu eP
Jilj;j nghJ
el;rj;jpu=;fs; Jilf;fg;gl;l
thdk; nghy
,Uz;L nghapUe;jJ.
tp
,jpy;/
ctik – el;rj;jpu=;fs; ,y;yhj thdk;
ctnkak; – toe;j fz;zPu; Jilf;fg;gl;l Kfk;
ctk cUg[ – nghy
ht
bghJj;jd;ik – Jilf;fg;gLjy; (ePf;fg;gLjy;)

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11. ctik/ ctikj; bjhifahfp/ cUtfkhapw;W. tpsf;Ff.
v.fh: fay; nghd;w tpHp ? ,BJ ctikahFk;.
,j;bjhlupYs;s `nghd;w~ vd;Dk; ctk cUig ePf;fpdhy;/ `fay;tpHp~ vd;gJ ctikj;
bjhifahFk;.
L al
me;j ctikj; bjhifapYs;s brhw;fis Kd; gpd;dhf khw;wp mikj;jhy;/ `tpHpf;fay;~
vd cUtfkhFk;.
12. ctikia tpl cUtfk; MHkhdJ ? vg;go>
A d
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf/
`jPg; nghd;w rpdk;~ vd;Dk; ctik mzpapy;/ jPf;Fk;/ rpdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna `nghy~
vd;Dk; ctk cUg[ ,Ue;J/ `jP~ ntW/ `rpdk;~ ntW vdf; fUjj; J}z;LfpwJ.
D ika
4 `rpdj;jP~ vd;Dk; cUtfj;jpy;/ `rpdk;~/ `jP~ Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xd;nw vdf; fUjj;
J}z;LfpwJ.
,ay;
mjdhy;/ ctikia tpl cUtfk; MHkhdJ.

13. cUtfj;ij vt;thW gFf;fyhk;> rhd;W jUf.
cUtfj;ij ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
Alv
v.fh:
vz;z tiy gpd;Dk; @isr; rpye;jp – tpid
Mntrg; g[ay;fshYk; mirf;f ,ayhj Mfhag; g{ – gad;
a
ePy taypd; el;rj;jpu kzpfs;
kiyf;fpHtpapd; eiuj;j Te;jy; (mUtp)
–
–
bka;
epwk;
.Kk
14. cs;Siw ctkk; vd;gJ ahJ>
ftp+d; cs;Siw ctikia mikf;Fk;nghJ/ me;je;j ehl;oYs;s
fUg;bghUs;fisf; TWtJ nghy mikg;ghd;.
nfl;nghUf;F mg;bghUs;fspd; jd;ikfis btspg;gilaha; tUzpj;Jr; brhy;tJ
wI
nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.
LV
Mdhy;/ mg;gor; brhy;Yk;nghJ tUzidapd; cs;ns mog;gilaha; ntbwhU

fUj;J ciwe;jpUf;Fk;. mJnt cs;Siw ctkk; MFk;.
w
15. `,iwr;rp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUis tpsf;Ff. ,ij tlbkhHpapdu; vt;thW

Fwpg;gpLtu;>
`,Wj;jy;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `j=;Fjy;~ MFk;.
A
//w
me;j `,W~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; moapw; gpwe;jJ `,iwr;rp~ MFk;.

chpg;bghUnshL nehpilj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUns ,iwr;rp MFk;.
s:K
,ij tlbkhHpapdu; `bjhdp~ vd;gu;.

16. vjw;F ,iwr;rp cj;jp gad;gLfpwJ>
jiytdpd; braiyf; fz;og;gjw;Fk;/ vs;sp eifahLtjw;Fk;/ tUj;jj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;/ jpUkzj;ij typa[Wj;Jtjw;Fk; ,iwr;rp cj;jp gad;gLfpwJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 112

tp
$p.a[. nghg;
bre;jkpH;r; brk;ky; `lhf;lu; $p.a[. nghg;~/ 1839 Mk; Mz;oy;/ bjd;dpe;jpaht[f;F
ht
te;jhu;. brd;idia mile;j nghg;/ `rhe;njhk;~ vd;Dk; ;,lj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpH;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ciuiag; goj;Jr; brhw;bghHpthw;wpdhu;. M=;fpnyauhd mtupd; jkpGiu ToapUe;j
jkpHu;fSf;Fg; bgUtpag;gspj;jJ. jkpH; bkhHpiag; gapyj;bjhl=;fpa rpwpJ fhyj;jpnyna/
Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad;bgw ntz;Lbkd;w vz;zj;jpy;/ jkpH; E}y;fis M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,tuJ jpUf;Fws;/ jpUthrf M=;fpy bkhHpbgau;g;g[fs;
L al
rpwg;g[ tha;e;jit.
nghg; mtu;fs; j+;rht{upy; thH;e;jnghJ/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa
,yf;fz=;fisj; bjspt[w mwpe;jhu;. mg;nghJjhd; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/
ed;D}y; Kjypa ngupyf;fz E}y;fisg; ghlrhiy khztu; gog;gJ
A d
vspjd;W vd;gijf; fz;L/ rpwpa jkpH; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; rpytw;iw vGjp
btspapl;lhu;. Inuhg;gpau;/ jkpH; bkhHpiaf; fw;Wf; bfhs;tjw;Fupa E}y;
D ika
xd;iw (Tamil Hand Book) vGjpdhu;. M=;fpy bkhHpapy; vGjg; bgw;wpUe;j
jkpH;ehl;L tuyhw;iw/ jkpHpy; vGjpg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;. gs;spf;Tl=;fspy;
gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;Jj; Jiwf; fy;tpiaa[k;
bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifa fy;tpna gadspf;Fbkd;Wk; nghg; fUjpdhu;. vGgJ
Mz;Lfs; jkpnHhL thH;e;jpUe;J/ jkpGf;F eyk; bra;j bgupahu; $p.a[. nghg; Mthu;.
Alv
fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf. m) gpwe;jhu; M) mUspa
m) gpwe;jhu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
M) mUspa – bgabur;rk; a
2. jpUf;Fwis Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad;bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;/ mij
.Kk
M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; $p.a[.nghg; ? tpilf;nfw;w tpdhit vGJf.
Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jpUf;Fwis M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ahu;>
3. gjpg;gpj;jhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
wI
gjpg;gpj;jhu; ? gjpg;gp + j;; + j;; + Mu;

LV
gjpg;gp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;g;ghy; tpidKw;W

w
tpFjp.
4. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
gs;spTl=;fspy; gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;Jj; Jiw fy;tpiaa[k;
A
//w
bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifaf; fy;tpnag; gadspf;Fbkd;Wk; nghg; fUjpdhu;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tpil:
gs;sp f; Tl=;fspy; gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;J j; Jiw f;
s:K
fy;tpiaa[k; bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifa f; fy;tpna g; gadspf;Fbkd;Wk;

nghg; fUjpdhu;.
5. bghUj;Jf.
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; – i) r=;f E}y;
M) jpUf;Fws; – ii) gf;jp E}y;
tp
,) g[wehD}W – iii) mw E}y;

<) jpUthrfk; – iv) ,yf;fz E}y; tpil: m) iv M) iii ,) i <) ii
ht
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bra;jpf;Ff; fPGs;s M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;r; brhw;fis bkhHpbgau;g;g[g;
gFjpapypUe;J fz;lwpe;J vGJf.
The Chinese have no religious science. rPdht[f;bfd;W jdpahf kj=;fs; ,y;iy.
L al
The practices of their religion (Buddhism) are ,e;jpahtpd; kjj;ij (bgsj;jk;) mtu;fs;
derived from India. They believe that it is the filg;gpof;fpd;wdu;. rpiyfisj; j=;fSf;F
Indians who brought idols to them and that the mwpKfk; bra;njhu; ,e;jpau;fs; vd;W ek;g[k;
latter were their religious educators. In China and
rPdu;fs;/ ,e;jpau;fns j=;fspd; kj Mrpupau;fs;
A d
in India they believe in metempsychosis. The
vd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpahtpYk;
Chinese and Indians draw from the same religious
principles different conclusions. In India medicine
rPdhtpYk; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhd kWgpwg;ig
D ika
ek;g[fpd;wdu;. xnu kj nfhl;ghL ,Ue;jhYk;/
4 and philosophy are practiced. The Chinese
practice medicine equally. Their chief treatment is
cauterization. The Chinese practice astronomy but
rPdu;fSk; ,e;jpau;fSk;
jPu;khd=;fSf;F tUfpwhu;fs;.
btt;ntW
,ay;
the Indians practice this science still more. ,e;jpahtpy; kUj;JtKk;/ jj;JtKk;
Written by Abu Zayd Al Sirafi, traveller, eilKiwapy; cs;sd. mtu;fSf;Fr; rkkhfr;
10th century.
rPdu;fSk; kUj;Jtj;ij eilKiwapy;
Alv
– Foreign notices of South India by K.A.
itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. `jPa;j;jy;~ mtu;fsJ gpujhd
Neelakanda Sastri
rpfpr;ir Kiw. rPdu;fs; thdpay; rh!;jpug;
gapw;rpapy; <LgLfpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,e;j
a mwptpaiy ,e;jpau;fs; ,d;Dk; mjpfkha;g;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
.Kk
tpil:
Religion – kjk; Science – mwptpay;
Philosophy – jj;Jtk; Idols – rpiyfs;
Medicine kUj;Jtk;
wI
–
LV
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s cUtf=;fisa[k; ctikfisa[k; gl;oaypLf. cUtf=;fis

ctikfshf khw;Wf. ctikfis vt;tif ctikfs; vd;W vGJf.
w
tpHpr;Rlu; thrypy; cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jhs;. mtsJ vz;ztiyapy; kpd;dy;fisg;

nghd;w brhw;fs; njhd;wp kiwe;jd. mLf;fpitf;fg;glhj g[j;jf=;fisg; nghyf; FHk;gpa
vz;z=;fis xG=;FgLj;j epidj;jhs;. neuk; ej;ijiag;nghy bkJthf efu;e;jJ.
A
//w
mz;zhe;J ghu;j;jhs;. ePyg;gl;L cLj;jpaijg; nghd;w thdk; mk;khit epidt{l;oaJ.

g{idf;Fl;oiag;nghy mk;khtpd; Ke;jhidf;Fs; RUz;Lbfhs;s epidj;jhs;.
g{idf;Fl;oia koapy; itj;Jf;bfhz;lijg;nghy mk;khtpd; fjfjg;ig czu;e;jhs;.
s:K
grpf;fapw;why; Rz;otplg;gl;lts;/ g{l;oapUe;j tPl;Lf;fjtpd;nky; rha;e;jgo mk;khtpd;

tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fj; bjhl=;fpdhs;.
cUtfk; tpHpr;Rlu;/ grpf;fapW/ vz;ztiy.
ctik Rlu;tpHp/ fapw;Wg;grp/ tiy nghd;w vz;zk;.
tp
ctik cUtfk;
kpd;dy;fs; nghd;w brhw;fs;. brhy; kpd;dy;
mLf;fp itf;fg;glhj g[j;jf=;fisg; nghyf; FHk;gpa vz;z=;fs;. gad; ctik
ht
neuk; ej;ijiag; nghy bkJtha; efu;e;jJ. tpid ctik

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.in
ePyg;gl;L cLj;jpaijg; nghd;w thdk;. cU ctik
g{idf;Fl;oiag; nghy mk;khtpd; Ke;jhidf;Fs; RUz;L bka; ctik.
bfhs;s.
g{idf;Fl;oia koapy; itj;Jf; bfhz;lijg; nghy mk;khtpd; gad; ctik
L al
fjfjg;ig czu;e;jhs;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpfisg; goj;J @d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;fp vGJf.
A d
fy;tp vd;why; vd;d> mJ E}y;fisg; gog;gjh> my;yJ mJ gytifahdijf;
Fwpj;j mwpth> mJt[k; ,y;iy. vj;jifa gapw;rpapd;@yk; kdj;jpd; Mw;wYk; mJ btspg;gLk;
jd;ika[k; fl;Lg;ghl;ow;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gad;jUk; tifapy; mikfpwnjh/ me;jg;
D ika
gapw;rpjhd; fy;tpahFk;. mf;fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F xnu xU tHpjhd; cz;L. mJjhd; kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rp. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; bra;jpfisg; gw;wpa mwpitr; nrkpg;gjd;W.
fy;tpapd; nehf;fnk kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;. kdbthUikg;ghnl fy;tpapd;
mog;gil.
vy;nyhUk; j=;fs; mwpt[ tsu;r;rpf;F mk;Kiwiaj;jhd; gpd;gw;wpahf ntz;Lk;.
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jk; mst[f;F mwpt[k; tsUk;. ,aw;ifahy; @lg;gl;oUf;Fk;
Alv
mwpt[r;Rliuj; jpwg;gjw;F ,Jbthd;nw rpwe;j tHpahFk;. kdpjd; jd; rf;jpia E}w;Wf;Fj;
bjhz;Q}W tpGf;fhL tPz; bra;J tpLfpwhd;. ,jdhy;jhd;/ mtd; mof;fo jtWfs;
bra;fpwhd;. gz;g[ila kdj;ijg; bgw;wtd; xU jtw;iwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;.
a
kdpjDf;Fk; tpy=;Ff;Fk; cs;s Kf;fpa ntWghL kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtjpy;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ. vj;JiwapYk; btw;wp bgWtJ/ ,ijg; bghWj;Jj;jhd; mikfpwJ. ,ir/ Xtpak;/
.Kk
rpw;gk; Kjypa vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; rpwg;ghfj; nju;r;rp bgwr; bra;tJ kd xUikg;ghLjhd;.
nkYk;/ cyfj;jpd; g[jpu;fis @o itj;jpUf;Fk; fjt[fisj; jpwf;ff;Toa typikia ehk; bgw
ntz;Lk;. ,t;typikia ekf;F mspf;ff;ToaJ kd xUikg;ghLjhd;. mJnt fy;tpf;F
mog;gilahFk;. (Rthkp tpntfhde;ju; ? fy;tp)
wI
jpUe;jhg; gotk;:
LV
jiyg;g[: fy;tpapd; mog;gil

w
vj;jifa gapw;rpapd; @yk; kdt[Wjpapd; ntfKk; mjd; btspg;gLk; jd;ika[k;

fl;Lg;ghl;ow;F cl;gl;Lg; gad; jUfpwnjh mJnt fy;tpahFk;. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk;
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtnj" kdbthUikg;ghnl fy;tpapd; mog;gil. kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,aw;ifahy; @lg;gl;oUf;Fk; mwpt[r;Rliug; bgwyhk;. gz;g[ila
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kdj;ijg; bgw;wtd; xU jtiwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;. kdpjDf;Fk;/ tp=;fpw;FKs;s ntWghnl
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;" ,ir Kjypa fiyfspy; nju;r;rp bgwt[k;. cyfj;jpd;
s:K
g[jpu;fis @o itj;jpUf;Fk; fjt[fisj; jpwf;ff; ToaJk; kdxUik;ghgnl" mJnt fy;tpf;F

mog;gilahFk;.
jpUe;jpa gotk;:
jiyg;g[: fy;tpapd; mog;gil
vj;jifa gapw;rp kdt[Wjpahd ntfj;ija[k;/ btspg;gLk; jd;ikiaa[k;
tp
fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fl;Lj;jpg; gad; jUfpwnjh mJnt fy;tpahFk;. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; kdj;ij

xUKfg;gLj;Jtnj. kdj;ij xUKfg;gLtjhy; mwpt[r;Rlu; bgUFk;. gz;g[ila kdj;ijg;
bgw;wtd; xU jtiwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;. kdpjDf;Fk; tpy=;fpw;FKs;s ntWghnl kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;. ,ir/ Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; Kjypa fiyfspy; nju;r;rp bgwt[k;/ cyfj;jpd;
ht
g[jph;fspd; @oiaj; jpwf;ff; ToaJk; kd xUikg;ghnl" mJnt fy;tpf;F mog;gil MFk;. 187
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.in
bkhj;j brhw;fs; 137
jpUe;jhg; gotk; 52 brhw;fs;
jpUe;jpa gotk; 45 brhw;fs;
L al
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
bgz;Qf;F +hdj;ij itj;jhd; ? g[tp
ngzp tsu;j;jpLk; <rd;"
A d
kz;Qf;Fs;ns rpy@lu; ? ey;y
khju; mwpitf; bfLj;jhu;.
D ika
fz;fs; ,uz;odpy; xd;iwf; ? Fj;jp
4 fhl;rp bfLj;jpl yhnkh>
bgz;fs; mwpit tsu;j;jhy; ? itak;
,ay;
ngjik aw;wpLk; fhzPu;

? ghujpahu;
Kd;Diu:
Alv
bjd; ghz;oa ehL tH=;fpa ew;wkpH;f; ftp+u;. rp. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;. `capu;epfu;
jkpiH cau;t[wr; bra;jtu;~ Mthu;.
`ìge;jkpH;j; nju;g;ghfd;" mtbdhU
a
bre;jkpH;j; njdP" rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij"
ePLJapy; ePf;f te;j epyh"
.Kk
fhL fkGk; fw;g{ur; brhw;nfh~~
vd;bwy;yhk; ghnte;ju; ghujpjhrdhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;l bgUikf;Fupatu;. `bgw;w
jha[k; gpwe;j bghd;dhLk; ew;wt thdpDk; edp rpwe;jdbtdg;~ nghw;wpa ftp+u;. kf;fis
moikj; jisapypUe;J kPl;blLf;f/ ,tu; ghoa vGr;rp kpf;f ghly;fs;/ nfl;nghiu tPW
wI
bfhz;L vHr; bra;J/ mf;dpf; F+;Rfsha;r; rpwF Kisf;fr; bra;jJ.

LV
jpuz;l fUj;J:
cyfj;ijg; gilj;Jf; fhj;jpLk; ,iwtd;/ Mz;fSf;F mspj;jijg; nghyg;
w
bgz;fSf;Fk; nkyhd mwptpid mspj;jhd;. Mdhy;/ kz;Qyfpy; thGk; @l Mltu;

rpyu;/ `mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;Fg; gog;bgjw;F vd;W Twp/ bgz;fs; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;Wr;
rpwe;jplhjthW jLj;J tpl;ldu;. ek; fz;fs; ,uz;lDs;/ xd;iwf; bfLj;Jtpl;L/ ey;y
A
//w
fhl;rpfis KGikaha;f; fhz ,ayhjthW jLj;jpLjy; ed;nwh> rKjhaj;jpd; ,U

fz;fs; Mz;/ bgz; Mtu;. mtu;fSs; Mz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspj;J/ nkd;ikg;gLkhW
bra;tJ nghy/ bgz;fSf;Fk; fy;tp mspj;jhy;/ cyfpy; mwpahik mw;Wg; ngha; tpLk;.
s:K
ikaf; fUj;J:
cyifg; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; ,iwtd;/ Miza[k;/ bgz;iza[k; rkepiyapy;
thGkhW gilj;jhd;. Mdhy;/ kf;fSs; rpyu;/ bgz;fs; fy;tp bgwhJ jLj;J/ mtu;fis
mwpahikapy; MH;j;jpdu;. bgz;fs; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;why;/ cyfpy; mwpahik mfd;W
XLk;.
tp
bjhil eak;:
vJifj; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; Kjw;rPupd; KjbyGj;Jfs; jk;Ks; msbthj;J epw;f/
,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ mo vJifj; bjhilahFk;.
ht
v.fh: bgz;Qf;F/ kz;Qf;Fs;ns" fz;fs;/ bgz;fs;

188
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
nkhidj; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ
nkhid vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: bgz;Qf;F/ ngzp" kz;Qf;Fs;ns/ khju;" fz;fs;/ fhl;rp" bgz;fs;/ ngjik
L al
Kuz; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; vjpu;r; brhw;fs; bgw;W tUtJ Kuz; bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: +hdk; × @lu;" tsu;j;jy; × bfLj;jy;" mwpt[ × ngjik
A d
mzp eak;:
,uz;L fz;fs; nghd;nw MQk;/ bgz;Qk; Mfpa ,UtUnk Kf;fpak;.
``fz;fs; ,uz;odpy; xd;iwf; ? Fj;jpf;
D ika
fhl;rp bfLj;jpl yhnkh>~~
vd;Dk; ctik @yk;/ ,uz;L fz;fspy; xd;iw kl;Lk; bfLj;J tpl;lhy;/ fhl;rpapy;
Fiw Vw;gLky;yth> vd;W ,ay;ghd fUj;Jfisf; TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[
etpw;rp mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
nkYk;/ fy;tp bgw/ MQf;F kl;Lk; tha;g;g[ mspj;J tpl;L/ mt;tha;g;igg;
bgz;Qf;F kWg;gJ bgUe;jP=;fha; Koa[k; vd;gija[k; ftp+u; ctik @yk;
Alv
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
re;j eak;:
monjhWk; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; rpe;Jg; ghtifapidr; rhu;e;jJ.
a
brg;gnyhiriag; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ,uhfj;njhLk; jhsj;njhLk;/ gz;
mikj;Jg; ghodhy; re;j eakpf;f Vw;g[ila ghlyhfj; jpfGk;.
.Kk
jiyg;g[:
bgz;fy;tp.
Kot[iu:
ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytdhk; ghujp/ ,aw;wpa ,g;ghlypy; cs;s ea=;fs; fw;nghu; kdijf;
fspg;gilar; bra;a[k;. nkYk; ,yf;fpa eak; kpf;f ,dpikahd ,g;ghly; vd;iwf;Fk; ek;
wI
rpe;jidapy; tpUe;jhf mika[k; vd;gjpy; vs;sst[k; Iakpy;iy.

LV
w
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 115

vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
,e;j cyfpy; vj;jidnah ntiytha;g;g[fs; gue;J mike;Js;sd.
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kUj;Jtuhfyhk;" tpkhdj;ij Xl;Lk; `tpkhdp~ Mfyhk;"
MH;fly;kPJ bry;Yk; fg;giy Xl;Lk; khYkp Mfyhk;"
s:K
jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; eofuhfyhk;" ,af;Feu; Mfyhk;"

xspg;gjpthsuhfyhk;" ,d;Dk; fhty; Jiw/ rl;lj;Jiw/
ntshz;ikj; Jiw/ Mil totikg;g[j; Jiw/ ePjpj;Jiw/
tzpfj;Jiw/ ijay; Jiw/ fl;olf; fiyj; Jiw nghd;w
vz;zw;w Jiwfs;" ``th- th-~~ vd;W if ePl;o tuntw;fpd;wd.
mtw;iw mila ek;kplk; ,Uf;f ntz;oa jFjp- fy;tp- xUtu; vt;tst[f;bft;tst[
tp
fy;tp fw;W caUfpwhnuh/ mt;tst[f;ft;tst[ caukhd cd;djg; gjtpfisg; bgWtu;.

`Ìnah- ehd; vd; trjpf;Fg; gs;sp ,Wjpj; nju;t[r; rhd;wpjiHj;jhd; bgw ,ad;wJ.~~
`èhd; +2tpy; nju;r;rp bgw;Ws;nsd;" vdf;F vd;d ntiy tha;g;g[f; fpl;Lk;>~~ vd;W rpyu;
nfl;fyhk;. mtu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fs; fy;tpj; jFjpf;nfw;w ntiytha;g;g[f; fpl;Lk;. Mdhy;/
ht
jFjpf;F kPwpa tha;g;gpy; Mir bfhs;shjPu;fs;-

189
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.in
nfhHpf;Fk; ,wf;if cz;L" Mdhy; mjdhy; Xust[ cauj;jpw;nf gwf;f ,aYk;.
fhf;if/ FUtp Kjyhdtw;why; ,d;Dk; rw;W nkny gwf;f ,aYk;. gUe;jpdhnyh/
vy;yhg; gwitfis tpl kpf cauj;jpy; gwf;ftpaYk;-
Mk;- eP=;fs; bgw;w fy;tpjhd;/ eP=;fs; gwf;f epidf;Fk; cauj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
L al
Mfnt/ fy;tp xd;wpny fUj;ijg; gjpa[=;fs;" fdt[ edthFk;.
kiwe;jpUf;Fk; brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
nfh !h y; R ah k; kh z; g[ bgs
A d
j; u t t $ w ah $ tp j;
jh j D o tp d; jp nt f; j
D ika
4 up
u;
k
k;
g
f
l;
e
o
w;
k
wp
z;
iz
l
y;
g
ngh l
k;
,ay;
dh z z k; gh u; g; u j T
l f f; f y ah g k; dh f;
yh f; fh j gh jp s; z u; is
Alv
y; y a j; u u sp k F s;
f , d; bgh jp gh k; r u gp
tpilfs;
nfhj;jhup fy;yhldhhu;
a kju!h ,yf;fzk; gDty;
.Kk
fzf;fhad; Rto bghj;jfk; tp$ah ghyghujp
gl;okz;lgk; gpurk; bghjp kd;wk; ghujpahu;
khah jpz;izg;gs;sp khz;g[ ntly; rkzk;
nghjdhu; bgsj;jk; g[tp gps;isf;Tlk; ew;wpiz
wI
brhy;iyg; gpup;j;Jk; nru;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f.

LV
v.fh: fhy;eil
fhy;eilfis nka;r;ry; epyj;jpw;F Xl;of; bfhz;L nghdhu;fs;.
w
rpwpa bjhiyitf; flf;ff; fhy; eilahfr; bry;tJ clYf;F eyk; gaf;Fk;.

1. gpz;zhf;F ? khLfs; jtpL/ gpz;zhf;F Mfpatw;iw cl;bfhz;L/
`bfhG bfhG~ vd;Ws;sd.
A
//w
gps; ehf;F (gpst[gl;l ehf;F) ? ghk;gpd; ehf;F gps; ehf;F MFk;.

2. vl;Ltiu (vl;L kiyfs;) ? ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; tha;f;fg;bgw;wtu; vl;L tiufisa[k;
s:K
vspjpy; flg;gu;.
vs;Jtiu ? vs;Jtiu jhdpa=;fs; clYf;Fj; jP=;F tpistpf;fhJ
vl;Lk;tiu ? ek; ,yf;fpid vl;Lk; tiu Kad;W bfhz;nl ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. mwptpy;yhjtd; ? Mj;jpuj;jpy; mwptpy;yhjtd; nghy; ele;J bfhs;tu;.
mwptpy; Mjtd; ? Mrpupau; vd;idg; ghu;j;J/ ``nla;- mwptpy;yhjtnd/
tp
tFg;ig tpl;L btspnaW-~~ vd;wt[ld; ehd;/ `Ìah- ehd;

mwptpy; Mjtd;jhd;" ehd; btspnawp tpl;lhy; tFg;g[
,Uz;L tpLnk-~~ vd;nwd; mijf; nfl;L Mrpupau; cl;gl
midtUk; rpupj;jdu;.
ht
190
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. j=;if ? vd; j=;if vd; kPJ md;g[ bfhz;ltu;.
jk; if ? vjw;Fk; gpwu; cjtpapidna vjpu;ghuhnj" `jk; if jkf;F
cjtp~ vd;gij epidtpw;bfhs;~~ vd;whu;/ je;ij.
5. itif ? kJiuapYs;s itifahw;wpy; fs;sHfu; ,w=;Ftijf;
L al
fhz kf;fs; Tl;lk; miynkhJk;.
it if ? ìt if~ vd;wt[ld;/ xUtu; if kPJ xUtu; if itj;J/
xw;Wika[ld; ,dp thH;tjha; cWjp g{z;ldu;.
A d
6. e+;rpUf;Fk; (iee;jpUf;Fk;) ? ,U Milfisna/ khw;wp khw;;wpj; Jitj;J cLj;Jtjhy;/
me;j ViHapd; Milfs; e+;rpUf;Fk; (iee;jpUf;Fk;)
D ika
e+;R ,Uf;Fk; ? e+;R ,Uf;Fk; ghk;gpidf; Tl ek;gp mjDld; ,Uf;fyhk;"
Mdhy; eat+;rfUld; xU tpehoa[k; cldpUf;f ,ayhJ.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
fy;tp/ ek;ikg; gz;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ehk; gz;gl;oUf;fpnwhkh>
Alv
vz; fy;tpapd; tpist[ vd;d bra;jPu;fs;' bra;tPu;fs;>
1. bgupatu;fSf;F Mrpupau;fisa[k;/ cwtpdu;fisa[k;/ @j;njhu;fisa[k;
kjpg;gspj;jy; fz;lt[ld; tzf;fk; bjuptpg;ngd;.
2. gFj;jwpt[r; rpe;jidia
tsu;j;jy;
a vd; jhaplKk;/ ghl;oaplKk; ,Ue;j
@lek;gpf;iffis ePf;fp cs;nsd;.
.Kk
3. bghWikiaf; ahUlDk; rz;il ,l;ljpy;iy.
filg;gpoj;jy;
4. jd;id mwpjy;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhsh;fisf; fhQk;nghJ vd;dplKs;s
jd;dk;gpf;if tsu;j;jy; ,uf;fFzk; btspg;gLk;. vy;yh tpjkhd
wI
,ila{Wisa[k; rkhspj;J thH;ntd;.

LV
5. rkj;Jtk; ngQjy; rkge;jp tpUe;jpy; fye;J bfhs;ntd;. v=;fs; Cu;

w
kf;fspilna xw;Wik vz;zk; tsu;g;ngd;.

6. capu;fsplj;jpy; md;g[ v=;fs; bjUtpYs;s fhy;eilfSf;bfd kUj;Jt
brYj;Jjy; trjp bra;J bfhLj;Js;nsd;. kf;fspilna ,uf;f
A
//w
capupf;ft[zh;it tsur; bra;ntd;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
s:K
fy;tpf;FG – Education Committee

cs;fl;likg;g[ – Infrastructure
brk;bkhHp – Classical Language
@jhijau; – Ancestor
kjpg;g[f;fy;tp – Value Education
tp
kd Mw;wy; – Mental Abilities
***
ht
191
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.in

,ay; ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
L al
ciueil Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
5 bra;a[s;
rPwhg;g[uhzk;
mfehD}W
ckWg;g[ytu;
tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
A d
Jizg;ghlk; gpk;gk; gpug+;rd;
D ika
,yf;fzk; gh ? ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
5 thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
,ay;
ciueil
Alv
,ay; 5 Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUe;jhijj; nju;f.
wI
m) Mde;ju=;fu; vGjpa ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; gd;dpuz;L bjhFjpfshf btspte;Js;sd.

LV
M) xt;bthUehs; epfH;t[f;Fk; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/ ehs;/ fpHik/ neuk;/ epfH;tplk;

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplhky; bra;jpfis vGjpa[s;shu;.
w
,) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r; r@fj;ijg; glk;gpoj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.
<) Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahit milaf; fg;gy;fSf;F vl;Lj;jp=;fs; njitg;gl;ld.
A
//w
i) m/ M ii) M/ ,
iii) m/ , iv) M/ < tpil: iv) M/ <
2. Mde;ju=;fUf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[ vJ>
s:K
m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; M) ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR

,) jiyikj; Jtpgh&p <) cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij
tpil: <) cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij
FWtpdh
tp
1. Mde;ju=;fupd; tUzidj; jpwDf;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

g[Jr;nrupf;Ff; fg;gy;fs; tUfpd;w bra;jpiaf; nfl;lJk;/ e&;lg;gl;l jputpak;
kPz;Lk; fpilj;jhw; nghyt[k;/
ht
kuzKw;w cwtpdu;fs; capu;bgw;W vGe;J te;jJ nghyt[k;/

192
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ePz;l ehs; jtkpUe;J g[j;jpug; ghf;fpak; fpl;odhw; nghyt[k;/
njthkpu;jj;ijr; Ritj;jJ nghyt[k; kf;fs; re;njh&pj;jhu;fs; vd;W gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
rpWtpdh
L al
1. Mde;ju=;fu; xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjptHp vLj;jf;fhl;Lf.
tuyhw;whrpupau; xU epfH;it tpsf;Ffpwhu; vd;why;/ nfl;gtu; me;epfH;itg; gw;wpa
vt;tpdht[k; vGg;gj; njitapy;yhj tifapy; tpupthd tpsf;fj;ijj; je;jpLtu;.
A d
mt;thnw/ Mde;ju=;fUk; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;/ xU epfH;t[ ve;j Mz;L/ ve;jj; jp=;fs;/
ve;jf; fpHik/ ve;neuk;/ vt;tplj;jpy; epfH;e;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
D ika
gilbaLg;g[fSk; Kw;WiffSk;:
njtdhk; gl;lzj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf M=;fpnyaUld; gpbu+;R muR elj;jpa
gilbaLg;g[.
g[fH;bgw;w Mk;g{u;g; nghu; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;.
j+;irf; nfhl;il kPJ elj;jpa Kw;Wif.
Alv
,uhgu;l; fpistpd; gilbaLg;g[.
M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrupia Kw;Wifaply; Kjypatw;iwbay;yhk; xU tuyhw;W
Mrpupaiug; nghd;W/ Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; tpsf;fpf; Twpa[s;shu;.
beLtpdh
a
.Kk
1. jhk; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfg; g[ijayhf ehl;Fwpg;igg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
Mde;ju=;fu; vd;gij epWt[f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
wI
Kd;Diu
LV
,e;jpa ehl;Fwpg;gpd; je;ij

murpy; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs;
w
Kot[iu
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Kd;Diu:
A
//w
`Mde;ju=;fdpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r;rKfj;ij glk; gpoj;J

fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.gz;ghL/ rkak;/ rhjp/ ePjp/ tzpfk;/ ek;gpf;if Kjyhd gy;ntW
TWfisf; bfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ.
s:K
,e;jpa ehl;Fwpg;gpd; je;ij:

Mde;ju=;fu; kpfr; rhjhuz kdpjnu Mthu;.
mtu; Kjypy; gu=;fpg;ngl;il bert[r;rhiyf;Fk;/ rhak; Jitf;Fk; fpl=;Ff;Fk;
jiytu; Mdhu;.
gpd;/ jk; ciHg;ghYk;/ cz;ikna ciuf;Fk; jpwj;jhYk; Kd;ndwp/ gpbu+;R MSeu;
tp
Ja;g;ns mtu;fsplk; jiyik bkhHpbgah;g;ghsuhfg; Jtpgh&pahag;; gzpahw;wj;

bjhl=;fpdhu;.
mjdhy; ty;yhz;ik kpf;f gpbu+;R Ml;rpahsu;fnshL beU=;fpg; gHFk;
tha;g;gpidg; bgw;whu;.
ht
193
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.in
tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fk; ty;yik bgw;w mtu;fshy; epfGk; epfH;t[fisf; Tu;e;J
ftdpj;jhu;.
md;whlk; mtw;iwj; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpaj; bjhl=;fpdhu;.
murpy; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs;:
L al
gpbu+;R MSeu; #kh!;/ ehza mr;rog;g[ cupikiag; bgWtjw;fhfr; brytHpj;j
bgUe;bjhifia/ Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;Js;shu;.
njtdhk;gl;lzj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf M=;fpnyau; kPJ gpbu+;R muR elj;jpa
A d
gilbaLg;g[/ g[fH;bgw;w Mk;g{u;g; nghu;/ j+;irf; nfhl;il kPJ elj;jpa Kw;Wif/
,uhgu;l; fpistpd; gilbaLg;g[/ M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrupapid Kw;Wifapl;lJ
D ika
Kjypatw;iwbay;yhk; Mde;ju=;fu; jpwk;gl vGjpa[s;shu;.
5 1758 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy;/ brd;idf; nfhl;ilia yy;yp Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mtu;
nfhl;ilia ,oj;jhu;" tPLfisj; jiukl;lkhf;fpdhu;" kjpiy ,oj;J mfHpiaj;
,ay;
J}u;j;jhu;" MapDk; mtuhy;/ brd;idf; nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;w Koatpy;iy.

,t;thW kpf cau;e;j gjtpapy; ,Ug;gtnuhL/ beUf;fKw;wpUe;j Mde;ju=;fu;/
md;whlk; epfH;e;j epfH;t[fisj; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;Jf; bfhz;lhu;.
Alv
,it md;iwa Mde;ju=;fUf;Fr; rhjhuz bray;fsha; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
Mdhy;/ mit 25 Mz;L fhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpid btspg;gLj;Jk;
g[ijayhFk;.
a
mf;fhyj;jpa gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwpa cjt[k; rpwe;j tuyhw;Wf; fUt{yk;" Mtzk;"
Vd;/ rpwe;j ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.
.Kk
nkw;fz;lit @yk; jhk; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfg; g[ijayhf ehl;Fwpg;igg;
gad;gLj;jpatu; Mde;ju=;fu; vd;gij epWtyhk;.
Kot[iu:
gd;bkhHpg; g[yika[k; gy;Jiw MSika[k; bfhz;l Mde;ju=;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[/
wI
18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; g[Jit tuyhw;wpid mwpe;Jbfhs;s ekf;Ff; fpilj;j mhpa

LV
bgl;;lfkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. g[Jr;nrhpapy; gpbu+;R Ml;rpapd; vGr;rpa[k; tPH;r;rpa[k; mthpd;

w
thH;nthL xd;wp ehfhpfg; g[ijayhf mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;g[ tps=;Ftij mwpaKofpwJ.

A
//w
1. c=;fsJ xU thuj;jpa epfH;t[fis ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpt[ bra;f.

brg;lk;gu; 1 ? jp=;fs;
s:K
fhiy 4 kzp fz;tpHpj;jy;

fhiy 5 ? 6 kzp rpwg;g[ tFg;g[
fhiy 7 kzp gs;sp bry;Yjy;
khiy 6 kzp tPL jpUk;g[jy;
khiy 7 ? 9 kzp md;iwa ghlk; goj;jy;
,ut[ 9 ? 10 kzp tPl;Lg;ghlk; jahupj;jy;
tp
,ut[ 10 kzp J}=;fr; bry;Yjy;

gs;sp khztdhfpa ehd; jp=;fs; fpHik Kjy; rdpf;fpHik tiu vd; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;
gjptpLntd;.
ht
194
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
+hapw;Wf;fpHik
fhiy 7 kzp fz; tpHpj;jy;
fhiy 8 kzp fhiy czt[ cz;Qjy;
fhiy 9 ? 10 kzp bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; ghu;j;jy;
L al
fhiy 10 ? 12 kzp je;ija[ld; filf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
kjpak; 12 ? 1 kzp kjpa czt[ cz;Qjy;
khiy 1 ? 3 kzp Xa;t[ vLj;jy;
khiy 3 ? 6 kzp tpisahLjy;
A d
khiy 6 ? 8 kzp gof;fr; bry;Yjy;
,ut[ 9 kzp J}=;fr; bry;Yjy;
D ika
2. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ tptupf;Fk; epfH;t[fisf; fhyf;nfhl;oy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
1700 Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ tptupf;Fk; fhyf;nfhL
1 myF ? gj;J Mz;Lfs;
Alv
1710 1709 Mde;j=;fu; gpwg;g[
a
.Kk
1720
1726 berthiy jiytu;

wI
LV
1730
w
1736 #kh!; ehza mr;rog;g[ cupikiag; bgw;wik
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
1740 1739 bghJ btspapy; fhiyf;fld; fHpg;gth;fSf;Fj;

jz;lk; tpjpg;g[
s:K
1745 g[Jr;nrupapy; nguplu; ' ,=;fpyhe;J ? gpuhd;!; nghu;

1746 gpbu+;R muR brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wy;
1750
tp
1758 yy;ypahy; brd;idf;nfhl;il Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ

1760 1760 g[Jr;nrupiaj; jhf;f M=;fpnyau; fg;gy; tUif
1761 Mde;j=;fu; kiwt[
ht
195
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.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; g[Jit tuyhw;wpid mwpe;Jbfhs;s cjt[k; mwpa bgl;lfk;
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) g[Jr;nrup tuyhW
,) g[Jit md;Wk; ,d;Wk; <) tpLjiyf;F Kd; ,e;jpah
A d
tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
2. ehl;Fwpg;g[ vd;gij ________ vd;W M=;fpyj;jpy; miHg;gu;.
D ika
5 m) bla;yp
,) nehl;!;
M) ilup
<) nll;lh tpil: M) ilup
,ay;
3. ilup vd;Dk; brhy; ________ vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; brhy;ypd; @ykhd il!; vd;w brhy;ypy;
,Ue;J cUthapw;W.
m) ilu!; M) ilnuh!;
Alv
,) ilupak; <) ilup!; tpil: ,) ilupak;
i) ehl;Fwpg;g[fspd; Kd;ndhoahfj; jpfH;tJ EPHEMERIDES
a
ii) EPHEMERIDES vd;gJ fpnuf;ff; Fwpg;ngL MFk;.
iii) EPHEMERIDES vd;gjd; bghUs; xU ehSf;fhd Kot[ vd;gjhFk;.
.Kk
,) ii, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
5. Kfyha kd;du;fspy; ________ fhyk; Kjy; ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJk; tHf;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
m) ghgu; M) ckha{d;
tpil: m) ghgu;
wI
,) mf;gu; <) &h$fhd;

LV
6. ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJtijj; jil bra;jpUe;j Kfyha kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; ________.

m) ghgu; M) mf;gu;
w
,) &h$fhd; <) xsu=;frPg; tpil: <) xsu=;frPg;

7. Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpaht[f;Ff; fly; tHpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu; ________/ Mz;L
_______ .
A
//w
m) ghu;j;jnyhkpnahla!;/ 1498
M) th!;nfhlfhkh/ 1498
,) ru; jhk!; nuh/ 1453
s:K
<) My;thnuh bty;nyh/ 1453 tpil: M) th!;nfhlfhkh/ 1498

8. th!;nfhlfhkh vd;gtu; _______.
m) nghu;r;RfPrpa khYkp M) nghu;r;RfPrpa mSeu;
,) gpbu+;R khYkp <) M=;fpnya kUj;Jtu; tpil: m) nghu;r;RfPrpa khYkp
9. th!;nfhlfhkhtpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fisg; gjpt[ bra;jtu; _______.
tp
m) ru; jhk!; nuh M) Mde;ju=;fu;

,) My;thnuh bty;nyh <) ghu;j;jnyhkpnahla!; tpil: ,) My;thnuh bty;nyh
10. Mde;ju=;fu; ________ Mk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;jtu;.
ht
m) 16 M) 17
196 ,) 18 <) 19 tpil: ,) 18
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
11. Mde;ju=;fu; ________ fpHf;fpe;jpaf; FGkj;jpd; bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;.
m) gpbu+;Rf; M) M=;fpyf;
,) lr;Rf; <) nghu;rR
; fPrpaf; tpil: m) gpbu+;Rf;
12. Ja;g;ns vd;gtu; ________ Mthu;.
L al
m) M=;fpy MSeu; M) gpbu+;R MSeu;
,) gpbu+;R khYkp <) lr;R kUj;Jtu; tpil: M) gpbu+;R MSeu;
13. Ja;g;ns vd;w gpbu+;R MSeupd; ________ gzpahw;wpatu; Mde;ju=;fu;.
A d
m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhfg; M) cjtpahsuhfg;
,) Mizauhfg; <) vGj;juhfg; tpil: m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhfg;
D ika
14. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; ________ Mz;Lfhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw btspg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd.
m) 20 M) 25
,) 23 <) 21 tpil: M) 25
15. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwpa cjt[k; rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mtzkhf/ ,yf;fpakhfj;
Alv
jpfH;tJ _______.
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) Mde;ju=;fu; gps;isj; jkpH;
,) g[Jr;nrup tuyhW ? 1800 <) g[Jita[k; gpuhd;Rk;
a tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
16. gpuhd;Rth ku;j;njDf;Fg; gpwF g[Jr;nrupapd; jiyikg; bghWg;ig Vw;wtu; _______.
.Kk
m) Ja;g;ns M) fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu;
,) My;thnuh bty;nyh <) iedpag;gu; tpil: M) fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu;
17. fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu; vd;ghupd; jufu; _______ .
m) iedpag;gu; M) Mde;ju=;fu;
wI
,) jpUnt=;flk; <) My;thnuh bty;nyh tpil: m) iedpag;gu;

LV
18. iedpag;gupd; ikj;Jdu; _______.

w
m) jpUnt=;flk; M) njthuk;
,) jpUthrfk; <) rpjk;guk; tpil: m) jpUnt=;flk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
19. Mde;ju=;fupd; je;ij _______.
A
//w
m) jpUnt=;flk; M) iedpag;gu;
,) rpjk;guk; <) bey;iyag;gu; tpil: m) jpUnt=;flk;
s:K
20. Mde;ju=;fu; je;ijia ,He;j nghJ taJ _______.

m) 17 M) 18
,) 16 <) 14 tpil: m) 17
i) myDthu; - 1. gpbu+;Rf; fg;gy; jsgjp
ii) iedpag;gu; - 2. gpbu+;R MSeu;
tp
iii) Ja;g;ns - 3. jufu;

iv) byg{u;bjhnd - 4. gpbu+;R nkyjpfhup
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
197
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.in
22. 10. 09. 1736 Mk; ehs; Fwpg;g[ gpbu+;R MSeu; #kh!; ________ cupikiag; bgw;wij
tpsf;FfpwJ.
m) tzpf M) ehza mr;rog;g[
,) g[j;jf btspaPl;L <) Ml;rp tpil: M) ehza mr;rog;g[
L al
23. rhKnty; bgg;gpRtpd; gzp
m) gpbu+;Rf; flw;gilapy; M) M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy;
,) M=;fpy kUj;Jtuhfg; <) gpbu+;R kUj;Jtuhfg;
A d
tpil: M) M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy;
24. rhKnty; bgg;gpR ________ kd;du; fhyj;J epfH;t[fis (1660 ? 1669) ehl;Fwpg;ghfg;
D ika
5 gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
m) Kjyhk; rhu;y!; M) ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!;
,) ,uz;lhk; bfa;ru; tpy;ypak; <) Kjyhk; mbyf;rhz;lu; tpil: M) ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!;
,ay;
25. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGjpa[s;s fhyf;fl;lk; _______ .

m) 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu
Alv
M) 09.06.1736 Kjy; 01.11.1761 tiu
,) 06.09.1734 Kjy; 11.01.1760 tiu
<) 09.06.1732 Kjy; 11.01.1765 tiu
a tpil: m) 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu
26. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd ehl;Fwpg;g[ _______ .
.Kk
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) fhe;jpapd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
,) neUtpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ <) ghujpapd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
27. ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; _______ .
wI
m) fhe;jpaofs; M) Mde;ju=;fu;
LV
,) ghujpahu; <) thzpjhrd; tpil: M) Mde;ju=;fu;

w
28. 1758 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; brd;idf; nfhl;il Kw;Wifiaj; bjhl=;fpatu; _______ .
m) byg{u;jhnd M) yy;yp
,) myDthu; <) nk!;ju;gpfl; tpil: M) yy;yp
A
//w
29. brd;idf;nfhl;ilapd; ftu;duhf ,Ue;J yy;ypia btd;wtu; _______ .

m) nk!;ju; gpfl; M) byg{u;jhnd
,) myDthu; <) Ja;kh tpil: m) nk!;ju; gpfl;
s:K
30. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r; r@fj;ijg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;LtJ _______ .

m) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
M) Inuhg;gpa ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) th!;nfhlfhkh gazg; gjpt[fs;
<) bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhW tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
tp
31. g[Jr;nrup gl;lzk; kw;Wk; mJ rhu;e;j gFjpfspy; rhiyf;fld; fHpg;gtu;fSf;F MW

gzk; jz;lk; tpjpj;jtu; _______ .
m) Ja;g;ns M) Ja;kh
,) yy;yp <) byg{u;jhnd tpil: M) Ja;kh
ht
198
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
32. g[Jr;nrupapy; ,Ue;J kzpyht[f;Fr; brd;w fg;gypy; gzpahw;wpa jkpH; khYkp _______ .
m) iedpag;gu; M) mHfg;gd;
,) jpUnt=;flk; <) md;gHfd; tpil: M) mHfg;gd;
33. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;gpd; bgUk;gFjp ________ bra;jpfisna tptupj;Js;sJ.
L al
m) tzpfr; M) tuyhw;Wr;
,) murpay; <) ,yf;fpar; tpil: m) tzpfr;
34. fHfj;jpd; tu;j;jfu; ________ vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; MW jp=;fSf;Fs; fHfj;jpw;Fg; gzj;ijr;
A d
brYj;jp tpLtjhff; ifbaGj;jpl;Lf; bfhLj;jdu;.
m) 100 f;F 120 M) 100 f;F 140
D ika
,) 100 f;F 240 <) 100 f;F 320 tpil: <) 100 f;F 320
35. Jzptu;j;jfk; rhu;e;j tzpff; fHfj;jpd; mjpfhup _______ .
m) yy;yp M) myDthu;
,) byg{u;jhnd <) bfhu;nd tpil: <) bfhu;nd
36. g[Jr;nrupapd; MSeuhf ________ ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;/ g[Jr;nrupapd; ,uhQt murpay;
bra;jpfis KfyhaUf;Fk;/ M=;fpnyaUf;Fk; TWtjhf Mde;ju=;fu; kPJ gHp
Alv
Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.
m) bywp M) bfhu;nd
,) JBg;ns <) Ja;kh tpil: m) bfhu;nd
m) ethg;gplk;
a
37. g[Jr;nrupapy; ehzak; mr;rpLk; Kiwia ________ ,Ue;J gpbu+;R tzpff; fHfk; bgw;wJ.
M) ep$hkplk;
.Kk
,) Kfyhauplk; <) M=;fpnyauplk; tpil: M) ep$hkplk;
38. ________ khw;Wf;Ff; Fiwthd tuhf ehza=;fis itj;jpUg;gJ jz;lidf;Fupa
Fw;wk; vd;W gpbu+;R kd;dupd; Mizapy; ngupy; _______ Mk; Mz;L nk jp=;fspy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ>
wI
m) vl;L/ 1739 M) MW/ 1739

LV
,) vl;L/ 1741 <) MW/ 1971 tpil: m) vl;L/ 1739

w
39. g[Jr;nrupiag; bgU=;fhw;W R{iwahoa ehs;/ _______

m) 1745/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ khiy
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
M) 1742/ 20 Mk; ehs;/ bts;sp/ fhiy
A
//w
,) 1745/ 12 Mk; ehs;/ g[jd;/ khiy

<) 1743/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ fhiy
tpil: m) 1745/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ khiy
s:K
40. g[Jr;nrupg; bgU=;fhw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;nlhUf;Ff; bgU+;nrhW mspj;J xGfiuapny

jkpHupd; ,uf;fj;ija[k; <uj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu; _______ .
m) fdfuhau; M) iedpag;gu;
,) Mde;ju=;fu; <) jpUnt=;flk; tpil: m) fdfuhau;
tp
41. ,=;fpyhe;jpw;Fk;/ gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilna nghu; @z;ljhy; bgupJk; jilg;gl;lJ _______.

m) Jzp tzpfk; M) fg;gy; tzpfk;
,) murpay; cwt[ <) nghf;Ftuj;J tpil: M) fg;gy; tzpfk;
42. g[Jr;nrupf;Ff; fg;gy;fspd; tUif jilgl;Lg; bgUk; bghUshjhuj; jl;Lg;ghL njhd;wpa
ht
Mz;L _______.
199
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m) 1743 M) 1745
,) 1747 <) 1749 tpil: M) 1745
43. 08.06.1746 Mk; ehs; byg[u;bjhndtpd; _______ fg;gy;fs; te;jd.
m) 8 M) 9
L al
,) 7 <) 6 tpil: m) 8
44. Mde;ju=;fupd; ,Wjpf;fhy ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; TWtd
i) M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrup kPJ epfH;j;jpa Kw;Wif
A d
ii) g[Jr;nrupapd; tPH;r;rp
iii) njtdhk;gl;lzj;jpy; nkYk; nkYk; JUg;g[fis M=;fpnyaf; fg;gy;fs; ,wf;fpd.
D ika
iv) g[Jr;nrupiar; Rw;wpa[s;s gFjpfs; midj;ija[k; M=;fpnyau; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
5 m) Kjy; ,uz;L rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW
M) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup
<) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
,ay;

i) Mde;ju=;fu; jd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; neha;tha;g;gl;oUe;jhu;
ii) Mde;ju=;fu; ,wf;Fk; nghJ g[Jr;nrupapd; kPJ gPu=;fpf; Fz;Lfs; tpGe;J bfhz;oUe;jd.
Alv
iii) Mde;ju=;fu; ,we;j ehs; 12.01.1761/ jp=;fs;fpHik Ie;J ehHpif.
,) @d;Wk; rup <) i, iii - rup tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
,) 13
a
46. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ _______ bjhFjpfshf btsp te;Js;sJ.
m) 11 M) 12
<) 14 tpil: M) 12
.Kk
i) 480 fhR - 1. xU tuhfd;
ii) 60 fhR - 2. 1 qgha;
iii) 8 gzk; - 3. 1 gzk;
wI
iv) 24 gzk; ? 4. xU qgha;

LV
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
w

i) 1 bghd; - 1. ½ tuhfd;
ii) 1 tuhfd; 2. my;yJ 32 qgha;
A
//w
-
iii) 1 nkhfup - 3. 14 qgha; kjpg;g[s;s j=;f ehzak;
iv) 1 rf;fuk; ? 4. ½ tuhfDf;Fk; TLjy; kjpg;g[s;s j=;f ehzak;
s:K
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
49. xd;Wk; jtwhky; rpj;jpuFg;jd; vGjp tUk; gjpitg; nghy ey;y ghi&apy; md;whlk;
tp!;jhukhf vGjp itj;jpUf;fpwhu; Mde;ju=;fu; vd;W Twpatu; _______ .
m) c.nt.R M) t.nt.R
,) k.bgh.rp <) K.t tpil: M) t.nt.R
tp
50. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; jkpH;j;jhapd; Mguz=;fshfj; bjhiytpy; cs;s efukhd

ghuPrpy; kpft[k; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lg; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;W Twpatu;; _______ .
m) c.nt.rh M) t.nt.R
,) k.bgh.rp <) K.t tpil: m) c.nt.rh
ht
200
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
51. Mde;ju=;fu; _______ bert[r;rhiyf;Fk; rhak; njha;f;Fk; fpl=;Ff;Fk; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
m) njdhk;ngl;il M) gu=;fpg;ngl;il
,) vGk;g{u; <) bguk;g{u; tpil: M) gu=;fpg;ngl;il
L al
FWtpdh
1. ehl;Fwpg;g[ bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf>
A d
ehl;Fwpg;g[ vd;Dk; brhy; M=;fpyj;jpy; ìlup~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
ìlupak;~ vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; brhy;ypd; @ykhd/ ìl!;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypypUe;J/
D ika
,e;jr; brhy; cUthdJ.
2. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; vj;jifa rpwg;g[ tha;e;jd>
Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw
btspg;gLj;Jtd.
mit mf;fhyj;jpa gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwptjw;F cjt[k; tuyhw;Wf; fUt{yk;"
Mtzk;" ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.
Alv
3. ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;> mt;thW mtu; miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;
vd;d>
,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd tH=;fg;gl;ltu; Mde;ju=;fu; Mthu;.
a
cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij vd tH=;fg;gLgtu; rhKnty; bgg;gpR Mthu;.
mtu; M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
.Kk
mtu; ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!; kd;du; fhyj;J epfH;t[fis ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
mtiug; nghynt Mde;ju=;fUk; 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu ehl;Fwpg;g[
vGjpa[s;shu;.
,Jnt/ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd ehl;Fwpg;ghFk;.
wI
,jdhy;/ Mde;ju=;fu; ``,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR~~ vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwhu;.

LV
4. mf;fhyj;jpy; tH=;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; Fwpj;J Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sit ahit>
w
kuzjz;lid tH=;fy; rhl;il

fhjWj;jy; fpl=;fpy; nghLjy;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
5. Mde;ju=;fu; Fwpg;gpLk; gy;ntW tuhfd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

brd;idg; gl;lzj;J el;rj;jpu tuhfd;/
tl;l tuhfd;/
s:K
gu=;fpg; ngl;il tuhfd; /

Muzp tuhfd; KjypadthFk;.
6. jkpHupd; <uj;ija[k; ,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu; vd Mde;ju=;fu; vtiuf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> vg;go>
jkpHupd; <uj;ija[k;/ ,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu;/ fdfuhau; Mthu;.
tp
1745 Mk; Mz;L tPrpa bgU=;fhw;whYk;/ bgUkiHahYk; g[Jr;nrup Niwahlg;gl;lJ.

bts;sj;jpy; tPLfs; @H;fpd.
khLfs;/ fd;Wfs;/ kdpjh;fs; vd;W ,we;J bjUnjhWk; gpzehw;wkha; ,Ue;jJ.
capnuhL ,Ug;nghUk; cz;z cztpd;wp thodu;.
ht
me;epiyapy; xGfiuapny fdfuhau; bgU+;nrhW mspj;Jj; jk; <uj;ija[k; 201
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,jid Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; bgUkpjj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. Mde;ju=;fu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fSs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
jpahfuha njrpfu; vGjpa Mde;ju=;fd; nfhit.
L al
g[ytnuW mupkjp bjd;dfd; vGjpa Mde;ju=;fd; gps;isj; jkpH;
gpug+;rd; vGjpa thdk; trg;gLk;.
8. Mde;ju=;fd; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; rKjhar; bra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gLf.
A d
g[Jr;nrup MSeupd; Mizg;go/ g[Jr;nrupapy; cs;s bjUf;fspnyh/ cg;g=;fHp cs;s
,lj;jpnyh fhiyf;fld; fHpf;ff; Tlhbjd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
D ika
5 kPwp elg;gtuplkpUe;J jz;lk; tNypf;fg;gl;lJ.
gy;ntW fhuz=;fSf;fhf kuz jz;lid tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
,ay;
nkYk; fhjWj;jy;/ rhl;ilao/ fpl=;fpy; ,Ljy; Mfpa jz;lidfSk; ,Ue;jd.

bjhlu;e;J jpUof; bfhz;oUe;j xU Fk;gy; gpogl;lJ.
mf;Fk;gypd; jiytd; filj;bjUtpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhd;.
Alv
mtDld; ,Ue;j ,Utupd; fhJfs; mWf;fg;gl;ld.
mjndhL Ik;gJ fir mofSk; tH=;fg;gl;ld.
9. Mde;ju=;fupd; m+;rhikia btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;tpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
a
Mde;ju=;fu;/ g[Jr;nrup Fwpj;j ,uhQt murpay; bra;jpfis ,RyhkpauplKk;
M=;fpnyauplKk; TWtjha; mtu; kPJ gHp Twg;gl;lJ.
.Kk
mtu; MSeuplk;/ ``ck; mjpfhue;jhd; ,WjpahdJ. mePjpahft[k;/ cz;ikf;F
khwhft[k; elf;f ePu; tpUk;gpdhy;/ mijj; jLg;ghu; vtUkpyu;" vd;idf; fhtypy;
itf;fnth/ vdf;Fj; jz;lid tH=;fnth ePu; tpUk;gpdhy;/ mt;thnw bra;ayhk;.
Mdhy;/ jz;lidahf xU fhR Tlr; brYj;j khl;nld;" rpiwapy; milj;J tpLtPu;
wI
vd m+;rp xU thuj;jpy; ehd; gzk; jUntd; vd ePu; fUj ntz;lh~~ vd;W Jzpthff;
LV
Twpdhu;.
10. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[f; Fwpj;Jg; ghujpahUk; c.nt.rht[k; Twpad ahit>
w
Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ Fwpj;Jg; ghujpahu;/ ``me;jf; fhyj;jpy; md;whlk; epfH;e;j

epfH;t[fis ,J ntz;Lk;/ ,J ntz;lh vd xJf;fhJ/ rpj;jpuFg;jd; vGjp
tUk; gjpiyg; nghy/ ey;y eilapy; md;whlk; tpuptha; vGjpa[s;shu;~~ vdf;
A
//w
Fwpg;gp;l;Ls;shu;.
c.nt.rh mtu;fs;/ ``jkpH;j;jha; beUg;gpdhYk;/ bts;sj;jhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk;/
s:K
mts; Mguz=;fs; bjhiytpy; cs;s ghuPrpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd~~ vd;W

vGjpa[s;shu;.
***
tp
ht
202
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
rPwhg;g[uhzk;
,ay; 5 ? ckWg;g[ytu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. cWgif/ ,ld; Mfpa brhw;fspd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
m) cupr;brhy;bjhlu;/ <w;Wg;nghyp
M) tpidj;bjhif/ ,lthFbgau;
,) tpidbar;rk;/ tpidj;bjhif
<) bgabur;rk;/ gz;g[j;bjhif tpil: m) cupr;brhy;bjhlu;/ <w;Wg;nghyp
Alv
2. rupahdijj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) tiu ? kiy M) tJit ? jpUkzk;
,) thuzk; ? ahid <) g[ltp ? fly;
i) m/ M/ , ? rup" < ? jtW
iii) m/ ,/ < ? rup" M ? jtW
aii) M/ ,/ < ? rup" m ? jtW
iv) m/ M/ < ? rup" , ? jtW
.Kk
tpil: i) m/ M/ , ? rup" < ? jtW
FWtpdh
1. kjPdh efuk; xU khspif efuk; vd;Dk; Tw;wpid cWjpg;gL;j;Jf.
wI
nkU kiyapidg; nghd;W kjPdh efupd; khlkhspiffs; cau;e;J tps=;fpd.

LV
filfs; epiwe;j bjUf;fspy; vGe;j xyp/ bgU=;flbyhyp nghd;W ,Ue;jJ.

w
xnu rPuha; mike;j tPjpfs;/ g{kpia msg;gd nghy ePz;L njhd;wpd.

me;efupy; rpwpJk; ,ilbtspapd;wp/ khspiffs; beUf;fkhf mike;jpUe;jd.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
2. beU=;fpd/ ,u=;fp ? cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
A
//w
beU=;fpd = beU=;F + (,)d; + m ,u=;fp = ,u=;F + ,

beU=;F gFjp ,u=;F gFjp
s:K
(,)d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy , tpidbar;r tpFjp

m bgabur;r tpFjp
3. ``Cdkpy; Cf;fKk; xspuf; fha;j;jey;
jPd;vD+; bry;tnk gGj;j nrzfu;~~
? ,g;ghlyofspy; xspuf; fha;j;jJ vJ> gGj;jJ vJ>
tp
fha;j;jJ : jhdk;/ jtk;/ xGf;fk;/ <if/ khdk;.

gGj;jJ : jPd; vDk; bry;tk;.
ht
203
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
rpWtpdh
1. ``fiytyhu; kiwatu; fUj;jpy; vz;zpaJ~~ ? ahJ>
``fiytyhu; kiwatu; fUj;jpy; vz;zpaJ~~ ? bghUs; tsk; MFk;.
L al
bfhil efuk;:
gHikahd kjPdh efupy; ve;jg; bghUSk; ,y;iybad;W brhy;tjw;F ,y;iy.
nfl;nghu;f;Fg; bghUisbay;yhk; thup tH=;Fk; ts;sd;ik bfhz;ltu;fs; cz;L.
A d
mjdhy; fiy+u;fs; / kiwatu;fs; vz;zpa bghUs; fpilj;jJ.
2. ``kWtpyhj mubrd ,Ue;j khefu;~~ ? ctikiag; bghUSld; tpsf;Ff.
D ika
ctik : Fw;wkpy;yh muR
5 ctnkak; : kjPdh efupid MSk; mikg;g[
ctkcUg[ : vd
,ay;
tpsf;fk; : gif/ tWik/ neha; Kjyhd jPikfs; ,y;yhj ehnl/ Fw;wkpy;yh muR
eilbgWk; ehlhFk;. mJnghy/ fs=;fkpy;yhj rhd;nwhu;fshy;/ g[fHj;jf;f
Ml;rpapidf; bfhz;L tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efu; vd;gjhFk;.
Alv
beLtpdh
1. kjPdh efuk; xU tskhd efuk; vd ckWg;g[ytu; tUzpf;Fk; bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf. a Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
.Kk
Kd;Diu khefuk;
khspif efuk; xz;zfuk;
bfhil efuk; brk;ik efuk;
bghd;dfuk; Kot[iu
wI
kid efuk;
LV
Kd;Diu:
w
gifa[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs;tsk; epiwe;j kjPdh efhpy; jhdj;jpYk;

jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsh;j;j gh=;fpid ckWg;g[ythpd;
rPwhg;g[uhzj;jpd; brytpaw;fhz;lk; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
A
//w
khspif efuk;:
nkUkiy nghd;W cau;e;j khl=;fisa[k;/ bgU=;fly; nghd;W xyp kpFe;j
bjUf;fisa[k;/ cyfk; nghd;W gue;J tpupe;j tPjpfisa[k; cila kjPdh efupy; rpwpJk;
s:K
,ilbtspapd;wp khspiffs; beUf;fkhf mike;jpUe;jd.

bfhil efuk;:
fiy+u;fSk;/ kiwatu;fSk; epidf;fpd;w bghUs; tsj;ija[k;/ nfl;nghu;f;Fg;
bghUis thup tH=;Fk; ts;sy;fis tplf; Fiwahj bgUk;g[fH; cilaJ kjPdh efuk;.
bghd;dfuk;:
njhuz=;fSk;/ bfhofSk; fhL nghy; beU=;fp/ kiy nghd;w ahidfs; epiwe;J/
tp
xG=;Fld; fhzg;gl;l tHpfspy;/ KGik bgw;w g{kpiag; nghyg; bghd; nghd;w

mHFld; tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efuk;.
kid efuk;:
khspiffs; xspu;e;Jk;/ g[jpa g{f;fs; rpe;jpa[k;/ miHj;Jf; bfhLf;Fk; tpUe;jpd; ,dpika[k;
ht
204 ,Ue;jjhy;/ jpUkz tPl;ilg; nghd;W bghypt[ld; fhl;rpaspj;jJ kjPd efuk;.
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
khefuk;:
br=;nfhyhl;rpapy; g[fH;bgw;w murirg;nghyg; gif/ tWik/ neha; ,d;wp mHFld;
tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efuk;.
xz;zfuk;:
L al
Kj;ija[k; mzpfisa[k; rpjWk; miyfly; nghy/ gy;ntW bkhHpfis kf;fs;
ngRfpd;wdu;. kJ mUe;jpatu;fs; ka=;FtJ nghyg; bghUs; tsj;jhy; xspbgw;Wj;
jpfH;fpwJ kjPdh efuk;.
A d
brk;ik efuk;:
jhdk;/ xGf;fk;/ jtk;/ <if/ khdk; Kjypad g{j;jpUe;jd. btw;wpa[k;/ btw;wpiaj;
jUk; Cf;fKk; fha;j;jpUe;jd. ``jPd;~~ vDk; ,Ryhkpar; rd;khu;f;fr; bry;tk; gGj;jpUe;jJ.
D ika
,j;jifa brk;ik bghUe;jpanj kjPdh efukhFk;.
Kot[iu:
``jPd;vD+; bry;tnk gGj;j nrdfu;~~
?vd;W ,Ryhkpa bewp kjPdhtpy; rpwe;jpUe;jij mHfhfg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;
ckWg[yth;.
Alv
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kype;j/ kz;oa/ g{j;j/ bghype;j – bgabur;r=;fs;
,ld; a
bgUk;g[fH; / bjz;oiu/ mUk;bghUs;/
– <w;Wg;nghyp
.Kk
bgUk;g[fH;/ bjhd;dfu; – gz;g[j; bjhiffs;
khefu;/ cWgif – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
bghd;dfu; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;
cld; bjhf;f bjhif
jhdKk; xGf;fKk;/ jtKk; <ifa[k; – vz;Qk;ikfs;
wI
LV
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
w
kype;j = kyp + j;(e;) + j; + m beU=;fpd = beU=;F + (,)d; + m

kyp gFjp beU=;F gFjp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; (,)d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
A
//w
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp

m bgabur;r tpFjp
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. mUk;bghUs; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ mU + bghUs;
mUik + tpFjp bfl;L~
tp
bghUs; `,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ mUk;bghUs;

`g~fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd `k~fuk; njhd;wp vd;whdJ.
ht
205
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
2. kidbad `,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ kida; + vd
kid + vd à~fu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ kidbad
L al
A d
1. eP=;fs; thGk; efuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[fisj; jpul;og; glf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
rhd;W: jpUbey;ntyp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[fs;
D ika
v=;fs; Cu; jpUbey;ntyp. ghly; g[fH; bgw;w ,lk;.
5 jpUbey;ntypiaj; `jpf;bfy;yhk; g[fGWk; jpUbey;ntyp~ vd;W rk;ge;jUk;/
`jz;bghUieg; g[zy;ehL~ vd;W nrf;fpHhUk; ghLfpwhu;.
,ay;
rptbgUkhd; bey;Yf;F ntypapl;Lf; fhj;jjhy; jpUbey;ntyp vdg;gLfpwJ vd;gu;.

jpUbey;ntyp vd;why; epidt[f;F tUtJ/ midtUf;Fk; eh CWk; my;th jhd;.
,jid `bey;iy~ vd;Wk; miHg;gu;.
Alv
nfhapy;fs; epiwe;j Cu;.
Te;jd;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;j Cu;.
,aw;ifna bf+;Rk; Fw;whyk; mUfpy; cs;sJ.
a
jhkpuguzpf; fiuapy; mike;Js;s ehl;od; kpf Kf;fpa mwptpay; ika=;fspy; xd;W
fsf;fhL tdtpy=;F ruzhyak; mike;j Cu;.
.Kk
bgau; bgw;w kh+;nrhiyj; njhl;lk;/ kzpKj;jhW miz/ fGFkiy/ ghgehrk;/
gj;jkilgha;/ Fk;gUl;o mUtp/ rptDk; bgUkhSk; xUtha; ,ize;j
r=;fud;nfhapy;/ l;updpo fjPl;uy; njthyak;/ fg;gy; khjh njthyak;..... vd;W
mstpl;L brhy;yKoahj mst[ bgUikfisf; bfhz;lJ jpUbey;ntyp efuk;.
wI
2. èhd; ghu;f;f tpUk;g[k; ,lk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; c=;fspd; fUj;Jfisf; fhuz=;fSld;

LV
gjpt[ bra;f.
w
rhd;W: ehd; ghu;f;f tpUk;g[k; ,lk; ? J}j;Jf;Fo

fhuz=;fs;:
fpgp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ony fly; tHp thzpgk; Jt=;fg;gl;l ,lk;.
A
//w
nrhH/ ghz;oa kd;du;fs; fhyj;jpy; JiwKfk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

Kj;Jf;Fspf;Fk; bgUefukhFk;.
s:K
tPughz;oad;/ ghujp/ t.c.rpjk;guk; nghd;w kfhd;fs; gpwe;j Cu;.

kd;dhu; tisFlh mike;j gFjp.
jkpHfj;jpy; kpf ntfkhf tsUk; bjhHpy; efu=;fspy; xd;W J}j;Jf;Fo.
,=;Fj; jahuhFk; cg;g[ Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpnyna kpfr;rpwe;j cg;ghFk;.
RLkidfs; mjpf mst[ cs;s efukhFk;.
tp
gnuhl;lhtpw;F bgau; bgw;w ,lkhFk;.

gdpkakhjh nju;j;jpUtpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWk; ,lkhFk;.
,j;jifa fhuz=;fshy; J}j;Jf;Fo efuk; vdf;Fg; gpoj;jjhy; mg;gFjpiag; ghu;itapl
tpUk;g[fpnwd;.
ht
206
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. egpfs; ehafj;jpd; rPupa tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak; ________.
m) rPwhg;g[uhzk; M) KJbkhHpkhiy
,) rpd;dr;rPwh <) egpfs; ehafk; tuyhW tpil: m) rPwhg;g[uhzk;
A d
2. jkpH; ,yf;fpa kug[fisg; gpd;gw;wp vGjg;gl;l jiyrpwe;j ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; ________.
m) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp M) njk;ghtzp
D ika
,) jpUf;if tHf;fk; <) rPwhg;g[uhzk; tpil: <) rPwhg;g[uhzk;
3. gifa[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs; tsk; epiwe;j Cu; vdr; Rl;lg;gLtJ
m) ghuf;g{u; M) kjPdh
,) xsu=;fghj; <) myfhghj; tpil: M) kjPdh
Alv
i) jhdj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; thH;e;j ,lk; kjPdh.
ii) kjPdh efu; kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsu;j;jdu;.
iii) jPd;bewpia tsu;f;fg;gl;lj;ijf; TWtnj brytpaw;fhz;lk; (\p$pwj;Jf; fhz;lk;).
m) i, ii - rup
,) ii, iii - rup
a M) i, iii - rup
<) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
.Kk
5. \p$pwj; vd;w mug[r; brhy;Yf;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;.
m) tuyhW M) ,lk;bgau;jy;
,) thH;f;ifbewp <) jhdk;; tpil: M) ,lk;bgau;jy;
6. egpfs; ehafj;jpw;Ff; bfhLikfs; gy bra;j kf;fs; ________.
wI
m) kf;fh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

LV
M) kjPdh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

,) jPd;bewpiag; gpd;gw;wpa kf;fs;
w
<) gpw rkaj;jtu; tpil: m) kf;fh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

7. egpfs; ehafk; kf;fhittpl;L kjPdhtpw;Fr; bry;yf; fhuzk; ________.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
m) ,Ryhkpa mwbewpfis tsu;f;f
A
//w
M) jhdk; ju;kk; bra;a

,) cau;e;jhnuhL gHf
<) ,y;ywk; elj;j tpil: m) ,Ryhkpa mwbewpfis tsu;f;f
s:K
8. egpfs; ehafj;jpd; Jiztuhfj; jpfH;e;jtu; ________.

m) Riykhd; M) ,g;uh\pk;
,) ahf;Tg; <) mg[{gf;fu; tpil: <) mg[{gf;fu;
9. egpfs; ehafk; ________ epy=;fisf; fle;J kjPdh efuj;jpy; EiHe;jhu;.
m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp M) Fwp+;rp/ ghiy
tp
,) ghiy/ bea;jy; <) Ky;iy/ ghiy tpil: m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp

10. rPwhg;g[uzj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) ckWg;g[ytu; M) foif Kj;Jg;g[ytu;
,) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; <) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; tpil: m) ckWg;g[ytu;
ht
207
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11. `rPwh~ vd;gJ rPwj; vd;Dk; ________ brhy;ypd; jpupg[ MFk;.
m) cUJ M) mug[r;
,) fpnuf;fk; <) ghu;rp tpil: M) mug[r;
12. rPwh vd;gjw;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;.
L al
m) thH;f;if/ g[uhzk; M) bewp/ fij
,) thH;f;if/ tuyhW <) xGf;fk;/ tHp tpil: ,) thH;f;if/ tuyhW
13. rPwhg;g[uhzk; ahUila ntz;LnfhSf;F ,z=;f vGjg;bgw;wJ>
A d
m) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp
,) foif Kj;Jg; g[ytu; <) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; tpil: M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp
D ika
14. gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; rpd;dr;rPwhitg; gilj;jspf;ff; fhuzk; _________.
5 m) rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij Kog;gjw;F Kd;ng ckWg;g[ytu; kuzk;
M) ckWg;g[ytiug; nghy jhDk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tuyhiw vGj ntz;Lk; vd;w
,ay;
Mty;
,) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; jiyaPL
<) VjhtJ xU E}y; vGj ntz;Lk; vd;w Mty;
Alv
tpil: m) rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij Kog;gjw;F Kd;ng ckWg;g[ytu; kuzk;
15. rpd;dr;rPwhit ,aw;wpatu; _________.
m) ckWg;g[ytu; M) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau;
,) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; a
<) foif Kj;Jg;g[ytu;
tpil: M) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau;
.Kk
16. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) ckWg;g[ytu; vl;lag[uj;jpd; muritg; g[ytu;.
ii) foif Kj;Jg; g[ytupd; khztu;.
iii) egpfs; ehafj;jpd; kPJ KJbkhHpkhiy vd;w E}iya[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
wI
iv) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp/ mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; Mfpnahu; ckWg;g[ytiu Mjupj;jdu;.

LV
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup

,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
w

i) g{j;j - 1. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
ii) ,ld; - 2. gz;g[j;bjhif
A
//w
iii) bjz;oiu - 3. <w;Wg;nghyp

iv) cWgif - 4. bgabur;rk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
s:K
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
i) bghype;j - 1. vz;Qk;ik
ii) bgUk;g[fH; - 2. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
iii) khefu; - 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
tp
iv) jtKk; <ifa[k; - 4. bgabur;rk;

m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
19. mUk;bghUs; ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
ht
208 i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy; iii) Kd;epd;w bka;jpupjy;
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m) i - rup M) i, ii - rup
,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: M) i, ii ? rup
20. kidbad ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
i) ,<I tHp at;t[k; ii) Kw;W kw;W xnu tHp iii) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
L al
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ii, iii - rup tpil: M) i, iii ? rup
21. `beU=;fpd~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; gFjp _________.
A d
m) beU M) beU=;F
,) beU=;fp <) beU=;Fjy; tpil: M) beU=;F
D ika
22. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhiff;fhd brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) bjz;oiu M) bghd;dfu;
,) khefu; <) ,ld;; tpil: M) bghd;dfu;
23. rupahd ,izfisf; fz;lwp.
i) thuzk; ? 1. cyfk;
Alv
ii) tJit ? 2. khu;f;fk;
iii) jPd; ? 3. ahid
iv) g[ltp ? 4. jpUkzk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
a
<) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
.Kk
i) va;jy; ? 1. beU=;fpa
ii) ey;fy; ? 2. epiwe;j
iii) Jd;d ? 3. miljy;
iv) kz;oa ? 4. mspj;jy;
wI
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
LV
,) 4. 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
25. rupahd ,izfisf; fz;lwp.
w
i) fk;giy ? 1. murd;
ii) nfhd; ? 2. ngbuhyp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
iii) g{uzk; ? 3. jpwe;J
A
//w
iv) tpz;L ? 4. epiwt[

m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
s:K
28. kjPdh efuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpy=;F _________.

m) Fjpiu M) xl;lfk;
,) ahid <) g[yp tpil: ,) ahid
27. jpUkz tPl;ilg; nghd;W bghypt[ld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; efuk; _________.
m) kf;fh M) kjPdh
tp
,) \$pu; <) my;fhupr; tpil: M) kjPdh

28. kjPdh efuj;ijtpl;L Xoait _________.
i) gif ii) tWik iii) neha;
m) i - rup M) i, ii - rup
ht
,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup

209
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29. jPd; vd;Dk; bry;tk; gGj;jpUe;j brk;ik khefuk; _________.
m) kf;fh M) kjPdh
,) \$pu; <) my;fhupr; tpil: M) kjPdh
30. jhdKk; xGf;fKk; jtKk; <ifa[k;
L al
khdKk; g{j;jjpz; kwDk; btw;wpa[k;
,t;tofspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ea=;fisf; fz;lwp
m) vJif/ ,iag[ M) vJif/ nkhid
A d
,) nkhid/ Kuz; <) me;jhjp/ ctik tpil: m) vJif/ ,iag[
31. kjPdh efupd; nkd;khl=;fs; vijg; nghw;wpUe;jd>
D ika
m) nkUkiy M) bgUthdk;
5 ,) nguz;lk; <) Rtu;f;fk;
32. kjPdh efupd; tPjpfs; _______ nghd;W gue;jpUe;jd.
tpil: m) nkUkiy
,ay;
m) nkUkiy M) bgUthdk;
,) bgU=;fly; <) nguz;lk; tpil: <) nguz;lk;
33. miyflyhdJ Kj;ija[k; gy;ntW mzpfisa[k; rpjWtJnghy kjPdh efupy; kf;fs;
Alv
m) gy;ntW bkhHpfisg; ngRfpd;wdu;
M) gy;ntW gz;ghl;oidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;
,) gy;ntW ,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;fpd;wdu;
<) gy ,dj;jhnuhL thH;fpd;wdu;
FWtpdh
a tpil: m) gy;ntW bkhHpfisg; ngRfpd;wdu;
.Kk
1. rPwhg;g[uhzk; vd;Dk; bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
rPwhg;g[uhzk;: rPwh + g[uhzk;
`rPwj;~ vd;Dk; mug[ bkhHpr; brhy;/ `rPwh~ vdj; jpupe;jJ.
wI
`rPwj;~ vd;gjw;F tuyhW vd;gJ bghUs;.

LV
g[uhzk; ? giHikahd tuyhW.

w
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; g[fH;kpf;f tuyhw;iwf; TWk; g[uhzk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. rPwhg;g[uhzk; vj;jid fhz;l=;fis cilaJ> mit ahit>
rPwhg;g[uhzk; @d;W fhz;l=;fis cilaJ. mit:
A
//w
tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;
Eg[t;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;
s:K
\p$;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;gdthFk;.

3. rPwhg;g[uhzk; bjhl=;ft[k; Kw;Wg;bgwt[k; Jiz epd;w ts;sy; bgUkf;fs; ahtu;>
rPwhg;g[uhzk; bjhl=;f/ ckWg;g[ytUf;F cjtpatu; ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp Mthu;.
rPjf;fhjp kiwe;j gpd; E}y; Kw;Wg;bgwj; Jiz epd;w ts;sy; mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau;
Mthu;.
tp
4. brytpaw; fhz;lk; vjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ>

gifika[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs; tsk; epiwe;j kjPdh efupy;/ jhdj;jpYk;
jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsu;j;j gh=;fpidr; brytpaw; fhz;lk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ht
210
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5. ckWg;g[ytu; ? Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ckWg;g[ytu; J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lj;jpYs;s ehfyhg[uj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tu; je;ij bgau; bra;F Kfk;kJ myp MFk;.
vl;lag[u muritg; g[ytu; foif Kj;Jg; g[ytupd; khztu; Mthu;.
L al
17?Mk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j ,tu; rPjf;fhjp behz;o ehlfk;/ KJbkhHpkhiy Mfpa
E}y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp/ mg[y; fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; Mfpnahu; ,tiu Mjupj;j ts;sy;fs; Mtu;.
A d
6. tltiu bghUbtd kype;j nkdpiy ? tpsf;Ff.
kjPd efupy; thGk; kf;fs; bry;t tsk; cilatu; Mtu;.
D ika
mjdhy;/ mtu;fs; j=;fs; ,Ug;gpl=;fis khspiffsha; mikj;jpUe;jdu;.
mk;khspiffs; gy khl=;fisf; bfhz;L cau;e;J tps=;fpd.
mt;thW cau;e;J tps=;Fk; khspiffisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy;/ ,kakiyf;F
xg;gha; cau;e;J tps=;fpd vd;gij ``tltiu bghUt[ vd kype;j nkdpiy~~ vd;whu;
ckWg;g[ytu;.
Alv
7. v=;F/ vjdhy; fk;giy fly; vd xypj;jJ>
kjPd efu; filtPjpfspy; tpw;gtUk;/ th=;FnthUkha; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; xd;W
jpuz;oUf;fpd;wdu;.
a
m=;F xnu neuj;jpy; bfhs;nthUk; bfhLg;nghUk; vGg;gpLk; xyp/ miyfly;
vGg;g[k; ngbuhyp nghy; cs;sJ vd;gij/ ``Mtzj;jpd; fk;giy fly; vd xypj;jJ~~
vd;fpwhu; ckWg;g[ytu;.
.Kk
8. ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``tPjpfs; g[ltpia mse;jd~~ vd;fpwhu; ? vg;go>
kjPd efuj;jpy; cs;s tPjpfs;/ tist[ besptpd;wp xnu rPuha; mike;Js;sd.
me;j tPjpfis xU KidapypUe;J/ kWKid tiu ghu;j;jhy;/ mj;bjUf;fs; g{kpia
wI
msg;gd nghy; njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd vd;gij ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``tPjpfs; g[ltpia

mse;jd~~ vd;fpwhu;.
LV
9. `kjPdk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUspid tpsf;Ff.

w
cyfpYs;s giHikahd efu=;fSs; xd;W/ kjPdk;.

mjdhy; ,J `bjhd;dfu;~ vdg;gl;lJ.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,jd; ,aw;bgau; àJwg;~ vd;gjhFk;.
A
//w
egpfs; ehafk; thH;e;jJk;/ gpd; mlf;fkhdJk; kjPdh efupy;jhd;" mjdhy; ègpfs;

efuk;~ vd;Dk; bghUspy;/ `kjPdk;~ vd tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.
s:K
kjPdk; vd;gJ `kjPdj;Jd; dgp~ vd;Dk; brhw;bwhlupd; RUf;fkhFk;.

10. ,Ryhkpa rd;khu;f;fj;jpd; caupa gz;g[fbsd ckWg;g[ytu; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit>
jhdk;/ jtk;/ xGf;fk;/ <if/ khdk;/ tPuk;/ Cf;fk; Mfpad ,Ryhkpa rd;khu;f;fj;jpd;
caupa gz;g[fs; vd ckWg;g[ytu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
11. kjPdh efu kf;fs; tpUe;jpdiu vt;thW cgrupj;jdu;>
tp
kjPd efu kf;fs;/ gzpt[ld; ed;bkhHp Twp/ tuntw;W/ ,d;Kfj;njhL/ mWRit

cztspj;J/ tpUe;jpdiu cgrupj;jdu;.
12. kjPdh efu; kJ mUe;jpatd; nghy ,Ue;jJ vdf; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kjPd efuj;Jj; bjUf;fspy;/ gy;tifg; bghUs;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;Lj; jiybjupahJ
ht
ka=;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd.
211
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mt;thW Ftpe;j bghUs;fs;/ jiybjupahJ/ ka=;fpf; fplg;gJ/ kJit kpFjpahff;
Foj;jtd; epiyg[uz;L fhzg;gl;lJnghy kjPdh efu; ,Ue;jJ vd ckWg;g[ytu;
TWfpwhu;.
13. ``kz;oa tsk; jiy ka=;fyhy;~~ vd;Dk; rPwhg;g[uhz mo epidt{l;Lk; r=;fg;
L al
ghlyoiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kjPd efuj; bjUf;fspy; tpw;gidf;fhfg; gy;tifg; bghUs;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;Lj;
jiybjupahJ ka=;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd vd;gij ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``kz;oa tse;jiy
A d
ka=;fyhd;~~ vd;whu;.
,J gl;odg;ghiy vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odj; bjUf;fspy;/ gy
ehLfspypUe;Jk; te;j bghUl;fs; jiy bjupahJ ka=;fpf; fple;jd vd;gij/
D ika
5 ``tse;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWfpd;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ epidtpy; vGfpwJ.
14. kjPdh efUf;Fg; gw;gy bkhHp ngRnthUk; te;jpUe;jdu; vd;gij vt;thW mwpa
,ay;
KofpwJ>
gy ehl;oypUe;J tzpfu;fs; bghUl;fisf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjw;fhf/ kjPdhtpw;F
te;Js;sdu;.
Alv
mtu;fs; jj;jk; jha;bkhHpfspny ngRtjhy;/ khWgl;l gy xypfs; vGfpd;wd.
,jid/ ``tpz;L gw;gy gybkhHp tpsk;gyhd;~~ vd ckWg;g[ytu; TWtjpypUe;J
mwpayhk;.
a
15. \p$puj; fhz;lk; vd;Dk; bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
\p$puj; vd;Dk; mug[r; brhy;Yf;F `,lk;bgau;jy;~ vd;gJ bghUs;.
.Kk
kf;fh efuf; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs; egpfs; ehafj;jpw;Fg; gy bfhLikfs; bra;jdu;.
vdnt/ mtu; jk; njhHu;fnshL kjPdh efUf;F ,lk; bgau;e;jhu;.
mjidg; gw;wpf; TWk; gFjp \p$puj; fhz;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
wI
***
LV
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
212
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
mfehD}W
,ay; 5 ? tPiubtspad; jpj;jdhu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
rpWtpdh
D ika
1. nkfj;jplk; TWtJnghyj; njhHp jiytDf;F czu;j;jpa ,iwr;rpg; bghUs; ahJ>
jiytp Fwpaplk; Twy;:
bghd;bdd kyu;e;j nt=;if kyiu mzpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; njhHpau;fSld;
bky;y bky;y ele;J/ Fwkfs; jpidg; g[dk; fhg;ghs;.
jHiy/ jl;il Mfpa fUtpfspy; xyp vGg;gpg; gwitfis Xl;of; bfhz;L fhg;ghs;.
Alv
mts; mnrhf ,iyfshy; jiHahil mzpe;jpUg;ghs;.
,t;thW Fwkfs; jpidg; g[dk; fhf;;Fk; gFjpapYk; eP kiH bghHpthah> vd
nkfj;jplk; ciug;gJ ghly; TWk; fUj;J.
,iwr;rpg; bghUs;:
a
jiytp jpidg; g[dk; fhf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jiytd; tuyhk; vdf; Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;JtJ
.Kk
,iwr;rpg; bghUshFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bgU=;fly;/ mUk;rkk; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
wI
tis,/ mir, – brhy;ypir msbgilfs;

LV
vwpths;/ jpwdwp kd;du;/ cau;tpRk;g[ – tpidj;bjhiffs;

mwd; / jpwd; <w;Wg;nghypfs;
w
–
gpiHah jpwd; – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
1. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s Tw;WKiwfs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.

Mrpupau; : khztu;fns- r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; g[ytu;fs; kpFjpahd Tw;W
s:K
Kiwfis mfg;ghlypy; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;iwg; gw;wp

,t;tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLnthkh-
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah- fye;JiuahLnthk;.
Mrpupau; : Kjypy; md;g[r;bry;td; mfj;jpizapy; ew;wpizapy; ,Ue;J TW
ghu;f;fyhk;.
tp
md;g[r;bry;td; : tzf;fk; Iah- bjhif E}ypy; Kjy; E}y;. fgpyu; ghoa

Fwp+;rpj;jpizapd; xU ghly;.
`èpd;w brhy;tu; ePL njhwpdpau;
ht
vd;Wk; vd;njhs; gpupawpatnu~~

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,g;ghlypy; njhHpf;Fj; jiytp TwpaJ. Mjyhy; jiytp Tw;whf
mikfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : jd;idtpl;Lj; jiytd; gpuptij czu;e;J m+;rpa
jiytp jd; tUj;jj;ijj; bjuptpj;jhs;. jd;dplk;
L al
jiytd; eP=;fh fhjy; cilatu; vd;gJnghy; ghly;
mikfpwJ.
Mrpupau; : mUik. ed;whff; Twpdha;. mLj;J I=;FWE}ypypUe;J md;g[r;bry;tp
A d
TW ghu;f;fyhk;.
md;g[r;bry;tp : tzf;fk; Iah- jpizf;F E}W ghly; vd;W ghlg;gl;l E}y; I=;FWE}W.
D ika
ngadhu; ghly; gw;wp TWfpnwd;.
5 ``fhah bfhd;iw bea;jy;/ Ky;iy
nghjtpH; jstukhL gpltyhe;J ftpdpg;
,ay;
g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt

nguku;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~~
,g;ghlypy; jiytpf;Fj; jiytd; ciuj;jJ. mjhtJ jiytd;
Alv
Tw;whf mikfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : fhu;fhyk; Fwpj;Jg; gpupe;j jiykfd; mg;gUtj;jpw;F
Kd;nd te;jik njhd;w jiytpf;F ciug;gJ.
Mrpupau; a
: kfpH;r;rp khztu;fns- ek; khztu;fspd; mwpt[j;jpwDf;F msnt
,y;iy vd;gij ,f;fye;Jiuahly; @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. jiytpiaj; jiytd; re;jpf;f ntz;oa Fwpaplj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igg; bghjpe;J

btspapLtJ _________ bghWg;g[.
w
m) ew;whapd; M) brtpypj;jhapd;
,) njhHpapd; <) njhHdpd; tpil: ,) njhHpapd;
A
//w
i) bfhz;@ - 1. Rw;wk;
ii) rkk;; - 2. thdk;
s:K
iii) tpRk;g[ - 3. nghu;

iv) Mak; - 4. nkfk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
3. mfehD}W ghly;fisg; ghoatu;fspd; vz;zpf;if _________.
m) 135 M) 400
tp
,) 145 <) 200 tpil: ,) 145

4. mfehD}W _________ gFjpfis cilaJ.
m) 4 M) 6
ht
,) 3 <) 2 tpil: ,) 3
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5. mfehD}w;wpd; ntWbgau; _________ .
m) md;gpd; mfehD}W M) mfehD}w;W khiy
,) beLe;bjhif ehD}W <) FWe;bjhif ehD}W
tpil: ,) beLe;bjhif ehD}W
L al
6. Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;s mfehD}w;Wg; ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.
m) nghjdhu; M) tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
,) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu; <) mzpyhLKd;wpahu;
A d
tpil: M) tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. (jpiziaa[k; ghly; tupiriaa[k;)
D ika
i) ghiy ? 1) 1/ 3/ 5/ 7...
ii) Fwp+;rp ? 2) 2/ 8/ 12/ 18...
iii) Ky;iy ? 3) 4/ 14/ 24/ 34...
iv) kUjk; ? 4) 6/ 16/ 26/ 36...
v) bea;jy; - 10/ 20/ 30/ 40...
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5 M) 3/ 4/ 5/ 1/ 2
Alv
,) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4/ 5 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5
8. mfehD}w;wpy; mjpfg;ghly;fisf; bfhz;l jpiz _________ .
m) ghiy M) Fwp+;rp
,) Ky;iy a
<) bea;jy; tpil: m) ghiy
9. vk;@d;W jpizfs; jyh 40 ghly;fisf; bfhz;ljhf mfehD}w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
.Kk
m) Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy; M) ghiy Fwp+;rp Ky;iy
,) Fwp+;rp Ky;iy kUjk; <) ghiy bea;jy; kUjk;
tpil: m) Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy;
10. jiytDf;Ff; Fwpaplk; brhy;Yk; njhHp _________ brhy;tJnghy; brhy;fpwhs;.
wI
m) be+;rplk; M) nkfj;jplk;
LV
,) g[d;idaplk; <) epytplk; tpil: M) nkfj;jplk;

w
11. `njhHpau; Mak;~ fl;o mzpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu; _________.

m) ah M) bfhd;iw
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,) fhah <) nt=;if tpil: <) nt=;if
A
//w
12. jpidg;g[dk; fhg;gts; _________ .

m) Fwkfs; M) ew;wha;
s:K
,) brtpypj;jha; <) kwkfs; tpil: m) Fwkfs;

13. Fwkfs; _________ brd;W jpidg;g[dk; fhg;ghs;.
m) jdpna M) ew;wha[ld;
,) njhHpau; Maj;Jld; <) FwkfDld; tpil: ,) njhHpau; Maj;Jld;
14. bgU=;flypy; ePiu Kfe;Jbfhz;L bry;tJ _________ .
tp
m) bfhs;isau;f; Tl;lk; M) nkff; Tl;lk;

,) epyt[ <) Nupad; tpil: M) nkff; Tl;lk;
15. jiytp jpidg;g[dk; fhf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jiytd; tuyhk; vd;gJ _________.
i) Fwpg;g[ ii) ,iwr;rpg; bghUs;
ht
iii) btspg;gil iv) ctik 215

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m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
i) mU+;rkk; - 1. gz;g[j;bjhif
L al
ii) tis, - 2. tpidj;bjhif
iii) vwpths; - 3. <w;Wg;nghyp
iv) jpwd; - 4. brhy;ypir msbgil
m) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
A d
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
D ika
17. gpiHah ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igf; fz;lwp.
5 m) bgabur;rk;
M) tpidbar;rk;
,ay;
,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;

<) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpil: ,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
18. Fwkfs; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; jiHahil _________ ,iyfshy; MdJ.
Alv
m) nt=;if M) mnrhf
,) bfhd;iw <) g[d;id tpil: M) mnrhf
19. mfehD}w;Wg; gpupt[fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
a
m) fspw;wpahid epiu M) kzpkpilg;gtsk;
,) epj;jpyf;nfhit <) Mrhuf;nfhit tpil: <) Mrhuf;nfhit
.Kk
20. cupg;bghUs; ? rupahd ,iza[ld; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp - 1. gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jGk;
ii) Ky;iy - 2. ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;
iii) kUjk; - 3. ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
wI
iv) bea;jy; - 4. ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;

LV
v) ghiy - 5. g[zu;jy; g[zu;jy; epkpj;jKk;

w
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
21. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa rpWbghGijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
A
//w
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. vw;ghL
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. ez;gfy;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. khiy
s:K
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. ahkk;

v) ghiy ? 5. itfiw
m) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 5/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 5/ 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2
22. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa bgUk;bghGijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. ,sntdpy; KJntdpy;
tp
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. MWbgUk; bghGJfSk;

iii) kUjk;/ bea;jy; ? 3. fhu;
iv) ghiy ? 4. Tjpu;/ Kd;gdp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
ht
216 ,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: .......................
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23. bea;jy; jpizf;Fupa epyk; _________ .
m) kiy kiy rhu;e;j epyk; M) fly; fly; rhu;e;j epyk;
,) tay; tay; rhu;e;j epyk; <) fhL fhL rhu;e;j epyk;
tpil: M) fly; fly; rhu;e;j epyk;
L al
i) rpyk;gd;/ bfhor;rp ? 1. ghiy
ii) FWk;bghiw/ njhd;wy; ? 2. bea;jy;
iii) Cud;/ kfpH;ed; ? 3. Ky;iy
A d
iv) nru;g;gd;/ g[yk;gd; ? 4. kUjk;
v) tpliy/ kPsp ? 5. Fwp+;rp
D ika
m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 5/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
25. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa bja;tj;ijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. bfhw;wit
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. nrnahd;
Alv
iii) kUjk; ? 3. tUzd;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. nte;jd;
v) ghiy ? 5. khnahd;
m) 2/ 5/ 4/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2/ 5
,) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
26. rupahd ,iziaf; fz;lwp.
a
<) 2/ 4/ 5/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 2/ 5/ 4/ 3/ 1
.Kk
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. FWk;g[
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. ghf;fk;/ gl;odk;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. gho
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. ngqu;/ @J}u;
wI
v) ghiy ? 5. rpWFo
LV
m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
w
27. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwp.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. nt=;if/ fhe;js;
A
//w
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. gpltk;/ njhd;wp

iii) kUjk; ? 3. jhkiu/ Ftis
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. jhiH
s:K
v) ghiy ? 5. Fuhk;g{/ kuhk;g{

m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 5/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
28. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. cHpi+/ Xik
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. g[d;id/ +hHy;
tp
iii) kUjk; ? 3. t+;rp/ fh+;rp

iv) bea;jy; ? 4. bfhd;iw/ FUe;jk;
v) ghiy ? 5. mfpy;/ @=;fpy;
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 5/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 4 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 217

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29. jpizf;Fupa giwiaf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. VWnfhl;giw
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. bjhz;lfg;giw
iii) kUjk; ? 3. kzKHt[
L al
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. Jo
v) ghiy ? 5. ehtha;g;gk;ig
m) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4/ 5 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 4
,) 3/ 5/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 4
A d
30. `tpsupahH;~ vj;jpizf;FupaJ>
m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
D ika
,) kUjk; <) bea;jy; tpil: <) bea;jy;
5 31. jpizf;Fupa gz;izf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? brt;tHpg;gz;
,ay;
ii) bea;jy; ? g+;Rug;gz;

iii) ghiy ? rhjhupg;gz;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 1/ 2/ 3
Alv
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
32. jpizf;Fupa g[s; (gwit) fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? fpsp/ kapy;
ii) bea;jy;
iii) ghiy
m) 1/ 3/ 2
?
?
a
g[wh/ gUe;J
kfd;wpy;/ md;dk;
M) 2/ 3/ 1
.Kk
,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2
FWtpdh
1. mfg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>
wI
LV
xj;j md;g[ila jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; jk; cs;sj;J czu;thy; czu;e;J ,d;g[wf;

ToaJ.
w
g[wj;jhu;f;F ,j;jifaJ vd vLj;Jf; Tw ,ayhjJ.

,j;jifa ,d;gj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWtnj mfg;bghUshFk;.
2. mfehD}w;wpd; gpupt[fs; ahit>
A
//w
fspw;wpahidepiu – 120 ghly;fs;

kzpkpilg;gtsk; – 180 ghly;fs;
s:K
epj;jpyf;nfhit – 100 ghly;fs;

3. mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jtu; ahu;> bjhFg;gpj;jtu; ahu;>
mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jtu; kJiu cg;g{upFo fpHhu; kfdhu; cUj;jpurd;ku; Mthu;.
mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; kJiu ghz;oa kd;dd; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp Mthu;.
4. mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
tp
1/ 3/ 5/ 7 vd xw;iwg; gil vz;fsha; tUk; ghly;fs; – ghiyj;jpiz

2/ 8 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Fwp+;rpj; jpiz
4/ 14 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Ky;iyj; jpiz
6/ 16 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – kUjj; jpiz
ht
10/ 20 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – bea;jy; jpiz

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5. mfehD}W ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
mfk; + ehd;F + E}W mfehD}W.
mfg; bghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;l E}yhjypd;/ ,BJ mfehD}W
vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
L al
,e;E}y; mfk; vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
6. `beLe;bjhif~ vd mfehD}W tH=;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>
ehd;for; rpWika[k;/ vl;log; bgUika[k; bfhz;l mfg;bghUs; ghly;fisf;
A d
bfhz;lJ FWe;bjhif"
mjdhy;/ gjpd;@d;wor; rpWika[k;/ Kg;gj;njhuo bgUika[k; bfhz;l mfg;bghUs;
D ika
ghly;fisf; bfhz;l mfehD}W `beLe;bjhif~ vdg;gl;lJ.
7. nkff;Tl;lk; gw;wp mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; TWtJ ahJ>
flypypUe;J kpFjpahd ePiu Kfe;j nkff;Tl;lk;/ fUj;J thdpy; gutpaJ.
mjdhy; Nupa xsp kiwf;fg;gl;L/ thdpy; ,Us; NH;e;jJ.
gpd;g[ mk;nkff;Tl;lk; tykha; vGe;J/ cyfj;ij tisj;Jf; bfhz;L kd;du;fspd;
Alv
btw;wp Kurk; nghy KH=;fpaJ.
8. bgUk;bra; Mltu; ahtu;> mtu;fspd; bgU+;bray; ahJ>
bgU+;bra; Mltu;/ nghu; kwtu; Mtu;.
a
br=;nfhy; Kiwg;go Ml;rp bra;J/ Fofisf; fhg;gnjad;wp/ jkf;Fupa
mwbewpapypUe;Jk; rw;Wk; khWgl;L elthj bray;jpwj;njhL Ml;rp g[uptu; kd;du;.
.Kk
mk;kd;du;fs; btw;wp bgw/ mupa nghupny giftiu vjpu;j;Jf; fLikaha;g; nghu;
g[upa[k; kwtu;fs; Mtu;.
9. `bfhd;nd bra;jpnah mutk;~ ? tPzha; Muthuk; bra;tJ vJ> vg;go>
tPzha; Muthuk; bra;tJ/ kiHnkfk;.
wI
LV
mJ kwtu;fs;/ jk; ciwapypUe;J cUtp tPRfpd;w ths;fisg; nghyr; brwpe;J

tps=;Fk; kpd;dy; Kjyhdtw;iwf; bfhz;L te;Jk;/ ehs;njhWk; tPzha; Muthuk;
w
kl;Lk; bra;J tpl;L kiHiag; bghHpahky; bry;fpwJ.

10. Fwp+;rp epyf; Fwg;bgz; vt;thW jpidg; g[dj;ijf; fhf;fpd;whs;>
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Fwp+;rp epyf; Fwg;bgz;/ jpidg;g[dj;jpy; fhty; g[upfpwhs;.
A
//w
mts; jHiy vd;Dk; fUtpapidr; Rw;wpa[k;/ jl;il vd;Dk; fUtpia moj;Jk;/ jPapd;
bfhGe;J nghd;w mnrhfpdJ mHfpa jiHapid mirj;Jk;/ fpsp Kjypatw;why;
s:K
ehrk; Vw;glhjthW jpidg;g[dj;jpidg; ghJfhf;fpd;whs;.

11. njhHp TWk; cs;Siw ctkk; jiytDf;Fg; bghUe;JtJ vt;thW>
,t;t[s;Siw ctkj;jpy; nkfk; jiytDf;F ctik.
,o/ kpd;dy; Mfpa Muthuj;njhL te;Jk; kiH bghHpahjpUf;fpwJ nkfk;.
mJnghy/ jiytpia kzk; bra;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;ahky;/ jf;f ghJfhg;g[f;
tp
fUtpfnshL te;J/ jd; tUifia mwptpf;fj; J}=;Fk; gwitfis vGg;gp/

xypbaGkhW bra;Jk;/ jiytp tPl;Lf; fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;ljhy;/ jiytpiar;
re;jpf;fj; jiytdhy; ,ayhjpUe;jJ.
ht
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rpWtpdh
1. mfehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
mfk; + ehd;F + E}W mfehD}W.
L al
mfg;bghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;l E}yhFk;.
13 Kjy; 31 mo tiuapyhd ghlyofis cilaJ.
vdnt ,J ``beLe;bjhif~~ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
A d
Mrpupag;ghthy; MdJ.
mfehD}W fspw;wpahidepiu (120)/ kzpkpilg;gtsk; (180)/ epj;jpyf;nfhit
D ika
(100) vd @d;W gpupt[fis cilaJ.
5 mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiw:
1/ 3/ 5/ 7 vd xw;iwg;gil vz;fsha; tUk; ghly;fs; ghiyj;jpiz
,ay;
–
2/ 8 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Fwp+;rpj; jpiz
4/ 14 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Ky;iyj; jpiz
6/ 16 vd tUk; ghly;fs; kUjj; jpiz
Alv
–
10/ 20 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – bea;jy; jpiz
2. njhHp jiytdplk; cs;Siwahff; TwpaJ ahJ>
``nkfnk- eP tHf;fg;go ,utpy; te;J thid tisj;J ,Usr; bra;Js;sha;" eP kpd;Dfpwha;"
a
KH=;Ffpwha;" mt;tst[jhd;. ,tw;why; vd;d gad;> vk; Fwg;bgz; fhf;fpd;w jpidf;
fjpu; kiHapy;yhky; thoa[s;sJ. eP m=;Fr; brd;W kiHiag; bghHpe;jhy; eh=;fs; kpFe;j
.Kk
gaidg; bgWnthk;.~~
beLtpdh
1. Fwp+;rpj; jpiziar; rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
wI
Fwp+;rpj; jpiz:
LV
Kjw;bghUs;: epyk;/ bghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

w
epyk; – kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lKk;

bghGJ – bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
bgUk;bghGJ – Tjpu;/ Kd;gdp
A
//w
rpWbghGJ – ahkk;
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
s:K
bja;tk; – nrnahd;
kf;fs; – Fwtu;/ Fwj;jpau;
gz; – Fwp+;rpg;gz;
bjhHpy; – njbdLj;jy;/ fpH=;F mfH;jy;
cupg;bghUs;;: g[zu;jYk;/ g[zu;jy; epkpj;jKk;.
tp
v.fh: ``bgU=;fly; Kfe;j ,U=;fpisf; bfhz;@~~

jpizg; bghUj;jk; :
,g;ghlypy; Fwkfs;/ nt=;if kyu;/ jpidg;g[dk; fhj;jy; nghd;w Fwp+;rpj;jpizf;Fupa
fUg;bghUs;fs; tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; Fwp+;rpj;jpizf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
220 ***
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
gpk;gk;
,ay; 5 ? gpug+;rd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. gpk;gk; fijapd; thapyhfg; gpug+;rd; bjspt[gLj;Jk; kdpj Kf=;fisg; gw;wp tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
MSk; kd;ddh> mjpfhupah>
Alv
vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" nkilapy; md;W-
jg;gpg;gjw;F- ahuplkpUe;J>
mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs;-
a
rkhjpapy; kdrhl;rp-
Kot[iu
.Kk
Kd;Diu:
g[Jr;nrupiar; nru;e;j gpug+;rdpd; ,aw;bgau; itj;jpayp=;fk;. ,tu; rpWfij/
g[jpdk;/ ehlfk;/ fl;Liu vd;W ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;ntW js=;fspy; ,a=;fp tUgtu;.
1995 ,y; ,tUila tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdkhd `thdk; trg;gLk;~ rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ
wI
bgw;wJ. ,tUila gilg;g[fs; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk;/ ,e;jp/ gpbu+;R/ M=;fpyk;/ b$u;kd;

LV
cs;spl;l bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

w
MSk; kd;ddh> mjpfhupah>

fe;jd; fl;ll ntiy bra;a[k; bjhHpyhsp. mtd; khiy ntisfspy; kd;ddhf khwp/
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
nkil ehlfj;jpy; eog;ghd;" mjpfhuk; gilj;j mjpfhupahfj; njhd;wp kpLf;fhf elg;ghd;"
nghu;Kidf;Fr; bry;Yk; tPuhdha;j; njhd;wp Mu;g;ghl;lkha; KH=;Fthd;.
A
//w
,g;go mtd; vj;jid ntlkpl;lhYk; mtd; ahu;> kd;ddh mjpfhupah nghu;tPudh>

my;yd;" ehlf nkilapy; Vwp eof;Fk; me;j ehd;F kzp neue;jhd; kd;dd;/ mjpfhup/
s:K
nghu;tPud;- nkilia tpl;L ,w=;fp tpl;lhy;/ mtd; fl;ll ntiy bra;a[k; fe;jd;jhd;-
,e;j cz;ikia vy;yhUk; Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhYk;/ brhe;j thH;f;ifapy; ,e;j
cz;ikia Vw;f vtUk; jahuhapy;iy.
vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" nkilapy; md;W-
Mk;" vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" vtu; Kd;Dk; eof;fpnwhk;" ve;j neuKk; eof;fpnwhk;"
ehk; ehkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. kdrhl;rpapid kiwj;J tpl;L/ ek; cz;ikahd Kfj;ijf;
tp
fHw;wp tpl;L/ xt;bthUtUf;nfw;g Kf@ofis khw;wp khw;wp mzpe;J/ Vkhw;Wfpnwhk;.

,Ugj;J ehd;F kzp neuk; ehk; eoj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
mjdhy;jhd; nrf;!;gpau;/ ``,e;j cyfnk ehlf nkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk;
bgz;fSk; btW eofu;fns/ xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fs; cz;L~~ vd;whnuh>
ht
221
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.in
jg;gpg;gjw;F- ahuplkpUe;J>
mjw;fhf kf;fs; j=;fspd; cz;ikahd Kf=;fis kiwj;J/ Kf@o mzpe;J
bfhs;fpwhu;fs;/ vjw;fhf>
jg;gpg;gjw;fhf-
L al
ahuplkpUe;J>
bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J- ez;guplkpUe;J- kidtpaplkpUe;J- Vd; jd;dplkpUe;J=;Tl
kidtpaplkpUe;J Tlth vdr; rpyu; nfl;fyhk;-
A d
mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs;-
,jw;Fg; gpug+;rd;/ `` mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs; jahuhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. vd;
Kfj;ij mtSnkh mts; Kfj;ij ehDnkh ,d;W tiu ghu;j;jjpy;iy" ,it nghypfs;
D ika
5 vd;W v=;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; bjupa[k;. tha;tpl;Lr; brhy;ypf; bfhs;tjpy;iy/~~ vd;fpwhu;.
,e;j cz;ikiar; re;jpf;f ehk; vt;tst[ ntjidg;gl ntz;oapUf;fpwJ-
mg;gobad;why; kdpjDf;F cs;s cz;ikahd Kfk; vJ>
,ay;
rkhjpapy; kdrhl;rp-
,jw;Fg; gpug+;rd;/ ``Kfnk ,y;iy-~~ vd;fpwhu;.
Alv
,jd; bghUs;>
kdrhl;rpna ,y;iy vd;gJjhd;.
mjid moj;J behWf;fp mGj;jp tpl;Lj;jhd; kdpjd;/ MSf;nfw;g khw;wp khw;wp
Kf@ofis mzpe;J bfhz;L/ jd;ida[k; gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;-
Kot[iu:
a
,t;thwhf Mrpupau; gpug+;rd; `èhd;~~ vd;Dk; Kf@of;Fs; xspe;J ``mJ~~ vd;Dk;
.Kk
kdrhl;rpf;Fj; jd; gy Kf=;fisa[k;/ gpk;g=;fisa[k; tpsf;fpf; fhl;oa[s;shu;.

wI
1. ``,e;j cyfnk ehlfnkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; btWk; eofu;fns.

xt;bthUtUf;Fk; mwpKfKk; Kot[k; cz;L. xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ ?
LV
n&f;!;gpaupd; ,f;fUj;ij `gpk;gk;~ rpWfija[ld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f.

w
n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;J:
n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;JfSs; xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fs; cz;L vd;w xU fUj;J
gpug+;rd; vGjpa `gpk;gk;~ vd;Dk; rpWfijnahL xj;Jg; nghfpwJ. mJgw;wp fhz;nghk;.
A
//w
gpk;gk; xU xg;gPL:
thH;f;if vd;Dk; ehlfj;jpy; xt;bthU kdpjDk;/ xt;bthU NHypYk; jd;id
khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd;. mt;thW khw;wpf; bfhs;tjhy; jd;Dila Raqgk; ahuhYk;
s:K
mwpag;glhky; ngha;tpLfpwJ. gpd;du; jd; Raqgnk jd;dplk; fhzhky; ngha;tpLk;

vd;gij czu;j;Jk; fijjhd; gpk;gk;.
kdrhl;rp:
fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; kdrhl;rpna jd;Dila Kf=;fis Rl;of; fhl;Ltjhft[k;/ mt;thW
kdrhl;rp Rl;or; brhy;Yk;nghJ fjhghj;jpuk; btl;fg;gLtjhft[k;/ xUnghJk; ahuplKk;
tp
Raqgj;ijf; fhl;lhkny thH;f;if Koe;J tpLfpwJ vd;gij ,f;fij tpsf;FfpwJ.

fij: kdrhl;rpa[k;/ fjhghj;jpuKk;
tPl;od; @iyapy; Jg;gpa vYk;g[j; Jz;Lfis kdrhl;rp nehl;lkpLfpwJ.
vYk;g[j; Jz;Lfisf; Fg;igj; bjhl;oapy; nghl;oUf;fyhk;. my;yJ Jzp xd;wpdhy;
ht
@oapUf;fyhk; vd;W fjhghj;jpuk; vz;QfpwJ ? ,J xU khWKfk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
kdrhl;rp tPl;od; ,d;bdhU miwf;Fs; bry;fpwJ. xU giHa rl;ilia
nehl;lkpLfpwJ. mg;ghtpd; giHa rl;il/ kw;w rl;ilfs; cLj;j Koahky; nghFk;nghJ
mg;ghtpd; rl;il ,lk; bfhLf;Fk; ? ,J xU khWKfk;.
kdrhl;rp kw;bwhU miwf;Fs; EiHfpwJ. giHa rpd;d ft[d; xd;iw
L al
nehl;lkpLfpwJ. fjhghj;jpuj;jpDila mk;kht[f;Fg; bgz; gps;is ,y;iy. ft[idg;
nghl;L mk;kh mHF ghu;j;jhs;. Kjypy; f&;lkhft[k;/ gpwF ,&;lkhft[k; khwpaJ- ?
,J xU khWKfk;.
A d
kdrhl;rpaplk; fjhghj;jpuk; jd; mk;khtplk;Tl fhl;Ltjw;F xU Kfk; ,Ue;jjhff;
TWfpwJ. kdrhl;rpaplk; fjhghj;jpukhdJ jd; kidtpaplk;Tl fhl;l gy Kf=;fs;
itj;jpUe;jjhff; TWfpwJ.
D ika
fjhghj;jpuj;jpDila kidtpa[k; gy Kf=;fs; bfhz;ltshft[k; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kothf fjhghj;jpuk; ,g;nghJ nghl;oUg;gJ nghyp Kfk;jhnd vd;W kdrhl;rp nfl;fpwJ.
Mk;/ vd;wJ fjhghj;jpuk;.
rup/ cd;Dila cz;ikahd Kfk;jhd; vJ> vd;W kdrhl;rp nfl;lJ. fjhghj;jpuj;jpd;
xnu gjpy; ? vdf;F Kfnk fpilahJ.
Alv
``xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ vd;w n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;njhL gpug+;rdpd;
gpk;gk; fij bghUe;Jtjhf mikfpwJ.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpug+;rdpd; ,aw;bgau; _________ .
m) itj;jpaehjd; M) itj;jpayp=;fk;
,) uhrkhzpf;fk; <) uhrJiu tpil: M) itj;jpayp=;fk;
wI
LV
2. gpug+;rdpd; Cu; _________ .

m) g[Jr;nrup M) flY}u;
w
,) tlY}u; <) fhiuf;fhy; tpil: m) g[Jr;nrup
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
3. gpug+;rDf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Jiw _________ .
m) rpWfij M) g[jpdk;
A
//w
,) ehlfk; <) ,ir tpil: <) ,ir

4. gpug+;rdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w E}y; ________ Mz;L _________ .
s:K
m) thdk; trg;gLk;/ 1995 M) kfhejp/ 1995

,) fhfpj kdpju;fs;/ 1994 <) ,Ul;Lthry;/ 1993
tpil: m) thdk; trg;gLk;/ 1995
5. gpug+;rdpd; `thdk; trg;gLk;~ vd;gJ _________ .
m) tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk; M) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
tp
,) rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ <) fl;Liu E}y; tpil: m) tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk;

6. gpug+;rdpd; gilg;g[fs; bkhHp bgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa bkhHpfs; _________.
i) bjY=;F ii) fd;dlk; iii) ,e;jp
ht
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup

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7. gpug+;rdpd; gilg;g[fs; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s may; ehl;L bkhHpfs; _________.
i) gpbu+;R ii) M=;fpyk; iii) b$u;kd;
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
L al
8. ``,e;j cyfnk ehlfnkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; btWk; eofu;fns.
Xt;bthUtUf;Fk; mwpKfKk; cz;L. xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ vd;W
Twpatu;; _________.
A d
m) ntu;l;!;bthu;j; M) $hd; kpy;ld;
,) n&f;!;gpau; <) yh=;bgy;nyh tpil: ,) n&f;!;gpau;
D ika
9. n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;Jld; xg;gplg;gLk; gpug+;rdpd; rpWfij _________.
5 m) ,Ul;Lthry;
,) tpl;L tpLjiyahfp
M) xU Cupy; ,uz;L kdpju;fs;
<) gpk;gk; tpil: <) gpk;gk;
,ay;
10. Kfk; khw;wp Kfk; khw;wp ek; cz;ik Kfj;ijna ,He;J milahskw;w jd;ikapy;
fhl;rpaspg;gijf; fhl;Lk; rpWfij _________.
m) gpk;gk; M) ahid lhf;lu;
Alv
,) ,Ul;Lthry; <) rpj;jd; nghf;F tpil: m) gpk;gk;
11. ek; kdrhl;rpiaf; nfs;tp nfl;gnjhL ek; mriya[k; epidt{l;Lk; rpWfij _________.
m) @f;fgps;is tPl;L tpUe;J M) gpk;gk;
,) rpj;jd; nghf;F a
<) rl;il tpil: M) gpk;gk;
12. gpug+;rdpd; tPl;oypUe;J thug;glhj/ Fg;igapy; vwpag;glhj czt[g;bghUl;fis
.Kk
cz;z tUgit
i) vWk;g[ ii) <f;fs; iii) khLfs; iv) eha;
m) i, ii ? rup M) iii, iv ? rup
,) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
wI
13. jdf;fhd jdJ mg;ghtpd; rl;iliag; gw;wpg; gpug+;rd; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fs; _________.
LV
i) mk;g[ ii) ftrk; iii) ml;rag;ghj;jpuk;

m) @d;Wk; rup M) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW
w
,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup <) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 5 gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
L al
gyt[s; bjupf
A d
1. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis vdg;gLtJ
m) fha; Kd; neu; M) fha; Kd; epiu
D ika
,) fdp Kd; epiu <) kh Kd; neu; tpil: <) kh Kd; neu;
FWtpdh
1. <uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
<uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntWbgau;fs; khr;rPu;/ tpsr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu;/ Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
Alv
MfpadthFk;.
rpWtpdh
a
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;Js; vitnaDk; ehd;fpidf; TWf.
mftnyhir cilaJ.
.Kk
vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;l mstofisg; bgw;W tUk;.
,aw;rPu; kpFe;Jk; gpwrPu; fye;Jk; tUk;.
Mrpupaj; jis kpFe;Jk;/ gpwjis fye;Jk; tUk;.
epiu eLthfpa t+;rpa[upr;rPu; (Ttps=;fdp/ fUtps=;fdp) tuhky; mika[k;.
wI
<w;woapd; <w;bwGj;J ``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; KotJ rpwg;g[.

LV
@d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ ghLnthd; vz;zj;jpw;nfw;g/ vj;jid mofs;

ntz;LkhdhYk; bgw;W tUk;.
w
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp rPupa bew;wp v=;nf>

gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz; rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf>
mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw- Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf>
s:K
Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk; FWeif nghd bj=;nf>

,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; neupa ghu;it v=;nf>
,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk; epkpu;e;jed; diljhd; v=;nf>
mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld;- epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk;
mu=;fkh efU shnd- beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf-
tp
? bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu; ? fz;zjhrd;

nkw;fz;l Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fis mirahft[k; mirf;Fupa tha;ghlhft[k;
tha;ghl;ow;Fupa jisahft[k; vGJf.
ht
225
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m. mir tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
L al
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh
A d
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; ,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh Ttpsk; njkh njkh
D ika
5 iv. mr;Rit
ne+ep
bgwpDk;
ep+ne
ntz;nld; mu=;fkh
ne+ne ep+ep
efU
ep+ne
shnd
ne+ne
,ay;
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh

M. jis tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
Alv
fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;neu; fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu;
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu
tpsKd;epiu
aahd;ngha;
khKd;neu;
,e;jpu
khKd;neu;
nyhfk;
tpsKd;neu;
MSk;
khKd;neu;
.Kk
iv. mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld; mu=;fkh efU shnd
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
bjhz;luobghoahH;thu; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghL
xU=;nf jug;gl;Ls;sd.
wI
m. mir tha;ghL :
LV
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf

w
ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; njkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
A
//w
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
s:K

iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tp
M. jis tha;ghL :
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf
ht
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
226
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
L al
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
ne+ep nj+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
A d
iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
D ika
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
fz;zjhrd; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghLk; xU=;nf
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
Alv
1. Mrpupag;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
Mrpupag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
neupir Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
a
.Kk
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
2. Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPUk; jisa[k; ahit>
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPu;fs;:
wI
njkh/ g[spkh/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;.

LV
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs;:
w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jis/ epiubahd;whrpupaj; jis Mfpa ,uz;LkhFk;.

3. mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fspd; tiffisa[k; mtw;iw ,aw;Wtjw;fhd
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
tpjpfisa[k; TWf.
A
//w
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fspd; tif:

rPh; mikg;ig itj;J mWrPh;f;fHpbeoayo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fs; gy;ntW tifahf
s:K
vGjg;gLfpd;wd.
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F xU tpsr;rPUk; ,Ukhr;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F ,U khr;rPUk; xU fha;r;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; ehd;F fha;r;rPUk; ,U khr;rPh; tUtdt[k; cz;L.
xd;gJ rPu;fshy; mike;j ghly; xz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
tp
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;Wk; Kiw:

mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyofs; ehd;F bfhz;ljhf mike;J/ ehd;foa[k; msbthj;J
tuntz;Lk;.
Kjw;rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; nkhid mikj;Jk;/ Kjw;rPhpYk; Ie;jhk; rPhpYk; nkhid
ht
mikj;Jk; mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;wyhk;.

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4. bghUj;Jf.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh – i) Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; mstofsha; tUk;
M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh – ii) mofis khw;wpdhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ
tUk;
L al
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iii) ,Wjp moapd; Ke;ija mo rpe;joaha; tUk;
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iv) vy;yh mofSk; msto bgw;W tUk;.
tpil: m) iii M) i ,) iv <) ii
A d
5. gpd;tUk; mWrPu; tpUj;jg; ghly;fspy; cs;s tpLgl;l rPu;fis Vw;wtifapy; mikj;Jg;
gapw;rp bgWf.
D ika
5 gapw;rp 1
xnu moapy; 6 rPu;" 1/ 4 rPu;fspy; nkhid tuntz;Lk;. 1/ 2/ 4/ 5 Mfpad njkh my;yJ
g[spkhthf tuntz;Lk;. 3/ 6 rPu;fs; VnjDk; xU fha;r;rPuhf tuntz;Lk;. ntW jisfs;
,ay;
ghu;f;fj; njitapy;iy. ,t;tifapy; gpd;tUk; gapw;rpia mikf;f.
khr;rPu; + khr;rPu; + fha;r;rPu; ? tha;ghL
Alv
kz;Qf; fHF kukhFk;
kuj;jpw; fHF fpisahFk;
fz;Qf; fHF fUtpHpahk;
ftpijf; fHF fUg;bghUshk;
tpz;Qf; fHF tpz;kPd;fshk;
a
.Kk
tPjpf; fHF tprhykhFk;
vz;Qf; fHF fzpjkhFk;
vGj;Jf; fHF totkhFk;.
gapw;rp 2
wI
kz;Qf;F mHF vd;Dk; ,U rPu;fspd; gpd; MFk; ' bjspt[ilik' bjspthFk;' fpHpahik'
LV
gad;gLjy;'ew;fUj;J... vdg; gy tiffspy; rPu;fis mikj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;.

w
ehl;Lf; fHF ey;yhl;rpahk;

ehtpw; fHF tha;ikahk;
tPl;Lf; fHF btspr;rkhFk;
tpUe;jpw; fHF cgrupg;ghk;
A
//w
fhl;Lf; fHF ku=;fshFk;

fHdpf; fHF gapu;fshk;
Vl;Lf; fHF vGj;jhFk;
s:K
khl;Lf; fHF ciHg;ghFk;.

gapw;rp 3
xt;nthuoa[k;/ KjypU rPu;fs; <uirahft[k; ,Wjpr;rPu; neuPw;W @tirr; rPuhft[k; mikj;Jg;
gHFf.
fhw;iwj; je;j thd;thH;f-
tp
fy;tpiaj; je;j FUthH;f

Cw;iwj; je;j epyk;thH;f
nrhw;iwj; je;j tay;thH;f
Mw;iwj; je;j kiythH;f
ht
rhw;iwj; je;j fHpthH;f

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
xw;Wik je;j csk;thH;f
ntw;Wik fhzh kdk;thH;f
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
L al
1. mofs; ve;j mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd> mt;thW tiuaiw
bra;ag;gl;l mofisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mofs; rPu; mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
A d
mt;thW tiuaiw bra;ag;gl;l mofs;:
,uz;L rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ Fwso.
D ika
@d;W rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ rpe;jo.
ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ msto my;yJ neuo.
Ie;J rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ beoyo.
MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ fHpbeoyo.
2. Mrpupa cupr;rPu; ? tpsf;Ff.
Alv
Mrpupag;ghtpw;nf cupa rPu;fs; Mrpupa cupr;rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mit njkh/ g[spkh Mfpa <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ,U epiuaPw;W
<uirr; rPu;fSk; MFk;.
a
Mrpupa cupr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gh/ bra;a[s;/ J}f;F/ ftp/ ftpij/ ghl;L Mfpa brhw;fs; _________ bghUspy; tUtd.
m) xnu M) btt;ntW
,) ctik <) ,iwr;rp tpil: m) xnu
wI
LV
2. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; _________.

m) 3 M) 6
w
,) 9 <) 12 tpil: M) 6
3. ghf;fspd; tiffs;/ mg;ghf;fspd; Xirfs;/ ghf;fs; ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Kjypatw;iw tpsf;Fk; E}y; _________.
A
//w
m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif

,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
s:K
4. ahg;g[ vd;Dk; fliyf; flf;f cjt[k; E}y; _________.

m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
,) jz;oay=;fhuk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
5. jkpH;r;bra;a[s;fs; bgUk;ghYk; _________ mog;gilahff; bfhz;lit.
m) ,d;gj;ij M) ,iria
,) eldj;ij <) ehlfj;ij tpil: M) ,iria
tp
6. jkpH;r;bra;a[is bkUnfw;WtJ _________.

m) ,d;gk; M) Xir
,) eldk; <) ehlfk; tpil: M) Xir
ht
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i) btz;gh ? 1. J}=;fnyhir
ii) Mrpupag;gh ? 2. Js;snyhir
iii) fypg;gh ? 3. mftnyhir
L al
iv) t+;rpg;gh ? 4. brg;gnyhir
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
8. bra;a[spy; ,iriag; gpizg;git _________.
A d
i) nkhid ii) vJif iii) ,iag[
m) @d;Wk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
D ika
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
5 9. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwso ? 1. MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fs;
,ay;
ii) rpe;jo ? 2. ehd;F rPu;fs;

iii) msto ? 3. @d;W rPu;fs;
iv) beoyo ? 4. ,uz;L rPu;fs;
Alv
v) fHpbeoyo ? 5. Ie;J rPu;fs;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 5/ 1
,) 2/ 5/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 5 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1
m) rPuo M) neuo
a
10. msto vd;gjid _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
.Kk
,) tiuao <) epiuao tpil: M) neuo
11. _________ ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa vspa totk; Mrpupag;gh.
m) gh M) g[jpdk;
tpil: m) gh
wI
,) Jspg;gh <) rpWfij

LV
12. _________ mftw;gh vd;Wk; TWtu;.

m) btz;ghit M) Mrpupag;ghit
w
,) fypg;ghit <) t+;rpg;ghit tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghit

13. _________ Md ghly;fns r=;ffhyj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahf cs;sd.
A
//w
m) btz;ghf;fshy; M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
,) fypg;ghf;fshy; <) t+;rpg;ghf;fshy; tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
14. bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupag;gh/ _________ mirfshy; mika[k;.
s:K
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J tpil: m) ,uz;L
15. ahg;gpy; miria mikf;f cjt[tJ _________.
m) vGj;J M) brhy;
,) rPu; <) mo tpil: m) vGj;J
tp
16. mir vd;gJ _________ (khj;jpiu) nru;e;J tUtjhFk;.

m) ,ir M) eldk;
,) ehlfk; <) rPu; tpil: m) ,ir
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
17. mirapd; tif _________.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: m) 2
L al
i) mir neu;/ epiu vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
ii) rPu; xd;wpd; mirg; gpupg;gpy; jdp bka;baGj;J te;jhnyh mirahff; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
A d
iii) mirfs; nru;e;J mike;jhy; `rPu;~ gpwf;Fk;.
m) i, ii ? rup M) ii, iii ? rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
D ika
19. Mrpupag;ghtpw;F cupa rPu; _________ MFk;.
m) ,aw;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) ,aw;rPu;
20. ,aw;rPiu _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
Alv
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
i) njkh
ii) g[spkh
iii) fUtpsk;
?
?
?
1.
2.
3.
aneu; neu;
epiu epiu
epiu neu;
.Kk
iv) Ttpsk; ? 4. neu; epiu
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4
wI
i) njkh=;fha; ? 1. neu; epiu neu;

LV
ii) g[spkh=;fha; ? 2. epiu epiu neu;

w
iii) fUtps=;fha; ? 3. epiu neu; neu;

iv) Ttps=;fha; ? 4. neu; neu; neu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
A
//w
23. kh Kd; neu; xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.

m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
s:K
,) fypj; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) nebuhd;whrpupaj;

24. tpsk; Kd; epiu xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.
m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
,) xd;wpa t+;rpj; <) fypj; tpil: M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
25. èy;yhu;~ ? rPu; gpupj;J tha;;ghL fz;lwp.
tp
m) njkh M) g[spkh
,) fUtpsk; <) Ttpsk; tpil: m) njkh
26. Mrpupag;ghtpy; _________ rpw;bwy;iyahf mika[k;.
m) @d;wor; M) ehd;for;
ht
,) Ie;jor; <) <uor; tpil: m) @d;wor;

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i) `fil mau;ghjk;~ vd;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
ii) ,Wjp mof;F Ke;ija mo @d;W rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
iii) kw;w mofs; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUk;.
L al
,) iii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
28. Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W ,ilaofs; ,iz ,izaha;
A d
,UrPu;fshft[k; @d;W rPu;fshft[k; tUtJ _________.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
D ika
5 29. vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ _________.
tpil: M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,ay;
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh

,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
Alv
tpil: M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
30. ghlypy; cs;s mofis khw;wp khw;wp mikj;jhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ miktJ
_________.
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh
a
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
.Kk
tpil: <) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
31. ,aw;rPu; _________/ fha;r;rPu; _________.
m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu; M) @tirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;
,) ehd;firr;rPu;/ Xuirr;rPu; <) Xuirr;rPu;/ ehd;firr;rPu;
wI
tpil: m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;

LV
32. _________ tpUj;jj;jhy; mike;j ghly;fns ,d;W bgUtHf;fpy; cs;sd.

w
m) fyp M) Mrpupa
,) btsp <) t+;rp tpil: M) Mrpupa
33. MW my;yJ mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l vj;jid rPu;fs; te;jhYk; me;j mo ` _________~ MFk;.
A
//w
m) msto M) rpe;jo
,) beoyo <) fHpbeoyo tpil: <) fHpbeoyo
s:K
34. `thHpa bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.

m) ghujpahu; M) thzpjhrd;
35. `gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp~ ? vd;w Mrpupag;ghthy; vGjg;gl;l ghlypd; Mrpupau;
_________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) bgha;if MH;thu;
tp
,) g{jj;jhH;thu; <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;

tpil: <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
FWtpdh
1. ahg;gpyf;fzk; vijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ>
ahg;gpyf;fzk; bra;a[s; vGJk; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
L al
2. ghtpw;Fupa ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
bra;a[s;/ ghl;L/ J}f;F/ gh/ ftp/ ftpij vd;gdthFk;.
3. bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
A d
vGj;J/ mir/ rPu;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil/ gh/ ghtpdk; Mfpad bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
4. gh vj;jid tfg;gLk; ahit>.
D ika
jkpHpy; cs;s ghtiffs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh vd;gdthFk;.
5. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupaj; jhHpir/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
6. Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gnjd;>
Alv
mftnyhir bgw;wjhy;/ Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gu;.
7. ehd;F gh tiffs; bfhz;Ls;s Xir tot=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
btz;gh brg;gnyhir bfhz;lJ:
Mrpupag;gh mftnyhir cilaJ.
fypg;gh Js;snyhir bfhz;lJ.
a
.Kk
t+;rpg;gh J}=;fnyhir bfhz;lJ.
vGj;J
8. ahg;g[f;Fupa vGj;Jfs; vitbadf; fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wd>
wI
bra;a[spy; Fwpy;/ beoy;/ bka;/ Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vGj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

LV
Fwpypy; capu;f;FwpYk;/ capu;bka;f;FwpYk; ml=;Fk;.

w
beoypy; capu; beoYk;/ capu;bka; beoYk; ml=;Fk;.

`bka;~ xw;W vdt[k; brhy;yg;gLk;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
bra;a[spy; Ma;jk; bka;ahff; fUjg;gLk;.
A
//w
mir
9. mirahtJ ahJ> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
s:K
vGj;J xd;nwh gynth nru;e;J mirj;J/ ,irj;Jr; rPu;f;F cWg;gha; tUtJ mir
vdg;gLk;.
mJ neuir/ epiuair vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
10. neuirahtJ ahJ> tpsf;Ff.
Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;/ Fwpy; xw;WlDk;/ beoy; jdpj;Jk;/ beoy; xw;WlDk; tUtJ
tp
neuirahFk;.
m/ f – Fwpy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
my;/ fy; – Fwpy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;.
M/ fh – beoy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
ht
My;/ fhy; – beoy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;. 233

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11. epiuairia tpsf;Ff.
,U Fwpy; ,ize;Jk;/ ,UFwpYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;Jk;/ Fwpy;
beoYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; tUtd epiuairfshFk;.
mzp/ gzp – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
L al
myu;/ tsk; – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
epyh/ fdh – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
glhk;/ fyhk; – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
A d
rPu;
D ika
12. rPu; vd;gJ ahJ> mjd; tiffisf; TWf.
5 neuir/ epiuairfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; miktJ rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mBJ Xuirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;/ ehyirr;rPu; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
,ay;
13. <uirr; rPu;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tptup.

<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: njkh/ g[spkh/ Ttpsk;/ fUtpsk; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
Alv
neu; + neu; – njkh
– khr;rPu; ? 2
epiu + neu; – g[spkh
epiu + epiu – fUtpsk;
tpsr;rPu; ? 2
neu; + epiu – Ttpsk; a
14. <uirr; rPu;fs; vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
–
.Kk
khr;rPu; ,uz;Lk;/ tpsr;rPu; ,uz;Lk; Mf <uirr;rPu; ehd;Fk; Mrpupag;ght[f;F cupait.
15. fha;r;rPu; mika[k; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;fndhL jdpj;jdpahf neuiriar; nru;j;jhy;/ fha;r;rPu; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
wI
neu; + neu; + neu; – njkh=;fha;

LV
epiu + neu; + neu; – g[spkh=;fha;

epiu + epiu + neu; – fUtps=;fha;
w
neu; + epiu + neu; – Ttps=;fha;

16. fha;r;rPu;fs; ntW vt;thW tH=;fg;gLk;> mit vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
fha;r;rPu; ehd;fpYk; <w;wir neuirahf cs;sjhy;/ mit neuPw;W @tirr;rPu;
A
//w
vdg;gLk;. mr;rPu;fs; btz;ghtpw;F cupait.

mit btz;gh cupr;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
s:K
jis
17. jis vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPupd; <w;wira[k;/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyira[k; xd;wpa[k; xd;whkYk; miktJ jis
vdg;gLk;.
18. jisfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tp
jisfs; VG tifg;gLk;. mit:

nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis fypj;jis
epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis xd;wpa t+;rpj;jis
,aw;rPu; btz;lis xd;whj t+;rpj;jis vd;gdthFk;.
ht
234 btz;rPu; btz;lis
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19. Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; ahit>
Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; nehbuhd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;/ epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;
MFk;.
20. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
L al
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)
v.fh: j=; + fk; – tpw; + whu;
neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
A d
njkh – neu;
kh Kd; neu; te;j nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis.
D ika
21. epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPu; tpsr;rPuha; (fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;) ,Uf;f tUk; rPupd; Kjyir epiuaha; tUtJ
epiubahd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (tps Kd; epiu)
v.fh: mUk; + gzp – g[upe; + jhu;
epiu + epiu – epiu + neu;
fUtpsk; – epiu
Alv
tpsk; Kd; epiu te;j epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis.
22. btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs; ahit>
btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs;: ,aw;rPu; btz;lisa[k;/ btz;rPu; btz;lisa[khFk;.
a
23. ,aw;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>
<uirr; rPu;fSs;/ khr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; epiuaira[k;/ tpsr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; neuira[k; khwp
te;J xd;whky; ,iztJ ,aw;rPu; btz;lisahFk;.
.Kk
v.fh: < + jy; – ,ir + gl
njkh – epiu
kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis
gad; + kuk; – cs; + Au;
wI
fUtpsk; – neu;
LV
tps Kd; neu; te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis

w
kh Kd; epiua[k;/ tps Kd; neUk; ,aw;rPu; btz;lisfshFk;.

24. btz;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
A
//w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)

v.fh: ifk; + kh + W – ntz; + lh
neu; + neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
s:K
njkh=;fha; – neu;
fha; Kd; neu; te;j btz;rPu; btz;lis
rpWtpdh
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit>
tp
neupir Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
ht
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2. neupirahrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
neupirahrpupag;gh @d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ gy mofis cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
vy;yh mofSk; ehw;rPuofsha; (msto) tUk;.
<w;wayo kl;Lk; @d;W rPuha; mika[k;.
L al
bgUk;ghd;ik <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw rPu;fSk; gapd;W tUk;.
mftnyhir bgw;W tUk;.
bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupaj;jisfSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw jisfSk; fye;J tUk;.
A d
``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; Koa[k;.
v.fh: ghup ghup vd;Wgy Vj;jp
D ika
xUtw; g[fH;tu; bre;ehg; g[ytu;
5 ghup
khupa[k;
xUtD
cz;Od;
ky;yd;
LyFg[ug; gJnt
,ay;
3. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.

Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fz=;fs; vy;yhk; mika/ <w;woa[k; Kjyoa[k; ehw;rPu;fsha;/
,ilapy; cs;s mofs; ,U rPuofsha[k;/ Kr;rPuofsha[k; tUtJ ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
Alv
vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ePupd; jd;ika[k; jPapd; btk;ika[k;
rhur; rhu;e;J a
rhuy; ehld; nfz;ik
rhur; rhur; rhu;e;J
.Kk
jPuj; jPuj; jPu;bghy; yhnj.
4. epiy kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W tUk;.
wI
vy;yh mofSk; mstofsha; mika[k;.

LV
``V~~ my;yJ `vd;~ vd;Dk; vGj;jpy; Koa[k;.

,t;thW tUtJ epiykz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
w
v.fh: ntuy; ntyp ntu;f;nfhl; gytpd;

rhuy; ehl brt;tpia ahFkjp
ahuB jwpe;jprp ndhnu rhuy;
A
//w
rpWnfhl;Lg; bgUk;gHk; J}=;fp ah=;fpts;

capu;jtr; rpwpJ fhknkh bgupnj.
s:K
5. mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpid vGj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

v.fh: ``Nuy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahnw
Nuu kfsp uhuz=; fpdnu
thu bydpnd ahd+; Rtny
rhu dhl ePtu yhnw.~~
,e;jg; ghly; Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W te;Js;sJ.
tp
ehw;rPuofspy; mike;Js;sJ.
ve;j moia v=;F mikj;Jr; brhd;dhYk;/ Xira[k; bghUSk; khwh.
vdnt ,g;ghly; mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
ht
236
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; jis/ Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
7. Mrpupa tpUj;jg;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ> rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzk; mikag;bgw;W/ xj;j mst[ila fHpbeoyo (Ie;J
L al
rPu;fSf;F nky;) bfhz;L elg;gJ Mrpupa tpUj;jkhFk;.
v.fh:
jz;liy kapy;fs; Mlj;
jhkiu tpsf;fk; jh=;ff;
A d
bfhz;ly;fs; KHtpd; X=;ff;
Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
D ika
bjz;oiu vHpdp fhl;lj;
njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lfs; ,dpJ ghl
kUjk;tPw; wpUf;Fk; khnjh-
Alv
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;:
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju; (1882 ? 1954)
a
``jkpHpy; vy;yhk; cz;L" jkpHpd; ftpr; Ritf;F <Lkpy;iy
,iza[kpy;iy" jkpHhy; mwptpay; kl;Lkd;W" midj;J ,ay;fisa[k;
fw;fKoa[k;~~ vdr; rhd;WfSld; vLj;Jr; brhd;d bgUe;jif
.Kk
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju;. ,tu;/ jkJ ,yf;fpa ,urpfj; jd;ikahy;
jkpGf;Fk; jkpHUf;Fk; g[j;Jzu;t[ Cl;oatu;. o. nf. rp apd; tPl;Lf;
Tlj;jpy; tl;ltotkhd bjhl;of; fl;oy;/ +hapWnjhWk; khiy Ie;J
kzpf;Ff; Toa Tl;lk;/ ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpg;ngrpaJ. mt;tikg;g[
wI
`tl;lj; bjhl;o~ vd;nw bgau;bgw;wJ. o.nf. rp. ,yf;fpa=;fspd; ea=;fisr; brhy;yr;

LV
brhy;yf; Tl;lj;jpYs;s midtUk; j=;fis kwe;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jpisg;gu;. jkpHpd;

,dpik vd;gJ kl;Lk; mtu;fs; cs;s=;fspy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy;
w
g[uptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna o.nf. rp. tpUk;gpdhu;. jkpH;f;fiyfs;/ jkpH;,ir/

jkpH; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; Ritiaa[k; nkd;ikiaa[k; jdpj;jd;ikiaa[k; vLj;Jr;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
brhd;dhu;. foj=;fspYk; mtw;iwna tpae;J vGjpdhu;. mtu;jk; foj=;fs; ,yf;fpaj;
A
//w
juk; bfhz;L g[jpa ,yf;fpa tifahfnt fUjg;gl;ld. ,ja xyp/ fk;gu; ahu;> Kjyhd
E}y;fSk; Kj;bjhs;shapuk;/ fk;guhkhazk; Mfpatw;Wf;F vGjpa ciua[k; mtu;jk; ,yf;fpa
Efu;t[f;flypd; rpy miyfs; vdyhk;. brd;id khepy nkyitapd; cWg;gpduhft[k;
s:K
mwepiyaj; Jiwapd; Mizauhft[k; jpfH;e;j o.nf.rp. Vw;wpa ,yf;fpaxsp jkpH; mHfpaiy

btspr;rg;gLj;jpaJ.
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. md;W/ my;y vd;gtw;Wf;fhd bghUs; ntWghL mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
md;W : (vGtha; xUikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)
mJ g{id md;W.
tp
my;y : (vGtha; gd;ikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)

mit khLfs; my;y.
2. brhy;yr; brhy;y/ jpisg;gu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
brhy;yr; brhy;y : mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
ht
jpisg;gu; : gyu;ghy; vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W 237

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3. urpfu; ? jkpH;r;brhy; vGJf. khepy nkyit ? M=;fpyf; fiyr;brhy; jUf.
jkpH;r; brhy; M=;fpyf; fiyr;brhy;
urpfu; – neau; khepy nkyit – State Legislative Council
4. tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy; g[uptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna o.nf.rp tpUk;gpdhu;
L al
? tpilf;nfw;w tpdh mikf;f.
o.nf.rp vij mjpfk; tpUk;gpdhu;>
tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy; g[hptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna tpUk;gpath;
A d
ahh;>
5. nkyit/ g[j;Jzu;t[ ? ,r;brhw;fspd; g[zu;r;rp tifiaf; fz;lwpf.
D ika
nkyit : nky; + mit – bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp
5 g[j;Jzu;t[ : g[Jik + czu;t[ – gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp
tpjp khw;wk;
,ay;
nkyit `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (y; + nkyit

nky; + mit m = y) vd;whdJ.
Alv
g[j;Jzu;t[ `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L g[J + czu;t[
g[Jik + `jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `j;~ ,ul;oj;J g[j;J + czu;t[
czu;t[ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;~ vd;w
g[j; + czu;t[
tpjpg;go a
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (j;+c=J)
g[jJ; zu;t[
.Kk
vd;whdJ.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
The folk songs of Tamilnadu have in them a remarkable charm just as we find in the folk songs of any other
country. But what is special in these Tamil songs is, they not only possess a native charm and the aroma of the
wI
soil but have preserved in them a certain literary and artistic quality. This is so because the people who speak the
LV
language of these folk songs, the Tamils, have had a great historical past and a wonderful literary tradition. Folk
songs are so old and yet so full of life that they are always new and progressively modern. These songs were born
w
several centuries ago; they are being born every generation; they will be born and reborn over and again!
ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;
jkpH;ehl;od; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/ mtw;wpw;Fupa xU Fwpg;gpl;l ftu;r;rpiaf;
A
//w
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. ,J ntW ve;j ehl;L ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspYk;/ fhzg;glhj xd;whFk;.

ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/ ,yf;fpakhft[k;/ fiyj;juk; kpf;fjhft[k; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;
s:K
vd;dbtd;why;/ ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fSld; kz;zpd; thrid khwhj ehfupfKk;/ gz;ghLk;

fye;J itj;jpUg;gnj MFk;. kf;fspd; ngr;R tHf;fpnyna mike;j ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/
,yf;fpa fiyj;juk; bgw;W tps=;fpajhy;/ ,J jkpH; kf;fSf;F xU tuyhw;Wf; fhykhft[k;/
mw;g[jkhd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupakhft[k; ,Ue;jJ. ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd; ,ir giHa
bkl;Lf;fshfnt ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ etPd tsu;r;rpiag; gog;goahf mile;J/ ,d;wst[k;
KGik mile;J te;Js;sJ. gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ njhd;wpa me;jg; ghly;fis/
tp
mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfspYk; fiy+u;fs; njhd;wp/ ghly;fis tsu;f;fpd;wdu;. fiya[k;/

fiyfSk;/ mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfspy; khwp khwpg; gpwf;fpd;wdu;.
fPH;f;fhQk; ghlypd; Kjyoiaf; ftdpj;J/ gpw mofspy; cs;s rPu;fis xG=;F bra;f.
nfhilapny ,isg;ghw;wpf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j
ht
Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHy;fdpe;j fdpna

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.in
XilapnyCWfpd;wjP+;Ritj;jz;zPnu
cfe;jjz;zPu;,ilkyu;e;jRfe;jkzkynu
nkilapnytPRfpd;wbky;ypag{=;fhw;nw
bkd;fhw;wpy;tpisRfnkfj;jpYWk;gand
L al
Milapnyvidkze;jkzthshbghJtpy;
MLfpd;wmunrvd;my=;fyzpe;jUns.
tpil:
A d
nfhilapny ,isg;ghw;wpf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j
Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHy;fdpe;j fdpna
Xilapny CWfpd;w jP+;Ritj;jz; zPnu
D ika
cfe;jjz;zPu; ,ilkyu;e;j Rfe;jkz kynu
nkilapny tPRfpd;w bky;ypag{=; fhw;nw
bkd;fhw;wpy; tpisRfnk Rfj;jpYWk; gand
Milapny vidkze;j kzthsh bghJtpy;
MLfpd;w munrvd; my=;fyzpe; jUns.
Alv
goj;Jg;ghu;j;Jg; gilj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
g[j;jfj; jpUtpHhtpd; bjhlf;f epfH;r;rpf;F tUif je;j rhd;nwhu; Fwpj;j mwpKf ciu
ngud;g[ bfhz;nlhnu- nguwpt[r; bry;tnk bgU+;bry;tk; vdf; fUjp te;jpUf;Fk;
a
rhd;nwhnu- ,isa jiyKiwna- c=;fs; midtUf;Fk; Kjw;fz; tzf;fj;ijj; bjuptpj;Jf;
bfhs;fpnwd;.
.Kk
g[j;jf thrpg;ig @r;Rf;fhw;wha;r; Rthrpj;J thH;fpd;w gog;ghsu;fshfpa c=;fs; Kd;g[
gilg;ghsu; xUtiu/ kpfr; rpwe;j gz;ghsiu mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; bgUkfpH;t[ bfhs;fpd;nwd;.
rpWtaJ Kjyhfj; jdf;Fg; bgw;nwhu;fs; mspj;j rpy;yiwfisr; nrfupj;J
Mz;LnjhWk; g[j;jfk; th=;Fk; tHf;fj;ijf; bfhz;ltu;. g[j;jf=;fnshL thH;e;J tUgtu;.
wI
g[j;jfj;ij th=;FtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; KGikahf mtw;iw thrpg;gJk; Fwpg;bgLg;gJk;

LV
,isajiyKiwapdu;f;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if mspf;Fk; Tl;l=;fspy; ngRtJk; vdg; gy;ntW

gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUgtu;.
w
n&f;!;gpau; vd;Dk; khbgUk; gilg;ghsdpd; gpwe;j ehshd Vg;uy; 23 cyfk; KGtJk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
g[j;jfehshff; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtuplk; ,Ue;j thrpg;g[g; gHf;fnk
MFk;.
A
//w
mt;tifapy; thrpg;igna jk; thH;f;ifaha;f; bfhz;oUf;Fk; ek; rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu;

ekf;bfy;yhk; Kd;khjpupahdtu;. mtu;tHpapy; g[j;jf thrpg;igj; bjhlu;nthk;- g[jpanjhu; cyfk;
s:K
gilg;nghk;- bty;nthk;-
c=;fs; gFjp E}yfj;jpy; thrfu;fSf;F E}yf cWg;gpdu; ml;il tH=;f tUifjUk; mwp+u;
xUtiuf; Fwpj;J mwpKfciu vGJf.
,e;j mitapy; Toa[s;s Md;nwhu;fns- rhd;nwhu;fns- vdjUik khztr;
bry;t=;fns- E}y;fis nerpf;Fk; ey;Ys;s=;fns c=;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; gzpthd
tp
tzf;fj;jpidj; bjuptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

v=;fs; fpuhkk; thH; E}y; tpUk;gpfSf;F E}yf cWg;gpdu; ml;il tH=;f ,=;nf kpft[k;
th+;ira[ld; tUif g[upe;Js;s mwp+u; bgUkfdhiu c=;fSf;F mwpKfk; bra;J itg;gjpy;
ehd; kl;oy;yh kfpH;r;rp milfpnwd;.
ht
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jd; rpWtaJ Kjny Mapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fisr; Rthrpj;J thH;gtu;. mtu;jk;
gFjpapYs;s gy fpuhk=;fSf;F E}y;epiyak; mika Vw;ghL bra;J bfhLj;jtu;. bghJey
tpUk;gp. r@f Mu;tyu;. fy;tpahsu;fspd; bjhz;lu;. nguhrpupau; f. bka;ag;gd; Iah mtu;fis
nkilf;F tUkhW/ md;g[ fye;j tzf;fj;Jld; tuntw;fpnwd;.
L al
,yf;fpaeak; ghuhl;Lf.
bre;beYk; fUk;g[k; tpise;jdnt ? ey;y jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why; ? mjpy;
njd;bghHp kyu;fSk; tpupe;jdnt jkpHd; gz;g[fs; bgh=;Fkd;nwh>
A d
,d;dYk; grpa[k; nghbahHpf ? njrk; g[tpbayhk; nru;e;bjhU tPljpny ? ahUk;
vHpYld; Tona eyKWf g[wk;gpiy vd;wbrhy; jkpHd;nwh>
D ika
gpupt[fs; ngrpna g{rypl;l ? gHk; ahJk; Cbudr; rhw;wpaJk; ? kf;fs;
5 ngjik jidj;js;sp midtUnk ahtUk; nfspu; vd;wJt[k;
xUjdpf; FLk;gkha; thH;e;jpLnthk; ? ek;Ks; nkjpdpf; Fiuj;jtu; ek;Kd;ndhu; ? ,d;W
,ay;
xw;Wik X=;fplr; bra;jpLnthk; ntw;Wik ehbkz;zy; rupahnkh>

? bg. J}ud;
Kd;Diu:
Alv
k+;rf;fhl;L tyR. bguparhkp J}ud;/ <nuhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s k+;rf;fhl;L
tyR vd;Dk Cupy; 1908 ,y; njhd;wpa vGj;jhsu;. fiyf;fs+;rpak; bjhFj;j
mwp+u;. ehl;Lg;gw;whsu;. jkpH;g; g[ytu;/ Mrpupau;/ fu;ehlf ,ir ty;Yeu; vdt[k;
a
mwpag;gLfpwhu;. ehlfk;/ ,irg; ghly;/ rpWfij/ rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;/ capupay;
E}y;fs;/ fl;Liufs;/ ftpij E}y;fs; vdg; gy bjhFjpfis vGjpa[s;shu;.
.Kk
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ kw;Wk; gjpg;g[g; gzpiaa[k; nkw;bfhz;Ls;shu;. ,tuJ E}y;fs; rpy
ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpuz;l fUj;J:
bre;bey;Yk; fUk;g[k; kpFjpahf tpise;Js;sd. njd; epiwe;j kyu;fs; v=;Fk; tpupe;J
wI
kzk; gug;g[fpd;wd. kf;fspd; tWikj; Jd;gKk;/ grp neha[k; gwe;njhod. jkpH;ehL

bghypt[k; eyKk; bgw;Wr; rpwf;fl;Lk;. rhjpahYk;/ kjj;jhYk; gpupe;J jkf;Fs;ns
LV
rz;ilapl;l mwptw;w jd;ikia ePf;fp/ jkpH; kf;fs; ahtUk; xU jdpf; FLk;gkha;

w
xw;Wikia X=;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;. jkpHdpd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why;/ ek;kpilna

jkpH;g; gz;g[fSk; epuk;gp tHpa ntz;Lk;. cyfkidj;Jk; xU tPnl vd;Wk;/ ahUk;
ekf;F me;epakpy;iy vd;Wk; TwpaJ jkpnH- cyfidj;Jk; ek; Cu;" midtUk; ek;
A
Rw;wk; vd;W cynfhu;f;F ek; Kd;ndhu; ciuj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,d;nwh- ehnk ntw;Wik
//w
ghuhl;ly; eykhFnkh- vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.

ikaf; fUj;J:
s:K
,aw;if tsk; epiwe;j ek; ehl;oy;/ ntw;Wik mfd;W/ cynfhu; midtUk; xd;W
vd;w xw;Wik vz;zk; tsu ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; Mrpupau;.
bjhil eak;:
``bjhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~~
vJifj; bjhil:
tp
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhtJ

vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifj; bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: jkpHd; – jkpHd;
nkhidj; bjhil:
ht
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
v.fh: gpupt[fs; ? ngjik" xUjdp ? xw;Wik" jkpHd; ? jkpHd;" g[tpbayhk; ? g[wk;gpiy"
ahJk; ? ahtUk;
,iag[j; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; filrp Xirnah/ rPnuh/ mirnah ,iae;J tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhilahFk;.
L al
v.fh: tpise;jdnt ? tpupe;jdnt" thH;ej
; pLnthk; ? bra;jpLnthk;" bgh=;Fkd;nwh ?
jkpHd;nwh
Kuz; bjhil:
A d
bra;a[spy; ntWgl;l (Kuz;gl;l) bghUSila brhw;fs; ,lk; bgw;W tUtJ
Kuz; bjhil MFk;. v.fh : xw;Wik × ntw;Wik
D ika
mzp eak;:
``jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why; .....~~ ,g;ghlypy; brk;ikahd bey;/ njd;
bghHpa[k; kyu;/ jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fy; vd cz;ikj; jd;ikfis/ ,ay;ghff; ftp+u;
TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp mike;J rpwg;g[WfpwJ.
re;j eak;:
Alv
ghly; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W te;Js;sjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ``btz;gh~~ tifiar; rhu;e;J
te;Js;sJ. brg;gnyhir mike;J/ ,uhfj;njhLk;/ jhsj;njhLk; ghLtjw;F Vw;w
ghlyhf mike;J eak; nrhf;;fpwJ.
Rit eak;: a
``ntw;Wik ehbkz;zy; rupahnkh>....~~ vd;w ghlyoapy;/ cyfidj;Jk; ek; Cu;"
midtUk; ek; Rw;wj;jpdu; vd;w bghJt[ilikf; fUj;ij cynfhu;;f;F vLj;Jf; Twpanj
.Kk
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;jhd;- Mdhy; ,d;nwh/ ehnk ntw;Wik vz;QtJ rupahdJ md;W
vd;W ftp+u; TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; btFspr; Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
jiyg;g[: `àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu;~~
wI
Kot[iu:
LV
ftp+u; ,dpa/ vspa brhw;fshy; gog;gtu; vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhs;SkhW ghliyg;

gilj;Js;shu;. ek; gz;ila bgUikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;o/ ntw;Wikia kwe;J
w
xw;Wikaha; thHj; J}z;Lfpwhu;. ,g;ghly; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; mHpahJ ntqd;wp epw;Fk;

tpGJg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sik ghuhl;lj;jf;fjd;nwh-
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
A
//w
gf;fk;: 142
fUj;Jg;glj;ijg; g[upe;Jbfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf.

s:K
jkpH;bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vGj;J/

brhy;/ bghUs;/ ahg;g[/ mzp vd Ie;J
tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;/ bghUs;
,yf;fzkhdJ mfg;bghUs;/ g[wg;bghUs; vd
,U tifg;gLk;. jpizfspd; Kjw;bghUs;/
fUg;bghUs;/ cupg;bghUs; Mfpatw;iwf;
tp
Fwpg;gnj mfg;bghUs; vdg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;

Kjw;bghUshdJ epyKk;/ bghGJk; MFk;.
bghGjhdJ bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ
vd;W ,U tifg;gLk;.
ht
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.in
kiy Kfl;oy; (cr;rpapy;) fl;oapUf;Fk; njd; Tl;oidf; fz;L
kiyj;njd;-
Fwp+;rp epy kf;fspd; njbdLf;Fk; bjhHpy; fz;L tpae;njd;-
L al
kiynawp cr;rp brd;W eWe;njidg; bgWk; jpwik fz;L
kfpHe;njd;-
njdPf;fsplKk;/ Fwp+;rp thH; kf;fsplKk; cs;s xw;Wikia
A d
epidj;njd;-
mUkUe;bjd njidg; bgw;W/ mf kfpH;e;J thH;tu;.
D ika
5 ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;J ,dpik fhz;gu;.
Fwp+;rpapd; eWe;njdhy; gpzpapy;yh thH;t[ bgWtu;.
,ay;
clYf;F cWjpiaj; jUtJk;/ cs;sj;jpw;Fk; g[j;J}zu;r;rpiaj;

jUtJk; kiyj;njnd-
g[jpu;fSf;fhd tpilfisj; nju;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
Alv
(fk;g[/ ik/ tis/ kjp/ ,jH;/ MHp)
1. vypa[k; EiHa[k;" vHpyurp ifa[k; EiHa[k; ________. tis
a
2. mof;ft[k; bra;ayhk;" nfhilf;Ff; THhft[k; Fof;fyhk; ________.
3. fz;zpYk; vGjyhk;" btz;jhspYk; vGjyhk; ________.
4. mwptpd; bgaUk; mJjhd;" mk;g[ypapd; bgaUk; mJntjhd;" ________.
fk;g[
ik
kjp
.Kk
5. g{tpd; cWg;g[k; ehnd" g[d;difapd; gpwg;gplKk; ehnd ________. ,jH;
6. tz;oiaa[k; ,af;Fk;" bgUk; fg;giya[k; jh=;Fk; _______ MHp
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
wI
LV
ehfupfk; filg;gpog;nghk;
fiythzd; bjhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;j;Jf; tajhd bgupnahu;fSf;F cjtp bra;a[k;
w
bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;. filf;Fr; brd;w gHf;fk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.

mtd; jhj;jh ig epiwag; bghUs;fisj; bgupnahu;fspd; thu;j;ijfis
J}f;fpf; bfhz;L tUfpwhu;. Rik kWf;fhky; cld;gl;Lr; bra;a
A
//w
jh=;fhJ cjtpf;F miHf;fpwhu;. ntz;Lk;.

bjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; itj;jfz; jhj;jh miHj;jt[ld; bjhiyf;
th=;fhky; epfH;r;rpbahd;wpidg; fhl;rpia mizj;J tpl;L/
s:K
ghu;j;Jf;bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtd; vd;d jhj;jht[ld; bghUs;fs; th=;f cld;

bra;a ntz;Lk;> bry;y ntz;Lk;.
c=;fsJ tPl;ow;F tpUe;jpdu; xUtu; `thU=;fs;~ vd;W Twp tuntw;f
te;jpUf;fpwhu;. Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp ntz;Lk;.
te;jpUf;Fk; mtu; kpft[k; fisg;g[ld; tPl;oDs; ,Uf;if vLj;Jg; nghl;L
tp
fhzg;gLfpwhu;. eP=;fs; mtiu vt;tpjk; mkur; bra;a ntz;Lk;.

tuntw;gPu;fs;> mtuJ fisg;g[ eP=;Ftjw;Fj; jz;zPu;
mUe;jf; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
,d;Kfj;Jld; eyk; tprhupf;f ntz;Lk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Mtzk; – Documents gz;ghL – Culture
gilbaLg;g[ – Invasion xg;ge;jk; – Agreement
L al
cg;g=;fHp – Backwater khYkp – Sailor
***
A d
thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
D ika
,ay; 5 ? jpUts;Stu;
Alv
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) tpy;nyu; cHtu; gifbfhspDk; bfhs;sw;f
ghu;jhf;fg; gf;F tpLk;.

a
M) ,ubtd;Dk; Vkhg;gpy; njhzp fubtd;Dk;
,) cs;spaJ va;jy; vspJkd; kw;Wk;jhd;

.Kk
cs;spaJ cs;sg; bgwpd;.
tpil: m) tpy;nyu; cHtu; gifbfhspDk; bfhs;sw;f
wI
2. ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

LV
bfho jtpj;jijg; ghup jha; mwpths;

mwpe;Jbfhz;lhd; gsp=;F Kfj;ijg; goj;Jf;bfhs;
w
kapy; jtpj;jijg; ngfd; mg;gog; goj;jtu;fisg;

czu;e;Jbfhz;lhd; gpoj;Jf;bfhs;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
gps;isapd; gupjtpg;igj;
A
//w
m) ,fH;r;rpapy; bfl;lhiu cs;Sf jhk;jk;

kfpH;r;rpapd; ike;JWk; nghH;J.
M) Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
s:K
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;.

,) ,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j tplj;J.
tpil: M) Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;.
tp
3. kfpH;r;rpapd; ike;JWk; nghH;J __________ epid.

m) Kff;Fwpg;ig mwpe;jtiuM) vz;zpaij vz;zpatiu
,) kwjpahy; bfl;ltu;fis <) brhy;nyu; cHtiu
tpil: ,) kwjpahy; bfl;ltu;fis
ht
243
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.in
4. bghUs; TWf.
m) Vkk; – ghJfhg;g[
M) kUe;JiHr; bry;thd; – nehahspaplk; brd;W kUe;ij Kiwg;go jUgtd; (m)
kUe;jhSeu;
L al
5. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) bfLf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
M) Fwpg;g[zu;thu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. kUj;Jtj;jpd; gpupt[fshff; Fws; TWtd ahit>
5 nehahsp
kUj;Jtu;
,ay;
kUe;J
kUe;jhSeu; vd kUj;Jtk; ehd;F tifapy; ml=;Fk;.
Alv
2. gilf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;git vit>
tPuk; Kd;ndhu; tHpapy; elj;jy;
khdk; ek;gpf;iff;F cupatuhjy;
a
3. giftu; typikaw;W ,Uf;Fk;nghnj btd;Wtpl ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Fwl;ghitf; TWf.
``,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
.Kk
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J~~.
4. vg;nghJ kUe;J njitapy;iy vd;W jpUts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>
cz;lJ brupj;jij mwpe;J cz;lhy;/ kUe;J vd;w xd;W ntz;oajpy;iy.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. cUtf mzpf;Fj; jpUf;Fws; xd;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; je;J tpsf;Ff.

mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctkhdk;/ ctnkak; vd;W ntWgLj;jhky;/ ,uz;ila[k; xd;whff; TWtJ cUtf
A
//w
mzpahFk;.
v.fh :
``,ubtd;Dk; Vkhg;gpy; njhzp fubtd;Dk;
s:K
ghu;jhf;fg; gf;F tpLk;~~.

bghUs;:
gpwiu vjpu;ghu;j;J ,ue;J thH;jy; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;gw;w glF/ bfhlhik vd;Dk;
ghiw nkhjpdhy; cile;J tpLk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
tp
,ue;J thH;tJk; ghJfhg;gw;w glFk; xd;nw. nfl;gtu; bfhlhky; ,Ug;gJk;

ghiw nkhJtJk; xd;nw. ,it thH;f;ifia mHpj;JtpLk; vd;W ctkhdj;ija[k;
ctnkaj;ija[k; ntWgLj;jhky; TwpapUg;gjhy; ,g;ghly; cUtf mzpf;Fg;
bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;.
L al
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twp/ mjd; @yk; bghUisg; bgw itg;gJ/ gpwpJ
bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vdt[k; TWtu;.
bghUs; :
A d
Ks; kuj;ijr; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;nghnj fise;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. Kjpu;e;Jtpl;lhy;
mJ btl;Lgtupd; ifiana tUj;Jk;.
D ika
mzpg; bghUj;jk; :
Ks; kuk; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; nghnj/ mjid btl;o mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
ctikiaf; Twp/ mjd; @yk; giftu; typikaw;W ,Uf;Fk; nghnj btd;Wtpl
ntz;Lk; vd;w bghUisg; bgw itj;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; gpwpJ bkhHpjyzpahapw;W.
3. kUe;J/ kUj;Jtu;/ kUj;Jtk; Mfpad gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; TWtd ahit>
Alv
kUe;J :
cz;lJk;/ brhpj;jJk; mwpe;J cz;lhy;/ clk;g[f;F kUe;J vd xd;W
ntz;oajpy;iy.
a
``kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;~~.
kUe;Jtu; :
.Kk
nehiaa[k;/ mjd; fhuzj;ija[k;/ mij ePf;Fk; tHpiaa[k; Muha;e;J kUj;Jtu;
bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
``neha;eho neha;Kjy; eho mJjzpf;Fk;
tha;eho tha;g;gr; bray;~~.
wI
nehahspapd; taija[k;/ nehapd; msita[k;/ kUj;Jtj;jpd; fhyj;ija[k; Muha;e;J

kUj;Jtu; bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
LV
kUe;Jtk; :
w
nehahsp/ kUj;Jtu;/ kUe;J/ kUe;jhSeu; vd kUj;Jtk; ehd;F tifapy; ml=;Fk;.

``cw;wtd; jPu;g;ghd; kUe;JiHr; bry;thbdd;W
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
mg;ghy;ehw; Tw;nw kUe;J~~.
A
//w
beLtpdh
1. thH;tpd; cau;t[f;F cWJizahf eP=;fs; fUJk; Fwl;ghf;fs; rpytw;iw tpsf;fpf;
s:K
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu gifiaf; fisjy;
vz;zpaij mila tHp clYf;F kUe;J
Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;sg;gLgtu; ,uthepiy
tp
gif TlhJ Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ehk; ek; thH;tpy; cau;e;j ,lj;ijg; bgWtjw;F/ ekf;F cWJizahf ,Ug;gJ
ht
jpUf;Fwns. Vbdd;dwhy; mit ehk; bra;af; Toa rpy mwf;fUj;Jfis ekf;F

245
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.in
tpjpj;Jk;/ ehk; bra;af;Tlhj mwkpy;yhj ek; thH;t[f;Fj; njitahd fUj;Jfis
tpyf;fpa[k;/ ek;ik tHp elj;Jfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw ehk; fhz;nghk;.
vz;zpaij mila tHp:
`cs;spaJ va;jy; vspJkd; kw;Wk;jhd;
L al
cs;spaJ cs;sg; bgwpd;~
vg;bghGJk; vz;zpaijna vz;zpf; bfhz;oUe;jhy;/ vz;zpaij miljy; vspJ.
Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;sg;gLgtu;:
A d
`Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;~
D ika
Kff;Fwpg;gpy; mf(kd)f; Fwpg;ig mwpe;J bfhs;gtiu vijf; bfhLj;jhtJ
5 Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
gif TlhJ:
,ay;
`gifvd;Dk; gz;gpy; mjid xUtd;

eifnaa[k; ntz;lw;ghw;W md;W~
Alv
gif vd;Dk; gz;gw;wij xUtd; tpisahl;Lf;Ff; Tl tpUk;gf; TlhJ.
gifiaf; fisjy;:
`,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
a
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J~
rpwpajhf ,Uf;ifapnyna Ks;kuj;ijf; fise;J tpLf. Kjpu;e;Jtpl;lhy; btl;Lgtupd;
.Kk
ifiaf; fhag;gLj;Jk;.
clYf;F kUe;J:
`kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ
mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;~
wI
cz;lJk;/ brupj;jJk; mwpe;J cz;lhy; kUe;J vd xd;W clYf;F ntz;oajpy;iy.

LV
,uthepiy:
w
`,ue;Jk; capu;thH;jy; ntz;od; gue;J

bfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;~
gpwuplk; ifnae;jp capu;thGk; epiy ,Uf;Fk; vdpy;/ mg;go me;epiyia cUthf;fpg;
A
//w
gilj;jtd; miye;J bfll;Lk;.

Kot[iu:
thGk; thH;f;iff;F cWJizahf xt;bthU Fwl;ght[k; ek;ik tHp elj;Jk;.
s:K
kdpjd; jd; thH;ehspy; xnubahU Fwl;ghtpd; gpd;dzpapy; thH;e;jhy; itak; X=;Fk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
tp
1. jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>

,e;E}y; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; bgUk;gupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
133 mjpfhu=;fis cilaJ.
ht
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jf; Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fisf; bfhz;lJ.

246
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ahbkhHp/ cj;ju ntjk;/ tha[iw thH;j;J/ bja;tE}y;/ jkpH;kiw/
jpUts;Stu;/ bghJkiw Mfpadthk;.
3. jpUts;StUf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
L al
ehadhu;/ khjhDg=;fp/ njtu;/ bre;ehg;nghjhu;/ Kjw;ghtyu;/ bgUehtyu;/ bja;tg;g[ytu;/
ehd;Kfd;/ bgha;apy;g[ytu; vd;gdthk;.
4. kwjpapd;wp thH ts;Stu; TWk; tHp ahJ>
A d
kfpH;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l kwjpahy;/ Kd;g[ bfl;ltu;fis epidj;Jf; bfhs;tnj/ kwjpapd;wp
thH;tjw;F tHp vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
D ika
5. jhd; vz;zpaJ va;Jjy; vspJ. vg;go>
xU bghUis mila ntz;Lbkd;w vz;zj;ij kwe;J tplhky;/ epiyj;J epw;FkhW
bra;jhy;/ mjid xUtd; mile;nj jPUthd;. kwjp ,y;yhiknahL/ cWjpa[k;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; mila Koahj bghUs; xd;Wkpy;iy.
6. vJ tpisahl;oYk; Tl tpUk;gj; jf;fjd;W>
gif vd;W brhy;yg;gLk; jPik gag;gjid tpisahl;oYk; Tl tpUk;gj;jf;fJ md;W.
Alv
7. vtu; gifiaf; bfhs;shJ ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;>
tpy;nye;jpg; nghu; bra;a[k; tPudJ gifiaf; bfhz;lhYk;/ brhy;ypidf; bfhz;L
tpsf;fk; bfhLf;Fk; mwp+uJ gifiaf; bfhs;shJ xHpthdhf.
a
8. vtu; gifiatpl vtu; gif bfhoaJ>
tpy;nye;jpg; nghu; bra;gtupd; gif/ gyj;ij khj;jpuk; Fiwf;Fk;. Mdhy;/ brhy;ypdhy;
.Kk
nghu; bra;a[k; mwp+dpd; gif/ mwpahikapy; js;sp mHpit cz;lhf;Fk;. mjdhy;/ tpy;
tPudpd; gifiatpl mwp+dpd; gif bfhoaJ.
9. czt[ brupj;jikf;Fupa milahs=;fs; vit>
cly; ,nyrha; ,Uj;jy;/ Vg;gk; tUjy;/ grp kpFjy; Mfpad czt[ brupj;jikf;Fupa
wI
milahs=;fshFk;.
LV
10. neha; ,d;dbjd vt;thW mwpjy; ntz;Lk;>

w
ehoj; Jog;g[/ clypy; fhzg;gLk; milahs=;fs; Mfpatw;why; neha; ,d;dbjd

mwpjy; ntz;Lk;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
11. gue;J bfLf – ahu;> Vd;>
A
//w
,t;t[yifg; gilj;j ,iwtd;. ,t;t[yfpy; thH;thu;f;Fg; gpr;ir vLj;J capu;

thH;tija[k; xU bjhHpyhfg; gilj;jpUg;ghdhapd;/ mf;bfhoatd; jhDk; mtu;fisg;
nghd;W v=;Fk; miye;J jpupe;J bfLthdhf.
s:K
rpWtpdh
1. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; gyKiw te;J/ mnj bghUisj; jUkhapd;/ mJ brhw;bghUs;
tp
gpd;tU epiyazpahFk;. (mjhtJ bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy;Yk; bghUSk;

gpd;du;g; gyKiw tUkhW TWtJ).
v.fh :
``neha;eho neha;Kjy; eho mJjzpf;Fk;
ht
tha;eho tha;g;gr; bray;~~. 247

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.in
bghUs; :
nehiaa[k;/ mjd; fhuzj;ija[k; mij ePf;Fk; tHpiaa[k; Muha;e;J/ kUj;Jtu;
bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
L al
,g;ghlypy; ``neha;~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ ``gpzp~~ vd;w bghUspYk; `èho~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/
``Muha;e;J~~ vd;w bghUspYk;/ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;Js;sjhy;/ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU
epiy mzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
A d
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
bghr;rhthik
D ika
5 bfl;lhiu
cs;Sf
–
–
tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
va;Jjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
,ay;
Fwpg;gwpjy;
Fwpg;g[zu;thu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Alv
gifika[k; nfz;ika[k; – vz;Qk;ik
gilkhl;rp
kwk; khdk; khz;l tHpr;bryt[ njw;wk; – ck;ikj;bjhif
gifj; jpwk; bjspjy;
bfhs;sw;f
a – vjpu;kiw tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
.Kk
bfhy;f – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
fisa[eu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
kUe;J
wI
nghw;wp/ eho – tpidbar;r=;fs;

LV
jzpf;Fk; tha; – bgabur;rk;

mst[k; gpzpast[k; fhyKk; – vz;Qk;ik
w
cw;whd;/ fw;whd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;

cw;wtd;/ jPug
; g
; hd;/ ciHr;bry;thd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;
,utr;rk;
A
//w
bfLf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W

gue;J bfLf – tpidbar;rk;
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. Fwpg;g[zu;thiu `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; Fwpg;g; +
Fwpg;g[ + bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go~/ `c~ czu;thiu
tp
czu;thiu eP=;fp Fwpg;gz[ u;thiu

Fwpg;g[(g; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ vd;whdJ.
czh;thiu ,ay;ng~ (g; + c = g[)
ht
248
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. fz;Qiuf;Fk; `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; fz;z; +
fz; + ciuf;Fk; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go `z;~ ciuf;Fk;
,ul;oj;J
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fz;Qiuf;Fk;
L al
,ay;ng~ (z; + c = Q) vd;whdJ.
3. tHpr;bryt[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w tHpr;bryt[
tHp + bryt[ capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; vd;whdJ.
A d
tpjpg;go `r;~ kpFe;J
4. gifbad;Dk; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ à~ gif + a; +
D ika
gif + vd;Dk; fu clk;gLbka; bgw;W/ vd;Dk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ gifbad;Dk;
5. tpy;nyUHtu; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpy;nyUHtu;
tpy;nyu; + cHtu; ,ay;ng~ (u; + c = U) vd;whdJ.
Alv
6. fubtd;Dk; `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp~ vd;Dk; fut; + vd;Dk;
fut[ + vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ `c~ eP=;fp/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fubtd;Dk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
a
,ay;ng~ (t; + v = bt) vd;whdJ.
.Kk
1. czu;thu; = czu; + t; + Mu; 5. fUjp = fUJ + ,
czu; gFjp fUJ gFjp
t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy , tpidbar;r tpFjp
wI
Mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy;

LV
tpidKw;W tpFjp
w
2. bfhs;f = bfhs; + f 6. bfLf = bfL + f

bfhy; gFjp bfL gFjp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
A
//w
3. nghw;wp = nghw;W + , 7. bry;thd; = bry; + t; + Md;

nghw;W gFjp bfL gFjp
s:K
, tpidbar;r tpFjp t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. jPu;g;ghd; = jPu; + g; + g; + Md; 8. fhH;j;j = fhH; + j; + j; + m
jPu; gFjp fhH; gFjp
g; re;jp j; re;jp
tp
g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; m bgabur;r tpFjp
tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
***
249
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
,ay; gy;fiy epWt[
L al
ciueil fhyj;ij btd;w fiy
6 Mj;khehk; ftpijfs;
(nfs;tp/ xU g[spakuk;)
Mj;khehk;
A d
bra;a[s;
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
D ika
jpUr;rhHy; khzpf;fthrfu;
6 Jizg;ghlk; ,irj;jkpHu; ,Utu;
,yf;fzk; fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk;
,ay;
epWj;jw;Fwpfs; (bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
Alv
ciueil
,ay; 6 a fhyj;ij btd;w fiy
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. Tw;W 1 : j+;irg; bgupanfhtpypYs;s Xtpa=;fis v!;.nf. nfhtpe;jrhkp fz;lwpe;jhu;.

LV
Tw;W 2 : m=;Fs;s nrhHu;fhyj;J Xtpa=;fs; Bgpbu!;nfh tifiar; rhu;e;jit.

w
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; jtW

,) Tw;W 1 jtW/ Tw;W 2 rup <) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; rup
tpil : <) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; rup
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. ,e;jpaf; fl;llf;fiyapd; @d;W tiffs; ahit>

ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;.
s:K
2. xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk; nfhtpy; fy;btl;oy; fhzyhFk; bgz; mjpfhupfspd;

bgau;fspypUe;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ>
,uhruhrdpd; gl;lj;jurp/ xnyhfkhnjtp jpUitahw;wpy; fl;oa nfhtpy; ``xnyhf
khnjtPr;Ruk;~~ vdg;gLk;.
mf;nfhtpypy; cs;s fy;btl;L xd;wpy;/ ``vUje; F+;ru ky;yp~~ vd;w bgz; mjpfhup
tp
bgaUk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkYk;/ Kjyhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; fhyj;jpYk; ``mjpfhupr;rp nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp~~ Fwpj;j
bra;jpa[k; cs;sJ.
,jpypUe;J/ ,uhruhrd; fhyj;jpy; Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng bgz; mjpfhupfs;
ht
250 muRg; gzpapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. Bgpbu!;nfh Xtpa=;fs;/ fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fs; Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
Bgpbu!;nfh Xtpa=;fs; fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fs;
L al
Bg;bu!;nfh vd;w ,j;jhypar; brhy;Yf;Fg; br=;fw;fis xd;wd; nky; xd;whf
`g[Jik~ vd;W bghUs;. mLf;fpf; fl;LtJ nghy/ fU=;fw;fis
mLf;fpf; fl;Ltjw;Ff; fw;wsp vd;W bgau;.
A d
Rz;zhk;g[f; fhiug;g{r;R kPJ/ mjd; <uk; ,J VHhk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;lhk;
fha[k; Kd; tiuag;gLk; gHikahd eurpk;ktu;kd; vd;Dk; gy;yt kd;dd;
D ika
Xtpak; fiy El;gk; tha;e;jJ. cUthf;fpa totkhFk;.
v.fh: m$e;jh/ vy;nyhuh/ rpj;jd;dthry;. v.fh: kfhgypg[uk; flw;fiuf; nfhtpy;/
fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;/
gidkiyf; nfhtpy;.
beLtpdh
Alv
1. `fy;Yk; fij brhy;Yk;~ ? vd;Dk; bjhlu; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpYf;Fg; bghUe;Jtij
tpsf;fp vGJf.
Kd;Diu
a Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
tpkhdk;
.Kk
,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy Xtpa=;fs;
nfhtpy; fl;oa fhyk; fy;btl;Lr; bra;jpfs;
nfhg[uk; TWk; fij jr;ru;fspd; bgau;
bgupa nfhtpy; ? Vd;> Kot[iu
wI
Kd;Diu:
LV
kdpjdpd; gilg;g[j; jpwdhy; cUthdJ fiy. fiy xU r@fj;jpd; ehfupfk;/

gz;ghL ,tw;wpd; nkd;ikiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; fk;gPukhff;
w
fhl;rpaspf;Fk; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fl;llf; fiyEl;gk; ek;ik tpag;gilar; bra;fpwJ.

,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy:
,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; @d;W tiffs; ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk; MFk;. j+;irg;
A
//w
bgupa nfhtpy; vz;gl;il totpy; fl;lg;gl;l jpuhtplf; fiyg; ghzpahFk;.

nfhtpy; fl;oa fhyk;:
s:K
11 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rp g[upe;j Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiy
1003 Mk; Mz;L bjhl=;fp 1010 Mk; Mz;L tiu fl;odhd;. 2010 ,y; ,f;nfhtpypd;
gy;fiy epWt[
1000 MtJ Mz;L epiwtile;jJ.
nfhg[uk; TWk; fij:
bgupa nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ `nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;~. ,uhruhrd; 988 ? Mk; Mz;L/
nru ehl;il btw;wp bfhz;lijg; nghw;Wk; tifapy;/ ,f;nfhg[uj;jpw;Ff; `nfuhshe;jfd;
tp
thapy; nfhg[uk;~ vdg; bgauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjid mLj;J cs;s nfhg[u thapypd; bgau; ``,uhruhrd; jpUthapy;~~. ,J
nrhHu;fspd; g[J milahskhFk;. ,f;nfhg[u=;fs; ,uhruhrdpd; bgUikiaf; TWfpwJ.
,f;nfhtpypd; tpkhdk; 213 mo cauKilaJ. fUtiw tpkhdk; 13 js=;fis
ht
cilaJ. mjdhy; ,uhruhrd; ,f;nfhtpiyj; ``jl;rpz nkU~~ ``bjw;fpd; ,kak;~~ vd;W

bgUika[ld; miHj;jhd;. 251
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bgupa nfhtpy; ? Vd;>
,iwtid tHpgLk; jykhf kl;Lk; ,y;iy. ,f;nfhapypy; ,ir/ eldk;/ ehlff;
fiyfs; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld. kf;fs; xd;W TLkplk; kl;Lky;yhky; kf;fSf;F ntz;oa
bra;jpfisf; fy;btl;L @yk; TWkplk;. ,J g+;rk; nghf;f/ jhdpaf;fpl=;fha;g;
L al
gad;gLk;. fUt{ykhft[k;/ kUj;Jtkidahft[k;/ nghu;f;fhy=;fspy; gil tPuu;fs;
j=;Fk; ,lkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
tpkhdk;:
13 js=;fis cila fUtiw tpkhdj;jpd; nky;/ vz;gl;il mikg;gpy; Mu+;R
A d
gHr;Ris nghd;W vl;Lf;fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Xtpa=;fs;:
D ika
6 bgupa nfhtpypd; fUtiwapy; ,Ujs=;fspy; cs;s Rw;Wf;Tlk;/ rhe;jhu ehHpif
gFjpr;Rtu;fspy; jl;rpzh@u;j;jp Xtpak;/ Re;juu; tuyhW/ jpupg[uhe;jfu; Xtpa=;fs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,it Bg;bu!;nfh tif Xtpa=;fshFk;.
,ay;
fy;btl;Lr; bra;jpfs;:
,uhruhrd; ,f;nfhtpiyf; fl;l bfhil bfhLj;jtu;fisf; fy;btl;lhf Mtzg;
gLj;jpa[s;shu;. jd;g=;F/ jd; jkf;if Fe;jit bfhLj;j bfhil/ mtUila kidtpau;
Alv
bfhLj;j bfhil/ bfhLg;ghu; bfhLj;j bfhil vd;W kw;wtu; bfhLj;jija[k;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
jr;ru;fspd; bgau;: a
tPunrhHd;/ F+;ru ky;yd;/ ,uhruhr bgUe;jr;rd;/ epj;j tpndhjg; bgUe;jr;rd; vd;W
jr;ru;fspd; bgau;fisa[k; mHpahf; fhtpakhf;fpa[s;shd;.
.Kk
Kot[iu:
fw;fns fpilf;fhj fhtpupr; rkbtspg; gFjpapy; kpft[k; cauj;jpy; xU fw;nfhtpy;
j+;irapd; bgUikahFk;. nkw;fz;lit @yk; `fy;Yk; fij brhy;Yk;~ vd;gjw;nfw;g/
,f;nfhtpy; mf;fhy rKjhak;/ fiy/ kd;du;fspd; rpwg;g[/ Xtpak; nghd;w midj;Jf;
wI
fijfisa[k; TWtjhy; ,j;bjhlu; kpfg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.

LV

w
1. mUfpYs;s nfhtpy; rpw;g=;fs;/ nfhg[u=;fs; Fwpj;j rpwg;g[j; jfty;fisj; jpul;og;

gl=;fSld; bjhFg;ngL cUthf;Ff.
A
//w
eluh$d; nfhapy; rpw;g=;fs;/ nfhg[u=;fs;

rpw;g=;fs; nfhg[u=;fs;
s:K
Kf;FWzp tpehafu; ,f;nfhtpypy;

jpUKiw fhl;o tpehafu; ehd;F uh$nfhg[u=;fs; cz;L.
jghy;yhg; gps;isahu; VGepiyfisf; bfhz;lJ.
ty;yg fzgjp nfhg[uj;jpd; mog;gFjp
etfpuf rd;djp/ 90 mo ePsk;/
gj+;ryp rd;djp 60 mo mfyk;/
tp
nfhapYf;Fs;ns nfhapy; 135 mo cauk;/

mike;j nfhapy; 40 mo cauk;
nfhtpe;j uh$bgUkhs; nfhtpy; cila thry;.
rptfhk Re;jup mk;kd; nfhtpy; fpHf;Ff; nfhg[uj;jpy; 108
ht
rptjhz;lt=;fSf;fhd rpw;gk; cs;sJ.

252
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. `jl;rpz nkU~ ? Fwpj;Jg; ghlj;jpy; brhy;yg;glhj gy;ntW jfty;fisj; jpul;o tFg;gpy;
fye;JiuahLf.
Mrpupau; : jkpHf tuyhw;wpd; bghw;fhyk; vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; nrhHu; fhyj;jpy;
jl;rpznkU gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLnthk;. mjw;F Kd;ghf Kd; tFg;gpy;/
L al
tpkhdk; fUtiw/ fw;wsp ,ijg; gw;wp ghu;j;njhk;. ,jpy; brhy;yhjtw;iw
ehk; ghu;g;nghk;.
ghyd; : tzf;fk; Iah. fUtiwapy; brhy;yhj bra;jpia ehd; brhy;fpnwd;.
A d
fUtiw ,uz;L jsk; cilaJ. nkw;jsj;jpy; rptbgUkhd; eldkhLk;
rpw;g=;fs; cs;sd. fUtiw rhe;jhuf; fl;llf;fiy mikg;g[ MFk;.
tpkhdj;jpy; cl;TL `fjypfh fu;zk;~ vd;w fl;llf;fiy MFk;.
D ika
khyd; : Iah- ,iwtDf;F Nl;lg;gLk; eiffspd; bgau;fs; gw;wp TWfpnwd;.
jpUg;gl;lk;/ jpUg;gl;oif/ jpUKo/ jpUkhiy/ uj;dflfk;. nkYk;
bts;spahyhd ghj;jpu=;fs; kz;il/ bfhz;o/ jl;lk;/ fplhuk; Mfpad.
Mrpupau; : gpufjP!;tuk; vd;why; vd;d>
ghyd; : tp!;tqgk; vd;gJ.
Alv
Mrpupau; : ,f;nfhapy; vj;jidahtJ Ml;rp Mz;oy; tHpghl;ow;F te;jJ.
khyd; : ,uh$uh$nrhHdpd; 25 MtJ Ml;rp Mz;oy;.
ghyd; : ,f;nfhtpypy; njthuk; ghl ? 48 ngu;/ kj;jsk; kw;Wk; cLf;if thrpf;f ? 50
a
ngu;/ nkYk; nfhtpy; gzpf;fhf 400 ngu; vd epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
Mrpupau; : ed;wp khztu;fns- nahrpf;f nahrpf;f kdk; kpfg; bgupjha; tpuptilfpwJ.
.Kk
tHpghl;Lj;jykhf kl;Lky;yhky; Mw;w=;fiu ehfupfj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg;
gjpthFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
gyt[s; bjupf
w
1. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fl;llf; fiy El;gk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; fk;gPukhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
m) 300 M) 400
A
//w
,) 800 <) 1000 tpil: <) 1000

2. jl;rpznkU vd miHf;fg;gLtJ _______.
s:K
m) fh+;rpifyurehju; nfhapy; M) jpUtpy;ypg[j;J}u; nfhapy; gy;fiy epWt[

,) j+;irg; bghupa nfhapy; <) IuhtnjRtuu; nfhapy;
tpil: ,) j+;irg; bghupa nfhapy;
3. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ ________.
m) nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk; M) ,uhnre;jpud; nfhg[uk;
,) ,uhruhrd; nfhg[uk; <) f=;if bfhz;lhd; nfhg[uk;
tp
tpil: m) nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;

4. 988Mk; Mz;L ,uhruhrd; btw;wpf; bfhz;l ehL ________.
m) ghz;oa ehL M) fyp=;f ehL
ht
,) nruehL <) ,y=;if tpil: ,) nruehL

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5. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;;lwpf.
i) nfhg[ubkd;gJ thapy;fspd; nkny mikf;fg;gLtJ.
ii) tpkhdk; mfehHpifapd; nky; mikf;fg;gLtJ.
iii) fUtiwiaj;jhd; mfehHpif vd;W miHg;ghu;fs;.
L al
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) @d;Wk; rup
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; kl;Lk; rup tpil: M) @d;Wk; rup
6. gpw;fhyr; nrhHu;fspd; jdpr;rpwg;g[ ________.
m) xU EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
A d
M) ,uz;L EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
,) @d;W EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
D ika
<) ehd;F EiHthapy; nfhg[uk; tpil: M) ,uz;L EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
6 7. ek; ehl;oYs;s fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fspnyna bgupaJk; caukhdJk; Md nfhtpy; ________.
m) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy;
,ay;
M) jhuhRuk; IuhtjP!;tuu; nfhtpy;

,) jpUg[tdk; rung!;tuu; nfhtpy;
<) ts;spa{u; tpil: m) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy;
Alv
8. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiyf; fl;oatu; ________.
m) ,uhruhrd; M) ,uhnre;jpud;
,) fupfhyd; <) guhe;jfd;
a tpil: m) ,uhruhrd;
9. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fl;o Kof;f vLj;Jf; bfhz;l Mz;Lfs; ________.
m) 6 M) 7
.Kk
,) 8 <) 9 tpil: m) 6
10. `jl;rpznkU~ vd;W j+;ir bgupa nfhtpiy miHj;jtu; ________.
m) ,uhruhrd; M) ,uhnre;jpud;
wI
,) fupfhyd; <) guhe;jfd; tpil: m) ,uhruhrd;

LV
11. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; tpkhdk; ________ mo cauk; cilaJ.

m) 246 M) 247
w
,) 216 <) 126 tpil: ,) 216

12. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fUtiw tpkhdk; ________ js=;fisa[ilaJ.
m) 12 M) 13
A
//w
,) 14 <) 15 tpil: M) 13
13. fw;wsp vd;Dk; totj;ij cUthf;fpatd; ________.
s:K
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;kd; M) ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrp

,) Kjyhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; <) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd;
tpil: <) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd;
14. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fl;l bjh=;fg;gl;l Mz;L _______ Kof;fg;gl;l Mz;L _______.
m) 1002/ 1009 M) 1003/ 1008
tp
,) 1003/ 1010 <) 1010/ 1017 tpil: ,) 1003/ 1010

15. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; 1000MtJ Mz;L epiwtile;j Mz;L ________.
m) 2003 M) 2007
,) 2009 <) 2010 tpil: <) 2010
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
16. ________ Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rpg[upe;jhd; Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;.
m) 10 M) 11
,) 12 <) 13 tpil: M) 11
17. nrhHd; br=;fzhd; vGgj;bjl;Lf; nfhtpy;fisf; fl;oapUg;gjhfj; jk; gjpfbkhd;wpy;
L al
TWgtu; ________.
m) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; M) jpUeht[f;furu;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: M) jpUeht[f;furu;
A d
18. tprpj;jpu rpj;jd; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltd; ________.
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
D ika
M) Kjyhk;; eurpk;ktu;k gy;ytd;
,) ,uz;lhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
<) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;k gy;ytd; tpil: m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
19. br=;fy;/ Rz;zk;/ kuk;/ cnyhfk; Kjypait ,y;yhkny gpuk <Rtu tp&;QfSf;F
Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; Filtiuf; nfhtpy;fis mikj;jijf; TWk; fy;btl;L
________.
Alv
m) mupf;fnkL M) Mjpr;rey;Y}u;
,) kz;lfg;gl;L <) khky;yg[uk; tpil: ,) kz;lfg;gl;L
,) ,uhrrpk;kd;
a
20. fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpiyf; fl;Ltpj;jtd; ________.
m) knfe;jputu;kd; M) eurpk;ktu;kd;
<) Fnyhj;J=;fd; tpil: ,) ,uhrrpk;kd;
.Kk
21. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiyf; fl;Ltjw;Fj; J}z;Lnfhyhf mike;jJ ________.
m) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Rtuk; vdg;gl;l fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;
M) fk;gu;/ xl;lf;Tj;ju; nghd;w g[ytu;fspd; ntz;Lnfhs;
,) j+;irapy; fiy tsu;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;w uhruhrdpd; Mu;tk;
wI
<) ,iw tHpghl;od; kPJ kd;du;f;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,Ue;j Mu;tk;

LV
tpil: m) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Rtuk; vdg;gl;l fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;

w
22. fl;llf;fiy vd;gJ ciwe;J nghd ,ir vd;W Twpatu; ________.

m) &Py;!; M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
,) Bg;bu!;nfh <) ntl;!;bthu;j; tpil: M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
A
//w
23. ,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiyg;ghzpia ________ vd;W @d;whff; TWtu;.

m) ehfuk;/ fpnuf;fk;/ jpuhtplk; M) ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;/ fpnuf;fk;
s:K
,) kuhl;oak;/ ehfuk;/ ntruk; <) ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk; gy;fiy epWt[

tpil: <) ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;
24. j+;irf;nfhtpy; vz;gl;il totpy; fl;lg;gl;l ________ fiyg;gzpahFk;.
m) ehfuf; M) ntruf;
,) jpuhtplf; <) jkpH;f; tpil: ,) jpuhtplf;
tp
25. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiy ,uhruhr nrhHd;jhd; fl;odhd; vd;gijf; fy;btl;L Muha;r;rp
@yk; cWjp bra;j b$u;khdpa mwp+u; ________.
m) &Py;!; M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
,) Bg;bu!;nfh <) fPl;!; tpil: m) &Py;!;
ht
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26. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fy;btl;Lfisg; gobaLj;J thrpj;J b$u;kdp mwp+u; &Py;!;
cWjp bra;j Mz;L ________.
m) 1884 M) 1886
,) 1890 <) 1892 tpil: M) 1886
L al
i) 1930 Mk; Mz;oy; rpjk;guk; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; tpupt[iuahsuhfg;
gzpg[upe;jtu; v!;.nf.nfhtpe;jrhkp.
ii) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fUtiwapd; ,U js=;fspy; cs;s Rw;Wf;Tlk;/ rhu;e;j
A d
ehHpifg; gFjpr; Rtu;fspy; Xtpa=;fs; fhzg;gl;lij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu;
v!;.nf.nfhtpe;jrhkp.
D ika
iii) mjpy;/ jl;rpzh@u;j;jp Xtpak;/ Re;juu; tuyhW/ jpupg[uhe;jfu; Xtpak; Kjypad Rtu;
6 KGtJkhfg; bgupa mstpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
,ay;
,) @d;Wk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup

28. Bg;bu!;nfh vd;w ,j;jhypar; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs; ________.
m) gHik M) g[Jik
Alv
,) KJik <) vspik tpil: M) gHik
29. Bg;bu!;nfh tif Xtpa=;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l=;fs; ________.
i) m$e;jh ii) vy;nyhuh iii) rpj;jd;dthry;
m) i, ii ? rup
,) @d;Wk; rup
a
M) ii, iii ? rup
<) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
.Kk
30. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; cs;s bgupaee;jpa[k;/ kz;lgKk; ________ fhyj;jJ.
m) nrhHu; M) ghz;oau;
,) ehaf;fu; <) kuhl;oau; tpil: ,) ehaf;fu;
31. gjpd;@d;W js=;fis cila fUtiw tpkhdj;jpd; nky; vz;gl;il mikg;gpy;
wI
Mu+;Rg; gHr;Ris nghd;W vj;jid fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itj;J xl;lg;gl;ld.

LV
m) 6 M) 7;
,) 8; <) 9 tpil: ,) 8
w
32. jkpHf murpd; rpd;dk; ________.

m) nfhtpy; nfhg[uk; M) muz;kid kjpy;
,) mnrhfu;j;J}z; <) nfhtpy; Rtu; tpil: m) nfhtpy; nfhg[uk;
A
//w
33. ve;j E}w;whz;oypUe;J nfhg[u=;fs; jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;wd.

m) 12 Mk; M) 13 Mk;
s:K
,) 10 Mk; <) 11 Mk; tpil: m) 12 Mk;

34. btspf;nfhg[uj;ij caukhft[k; cl;nfhg[uj;ij cauk; Fiwthft[k; ,uz;L tiff;
nfhg[u=;fisf; fl;Lk; g[jpa kuigj; njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ________.
m) knfe;jputu;kd; M) eurpk;ktu;kd;
,) ,uhruhrd; <) ,uhnre;jpud; tpil: ,) ,uhruhrd;
tp
35. ehd;F g[w=;fspYk; ehd;F nfhg[u=;fs; vGg;gg; bgWk; kug[ ________ fhyj;jpypUe;J
njhd;wpaJ.
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jpu tu;kd; M) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;fs;
,) ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fd; <) ,uz;lhk; knfe;jputu;kd;
ht
tpil: ,) ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fd;

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.in
36. g[fH; bgw;w nfhtpy;fs; gytw;wpYk; kpft[au;e;j nfhg[uj;ij vGg;gpaJ ________ muR.
m) ehaf;fu; M) kuhl;oa
,) tp$a efu <) ghz;oa tpil: ,) tp$a efu
37. fh+;rp/ jpy;iy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ jpUtu=;fk;/ kJiu Mfpa ,l=;fspy; cs;s
L al
nfhtpy;fspy; cs;s nfhg[u=;fs; vy;yhnk ________ mof;F nky; cauk; cs;sit.
m) 120 M) 125
,) 140 <) 150 tpil: <) 150
A d
38. ,uhruhrd; fhyj;jpy; bgz; mjpfhupfs; ________ gzpfspy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
m) muR M) tzpf
D ika
,) nghu; <) FLk;g tpil: m) muR
39. ,uhruhrdpd; gl;lj;jurp ________.
m) Fe;jit M) nfhg;bgUe;njtp
,) xnyhfkhnjtp <) jpyftjp tpil: ,) xnyhfkhnjtp
40. xnyhfkhnjtp fl;oa nfhtpy; ________ cs;s ,lk; ________.
Alv
m) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitf;fht{u;
M) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitahW
,) ,uhruhnrr;Ruk;/ jpUr;rp
a
<) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Ruk;/ fh+;rpg[uk; tpil: M) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitahW
41. ``vUje; F+;rpu ky;yp~~ vd;W bgz; mjpfhupiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpw fy;btl;L ________.
.Kk
m) j+;rht{u; M) jpUitahW
,) kz;lfg;gl;L <) mupf;fnkL tpil: M) jpUitahW
42. jpUitahw;Wf; nfhtpypy; Kjyhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; fhyj;jpa bgz; mjpfhup vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; ________.
wI
m) xnyhfkhnjtp M) nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp

LV
,) nrhkad; Mde;jty;yp <) Mjpke;jp tpil: M) nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp

w
43. fhyj;ij btd;w fiy vd;Dk; ciuahlw; ghlg;gFjpapy; bgupauhf tUgtu; jd;id
ahu; vd;W Twpdhu;>
m) ftp+u; M) fy;jr;rd;
tpil: M) fy;jr;rd;
A
,) bghw;bfhy;yu; <) Fatu;

//w
44. ,uz;L/ @d;W js=;fis kl;Lnk bfhz;L nfhtpy; fl;o te;j fhyj;jpy; g[jpa kug[
gilj;jtd; ________.
s:K
m) ,uhruhrd; M) Fnyhj;J=;fd; gy;fiy epWt[

,) knfe;jputu;kd; <) ,uhrrpk;kd; tpil: <) ,uhrrpk;kd;
45. fhyj;ij btd;w fiy vd;Dk; ciuahlw; gFjpapy; ,lk; bgWk; ghj;jpu=;fs; ________.
m) fjpu;/ epyh/ bgupatu; M) fiy/ epyh/ bgupatu;
,) fiy/ re;jpuh/ rpw;gp <) bgupatu;/ rpWtu;/ rpWkpau;
tp
tpil: m) fjpu;/ epyh/ bgupatu;

46. ,uhruhrdpd; jkf;if (mf;fz;) ________.
m) jpyftjp M) xnyhfkhnjtp
,) Fe;jitnjtp <) nfhg;bgUe;njtp tpil: ,) Fe;jitnjtp
ht
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47. vLg;gpj;jtu;fspd; bgau;fnshL ________ bgaUk; j+;ir bgupa nfhtpypy; gjpf;fg;
gl;oUf;fpwJ.
m) njhw;w kd;du;fspd; M) mikr;ru;fspd;
,) jr;ru;fspd; <) bghw;bfhy;yu;fspd; tpil: ,) jr;ru;fspd;
L al
48. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; nrhHu; fhyj;J ee;jpa[s;s ,lk; ________.
m) tlg[wj; jpUr;Rw;W M) bjd;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W
,) nkw;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W <) fPH;g;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W tpil: M) bjd;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. mfehHpif vd;why; vd;d>
6 nfhg[uk; vd;gJ thapy;fspd; nkny mikf;fg;gLtJ.
tpkhdnkh ``mfehHpifapd;~~ nky; mikf;fg;gLtJ.
,ay;
nfhapy; fUtiwiaj;jhd; ``mfehHpif~~ vd;W miHg;ghu;fs;.

2. ``nfushe;jfd; thapy; nfhg[uk;~~ vd;W bgupa nfhtpYf;Fg; bgauplf; fhuzk; ahJ>
Alv
bgupa nfhtpypd; nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;.
,uhruhrd; 988 Mk; Mz;L/ nru ehl;il btw;wp bfhz;lijg; nghw;Wk; tifapy;/
,f;nfhg[uj;jpw;Ff; ``nfushe;jfd; thapy; nfhg[uk;~~ vdg; bgauplg;gl;lJ.
3. fiyfspd; tiffs; rpy TW[f.
a
Ez;fiy/ gad;fiy/ gUz;ikf; fiy/ ftpd; fiy/ epfH;j;J fiy vd;gd fiyfspd;
.Kk
tiffspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;.
4. kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;btl;L TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
br=;fy;/ Rz;zhk;g[/ cnyhfk; Kjypait ,y;yhkny/ gpuk/ <Rtu/ tp&;Qf;fSf;F
``tprpj;jpu rpj;jd;~~ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;l Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;/ Filtiuf;
wI
nfhtpy;fis mikj;jjhf kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;btl;Lf; TWfpwJ.

LV
5. gH=;fhyj;jpy; nfhtpy;fs; vt;thW fl;lg;gl;ld>

w
gH=;fhyj;jpy; nfhapy;fisf; fl;Lk;nghJ/ bjhlf;fj;jpy; kz;zhy; fl;o/ nkny

kuj;jhy; rl;lfkpl;lhu;fs;.
mjd; nky; brg;g[/ bghd; jfLfshy; Tiu nta;e;jhu;fs;.
A
//w
mLj;Jr; br=;fw;fis mLf;fpf; fl;odhu;fs;.

jpy;iyf; nfhtpy;/ Fw;why ehju; nfhtpy; Mfpad mt;thW fl;lg;gl;litahFk;.
s:K
6. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; vg;nghJ fl;lg;gl;lJ>

gjpndhuhk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rp g[upe;j Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;/ j+;irg; bgupa
nfhtpiy/ 1003 Mk; Mz;L bjhl=;fp 1010 Mk; Mz;L tiu fl;odhd;.
2010 ,y; ,f;nfhtpypd; 1000 tJ Mz;L epiwtile;jJ.
7. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fy;btl;Lfspy; tpag;g{l;Lk; bra;jpfs; ahit>
tp
nfhtpiy vLg;gpj;jtu;fs; gw;wpf; fy;btl;oy;/ ``bfhLg;ghu; bfhLj;jdt[k;~~ vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; nfhtpYf;F kw;wtu;fs; bfhLj;j bfhiliaa[k; cyfk; mwpa[k;go
bra;Js;shu; ,uhruhrd;.
kw;bwhU fy;btl;oy;/ nfhtpy;fis cUthf;fpa jr;ru;fspd; bgaUk; gjpj;jpUg;gJ
ht
g[Jikahf cs;sJ.
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. nfhtpy;fs; Vd; bgupjhff; fl;lg;gl;ld>
nfhtpy; vd;gJ btWk; tHpglf; Toa jyk; kl;Lkd;W.
L al
m=;nf ,ir/ eldk;/ ehlfk; nghd;w mU=;fiyfs; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.
kf;fs; xd;W TLk; ,lkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kf;fSf;Fj; bjuptpf;f ntz;oa bra;jpfs; midj;Jk; m=;nf fy;btl;oy;
A d
bghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
g+;r fhy=;fspy; kf;fSf;F czt[ mspg;gjw;fhfj; jhdpaf; fpl=;FfSk;/
D ika
nfhtpYf;Fs; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd.
fUt{ykhft[k;/ kUj;Jtkidahft[k;/ nghu;f;fhy=;fspy; gil tPuu;fs; j=;ff; Toa
,lkhft[k; nfhtpy;fs; gad;gl;ljhy; mit bgupjhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
2. j+;irf; nfhtpypd; ee;jpa[k; tpkhdKk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ee;jpa[k; tpkhdKk; :
Alv
j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; cs;s ee;jp nrhHu; fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ md;W.
ee;jpa[k; kz;lgKk; ehaf;fu; fhyj;ijr; nru;e;jJ.
nrhHu; fhyj;J ee;jp jw;nghJ bjd;g[wj;jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;sJ.
a
me;jr; rpfuj;jpYs;s gpuke;jpuf;fy; xw;iwf;fy; md;W.
gjpd; @d;W js=;fis cila fUtiw/ tpkhdj;jpd; nky;/ vz;gl;il mikg;gpy;
.Kk
Mu+;Rg;gHr;Ris nghd;W vl;Lf; fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itj;J xl;lg;gl;ld.
3. nfhg[uk; mikg;gjpy; kd;du;fs; ifahz;l Kiwiag; ghlg;gFjp tHp tpsf;Ff.
fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;oypUe;J/ nfhg[u=;fs; jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;wd.
btspf;nfhg[uj;ij caukhft[k;/ cl;nfhg[uj;ij cauk; Fiwthft[k; bfhz;L
wI
,uz;L nfhg[u=;fisf; fl;Lk; g[jpa kuigj; njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ,uhruhrd;. mjidj;

LV
`jpUthapy;~ vd;W brhy;thu;fs;.

f=;if bfhz;l nrhHg[uk;/ jhuhRuk;/ jpupg[tdk; Mfpa ,l=;fspy; ,uz;L thapy;fs;
w
,Ug;gijg; ghu;f;f KofpwJ.

ehd;F g[w=;fspYk;/ ehd;F nfhg[u=;fs; vGg;gg; bgWk; kug[/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fr;
nrhHd; fhyj;jpypUe;J bjhl=;fpaJ.
A
//w
g[fH; bgw;w nfhtpy;fs; gytw;wpYk; kpft[au;e;j nfhg[uj;ij vGg;gpaJ tp$a efu

muR.
s:K
fh+;rp/ jpy;iy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ jpUtu=;fk;/ kJiu Mfpa ,l=;fspy; cs;s

nfhg[u=;fs; 150 mof;F nky; cauk; bfhz;litahf cs;sd.
gy;fiy epWt[
***
tp
ht
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ftpijg;ngiH
,ay; 6 Mj;khehk; ftpijfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
6 1. `H~ vd;Dk; bgaupy; ftp+u; Mj;khehkhy; btspaplg;gl;lJ" `ftpijf; fpuPlk;~ vd;W
nghw;wg;gLtJ[
m) rpw;wpjH;/ Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,ay;
M) ftpijE}y;/ jpUr;rhHy;
,) ehspjH;/ ed;dfu; btz;gh
<) fl;Liu E}y;/ Fw;whyf; nfhit tpil : m) rpw;wpjH;/ Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
Alv
FWtpdh
1. mau;e;J/ vGe;j ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
a
mau;e;J = mau; + j;(e;) + j; + c vGe;j = vG + j;(e;) + j; + m
.Kk
mau; gFjp vG gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;)
c tpidbar;r tpFjp m bgabur;r tpFjp
wI
LV
2. bjhlu; mikj;J vGJf ? md;bwhUehs;/ epHypypUe;J.

md;bwhU ehs; : vd;Wkpy;yhky; md;bwhUehs; kl;Lnk gs;spf;F tutpy;iy.
w
epHypypUe;J : epHypypUe;J btapYf;Fr; brd;nwhUf;nf epHypd; mUik bjupa[k;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. czt[k;/ cwf;fKk; mzpy; fdthk;" c=;fs; fdit c=;fs; brhw;fspy; tpsf;Ff.

mzpy; fdt[:
s:K
,ut[ v=;F cw=;Ffpwnjh> bjupahJ. Mdhy; fhiyapy; vGe;jJk;/ ,iuiaj; njlj;

Js;Sk; mzpy;.
vd; fdt[:
gjpbdhd;whk; kw;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;gpy;/ ed;F goj;Jr; rpwe;j nju;r;rp bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
tp
tpjp tHpahy; fz; Kd;nd epfGk; mePjpiabay;yhk;/ mfw;w Kw;gLntd;;.

jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ViH vspa khztu;fSf;Fg; gof;f cjtp bra;ntd;.
mjw;F ehd; Ml;rpau; gjtpf;fhd nju;t[f;Fg; gog;ngd;. nju;r;rp bgw;Wf; fdit
edthf;Fntd;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpij xd;iwg; goj;J mjd; El;gj;ij tFg;giwapy; gfpu;e;J
bfhs;f.
L al
vdf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpij:
tpufu; ,Utu; g[fH;e;jpl ntz;Lk;
tpuy; epiwa nkhjpuk; ntz;Lk;
miu mjdpy; g+;nrDk; gl;nlDk; ,Ue;jhy;
A d
mtu; jk; ftpij e+;nfDk; ntk;ngDk; ed;W.
tpufu; ? eyd; vjpu;ghu;j;J Jjp bra;gtu;
D ika
gupR bgw te;j g[ytu; mUnf ,Utu; mku;e;J Jjp ghl ntz;Lk;.
g[ytu;fs; tpuy; epiwa nkhjpu=;fs; tps=;f ntz;Lk;.
,Lg;gpy; g+;rhilnah/ gl;lhilnah ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ghly; e+;rhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ ntk;g[nghy; frg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; ey;yJ vd;W nghw;w
ntz;Lk;.
Alv
ghlypd; El;gk;:
nrhHdpd; mit g[yikf;F kjpg;g[jutpy;iy. g[ytupd; g[wj;njhw;wj; jFjpia nehf;fpna
kjpg;g[f; fpilf;fpwJ vd;W xsitahu; ghoa[s;shu;.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mj;khehk; vd;gtupd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) kJNjdd; M) kJghyd;
wI
,) kfpghyd; <) mr;Rjd; tpil: m) kJNjdd;

LV
2. fhfpjj;jpy; xU nfhL vd;gJ ahUila ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ ________.

w
m) bgupatd; ftpuhau; M) gpr;r@u;j;jp

,) Mj;khehk; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd; tpil: ,) Mj;khehk;
3. Mj;khehk; elj;jpa rpw;wpjH; ________.
A
//w
m) CHys M) H
,) Fapy; <) bjd;wy; tpil: M) H
s:K
4. Mj;khehk; jk;Kila ftpijapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jgit ________. gy;fiy epWt[

m) mzpy;/ g[spakuk; M) Me;ij/ Mykuk;
,) Xzhd;/ bfha;ahkuk; <) fpsp/ khkuk; tpil: m) mzpy;/ g[spa kuk;
5. ``j=;fisg; gw;wp vd;d fdt[ fhQk;
czita[k; cwf;fj;ija[k; jtpu~~ vd;W Mj;khehkhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ________.
tp
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;
,) fpsp <) Me;ij tpil: m) mzpy;
6. ________ rkPgj;jpy; vd; ez;gdhapw;W vd;fpwhu; Mj;khehk;.
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;;
ht
,) fpsp <) eha; tpil: M) g[spakuk;;

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7. `th vg;goa[k; vd; kof;F~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ ________.
m) g[spakuk; mzpyplk; M) g[spakuk; Mj;khehkplk;
,) Mj;khehk; jd; gps;isaplk; <) mzpy; jd; gps;isaplk;
tpil: M) g[spakuk; Mj;khehkplk;
L al
8. vd; jkf;ifapd; koapy; mau;e;J nghdha; vd;W Mj;khehkplk; TwpaJ ________.
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;
,) mur kuk; <) fpsp tpil: M) g[spakuk;
A d
rpWtpdh
D ika
1. ``nfs;tp~~ vd;Dk; ftpijapd; tHp/ Mj;khehk; TWk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
6 czt[f;fhft[k;/ bghUSf;fhft[k; ghLgLk; kdpju;fis mzpy;fshf cUthf;Ffpwhu;.
tWik epiyapy; cs;s kdpjDf;Ff; fhiyapy; vGe;jJk;/ czt[f;fhd nghuhl;lk;
,ay;
Muk;gkhfpwJ.
ehs; KGtJk; ciHf;fpwhd;.
Alv
tUtha; <l;lhjnghJ/ bjUtpy; eilghijapd; Xu=;fspy; vy;yhk; cw=;Ffpwhd;.
czt[ fpilf;fg; bgw;wJk;/ mijj;jk; FHe;ijfnshL cz;fpwhd;.
,g;gog; gy kdpju;fspd; fdt[fs; czt[/ cwf;fk; ,ijj; jtpu ntbwhd;wpy;iy.
a
2. `xU g[spa kuk;~ vd;Dk; ftpij thapyhff; ftp+u; TWk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
xU g[spakuk; jd; kdepiyia kdpjdplk; bjuptpg;gjhf cs;sJ.
.Kk
epHy;/ gHk;/ Fspu;e;j fhw;W ,tw;iw vg;nghJk; bfhLj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpw kuk;/
kdpju;fspd; rpwe;j ez;guhf tps=;FfpwJ.
nrhu;tpy; Xa;btLf;f epHy; jUfpwJ.
kdpjd; ku=;fis kwe;J ,Uf;fpwhd;.
wI
Mdhy;/ ku=;fs; kdpjid miHg;gjhf ,f;ftpij rpj;jupf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

LV
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,ay; 6 ? jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyts; bjupf
D ika
1. fPGs;stw;iwg; bghUj;jp tpil nju;f.
m) tpupad; 1) jz;il
M) jpUFKUF 2) fhyhHp
,) eh=;TH;g;g[G 3) rpyk;g[
<) Fz;lyg;g{r;rp 4) ghlfk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1; M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
Alv
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil : M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2;;
rpWtpdh
a
1. rp=;fp bgw;w gupRg; bghUl;fshff; Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp TWtd ahit>
.Kk
nryj;J ehl;oYs;s jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR rpyk;g[
fyp=;f ehl;oYs;s jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR jz;il
ghz;oadhu; kfSf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR ghlfk;
Mz;ltu; Fw;whyu; re;epjpapy; cs;s bgz;fSf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; mzpkzpf;bfr;rk;
wI
bgw;w gupR
LV
fz;oa njrj;jpy; Twpa Fwpf;fhfg; bgw;w gupR fhyhHp gPyp

w
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
khz;l jtis – bgabur;rk;
A
KWf;fpl;l jz;il – bgabur;rk;

//w
foj;J – tpidbar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
bgw;w = bgW (bgw;W) + m
bgW (bgw;W) gFjp/ `bgw;W~ vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk; fhl;oaJ.
m bgabur;r tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. gakpy;iy `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ gakpy;iy
ht
gak; + ,y;iy ,ay;ng~ (k; + ,) = kp vd;whdJ.

263
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1. Fwt+;rpapy; Twg;gl;Ls;s mzpfyd;fspd; bgau;fisg; gl=;fSld; jpul;o
mzpfyd;fs; mzpag;gLtjw;fhd mwptpay; fhuz=;fisa[k; ,izj;J/
L al
glj;bjhFg;ngL cUthf;Ff.
ek; ghlg;gFjpahd Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rpapy; rpy mzpfyd;fspd; bgau;fis
mwpe;njhk;. mtw;iwg; nghd;w mzpfyd;fis mzpag;gLtjw;fhd fhuz=;fisf;
A d
fhz;nghk;.
rpyk;g[ fyhHp fizahHp
D ika
6
,ay;
Fjpfhy; euk;igj; fhy; tpuypy; mzpag;gLk; if tpuypy; mzpag;gLk;
Alv
bjhl;Lf; bfhz;L xUtif mzpfyd;. mzpfyd; ,J. kd
,Ug;gjhYk;/ fhypny bts;spapy; ,Uf;Fk; mGj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
mJ fplg;gjhYk; Fjpfhy; fhe;jr; rf;jp fhy; euk;g[fspy; ,dpikahd ngr;Rj;jpwd;/
euk;gpd; tHpahf @isf;Fr;
bry;Yk; czu;r;rpfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
aCLUtp neha; vjpu;g;g[r;
rf;jp jUk;.
Fuy; tsk; jUk;.
.Kk
jz;il/ ghlfk;/ fhg;g[ nghd;w mzpfyd;fis ,d;Dk; kiythH; kf;fs;
mzpfpd;wdu;. khk;gp+;R. rpyk;g[/ mj;jpf;fha; bfhYR/ My=;fha; bfhYR vdg; gy
totikg;g[fspy; mzpa[k; ,tw;why; `xt;thik~ nghd;w cghijfs; Tl tUtjpy;iy.
wI
vd mwptpay; bjuptpf;fpwJ. ,Jnt ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;thFk;.

LV
2. Fwt+;rpapy; ,lk;bgWk; ciuahly; eaj;ijg; g[yg;gLj;Jf.

w
Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xUtif ehlf ,yf;fpa totkhFk;. ,J rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy;

xd;W. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh tuf;fz;l jiytp/ mj;jiytd;kPJ fhjy;bfhs;s/
Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nrh;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp jiytpf;Ff; FwpTwpg; ghprpy; bgWk;
A
//w
bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; Fwt+;rp vd;Dk; bgah; bgw;wJ. ,J Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;Wk;

tH=;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghprpy; bgw;WtUk; rp=;fpf;Fk; rp=;fDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly;
Ritkpf;fJ.
s:K
rp=;fd; rp=;fpaplk; ,j;jid ehl;fshf cd;id fhztpy;iyna vd;W nfl;ljw;F/

jhd; FwpTwpa ehLfisa[k;/ mt;tpl=;fspy; bgw;w ghpRfisa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;.
nryj;J ehL/ nfhyj;J ehL/ ghz;oa ehL/ fz;oa ehL Mfpatw;wpy; rpyk;g[/ jz;il/
ghlfk;/ kzpf;bfr;rk;/ fhyhHp gPyp nghd;w mzpfyd;fisg; ghprhfg; bgw;wija[k;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhs;. Mdhy; rp=;fp ghpR bgw;w bghUl;fs; rp=;fdpd; ghh;itapy; rpyk;g[
bghpa tphpadhft[k;/ jz;il jpUKWfhft[k;/ ghlfk; kz;g[Gthft[k;/ kzpf;bfr;rk;
tp
khz;l jtisahft[k;/ fhyhHp gPyp Fz;lyg; g{r;rpahft[k; bjhptjhf kpFe;j eaj;Jld;

ciuahliy mikj;Js;shu; jphpTluhrg;gu;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xUtif ________ ,yf;fpa totkhFk;.
m) rhu;g[ M) jGty;
,) ehlf <) ehlfky;yhj tpil: ,) ehlf
A d
2. Fwt+;rp ________ tiffspy; xd;W.
m) fhg;gpa M) ePjpE}y;
D ika
,) r=;f ,yf;fpa <) rpw;wpyf;fpa tpil: <) rpw;wpyf;fpa
3. Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nru;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpg; gupry; bgWk;
bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; ________ vd;Wk; bgau; bgw;wJ.
m) Fwt+;rp M) Fwkfs;
,) gs;S <) Fwt[yh tpil: m) Fwt+;rp
Alv
4. Fwt+;rpapd; ntW bgau; ________.
m) Fwg;ghl;L M) Fwf;fPjk;
,) Fwj;jhyhl;L <) Fwj;jpg;ghl;L tpil: <) Fwj;jpg;ghl;L
i) FHy;
ii) eh=;TH;
a ? 1. rd;khdk;
? 2. fyp=;f ehl;lhu;
.Kk
iii) nfhyj;J ehl;lhu; ? 3. kz;g[G
iv) tupir ? 4. Te;jy;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
wI
LV
6. khz;l jtis ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.

m) bgabur;rk;
w
M) tpidbar;rk;
,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
<) ,yf;fzg;nghyp tpil: m) bgabur;rk;
A
//w
7. bgw;w ? vd;gjd; `gFjp~ ________.

m) bgw;W M) bgW
tpil: M) bgW
s:K
,) bgw <) bgw;

gy;fiy epWt[
8. cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) bjd;fhrp M) gl;lg;bgau;
,) gakpy;iy <) gps;isj;jkpH; tpil: ,) gakpy;iy
9. Fw;whyf;Fwt+;rpapy; nghw;wpg; ghlg;gLk; ,iwtd; ________.
tp
m) Fw;whyehju; M) Fw;whyP!;tud;
,) gunk!;tud; <) ckhknfRtud; tpil: m) Fw;whyehju;
10. Fw;whyf;Fw+;rp/ jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhaupd; ________ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
m) ftpg;g[dy; M) ftp Cw;W
ht
,) ftpj;njd; <) ftpijf; fpuPlk; tpil: <) ftpijf; fpuPlk;

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11. Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhupd; Cu; ________.
m) kJiu M) khdhkJiu
,) jpUr;rp <) ciwa{u; tpil: m) kJiu
12. kJiu Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,z=;fg; gho mu=;nfw;wg;gl;l
L al
E}y; ________.
m) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp M) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S <) itahg[upg;gs;S tpil: M) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
A d
13. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; njhd;wpa ,lk; ________.
m) bjd;fhrp M) Fw;whyk;
D ika
,) kJiu <) jpUbey;ntyp tpil: <) jpUbey;ntyp
6 14. `jpUf;Fw;whyehju; nfhtpy; tpj;Jthd;~ vd;w rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;wtu; ________.
m) Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu;
,ay;
M) jpupTl uhrg;gf;ftpuhau;
,) bgupatd; ftpuhau;
tpil: M) jpupTl uhrg;gf;ftpuhau;
Alv
<) jha[khdtu;
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf: (rp=;fdpd; ghu;itapy; rp=;fp bgw;Ws;s gupRfs;)
i) jpUF KWF ? 1. fhyhHp gPyp
ii) eh=;TH;
iii) khz;l jtis
iv) Fz;lyg;g{r;rp
a ? 2. kzpf;bfr;rk;
? 3. ghlfk;
? 4. jz;il
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
16. Mz;ltu; Fw;why re;epjpg; bgz;fs; kzpf;bfr;rj;ij ahUf;Fg; guprhf mspj;jhu;fs;>
m) jiytpf;F M) rp=;fDf;F
wI
,) Fw;whyehjUf;F <) rp=;fpf;F tpil: <) rp=;fpf;F

LV
17. rp=;fpf;Ff; fz;oa njrk; tH=;fpa bghUs; ________.

w
m) kzpf;bfr;rk; M) fhyhHpgPyp
,) ghlfk; <) jz;il tpil: M) fhyhHpgPyp
A
//w
FWtpdh
1. Fwt+;rp ? ,yf;fzk; jUf.
s:K
Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xU tif ehlf ,yf;fpa totkhFk;.

,J jkpHpy; cs;s 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspy; xd;W.
Fwt+;rp = Fwk; + t+;rp/ Fwk; ? kiy" t+;rp ? bgz;.
,J `Fwj;jpg; ghl;L~ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh tuf; fz;l jiytp/ mj;jiytd; kPJ fhjy; bfhs;s/
tp
Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nru;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp/ jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twp/ guprpy; bgWk;

bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy;/ Fwt+;rp vd;Dk; bgau; bgw;wJ.
2. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; Fw;whyj;jpd; kPJ ghoa E}y;fs; ahit>

ht
jyg[uhzk/; khiy/ rpnyil/ gps;isj;jkpH;/ akf me;jhjp Mfpad MFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,J jkpHpy; cs;s 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; xd;W.
L al
jkpH;ehl;od;/ bjd;fhrpf;F mUfpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Fw;whyk; vd;Dk; Cupd; rpwg;igg;
g[fH;e;J ghlg;gl;lJ.
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Fw;why ehju;.
A d
kJiu Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,z=;fg; gho mu=;nfw;wg;
gl;ljhFk;.
D ika
,jd; Mrpupau; jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; Mthu;.
,e;E}y; jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhaupd; `ftpijf; fpuPlk;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgau; : jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
Cu; : bjd;fhrpf;F mUfpYs;s nkyfuk;.
Alv
fy;tp : irt rkaf; fy;tp;/ ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz=;fspYk; nju;r;rp bgw;wtu;.
gzp : tlfiu murdhd ``rpd;dz+;rhj; njtupd;~~ mitg; g[ytuhf tps=;fpatu;.
rpwg;g[ : jpUf;Fw;whyehju; nfhtpy; tpj;Jthd; vd;w rpwg;g[g; gl;lg; bgau; bgw;wtu;.
E}y;fs; : Fw;whyj;jpd; kPJ jyg[uhzk;/ khiy/ gps;isj;jkpH;/ rpnyil/ akf me;jhjp
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
a
Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpapUf;fpd;whu;.
.Kk
khz;l jtis ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
wI
1. bfhLj;j = bfhL + j; + j; + m 3. foj;J = fo + j; + j; + c

LV
bfhL gFjp fo gFjp

w
j; re;jp j; re;jp
m bgabur;r tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
A
//w
2. bespe;j = besp + j;(e;) + j; + m 4. ele;jha; = el + j;(e;) + j; + Ma;

besp gFjp el gFjp
s:K
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; gy;fiy epWt[
m bgabur;r tpFjp Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fhyhHp `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ fhyhHp
fhy; + MHp ,ay;ng~ (y; + M) = yh vd;whdJ.
ht
267
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.in
2. Fz;lyg;g{r;rp `kt;tPW xw;wpHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ Fz;ly + g{r;rp
Fz;lyk; + g{r;rp vDk; tpjpg;go/ `k;~ eP=;fp
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu; Kd; Fz;lyg;g{r;rp
frjgkpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ `g;~ kpFe;J vd;whdJ.
L al
3. tpupad; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go à~ tpup + a; + md;
tpup + md; fu clk;gLbka; bgw;W/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpupad;
A d
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a) vd;whdJ.
D ika
6 ***
ftpijg;ngiH
,ay;
jpUr;rhHy;
,ay; 6
Alv
? khzpf;fthrfu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
a
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bgz;fs; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L tiffSs; xd;W
m) rhHy; M) rpw;wpy;
,) rpWnju; <) rpWgiw tpil : m) rhHy;
wI
LV
2. <Wnghjy;/ Kd;dpd;w bka;jpupjy;/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;. cly;nky;

capu;te;J xd;Wjy; Mfpa tupirapy; g[zu;e;j brhy;
w
m) @J}u;; M) btw;wplk;;
,) ey;yhil <) ige;jspu; tpil : ,) ey;yhil
A
//w
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHfg; bgz;fs; ghof;bfhz;nl tpisahLk;nghJ btspg;gLj;Jk; nkd;ikahd
s:K
fUj;Jfshfj; jpUr;rhHy; czu;j;Jtd ahit>

cyfnk fw;bghoahfp tpLk;:
RLfhl;ilf; nfhapyhft[k;/ g[ypj;njhiy Milahft[k; bfhz;l KGKjw; flt[shf
tps=;Fk; rptbgUkhDf;Fj; jha[k;/ je;ija[k; ,y;yh tpoDk;/ mtu; rpde;jhy; cyfk;
midj;Jk; fw;bghoahfp tpLk;.
tp
e+;ir cz;L njtu;fisf; fhj;jy;:

Muthuk; kpFe;j ghw;fliyf; file;jnghJ cz;lhd Myfhy e+;ir rptbgUkhd;
cz;lhu;. mt;thW bra;atpy;iy vdpy;/ gpukd;/ tp&;Q cs;spl;l njtu;fs; md;nw
mHpe;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
ht
268
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
njtu;fSf;Fk; nkd;ikahd bghUs;:
KjYk;/ Kot[k; ,y;yhjtdhf ,Ue;Jk;/ jd;id mile;j moahu;fis/ Mde;j
bts;sj;jpy; mGe;jr; bra;j/ mtuJ jpUtofs; njtu;fSf;Fk; nkd;ikahd bghUshFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
L al
RLfhL/ bfhy;g[yp/ Fiufly; ? tpidj;bjhiffs;
ey;yhil ? gz;g[j;bjhif
A d
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
D ika
cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md; mile;j = mil + j;(e;) + j; + m
cz; gFjp mil gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
Md; glf;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
Alv
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fw;bgho
fy; + bgho
a
`ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd;
wlt[khFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `y;~ `w;~ Mfp
fw;bgho
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
2. cyfidj;Jk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; tpl;L XLk;~ cyf; + midj;Jk;
cyF + vDk; tpjpg;go/ F ? f; + c eP=;fp
midj;Jk; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cyfidj;Jk;
,ay;ng~ (f; + m = f) vd;whdJ.
wI
3. jpUto `Vid capu; tHp tt;t[k;~ vDk; jpU + t; + mo

LV
jpU + mo tpjpg;go/ tfu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp/

w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ jpUto vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (t; + m = t)
fw;git fw;wgpd;
A
//w
gf;fk;: 160
,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; Va;- ahu=;nf Mw;wpy;
s:K
jpUe;Jtha; vd;why; ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L XykpLtJ>

ts;Stuplk; th=;F. mUtp.
gy;fiy epWt[
gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fGk; bkhHp El;gk; ,f;ftpijfspd; bghUis bkUnfw;Wfpwjh> tpthjpf;f.
tha;g;ngr;rhy; jpUj;jKoahJ. jtWjyhf ghypid Mw;wpy;
vdnt ,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; bfhl;otpl;L tUj;jg;gLtJ
jpUe;Jtha; vd;gJ gHpg;gJnghy; ,aw;if. ,J gHpg;gJ nghy; cs;sJ.
tp
cs;sJ.
,=;nf ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L
me;j ,uz;L moia XykpLtJ ePu;tPH;r;rpahf rpj;jupf;fg;
jpUts;Stuplk; th=;F vd;gJ gLtjhy; g[fH;tJ nghy; cs;sJ.
ht
g[fH;tJnghy; cs;sJ.
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.in
,jpy; ,uz;L mo vd;gJ gHpg;gJnghy g[fH;tJk;/ g[fH;tJ
jpUf;Fwisf; Fwpg;gjhy; jpUf;Fws; nghy gHpg;gJk; t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp
fUj;JfSf;Fr; brtpkL vd;W mzpahFk;.
bghUs;gLk;.
,=;nf ,UbgUs;gl mike;J
L al
,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzpahft[k;
gapd;W te;J g[Jf;ftpijf;F mHF
nru;f;fpwJ.
A d
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
D ika
6 gyt[s; bjupf
,ay;
1. bkhHp tpisahl;od; @yk; ,iwtdpd; bgUik ngRk; bra;a[s; tif ________.

m) jpUke;jpuk; M) jpUg;ghit
,) jpUr;rhHy; <) jpUtUl;gh tpil: ,) jpUr;rhHy;
Alv
2. xU bgz; ,iwtidg; gHpg;gJ nghyt[k; ,d;bdhUj;jp ,iwtdJ braiy
epahag;gLj;JtJ nghyt[k; ghlg;gLtJ ________.
m) Fwt+;rp M) jpUg;ghit
,) jpUr;rhHy; a
<) gs;S
3. jpUr;rhHiyg; ghoatu; ________.
tpil: ,) jpUr;rhHy;
.Kk
m) jpUeht[f;furu; M) jpU+hddrk;ge;ju;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: <) khzpf;fthrfu;
4. jpUr;rhHy; tifapy; khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtdpd; bgUikiaj; bjuptpf;f ghoa[s;s
ghly;fs; ________.
wI
m) 10 M) 12
LV
,) 16 <) 20 tpil: <) 20

w
i) me;jk; ? 1. tp&;Q
ii) mad; ? 2. e+;R
iii) khy; ? 3. Kot[
A
//w
iv) Myhyk; ? 4. gpukd;

m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
s:K
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
6. RLfhL/ bfhy;g[yp/ Fiufly; ? ,tw;wpd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhiffs; M) tpidj;bjhiffs;
,) bjhHpw;bgau;fs; <) ck;ikj;bjhiffs; tpil: M) tpidj;bjhiffs;
7. èy;yhil~ ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
tp
,) bjhHpw;bgau; <) bgabur;rk; tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif

8. rhHy; vd;gJ ________ tpisahLk; xU tifahd tpisahl;L.
m) Mz;fs; M) bgz;fs;
ht
,) FHe;ijfs; <) muru;fs; tpil: M) bgz;fs;

270
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
9. jpUr;rhHy; totj;ijg; bgupa jpUbkhHpapy; gad;gLj;jpa[s;stu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) bgupahH;thu;
,) jpUk=;ifahH;thu; <) g{jj;jhH;thu; tpil: ,) jpUk=;ifahH;thu;
10. jpUthrfj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ________.
L al
m) jpUeht[f;furu; M) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: <) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
11. irt rkaj;jpd; jpUKiwfs; ________.
A d
m) 10 M) 12
,) 14 <) 16 tpil: M) 12
D ika
12. jpUthrfk; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; ________ jpUKiwahf cs;sJ.
m) Mwhk; M) VHhk;
,) vl;lhk; <) xd;gjhk; tpil: ,) vl;lhk;
13. jpUthrfj;jpy; ________ jpUg;gjpf=;fs; cs;sd.
m) 50 M) 51
,) 55 <) 53 tpil: M) 51
Alv
14. jpUthrfj;jpd; bkhj;jg; ghly;fs; ________.
m) 458 M) 658
,) 548 <) 854 tpil: M) 658
m) 18
a
15. jpUthrfj;jpy; ghlg;bgw;Ws;s rptj;jy=;fs; ________.
M) 28
.Kk
,) 38 <) 48 tpil: ,) 38
16. jpUr;rhHy; ________ nfhtpypy; ghlg;bgw;wJ.
m) j+;ir M) jpy;iy
,) jpUr;rp <) jpUr;nriw tpil: M) jpy;iy
wI
LV
17. jpUthrfj;ij M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ________.

m) tPukhKdptu; M) $p.a[.nghg;
w
,) rPfd;ghy;f; <) khf;!;Ky;yu; tpil: M) $p.a[.nghg;

18. irt rkaf;Futu; ________.
m) ,Utu; M) @tu;
A
//w
,) ehy;tu; <) gjpd;ku; tpil: ,) ehy;tu;

19. irt rkaf;Futupy; bghUe;jhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
s:K
m) mg;gu; M) fz;zg;gu; gy;fiy epWt[

,) khzpf;fthrfu; <) Re;juu; tpil: M) fz;zg;gu;
20. khzpf;fthrfupd; Cu; ________.
m) jpUitahW M) jpUthjt{u;
,) jp=;fSu; <) jpy;iy; tpil: M) jpUthjt{u;
21. khzpf;fthrfu; ________ jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
tp
m) tp$au=;f brhf;fyp=;f ehaf;fuplk;

M) mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;
,) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;fdplk;
<) @d;whk; ee;jptu;kdplk; tpil: M) mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;
ht
271
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
22. Va;! ahbu=;nf Mw;wpy; ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L XykpLtJ vd;gjpy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ______.
m) Mfhak; M) mUtp
,) kiH <) fly; tpil: M) mUtp
23. ,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; jpUe;Jtha; vd;why; ________ th=;F.
L al
m) jhaplk; M) je;ijaplk;
,) r@fj;jplk;; <) ts;Stuplk; tpil: <) ts;Stuplk;
24. cz;lhd; ? ,jpy; `l;~ vd;gJ vf;fhy ,ilepiy ________.
A d
m) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy M) vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
,) epfH;fhy ,ilepiy <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
tpil: m) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
D ika
6 25. fw;bgho ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
M) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
,ay;
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng

<) Vid capu;tHp tt;t[k; tpil: m) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
Alv
FWtpdh
1. `jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhu; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;~ ? Vd;>
gf;jpr; Rit kpFjpa[k;/ nfl;nghu; cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk; jd;ika[k; bfhz;lit/ jpUthrfg;
a
ghly;fshFk;. vdnt jhd; `jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhu; xU thrfj;Jf;Fk; cUfhu;~ vd;w
KJbkhHp cUthdJ.
.Kk
2. khzpf;fthrfu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
jpUthrfk;/ jpUf;nfhitahu;.
3. jpUr;rhHy; vd;gJ vd;d>
rhHy; vd;gJ bgz;fs; tpisahLk; xUtifahd tpisahl;L. xUj;jp tpdh nfl;f/
wI
kw;bwhUj;jp tpil TWtjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;.

LV
,iwtd; bray;fisa[k;/ mtw;why; tps=;Fk; cz;ikfisa[k; tpsf;FtJ

jpUr;rhHy; totkhFk;.
w
4. khzpf;fthrfu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

khzpf;fthrfu; irt rkaf; Futu; ehy;tupy; xUtu;. jpUthjt{iur; nru;e;jtu;.
mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;/ jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
A
//w
khzpf;fthrfu; jpUthrfk;/ jpUf;nfhitahu; vd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.

fhyk; fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
s:K
``bjd;df gpuk;kuhad;~~ vdr; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;wtu;.
rpWtpdh
1. jpUthrfk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
jpUthrfk; vd;gJ rptbgUkhd; kPJ ghlg;gl;l ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ MFk;.
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpatu; khzpf;fthrfu;.
tp
,e;E}y; irt rkaj;jpd; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf cs;sJ.

51 jpUg;gjpf=;fSs; 658 ghly;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;E}y; 38 rptj;jy=;fisg; gw;wpg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gf;jpr;Rita[k;/ kdj;ij cUf;Fk; jd;ika[k; bfhz;lit jpUthrfg; ghly;fshFk;.
ht
272 ***
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpupthdk;
,ay; 6 ,irj;jkpHu; ,Utu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. rpk;bghdpj; jkpHUk; M!;fu; jkpHUk; ,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpa gzpfis Ek; ghlg;gFjp
bfhz;L bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu M!;fu; jkpHu;
gf;fj;J tPl;L ez;gd; Js;sy; Xir
Alv
,irapd; <u;g;g[ Kot[iu
,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpait
Kd;Diu:
a
jkpHfj;jpd; fhl;oYk;/ nkl;oYk;/ tay; nrw;wpYk; jtH;e;j ,iriar; rPuhl;o/
bkUTl;o/ cyFf;Fj; je;J kfpH;e;jtu; ,Utu;. ,t;tpUtUk; cyf ,irg; ngnul;od;
.Kk
jkpHfj;J Kj;jpiufs;. mtu;fs; rpk;bghdpj; jkpHu; ,isauh$h kw;Wk; M!;fu; jkpHu;
V.Mu;. ,u\;khd; Mfpnahu; Mtu;.
gf;fj;J tPl;L ez;gd;:
`,uhirah~ vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila ,isauh$h/ jkpH;ehl;od; njdp khtl;lj;jpy;
wI
cs;s gz;izg;g[uj;ijr; nru;e;jtu;.

LV
Mrpahtpnyna Kjd; Kjypy; `rpk;bghdp~ vd;Dk; nkw;fj;jpa brt;tpay; tot

,irf; nfhitia btWk; gjpd; @d;W ehl;fspy; cUthf;fpr; rhjid gilj;jtu;.
w
,irapd; <u;g;g[:
gpd;dzp ,irapYk;/ ghly; ,irapYk; tpLgl;Lg; nghd tha;bkhHpj; jd;ik/
ajhu;j;jk; bghjpe;j ,tuJ ,ir rhkhdpaiua[k; <u;j;jJ. jpiug;ghly;fisr; brtpa[zu;
A
//w
fdpfshft[k;/ gz;ghl;L btspg;ghlhft[k; khw;wpa bgUikf;Fupatu;. g[y;yh=;FHypy;

tHpe;njhLk; `g\ho~ Kjy; kJiu kf;fspd; fpuhkpa ,ir tiu ,tuJ gz;g[fs;
,iHnahLfpd;wd.
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpait:
khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUthrfg; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;Js;shu;. ,uh$htpd;
ukzkhiy/ ,isauh$htpd; fPjh+;ryp vd;Dk; jkpH; ,irj; bjhFg;g[fSf;Fk;/
Mjp r=;fu; vGjpa kPdhl;rp !;njhj;jpuk; vd;w gf;jpg; ghlYf;Fk; ,iraikj;Js;shu;.
``g+;rKfp~~ vd;w fu;ehlfr; brt;tpay; ,uhfk; ,tu; cUthf;fpajhFk;.
tp
M!;fu; jkpHu;:
2009 Mk; Mz;ow;fhd rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,ir kw;Wk; rpwe;j jpiuapirg;
ghlYf;fhd tpUJfs; vd ,uz;L M!;fu; tpUJfisf; ifapy; Ve;jp/ cyf mu=;fpy;
rhjid ehafdhfj; jpfH;e;jtu;. ,irg;g[ay; V.Mu;. ,u\;khd;. kiyahsj; jpiug;gl
ht
cyfpd; g[fGld; tps=;fpa ,irf;fiy+u; Mu;.nf.nrfu; ,tu; je;ij Mthu;.

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Js;sy; Xir:
ehl;Lg;g[w ,ir/ fu;ehlf ,ir/ ,e;J!;jhdp ,tw;Wld; g[jpa fzpdpj; bjhHpy;El;g
cjtpa[ld; cyfj; jug;gpy; ,iraikj;jhu;. ,tu; ,ir mikj;j te;nj khjuk;/ $d
fz kd vd;Dk; ,irj; bjhFjpfs;/ etPd ,ir totpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wzu;it kpspur;
L al
bra;jd.
nfhy;ld; Fnshg; tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaUk; ,tnu. jpiuapirapy; NBgp
,iria mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rpwg;g[k; ,tUf;Fz;L.
Kot[iu:
A d
jkpHu; thH;tpy; vy;yh epiyfspYk; ,irf;bfd;W Xu; ,d;wpaikahj ,lKz;L.
mjpy; ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd; Mfpnahupd; tUif ,irj; jkpGf;F kzp kFlkhf
D ika
xspu;fpd;wJ.
6 fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 165
,ay;
1. jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J/ ehl;Lg;gz;/ jkpHpy; gpwe;jehs; ghly; ? nghd;wtw;iw ez;gu;fSld;

,ize;J ,ira[ld; ghog; gapw;rp bgWf.
Alv
khztu; Rabray;ghL.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. rpk;bghdpj; jkpHu; ________ M!;fu; jkpHu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
M) ghujpuh$h/ mg;Jy;uFkhd;
,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjd;/ fz;zjhrd;
wI
<) r=;fu;/ kzpuj;dk; tpil: m) ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd;

LV
2. ________ fz;lj;jpy; gpwe;J tsu;e;jtu;fSf;F/ rpk;bghdp ,irf;nfhitia cUthf;Fk;

w
jpwd; iftuhJ vd;gJ nkw;fj;jpa ,ir ty;Yeu;fspd; fUj;njhl;lkhFk;.

m) mbkupf;f M) Mrpa
,) Inuhg;gpa <) Mg;upf;f tpil: M) Mrpa
A
//w
3. ________ ,irf;FGt[f;F rpk;bghdp ,irf; nfhyj;ij mikj;Jf; fhl;oatu; ,ir nkij

,isauh$h.
s:K
m) uhay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf; M) upay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf;

,) b\td; \hu;nkhdpf; <) nguil!; \hu;nkhdpf;
tpil: m) uhay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf;
4. ,isauh$htpd; khtl;lk; ________ Cu; ________.
m) njdp/ gz;izg;g[uk; M) jpUr;rp/ tpuhypkiy
tp
,) kJiu/ mtdpahg[uk; <) brd;id/ tlgHdp tpil: m) njdp/ gz;izg;g[uk;

5. ,isauh$htpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhkrhkp M) ,uhirah
,) ,uhrhkzp <) ,uhrh=;fk; tpil: M) ,uhirah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. ,iraikg;ghsuhf ,isauh$h mwpKfkhd glk; ________.
m) jsgjp M) md;df;fpsp
,) muz;kidf;fpsp <) gof;fhjtd; tpil: M) md;df;fpsp
7. ________ fspd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; gpwbkhHpg; ghly;fisr; Rke;J jpupe;j jkpH;r;brtpfs;
L al
tpLjiy bgw;W/ jkpH;g; ghly;fis nehf;fp jpUk;gpajw;F ,isauh$hnt fhuzk;.
m) 1960 M) 1970
,) 1990 <) 1980 tpil: M) 1970
A d
i) $k;K/ fh&;kPu; ? 1. Mde;j igutp
D ika
ii) g[y;yh=;FHy; ? 2. kJiu kf;fs;
iii) fpuhkpa ,ir ? 3. g\ho
iv) brt;tpay; ,ir ? 4. g\hu; ,d kf;fs;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
9. ,isauh$ht[f;F tpUJ tH=;fpatw;wpy; rupahd ,izfisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
Alv
i) ,e;jpa muR ? 1. ep&hfe;jp r=;fPj tpUJ
ii) jkpH;ehL ? 2. yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ
iii) kj;jpag; gpunjrk; ? 3. fiykhkzp tpUJ
iv) nfusk; ? 4. gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
a
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
.Kk
10. ,isauh$ht[f;F ,e;jpa murhy; tH=;fg;glhj tpUijf; fz;lwp.
m) gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
M) rpwe;j gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd njrpa tpUJ
,) rpwe;j ,iraikg;ghsUf;fhd njrpa tpUJ
wI
<) yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ tpil: <) yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ

LV
11. HOW TO NAME IT (vg;gog; bgaupLntd;) vd;w ,irj;bjhFg;ig btspapl;ltu;

w
m) ,isauh$h M) \upgpurhj;
,) Mfhd; <) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
12. \upgpurhj; brsuh!pah vd;gtu; ________ ,irf;fiy+u;.
A
//w
m) g[y;yh=;FHy; M) kpUj=;f
,) taypd; <) \hu;nkhdpa tpil: m) g[y;yh=;FHy;
13. \upgpurhj; brsuh!paht[ld; ,isauh$h ,ize;J btspapl;l ,irj;bjhFg;g[
s:K
m) vg;gog; bgaupLntd; M) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy gy;fiy epWt[

,) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk; <) ,isauh$htpd; ,ukzkhiy
tpil: M) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy
14. kfpH;r;rp/ Vf;fk;/ ek;gpf;if/ cw;rhfk;/ typ nghd;w kdpj czu;t[fSf;Fk; ,ir totk;
bfhLf;f Koa[k; vd;gij ________ vd;Dk; Mtzf; FWk;glj;jpd; gpd;dzp ,irapy;
tp
,isauh$h btspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
m) jkpH;ehL 24 kzp neuk; M) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk;
,) vg;gog; bgaupLntd; <) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy
tpil: M) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk;
ht
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15. ________ ghly;fSf;F Mul;nlhupnah vd;Dk; ,ir totpy; ,iraikj;Js;shu;
,isauh$h.
m) njthug; M) jpUthrfg;
,) r=;f ,yf;fpak; <) ghujpahu; tpil: M) jpUthrfg;
L al
16. kPdhl;rp !;njhj;jpuk; vd;Dk; gf;jpg; ghliy vGjpatu; ________.
m) FkuFUguu; M) Mjpr=;fuu;
,) jha[khdtu; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) Mjpr=;fuu;
A d
17. ,isauh$h ________ bkhHpapy; `@fhk;gpif~ vd;w gf;jp ,irj;bjhFg;gpid
btspapl;Ls;shu;.
D ika
m) jkpH; M) fd;dl
6 ,) bjY=;F <) kiyahs tpil: M) fd;dl
18. ,uh$htpd; ukzkhiy/ ,isauh$htpd; fPjh+;ryp vd;git ,isauh$htpd; ________
,ay;
,irj; bjhFg;g[fs;.
m) jkpH; M) bjY=;F
,) fd;dlk; <) kuhl;oa tpil: m) jkpH;
Alv
19. g+;rKfp vd;w fu;ehlfr; brt;tpay; ,uhfj;ij cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjd; M) f=;if mkud;
,) ,isauh$h <) guj;th$; tpil: ,) ,isauh$h
a
20. ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlYf;Ff; fu;ehlf ,ir totKk; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; Mnuhfz
Ru=;fisf; bfhz;nl `fiythzpna cidj;jhnd~ vd;w ghlYf;F bkl;likj;jtu;
.Kk
________.
m) ,isauh$h M) f=;if mkud;
,) guj;th$; <) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
21. KGj;jpiug;glj;Jf;Fk; miu ehspy; ,isauh$h ,iraikj;Jf; bfhLj;j glk; ________
wI
m) E}whtJ ehs; M) me;j VG ehl;fs;

LV
,) md;df;fpsp <) muz;kidf;fpsp tpil: m) E}whtJ ehs;

w
22. ghy; epyhg;ghij/ btl;lbtspjdpy; bfhl;of;fplf;F vd;Dk; E}y;fspd; Mrpupau;

________.
m) ,isauh$h M) mg;Jy; ,uFkhd;
,) nkj;jh <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
A
//w
23. ________ nehjpwk;/ ghiyahH;/ fhe;jhuk; Kjpa gz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m) gupghlypy; M) gl;odg;ghiyapy;
s:K
,) fypj;bjhifapy; <) rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tpil: m) gupghlypy;

24. irtj;jpUKiwfspy; el;lghilapYk; ,e;jsj;jpYk; ghoa[s;stu; ________.
m) mg;gu; M) Re;juu;
,) khzpf;fthrfu; <) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;
tpil: <) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
tp
25. njthuj;jpy; ________ gz;fspy; ghly;fs; cs;sd.

m) 22 M) 20
,) 18 <) 23 tpil: <) 23
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
26. xd;gjhk; jpUKiwahd jpUtpirg;ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; gz; ________.
m) ietsk; M) me;jhsp
,) rhsughzp <) fy;thzk; tpil: ,) rhsughzp
27. njthuj;jpy; ,y;yhJ jpt;a gpuge;jj;jpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; gz;fisf; fz;lwp.
L al
i) ietsk;/ me;jhsp ii) njho/ fy;thzk;
iii) gpae;ij/ Fwz;o iv) Kjpu;e;j ,e;jsk;
m) i, ii ?rup M) ii, iii ?rup
A d
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
28. ________ vGjpa xnu ghlyhd ek;ujh nf rhfu; vd;Dk; ghlYf;F ,iraikj;Js;shu;
D ika
,isauh$h.
m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp M) neU
,) mk;ngj;fu; <) ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tpil: m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp
29. mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp vd;gtu; ________ ,irg;ghlfu;.
m) ,e;J!;jhdp M) fUehlf
tpil: m) ,e;J!;jhdp
Alv
,) ehl;Lg;g[w <) nkw;fj;jpa
30. fhe;jpapd; xnu ghliy ,isauh$htpd; ,irapy; ghoatu; ________.
m) yjh k=;nf&;fu; M) cjpj;ehuhazd;
,) mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp a
<) M&h ngh!;ny tpil: ,) mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp
31. Mrpahtpnyna Kjd; Kjypy; rpk;bghdp vd;Dk; nkw;fj;jpa brt;tpay; tot
.Kk
,irf;nfhitia cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
,) vk;.v!;.tp!;tehjd; <) f=;if mkud; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
32. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd M!;fu; tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L
wI
m) 2006 M) 2008
LV
,) 2009 <) 2010 tpil: ,) 2009

w
33. V.Mu;.,uFkhd; M!;fu; tpUJ bgw;w ,lk; ________.

m) mbkupf;fhtpd; nfhlhf; M) u&;ahtpd; kh!;nfh
,) bjd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpd;; lu;gd; <) ,=;fpyhe;jpd; Xty;
tpil: m) mbkupf;fhtpd; nfhlhf;
A
//w
34. rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd tpUJld; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; bgw;w kw;bwhU

M!;fu; tpUJ ________.
s:K
m) rpwe;j jpiuapirg; ghlYf;fhd tpUJ gy;fiy epWt[

M) rpwe;j eld ,af;FeUf;fhd tpUJ
,) rpwe;j jpiuapir ghlfUf;fhd tpUJ
<) rpwe;j ,af;FeUf;fhd tpUJ tpil: m) rpwe;j jpiuapirg; ghlYf;fhd tpUJ
35. M!;fu; tpUJ Vw;g[iuapy; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; ciuia epiwt[ bra;j bkhHp ________.
tp
m) M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;
,) ,e;jp <) cUJ tpil: M) jkpH;
36. V.Mu;.,u\;khdpd; je;ij ________.
m) v!;.tp.nrfu; M) Mu;.nf.nrfu;
ht
,) Mu;.nf.rhfu; <) v!;.tp.n&f; tpil: M) Mu;.nf.nrfu;

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37. V.Mu;.,u\;khdpd; je;ij kiyahsj; jpiug;gl cyfpd; ________.
m) ,af;Feu; M) jahupg;ghsu;
,) ,irf;fiy+u; <) xspg;gjpthsu; tpil: ,) ,irf;fiy+u;
38. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; ________ tajpnyna \hu;nkhdpak; ,irg;gjpy; jpwik bgw;wpUe;jhu;.
L al
m) 3 M) 4
,) 6 <) 8 tpil: M) 4
39. gs;spapd; EiHthapypy; V.Mu;.uFkhdpd; ________ fhj;jpUe;J mtUf;Fr; rPUil
A d
mzptpj;Jk;/ cztspj;Jk; tFg;gpw;F mDg;gp itg;ghu;.
m) jhahu; M) je;ijahu;
D ika
,) jkf;ifahu; <) jha;khkd; tpil: m) jhahu;
6 40. gs;spf;fhyj;jpy; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; ,utpy; gzpahw;wpa ,lk; ________.
m) cztfk; M) tpUe;jpdu; tpLjp
,ay;
,) ,irf;FG <) eldf;FG tpil: ,) ,irf;FG

41. V.Mu;.,uFkhdpd; gs;spg;gog;g[ ________ tFg;g[lnd Koe;Jtpl;lJ.
Alv
m) xd;gjhk; M) vl;lhk;
,) gj;jhk; <) gjpndhuhk; tpil: <) gjpndhuhk;
42. V.Mu;.,uFkhd; Kjd; Kjyhf ,iraikg;ghsuhd jpiug;glk; ________ Mz;L _______.
m) nuh$h/ 1992
,) g[jpa Kfk;/ 1993
a
M) b$d;oy;nkd;/ 1992
<) fUj;jk;kh/ 1994 tpil: m) nuh$h/ 1992
.Kk
43. jk; Kjy; glj;jpw;nf njrpa tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa ,iraikg;ghsu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) a[td;r=;fu; uh$h
,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; <) $p.tp.gpufh&; tpil: ,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
wI
44. Js;sy; Xir ________ fUtpahy; Joj;bjGk;.

LV
m) njhy; M) Jis
,) euk;g[ <) ,Uk;g[ tpil: m) njhy;
w
45. gp=;fy epfz;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ________ gz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m) 102 M) 103
,) 104 <) 105 tpil: M) 103
A
//w
46. gz;fs; ghLk; fhy=;fSf;F Vw;wthW ________ vd;W tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

i) gfy; gz; ii) ,ut[g;gz;
s:K
iii) bghJg;gz; iv) g[Jg;gz;

m) i, iv ?rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
47. ________ fspy; bjhHpy; El;gf;fy;tp gapd;W cybf=;Fk; gutpa jkpH; ,is+u;fis
,izj;jJ V.Mu;.,u\;khd; ,ir.
m) 80 M) 70
tp
,) 90 <) 60 tpil: ,) 90
48. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpUJ bgw;w epfH;t[fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ,e;jpa muR ? 1. Mthj; rk;kd; tpUJ
ht
ii) jkpH;ehL ? 2. j=;fg;gjf;fk;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
iii) nfusk; ? 3. fiykhkzp tpUJ
iv) cj;jpug;gpunjrk; ? 4. gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
L al
49. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F bkhuP&pa!;/ knyrpah muRfs; tH=;fpa tpUJfs; ________.
m) ru;tnjr ,ir tpUJ M) njrpa ,ir tpUJ
,) ,ir khkd;du; tpUJ <) jkpHpir tpUJ tpil: M) njrpa ,ir tpUJ
A d
50. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F yjh k=;nf&;fu; tpUjpid mspj;j khepyk; ________.
m) kj;jpag;gpunjrk; M) cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
tpil: M) cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
D ika
,) nfusk; <) fu;ehlfk;
51. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F `ru;tnjr ,ir tpUJ~ tH=;fpa gy;fiyf;fHfk; ________.
m) Mf;!;nghu;L M) !;lhd; Bnghu;l;
,) bfhyk;gpah <) nfk;gpupl;$; tpil: M) !;lhd; Bnghu;l;
52. jpiuapirapy; NBgp ,iria mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
Alv
m) ,isauh$h M) a[td;r=;fu; uh$h
,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; <) $P.tp.gpufh&; tpil: ,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
53. !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu; vd;w jpiug;glj;jpd; ,irf;fhf V.Mu;.uFkhd; bgw;w tpUJ _______.
m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg;
,) rpy;tu; Fnshg;
a
M) ilkz;l; Fnshg;
<) nfhy;ld; ntu;y;L tpil: m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg;
.Kk
54. nfhy;ld; Fnshg; tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpau; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
,) guj;th$; <) $P.tp.gpufh&; tpil: M) V.Mh;.,u\;khd;
55. vg;glj;jpd; ,irf;fhf fpuhkp tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shu; V.Mu;.uFkhd;>.
wI
m) !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu; M) nuh$h

LV
,) gof;fhjtd; <) gk;gha; tpil: m) !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu;

w
***
,yf;fzk;
A
//w
,ay; 6 fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk;
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
tp
1. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;Fk; mfuhjpf;Fk; cs;s ntWghL ahJ>

fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; :
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;gJ bghUs; bjupe;j gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;Fj; jha;bkhHpapy;
Kd;ng cs;s brhw;fis milahsk; fhl;oa[k;/ njitahdtplj;Jg; g[jpjhfr; brhw;fis
ht
cUthf;fpa[k; jUtjhFk;.
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mfuhjp :
bghUs; bjupahj brhw;fSf;Fg; bghUs; TWtnj mfuhjpapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
L al
1. khztu; xt;bthUtUk; 25 fiyr;brhw;fisg; bghUSld; jpul;o mfuhjpahf;Ff.
Account gw;W tut[f; fzf;F Myth bjhd;kk;
Bug gpiH Referee eLtu;
A d
Carom ehyh=;FHp Ml;lk; Sales Tax tpw;gid tup
Ceiling cr;rtuk;g[ Smart Phone jpwd;ngrp
D ika
6 Circular
Consumer
Rw;wwpf;if
Efu;nthu;
Sub junior
Subsidy
kpf ,isnahu;
ey;if
,ay;
Customer thof;ifahsu; Super Senior kP@j;njhu;

Despatch mDg;g[if Touch Screen bjhL jpiu
Documentary Mtzg;glk; Twitter Rl;Liu
Alv
Facebook KfE}y; Whatsapp gfpup brayp
Fine Arts Ez;fiyfs; Writs rl;l Mtz=;fs;
Gazette murpjH;a Youtube tiybahsp
High Court cau;ePjpkd;wk;
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
i) Cell Phone ? 1. ,izak;

w
ii) Website ? 2. tiyg;g{

iii) Blog ? 3. miyngrp
iv) Smart Phone ? 4. jpwd;ngrp
m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
A
//w
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
s:K
i) Clinic ? 1. CLfjpu;
ii) Blood Group ? 2. kUe;jhSeu;
iii) Pharmacist ? 3. FUjpg;gpupt[
iv) X-Ray ? 4. kUj;Jtkid
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
tp
i) Typhoid ? 1. tpilr;Rto
ii) Ointment ? 2. vGJRto
iii) Notebook ? 3. fspk;g[
ht
iv) Answer Book ? 4. Flw;fha;r;ry;

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m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
i) Rough Notebook ? 1. mDg;g[if
L al
ii) Prospectus ? 2. murpjH;
iii) Gazatte ? 3. tpsf;fr;Rto
iv) Despatch ? 4. Fwpg;g[r;Rto
A d
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
D ika
i) Touch Screen ? 1. cr;rtuk;g[
ii) Bug ? 2. bjhLjpiu
iii) Subsidy ? 3. ey;if
iv) Ceiling ? 4. gpiH
m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
Alv
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
6. `Circular~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Rw;wwpf;if M) mwpf;if
,) Mtzk; a <) ey;if tpil: m) Rw;wwpf;if
7. jkpH;ehL ghlE}y; epWtdk; ________ nkw;gl;l JiwfSf;Ff; fiyr;brhw;fis
.Kk
btspapl;Ls;sJ.
m) gj;Jf;Fk; M) ,Ugjpw;Fk;
,) ehw;gJf;Fk; <) E}w;Wf;Fk; tpil: M) ,Ugjpw;Fk;
wI
i) Sub Junior ? 1. ehyh=;FHp Ml;lk;

LV
ii) Super Senior ? 2. tpw;gid tup

w
iii) Carom ? 3. kpf ,isnahu;

iv) Sales Tax ? 4. kP@j;njhu;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
A
//w
i) Customer ? 1. eLtu;
s:K
ii) Consumer ? 2. gw;W tut[f; fzf;F gy;fiy epWt[

iii) Account ? 3. Efu;nthu;
iv) Refree ? 4. thof;ifahsu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
10. cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; vt;tifahd fz;Lgpog;g[ epfHe;jhYk; clDf;Fld; j=;fs;
tp
bkhHpapy; g[jpa brhy;iy cUthf;Fgtu;fs; ________.

m) rPdu;fs; M) $g;ghdpau;fs;
,) jkpHu;fs; <) mbkupf;fu;fs; tpil: M) $g;ghdpau;fs;
ht
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11. $g;ghdpau;fspd; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSf;fhd fhuzk; ________.
m) jha;bkhHp tHpf;fy;tp M) g[Jik tpUg;gk;
,) kf;fs; bjhif <) gpwbkhHpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
tpil: m) jha;bkhHp tHpf;fy;tp
L al
12. mwptpay; fiyr;brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ftjpy; cs;s Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jf; Twpatu; ________.
m) k.bgh.rpt+hdk; M) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp
,) mg;Jy;fyhk; <) njtneag;ghtzhu; tpil: M) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp
A d
13. bjd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpd; bgz;fs; tpLjiy vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGjj; bjhl=;fpatu;
m) ghujp M) ghujpjhrd;
D ika
,) jha[khdtu; <) ehkf;fy; ftp+u; tpil: m) ghujp
6 14. ghujp bjd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpd; bgz;fs; tpLjiy vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; ________ vd;w
M=;fpyr; brhy;Yf;Fj; jkpH;r; brhy;byhd;iw cUthf;f Kad;whu;.
,ay;
m) Member M) Number
,) Men <) Women tpil: m) Member
Alv
FWtpdh
1. fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ>
brhw;fis cUthf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; Kiwikf;Ff; fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;W bgau;.
a
Cellphone vd;Dk; M=;fpyr; brhy;Yf;Ff; ifngrp/ bry;yplg;ngrp/ miyngrp vd;w
brhw;fs; gad;ghl;oy; cs;sd.
.Kk
2. fiyr; brhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d>
xU bkhHpapy; fhyj;jpw;nfw;g/ Jiw rhu;e;j g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fis/ cUthf;fpg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; brhw;fisf; fiyr; brhw;fs; vd;gu;.
3. fiyr;brhw;fs; gad;gLk; Jiwfs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
wI
fUtpfs;/ ntshz;ik/ kUj;Jtk;/ bghwpapay;/ jfty; bjhlu;gpay;.

LV
4. kUj;Jtj;Jiw rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

w
Clinic - kUj;Jtkid X - Ray - CLfjpu;

Blood Group - FUjpg; gpupt[ Ointment - fspk;g[
Compounder - kUe;jhSeu;
A
//w
5. fy;tp rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

vGJRto ? Note Book bghJf;Fwpg;g[r; Rto ? Rough Note Book
s:K
tpilr; Rto? Answer Book tpsf;fr;Rto ? Prospectus

6. g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSf;fhd fiyr;brhw;fis v=;fpUe;J bgwyhk;>
,jH;fs;/ kpd; ,jH;fs;/ jkpH; ,izaf; fy;tpf; fHfj;jpd; ,izajsk;.
7. md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;f; fiyr;brhw;fs;
ehd;fpid vGJf.
tp
Smart phone - jpwd;ngrp

Touch Screen - bjhLjpiu
Sales Tax - tpw;gid tup
Accountant - gw;W tut[f; fzf;F
ht
282 Super Senior - kP@j;njhu;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. fiyr;brhy; cUthf;fj;jpy; khztu;fspd; g=;fspg;g[ vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;>
ehs;njhWk; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; cUthfpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; NHypy;/ mjw;fhd
L al
fiyr;brhy; Mf;f=;fSk; epfH;e;J bfhz;nl cs;sd.
fiyr;brhy; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
md;whl ciuahlypy; jkpH;r;brhw;fisna gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
A d
2. jkpHpy; fiyr;brhw;fspd; ,d;wpaikahikiaf; TWf.
cyfpd; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpfSs; ,d;Dk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;w bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp.
D ika
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; bkhHpna thGk;.
kUj;Jtk;/ bghwpapay;/ bjhHpy; El;g mwptpay; Mfpatw;iwj; jkpH;bkhHpapy; gapy
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.
cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; ve;j tifahd fz;Lgpog;g[ epfH;e;jhYk;/ clDf;Fld;
$g;ghdpau;fs; j=;fs; bkhHpf;F Mf;fk; bra;J tpLtu;.
jkpH;bkhHp tHpapy; $g;ghdpau;fs; mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gg; ghl=;fisf; fw;gjhy;/
Alv
m=;nf ehs;njhWk; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; epfH;fpd;wd.
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; ,y;iybad;why;/ mtw;iw ehk; xypbgau;g;g[r; brhy;yhf
kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j Koa[k;.
a
3. mwptpay; fiyr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ftjpy; cs;s Kiwfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; mwp+u;
th. br. FHe;ijrhkp TWtd ahit>
.Kk
gHe;jkpHpyf;fpar; brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jjy; tytd; [PILOT]
ngr;R bkhHpr; brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jjy; mk;ik
gpw bkhHpr; brhy;ypidf; fld; bgwy; jrk Kiwfs; [Decimal]
wI
g[Jr;brhy; gilj;jy; @yf;TW [Molecule]

LV
cyf tHf;if Vw;Wf; bfhs;sy; vf;!; fjpu; [X - Ray]

w
gpwbkhHpj; Jiwr; brhw;fis bkhHp bgau;j;jy; xspr;nru;f;if [Photo synthesis]

xyp bgau;j;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fs; kPl;lu;/ Xk; [Meter, Ohm]
A
//w
cyf mstpyhd FwpaPLfs;/ Nj;jpu=;fs; åA = nr2, H2O, Ca.

s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
1. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; ? bghUs; jUf.
brhw;fis cUthf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; Kiwikf;Ff; fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;W bgau;.
bghUs; bjupe;j gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;Fj; jha; bkhHpapy; Kd;ng cs;s brhw;fis
milahsk; fhl;oa[k;/ njitahdtplj;Jg; g[jpjhfr; brhw;fis cUthf;fpa[k;
jUtjhFk;.
tp
2. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fg; gzpfs; bjhl=;Ftjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs; ahit>

Mf;fk; bgWk; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy;yhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
bghUs; bghUj;jKilajhft[k;/ mnj neuj;jpy; braiyf; Fwpg;gjhft[k; mikjy;
ht
ntz;Lk;.
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totpy; rpwpajhf/ vspikahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Xir eaKilajhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpyf;fz kug[f;F cl;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ey;yit my;yhjtw;iwf; Fwpf;ff; TlhJ.
L al
3. gpd;tUk; M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;f; fiyr;brhw;fis vGJf.
Personality, Emotion, Plastic, Escalator, Apartment, Straw, Mass Drill, Horticulture, Average.
Personality - MSik
A d
Emotion - kdf;fpsu;r;rp/ czu;r;rp
Plastic - befpHp
D ika
6 Escalator
Apartment
-
-
,a=;Fk; gof;fl;L (efUk; kpd;gof; fl;L)
mLf;Fkhof; FoapUg;g[
,ay;
Straw - itf;nfhy;/ cwp+;RFHy;

Mass Drill - Tl;L clw;gapw;rp
Horticulture - njhl;lf;fiy
Alv
Average - ruhrup
4. SHIP vd;Dk; M=;fpyr; brhy;ypd; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpag; bgaiuf; TWf.
ehtha; rhd;W:
espapU Ke;ePu; ehtha; Xl;o tsp
tspbjhHpy; Mz;l cunthd; kUf
a
.Kk
fsp ,ay; ahidf; fupfhy; tst... (g[wk; 66)
5. cyf mstpy; fzpjr; Nj;jpu=;fisa[k;/ ntjpapay; FwpaPLfisa[k; jkpHpy; vt;thW
gad;gLj;j ntz;L vd;W th.br. FHe;ijrhkp TWfpwhu;>
wI
fzpjr; Nj;jpu=;fs; ? jrk Kiw (decimal) åA = nr2

LV
ntjpapay; FwpaPLfs; ? @yf;TW (molecule) H2O, Ca.

w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
284
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bjupe;J bjspnthk; ? epWj;jw;Fwpfs;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
L al
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
A d
m) ``kiwkiyaofs; kuzj;jpd; Kd; kdpju;epiy vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;~~.
M) `kiwkiyaofs; kuzj;jpd;gpd;~/ kdpju;epiy vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
D ika
,) ``kiwkoaofs; kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
<) kiwkiyaofs;/ `kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
tpil: <) kiwkiyaofs;/ `kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
2. rpW jiyg;g[/ E}w;gFjp vz;/ bgU=;Tl;Lj; bjhlu; Kjypa ,l=;fspy; ________ g[s;sp
tUjy; ntz;Lk;.
m) fhw; (,) M) miug; (;)
Alv
,) Kf;fhw; (:) <) Kw;Wg; (.) tpil: m) fhw; (,)
3. bjhlu;epiyj; bjhlu;fspYk; xU brhy;Yf;F ntWgl;l bghUs; TWk; ,l=;fspYk;________
tUjy; ntz;Lk;. a
m) fhw;g[s;sp (,) M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
,) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.) tpil: M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
.Kk
4. fhw;g[s;sp tUkpl=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
i) bghUs;fisj; jdpj;jdpahff; Fwpg;gpLk; ,l=;fs;
ii) vr;rr; brhw;bwhlu;fs;
iii) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;/ ,izg;g[r; brhw;fs;
wI
iv) jpUKftpsp/ ,izbkhHpfs;

LV

,) i, ii, iv ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
w
5. bjhlupd; ,Wjp/ Kftup ,Wjp/ brhw;FWf;fk;/ ehs; Kjypa ,l=;fspy; ________ tUjy;
ntz;Lk;.
m) fhw;g[s;sp (,) M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
A
//w
,) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.) tpil: <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.)

6. xU tpdhj;bjhlu;/ Kw;Wj;bjhluhft[k; neu;Tw;Wj; bjhluhft[k; ,Ug;gpd;/ ,Wjpapy;
s:K
________ tUjy; ntz;Lk;. gy;fiy epWt[

m) tpdhf;Fwp (?) M) tpag;g[f;Fwp (!)
,) tpspf;Fwp (!) <) nkw;nfhs; Fwp (` ~) tpil: m) tpdhf;Fwp (?)
7. mz;ikapy; ,Ug;ghiu miHg;gjw;Fk;/ bjhiytpy; ,Ug;ghiu miHg;gjw;Fk; ________
gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
m) tpdhf;Fwp (?) M) tpspf;Fwp (!)
tp
,) nkw;nfhs; Fwp (` ~) <) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) tpil: M) tpspf;Fwp (!)

8. nkw;nfhs;Fwp ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) ,U M) @d;W
ht
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J tpil: m) ,U

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9. xw;iw nkw;nfhs;Fwp tUk; ,l=;fs; ________.
i) Xu; vGj;njDk; brhy;nyDk; brhw;bwhlnuDk; jd;idna Fwpf;Fk; ,lk;
ii) fl;Liug; bgau;
iii) E}w;bgau; Fwpf;Fk; ,lk;
L al
iv) gpwu; Tw;Wg;gFjpfs;
,) ii, iii ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
A d
10. neu;Tw;WfspYk; nkw;nfhs;fspYk; ________ tUjy; ntz;Lk;.
m) Vw;iwf;Fwp M) ,ul;ilf;Fwp
,) tpag;g[f;Fwp <) tpspf;Fwp tpil: M) ,ul;ilf;Fwp
D ika
6 11. gH=;fhyj;jpy; gid xiyfspnyh fy;btl;Lfspnyh xU ghly; my;yJ ciueilg;
gFjpia vGjp Koj;jJk; mjid vGjp Koj;jikf;F milahskhf ________ ,Ljy;
,ay;
tHf;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
i) RHpay; ,Ljy; ii) ,iz nfhLfs; ,Ljy; iii) nfhL ,Ljy;
Alv
,) ii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
12. gy;ntW tifahd epWj;jf;Fwpfis ekf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp vt;btt;tpl=;fspy;
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lbkd tpsf;fpatu;fs; ________.
m) Inuhg;gpau;fs;
,) Mg;upf;fu;fs;
a
M) mbkupf;fu;fs;
<) rPdhf;fs; tpil: m) Inuhg;gpau;fs;
.Kk
wI
r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; (1867 ? 1922)

LV
ehlfj;jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;j r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;/

ehlf=;fis cUthf;fpa Mrpupau;fSf;bfy;yhk; Kd;ndhoahft[k;
w
Kjy;tuhft[k; tps=;fpdhu;. bgUk;g[ytu;fs;/ Rthkpfspd; ghly; jpwj;ija[k;

ciuahly;juj;ija[k; czu;e;J be+;rhug; ghuhl;oa[s;sdu;. ,sikapy;
g[ytnuW gHep jz;lghzp Rthkpfisj; njor; brd;W/ jkpHwpitg; r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;
A
//w
(1867 ? 1922)
bgw;w ,tu; jk;Kila 16 MtJ tajpnyna ftpahw;wy; bgw;W btz;gh/
fypj;Jiw ,irg;ghly;fis ,aw;wj; bjhl=;fptpl;lhu;. ,uzpad;/ ,uhtzd;/ vkjUkd;
Mfpa ntl=;fspy; eoj;Jg; g[fHile;jnghJ mtUila taJ 24. tz;zk;/ re;jk; ghLtjpy;
s:K
ty;ytuhapUe;j Rthkpfspd; `re;jf;FHpg;g[fspd;~ brhw;rpyk;g=;fisf; fz;L mf;fhyj;jpy;

kf;fs; tpag;g[w;wdu;.
r=;fujh!; Rthkpfs; `rkur rd;khu;f;f rig~ vd;Dk; ehlff; FGit cUthf;fpdhu;.
,e;jf; FGtpy; gapw;rp bgw;w v!;.$p. fpl;lg;gh ehlff; fiyj;Jiwapy; bgUk;g[fH; <l;odhu;.
nkil ehlfk; juk; Fd;wpa epiyapy;/ kJiu te;j Rthkpfs;/ 1918 ,y;/ `jj;Jt kPdnyhrdp
tp
tpj;Jt ghy rig~ vd;Dk; ehlf mikg;ig cUthf;fp Mrpupau; bghWg;ngw;whu;. ,=;F
cUthdtu;fns o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuu;fs;. ehlfj;jpd;@yk; kf;fSf;F mwbthGf;fj;ija[k;
jkpHpd; bgUikiaa[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; jk; RitkpFe;j ghly;/ ciuahly; tHpna czu;j;jpa
r=;fujhR Rthkpfis ehlfj; Jiwf; fiy+u;fs;/ `jkpH; ehlfj; jiyik Mrpupau;~ vd;W
ht
cskfpH;e;J nghw;Wfpd;wdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f:
1. jkpH;r; brhy;yhf;Ff: rd;khu;f;fk;/ tpj;Jt ghy rig.
rd;khu;f;fk; : ed;bdwp/ cz;ik tHp
tpj;Jt ghy rig : fiy ,is+u; kd;wk;
L al
2. ehlfj; jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;jtu; r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;.
mof;nfhol;l tpidahyiza[k; bgaiu tpidKw;whf;fpj; bjhliu vGJf.
r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; ehlfj; jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;jhu;.
A d
3. <l;odhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
<l;odhu; = <l;L + ,d; + Mu;
D ika
<l;L ? gFjp/ ,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
4. jd;dd;d jhndd jd;dhnd ? ,e;jr; re;jj;jpy; bghUs; bghjpe;j ,uz;L mofs;
bfhz;l ghly; vGJf.
v.fh: ,e;jpa ehl;odpy; thH;tijna
,d;gkha;f; fUjply; ntz;Lkg;gh...
nkjF epyj;jpdpy; cGtijna
Alv
nkd;ikaha;g; nghw;wply; ntz;Lkg;gh-
<ukhd be+;rpdpy; ,uf;fj;ijna
<ifaha;g; ngzply; ntz;Lkg;gh-
a
5. jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrpupau; ? rpwg;g[g;bgaUf;fhd fhuzj;ij mspf;f.
jtj;jpU r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrpupau; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
.Kk
,tu; jk;Kila 16 MtJ tajpnyna fy;tpahw;wy; bgw;W tps=;fpdhu;.
``rkur rd;khu;f;f rig~~ vd;Dk; ehlff; FGit cUthf;fpdhu;.
ehlfj;jpd; @yk; kf;fSf;F mwbthGf;fj;ija[k; jkpHpd; bgUikiaa[k;/
gz;ghl;ila[k;/ jk;Rit kpFe;j ghly;/ ciuahly; tHpna czu;j;jpa r=;fujhR
wI
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The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields
including today painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film,
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dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included
in a broader definition of art or the arts. Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not
differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history,
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making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of gy;fiy epWt[
Art is “vague”, but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created.
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mjd; nehf;fj;ij xU Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwapy; mlf;f Koahky; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; fiyapd;
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4. ehd; thuj;jpd; ,Wjpehs;fspy; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; bry;ntd;.
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bka;g;g[j;jpUj;Jeu; gzpntz;o ehspjH; Kjd;ikahrpupaUf;Ff; fPH;f;fhQk; tptu=;fSld;
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tzf;fk;. j=;fsJ ehspjH; mYtyfj;jpy; bka;g;g[j; jpUj;Jeu; gzpaplk; fhypahf

,Ug;gjhf/ fle;j thuk; j=;fs; ehspjHpy; btspahd tpsk;guk; @yk; mwpe;njd;. ehd;
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jl;lr;Rj; nju;tpy; jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa ,uz;L bkhHpfspYk;/ KJepiyg; gpuptpy;
Kjy; tFg;gpy; nju;r;rp bgw;Ws;nsd;. fzpdpapy; gl;lag; gog;g[ Koj;Js;nsd;. vdnt/
vdf;F ,g;gzpapid tH=;fpdhy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gzpahw;wp epWtdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
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bgw;nwhu; : g. fz;zd; ? f. nfhij
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Kftup : vz; : 11/ fhkuhru; bjU/ jpUbey;ntyp.
miyngrp vz; : 99887 76655
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kpd;d+;ry; Kftup : velan@gmail.com
mwpe;j bkhHpfs; : jkpH;/ M=;fpyk;/ ,e;jp
vil : 55 fpnyh
cauk; : 165 br.kP
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fy;tpj; jFjp : ,s=;fiy (M=;fpyk;)
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ciwnky; Kftup:
Kjd;ikahrpupau; mtu;fs;/
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brd;id.
``jz;liy kapy;fs; Ml/ jhkiu tpsf;fk; jh=;f/
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,Uf;fpd;wd. ``fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;~~ vd;Dk; nghw;Wjw;Fhpathpd;

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fk;gupd; bgUikfs; : `ftpr; rf;futu;j;jp~/ `fy;tpapy; bgupatd; fk;gd;~/ `fk;gd;
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jpuz;l fUj;J:
Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa nrhiyfspny kapy;fs; Mlt[k;/ jhkiu kyu;fs; tpsf;Ffis
Ve;jp epw;ft[k;/ nkf=;fs; kj;jsk; nghy xypf;ft[k;/ Ftis kyu;fs; bfhofspy; fz;nghy;
tpHpj;Jg; ghu;f;ft[k;/ ePu; epiyfspy; miyfs; jpiur;rPiy nghyf; fhl;lt[k;/ njidg;
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nghd;w kfu ahHpd; ,ir nghy; tz;Lfs; ,dpikahfg; ghlt[k;/ ,ira[k; Tj;Jk;
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kw;wtbuy;yhk; kUj nte;jd; vd;W Twpdu;. mJ bghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jhYk;/
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ikaf; fUj;J:
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bjhil eak;:
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``nkhidapy;yhj ghly;
nridapy;yhj murDf;Fr; rkk;~~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidj;
bjhilahFk;. a
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tz;L ? tPPw;wpUf;Fk;
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vd;gjw;nfw;g bra;a[spd; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp

tUtJ vJif eakhFk;.
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v.fh: jz;liy ? bfhz;ly;fs;" bjz;jpiu ? tz;Lfs;

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v.fh: jh=;f ? nehf;f " fhl;l

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mzp eak;:
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``re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;~~ ``re;jk; ,y;yhg; ghl;L brhe;jkhfhJ~~ vd;gjw;nfw;g/
,r;bra;a[s; xt;bthU moapYk; MW rPu;fs; bgw;Wk;/ gy <uirr; rPu;fisg; bgw;Wk;
te;Js;sjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; ``mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
tp
mftnyhir bgw;W/ ,dpa gz;Qld; ghof; fspg;gjw;F vw;w tifapy; re;j eak; kpf;f
ghlyhfj; jpfH;fpwJ.
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kUj epyj;jpd; ,aw;ifia ek; fz;Kd;nd nkilf;fhl;rpahfg; glk; gpoj;Js;sJ/
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gof;Fk;nghnj kfpH;r;rp jUtjhy;/ ftp+upd; `ctifr;Ritia~ vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

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jiyg;g[:
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Kot[iu:
,aw;if epfH;tpidj; jk; ftpj;jpwj;jhy; bjhil/ mzp/ re;jk;/ Rit nghd;w ea=;fs;
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mikj;J fk;gu; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa[s;s gh=;Fg; nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
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,jkhd bjd;wYk;/ nkff; Tl;l=;fSk; NH;e;jpUf;Fk; khiyapy;
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rpWtdpd; jd;dk;gpf;ifa[k;/ jhk; <Lgl;l braypy; mtd;
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fw;ge;J ePna jfu; jil kjpia thH;j;jpL
tp
jP kpjp epkpu;e;J epy; ePjpia nghjpj;jpL

tpLgl;l ,lj;jpy; mLj;J tuntz;oa brhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J vGJf.
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tpil: bjhlu;bkhHp/ jhkiu

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2. fhu;fhyk; ? ________ ; Fspu;fhyk; ? Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif " ________ - khu;fHp/ ij.
tpil : Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp : Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
3. vGj;J/ brhy;/ ________, ahg;g[/ ________. tpil: bghUs; : mzp
4. vGj;J/ ________, rPu;/ jis/ ________ bjhil. tpil: mir : mo
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5. nrud; ? tpy; " nrhHd; ? ________ ; ________ - kPd; tpil: g[yp : ghz;oad;;
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ek; ehl;od; bgUikfspy; xd;W bjhd;ikr; rpd;d=;fs;.
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bjhd;ikahd ,l=;fspYk; fy;btl;LfspYk; rpyu;
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bgUikia ehnk rpijf;fyhkh> mtw;iw mHpahky; ghJfhf;f
,ay;
ehk; vd;d bra;ag;nghfpnwhk;> gl;oaypLf.

kJiuapYs;s rkzu; gLif
ek; ehl;od; bgUikfSs; xd;W bjhd;ikr; rpd;d=;fs;. mit ek; tuyhw;iwg;
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giw rhw;Wgit. nfhtpy;fspYk;/ bjhd;ikahd ,l=;fspYk;/ fy;btl;LfspYk;
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ek;Kila bgUikia ehnk rpijf;ff; TlhJ.
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mtw;iwj; jLf;f/ ghJfhf;f mwpt[iu tH=;f ntz;Lk;.
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TlhJ.
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Jz;lwpf;iffs; nghd;wtw;iw xl;lhjPu;fs; vd mwpt[Wj;jyhk;.

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bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ thbdhypg; gz;giy @yk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[g; gpurhuk; bra;ayhk;.

gs;sp khztu;fs; @ykhf/ xU tpHpg;g[zu;t[g; nguzp elj;jp/ kf;fSf;F mwpt[iu
tH=;fyhk;.
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ek; bjhd;ikfisa[k;/ ghuk;gupaj;ija[k; ngRk; bjhy;ypay; ,l=;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ

ek; xt;bthUtupd; flikahFk;.
,aw;ifnahL ,ize;j gz;ghL ek;KilaJ. mijg; ngzpf; fhg;gnjhL/ mLj;j
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jiyKiwf;Ff; bfhz;L bry;nthk;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Ez;fiyfs;; – Fine Arts
Mtzg;glk; – Documentary
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fy;btl;L – Instruction/Epigraph
jhdpaf;fpl=;F[ – Grain Warehouse
nguHpt[ – Disaster
bjhd;kk; – Myth
ht
***
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
,ay; itaj; jiyik bfhs;
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ciueil fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir Re;ju uhkrhkp
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ctik : thz ntof;iff;fhud; ehHpf;Fs; jpzpf;Fk; kUe;Jnghy
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

ctnkak; : $Pthde;jk; ,uz;L ifg;gpo tprak;jhd; vLj;Jf; bfhs;thu;.
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xg;gpLjy; : $Pth nkilkPJ VwpaJk; ,uz;L ifg;gpo tp&a=;fSf;F beUg;g[ itj;J

tpLthu;. mjpypUe;J tu;z$hy=;fs; njhd;Wk;. gr;ira[k; rptg;g[k; k+;rSk;
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ngr;Rf;fiyia tpsf;Fk; ghlg;g[j;jf=;fisf; fhyoapy; nghl;L kpjpj;jtu; $Pth.

mtUila ngr;Rg;ghzp ,uty;ghzp my;y" fw;W mwpe;JJk; my;y.
ehl;L kf;fspd; juk;/ mDgtk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapidj; bjupe;j
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beLtpdh
1. Re;ju uhkrhkpapd; ``fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ $Pthtpd; thH;f;iff;F
v=;=dk; bghUe;Jk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
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Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
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bfhs;ifa[k; ? ek;gpf;ifa[k; Kot[iu
7 Kd;Diu:
,ay;
murpay; kw;Wk; bghJt[likr; rpe;jidapYk; jd;idf; Tu;thsha; bkUnfw;wpf;

bfhz;ltu; $Pth. mtuJ thH;f;if Re;juuhkrhkpapd; `fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~a[ld;
bghUe;Jtij ,dpf; fhzyhk;.
Alv
$Pth:
$Pth vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; gh.$Pthde;jk; bjhlf;fj;jpy; fhe;jpathjpahft[k;/ gpwF
Rakhpahij ,af;fg; nghuhspahft[k; bghJt[ilik ,af;fj; jiytuhft[k;
a
bray;gl;lhh;. rpwe;j jkpH;g; gw;whsh;" vspikapd; milahskhfj; jpfH;e;jth;.
$PthkPJ ez;gu;fs; ek;gpf;if:
.Kk
$dg; gpusaj;jpd; Kd;dhy; $Pth/ r=;fehjk; vGg;gpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj/
ehw;wpirapYk; miy miyaha;g; gut[k; ngnuhirapy; fye;J tpLtnj $Pthtpd;
Kj;jpiu bfhz;l kuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ez;gu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.
$Pth ,Wjp @r;R tiuapYk; fu;$pj;Jf; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Ug;ghd; vd;gJk; ez;gu;fspd;
ek;gpf;if.
wI
LV
be+;nrhL tsu;e;j fdt[:

$Pth jdf;bfd xU jj;Jtj;ijr; rpU&;oj;jtu; my;yu;. jhd; tpUk;gpa jj;Jtj;ij/
w
rpj;jhe;j fUj;Jfisj; jdJ mupa jpwikahy;/ fiynehf;fhy; capu; bgwr;bra;J kdpjd;

Kd; gilj;jtu;. xU fdt[ rpWgpuhaj;jpypUe;nj mtu; be+;nrhL ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
kdpj bts;sj;ijj; jhd; Kd;dpd;W/ jiyik jh=;fp/ cd;dj vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F miHj;Jr;
A
//w
bry;yntz;Lk; vd;gnj me;jf; fdt[.

bfhs;ifa[k; ? ek;gpf;ifa[k;:
kdpjr; rpe;jidaplk; eP (mJ) rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; jd;dplk; TW vd;fpwhu; $Pth. mjid
s:K
vl;Lj;jpirapYk; gug;gp kdpjr;rhjpia kdpjr;rpe;jid brhd;d ,lj;jpw;F miHj;J

tUntd; vd;fpwhu;.
$Pthtpd; ntz;Lnfhs;:
kdpjr; rpe;jidapd; nguhw;wyplk; jd;idg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;SkhWk;/ mJnt
jdJ gpuhu;j;jida[k; vd;fpwhu;. ,Jnt/ $Pthtpd; kndhghtk;/ ek;gpf;ifa[k; MFk;.
tp
ngr;Reil:
ngr;Rf;fiy $Pth bgw;w tuk;. $Pth ngr;rpy; cj;jpfSk;/ ngr;rHFk; E}jdkhf
,Uf;Fk;. ek; ehl;L kf;fspd; juk;/ mDgtk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk;/ ek;gpf;if ,tw;iw ed;F
mwpe;jtu;. mitfis fiynehf;nfhL mQfpf; fw;gid fye;J btw;wpfukhf mikj;j
ht
ghzp ,uty;ghzp my;y.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,uz;L ifg;gpo tp&ak;:
xU rpy fUj;Jfis tpupthfr; brhy;yp kf;fSf;Fg; g[upa itj;Jtpl;;lhy;nghJk;
vd;gnj $Pthtpd; vz;zk;.
gRikahd vz;z=;fs;:
L al
jhd; gof;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf;bfhz;nl ,Ug;ngd; vd;w vz;zk; mtuplk; gRikahf
,Ue;jJ.jhd; fiuj;Jf; Foj;j xU tp&aj;ij xU fw;Wf;Fl;o mtuplk; ngrpdhYk;
fhJ bfhLg;ghu;.
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j fpis:
A d
rhjhuzf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j $Pth vd;fpw brhupKj;J Mw;wpy; nghl;l fpisiag;nghy;
thH;e;jpUf;fntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,aw;ifapd; tpjpfis kWj;J vjpu; ePr;ry; nghl;lhu;.
D ika
Kot[iu:
vd; thH;t[ vd; iffspy; vd;W ek;gpatu; $Pth. mtUila thH;f;ifia
Muha;fpd;wnghJ mtuJ ek;gpf;ifg; gypj;jJ vd;nw brhy;yyhk;. ePupy; tpGe;j fpis
kiyf;Fr; brd;Wtpl;lJ. $Pth vd;Dk; ngnuhir fhw;wpy; fye;Jtpl;lJ. $Pthtpd;
capu;fhw;Wk; fle;Jtpl;lJ.
Alv
1. ehd; tpUk;g[k; ehl;ow;FiHj;j jiytu; ? nkilg;ngr;Rf;fhd ftpa[iu cUthf;Ff.
ehd; tpUk;g[k; ehl;ow;FiHj;j jiyth; ? bgUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;
a
tpUJkhefhpd; tpobts;spna-
vz;zw;nwhh; thH;tpd; xsptpsf;nf-
.Kk
md;dr; rj;jpu mikj;jiy tpl
M=;nfhh; ViHf;F fy;tpr; rhiy vd;whd; ghujp-
ahnkh md;dKk; fy;tpa[k; mspj;j
fUizf;fly; fhkuhrnu-
wI
md;gpd; jpUt[Unt-
LV
Mw;wypd; ,Ug;gplnk-
,uf;fj;jpd; ,izna-
w
<oy;yhg; ghujj;jpd; jiyik

cUthf;fpa jiykfnd-
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

jkpH;kz;zpd; jiyikna-
A
//w
tU=;fhy re;jjpapd; xspr;Rlnu-

cz;ik/ czh;t[/ czh;r;rpahy;
u&;ahtpy; urpf;fg;gl;l ,uh$je;jpunk-
s:K
ghhpy; goj;Jg; ghuhl;L bgw;nwhh; gyh;

gof;fhj/ eof;fhj ey;nyhh; kdjpy; thGk;
brhy;yHF ehafnd- fhkuhrnu--
2. $Pthde;jk; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;o tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
$Pthde;jk;
tp
èP=;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; brhj;J-~ `fhe;jp tpae;j njhHd;~.

njhHh; $Pth cz;ikahd fsg;nghuhsp bjhHpyhsh; elj;jpa nghuhl;l=;fis
xU=;fpizj;J elj;jpath;.
1946 ,y; gphpl;o&; muR bjhHpyhsh;fspd; nghuhl;lj;ij jLj;J epWj;jpanghJ
ht
epWj;jhky; Kd;ndwpath; $Pth. 295

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.in
,jdhy; Mj;jpuk; mile;j gphpl;o&; muR `,d;Dk; xU mo vLj;J itg;nghh;
Rlg;gLth;~ vd;wdh;. mijf;nfl;l $Pth nfhgk; bfhz;L/ `khh;igj; jl;o v=;nf RL~
vd;whh;.
fhe;jPaf; bfhs;ifahy; <h;f;fg;gl;lth; $Pth. 1927 ,y; fhe;jpapd; bgauhy; Mrpukk;
L al
elj;jpath;.
rhjp xHpg;g[/ Rakhpahij nghd;w nghuhl;l=;fspy; <Lgl;lth;.
1932 Mk; Mz;L rl;l kWg;g[ Tl;lk; elj;jpdhh;. ,dpa[k; ,th; ngrpdhy; ekf;F
A d
Mgj;J vd muR mtiu rpiwapy; milj;jJ.
1963/ $dthp 18 ,y; kiwe;jhh;.
D ika
7 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir vd;w ghlg;gFjpapd; Mrpupau; ________.
Alv
m) Re;ju uhkrhkp M) nrh. uhkrhkp
,) Re;ju Mt[ilag;gd; <) Re;juk; tpil: m) Re;ju uhkrhkp
2. njhthis vd;Dk; Cu; ________ ehl;od; tlf;Fg; gFjp.
m) bea;jy;
,) bfh=;F
a
M) eh+;rpy;
<) Fw;why tpil: M) eh+;rpy;
.Kk
3. jpUth=;Tupy; Vw;gl;lJ ________.
m) epyeLf;fk; M) g+;rk;
,) bts;sg;bgUf;F <) mikjp tpil: ,) bts;sg;bgUf;F
wI
i) njhthis fpuhk kf;fsplk; bts;sg;bgUf;fpdhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;g[fs; Fwpj;Jg; ngrp

LV
epjp jpul;odhu; $Pth.

ii) mt;bts;s epthuzf; FGtpd; jiytu; $Pth.
w
iii) mg;nghJ gs;sp ,Wjpg;gog;igf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.

,) iii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
A
//w
5. $Pth kiwe;j ehs; ________.

m) 18?01?1963 M) 14?02?1963
tpil: m) 18?01?1963
s:K
,) 18?01?1965 <) 14?02?1965

6. ``kdpjr;rpe;jidna/ fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj nguhw;wny/ eP rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; rpwe;jtw;iw
vd;dplk; xnu xUKiw TW~~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
m) $Pth M) ghujp
,) b$afhe;jd; <) b$ankhfd; tpil: m) $Pth
7. $Pth ________ fiyapy; rpwe;jtu;.
tp
m) ngr;R M) ,ir
,) jpiu <) Xtpa tpil: m) ngr;R
8. `èhd; xU gs;sp khztd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf; bfu;znl ,Ug;ngd;~~
ht
vd;w vz;zj;Jf;F cupatuhfr; Re;ju uhkrhkpahy; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLgtu; ________.

296
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) $Pth M) ghujp
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) fhkuhru; tpil: m) $Pth
9. $Pthtpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) brhupKj;J M) FkupKj;J
L al
,) Kj;J <) Kj;Juhkd; tpil: m) brhupKj;J
10. $Pth ________ FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;.
m) murf; M) tptrhaf;
A d
,) bert[f; <) bry;tf; tpil: M) tptrhaf;
11. `vd; thH;t[ vd; iffspy;~ vd;W ek;gpatu;
D ika
m) $Pth M) fy;fp
,) bgupahu; <) mwp+u; mz;zh tpil: m) $Pth
12. Re;juuhkrhkp ________ nru;e;jtu;.
m) jpUbey;ntypia M) ts;spa{iu
,) ehkf;fy;iy <) ehfu;nfhtpiy tpil: <) ehfu;nfhtpiy
Alv
13. gRta;ah vd;w g[idbgaupy; ftpijfs; vGjpatu; ________.
m) Re;ju uhkrhkp M) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp
,) Re;ju Mt[ilag;gd; <) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp tpil: m) Re;ju uhkrhkp
a
14. Re;ju uhkrhkpapd; gilg;g[fspy; vJ rpWfij vd;gijf; fz;lwp.
m) xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij
.Kk
M) n$. n$. rpy Fwpg;g[fs;
,) FHe;ijfs; bgz;fs; Mz;fs;
<) fhf=;fs; tpil: <) fhf=;fs;
15. brk;kPd;/ njhl;oapd; kfd; Mfpa g[jpd=;fis ________ bkhHpapypUe;J jkpGf;F
wI
bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu; Re;juuhkrhkp.
LV
m) kiyahs M) fd;dl
,) bjY=;F <) tl tpil: m) kiyahs
w
16. `fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ________ ,y; ________ ,jHpd; $Pth gw;wpa
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

rpwg;g[ kyupy; btspahdJ.
m) 1962/ Fapy; M) 1963/ jhkiu
A
//w
,) 1963/ bjd;wy; <) 1965/ nfhFyk; tpil: M) 1963/ jhkiu

17. ùj;dhghapd; M=;fpyk;~ vd;gJ Re;juuhkrhkpapd; ________.
s:K
m) g[jpdk; M) bkhHpbgau;g;g[f;fij
,) rpWfij <) fl;Liu tpil: ,) rpWfij
FWtpdh
1. g. $Pthde;jk; r@f eyDf;fhfj; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;l Kjy; epfH;t[ vJ>
tp
eh+;rpy; ehlod; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; cs;s njhthis vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; bts;s

epthuzg; gzpfspy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;lnj r@f eyDf;fhd $Pthtpd;
Kjy; epfH;thFk;.
epthuzg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;l FGtpw;Fj; jiytuhf tps=;fpa $Pth/ mg;nghJ gs;sp
ht
,Wjpg;gog;ig goj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;. 297

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2. g. $Pthde;jk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgau; ? brhupKj;J.
vspa tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;.
$Pth vd;wiHf;fg;gLgtu;.
L al
bjhlf;fj;jpy; fhe;jpathjp gpwF Rakupahij ,af;fg; nghuhsp" bghJt[ilik
,af;fj; jiytu;.
rpwe;j jkpH;g; gw;whsu;.
A d
3. Re;juuhkrhkp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehfu;nfhtpiyr; nru;e;jtu; Re;ju uhkrhkp.
D ika
etPdj; jkpH; vGj;jhsu;fSs; xUtu;.
7 gRta;ah vd;w g[idbgaupy; ftpijfs; vGjpatu;.
4. Re;juuhkrhkp vGjpa rpWfijfisf; TWf.
,ay;
uj;dhghapd; M=;fpyk;
fhf=;fs;
Alv
5. Re;juuhkrhkp vGjpa g[jpd=;fisf; TWf.
xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij
n$. n$. rpy Fwpg;g[fs;
FHe;ijfs; bgz;fs; Mz;fs; a
6. Re;juuhkrhkp bkhHpbgau;j;Js;s g[jpd=;fisf; TWf.
.Kk
brk;kPd;/ njhl;oapd; kfd; Mfpa g[jpd=;fis kiyahsj;jpypUe;J jkpGf;F
bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;.
rpWtpdh
wI
1. $Pthtpd; gpuhu;j;jidahfr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit> (my;yJ)

LV
$Pthtpd; bfhs;ifiaa[k; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Fwpj;Jr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit>

w
kdpjr; rpe;jidna/ fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj nguhw;wny/ eP rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; rpwe;jtw;iw

vd;dplk; xnu xUKiw TW.
mjid ehd; vl;Lj;jpirapYk; gug;gp kdpj$hjpia eP brhd;d ,lj;jpw;F miHj;J
A
//w
tUfpnwd;.
re;njfg;glhnj- bra;Jfhl;Lfpnwd;.
vd;idg; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;tnj eP vdf;Fj; jUk; ifkhW vd;W $Pthtpd;
s:K
gpuhu;j;jidahf mtuJ bfhs;ifiaa[k; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Re;ju

uhkrhkp.
2. $Pth Fwpj;jhd gRikahd vz;z=;fshfr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit>

ehd; xU gs;sp khztd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ngd;
vd;w vz;zk; vg;nghJk; mtu; kdjpy; gRikahf ,Ue;jJ nghypUf;fpwJ.
tp
mtu; fiuj;Jf; Foj;Jtpl;l xU tp&aj;ijg; gw;wp xU fw;Wf;Fl;o mtuplk;

ngrpdhYk; mija[k; fhJ bfhLj;Jf; nfl;ghu;.
jdf;Fj; bjupahj tp&a=;fs; gpwUf;Fj; bjupe;jpUf;Fk; vd;w vspa cz;ik vg;nghJk;
mtu; epidtpy; epw;Fk;.
ht
298 ***
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ciueil
,ay; 7 g[ul;rpf;ftp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
1. mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;j;jtd; ? ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
m) mikr;ru; ftp+uplk; M) kd;du; mikr;ruplk;
D ika
,) mikr;ru; kd;duplk; <) kd;du; mKjty;ypaplk;
tpil: ,) mikr;ru; kd;duplk;
FWtpdh
1. ciHg;ghsu;fspd; njhs; typikahy; tpise;jd ahit>
Alv
``rpw;whWk; tug;bgLj;j taYk; MWnjf;fpa ey;tha;f;fhYk;~~
vjw;Fk; cjthj ghH;epyj;ijg; g[Jg;gpj;J/ mHF bghUe;jpa efuhf khw;wpatu;.
tay;fspy; ePiuj; njf;fpatu;.
tha;f;fhy;fs; mikj;jtu;.
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpatu;.
a
.Kk
cGJ cGJ epiwthd ciHg;igj; je;jtu;.
fdpk ts=;fisg; bgw kiyfisa[k;/ ghiwfisa[k; gpse;jtu;.
,t;thwhd bray;fs; aht[k; ciHg;ghsu; njhs; typikahy; tpise;jdthFk;.
2. miyfly;/ g[Jf;fpatu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
wI
miyfly; ? tpidj;bjhif
LV
g[Jf;fpatu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;

w
rpWtpdh
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

1. ``cau;jkpiH capbud;W nghw;Wkpd;fs;~~ ? ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
A
//w
,lk;:
ghjpjhrdpd; g[ul;rpf;ftp vd;w E}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
s:K
kd;ddhy; kuz jz;lid bgw;w cjhud; ehl;Lkf;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; TWjy;.

tpsf;fk;:
jkpHpy; jpwik ,Ue;jjhy;/ kd;dd; jd; kfSf;Ff; ftpij fw;gpf;f vd;id
(cjhuid) miHj;jhd;. jkpH;f;ftp+d; vd;gjhy; mKjty;ypa[k; cjhuidf; (vd;idf;)
fhjypj;jhs;. mKjk; nghd;w jkpH; (jd;) vd; ,wg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd kf;fs; rKjhak;
tp
jtwhf vz;Qnkh- vdnt/ cau;thd jha;jkpiH capuhfg; nghw;WtPh;fshf vd;W

cjhud; (ntz;Ljy;) ntz;Lfpwhd;.
ht
299
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2. bgU=;fhL/ cGJGJ ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. bgU=;fhL `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ bgU + fhL
L al
bgUik + fhL tpFjp bfl; L /
`,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `=;~ nrh;e;J/ bgU=;fhL
vd;whdJ.
A d
2. cGJGJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; cGj; + cGJ
cGJ + cGJ bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
cGJ(j; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cGJGJ
D ika
7 cGJ ,ay;ng~ (j;; + c = J) vd;whdJ.
beLtpdh
,ay;
1. ghujpjhrd; xU `g[ul;rpf;ftp~ vd;gij cjhud; ghj;jpuk; thapyhf bka;g;gpf;f.
Alv
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu tHf;fpidg; bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup
J}f;Fnkilapy; cjhud; capu;jkpiH/ capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs;
cjhudpd; ngr;R
a
CUk; taYk; tsk;bgw ciHj;jtu;fs;
jha;ehl;il thH;j;Jjy;
bfhL=;nfhd;ik tPHl;Lk;
.Kk
Kj;Jf; Fspf;f mlf;fpa @r;R Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
``g[jpanjhu; cyF bra;nthk;/
wI
bfl;lg; nghupLk; cyfj;ij ntbuhL rha;g;nghk;~~ ? vd;ghu; ghujpjhrd;.

LV
ghnte;jupd; g[ul;rpf;ftp fhtpaj;jpy; Foahl;rp cupik gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;/ ,tiug;

g[ul;rpf;ftpahf cUbtLf;f itj;jJ.
w
J}f;Fnkilapy; cjhud;:
cjhuDf;Fk; mKjty;ypf;Fk; J}f;Fj;jz;lid tpjpj;jhd; kd;dd;.
``filrpahf rpy ngr;Rg; ngrpLf~~
A
//w
jz;lidf;F Kd;ghf cjhuDf;Fg; ngRtjw;fhd tha;g;gpidj; jiyg;ghif

mjpfhupfs; mspj;jdu;.
cjhudpd; ngr;R:
s:K
`èPnuhil epy=;fHpf;f beLku=;fs; epiwe;J~~

epyj;ijf; fpHpj;J XLk; ePnuhilfs;/ mlu;e;j bgU=;fhLfs;/ fhl;oy; thGk;
tpy=;Ffs;/ kiyg; gpst[fspy; thGk; ghk;g[f;Tl;l=;fs; ,j;jifa ghH;epyj;jpy;
efu=;fisf; fl;og; g[Jikg;gLj;jpatu;fs; ciHg;ghspfs;.
CUk; taYk; tsk;bgw ciHj;jtu;fs;:
tp
``rpw;W}Uk; tug;bgLj;j taYk; MWnjf;fpa ey;tha;f;fhYk;~~

rpwpa Cu;fs;/ tug;g[fs; NH;e;j tay;fs;/ mizf;fl;Lfs;/ tha;f;fhy;fs; tsk; bgw
epyj;ij cGJ/ epiwthd gaidj; je;j/ typika[ila njhs;fs; ciHf;Fk; tu;f;fj;jpd;
njhs;fs;.
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Kj;Jf; Fspf;f mlf;fpa @r;R:
``fw;gpse;J kiygpse;J fdpfs; btl;o~~
fy;iya[k;/ kz;iza[k; gpse;J/ fdpk=;fis btl;o vLj;J/ fUtpfs; bra;j iffs;
ciHf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpd; iffs;. flypy; @H;fp Kj;Jf;Fspf;f/ etkzpfis vLf;f
L al
mlf;fpa @r;R ciHg;ghspj; njhHu;fspd; @r;R.
tHf;fpid bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup:
``... ,tSk; ehDk; rhtbjd;nw jPu;g;gspj;jhd;~~
A d
murDf;Fk; jdf;Fkhd tHf;fpidg; bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup vd;whd; cjhud;.
mjw;F kd;dd; xg;gtpy;iy. kd;dd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;Fk; kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhd;.
bghJkf;fs; Kd;du; ,UtUk; rhf te;jdu;. xU jdpkdpjDila njitf;fhfnt ehL
D ika
vd;why;/ ,e;j ehL mHptnj ey;yJ. jhDk; mKjty;ypa[k; rhfg;nghtjhff; Twpdhd;.
bghJkf;fs; eP=;fs; capUld; thHg; nghtjhf vz;QfpwPu;fs;.
capu;jkpiH/ capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs;:
jkpH; ed;whf mwpe;jjhy; kd;dd; kfSf;Ff; ftpij fw;gpf;f vd;id miHj;jhd;.
jkpHhy; ,UtUk; fhjy; tag;gl;nlhk;. jd; capu; nghtjw;Fj; jha;bkhHp fhuzkhfptpl;lJ
Alv
vd kf;fs; vz;zf;TlhJ. jkpGf;Fg; gHptUk; vdpy; jd;dhy; bghWf;f KoahJ vd;whd;.
khrpy;yhj cau; jkpiH capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs; vd;whd; cjhud;.
jha;ehl;il thH;j;Jjy;:
a
``murDf;Fg; gpd;dpe;jj; J}a
ehl;il MSjw;Fg; gpwe;j~~
.Kk
murDf;Fg;gpd; ehl;il Msg;gpwe;jts; mKjty;yp. ,tisf;bfhy;y murDf;F
mjpfhukpy;iy. jiyia mWg;gJ kd;dDf;Fg; bghGJnghf;F. bghJkf;fSf;F
capu;thij. mKjty;yp jd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpa[upikia kf;fSf;Fj; jUtjhf
vz;zpapUe;jhd; vd;whd; cjhud;.
wI
bfhL=;nfhd;ik tPHl;Lk;:
LV
``thHpa vd; ed;dhL bghd;dhlhf~~

eyk; epiwe;j vd; jha;ehL thH;f/ tsk;bgw;w ehlhf kyu;f. thH;t[upikg; bgw;W kf;fs;
w
thH;thu;fshf. bfhL=;nfhd;ik kz;zpy; tPHl;Lk;. ehd; c=;fis tz=;fp cyif

tpl;Lg; nghfpnwd;. vd; ,uj;jk; vd; jha; kz;zpny rpe;jl;Lk; vd;W tpilbgw;whd;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

cjhud;.
A
//w
Kot[iu:
cjhud; thapyhf jha;bkhHpg; gw;W/ jha;ehl;Lg; gw;W/ bfhL=;nfhy; mjpfhuk;/
s:K
kf;fspd; ,ayhik/ ePjpapd;ikg; nghd;w fUj;Jfisg; gilj;J kf;fshl;rpapd;

mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ffpwhu; ghujpjhrd;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
XJf/ ngrpLf/ MH;f/ thHpa – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
miyfly; – tpidj;bjhif
tp
jkpH;f;ftp+u; – ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif

ngud;g[/ beL=;Fd;W – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
xHpjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
cGJGJ – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
ht
301
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.in
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. epd;whu; = epy;(d;) + w; + Mu; 4. bra;thd; = bra; + t; + Md;

epy;(d;) gFjp/ y;?d; MdJ tpfhuk; bra; gFjp
L al
w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. miHj;jhd; = miH + j; + j; + Md; 5. ntz;Lfpnwd; = ntz;L + fpW + Vd;
A d
miH gFjp ntz;L gFjp
j; re;jp fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
D ika
7 j;
Md;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
tpFjp
,ay;
3. MH;f = MH; + f 6. gwpj;jhu; = gwp + j; + j; + Mu;

MH; gFjp gwp gFjp
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; re;jp
Alv
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. ePnuhil `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ePnuhil
ePu; + Xil ,ay;ng~ (u;; + X) = nuh vd;whdJ.
2. rpw;W}u; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp rpW + Cu;
wI
rpWik + Cu; bfl;L

LV
`jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ rpw;W + Cu;

w
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ rpw;w; + Cu;

vDk; tpjpg;go/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ rpw;W}u;
vd;whdJ.
A
//w
,ay;ng~ (w; + C = W})

3. fw;gpse;J `ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;~ fw;gpse;J
fy; + gpse;J vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
s:K
4. kzpf;Fyk; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; kzpf;Fyk;

kzp + Fyk; f r j g kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go vd;whdJ.
5. mKbjd;W `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ mKj; + vd;W
mKJ + vd;W vDk; tpjpg;go/
mKJ(j; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ mKbjd;W
tp
vd;W ,ay;ng~ (j; + v = bj) vd;whdJ.

6. g[tpahl;rp `,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ g[tp + a; + Ml;rp
g[tp + Ml;rp `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[tpahl;rp
ht
,ay;ng~ (a; + M = ah) vd;whdJ.

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Mk; tFg;g[
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1. kf;fshl;rpapd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vGJf.
L al
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu kf;fshl;rpapd; J}z;fs;
tuyhW khdpl chpik kf;fshl;rp
neuo kf;fshl;rp Kot[iu
A d
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp
D ika
Kd;Diu:
kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ Rje;jpukhd njh;jy; Kiwg;go cah; mjpfhuk; bgw;w kf;fs;
njh;e;bjLf;Fk; murh=;fk;. ,jpy; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; Ml;rp mjpfhuk; bgWth;.
tuyhW:
`kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ rPuhfnth kpf ntj;Jlndh tsh;e;jJ my;y~ vd;W rhKnty;
Alv
gpb\l;o=;fd; TWfpwhh;. gy;ntW tuyhw;W miyfshy; Kd;ndw;wk; mile;jJ
vd;fpwhh;. Kjy; miy 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fk; mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;od; Mz;
Fokf;fs; thf;fspg;gJ. 2 Mk; miy/ ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghhpy; ,Ue;J 1962 ,y; tsh;e;J
1970 ,y; Fiwe;jJ. 1974 ,y; 3 Mk; miy 30 ehLfspy; gw;wpaJ.
neuo kf;fshl;rp:
a
neuo kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; midj;J Fokf;fSk; vt;tpj ,ilg;gl;l
.Kk
gpujpepjpfspy;yhky; kf;fshy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gzpakh;j;jg;gl;l mYth;fs;
,y;yhkYk; kf;fshfnt neuoahtJ bghJKot[fspy; fye;Jbfhz;L bghJKot[fis
vLf;Fk; Kiw neuo kf;fshl;rp vd;gh;.
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp:
wI
xt;bthU FokfDk; jd;Dila ehl;ow;fhf neuoahfnth my;yJ Rje;jpukhfnth

LV
njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshfnth murh=;fj;jpy; g=;bfLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ

w
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.

kf;fshl;rpapd; J}z;fs;:
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

kf;fs; ,iwikiag; bgw;wy;" muR kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mikjy;"
A
//w
bgUk;ghd;iknahh; Ml;rp" kdpj chpik ghJfhj;jy;" rpWghd;ikapdh; chpik kjpj;jy;"

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;" rl;lj;ij midtUk; gpd;gw;wy; nghd;wit ,jpy;
ml=;Fk;.
s:K
khdpl chpik kf;fshl;rp:

kdpjh;fs; midtUk; gpwg;ghy; fz;zpaj;jhy; kw;Wk; chpikahy; Rje;jpukhdth;fs;.
mth;fsplk; fhuz fhhpa=;fs; kw;Wk; epaha czh;t[ mog;gilapy; vy;nyhUk; rnfhju
vz;zj;Jld; brayhw;w ntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
Kot[iu:
tp
kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; Msg;gLtJ kf;fshl;rp vd;ghu; Mgpufhk; yp=;fd;.

vdnt kf;fs; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns mjpfhuk; brYj;Jk; chpika[k; flika[k; xU=;nf
bgw;Ws;s rpwg;ng kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ bjspthfpwJ.
ht
303
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2. ghujpjhrdhupd; `g[ul;rpf; ftp~ FW=;fhtpajij KGikahfg; goj;Jr; Ritj;J c=;fs;
fUj;ijg; gjpt[ bra;f.
kf;fshl;rpr; rpe;jidfisg; gug;gpajpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; bgUk; g=;F cz;L
vd;gijg; ghujpjhrdpd; g[ul;rpf; fhtpaj;jpy; fhzKofpwJ. mtw;wpy; ehd; Ritj;j
L al
thpfs;.
èhL/ ehl;L tsk; kf;fSf;nf- jdpkdpj njitf;bfd;why; me;j ehLk; mHpal;Lk;"
ehKk; mHpnthk;~ vd;fpwhh;.
A d
murDf;Fk; vdf;Fk; xU tHf;Fz; lhf
mt;tHf;ifg; bghJkf;fs; jPh;g;g njjhd;
D ika
rhpbad;nwd;" xg;gtpy;iy- ,tSk; ehDk;
7 rhtbjd;nw jPh;g;gspj;jhd;" rhf te;njhk;
xU kdpjd; njitf;nf ,e;jj;njrk;
,ay;
cd;bld;why;/ mj;njrk; xHpjy; ed;whk;

,UtUk; ,njh rhfpd;nwhk;-.....
mLj;jhf jkpH; goj;jhy; rhf ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyiag; gw;wp mHFgl TWfpwhh;.
Alv
murdpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH; fw;gpf;f gy;ntW bgha; Twp tutiHj;jhh;. vjph;ghuhjtpjkhf
murdpd; kfs; vd;nky; tpUg;gk; mile;jhs;. ehDk; nerpj;njd;. ,Jjhd; fhuzk; vd;id
miHf;ftpy;iy vd;why; fhjy; Vw;gl;oUf;fhJ. ,jw;F jkpH;jhd; fhuzk;. murDf;F
a
jkpH;kPJ ,Ue;j fhjy;. Mfnt miHj;jhd; ehDk; fw;gpj;njd;. ehsiltpy; kfs;kPJ
fhjyhf khwpaJ. ehd; vd;d Fw;wk; bra;njd;. jkpH;jhd; Fw;wk; bra;jJ. jkpGf;Fg; gHp
.Kk
tuyhkh>
jkpH; mwpe;jjhy; nte;jd; vid miHj;jhd;
jkpH;f;ftpvd; bwid mtSk; fhj ypj;jhs;-
mKbjd;W brhy;Ykpe;jj; jkpH;/ vd; Mtp
mHptjw;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;j bjd;W
wI
rKjhak; epidj;jpLnkh-
LV
vd;W mHFgl ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp vDk; FW=;fhtpaj;ijg; gilj;Js;shh;.

w
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A
//w
gyt[s; bjupf
s:K
1. murd; jd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;Fg; gapw;Wtpf;f tpUk;gpa fiy ________.

m) Xtpaf;fiy M) eldf;fiy
,) ftpij vGJk; fiy <) ,irf;fiy tpil: ,) ftpij vGJk; fiy
2. cjhuidg; gw;wp `mtd; mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;e;jtd;~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ
m) mKjty;yp murdplk; M) murd; mKjty;ypaplk;
,) mikr;ru; murdplk; <) murd; mikr;rdplk; tpil: ,) mikr;ru; murdplk;
tp
3. cjhud; vj;jifa khw;Wj;jpwdhsp vd;W Twpdhu;fs;>

m) ghu;itaw;wtd;; M) brtpj;jpwd; Fd;wpatu;
,) tha; ngr ,ayhjtu; <) elf;f ,ayhjtu; tpil: m) ghu;itaw;wtd;;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. murd; mKjty;ypia vt;thW Twpdu;>
m) ePz;lehs; M) bjhGnehahsp
,) M!;Jkh <) jPuh tpil: M) bjhG nehahsp
5. mKjty;ypf;Ff; ftpij vGJk; fiyiaf; fw;Wj; je;jtd; ________.
L al
m) fjputd; M) cjhud;
,) ntyd; <) fgpyd; tpil: M) cjhud;
6. mKjty;yp cjhud; tpUg;gj;ijf; fz;L murd; cjhuDf;F mspj;j jz;lid ________.
A d
m) firao M) rpiwjz;lid
,) Ma[s; jz;lid <) kuz jz;lid tpil: <) kuz jz;lid
D ika
7. g[ul;rpf;ftpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif ________.
m) mWrPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
M) vz;rPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh
<) fyptpUj;jk; tpil: M) vz;rPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
Alv
8. ``capu; vkf;F bty;yky;y~~ vd;W Twpatu;>
m) cjhud; M) murd;
,) mKjty;yp <) mikr;rd; tpil: ,) mKjty;yp
m) murd;
a
9. `filrpahfr; rpy ngr;Rg; ngrpLf~ vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
M) murp
.Kk
,) mikr;rd; <) jiyg;ghif mjpfhup tpil: <) jiyg;ghif mjpfhup
10. xU kdpjd; njitf;nf ,e;jj; njrk;
cz;bld;why;/ mj;njrk; xHpjy; ed;whk; ? ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
wI
m) mKjty;yp murdplk; M) cjhud; mikr;rdplk;

LV
,) bghJkf;fs; murdplk; <) cjhud; bghJkf;fsplk;

tpil: <) cjhud; bghJkf;fsplk;
w
11. rpuk; mWj;jy; nte;jDf;Fg;bghGJ nghf;Fk; rpwpafij ekf;bfy;yhk; capupd; thij- ?
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; fhg;gpak; ________.
A
//w
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kndhd;kzpak;
,) Fz;lynfrp <) g[ul;rpf;ftp tpil: <) g[ul;rpf;ftp
12. md;g[ bra;njhu; gokPJ thHhnuh ? vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
s:K
m) cjhud; M) mKjty;yp
,) bghJkf;fs; <) mikr;rd; tpil: M) mKjty;yp
13. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:
i) XJf ? 1. cyfk;
ii) KHf;fk; ? 2. cnyhf=;fs;
tp
iii) fdpfs; ? 3. X=;fp ciuj;jy;

iv) go ? 4. brhy;f
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
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14. eit vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) rhd;nwhu; mit M) ed;ik
,) Fw;wk; <) vspik tpil: ,) Fw;wk;
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:
L al
i) MH;f ? 1. bjhHpw;bgau;
ii) miyfly; ? 2. gz;g[j;bjhif
iii) ngud;g[ ? 3. tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
iv) xHpjy; ? 4. tpidj;bjhif
A d
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
D ika
7 16. Love Poems From a Classical Tamil Anthology vd;w E}iyj; jkpHpypUe;J bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) V.nf. uhkhD$k; M) k.by. j=;fg;gh
,) gpuk;;kuh$d; <) ftpkzp tpil: m) V.nf. uhkhD$k;
,ay;
17. gpy;fzPak; ________ bkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;lJ.

m) tl M) M=;fpy
Alv
,) ,yj;jPd; <) rPd tpil: m) tl
18. g[ul;rpf;ftp vGjg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 1937 M) 1939
,) 1941 a
<) 1943 tpil: m) 1937
19. gpy;fzPaj;ijj; jGtp ghujpjhrdhy; vGjg;gl;l E}y; ________.
.Kk
m) ,Uz;l tPL M) FLk;g tpsf;F
,) mHfpd; rpupg;g[ <) g[ul;rpf;ftp tpil: <) g[ul;rpf;ftp
20. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) fdf rig M) Rg;g[
wI
,) fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; <) bry;tuj;jpdk; tpil: ,) fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk;

LV
21. gpbu+;R bkhHpapy; mike;j bjhHpyhsu; eyr;rl;lj;ijj; jkpH; totpy; je;jtu; ________.
w
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu;
,) Mde;ju=;fk;gps;is <) gpug+;rd; tpil: m) ghujpjhrd;
22. ghujpjhrd; elj;jpa ,jH; ________.
A
//w
m) bjd;wy; M) H
,) Fapy; <) nfhFyk; tpil: ,) Fapy;
s:K
23. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w ghujpjhrdpd; gilg;g[ ________.

m) FLk;g tpsf;F M) ,Uz;l tPL
,) gprpuhe;ijahu; ehlfk; <) nru jhz;ltk; tpil: ,) gprpuhe;ijahu; ehlfk;
24. `thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ghujpjhrd; ghly; ________.
m) njrpa tpUJ bgw;Ws;sJ
M) g[Jit murpd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
tp
,) gpbu+;Rj;jkpHu;fspd; Mtzg;ghly;
<) <Hj;Jf; ftp+u;fspd; tHpeilg;ghly; tpil: M) g[Jit murpd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
25. ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fHfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
ht
m) jpUr;rp M) jpUbey;ntyp
306 ,) kJiu <) nfhit tpil: m) jpUr;rp
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
26. Fl;o ,sturd; ________ bkhHpapypUe;J ________ bkhHpbgau;j;jhu;.
m) gpbu+;R/ vf;Rbgup M) M=;fpy/ fhg;fh
,) ,e;jp/ gpuk;kuh$d; <) tl/ My;gu; fhk;a[ tpil: m) gpbu+;R/ vf;Rbgup
L al
i) k.by. j=;fg;gh ? 1. fhg;fh
ii) me;epad; ? 2. Hhf; gpbutu;
iii) brhw;fs; ? 3. My;gu; fhk;a[
A d
iv) cUkhw;wk; ? 4. Hues And Harmonies An Ancient Land
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
D ika
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
28. `cyff; ftpijfs;~ ? bjhFj;jtu; ________.
m) V.nf. uhkhD$k; M) gpuk;kuh$d;
,) k.by. j=;fuh$d; <) My;gu; fhk;a[ tpil: M) gpuk;kuh$d;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. kf;fshl;rpf;F Kd;g[tiu murdplnk Ftpe;J ,Ue;jit>
rl;lk;/ epUthfk;/ ePjp.
a
2. kf;fshl;rpapd; mog;gilf;TWfs; ahit>
Rje;jpuk;/ rkj;Jtk;/ rnfhjuj;Jtk;.
.Kk
3. mikr;ru; cjhud; bgaiu Kd;bkhHpe;jnghJ murDf;F Vw;gl;l jaf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;
ahJ>
murd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;F ftpij vGJk; fiyiag; gapw;Wtpf;f cjhud; bgaiu
wI
mikr;ru; Kd;bkhHpe;J/ `mtd; mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;e;jtd;~ vd;W

LV
TWfpwhu;.
jd; kfs; vspa ftp+nuhL fhjy; tag;gLthnsh vd vz;zp murd; ja=;Ffpwhd;.
w
4. jd; kfs; vspa ftp+nuhL fhjy; tag;gLthnsh vd;w murdpd; jaf;fj;ijf; fz;L
mikr;ru; tFj;j cj;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
cjhud; ghu;itaw;wtd; vd;W mKjty;ypaplk; TWfpd;whu;.

,J nghynt cjhudplk; mKjty;yp bjhGnehahsp vd;W bjuptpf;fpd;wdu;.
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; jpiuaplg;glg;gl;Lf; ftp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
s:K
5. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd;gJ ahJ>

xU @ybkhHpg; gpujpapd; cs;slf;fj;ij mg;gpujpf;F ,izahd ,yf;F bkhHpg;
gpujpapd; tHpahf btspg;gLj;Jjny bkhHpbgau;g;g[.
6. bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; tiffisf; TWf.
jGty;/ RUf;fk;/ bkhHpahf;fk;/ neu;bkhHpbgau;g;g[.
tp
7. g[ul;rpf;ftp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

tlbkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;l gpy;fzPak; vd;Dk; fhtpaj;ijj; jGtp/ jkpHpy; ghujpjhrdhy;
1937 ,y; vGjg;gl;lJ g[ul;rpf;ftp.
ht
307
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
8. ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp+u; vd;Wk; ghnte;ju; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; ahJ>
bkhHp/ ,dk;/ Foahl;rp cupikfs; Mfpait gw;wpj; jk; ghly;fspy; cuf;f btspg;gLj;jp
aikahy; ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp+u; vd;Wk; ghnte;ju; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
9. ghujpjhrdpd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
L al
FLk;gtpsf;F gprpuhe;ijahu;
ghz;oad; gupR nrujhz;ltk;
,Uz;l tPL
A d
10. ghujpjhrd; bgw;Ws;s rpwg;g[fisf; TWf.
`gprpuhe;ijahu;~ ehlfj;Jf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
D ika
7 `thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ,tupd; jkpH; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg;
g[Jit muR jdJ jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;jhf Vw;Wf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,ay;
jkpHf muR ,tUila bgauhy; jpUr;rpapy; xU gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij epWtpa[s;sJ.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. mKjty;yp cjhud; ,ilna md;g[ kyu;e;j NHiy vLj;jpak;g[f.
Xu; ,ut[g;bghGjpy; mHfpa epytpidf; fz;L cjhud; jd;id kwe;J ftpij
xd;iwg; ghLfpd;whd;.
a
ghu;itaw;w xUtd; epytpd; mHiff; fz;L vt;thW ftpghl Koa[k; vd;W Iak;
bfhz;l mKjty;yp jpiuapid tpyf;fpdhs;.
.Kk
mHfpa Mz;kfd; ,Uf;ff; fz;L mtid tpUk;gj; bjhl=;Ffpwhs;.
cjhuDk; mHfhd mKjty;ypiaf; fz;L tpUg;gk; bfhs;fpwhd;.
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilna md;g[ kyu;fpwJ.
wI
2. `capu; vkf;F bty;yky;y~ ? vd;W mKjty;yp Twpajd; fhuz=;fis vGJf.

LV
muritapypUe;j ke;jpup murdplj;J ``munr- k=;ifahfpa mKjty;ypf;F tH=;Fk;

jz;lidia ePf;fp mUs;f~~ vd;whd;.
w
mikr;rdpd; Tw;iw mwpe;j mKjty;yp vd; fhjyid kuzjz;lidf;F

xg;g[tpj;jijf; fz;l gpd;Dk;; vd;id kl;Lk; kd;dpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W kd;ddplk;
nfl;Lf; bfhz;l ck; ePjp ed;whFk;. mtd; ,we;J vd; capu; kl;Lk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
A
//w
vd;W epidj;Jtpl;lhah> rhf ntz;Lbkdpy; ,UtUnk rhf ntz;Lk;" kd;dpg;g[

vd;whYk; ,UtUf;nf" kd;dpg;gh- kuzkh vd;gjpy; ,uz;oy; xd;iwf; nfl;Lr;
brhy; kd;ddplk;" capu; vdf;Fg; bghUl;ld;W~~ vd;W TWfpwhs;.
s:K
``rhjy; vdpy; ,UtUk; rhjy; ntz;Lk;"

jtpu;tbjdpy; ,UtUnk jtpu;jy; ntz;Lk;...~~ ? g[ul;rpf;ftp
3. cjhud; vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;ij ciHg;ghsu; bgUikiag; giwrhw;Wtjw;Fg; ghujpjhrd;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;> ? epWt[f.
epyj;ijf; fpHpj;J XLk; ePnuhilfs;/ mlu;e;j beLku=;fs; epiwe;j bgU=;fhLfs;/
tp
XLfpd;w bgUtpy=;Ffs;/ Tu;ikahd fw;fs; epiwe;j kiyr;rpfu=;fs; mtw;wpd;

gpst[fspy; j=;fpapUf;Fk; ghk;g[f; Tl;l=;fs; ,tw;nwhL nghuho/ ghH;epyj;ijg;
gz;gLj;jp/ g[jpa efu=;fis mHFglj; je;jtu;fs; ciHg;ghsu;fs;jhnd.
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp/ ed;bra; epykhf;fp/ bey; tpisar; bra;j epiw ciHg;g[j;
ht
308 je;jJk; ciHg;ghsupd; njhs;fns.
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fy;iyg; gpse;J/ kiyiag; gpse;J/ ,aw;if fdpk ts=;fisf; bfhz;L fUtpfisr;
bra;J je;jJ ciHg;ghsu; iffns-
Kj;Jf;fs; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;Ltu @r;ir mlf;fpatUk; ciHg;ghsu;fns.
``fw;gpse;J kiygpse;J fdpfs; btl;of;
L al
fUtpbay;yhk; bra;Jje;j ifjhd; ahu;if~~ ? g[ul;rpf;ftp
4. `md;g[ bra;njhu; gokPJ thHhnuh~ vd;W gijgijj;j mKjty;ypapd; epiyiaf; fz;l
ehl;Lkf;fs; bra;jdtw;iw vLj;jpak;g[f.
A d
mKjty;ypapd; epiyiaf; fz;l kf;fs; bfhoa epfH;t[ ,J vd;wdu;.
bfhiyahsu; ifapypUe;j bfhLthisg; gwpj;jdu;.
D ika
bfhiyahsu; jg;gp Xodu;.
cjhuDf;Fk; mKjty;ypf;Fk; ehl;L kf;fs; thH;t[ je;jdu;.
ehl;od; murhl;rpia ckf;Fj; jukhl;nlhk; vd;W murDf;Ff; Twpl J}J mDg;gpdu;.
``ftp+Df;Fk; fhjypf;Fk; kPl;rp je;jhu;.~~
5. kf;fs; g[ul;rpiaf; nfs;tpa[w;w kd;ddpd; bray;fshfg; g[ul;rpf;ftpapy; Twg;gLtd
Alv
ahit>
murdplk; brd;W/ ehl;od; murhl;rpia ckf;Fj; jukhl;nlhk; vd;W Tw kf;fs; J}J
mDg;gpdu;.
a
J}J bra;jp bry;YKd;ng/ jd; brtpapdhy; bra;jpiaf; nfs;tpa[w;whd; murd;.
ek; ehl;Lr; bry;tKk;/ cupika[k; ,dp midtUf;Fk; bghJthFk; vd;whd; murd;.
.Kk
Fw;wk; Fiwtpd;wp midtUf;Fk; vy;yhk; fpilf;Fk; vdr; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhd;.
``bry;tbkyhk; cupikvyhk; ehl;lhUf;nf~~
6. ghujpjhrd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ghujpjhrd; g[Jr;nrupiar; rhu;e;jtu;.
wI
LV
ghujpapd;kPJ bfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhff; fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; vd;Dk; jk; bgaiug;

ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;bfhz;lhu;.
w
gpbu+;R bkhHpapy; mike;j bjhHpyhsu; eyr; rl;lj;ijj; jkpH; totpy; je;jtu;.

,tUila `gprpuhe;ijahu;~ ehlfk; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;sJ.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

`Fapy;~ vd;Dk; ,jiH elj;jpa[s;shu;.
A
//w
`thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ,tuJ ghlny g[Jit murpd;

jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J.
s:K
,tuJ bgaupy; jpUr;rpapy; gy;fiyf;fHfk; xd;W cs;sJ.
***
tp
ht
309
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.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 7 gjpw;Wg;gj;J
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
7 1. Tw;W : vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;whd gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;.
fhuzk; : nrukd;du; gjpd;kupd; rpwg;g[fisf; TWfpwJ ,e;E}y;.
m) Tw;W rup" fhuzk; jtW M) ,uz;Lk; rup
,ay;
,) ,uz;ow;Fk; bjhlu;gpy;iy <) Tw;W jtW" fhuzk; rup tpil: M) ,uz;Lk; rup
FWtpdh
Alv
1. bre;Jiwg; ghlhz;ghl;L ? Jiw tpsf;fk; vGJf.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
a
bre;JiwahtJ cyfpDs; ,aw;if tifahd; ,ad;w kf;fisg; ghLjy; MFk;.
,Jnt bre;Jiwg; ghlhz;ghl;L vdg;gLk;.
.Kk
v.fh:
`cWgrp Xthg;gpzp brWgif ,d;ikahy;~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
bghUs;:
grp/ gpzp/ gif mwpahj kf;fs; g[yk; bgauhky; mtd; ehl;oy; thGk; kf;fshy; nru
wI
kd;dd; nghw;wg;gLjy;.
LV
ghl;Lilj; jiytd;: ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;

w
ghoatu;: Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. `nruehL bry;t tsk; kpf;fJ~ vd;w Tw;wpw;Fupa fhuz=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nruehL bry;t tsk; cilaJ.
s:K
nruyhjd; jd;kf;fisf; fz;bzdf; fhg;gtd;.

g[JtUtha;/ <j;Jtf;Fk; ,d;gk; cilatd; nruyhjd;.
nruyhjdpd; Fokf;fs; ey;y bray;fisr; bra;gtu;fs;.
nrud; jd; ehl;oy; thGk; midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,ilawhJ bfhLg;gtd;.
rhd;nwhu;f;F mupabghUis ey;Fgtd;.
tp
vg;bghGJk; tpHhf;fs; epfGk;.

grp/ gpzp mwpahj kf;fs; g[yk;bgauhky; nrudpd; ehl;onyna Rw;wj;jhnuhL thH
tpUk;g[tu;.
ht
310
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
Ja;j;jy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
xuP,a – brhy;ypir msbgil
g[fH;gz;g[ tpidj;bjhif
L al
–
kUz;bldd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
ed;dhL – gz;g[j;bjhif
xoah – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
A d
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
D ika
kUz;bldd; = kUs;(z;) + l; + md; + vd; Ja;j;jy; = Ja; + j; + jy;
kUs; gFjp" s; ? z; MdJ tpfhuk; Ja; gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp
md; rhupia jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
Alv
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. kz;Qil
kz; + cil
a
`jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd;
,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
kz;z; + cil
.Kk
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ kz;Qil
,ay;ng~ (z;; + c) = D vd;whdJ.
2. g[we;jUjy; `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k; g[we;jUjy;
g[wk; + jUjy; td;ikf;F ,dkhj; jpupgt[k; MFk;~ vd;whdJ.
wI
vDk; tpjpg;go/
LV
fw;git fw;wgpd;
w
gf;fk;: 189
1. gpzpapd;ik bry;tk; tpistpd;gk; Vkk;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

mzpbad;g ehl;ow;fpt; ite;J (738)
A
//w
vd;w Fws;tHp ehl;ow;F mHF nru;g;gd Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

fye;Jiuahly;
s:K
(fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; ? khwd;/ vHpy;/ mKjh/ vHpy;)

khwd; : mKjh/ vHpy; new;W ek; Mrpupau; jpUf;Fwspy; ehL mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s
Fwl;ghf;fisg; goj;J tur; brhd;dhnu goj;jPu;fsh-
,UtUk; : goj;njhk; khwh/ tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ- xU ehL vt;thbwy;yhk; ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk; vd;gij bjspthff; Twpa[s;shu;.
tp
khwd; : mjidg; gw;wp ,g;nghJ ehk; fye;Jiuahlyhkh>

mKjh : ehL vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jhah>
vHpy; : Mk; mKjh- Fiwtpyh tpisr;ry;/ gpzp ,y;yhjJ/ gif ,y;yhjJ ,aw;if
ghJfhg;g[ vd midj;ija[k; cilaJjhd; rpwe;j ehL vd;fpwhu;.
ht
khwd; : èhL~ mjpfhuj;jpy; vl;lhtJ Fwshf mike;jpUf;Fk; Fwl;ghitg; goj;jhah>

311
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.in
mKjh : `Mk; goj;njd;~-
vHpy; : mjpy; bgha;ahg; g[ytu; vd;d TwpapUf;fpwhu;;>
khwd; : mKjh ehd; brhy;yl;Lkh/ eP brhy;fpwhah...
mKjh : ePna brhy;.
L al
khwd; : vHpy;/ me;jf; Fwl;ghtpy; bja;tg;g[ytu;/ xU ehl;ow;F mHF nru;g;git
vit vd;gij TWfpwhu;.
vHpy; : mHFd;dh- kuk;/ bro/ bfho/ fly;/ kiy ,itfs; gw;wpah....-
A d
khwd; : ,y;iy... ,y;iy- xU ehl;ow;F mHF jUtjhf neha; ,y;yhik/
bry;ttsk;/ ey;y tpisr;ry;/ ,d;g thH;t[/ cupa ghJfhg;g[ ,itjhd; mHF
D ika
nru;g;gJ.
7 mKjh : ,ij ehk; rw;W MHkha;r; rpe;jpg;nghkh-
vHpy; : rhp Kjypy; neha; ,y;yhik. `nehaw;w thH;;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;~ ehl;oy;
,ay;
cs;s kf;fspd; cly;eyk; rpwe;jhy;jhd; fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk; rpwf;Fk;. nkYk;

xU ehl;oy; bjhw;Wneha;/ kf;fisf; bfhy;Yk; neha;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gJ
mHF.
Alv
khwd; : bry;tk;/ tpist[/ ,d;gk; ? ,itfis ehd; brhy;fpnwd;...
ehl;oy; Fiwtpyh bry;tk;/ ey;y tpisr;ry;/ gifapd;wp/ Fiwtpd;wp
ey;yhl;rpapy; tUk; ,d;gk; ,ita[k; ehl;ow;F mHF MFk;.
mKjh :
a
Ie;jhtJ `mHfhf chpa ghJfhg;g[~ vd;fpwhh;. ,aw;if ghJfhg;g[fshd
ePh; muz;/ kiy muz;/ fhl;luz; ,tw;iwtpl `ghH;bra;a[k; gif~
.Kk
tuhjgo vg;bghGJk; kd;dd; jd; gilfisa[k;/ Ie;jhk; gilahfpa
xw;wh;giliaa[k; rpwg;ghf itj;jYk;/ ehl;ow;F mHF vd;fpwhh;.
khwd; : 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng kf;fs; eyk; ngQk; mk;r=;fs;jhd; ehl;ow;F
mHF vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ my;yth>
wI
Mrphpah; : vd;d xnu rj;jk;-

LV
khwd; : Iah/ eh=;fs; ehL mjpfhuk; gw;wpa[k; Fwpg;ghf mjpy; cs;s èhl;od; mHfhf~
tUk; 8 MtJ Fws; gw;wpa[k; fye;Jiuahondhk;.
w
Mrphpah; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A
//w
gyt[s; bjupf
s:K
1. cWgrpa[k; Xthg; gpzpa[k; brWgifa[k;

nruh jpay;tJ ehL ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) jpUts;Stu;
,) xsitahu; <) nfht{u;fpHhu; tpil: M) jpUts;Stu;
2. cjpad; nruyhjDf;Fk; ntz;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jtu; ________.
tp
m) ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;
M) br=;Fl;Ltd;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs;
<) ft[e;jp mofs; tpil: m) ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;
ht
312
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. tlf;nf ,kakiy tiu brd;W/ btd;W ,kaj;jpy; ________ bghwpj;jhd; beL+;nruyhjd;.
m) kPid M) g[ypia
,) tpy;ypid <) thspid tpil: ,) tpy;ypid
L al
i) beL+;nruyhjd; flk;gu;fis btd;wtd;
ii) jd; tPuu;fSf;Ff; ftrkhf tps=;fpatd;
A d
5. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjidg; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpy; ghoatu; ________.
D ika
m) Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu; M) jdpkfdhu;
,) cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu; <) ,sk;bgUtGjp tpil: m) Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;
6. Mz;kfdpd; cau;gz;g[fisf; TWtJ ________.
m) ghlhz; jpiz M) bghJtpay; jpiz
,) Fwp+;rpj; jpiz <) iff;f;pis tpil: m) ghlhz; jpiz
7. cyfpDs; ,aw;if tifahd; ,ad;w kf;fisg; ghLtJ ________.
Alv
m) @jpd; Ky;iy M) ,ad;bkhHp thH;j;J
,) bghUz;bkhHpf;fh+;rp <) bre;Jiwg;ghlhz;ghl;L
a tpil: <) bre;Jiwg;ghlhz;ghl;L

8. gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,uz;lhk; gj;jpd; ghtif ________.
.Kk
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
tpil: m) neupir Mrpupag;gh
9. beL+;nruyhjid thH;j;jp ,irg;gtu;fs; ________.
wI
m) ftp+u;fs; M) fiy+u;fs;
LV
,) vjpupfs; <) bgz;fs; tpil: M) fiy+u;fs;

w

i) Ja;j;jy; ? 1. brhy;ypir msbgil
ii) xuP,a ? 2. tpidj;bjhif
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

iii) g[fH;gz;g[ ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
A
//w
iv) ed;dhL ? 4. bjhHpw;bgau;

m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
s:K
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
11. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; g[wj;jpiz E}iyf; fz;lwp.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J tpil: <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
12. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; fpilf;fg; bgwhjit ________.
m) 3/ 5 Mk; gj;Jfs; M) 1/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs;
tp
,) 3/ 4 Mk; gj;Jfs; <) 9/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs; tpil: M) 1/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs;

13. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ghly; jiyg;g[ ________.
m) muridg; gw;wpaJ
ht
M) efiug; gw;wpaJ
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,) ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu;
<) Fwpg;gpl;Lr; brhy;Yk;go mikatpy;iy
tpil: ,) ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu;
14. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Fwpg;gpLk; epiwa bts;sk; vd;gJ ________.
L al
m) Mw;WePu;g; bgUf;fk; M) eufj;J tPuu;fs;
,) nkff;Tl;lk; <) bghJkf;fs; tpil: M) eufj;J tPuu;fs;
15. tz;zk; vd;gJ ________ ntWghL MFk;.
A d
m) epw M) xypea
,) xspea <) mikg;g[ tpil: M) xypea
D ika
16. xGfpa Xirahw; bry;tJ ________.
7 m) xGF tz;zk;
,) bkGF tz;zk;
M) bgUF tz;zk;
<) vGJ tz;zk; tpil: m) xGF tz;zk;
,ay;
17. ________ vd;gJ bra;a[s; mofis tiuaiw bra;tJ.

m) tz;zk; M) jpiz
,) tdg;g[ <) J}f;F tpil: <) J}f;F
Alv
i) gjp ? 1. ghJfhg;g[
ii) epiuak; ? 2. g[JtUtha;
iii) ahzu;
iv) Vkk;
?
?
3.
4.
eufk;
ehL
a
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
19. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjidg; ghoa Fkl;#u;f; fz;zfdhu; bgw;w gupRfs; ________.
i) ck;gw;fhl;oy; 500 Cu;fs;
wI
ii) bjd;dhl;L tUtha[s; ghjp

LV
iii) tlehl;L tUtha; KGika[k;

m) @d;Wk; rup M) i, iii ? rup
w
,) i, ii ? rup <) ii, iii ? rup tpil: ,) i, ii - rup

20. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; xt;bthU ghlypd; gpd;Dk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sit ________.
i) Jiw ii) tz;zk; iii) J}f;F iv) ghlypd; bgau;
A
//w
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup

,) i, iii ? rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup
s:K
FWtpdh
1. nruyhjdpd; vtw;iwg; g[fH;tjhf gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;J mike;Js;sJ>
nruyhjdpd; ehL fhj;jy; rpwg;g[.
nruyhjdpd; bfhilr; rpwg;g[.
tp
2. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd; bgw;nwhu; ahtu;>

je;ij ? cjpad; nruyhjd;
jha; ? ntz;khs;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. beL+;nruyhjd; `,katuk;gd;~ vd;W miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>
beL+;nruyhjd; tlf;nf ,kakiytiu gilbaLj;Jr; brd;W/ btw;wp bgw;W/
,kaj;jpy; tpy;ypidg; bghwpj;jtd;. vdnt ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
L al
4. xGF tz;zk; ? tiuaW.
tz;zk; vd;gJ xypea (re;jk;) ntWghL MFk;.
xGF tz;zk; vd;gJ xGfpa Xirahw; bry;tjhFk;.
A d
5. bre;J}f;F ? tiuaW.
bre;J}f;F vd;gJ t+;rpg;ghtpd; ,Wjpao nghd;nwh/ Mrpupatoapd; ,Wjp nghd;nwh
D ika
mika[k;.
6. nruehl;L kf;fs; g[yk;bgauhikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>
nruehl;L kf;fs; vg;bghGJk; ey;y bray;fisna bra;J tUgtu;fs;.
grp/ gpzp mwpahj mtu;fs; ehl;il tpl;Lg; g[yk;bgauhky; nruyhjdpd; ehl;onyna
Rw;wj;jhnuhL thH tpUk;g[tu;.
Alv
7. epiua bts;sk; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; gj;Jg;ghlypy; nruyhjdpd; giltPuu; giftu;Kd;
epiuaghyiug; nghyg; (eufj;J tPuu;fs;) gilbts;skhf epd;wjhy; èpiua bts;sk;~
vd;W Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a
8. Fkl;#u;f;fz;zdhu; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
.Kk
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ,katuk;gd;
beL+;nruyhjidg; ghoatu;; Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;.
,tu; ck;gw;fhl;oy; 500 Cu;fisa[k; bjd;dhl;L tUtha[s; ghjpiaa[k; guprhfg;
bgw;whu;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. ghlhz; jpiz ? tpsf;fk; jUf.

ghlhz; jpizahdJ xU kd;ddpd; g[fH;/ typik/ ts;sd;ik/ mUs;
Kjyhdtw;iw Ma;e;J TWtjhFk;. ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd; cau;gz;g[fisf; TWtJ
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

,j;jpizapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
A
//w
v.fh:
``gjpgpiHg;g[ mwpahJ Ja;j;jy; va;jp
s:K
epiuak; xuP,a ntl;ifg; g[iunahu;~~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.

tpsf;fKk; bghUj;jKk;:
``nruehL bry;ttsk; kpf;fJ. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; jd; ehl;ila[k;
kf;fisa[k; fz;bzbdf; fhj;jhd;~~ vd;gJ nghd;w ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd;
cau;gz;g[fisg; nghw;Wtjhf ,g;gjpw;Wg;gj;Jg;ghliyf; Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;
gilj;Js;sikahy; ghlhz;jpizahapw;W.
tp
2. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd; gz;g[eyd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,g;bgupa epyt[yfpy; thGk; midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,ilawhJ bfhLf;Fk;
gz;g[ilatd;.
ht
rhd;nwhu;fSf;F mupa bghUl;fs; ey;Fgtd;.

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vg;bghGJk; tpHhf;fs; epfGk; ehl;ow;F cupik cilatd;.
beonahd; nghd;w g[fHpid cila ehl;od; tsj;ija[ilatd;.
jd; ehl;L kf;fSf;fhfg; g[JtUtha; bgUf;Fk; <j;Jtf;Fk; ,d;gKk; cilatd;.
``kz;Qil +hyj;J kd;Dapu;f;F v+;rhJ~~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
L al
3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
vl;Lj;bjhifapy; mike;j g[wj;jpiz E}y;fSs; xd;W.
A d
nru kd;du;fs; gj;Jg;ngupd; rpwg;g[fis vLj;jpak;g[k; E}y; ,J.
,J/ ghlhz; jpizapy; mike;Js;sJ.
D ika
E}ypd; Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;Jk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
7 xt;bthU ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu; mg;ghlYf;Fj; jiyg;ghfj;
jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ.
,ay;
***
Alv
Jizg;ghlk;
,ay; 7 arpe;jidg; gl;okd;wk;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
wI
LV
1. rpe;jidg;gl;okd;wj;jpd; epfH;t[fisr; Rit Fd;whky; bjhFj;J vGJf.

w
rpe;jidg;gl;okd;wj;jpd; jiyg;g[:
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[tJ tPlh> ehlh>
eLtupd; Kd;Diu:
A
//w
,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhifapy; rupghjp ,is+u;fs;. ,t;tpis+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg;

bgupJk; cjt[J tPlh ? ehlh vd;gJ rupahd jiyg;g[.
tPL:
s:K
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F Kjy; gof;fy;/ moj;jsk; ,y;y=;fs;jhd;. md;ig/

mwpit czu;tJ tPl;oy;jhd;. FHe;ijf;Fj; jhapd; Kfnk Kjy; g[j;jfk;. Kjypy;
cyfj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jgts; jhna.
ehL:
tPL ? xU rpwpa TL. mjw;Fs; gy Kuz;ghL. tPl;ow;Fs; kfpH;r;rpahd ciuahly;
tp
jw;nghJ ,y;iy. ghujp tPl;iltpl;L btspte;jhu;. cyfj;ijg; goj;jhu;. tPjpnjhWk;

gs;sp ntz;Lbkd;whu;. ``njL fy;tp ,y;yhj Xu; Ciuj; jPapDf;F ,iuahf;fpL~~ vd;whu;
ghujp. ehLjhd; g[jpa cwit/ el;ig milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ. mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gk;/
mwp+u;fs; fUj;J ,tw;iw ehLjhd; mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tPL:
tPl;oDs; cyfpidf; fhl;oatu;fs; bgw;nwhu;fs;. tPL rpWTL md;W. ekJ gz;ghL/
kug[ ,tw;wpd; fUt{yk;. ve;j xU njlYk; tPl;oypUe;nj bjhlf;fk;. czt[ cw;gj;jpia
tpisepyj;jpy; fhl;oa bgw;nwhu;fns vdJ nguhrpupau;fs;. gid Xiyf; fhw;who/ E=;F
L al
fha;fspy; rf;fuk; ,it gilg;ghw;wypd; mwpKfk;.
ehL:
tPL vd;gJ Mz;fSf;F mwptpy; ciwtplk; vd;why;/ bgz;fSf;Fj; j=;ff;
fk;gpfshy; Md Tz;Ljhd;. mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;F gog;bgjw;F vd;gijna
A d
tPL nghjpj;jJ. tPl;iltpl;L btspna te;j gpd;du;jhd; `bgz;ik bty;f~ vd;W
Tj;jhondhk;. tPl;il tpl;L btspna te;jjhy;jhd; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; g=;nfw;f
D ika
Koe;jJ. Ml;rp gPl=;fspy; g=;nfw;ft[k; Koe;jJ.
eLtupd; jPu;g;g[:
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[tJ tPlh ? ehlh vd;w jiyg;g[ xU
neu;j;jpahd tpdhit vGg;g[fpwJ.
ey;ybjhU FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? ghnte;ju;
Alv
tPl;ow;nfhu; g[j;jfrhiy ntz;Lk; ? mz;zh
,g;go ehk; VjhtJ bra;njhkh>
gpwF/ vg;go tPlhdJ gy;fiyf;fHfkhFk;>
a
bgz;fSf;fhd cupik czu;it tPL kjpf;ftpy;iy.
ghrj;ij tsu;f;fpwJ. Mdhy; gFj;jwptpidg; nghjpf;ftpy;iy.
.Kk
tPl;iltpl;L btspna te;jhy; ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu; vd;w tprhyg;ghu;it
fpilf;fpwJ.
khDl rKj;jpuk; ehbdd;W Tt[ vd;W g[ul;rpf;ftp cyifna tPlhff; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
tPL vd;gJ ehl;od; xU rpWmsnt.
wI
mwptpd; njitfs; midj;ija[k; juhJ tPL.

LV
vy;yh tifahd ,is+u;fspd; njlYf;F ehnl thry;fisj; jpwf;fpwJ.

vdnt/ Mz;/ bgz; rkj;Jtk;/ njhHik/ fy;tp rhu;e;j fUj;Jfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
w
tH=;fp KGikahd Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; tHpfhl;LtJ ehnl- ehnl-
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
1. kdpj thH;it cau;j;Jtjw;Fg; bgupJk; njit gznk- fy;tpna- vd;gJ gw;wp xU

brhw;nghu; epfH;j;Jf.
s:K
gznk- fy;tpna- ? brhw;nghh;

eLth; : mWRit thdpy; el;rj;jpu=;fshf xsptPrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; md;g[j; njhHh;/
njhHpfns- vd; md;g[ tzf;fk;. eP=;fs; MtnyhL vjph;ghh;j;j kdpj thH;it
cah;j;Jtjw;F bghpJk; njit gzkh- fy;tpah- vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,d;iwa
epfH;t[ Muk;gk; Mf ,Uf;fpwJ. Kjyhtjhf rnfhjhp fhkhl;rpiag; gzk;
tp
vd;w jiyg;gpy; ngr miHf;fpnwd;.

fhkhl;rp : ,e;j cyfpy; kdpj njitf;Fg; gzk; jhd; mtrpak;. fy;tp epiyahdjh-
ahh; brhd;dhh;fs;> mg;god;dh mJf;F njit Kjy;y vd;d=;f> gzk;...
gzk;... fy;tp ,d;W tpahghuk; MapLr;R.
ht
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fk;gd; g[fH; X=;f rilag;g ts;sy; ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy;jhd; mth; fhtpak; g[fH;
bgw;W muRk; fy;tp fw;f Cf;fj;bjhif bfhLj;jJ. xUj;jd; VHh=;fpsh!;y
goj;j ftpij (Poem) +hgfk; ,Uf;nfh ,y;iynah> Mdh ez;gd;fpl;l
bfhLj;j fld; kwf;fhk ,Uf;nf. ,e;j cyfj;Jy mjpfkhf ehk; gad;gLj;jw
L al
thh;j;ijfspy; xd;W `Fngud;~. èP bghpa Fngudh~ vd;gh;" Mdh èP bghpa
Fnrydh~ vd;W ahUk; brhy;tjpy;iy. mg;g kdpj thH;f;iff;F gznk
mtrpakhFk;. ed;wp-
eLth; : fhkhl;rp/ kpf mUik- fhrpia Ms;tJnghy; thh;j;ijfshy; vjpuzpia Ml;rp
A d
bra;Jtpl;lhh;. mLj;J th=;f/ fyhtjp th=;f. fy;tpiag; gw;wp fyfyd;D
ngR=;f/ ,y;y... fhkhl;rpfpl;l fhyhtjp Mapl nghwP=;f... th=;f...
D ika
7 fyhtjp : eLth; cs;spl;l midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. eLth; mth;fns- jiyg;g[ ?
kdpj thH;it cah;j;Jtjw;F gzkh/ fy;tpah vd;gJjhd;.
,ay;
eLtnu- gzk; bfhLj;jhy; fy;tpiag; bgwKoa[kh> rl;oapy; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;

mfg;igapy; tUk;. ,ir/ ehl;oak;/ Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; ,f;fy;tpapy; Mh;tKk;/
mwpt[k; ,Ue;jhny nghJk;. Mh;tKk;/ mwpt[k; ,y;yhky; gzj;jhy; fw;f
Alv
Koa[kh>
eLth; mth;fns- `vz;zk; vGj;Jk; fz;bzdj;jFk;~ vd;whh; ts;Sth;.
`bghd;Dk; bghUSk; fz;bzdj;jFk;~ vd;W brhy;ytpy;iy. Fnguidg;
a
gw;wpr; brhd;dhh;fs;. Fnugd; tPl;Lf;Ff; fz;zd; bry;ytpy;iy" Fnryd;
tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whd;. nkYk; ehd; rk;ghjpj;Jg; gof;ftpy;iy. muRg;gs;spapy;
,ytrkhfg; goj;Jjhd; rk;ghjpf;fpnwd;. gzk; vd;Wk; mHpa[k;" fhyj;jhy;
.Kk
mHpahjJ fy;tpna vd;W Twp mkh;fpnwd;. ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
eLth; : ,Uthpd; thjj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ gzk; vd;gJ kdpj thH;f;iff;F
njitjhd;. me;jg; gzj;ija[k; ifahs;tjw;F mwpt[ njit. ,y;yhtpoy;
gzk; ghHhfptpLk;. md;g[f;F/ mwk; Kf;fpak; vd;gijg; nghy;/ gzj;jpw;F
wI
Kf;fpak; fy;tpna cWJizahf epw;Fk; vd;W TWfpwhh;. ed;wp- tzf;fk;--

LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. rpe;jidg; gl;okd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiy tfpg;gtu; ________.

m) jkpHhrpupau; j=;fkzp M) jiyikahrpupau; md;g[kzp
s:K
,) khztu; ,s=;nfh <) bgw;nwhu; Mrpupaj; jiytu;

tpil: m) jkpHhrpupau; j=;fkzp
2. ``tPl;Lf;F capu; ntyp-
tPjpf;F tpsf;Fj; J}z;-
ehl;Lf;Ff; nfhl;il kjpy;-
tp
elkhLk; bfhokuk; eP~~ ? ahu; ahiug; ghu;j;Jg; ghoaJ>

m) jhuhghujp ? ,is+u;fis
M) ghujpjhrd; ? goj;jtu;fis
,) mg;Jy;uFkhd; ? jha;khu;fis
ht
<) nkj;jh ? Kjpatu;fis tpil: m) jhuhghujp ? ,is+u;fis

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. ``j=;fkf g{k;ghjk;/ jz;zpgl;lh bfhg;gspf;Fk;~~ ? vd;W md;g[ fhl;LtJ ________.
m) jha; M) je;ij
,) cwt[fs; <) ez;gu;fs; tpil: m) jha;
4. fw;wy; bjhl=;Fkplk; ________.
L al
m) tPL M) ghyfu; gs;sp
,) ez;gd; tPL <) tFg;giw tpil: m) tPL
5. vj;jid cauk; ,kakiy ? mjpy;
A d
,d;bdhU rpfuk; cdJ jiy--
vj;jid +hdpau; gpwe;j jiu ? eP
D ika
,tu;fis tp+;rpl vd;d jil> ? vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) ituKj;J
,) jhuhghujp <) kPuh tpil: ,) jhuhghujp
6. `vj;jid nfho ,d;gk; itj;jha;
v=;fs; ,iwth~ ? vd;W kiHapy; eide;Jbfhz;nl ghLgtu; ________.
m) jhuhghujp M) ghujpahu;
Alv
,) kPuh <) ty;ypf;fz;zd; tpil: M) kPuh
7. jkpHh- gag;glhnj. tPjpnjhWk; jkpH;g;gs;spf;Tl=;fs; nghl;L Inuhg;gpa rh!;jpu=;fis
vy;yhk; jkpHpy; fw;Wf;bfhLf;f Vw;ghL bra; ? vd;W Twpatu; ________.
a
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) je;ij bgupahu; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
.Kk
8. `njLfy;tp ,y;yhjnjhu; Ciuj; jPapDf;F ,iuahf kLj;jy;~ ? vd;W Twpatu; ________.
,) je;ijbgupahu; <) fhkuhru; tpil: M) ghujpahu;
wI
9. gilg;ghw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhLf;Fk; ,l=;fshf tPLfs; cs;sd vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

i) gidnahiyapy; fhw;who bra;ag; gHf;fpaJ.
LV
ii) E=;ifj;jpd;W me;jf; fha;fspy; tz;of;fl;o tpisahlf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jJ.

w
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

10. ey;ynjhu; tPiz bra;nj mij
A
//w
ey=;bflg; g[Gjpapy; vwptJz;nlh ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.

,) fz;zjhrd; <) thyp tpil: m) ghujpahu;
s:K
11. bgz;fs; bty;f vd;W Tj;jpLnthk; vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.

,) je;ijbgupahu; <) mwp+u; mz;zh tpil: m) ghujpahu;
12. bgz;zoik jPUkl;Lk; ngRk; jpUehl;oy;
kz;zoik jPu;e;J tUjy; Kaw;bfhk;ng ? vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
tp
,) je;ij bgupahu; <) $Pthde;jk; tpil: M) ghujpjhrd;
13. `èy;ybjhU FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fHfk;~~ vd;wtu; ________.
ht
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) fhkuhru; tpil: m) ghujpjhrd;

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14. ``tPl;ow;nfhu; g[j;jf rhiy ntz;Lk;~~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
m) mwp+u; mz;zh M) ghujpjhrd;
,) ghujpahu; <) jpU. tp. f tpil: m) mwp+u; mz;zh
15. àhJk; Cnu ahtU=; nfspu;~ ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
L al
m) jpU@yu; M) fzpad; g{=;Fd;wd;
,) fgpyu; <) guzu; tpil: M) fzpad; g{=;Fd;wd;
16. tprhyg; ghu;itahy; tpG=;F kf;fis
A d
khDl rKj;jpuk; ehbdd;W Tt[
g[tpia elj;J" bghJtpy; elj;J- ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
D ika
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) ghujpjhrd;
7 ,) fz;zjhrd; <) jhuhghujp tpil: M) ghujpjhrd;
17. rpe;jidg; gl;okd;wj;jpy; eLtuhf ,Uf;Fk; ,s=;nfh ghujpapd; ________ vd;w
,ay;
ghly;fisf; Twpj; jPu;g;gpid epiwt[ bra;fpwhu;.

m) vd;W jzpa[k; ,e;j Rje;jpuk; jhfk;
M) njor;nrhW epje;jpd;W
Alv
,) bre;jkpH; ehblDk; nghjpdpny
<) mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy tpil: ,) bre;jkpH; ehblDk; nghjpdpny
,) ftp
a
18. thH;tpay; rpe;jidfis kf;fs; Kd;g[ typikahf itf;Fk; ________ mu=;fk;.
m) thJiu M) fUj;J
<) kf;fs; tpil: m) thJiu
.Kk
19. jkpHpy; gH=;fhyk; bjhl;nl mwpKfkhf mwpthu;e;j ngr;Rf;fiy totk; ________.
m) ,yhtzp M) nkilg;ngr;R
,) gl;okz;lgk; <) rpe;jid nkil tpil: ,) gl;okz;lgk;
wI
20. ``gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; fhg;gpak; ________.

LV
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) tisahgjp tpil: M) kzpnkfiy
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 7 Mf;fg;bgau;fs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy; vGjhjPu;fs; ? ,t;tupapy; cs;s brhw;gpiHfspd; jpUj;jk;
m) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy;
M) milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy;
,) milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy;
<) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy; tpil: <) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy;
2. Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjp bgwhj brhy;iyj; nju;f.
Alv
m) fhtyhsp M) nkyhsu;
,) cjtpahs; <) Mrpupau; tpil: <) Mrpupau;
rpWtpdh a
.Kk
1. Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; jw;fhy thH;tpaypy; kpFe;Js;sd ? Vd;>
Mf;fg;bgau;f; fhuzk;:
bgau; kw;Wk; tpidr;brhw;fSld; tpFjpfisr; nru;j;J Mf;fg;gLk; bgau;r;brhw;fs;/
Mf;fg;bgau;fs; vdg;gLk;.
wI
Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs;:
LV
jkpHpy; fhud; ? fhup ? fhuu;/ Ms; ? Msu; ? Msp/ jhuu;/ khdk; vd;gd Mf;fg;bgau;
tpFjpfs;.
w
Mf;fg;bgau;fspy; tpFjpfs; jdpr;rpwg;g[ilad.

brhw;fnshL Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; nrUk;nghJ vz;zw;w g[Jr;brhw;fs; cUthfpr;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

brhw;fs+;rpak; tpuptilfpwJ.
A
//w
jkpH;bkhHpapy; Mf;fg;bgau;fs; ngr;RtHf;fpy; kpFjpahf cs;sd.

Mf;fg;bgau;fshy; g[jpa brhw;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
s:K
Mf;fg;bgau;fs; bkhHp fhye;njhWk; tsu;tjw;Fk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.

1. eP=;fs; thGk; NHypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;fg;bgau;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
E}yfh; gilg;ghsp bra;jpahsh;
tp
Xl;Ldh; ciHg;ghsp njhl;lf;fhud;

ghy;fhuh; nehahsp cjtpahsh;
ghh;itahsh; fhrhsh; tz;of;fhud;
ht
eofh; gzf;fhud; nksf;fhud;

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2. gog;gtu;/ gog;ghsp ,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s ntWghl;il Muha;f.
gog;gth; gog;ghsp
go vd;Dk; tpida[lDk;/ vr;rj;JlDk; `Msp~ vd;Dk; tpFjp ,Ughw; bghJg;
nrh;e;J tUk; tpFjpahf miktJ bgah;fis bghJthff; Fwpg;gJ
L al
gog;gth;.
A d
gapw;rp 1
D ika
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s Mf;fg; bgau;fis vLj;bjGJf:
7 v=;fs; gs;spapy; eilbgw;w g[j;jfj; jpUtpHhtpw;Ff; fhty;Jiw Mizahsu; rpwg;g[
miHg;ghsuhff; fye;Jbfhz;L ciuahw;wpdhu;. mtu;/ ``khztu;fshfpa eP=;fs; gog;gf=;fisg;
,ay;
gad;gLj;jp tpz;zpay;/ kz;zpay; nghd;w Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tps=;fntz;Lk;. ey;y

ez;gu;fisf; Tl;lhsp Mf;fpf;bfhz;L cjtpahs; ,y;yhkny xU epWtdj;jpd; nkyhsuhfnth
Kjyhspahfnth Mfyhk;~~ vd;W Twp khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.
Alv
tpil: 1. Mizahsu; 2. miHg;ghsu;/ 3. gog;gfk;/ 4. Tl;lhsp/ 5. cjtpahs; 6. nkyhsu;
7. Kjyhsp
gapw;rp 2
fz;lwpf.
a
milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L tpLfijfSf;Fupa Mf;fg;bgau;fisf;
.Kk
1. ntt[ ghu;j;jpLthd;" Xirapd;wpr; brd;wpLthd; (Msp) ? csthsp
2. mwpitj; njog; nghFkplk;" cyfk; mwpa cjt[kplk; (mfk;) ? gog;gfk;'E}yfk;
3. te;jhy; kfpH;r;rp ,J" ciHj;jhy; fpilf;Fk; ,J (khdk;) ? tUkhdk;
4. ntl(&)k; nghl;ltd; ntljhup" gl;lk; th=;fpdtd;> (jhup) ? gl;ljhup
wI
5. mse;J mse;J bfhl;oLthd;" mfk; kfpHj; je;jpLthd; (Ms;) ? goahs;

LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. bgau; my;yJ tpidr;brhw;fSld; tpFjpfisr; nru;j;J Mf;fg;gLk; bgau;r;brhw;fs;

m) Mf;fg;bgau;fs; M) bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
,) vz;Qg;bgau;fs; <) jkpHpy; ,y;iy tpil: m) Mf;fg;bgau;fs;
s:K
2. Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis <w;wpy; epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L ________ gpupf;fyhk;.

m) ,Utifahfg; M) @tifahfg;
,) ehy;tifahfg; <) Itifahfg; tpil: M) @tifahfg;
3. fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu; Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; ________ bghUs;fspy; tUk;.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
tp
,) Ie;J <) ,U tpil: M) ehd;F

4. `Msu;~/ `Msp~ Kjyhd tpFjpfs; ________ bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz
epw;fpd;wd.
m) Mz;ghw; M) bgz;ghw;
ht
,) ,Ughw; <) xd;wd;ghw; tpil: ,) ,Ughw;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. Mf;fg; bgau;fspy; ________ jdpr;rpwg;g[ cilad.
m) gFjpfs; M) tpFjpfs;
,) ,ilepiyfs; <) rhupiafs; tpil: M) tpFjpfs;
L al
FWtpdh
1. jkpHpy; Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfisf; TWf.
fhud;/ fhuu;/ fhup/ Ms;/ Msu;/ Msp/ jhuu;/ khdk;.
A d
v.fh: tz;of;fhud;/ ntiyf;fhup/ Mizahsu;.
2. Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;>
D ika
Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis <w;wpy; epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L @tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
mit:
bgaUld; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
tpida[lDk; vr;rj;JlDk; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
bgaUlDk; tpida[lDk; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
3. fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu; Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; ve;ehd;F bghUs;fspy; tUk;>
Alv
cilik/ cupik/ cwt[ my;yJ bjhlu;g[/ bjhHpy; my;yJ MSjy;.
vd;Dk; ehd;F bghUs;fspy; `fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu;~ Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; tUk;.
v.fh:
tPL + fhud; a
– tPl;Lf;fhud; – cilik
jkpH;ehL + fhup – jkpH;ehl;Lf;fhup– cupik
.Kk
cwt[ + fhuu; – cwt[f;fhuu; – cwt[
njhl;lk; + fhuu; – njhl;lf;fhuu; – bjhHpy;
4. bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjpfSld; `Msu;~ vd;Dk; Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjp nru;e;J brhw;fs;
cUthFfpd;wd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
rp/ my;/ jp/ kjp/ it/ t[/ g[ Kjypa bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjpfs; MFk;.
wI
LV
v.fh:
rp – bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
w
Ml;rp – bjhHpw;bgau;
Ml;rpahsu; – Mf;fg;bgau;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

5. ,Ughw;bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; TWf.
A
//w
Msu;/ `Msp~ Kjyhd tpFjpfs; ,Ughw; bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.

v.fh:
cjtp + Msu; – cjtpahsu;
s:K
bert[ + Msp – berthsp
jkpH; bkhHpapy; kwe;jJk; kiwe;jJkhd rpwe;j bra;jpfs;/
tp
mst[fle;J cs;sd. mtw;iw btspf;bfhzu;e;J/ tPupa czu;t[ld;

btspapl;ltu; mwp+u; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Mthu;. mtu; vGjpa
fl;Liufs; midj;Jk; g[jpa g[jpa bra;jpfisg; g[yg;gLj;jpa
tpe;ijg; gilg;g[fs;. ,uhnkRtuj; jPt[/ ciwa{u; mHpe;j tuyhW/ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
ht
kiwe;Jnghd kU=;fhg;gl;odk; nghd;w jdpj;jd;ikbfhz;l mtu;jk; (1900?1980)

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fl;Liufs; tuyhw;wpy; g[jpa btspr;rk; gha;r;rpd. bfh=;F ehl;L tuyhW/ JSt ehl;L
tuyhW/ nrud; br=;Fl;Ltd;/ knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa
E}y;fs; mtu; ekf;F tH=;fpa[s;s tuyhw;Wr; bry;t=;fs;. mtUila `fsg;gpuu; fhyj; jkpHfk;~
vd;Dk; Ma;t[ E}y;/ ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W Ma;thsu;fshy; tUzpf;fg;gl;l fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpw;F
L al
xspa{l;o/ tuyhw;Wj; jlj;ijr; brg;gdpl;lJ.
efuhl;rpg; gs;sp Mrpupauhf beL=;fhyk; gzpahw;wpa mtu; jd;Dzu;thy;/ cWjpahd
ciHg;ghy;/ jkpH;g;gw;why; gy;fiyf;fHfg; nguhrpupau;fSk; kjpj;Jg;nghw;Wk; gzpfisr;
bra;jhu;. M=;fpyk;/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk; Mfpa bkhHpfisf; fw;Wj; nju;e;jtu;. rpwe;j
A d
tuyhw;whrpupau;/ eLepiy gpwHhj Ma;thsu;/ bkhHpapay; mwp+u;/ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsu;
vd;bwy;yhk; nghw;wg;gl;l gd;Kfr; rpwg;g[f; bfhz;ltu;. mtUf;F kJiug; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
D ika
1980 Mk; Mz;L `jkpH;g; nguitr; brk;ky;~ vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jg; ghuhl;oaJ. fpwpj;JtKk;
7 jkpGk;/ rkzKk; jkpGk;/ bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;/ kiwe;J nghd jkpH;E}y;fs; nghd;w gy
E}y;fshy; jkpH; Ma;t[ tuyhw;wpy; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; bgw;Ws;shu;.
,ay;
1. kwe;jJk; kiwe;jJk; ? ,Jnghd;w ,uz;L bjhlu;fis cUthf;Ff.

v.fh: goj;jJk; gilj;jJk;
fue;jJk; fiue;jJk;/ fye;jJk; fiye;jJk;
Alv
2. mHpe;j tuyhW/ g[jpa btspr;rk; ? mof;nfhol;l brhw;fspd; vr;r tiffis vGJf.
mHpe;j tuyhW ? bgabur;rk;
g[jpa btspr;rk; ? Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk;
a
3. mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
.Kk
4. Kjypa/ Kjyhd ? bghUswpe;J brhw;bwhlu; mikf;f.
Kjypa:
knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa E}y;fs; kapiy rPdp.
nt=;flrhkp ekf;F tH=;fpa[s;s tuyhw;Wr; bry;t=;fs;.
wI
Kjyhd:
LV
mwptpay;/ jpwikrhyp/ nfhiHj;jdk;/ rkj;Jtk;/ bgz;zpak;/ ngr;rhsd;/ Vw;Wkjp

w
Kjyhd brhw;fs; Mf;fg; bgau;r; brhw;fns.

5. gj;jpapy; cs;s cau;t[ rpwg;g[ ck;ikiaf; fz;L vGJf.
nghw;Wk; ? cau;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
A
//w
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Balu Hi, Good evening. ed;khiy tzf;fk;.
s:K
Velu Hi Balu, Good evening. ghY/ ed;khiy tzf;fk;.

Balu Yesterday you were watching the new;W ehs; KGtJk; FoauR ehs; tpHh
Republic day function the whole day. epfH;t[fisg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhah>
Velu Yes, I was touched by one award Mk;. mjpy; xU tpUJ tH=;Fk; epfH;t[ vd;
ceremony. kdij befpH itj;Jtpl;lJ.
tp
Balu Which award? ve;j tpUJ>

Velu Paramvir Chakra award, highest guk;tPu; rf;uh tpUJ. ,uhQt tPuu;fSf;F
award for army personnel. tH=;fg;gLk; jdpj;Jt tpUJ.
ht
Balu Why were you touched? Vd; eP kdk; befpH;e;jha;>

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Velu Most of the awards were received by me;j tpUJfs; bgUk;ghYk; tPukuzKw;w
the wives of soldiers posthumously. tPuu;fspd; kidtpfns bgw;Wf;bfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
Balu Why? What do you mean by Vd; tPuu;fspd; kidtpfs; bgw;Wf;
Posthumous? bfhs;fpwhu;fs;> ngh!;Jk!; vd;gjd; bghUs;
L al
vd;d>
Velu It means 'after death'. Many soldiers ngh!;Jk!; vd;why; kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; vd;W
had laid down their lives protecting bghUs;. bgUk;ghd;ikahd tPuu;fs; ekJ
A d
the border of our Motherland. They
jha;ehl;od; vy;iy fhf;f jkJ thH;f;ifia
have sacrificed their lives to save our
Country. So that we can be free and ,He;jdu;.mt;tPuu;fs; ekJ jha;ehl;ilf;
D ika
safe. fhf;fnt jkJ ,d;Dapiuj; jpahfk;
bra;jdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ehk; Rje;jpukhft[k;
ghJfhg;ghft[k; thH;fpnwhk;.
kug[r;brhw;fisj; bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
rhd;W: vjpu;ePr;ry;
Alv
thH;f;ifapy; vj;jid njhy;tpfs; te;jhYk; mtw;iwf; fle;J vjpu;ePr;ry; nghl;L btw;wp
bgwntz;Lk;.
brhe;jf;fhypy; epw;wy;:
a
goj;Jg; gjtp bgw;W/ bgw;nwhu; nghw;WkhW brhe;jf; fhypy; epw;wy; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ.
jhsk; nghLjy;:
.Kk
vf;fUj;jhapDk;/ vtu; TwpdhYk; bghJeyj;jpw;F cfe;jjhf ,y;yhtpoy;/ Mkhk; vd;W
jhsk; nghLjy; mwpt[ilahu; bray; MfhJ.
kjpy;nky; g{id:
ey;ytu; gf;fk; bry;tjh jPatu; gf;fk; rha;tjh vd;W kjpy;nky; g{id nghy; epw;fhky;
wI
ey;ytu; gf;fnk bry;.

LV
epiwFlk;:
w
fw;wwpe;j rhd;nwhu; mlf;fkhf epiwFlk; nghy; mikjpahf ,Ug;ghu;.

ifJ}f;fptpLjy;:
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

thH;f;ifg; ghijapy; ,d;dy;fisna mDgtpg;nghu;f;F ek;khyhd cjtpfisr; bra;J
A
//w
ifJ}f;fp tpLjy; ngUjtpahFk;.

fz;zhapUj;jy;:
s:K
jhd; nkw;bfhz;l gzpfspy; ,ilna ,lu;te;Jw;wnghJk; fhupaj;jpy; fz;zhapUj;jy;

ntz;Ltnj eyk; jUk;.
mtruf;FLf;if:
rhd;nwhu; epiwe;Js;s mitapy; gjw;wg;gl;L mtruf; FLf;ifaha; brhw;fisf;
bfhl;otplf; TlhJ.
tp
Kjiyf; fz;zPu;:
cwt[fspd; Jd;gj;jpy; g=;bfLj;J Kjiyf;fz;zPu; tplhky; ele;Jbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
fhdy;ePu;:
Kltd; bfhk;g[j;njDf;F Mirg;gLtJk; Kaw;rp ,y;yhky; Fngudhf epidg;gJk;
ht
fhdy;ePu; nghy MfptpLk;.

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.in
tiuglk; bfhz;L tptupf;f.
eP=;fs; ngUe;J epWj;jj;jpy; epd;W bfhz;oUf;fpwPu;fs;. tHp bjupahj xUtu;/ c=;fsplk; te;J
efyfj;jpw;F tHp nfl;fpwhu;. fPH;f;fhQk; tiuglj;ijf; bfhz;L/ mg;g[jpatUf;F tHpfhl;L=;fs;.
gtze;jp bjU tHpahf fpHf;nf neuhfr;
L al
bry;Y=;fs;.
nkiyj;nju;j; bjU tUk;. nkiyj;nju;j;
bjUtpd; tyg;g[wkhfr; bry;Y=;fs;.
A d
mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjU FWf;fpLk;.
mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjU FWf;fpLk;
D ika
,lj;jpy; fhe;jpr; rJf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
7 mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjUtpy; neuhfr;
brd;why; fPiHj;nju;j;bjU FWf;fpLk;.
,ay;
vjpu;tupirapy; efyfk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,yf;fpaeak; ghuhl;Lf.
Alv
Rje;jpuk; jUfpw kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk;
Rfk;;jUk; czu;r;rpa[k; ntWz;nlh>
a
gjk;jUk; bgUika[k; gzk;jUk; nghfKk;
ghu;j;jhy; mijtplf; fPHd;nwh>
.Kk
,jk;jUk; mw=;fSk; ,ira[ld; thH;jYk;
vy;yhk; Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;
epjk; jUk; Jau;fis epku;e;Jepd; bwjpu;j;jpl
epr;rak; Rje;jpuk; mJ ntz;Lk;. ? ehkf;fy; ftp+u;
wI
jiyg;g[:
LV
ntz;Lk; Rje;jpuk;.
w
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
bgau; : bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhu;
bgw;nwhu; : bt=;fl;uhkd; ? mk;kzp mk;khs;
A
fhyk; : 1888
//w
bjhHpy; : ftp+u;/ fhe;jPaf;ftp+u;

gpwfiyfs; : Xtpaf;fiyapy; ty;ytu;
s:K
gjtp : muR ftp+u;/ rl;lkd;w nkyit cWg;gpdu;

tpUJ : gj;kg{&z;
Cu; : ehkf;fy; ? nkhfD}u;
ika fUj;J:
Rje;jpuk; jUfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk; ,d;gk; fpilf;fpd;w ey;Yzu;t[ ntwpy;iy.
gjtpahy; fpilf;Fk; bgUika[k;/ gzj;jhy; tUk; ,d;gKk; ,tw;iw vz;zpg; ghu;j;jhy;
tp
Rje;jpuj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; kfpH;itf; fhl;oYk; jhH;e;jnj. mwj;jhy; tUk; ,d;gKk;/

g[fnHhL thH;tJk; ,it vy;yhnk Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk epfH;td. ehs;njhWk;
ek;ik vjpu;bfhs;Sk; Jau=;fisj; Jilj;jpl ntz;Lbkd;why;/ epr;rak; ntz;Lk;
Rje;jpuk;.
ht
326
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vJif eak;:
bgz;Qf;F mHF eif
ghlYf;F mHF vJif
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp
L al
tUtJ vJif.
v.fh: Rje;jpuk; ? gje;jUk; " ,jk;/ epjk;
nkhid eak;:
A d
ehl;Lf;F mHF nrid
ghl;Lf;F mHF nkhid
D ika
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid.
v.fh: Rje;jpuk;/ Rfk; " gjk;;/ ghu;j;jhy; " epjk;;/ epr;rak;
mzp eak;:
``nfhapYf;F mHF kzp
ghlYf;F mHF mzp~~
Alv
v.fh: ``Rje;jpuk; jUfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk;...~~
,t;tofspy; Rje;jpuk; jUk; kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy/ vd;W
Rje;jpuj;ij cau;thf mikj;jpUg;gjhy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
fw;gid eak; :
a
Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mwKk; g[fGk; X=;Fk; vd;W jdJ fw;gidia edthf;fpf;
.Kk
fhl;oa[s;shu; ,uhkyp=;fk;.

wI
brhy;byLj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.

LV
fPGs;s fl;lj;jpDs; EiHe;J brhw;fis vLj;Jk; njitahd brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jk; bjhlu;fs;

mikf;f. (milgl;l gFjpapy; cs;s brhw;fisj; jtpu;f;ft[k;)
w
v.fh: khztu;fs; tFg;giwapDs; Ez;fiyfisa[k; fw;f ntz;Lk;.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
327
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
khztu;fs; gl;odpahf ,Uf;ff;TlhJ vd;gjw;fhf kjpa czt[j; jpl;lj;ijf;
fhkuhru; Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
Mrpupau;/ khztu; cwt[ nkd;ika[ilaJ.
tpisahl;L clYf;F cWjp jUk;.
L al
TLjy; tFg;g[ neu=;fisg; g[wf;fzpf;ff; TlhJ.
ehs;njhWk; gs;spapy; tHpghl;Lf; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
tFg;giwapypUe;J Mrpupau; mDkjpa[ld; btspnaw ntz;Lk;.
A d
khztu; jpwikia tsu;f;Fk; xnu ,lk; gs;sp.
fUk;gyifapy; vGjpg; ghlk; elj;JtJ khztu;fis tpHpg;gilar; bra;a[k;.
D ika
khztu;fs; gs;spf;Fj; jhkjkhf tUtijj; jtpu;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.
7 ntiyapd;ikiag; nghf;f ey;y thrpg;g[ ntz;Lk;.
Ez;fiyfs; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk;.
,ay;
bra;J fw;nghk;.
ey;y rpe;jidfis tpijj;j jiytu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;o xg;g[ilt[ cUthf;Ff.
Alv
jkpHfj;jpd; mwpt[f;fly; V.gp.n$ mg;Jy; fyhk;.
1931 Mk; Mz;L mf;?15 Mk; ehs; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpy; njhd;wpdhu;.
i$Dyhg[jPd; ? M&pak;kh fyhkpd; bgw;nwhu;fs;.
a
VH;ikf; FLk;gj;jpy; mtjupj;J mfpyk; nghw;Wk; tp+;+hdpahdhu;.
,Uz;l ,e;jpah vd;W ,fHe;jtu;fis kUz;L ghu;f;fr; bra;jhu; mf;dp Vt[fizahy;.
.Kk
fyhk; Muk;gj;jpy; tpkhd cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
fyhkpd; jpwik tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp ikak; tiu bry;y itj;jJ.
,e;jpag; gpujkupd; tp+;+hd Mnyhrfuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
1998 Mk; Mz;L ghujuj;dh tpUJ bgw;whu;.
wI
25?07?2002 ,y; 12 MtJ FoauRj; jiytu; Mdhu;.

LV
vz;zk; brayhf cw=;fhky; fdt[ fhQ=;fs; vd;W ,is+u;f;F mwpt[iu

w
tH=;fpdhu;.
,e;jpahit 2020 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; KG tsu;r;rp mile;j ehlhf cUthf;f
mUk;ghLgl;lhu;.
A
//w
mf;dp Vt[fizapd; mtjhug; g[U&dhd fyhk; ,e;jpahtpd; Xu; mjprak;.

goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; gilf;f.
s:K
gj;jhtJ jlitahf vg;nghJk; kj;jhg;g[ ____________________

tpGe;jtDf;F bfhSj;jp tpisahLfpwJ ____________________
Kj;jkpl;Lr; brhd;dJ g{kp kiyaUtp
`xd;gJ Kiw vGe;jtdy;yth eP-~ ____________________
? <nuhL jkpHd;gd; ? fHdpa{ud;
tp
? i\f;T vd;gjw;Fj; jkpHpy; ``Jspg;gh~~ vd;W bghUSz;L bjupa[kh>

? ftpijfSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhfj; jiyg;gpLf.
ht
328
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpil:
Kaw;rp mUtpapd; mHF bghUshjhuj;
gj;jhtJ jlitahf vg;nghJk; kj;jhg;g[ jl;L;g;ghL
tpGe;jtDf;F bfhSj;jp tpisahLfpwJ
L al
fhf;Fk; fu=;fs;
Kj;jkpl;Lr; brhd;dJ g{kp kiyaUtp
`xd;gJ Kiw vGe;jtdy;yth eP-~ mlFf; filapy;
? <nuhL jkpHd;gd; ? fHdpa{ud; bghd; tisay;
A d
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
D ika
ck;Kila bghWg;ig czu;e;J fl;l=;fis epiwt[ bra;f.
milahsk; bgUkpjk;
,e;jpad; xUikg;ghl;Lzu;t[ld; r@ff; Tl;likg;gpy; ,ize;J thH;fpnwd;.
jkpHd; tpUe;njhk;gypd; ciwtplk;.
Alv
khztd; mwptpay; cyfpd; MSikr; rf;jp.
kfd;'kfs; cwtpd; tpGJfs;.
rnfhjud;'rnfhjup re;ju;g;g=;fspy; je;ija[k; jha[khf mtjupg;gtu;fs;.
njhHd;'njhHp
a
thH;f;ifg; glfpd; JLg;g[fs;.
.Kk
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
cj;jpfs; – Strategies
rkj;Jtk; – Equality
wI
bjhHpw;r=;fk; – Trade Union

LV
gl;okd;wk; – Debate
w
gd;Kf MSik – Multiple Personality

g[idbgau; – Pseudonym
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
***
s:K
tp
ht
329
www.tnpscjob.com
.in

,ay; ahiua[k; kjpj;J thH;
L al
ciueil jhTupd; foj=;fs;
8 bra;a[s;
xt;bthU g[y;iya[k;
bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;
,d;Fyhg;
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
A d
kndhd;kzPak; bg. Re;judhu;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; bry;tp eu;j;jfp eluh$;
8 ,yf;fzk; bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfs;
,ay;
ciueil
Alv
,ay; 8 jhTupd; foj=;fs;
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. g{i$/ tp&ak;/ cgnahfk; - vd;git Kiwna _______ vd;W jkpHpy; tH=;fg;gLk;.
wI
m) tHpghL/ bra;jp/ gad;ghL

LV
M) gad;ghL/ tHpghL/ bra;jp

,) tHpghL/ gad;ghL/ bra;jp
w
<) tHpghL/ gad;ghL/ bra;jp tpil: m) tHpghL/ bra;jp/ gad;ghL

2. brhw;fis xG=;FgLj;jpr; brhw;bwhluhf;Ff.
A
//w
m) ehd; vGJtnjhL ,d;W ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd;.

M) ,d;W ehd; ,jH;fspy; vGJtnjhL ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ngRfpnwd;.
,) ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ,d;W vGJtnjhL ehd; ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd;.
s:K
<) ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd; ehd; ,d;W ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; vGJtnjhL.

tpil: M) ,d;W ehd; ,jH;fspy; vGJtnjhL ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ngRfpnwd;.
FWtpdh
1. ehl;Lg;g[wj;jpYk; gl;lzj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;ftjhfj; jhTu; vtw;iwf; TWfpwhu;>
tp
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tpG=;fty;y khbgUk; ,aw;ifna

rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wJ.
gl;lz=;fspy; kdpj rKjhak;jhd; Kf;fpakhdjhfj; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ.
ht
330
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju; vd;Wk; fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j
jPu;f;fjuprp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu; jkJ 16Mk; tajpnyna ftpijfs; vGjj;
bjhl=;fpdhu; ? epWj;jf;FwpaPLf.
`ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju;~ vd;Wk;/ `fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j
L al
jPu;f;fj;juprp~ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu;/ jkJ 16Mk; tajpnyna ftpijfs; vGjj;
bjhl=;fpdhu;.
beLtpdh
A d
1. rpjwpa foj=;fs; czu;j;Jk; fUj;Jfisr; rpjwhJ tpsf;Ff.
D ika
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu MW gw;wpa mwpt[
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j gwit kyu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jp
ehl;Lg;g[wKk; gl;lzKk; kyu;fspd; fhytiuaiw
Inuhg;gh?ghujk; gwitfspd; tp&aj;jpYk;
Alv
tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk; vz;zk; FWfpaJ
kuk; gw;wpa mwpt[ Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
a
bra;jpia chpatUf;Fj; bjhptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ fojkhFk;.
mJnt/ chpa tot[ld; bghUl;brwpthYk; fw;gid eaj;jhYk; bkhHptsj;jhYk; foj
,yf;fpakhf cUg;bgWfpd;wJ. ftpj;Jt ,ay;g[ bfhz;l jhThpd; foj=;fs; fw;gid/
.Kk
eifr;Rit/ MH;e;j rpe;jid Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sd. mr;rpwg;g[tha;e;j foj=;fs;
thapyhf ehk; czUk; czu;t[fisr; rpw;rpy jiyg;g[fspy; fhzyhk;:
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j gwit:
t=;fhsj;jpd; gj;kh ejpapy; fiu jJk;gp XoaJ bts;sk;. Mw;W bts;sj;jpy;
wI
,we;Jnghd gwit xd;W kpje;J te;jJ. fiunahu khkuj;jpy; JiznahL cw=;fpa

LV
gwit/ kz;rupe;J kuk; tpGe;jjhy; kWgoa[k; rpwif tpupf;fnth/ fz; tpHpf;fnth

w
,y;iy.
ehl;Lg;g[wKk; gl;lzKk;:
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tpG=;fty;y ,aw;if rpwe;J tps=;FfpwJ.
ahiua[k; kjpj;J thH;

A
//w
gl;lzj;jpy; kdpjDila rKjhak; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ. m=;nf/ kdpjdpd; bfh#uk;

btspg;gLfpwJ. kw;w capu;fspd; RfJf;fj;ij kdpjd; vz;Qtjpy;iy.
Inuhg;gh?ghujk;:
s:K
Inuhg;ghtpy; kdpjDf;Fj;jhd; Kf;fpa ,lk;. Mdhy; kw;w gpuhzpfisr; rhjhuzkhf

epidf;fpwhu;fs;. ghuj ehl;oy; kdpjd; tpy=;fhf/ tpy=;F ? kdpjdhf khWtijj;
jtwhf vz;Qtjpy;iy. mjdhy; ekJ rhj;jpu=;fs; capu;fsplj;Jf; fUiz fhl;Ltij
mjprakhf vz;zp tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. ghuj ehL ,aw;ifnahL ,zf;fKilajhy;/
rpWgwitapd; ,jaj;jpd; cs;nsapUf;Fk; thH;f;iff; fspg;igr; rpe;jpf;fhky; ,Uf;f
Koatpy;iy vd;fpwhu; jhTu;.
tp
tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk;:
kuj;jpd; fpisapy; kyUk; g{tpidg; bgaupl;Lj; jd; kdjpy; ,lk; mspf;fpwhd;
kdpjd;. kuj;jpy; kl;Lk; kyUk; g{f;fs; midj;ija[k; mtdJ kdk; Vw;ftpy;iy.
ht
kyuplk; fhl;Lk; myl;rpak; ntW ve;j ehl;oYk; ,y;iy. rpy kyu;fs; bgau; ,Ue;Jk;
bjupahky; ngha;tpLk;. rpy kyu;fs; gzj;jpd; thapyhfg; g[fH; bgWk;. ,t;thwhd kyu;fs; 331
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
,yf;fpa=;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. mtw;iwj; bjupe;Jbfhs;s kdpjd; tpUk;g[tjpy;iy.
(v.fh). $hjp vd;gJ xUtif Ky;iy. n!t[e;jp vd;gJ ve;j kyupd; bgau; vd;W ,d;Wk;
mwpag;gltpy;iy.
kuk; gw;wpa mwpt[:
L al
rhe;jp epnfjdj;jpy; gpahy vd;w xU kuk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tlbkhHp fhtpa=;fspy; me;j
kuj;ijg; gw;wp vj;jid ngUf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
MW gw;wpa mwpt[:
A d
Mdhy; Mw;wpd; tp&aj;jpy; myl;rpak; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. kpfr; rpwpa MWTl ek;
kdjpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
D ika
kyu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jp:
8 g[whf; fz;zp/ kapy; tpHpahs;/ tpLg;g[ilahs; nghd;w g{i$f;Fupa kyu;fisj; jtpu
kw;w kyu;fs; ekf;F mtrpakw;wjhfp tpLfpwJ.
,ay;
kyu;fspd; fhytiuaiw:
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;jpw;nfw;wgo rPf;fpunk thoLk; kyu;fSld; bjhlu;g[ cz;L.
Alv
njhl;lf;fhudplk; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;. nkYk; bgaupy;yh kyu;fSila
ehl;oy; ftp+upd; epiy kpf nkhrkhdJ kyu;fspd; rhk;uh$;aj;jpy; jhTupd; ngdh
elkhl;lk; FWfpg;nghdJ.
a
gwitfspd; tp&aj;jpYk; vz;zk; FWfpaJ:
fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ikdh/ bgs?fjh?fnt. ,itfis tpl;Ltpl KoahJ. ,d;Dk;
vj;jidnah g[l;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpd; bgau;fs; $d=;fSf;Fj; bjupahJ. ,aw;ifaplk;
.Kk
ehk; fhl;Lk; ,e;j myl;rpak;jhd; kdpjdpd; njhy;tpfSf;F @y fhuzk;. ,e;j myl;rpa
kdg;ghd;ik jPtpukhfj; jiyJ}f;fptpl;lJ. Kothf/ guPl;irapy; njwntz;od;
rupj;jpug; ghlj;ijg; g[wf;fzpf;f KoahJ. mJnghy/ g[wf;fzpg;gjhy; gad; ,y;iy.
kdpjd; vz;zKk; FWfptpl;lJ. vz;zk; FWfpajhy; vj;jidnah bghUl;fs; kdjpy;
wI
,lk;bgwtpy;iy vd;fpwhu; jhTu;.

LV
Kot[iu:
w
`ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPdkdpjh;~ vd;Wk; `fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j

jPh;f;fjhprp~ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu;/ jd; foj=;fisf;Tl ftpj;Jtk; epuk;gpajhf
vGjpapUf;fpwhu; vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. rpjwpa gf;f=;fSk;/ tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk;
A
//w
nghd;w jhThpd; foj=;fs; ,aw;ifiaa[k; kdpjida[k; ,izj;Jg; ngRtJ

nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
s:K
gf;fk;: 206
1. neU/ ,e;jpuhtpw;F vGjpa fojk; xd;iw tFg;giwapy; goj;J mJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
khztu;fns-
ehL tpLjiy bgw;wgpd; Kjd;ik mikr;ruha; (gpujk ke;jpup) ,Ue;j neU mtu;fs;
rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ cyf epfH;t[fs;/ murpay; rJu=;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs;/ cyf
tp
,aw;if ts=;fs;/ ehfupfk; vd midj;ija[k; jd; kfs; ,e;jpuh bjupe;J/ g[upe;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhff; fojk; thapyhfg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;. mtw;wpy; xd;iwg;
gof;ff; nfl;Ou;fs;. mjidg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLnthkh-
,e;jf; foj=;fs; ml=;fpa E}y; `cyfrupj;jpuk;~ vd;W jkpH;g;gjpg;ghf ghfk; 1/ 2 vd
ht
,Uf;fpd;wJ. goj;Jg; gadila[=;fs;.

332
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fye;Jiuahly;
Mrpupau; : gof;ff; nfl;l fojg; gFjpapd; bra;jpfisf; TwKoa[kh>
kjd; : Iah- ehd; TWfpnwd;.
brt;tp : Iah ehDk; ....
L al
gpupah : Iah ehDk;....
Mrpupau; : rup .... thU=;fs; v=;nf> eP=;fs; g[upe;jij vy;nyhUf;Fk; g[upa[k; tifapy;
fye;JiuahL=;fs;.
A d
brt;tp : ehk; ,g;bghGJ goj;j fojk; neU ve;j rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ vGjpaJ
bjupa[kh.....
D ika
gpupah : iedp rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ 1933Mk; Mz;L vGjpaJ.
kjd; : kpft[k; rupahfr; brhd;dha;.... cyf rupj;jpuj;ij vt;tst[ mHfhfg; gfpu;e;J
bfhz;Ls;shu;.
brt;tp : Mk; kjd;- ek; ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp/ nrh&yprk;/ $dehaj;jpd; kPJs;s cWjpahd
ek;gpf;if ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ek; kdjpYk; gjpa itj;Js;shu;.
Alv
gpupah : jpuhtpl ehfupfj;jpd; gHika[k; bgUika[k; Tl brhy;yg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.
kjd; : mJ kl;Lky;y Mupau;fspd; ehfupfk;/ mtu;fspd; ,Wkhg;g[ Fwpj;Jk;
TwpapUf;fpwhu;. a
brt;tp : ,e;jpahtpw;F tpahghu nehf;fpy; te;jtu;fis Mjupj;jjhy;jhd;
moikg;gl;L tpl;nlhk; vd;Wk; Mj=;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.....
.Kk
gpupah : ,e;jpah/ Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ mbkupf;f ehLfspd; murpay;/ bghUshjhuk;
tsu;r;rp/ fpsu;r;rp Mfpa midj;Jr; bra;jpfisa[k; btWg;g[/ tpUg;g[ ,d;wp
vLj;Jf; Twpa[s;shu;.
wI
kjd; : fpnuf;f ehfupfk;/ n\hku; ,ypal; fhg;gpak; gw;wpa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.

LV
gpupah : fhg;gpak; gw;wp kl;Lky;y- kjd; me;je;j jha;bkhHpjhd; rpe;jidia

tsu;f;f cjt[k;/ brhe;j bkhHpf;fy;tp rpwe;jJ. ve;j xU bkhHpiaa[k; mHpf;f
w
Kw;glf;TlhJ vd;Wk; fojk; thapyhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

brt;tp : 1933 ,y; jPu;f;fjuprdkhf rpy bra;jpfisa[k; Twpa[s;shu; my;yth.... Mk;

bry;tp. eP brhy;fpwhah ehd; brhy;yl;Lkh> kjd; eP brhy;.
A
//w
mbkupf;fht[k; u&;aht[k; cyf tptfhu=;fspy; mjpfkhfg; g=;nfw;Fk;.

1933 ,y; mbkupf;fh f&;lg;gl;lhYk; tpiutpy; kPz;L tUk;.
s:K
tpiutpy; ,d;bdhU kfha[j;jk; tUk;.

$g;ghDf;F vjpup mbkupf;fhjhd;.
,dpnky; Ma[jg;gil g[ul;rp rhj;jpakhfhJ. murpay; g[ul;rpna
kyu;r;rpf;F tHp tFf;Fk; vd;W gytw;iw md;nw jd; foj=;fs; thapyhf
ciuj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
tp
Mrpupau; : vd; mUik khztr; bry;t=;fns- ,t;tst[ bjspthfg; g[upe;J bfhz;l

c=;fis vz;Qk; nghJ bgUkpjkhf cs;sJ. ehisa ghujk; c=;fsplk;
gj;jpukha; ,Uf;Fk;.
khztu;fs;: ed;wp Iah-
ht
333
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.in
2. c=;fsJ Ritahd gaz mDgtk; xd;iwf; fojkhf vGJf.
gaz mDgtk;
jpUbey;ntyp/
20.07.2020
L al
md;g[s;s njhHp khyht[f;F/
espdp vGJtJ. eyk;. eykwpa Mty;.
fle;j thuk; Mz;L ,Wjpj;nju;t[ Koe;jJ. ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; gs;sp/ tPL/ gog;g[ vd;W
A d
,Ue;j epiyapy; khw;wk; njo ehd; vd; FLk;gnjhL ,uz;L Rw;Wyh brd;nwd;. Kjy;
ehs; Fw;whyk;/ ,uz;lhk; ehs; xf;nfdf;fy; vd;W vkJ jpl;lk;.
D ika
Kjy; ehs; fhiy fpsk;gp 9.00 kzpf;bfy;yhk; Fw;whyk; brd;Wtpl;nlhk;. ,aw;if
8 vHpy; bfh+;Rk; mHfhd kiy/ kiyapypUe;J g[wg;gLk; rhuy; kdij kaf;fpaJ.
bkapd; mUtp/ njdUtp/ Ie;jUtp vdg; gy;ntW tPH;r;rpfspy; md;iwa bghGijf;
,ay;
fHpj;njhk;. md;W ,unt xf;nfdf;fy; g[wg;gl;nlhk;. m=;F Mu;g;gupf;Fk; ePu;tPH;r;rpapy;

Fspj;J kfpH;e;njhk;. gpwF gupry; rthup kpft[k; ,d;gkhft[k;/ Mgj;jhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kpf caukhd ,lj;jpypUe;J rpwhu;fs; jz;zPupy; Fjpj;J/ v=;fs; gupriyf; nfl;ghu;fs;.
Alv
,bjy;yhk; epidj;Jg; ghu;f;f Koahj epidt[fs;. ,uz;L ehs; vg;go fHpe;jJ vd;gnj
bjupatpy;iy.
gpupah kdnjhL md;W ,ut[ ,y;yk; jpUk;gpndhk;. xnu xU Fiw eP tuhjJjhd;.
a
tUk; Mz;L eP mtrpak; tuntz;Lk;.
md;g[j;njhHp/
.Kk
espdp.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
k.khyh
52/ fk;gh; efh;
ts;spa{h; ? 2.
wI
LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. bra;jpia cupatUf;Fj; bjuptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ ________.

m) fojk;; M) g[j;jfk;
,) Rto <) Mtzk; tpil: m) fojk;
s:K
2. fpHf;F t=;fhsj;jpd; bgupa ejp ________.

m) nfhjhtup M) aKid
,) gj;kh <) kfhejp tpil: ,) gj;kh
5. rpjwpa gf;f=;fs; jhTupd; ________ Mk; fojk;.
m) 111 M) 112
tp
,) 113 <) 114 tpil: ,) 113

3. rpjwpa gf;f=;fs; vd;w fojk; vGjg;gl;l ,lk;; ________ ehs; ________.
m) rpyhapjf;/ 9 Mf!;l; 1894 M) bfhy;fj;jh/ 8 Mf!;l; 1893
,) Mf;uh/ 9 Mf!;l; 1893 <) Kk;ig/ 8 Mf!;l; 1894
ht
334 tpil: m) rpyhapjf;/ 9 Mf!;l; 1894
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk; vd;w jhTupd; fojk; mtupd; ________ Mk; fojk;.
m) 41 M) 42
,) 43 <) 44 tpil: M) 42
5. ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.
L al
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) neU <) fhe;jp tpil: m) jhTu;
6. fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j jPu;f;fjuprp ________.
A d
m) jhTu; M) ghujp
,) fhspjhrd; <) fk;gd; tpil: m) jhTu;
D ika
7. jhTu; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupirg; bgw;w Mz;L________.
m) 1912 M) 1913
,) 1914 <) 1915 tpil: M) 1913
8. jhTu; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupirg; bgw;w E}y; ________.
m) fPjh+;ryp M) jhTupd; foj=;fs;
,) fgp f\pdp <) nfhup ? X ? fky; tpil: m) fPjh+;ryp
Alv
9. $hypad; thyh ghf; gLbfhiy ele;j Mz;L ________.
m) 1917 M) 1919
,) 1921 <) 1923 tpil: M) 1919
a
10. $hypad; thyh ghf; gLbfhiyahy; kdk; tUe;jpa jhTu; bra;jJ ________.
m) rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhu;
.Kk
M) M=;fpy muR mspj;j `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;
,) M=;fpy muirf; fz;oj;J ftpijE}y; vGjp btspapl;lhu;
<) ehspjHpy; fUj;Jg;glk; btspapl;lhu;
tpil: M) M=;fpy muR mspj;j `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;
wI
LV
11. jhTu; tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij epWtpa Mz;L; ________.

m) 1920 M) 1921
w
,) 1922 <) 1923 tpil: M) 1921

12. FUnjt; vd;W midtuhYk; md;g[ld; miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.

m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
A
//w
,) gfu;rp=; <) nfhfny tpil: m) jhTu;

13. `$dfzkd~ vd;w ek; ehl;Lg; gz;izg; ghoatu; ________.
s:K
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) ghujp <) gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;$[p tpil: m) jhTu;
14. t=;fhsnjrj;jpd; `mku; nrhdhu; g=;fsh~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg; gz;iz ,aw;wpatu; ________.
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;$p <) ,uh$huhk; nkhfd;uha; tpil: m) jhTu;
tp
15. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp btspapl;Ls;s jhTupd; foj=;fs; vd;Dk; E}iyj; jkpHpy;

bkhHpahf;fk; bra;jtu; ________.
m) j.eh. FkhuRthkp M) th.br. FHe;ijrhkp
,) k.bgh. rpt+hdk; <) r. mfj;jpayp=;fk; tpil: m) j.eh. FkhuRthkp
ht
335
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.in
16. jkpH;?t=;f bkhHpfSf;Fj; jhTu; Mw;wpa bjhz;ilg; ghuhl;o t=;f muR mspj;j tpUJ
m) nejh$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ M) fhe;jp$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
,) ghdu;$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ <) rhl;lu;$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
tpil: m) nejh$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
L al
17. bgs?fjh?fnth vd;gJ ________.
m) Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;
M) Ff;T vDk; gwitapdk;
A d
,) bfhf;fuf;nfh vd;Dk; nfhHpapdk;
<) fhfh vd;Dk; g[s;spdk; tpil: m) Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;
D ika
8 FWtpdh
,ay;
1. ftpj;Jt ,ay;g[ bfhz;l jhTupd; foj=;fs; vtw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sd>

eifr;Rit  fw;gid  MH;e;j rpe;jid
2. gl;lzj;jpd; epiy gw;wpa jhTupd; ghu;it ahJ>
Alv
gl;lzj;jpy; kdpj rKjhak;jhd; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhfj; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ.
m=;nf kdpjDila bfh#ukhd jd;ik btspg;gLfpwJ.
jd; RfJf;fj;jpw;F Kd; kw;w capu;fspd; RfJf;f=;fisg; gw;wp kdpjd; vz;QtJTl
,y;iy. a
3. ,aw;ifnahL xd;wp thH;tijg; gw;wpa jhTupd; fUj;J ahJ>
.Kk
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; ,aw;ifnahL xd;wp clDf;Fld; ,ize;J gHFk;nghJ jd;
cs;sj;jpDs; ghuj ehl;od; ,ay;g[ jiyJ}f;Ftjhfj; jhTu; TWfpwhu;.
xU gwitapd; rpd;d+;rpW ,jaj;jpDs;Sk; thH;f;ifapd; fspg;g[ vj;Jiz mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fhky; ,Uf;f vd;dhy; Kotjpy;iy.
wI
4. fojj;jpd; fhyj;bjhd;ikia tpsf;Ff.

LV
bra;jpia cupatUf;Fj; bjuptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ fojkhFk;/ mJnt

w
cupa tot[ld; bghUl;brwpthYk; fw;gid eaj;jhYk; bkhHptsj;jhYk; foj

,yf;fpakhf cUg;bgWfpd;wJ.
ciueilapy; kl;;Lkpd;wpf; fhg;gpa=;fspYk; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspYk;Tlf; foj
,yf;fpak; fhzg;gLtJ mjd; fhyj;bjhd;ikia tpsf;Fk;.
A
//w
5. gj;kh ejpapy; bts;sk; te;jjhy; epfH;e;j tpist[fs; ahJ>

kuj;jpd; fPHpUe;j kz; rupe;J tpGe;jJ.
s:K
Tl;il tpl;Lr; rpjwptpGe;j gwit xUfzk; fz;tpHpj;jJ.

mjd; gpwF fz; tpHpf;f ntz;oa mtrpank mjw;F ,uhky; ngha;tpl;lJ.
6. jhTu; Fwpg;gpLk; kyu;fs; ahit>
$hjp?Ky;iy tifapy; xU g{ (rnkyp)
n!t[e;jp
tp
7. gpahy kuk;? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

rhe;jpepnfjdj;jpypUf;Fk; kuj;jpd; bgau; `gpahy~.
rk!;fpUj fhtpa=;fspy; g[fH;bgw;w kukhf ,J tps=;FfpwJ.
ht
336
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. jhTu; Fwpg;gpLk; MWfs; ahit>
g[whf;fz;zp (fnghjh|p)
kapy; tpHpahs; (ka{uh|p)
tpUg;g[ilats; (,r;rkhjp)
L al
9. jhk!pfk; my;yJ bkOupayp!k; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;Jf;nfw;wgo rPf;fpunk thoLk; kyu;fSld; bjhlu;g[ cz;L.
njhl;lf;fhuDila iffspy; mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.
A d
kyu;;r; brg;gpDs; tHf;fk;nghy; nghtJk; tUtJk;jhd; mtw;wpd; ntiy.
,jidna jhk!pfk; mjhtJ bkOupayp!k; vd;fpnwhk;.
D ika
10. jhTupd; fijapy; ,lk;bgWk; gwitfspd; bgau;fisf; TW.
fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ikdh/ bgs?fh?fnth (Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;)
11. tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ijj; jhTu; cUthf;fpajd; nehf;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
FHe;ijfs; ,aw;ifapd; koapy; vspikahf tsu;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
j=;fs; ntiyiaj; jh=;fns ftdpj;Jf;bfhz;L/ kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; bjhz;L bra;a
Alv
ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; bfhz;L 1921 ,y; tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij
epWtpdhu;.
12. vk;bkhHpfisj; jhTu; fw;Wj; nju;e;jhu;>
a
jkpH; t=;fk;
rk!;fpUjk; ghyp
.Kk
bjY=;F M=;fpyk;
13. ,U ehl;od; ehl;Lg;gz; jhTUilait ? tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpd; ehl;Lg;gz; `$dfzkd~
wI
t=;fhsnjrj;jpd; ehl;Lg;gz; `mku; nrhdhu; g=;fsh~

LV
14. jhTu; ru; gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gpaspf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>

w
1919Mk; Mz;L eilbgw;w $hypad; thyhghf; gLbfhiyahy; kdk; tUe;jpa jhTu;/

M=;fpnya muirf; fz;oj;J mtu;fs; tH=;fpa `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;.

rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. ,yf;fpa MSikapd; ngUUthfj; jhTu; jpfH;e;jhu; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfisj; jUf.

s:K
,uz;lhapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ,irg;ghly;fs;

Mapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ftpijfs;
Vwf;Fiwa ,UgJ bgUehlf=;fs;
FWehlf=;fs;
vl;L ehty;fs;
vl;Lf;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fs;
tp
Xtpag; gilg;g[fs;
gazf; fl;Liufs;
M=;fpy bkhHpbgau;g;g[fs;
ht
***
337
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.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 8 xt;bthU g[y;iya[k;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
8 1. Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; ? bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;w kug[
m) bgau;kug[ M) tpidkug[
,) xypkug[ <) ,it @d;Wk; tpil: ,) xypkug[
,ay;
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. ,d;Fyhg;/ ``cyFf;F ntz;Lk; ehDk; Xu; Jspaha;~~ vdf;TWtjd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; xt;bthU bgaupl;L miHg;ngd;.
gwitfnshL gazpj;Jr; Rje;jpukhf vy;iyiaf; flg;ngd;.
a
bgau;bjupahj fy;iya[k; kz;iza[k; bgaupl;L miHg;ngd;.
cjtpf;fuk; ePl;Lk; iffspy; el;g[ (bjhlUk;) bfhs;ntd;.
.Kk
cjthj kdpjuplk; kdj;jstpy; kl;Lk; el;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.
cyfk; fly; nghd;wJ/ jhd; mjpy; xU Jspaha; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;.
wI
2. jhk!pfk; vd;why; vd;d>

LV
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;Jf;F Vw;wgo thotpLk; kyu;fSld; ekf;Fj; bjhlu;g[

cz;L.
w
njhl;lf;fhudpd; iffspy; mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.

kyu;r;brg;gpDs; tHf;fk;nghy; nghtJk; tUtJk;jhd; kyu;fspd; ntiyahFk;.
mk;kyu;fshy; mt;tst[jhd; ,aYk;.
A
//w
,ijj;jhd; jhk!pfk;'bkOupayprk; vd;fpnwhk;.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
s:K
fy;iya[k; kz;iza[k; – vz;Qk;ik

Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; – vz;Qk;ik
bjupahj – vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
tpHpg;ngd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
tp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tpspg;ngd; ? tpsp + g; + g; + Vd;
tpsp ? gFjp/ g; ? re;jp/ g; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy/ Vd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.
ht
338
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
vjpbuhyp ? vjpu; + xyp
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (u; + x = buh) vjpbuhyp
vd;whdJ.
L al
1. kdpjneak; ngRk; ftpijfs; vitnaDk; Ie;ijj; jpul;o tFg;gpy; gfpu;f.
A d
fw;rpiybad Jjpj;bjGk;g[k; J}akdk;
mwpahJ iffs; fdpe;J nehf;Fk; fUizFzk;
D ika
rpte;jpl fhf;ifapd; bfhLj;J cjt[k; bfhil kdk;
vr;rpy;fis Jilj;J vLj;jpak;g[k; Mfhe;jk;
tpLk; kHiyapd; gzpe;J bry;Yk; gupt[
khspif Fzj;jpy; kfpH;e;Jtf;Fk; kndhghtk;
kyu;fpwJ kdpj neak; mwk;gug;g[k; Md;kxGf;fk; ? ,tw;why;
rpwf;Fk; kdp neak;
Alv
mLj;jtu;fspd; typfis ehia tPl;oy; itj;J gpr;irf;fhudpd;
czu;t[fshy; gzptpilfs; bra;a[k; kdpjd; fpHe;j Milf;fpilna
czuj; bjhl=;Fk;
nghJ jhd; gpwf;fpwJ
kdpj neak;
a
jhiaf; Tl;oy; milj;J
jat[ fhl;l kWj;jjpy;
kuzpj;J tpl;lJ kdpj neak;
bjuptJ njfky;y
mij kiwg;gJjhd;
kdpj neak;
.Kk
2. ,aw;ifa[k; kdpjDk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;iw vGJf.
,aw;ifa[k; kdpjDk; ? fl;Liu
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
wI
LV
Kd;Diu
fUj;Jiu
w
fhykhw;wKk; fhl;rp khw;wKk;

Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
A
//w
,aw;if ,iwtd; bfhLj;j bfhil. kdpjd;/ g{kpapy; thH Kw;gl;lbghGJ

,aw;ifnahL thH;e;jhd;" ,aw;ifiag; ngzpdhd;" ,aw;ifia tz=;fpdhd;"
,aw;ifnahL ,uz;lwf; fye;jhd;.
s:K
fUj;Jiu:
kdpjd; jd;idr;Rw;wp ,Ue;j ,aw;ifia Ik;g{j=;fshfg; gpupj;J tz=;fpdhd;.
Itif epy=;fshfg; gpupj;J thH;e;jhd;. neha; behofspd;wp kfpH;t[lDk;/ ePz;l
Ma[SlDk; thH;e;jhd;. fhyKk; khwpaJ" fhl;rpa[k; khwptpl;lJ.
fhykhw;wKk; fhl;rp khw;wKk;:
tp
kdpjd; ,aw;ifiar; rpwpJ/ rpwpjhf mHpj;Jj; jd; thH;it tskhf;f Kad;whd;.

vg;nghJ ,aw;ifia mHpf;f Kad;whndh/ mg;nghnj mtd; ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shdhd;.
tpy=;FfSf;Fk;/ gwitfSf;Fk; gy;Yapu;fSf;Fk; ,d;diy cUthf;fpdhd;. g{kpg;
ge;ij rpwpJ rpwpjhf eufkhf khw;wpdhd;. ,aw;ifia ,He;J/ thH;tpd; midj;J
ht
Mjhu=;fisa[k; ,He;jnjhL ,aw;if rPw;w=;fs;/ gUtfhy khw;w=;fs; vd midj;jpw;Fk;

339
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.in
tpj;jpl;lhd;. ku=;fsw;w kz;zpy; Rthrpf;ff; fhw;wpd;wpj; jj;jspf;Fk; epiy btFJ}uj;jpy;
,y;iy.
Kot[iu:
ehisa jiyKiw ed;whf thH/ ku=;fis tsu;j;J/ g{kpg;ge;ijg; gRikahf;fp
L al
,He;j Jd;g=;fis kPl;Lf; bfhLg;nghk;- Vida capupd=;fisa[k; thH itg;nghk;-
g{kpiar; brhu;f;fkhf khw;Wnthk;/ kfpH;thf thH;nthk;-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
8 1. `fhf;if FUtp v=;fs; $hjp~ vd;W ghoatu; ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;;
,ay;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) fy;fp tpil: m) ghujpahu;

2. ``Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; tpupa[k; vdJ fpisfspy; mila[k;~~ vd;wtu; ________.
Alv
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ,d;Fyhg; tpil: <) ,d;Fyhg;
3. ,d;Fyhg;gpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) mg;Jy; \kPJ M) rhFy; mkPJ
a
,) mkhDy;yh <) KfkJ ,k;uhd; tpil: M) rhFy; mkPJ
4. `xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; bgau; brhy;yp miHg;ngd;~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; Mrpupau;
.Kk
m) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp M) kPuh
,) ,d;Fyhg; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: ,) ,d;Fyhg;
5. br=;if muR kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upf;F cly;jhdkha; mspf;fg;gl;l ftp+u; ________.
wI
m) fz;zjhrd; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

,) ,d;Fyhg; <) kPuh tpil: ,) ,d;Fyhg;
LV
6. nghjpapd; epHYk; rpYita[k; gpiwa[k;

w
bgh=;Fk; rkj;Jtg; g[dypy; fiua[k; ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.

m) ghujpahu; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
,) ftpkzp <) ,d;Fyhg; tpil: <) ,d;Fyhg;
A
//w
FWtpdh
s:K
1. ,d;Fyhg; ,a=;fpa tpupthd ,yf;fpa js=;fisf; TWf.

ftpij/ ehlfk;/ rpWfij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[/ fl;Liu.
2. ,d;Fyhg; jdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tpUk;gpaJ vd;d>
,d;Fyhg; jdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jd;Dliyj; jhdk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;W
tpUk;gpdhu;. me;j tifapy; mtuJ cly; br=;if muR kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
tp
3. vit jd; fpisfis te;jila[k; vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;>

Tt[k; Fapy;/ fiua[k; fhfk;.
4. rkj;Jtg; g[dypy; vit fiua[k; vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;>
ht
nghjp kuj;jpdoapy; +hdk; bgw;w g[j;jupd; bfhs;ifa[k;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpYitapy; capiuj; jpahfk; bra;j ,naRtpd; bfhs;ifa[k;
gpiwepyit milahskha;f; bfhz;l K\k;kJtpd; bfhs;ifa[k;
? rkj;Jt ejpapy; fye;J r=;fkpf;Fk; vd;fpwhu;.
5. ,d;Fyhg; jdJ brtpapdpy; vJ vjpbuhypf;Fk; vd;W TWfpwhu;>
L al
cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; khDl rKjhak; Jd;g[w;W tpRk;gp mGjhYk; mJ jd; brtpapdpy;
vjpbuhypg;gjhf ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. ,d;Fyhg; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
D ika
rhFy; mkPJ vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila ,d;Fyhg; ftpij/ rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ ehlfk;/
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tpupthd js=;fspy; ,a=;fpatu;.
mtUila ftpijfs;/ `xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; bgau; brhy;yp miHg;ngd;~ vd;w
bgaupy; KGikahfj; bjhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF mtUila cly;/ mtu; tpUk;gpago br=;if muR kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}upf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Alv
***
a
bra;a[s;
8 bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;
.Kk
,ay;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
FWtpdh
w
1. ``fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>~~ vd;W mg;Jy;uFkhd; ahuplk; vjw;Ff; nfl;fpwhu;>

``fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>~~ vd;W mg;Jy;uFkhd; mwpahik vd;Dk; khiaapy;

A
//w
thH;fpd;w kf;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; nfl;fpwhu;.

btWk; fhfpjj;ijg; gog;gJ kl;Lk; fy;tpahfhJ vd;fpwhu;.
s:K
rpWtpdh
1. mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; ftpijapypUe;J tpdh?tpil totj;jpw;F Vw;w mofisj; jUf.
ftpf;nfh mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs; vd;w ftpijapy; tpdh?tpilfs;
totj;jpw;F Vw;w mofs;.
tp
fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>

btWk; fhfpjk; jpd;gJ fy;tpapy;iy.
bgw;nwd; vd;gha; bgw;whah>
btWk; gps;isfs; bgWtJ bgWtjy;y.
ht
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.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
fw;nwd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
cil mzpe;njd; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
ciuj;jha; – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
L al
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
btd;nwd; = bty;(d;) + w; + Vd; bgw;nwd; = bgW(bgw;W) + Vd;
A d
bty; gFjp/ `y;~/ `w;~ MdJ tpfhuk; bgW gFjp/ bgw;W vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J/
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) ,we;j fhyk; fhl;oaJ
D ika
8 w;
Vd;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
,ay;
tpFjp
epw;fpd;wha; = epy;(w;) + fpd;W + Ma; mzpe;njd; = mzp; + j;(e;) + j; + Vd;
epy;(w;) gFjp/ `y;~/ `w;~ MdJ tpfhuk; mzp gFjp
Alv
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp/ e; MdJ tpfhuk;
Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpidKw;W tpFjp Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. kdpjbuy;yhk; `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ kdpjbuy;yhk;
kdpju; + vy;yhk; ,ay;ng~ (u; + v) = bu vd;whdJ.
wI
2. Koe;jbjd;gha; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; Koe;j;j; +

LV
Koe;jJ + vd;gha; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;gha;

Koe;j(j;+c)+
w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Koe;jbjd;gha;

vd;gha; ,ay;ng~ (j;; + v = bj) vd;whdJ.

A
//w
1. jkpH;f; ftpijfSf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w ftp+u;fspd; gl;oaiyj; jpul;o

E}ypd; bgau;/ Mz;L Mfpatw;nwhL ml;ltiz cUthf;Ff.
s:K
Mz;L E}y; Mrpupau;

1955 jkpH;,d;gk; (fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[) uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is
1956 miynahir (ehty;) fy;fp fpU&;z@h;j;jp
1958 rf;futh;j;jpj;jpUkfd; (,uhkhazj;jpd; ciueil rp. uh$nfhghyr;rhhp
tp
1961 mfy;tpsf;F (ehty;) K. tujuhrdhu;

1962 mf;fiur;rPik (gaz E}y;) kP.g.nrhkRe;juk;
1963 nt=;ifapd; ike;jd; mfpyd;
1965 _uhkhD$u; (thH;f;if tuyhW) gp._Mr;rhh;ah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1966 ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL k.bgh. rpt+hdk;
(thH;f;if tuyhW)
1967 tPuh; cyfk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) fp.th. $fd;dhjd;
1968 bts;isg;gwit (ftpij) m. rPdpthruhftd;
L al
1969 gprpuhe;ijahu; (ehlfk;) ghujpjhrd;
1970 md;gspg;g[ (rpWfijfs;) F. mHfphprhkp
A d
1971 rKjhatPjp (ehty;) eh.ghh;j;jrhujp
1972 rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs; (ehty;) b$afhe;jd;
D ika
1973 ntUf;FePh;(ehty;) uh$k;fpU&;zd;
1974 jpUf;Fws; ePjp ,yf;fpak; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) nf.o jpUeht[f;fuR
1975 jw;fhy jkpH; ,yf;fpak; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) Mh;. jz;lha[jk;
1977 FUjpg;g[dy; (ehty;) ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
1978 g[Jf;ftpijapd; njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; (tpkh;rdk;) ty;ypf;fz;zd;
Alv
1979 rf;jp itj;jpak; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) jp. $hdfpuhkd;
1980 nrukhd; fhjyp (ehty;) fz;zjhrd;
1981 g[jpa ciueil (tpkh;rdk;) kh. uhkyp=;fk;
1982
1983
a
kzpf;bfho fhyk; (,yf;fpa tuyhW)
ghujp: fhyKk; fUj;Jk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;)
gp.v!;. ,uhikah
bjh.K. rpjk;gu uFehjd;
.Kk
1984 xU fhtphpiag;nghy (ehty;) yl;Rkp jphpg[uRe;jphp
1985 fk;gd;: g[jpa ghh;it (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) m.r. +hdrk;ge;jd;
1986 ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf xU ,af;fk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) f.eh. Rg;gpukzpak;
wI
1987 Kjypy; ,ut[ tUk; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) Mjtd;

LV
1988 thGk; ts;Stk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp

w
1989 rpe;jhejp(Rarhpjf; fl;Liufs;) yh.r. uhkhkph;jk;

1990 nthpy; gGj;j gyh (ehty;) R.rKj;jpuk;

1991 nfhgy;y fpuhkj;J kf;fs; (ehty;) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
A
//w
1992 Fw;;whyf; Fwp+;rp (tuyhw;W ehty;) nfhtp. kzpnrfud;

1993 fhJfs; (ehty;) vk;.tp. bt=;fl;uhk;
s:K
1994 g[jpa jhprd=;fs; (ehty;) bghd;dPyd;

1995 thdk; trg;gLk; (ehty;) gpug+;rd;
1996 mg;ghtpd; rpnefpjh; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) mnrhfkpj;ud;
1997 rha;t[ ehw;fhyp (ehty;) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
1998 tprhuizf; fkp&d; (ehty;) rh. fe;jrhkp
tp
1999 Myhgid (ftpijfs;) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

2000 tpkh;rd=;fs;/ kjpg;g[iufs; ? ngl;ofs; (tpkh;rdk;) jp.f. rptr=;fud;
2001 Rje;jpuehfk; (ehty;) rp.R. bry;yg;gh
ht
2002 xU fpuhkj;J ejp (ftpijfs;) rpw;gp ghyRg;ukzpad;

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2003 fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk; (ehty;) ituKj;J
2004 tzf;fk; ts;St (ftpijfs;) <nuhL jkpHd;gd;
2005 fy;kuk; (ehty;) $p. jpyftjp
L al
2006 Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL (ftpijfs;) K. nkj;jh
2007 ,iya[jph;fhyk; (ehty;) ePy. gj;kehgd;
2008 kpd;rhug;g{ (rpWfijfs;) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp
A d
2009 ifbahg;gk; (ftpijfs; bkhHpbgah;g;g[) g[tpauR
2010 Noa g{ Nlw;f (rpWfijfs;) eh+;rpy; ehld;
D ika
2011 fhty; nfhl;lk; (ehty;) R. bt=;fnlrd;
8 2012 njhy; (ehty;) nldpay; bry;tuh$;
,ay;
2013 bfhw;if (ehty;) n$h o Fq!;

2014 m+;rho g{kzp
2015 ,yf;fpar; RtLfs; (jpwdha;t[ E}y;) M. khjtd;
Alv
2016 xU rpW ,ir (rpWfijfs;) tz;zjhrd;
2017 fhe;js; ehl;fs; (ftpijfs;) ,d;Fyhg;
2018 r+;rhuk; (ehty;) a v!. uhkfpU&;zd;
2019 Ny; (ehty;) nrh. jh;kd;
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. Fspj;njd; vd;gha; a[fa[fkha; ? eP

bfhz;l mGf;nfh nghftpy;iy ? vd;W vGjpatu; ________.
w
m) ,d;Fyhg;; M) nkj;jh
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: ,) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
2. bksyhdh qkp gpwe;j Mz;L ________ ehL ________.
A
//w
m) 1207/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd; M) 1208/ ghfp!;jhd;

,) 1206/ rt[jp mnugpah <) 1205/ <uhd;; tpil: m) 1207/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
s:K
3. bksyhdh qkp gpd;gw;wpa rkag; gpupt[ ________.

m) rd;dp M) &pah
,) NBgp <) jPd; ,yh\p tpil: ,) NBgp
4. k!;dtp vd;w cyfg; g[fH; bgw;w ghurPf +hd fhtpaj;ij vGjpatu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) bksyhdh qkp
tp
,) ,d;Fyhg; <) k!;dtp n&f; tpil: M) bksyhdh qkp

5. g[y;yh=;FHiy Md;khthff; FwpaPL bra;J ftpij gilj;Js;stu; ________.
m) ,d;Fyhg; M) bksyhdh qkp
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) nkj;jh tpil: M) bksyhdh qkp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. mg;Jy; uFkhd; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa fy;Y}up ________.
m) jpUr;rp $khy; KfkJ fy;Y}up
M) thzpak;gho ,Ryhkpa fy;Y}up
,) brd;id gr;irag;gh fy;Y}up
L al
<) brd;id ,uhzpnkup fy;Y}up tpil: M) thzpak;gho ,Ryhkpa fy;Y}up
7. thdk;ghof; ftp+u;fspy; xUtu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) fz;zjhrd;
tpil: m) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
A d
,) gh. tp$a; <) eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;
8. bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs; vd;Dk; mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s mtuJ
D ika
ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ ________.
m) ghy;tPjp M) neau; tpUg;gk;;
,) Rl;Ltpuy; <) gpj;jd; tpil: ,) Rl;Ltpuy;
9. ________ vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpw;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu; mg;Jy;
uFkhd;.
m) ghy;tPjp M) neau; tpUg;gk;
Alv
,) Myhgid <) Rl;Ltpuy; tpil: ,) Myhgid
i) fw;nwd; – 1) Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
ii) cil mzpe;njd;
iii) ciuj;jha;
m) 2/ 3/ 1
–
–
a 2) jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
3) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
.Kk
M) 1/ 2/ 3;
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 2/ 3/ 1
FWtpdh
wI
1. mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; gilg;g[fisf; TWf.

ghy;tPjp/ Myhgid/ neau;tpUg;gk;/ Rl;Ltpuy;/ gpj;jd;.
LV
2. bksyhdh qkp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

w
bksyhd qkp 1207,y; Mg;fhdp!;jhdpy; gpwe;jhu;.

Md;k +hdpahf khwp NBgp gpupitj; jGtpdhu;.

mtUila k!;dtp vd;w cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w ghurPf +hd fhtpak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
A
//w
xd;whFk;.
rpWtpdh
s:K
1. bksyhdh qkpapd; ftpijia mg;Jy; uFkhd; tpsf;fpf; TWtjid vGJf.

g[y;yh=;FHiy Md;khthff; FwpaPL bra;J ftpij gilj;jpUf;fpwhu; qkp.
``vd;id
@=;fpw; fhl;oypUe;J
btl;o tPH;j;jpg;
tp
gpupj;jjw;fhf
ehd; vGg;g[k;
Tf;Fuy; nfl;L
Mltu; bgz;ou; ahtUk;
ht
mGJ g[yk;g[fpd;wdu;~~
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,ij/ ``jPa Fz=;fs; vd;w fiwfs; goahj J}a cyfk; mJ. mg;nghJ Md;kh
,iwj;juprdk; vd;w ngupd;gj;ij mDgtpj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa
epiyapypUe;j Md;khitg; nghu;/ bghwhik/ g{ry;/ mfe;ij/ fs;sk;/ fglk;/ nguhir/
rpdk;/ fhkk; epiwe;j rlt[yFf;F mDg;gpdhy; mJ mHhky; vd;d bra;a[k;~~ ? vd uFkhd;
L al
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
2. mg;Jy; uFkhd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
thdk;ghof; ftp+u;fspy; xUtu;.
A d
g[Jf; ftpij/ trdf; ftpij/ kug[f;ftpij vd;W ftpijfspd; gy tot=;fspYk;
vGjpa[s;shu;.
D ika
thzpak;gho ,!;yhkpaf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
8 Myhgid vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
gilg;g[fs;: ghy;tPjp/ neau; tpUg;gk;/ gpj;jd;/ Myhgid.
,ay;
***
Alv
bra;a[s;
,ay; 8 a kndhd;kzPak;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. ahnu cidg;nghy; mDjpdk; ciHg;nghu;> ? ,J vtu; bkhHp>

LV
m) tha;f;fhy; M) eh=;TH;;
,) eluhrd; <) g[y; tpil: ,) eluhrd;
w
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ghtot ehlfE}y;

m) ,ufrpatHp M) kndhd;kzPak;
,) E}y; bjhif tpsf;fk; <) jpUtpjh=;Tu; muru; yuyhW
A
//w
tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;
FWtpdh
s:K
1. xGf;fKk; bghiwa[k; cidg;nghy; ahu;f;Fs ? ,t;to vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; Cupd; g[wj;nj eluhrd; eh=;TH;g; g[Gitg; ghu;j;Jg; ngRjy;.
eh=;TH;g; g[Gtpd; ciHg;iga[k; bghWikiaa[k; fz;l eluhrd;/ xGf;fKk;
bghiwa[k; cidg;nghy; ahu;f;Fs vd;W TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
tp
rpWtpdh
1. tha;f;fhypd; rpwg;g[fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd ahit>
kf;fSf;F cztpidj; jUk; gad;ghL cila tha;f;fhy; tpaf;ff;Toa
ht
gzpapida[k; bra;fpwJ.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fliy kiyahft[k; kiyiaf; flyhft[k; khw;wf;Toa Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ tha;f;fhy;.
fodkhd fw;fis Ez;kzyhf;fpagpd;/ jd; Mw;wyhy; mtw;iw vy;yhk; jd;Dld;
,Gj;Jr; bry;fpwJ.
tha;f;fhy; jd;Dld; kz;/ fy;/ g[y;/ g[G Kjyhdtw;iwa[k; ftu;e;J flYf;Fs;
L al
,Gj;Jr; bry;Yk;.
mt;thW ,Gj;Jr; brd;W flYf;Fs; fhyj;jr;rd; fl;Lk; kiyf;Fk; ghiwf;Fk;
kpft[k; bghUe;Jk; vd vz;zp cUl;o flYf;Fs; nru;j;J tpLfpwJ.
A d
2. ,aw;ifa[ld; ciuahly; xd;iwf; fw;gidahfg; gj;Jtupfspy; vGJf.
ntg;gkuj;Jld; Xu; ciuahly;
D ika
kdpjd; : ntg;gkunk- ehd; ngRtJ cd; fhjpy; tpGfpwjh> kz;zpy; tsUk;
ku=;fspy; cd;id kl;Lk; kf;fs; kpft[k; tpUk;g[fpwhu;fns Vd;>
ntk;g[ : nfhil fhy=;fspy; ehd; ey;y epHiya[k; Fspu;r;rpapida[k; jUtjhy;
vd;id eho tUfpwhu;fs;.
kdpjd; : epHy; kl;Lk;jhdh> ntW VjhtJ....
ntk;g[ : epHnyhL eP=;fs; Rthrpg;gjw;F capu; tspia mjpf mstpy; jUtJ
Alv
eh=;fs;jhd;. eP=;fs; tpLk; fupakpy tha[it cs;spGj;J/ capu;tspia
btsptpLfpnwhk;.
kdpjd; : ntW VnjDk; c=;fisg; gw;wpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd;.
ntk;g[ : ntg;g=;bfhl;ilapypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; ntg;g vz;bza; gy kUj;Jt
a
Fz=;fs; epiwag; bgw;wJ. mjpypUe;J gy kUe;Jfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpjd; : Mfh- vj;jifa mUk;gzp c=;fs; gzp. v=;fs; tPl;oy; g[spf;FHk;gpy; mk;kh
.Kk
rpwpJ ntg;gk;g{ nghLtijg; ghu;j;Js;nsd;. mJ kl;Lkh mk;ik te;jhy;
ntg;gpiyia miuj;J cly; KGtJk; jltpdhy; tpiutpy; FzkhFk;
vd;W vd; ghl;o brhy;thu;fs;.
ntk;g[ : v=;fshy; Koe;j cjtpfisj; bjhlu;e;J v=;fs; ,dk; bra;J tUfpwJ.
Mdhy; vd;id mHpj;J tPl;Lntiyf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fns jtpu
wI
vd;id mjpf mstpy; el;L tsu;g;gjpy; mf;fiwf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

LV
kdpjd; : ftiyg;glhnj- ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; tPl;ow;F xU ntg;g kuk; tsu;f;f

w
Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;.
beLtpdh

A
//w
1. eluhrd; jdpbkhHpfspypUe;J eP=;fs; mwpa[k; fUj;Jfis vGJf.

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
s:K
Kd;Diu tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpuk;

Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fk; kiHiag; bghHptpf;Fk; mw;g[jk;
g[y;iyg; gw;wpa eluhrd; rpe;jid eh=;TH;;g;g[Gtpd; bghJeyk;
njdPf;fSf;F czt[ kz;g[Gthy;jhd; gapu;
fha;fis ntw;wplj;jpw;F mDg;g[jy; eluhrdpd; tpag;g[
g[y;ypd; gupt[ Kot[iu
tp
Kd;Diu:
kndhd;kzPak; fijapy; Re;ju Kdptu; eluhrdplk; Ru=;fk; mikf;Fk; gzpia
mspj;jpUe;jhu;. gzp Xust[ Koe;Jtpl;lJ. mJt[k; ,unt Koe;JtpLk;. mg;nghJ fhiy
ht
ntis/ Cupd; g[wj;nj eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd ngRfpwhd;.

347
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.in
Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fk;:
Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fnk capu;f;Fj; J}z;Lnfhy;. ,yf;F ,y;yhky; cyfpy; vJt[k;
,y;iy. ,yf;F epu;zapj;J ,Ue;jhy; ,ut[f;Fs; Ru=;fg;ghijapidj; jpUbey;ntyp
fle;J Koj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W epidj;jhd; eluhrd;.
L al
g[y;iyg; gw;wpa eluhrd; rpe;jid:
rpWg[y;Yk;Tl xU Fwpf;nfhnshLjhd; jdJ jz;oid cau;j;jpg; g{itj; jh=;fpg;
gpof;fpwJ.
A d
njdPf;fSf;F czt[:
njidj; jd;dplk; itj;Jf;bfhz;L njdPf;fis cz;zr; bra;fpwJ kyu;fs;.
D ika
8 fha;fis ntw;wplj;jpw;F mDg;g[jy;:
broahdJ jdJ fha;fisj; Jwl;onghy; nka[k; tpy=;Ffs; kPJ rpf;f itj;J
,ay;
mt;tpy=;Ffs; @yk; ntwplk; mDg;gpg; gutyhf thH itf;fpwJ.

g[y;ypd; gupt[:
g[y;yhdJ jdJ FHe;ijfisj; J}ukhfj; jdpna jiHj;J tsutpl;oUf;Fk;/
Alv
,r;bray; g[y;ypd; md;gpida[k; bghWikiaa[k; fhl;Lk;. vz;zpg; ghu;j;jhy; fz;zPu;
tUk;.
tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpuk;:
a
tayhdJ kf;fSf;F czt[ jUk; ntiyf;F kl;Lky;yhky; ,t;t[yf ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;
gad;gLfpwJ. kiyiaf; flyhf;fpa[k;/ fliy kiyahf;fpa[k;/ guy;fw;fisj;
.Kk
Jfshf;fpa[k;/ jd; typikf;F cl;gl;l fy;/ kz;/ g[y;/ g[G ,tw;iwa[k; jd;Dld; ,Gj;Jr;
brd;W flYf;Fs; fhyj;jr;rd; fl;Lk; kiyf;F cjt[fpwJ.
kiHiag; bghHptpf;Fk; mw;g[jk;:
tha;f;fhypd; ePu; Nupadhy; Mtpahfp/ nkfkhf thdpy; gutp kiH bghHpfpwJ. kiH
wI
rpfu=;fspy; gl;L/ Fiffspy; ,Wfp/ fhl;lhwhfg; bgUf;bfLj;J kz;gpst[fspy; g[Fe;J/

LV
Cw;whf btsptUfpwJ. kPz;Lk; giHago gupzkpf;fpwJ. tha;f;fhny cd;idg; nghy

md;g[/ Cf;fk; cs;stu; vtUkpy;iy. cd;id vd; iffshy; jLj;jjhy; tUj;jg;gl;lhah
w
? vd;fpwhd; eluhrd;.
eh=;TH;;g;g[Gtpd; bghJeyk;:
A
//w
eh=;TH;g;g[Gnt cd; ghL ehd; mwpntd;. cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F cjt[fpwha;. ve;j

kz;iza[k; ey;y kz;zhf;Ftha;. kz;Qf;Fs; g[Fe;J kz;iz <ukhf;fpLtha;.
g[fiH tpUk;ghjtu; nghy cd; ,Ug;gplj;ij kz;zhy; @of;bfhs;tha;.
s:K
kz;g[Gthy;jhd; gapu;:
kz;g[G ,y;iynay; gapu; ,y;iy. g{r;rpfs; Jd;g[Wj;jpdhYk;/ mtw;wpw;Fk;
czthfpd;wha;. xGf;fKk; mlf;fKk; cd;dplnk j+;rk;.
eluhrdpd; tpag;g[:
kz;g[Gnt cd; jpahf thH;itf; fz;L jd;idj; jpUj;jpf; bfhs;shjtu; thH;tjhy;
tp
gadpy;iy vd;W vz;Qfpwhd; eluhrd;.

Kot[iu:
kndhd;kzpaj;jpy; eluhrd; jhd; ghu;j;j/ g[y;/ tha;f;fhy;/ g[G ,itfspd; thH;f;if
Kiwfisf; fz;L Fwpf;nfhs;/ gad;ghL/ md;g[/ jpahfk; nghd;wtw;iwj; jd;kdjpy;
ht
348 g[Fj;jpf; bfhz;lhd;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
foefu;/ rhyj;jFk; – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;fs;
cUl;o – tpidbar;rk;
gpd;dpa/ Kisj;j – bgabur;r=;fs;
L al
,sKfk;/ ey;Y}z;/ rpWg[y;/
nguHF/ Ke;ePu;/ ed;kz; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
g{f;Fiy – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;
A d
bjhf;f bjhiffs;
Mrpyh/ Xth – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;r=;fs;
VFkpd; Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W
D ika
–
ghu;j;Jg; ghu;j;J/ epy;epy;/ cGJGJ – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;fs;
tha;f;fhy; – ,yf;fzg;nghyp (Kd;gpd; bjhf;fpaJ)
bra;bjhHpy;/ miyfly;/ tPHUtp – tpidj;bjhiffs;
kiyaiy/ FifKfk; – ctikj;bjhiffs;
beW beW – ,ul;ilf;fpstp
Alv
g[y;g[G/ ,uhg;g[fy; – ck;ikj;bjhiffs;
fhyj;jr;rd; – cUtfk;
VFjp – Vty; xUik tpidKw;W
g[Gf;fSk; g{r;rpa[k;
j=;Fjy;
a –
–
vz;Qk;ik
bjhHpw;bgau;
.Kk
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
Kisj;j = Kis + j; + j; + m tpLj;jid = tpL + j; + j; + md; + I
Kis gFjp tpL gFjp
wI
j; re;jp j; re;jp
LV

m bgabur;r tpFjp md; rhupia
w
I Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp

VFkpd; = VF + kpd; brd;w = bry;(d;) + w; + m

A
//w
VF gFjp bry; gFjp/ `y;~/ `d;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

kpd; Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpFjp m bgabur;r tpFjp
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fhyj;jr;rd; `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ vDk; fhy + jr;rd;
fhyk; + jr;rd; tpjpg;go/
tp
`td;ikf;F ,dkhj; jpupgt[k; MFk;~ fhyj;jr;rd;

vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
ht
349
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.in
2. cGJGJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ cGj; + cGJ
cGJ + cGJ vDk; tpjpg;go/
cGJ(j;+c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ cGJGJ
cGJ (j; + c = J) vd;whdJ.
L al
3. nguHF `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp bgU + mHF
bgUik + mHF bfl;L/
`Mjp ePly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ngU + mHF
A d
`,idat[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ cfuk; ngu; + mHF
bfl;L/
D ika
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ nguHF
8 (u; + m = u) vd;whdJ.
,ay;

1. ``,g; g[y;ypd; gupt[k; bghWika[k; g[yD=; fhz;nghu;/ xd;iwa[k; rpWikahr; rpe;jid
Alv
brahJ~~ vd;Dk; ghly; mofSld;/
``Mapuk; kpjpgly;fspYk;
epkpu;e;J epw;Fk;
g[w;fns cd; a
tHpfhl;o~~ ? vd;w g[Jf;ftpij tupfis xg;gpl;L c=;fs; fUj;Jfis ciuf;f.
.Kk
xg;gpLjy;
eluh$dpd; Tw;W @yk; vt;tst[ mtkhdk; mile;jhYk;
g[y;ypd; jpahfk; njhy;tpfisr; re;jpj;jhYk;
gpwUf;F cztspj;J tPH;e;J/ mHpe;J tplhky;
wI
jhKk; czthfp vGr;rp bgw;W/ epkpu;e;J

LV
jd; ,dj;ijg; bgUf;fp epw;wy; ntz;Lk;

,itbayhk; eilbgw
w
vd;w jd;dk;gpf;ifia czu;j;JfpwJ

bghWikahf fhj;jpUg;gJ vd;w fUj;ijg; g[upe;J bfhs;S=;fs;
nghd;w Fz=;fisf; fhl;o vjida[k; khztu;fns-
,Hpthf vz;Qjy; TlhJ vd;gij
A
//w
czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;g[Jf;ftpij.
2. eh=;TH;g;g[G eluhrdplk; ngrpapUe;jhy;... ? xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahliy vGJf.
s:K
fw;gid ciuahly;
eh=;TH;g;g[G : Iah eluhrnd- vd;idna ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwPu;.
eluhrd; : Mk;- cd;id epidj;njd; tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.
eh=;TH;g;g[G : vd;d epidj;jPu;...
eluhrd; : cd; gzp- cd; jpahfk; Xah cd; ciHg;g[...
tp
eh=;TH;g;g[G : Inah- Vd; vd;id ,t;thbwy;yhk; g[fH;fpwPu;...

eluhrd; : kz;iz ed;kz;zhf;Ffpwha;/ cHtDf;F cjt[fpwha;.
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mjw;fhfj; jhnd ,iwtd; vdf;F clYk; capUk; je;jpUf;fpwhu;...
eluhrd; : mit kl;Lky;y.. kz;iz rpwe;j nrwhf;fp <ug;gjj;Jld; fhj;Jf;
ht
350 bfhs;fpwha;...
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mllh- vd;id ,g;go g[fH;e;jhy; vd;d bra;tJ.
eluhrd; : cdf;F VnjDk; f&;lk; cz;lh>
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mg;gobay;yhk; vJt[kpy;iy.
eluhrd; : vWk;g[/ g[G/ g{r;rp cd;dplk; FWk;g[ bra;tJ cz;Ljhnd.
L al
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mJth/ FWk;g[ my;y mJ- kdpju;fSf;Fk; gad;gl;Lg; gpw
capu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk; tifapy; thH;e;J kotJ bgUikjhnd..
ehd; cHtDf;F kl;Lky;y kw;w capu;fSf;Fk; vd; thH;it
A d
mu;g;gzpj;J/ vd; capiua[k;/ cliya[k; bfhLg;gJ kpf;f kfpH;r;rpna-
eluhrd; : ,t;tst[ bgUe;jd;ikahd vz;zKk;/ bghWika[k; xGf;fKk;
,Uf;Fk; cd;idg; ghu;j;J khDlu; vg;ngh khWtu;.
D ika
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mJ mtutu; tpUg;gk; Iah. tzf;fk; ehd; vd; ,Ug;gplk; bry;fpnwd;.
(FHpf;Fs; kiwjy;)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kndhd;kzPak; njhd;wpa fhyk; ________.
m) 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjp a
M) 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp
,) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjp
.Kk
<) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp tpil: <) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp
2. fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; KGJk; epuk;gpa ehlf E}y;________.
m) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp M) kndhd;kzPak;
,) jpahfg{kp <) gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk; tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;
wI
3. ,aw;ifapy; <LghL bfhz;L/ mjdpy; njha;e;J ,izapy;yhj Cf;fKk; mikjpa[k;

LV
bgw;wtu;fs; jkpHu;fs; vd;gijf; TWtjhf cs;s E}y;_; _______.

w
m) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp M) Kf;Tlw; gs;S

,) Mrpa n$hjp <) kndhd;kzPak; tpil: <) kndhd;kzPak;
4. jdJ miwapypUe;J Mrpukk; tiu ahUk; mwpahtz;zk; Ru=;fk; mikf;Fk; gzpia

A
//w
________ mspj;jpUe;jhu; Re;ju Kdptu;.

m) g[Un&hj;jkDf;F M) rPtfDf;F
,) FoyDf;F <) eluhrDf;F tpil: <) eluhrDf;F
s:K
5. `fhiyapy; foefu; fle;J ekJ ntiy Kof;FJk;~ vd;W ahu; ahUf;Ff; TwpaJ ________.
m) Re;juKdptu; eluhrDf;F M) eluhrd; Re;jpuKdptUf;F
,) eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd <) rPtfd; eluhrDf;F
tpil: ,) eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd
i) mak; 1) +hapW
tp
–
ii) rhL – 2) nkfk;
iii) vHpyp – 3) gha;
iv) mz;lnahdp – 4) ML/ Fjpiu
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
ht
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 351

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.in
i) foefu; – 1) gz;g[j;bjhif
ii) cUl;o – 2) bgabur;rk;
iii) Kisj;j – 3) tpidbar;rk;
L al
iv) Ke;ePu; – 4) cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
8. VFkpd; ? vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; `kpd;~ vd;gJ ________ tpFjp.
A d
m) Kd;dpiy gd;ik tpidKw;W
M) jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
D ika
,) Vty; tpidKw;W
8 <) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
tpil: ,) Vty; tpidKw;W
,ay;
i) cGJGJ – 1) ck;ikj; bjhif

ii) tha;f;fhy; – 2) ,ul;ilf; fpstp
iii) beWbeW – 3) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
Alv
iv) g[y;g[G – 4) ,yf;fzg;nghyp
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S
a
10. jkpHpd; Kjy; gh tot ehlf E}y; ________.
m) kndhd;kzPak; M) tz;lhf;FHyp
<) jpahf g{kp tpil: m) kndhd;kzPak;
.Kk
11. ypl;ld; gpug[ vGjpa E}y; ________.
m) ,ufrpa tHp M) ,ufrpa Mnyhrid
,) ey;tHp <) ,uh$ghij tpil: m) ,ufrpa tHp
wI
12. ,ufrpa tHp E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l E}y; ________ Mz;L ________.
LV
m) kndhd;kzPak;/ 1891 M) tz;lhu;f;FHyp/ 1892

,) jpahfg{kp/ 1895 <) gprpuhe;ijahu;/ 1898
w
tpil: m) kndhd;kzPak;/ 1891

13. kndhd;kzPaj;jpid vGjpatu; ________.
m) Re;juuhrd; M) Re;juuhkrhkp
A
//w
,) Re;judhu; <) ypl;ld; gpug[ tpil: ,;) Re;judhu;

14. kndhd;kzPaj;jpd; ghtif ________.
m) tpUj;jg;gh M) btz;gh
s:K
,) fypg;gh <) Mrpupag;gh tpil: <) Mrpupag;gh

15. kndhd;kzPaj;jpYs;s m=;f=;fs; ________.
m) 4 M) 5
,) 6 <) 7 tpil: M) 5
16. kndhd;kzPaj;jpYs;s fs=;fs; ________.
tp
m) 10 M) 15
,) 20 <) 25 tpil: ,) 20
17. jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J ________ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;L
; s;sJ.
m) g[ul;rpf;ftp M) kndhd;kzPak;
ht
,) ghz;oad; gupR <) gprpuhe;ijahu; tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;

352
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
18. kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; cs;s fpisf;fij ________.
m) rptfhkpapd; rgjk; M) rptfhkpapd; rupjk;
,) mgpuhkpapd; rupjk; <) mgpuhkpapd; rgjk; tpil: M) rptfhkpapd; rupjk;
19. Re;judhu; gpwe;j Cu; ________ Mz;L ________.
L al
m) jpUtde;jg[uk;/ 1855 M) Myg;g[iH/ 1855
,) nfhak;g[j;J}u;/ 1854 <) bfhr;rp/ 1854 tpil: M) Myg;g[iH/ 1855
20. jpUtde;jg[uk; muRf; fy;Y}upapy;; ________ nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu; Re;judhu;.
A d
m) jkpH;g; M) jj;Jtg;
,) tuyhw;Wg; <) mwptpay; tpil: M) jj;Jtg;
D ika
21. Re;judhUf;F ùht; gfJ}u;~ gl;lk; tH=;fpa muR ________.
m) ikNu; khfhz M) brd;id khfhz
,) bly;yp khfhz <) yf;ndh khfhz tpil: M) brd;id khfhz
22. Re;judhu; bgaupy; jkpHf muR gy;fiyf; fHfk; epWtpa[ss
; ,lk; ________.
m) jpUr;rp M) jpUbey;ntyp
,) nfhak;g[j;J}u; <) kJiu tpil: M) jpUbey;ntyp
Alv
FWtpdh
1. g[y; gpw capu;fis vt;thW czt[ mUe;jr; bra;fpwJ>
a
Xuwpt[ capuhd g[y;yhdJ/ jd; ntupypUe;J xU rpW jz;oidj; jh=;fp/ mjd;kPJ
xU rpW kyiua[k; kyur; bra;J/ mjDs; xUJsp njida[k; itj;J/ tz;L/ njdP/
.Kk
tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp ,tw;iw eaKld; miHj;J czitf; bfhLj;J mUe;jr; bra;fpwJ.
2. kz;g[Gitj; Jd;gk; bra;td ahit>
vWk;g[fs;/ nfhonfhoahd g[G/ g{r;rp ,d=;fs; Kjypad kz;g[Gitj; Jd;g[Wj;JtnjhL
czthft[k; cl;bfhs;fpd;wd.
wI
3. tha;f;fhypd; Mw;wiyf; TWf.

LV
ekf;F czitj; jUk; taYf;F kl;Lnk gad;glf;Toajd;W.

w
fliy kiyahft[k;/ kiyiaf; flyhft[k; khw;Wk; ,r;rpW tha;f;fhYk; mjpy;

bry;Yk; ePUk; ,aw;ifiag; g[ul;og; nghLk; Mw;wYk; cWjpa[k; bfhz;lJ.

rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. jkpH; ehlf ,yf;fz E}y;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

s:K
mfj;jpak; KWty;
brad;Kiw re;jk;
FzE}y; kjpthzdhu; ehlfj; jkpH; E}y;
brapw;wpak; rae;jk;
Tj;jE}y; ehlftpay;
tp
2. kndhd;kzPak; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

kndhd;kzPak; jkpHpd; Kjy; ghtot ehlfE}y;.
ypl;ld; kug[ vGjpa `,ufrpa tHp~ (the secret way) vd;w E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,BJ vspa eilapy; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;jJ.
ht
,e;E}y; 5 m=;f=;fisa[k; 20 fs=;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ.

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.in
E}ypd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; flt[s; thH;j;Jld; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; cs;s fpisf;fij `rptfhkpapd; rupjk;~.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; ? Re;judhu;.
3. nguhrpupau; Re;judhu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
L al
nguhrpupau; Re;judhu; jpUtpjh=;Tupy; cs;s Myg;g[iHapy; 1855,y; gpw;jhu;.
jpUtde;jg[uk; muRf; fy;Yupapy; jj;Jtg; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp cs;shu;.
brd;id khfhz muR ,tUf;F uht;gfJ}u; vd;Dk; gl;lk; tH=;fpr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.
A d
,tUf;Fg; bgUik nru;f;Fk; tifapy; jkpHf muR/ ,tu; bgauhy; jpUbey;ntypapy;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; xd;iw epWtpa[s;sJ.
D ika
kndhd;kzPak; vd;w E}iy vGjpatu; ,tnu Mthu;.
8 4. g[y;ypd; gupt[ gw;wpa eluhrdpd; rpe;jid ahJ>
tha;f;fhypd; fiuapy; Kisj;jpUf;Fk; rpWg[y;Yk; xU Fwpf;nfhnshLjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,ay;
g{f;Fiyia cau;j;jp nknyapUf;Fk; g{f;fspy; ,Uf;f njid cz;z njdPf;fis

miHf;fpwJ.
nkYk; g[y; ,Uf;Fk; rpWfha;fis nka tUk; tpy=;Ffspy; Jwl;o nghy; xl;of;
Alv
bfhs;sr; bra;fpwJ. mf;fha;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs; @yk; ntW ,lj;jpw;Fg; gut[fpwJ.
xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; ed;whf tsu KoahJ vd;W jd; gps;isfis ntW ,lj;jpy;
tsur; bra;fpwJ.
a
,j;jifa rpWg[y;Yf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; ,uf;fk; ghu;g;gtUf;Ff; fz;fspy; ePu; gdpf;Fk;.
5. tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpukhf kndhd;kzPak; TWtbjd;d>
.Kk
kdpju;f;F czt[ juf;Toa braiyr; bra;a[k; ,r;rpwpa tha;f;fhy; bra;fpd;w
bray; mjprakhdJ kiyiaf; flyhft[k;/ fliy kiyahft[k; g[ul;og;nghLk;
braiy ,t;tha;f;fhy; bra;fpwJ. guy;fw;fisj; jdJ ePnuhl;lj;jhy; behWf;fpj;
Jfshf;fpg; bghoahf;fp/ jdJ typikf;F cl;gl;l kz;/ fy;/ g[G nghd;wtw;iwa[k; kw;w
wI
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; jd;Ds;ns nru;j;Jf; flYf;Fs; brd;W tpGk;.

LV
m=;nf fhyj;jr;rd; fl;oLk; kiyf;Fg; nghJk; vd;Dk; mst[f;Fr; nru;f;fpwJ.

nkYk;/ nkfkhfp kiHaha;g; bghHpa[k;nghJ kiyr;rpfu=;fspy; tpGe;J/ kiyfspy;
w
mUtpahfp/ FiffspD}nl EiHe;J g{kpapd; btog;g[f;Fs;ns gutpa[k; Ridahff;

Fjpj;Jk;/ kz;zpy; gPwpLk; Cw;whft[k;/ Mwhf tHp ele;Jk;/ kLt[f;Fs; nj=;fpa[k;/
kjFfspilna fl;Lg;gl;Lk; kPz;Lk; tha;f;fhy;fspy; jtGk; vd;W tha;f;fhypd;
A
//w
tprpj;jpuk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. eh=;TH;g;g[Gtpd; thH;it vz;zp tpae;jjhf eluhrd; TWtJ ahJ>
Xa;tpy;yhky; ciHf;Fk; eh=;TH;g;g[Gnt/
s:K
vy;yhj; bjhHpy;fSf;Fk; cau;e;jJkhd cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F eP nte;jidg; nghy;

cjt[fpwha;.
vj;jifa kz;iza[k; ey;y kz; Mf;fpLtha;.
mjw;fhf cd; cliya[k; gpwg;iga[k; mu;g;gzpf;fpwha;.
kz;iz bkd;ikahf;fp <ug;gjkhf;fpLtha;.
tp
g[fiH ntz;lhjtu;nghy ,Ug;gplj;ij @of;bfhs;tha;.

eP ,y;iybad;why; g[y;Yk; gapUk; ,y;iy.
,ij mwpahj vWk;g[fSk;/ g{r;rpfSk; cd;idj; Jd;g[Wj;Jk;. nkYk; mitfSf;F
czthfpwha;. cidf; fz;Lk; jpUe;jhtu; thH;e;Jk; gad; ,y;iy vd;W eluhrd;
ht
jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf; bfhs;fpwhd;.

354
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
,ay; 8 brt;tp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. eu;j;jfp eluh$pd; neu;fhzy;tHp mwpe;jtw;iwj; bjhFj;J mspf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu gujk;
eu;j;jfp eluh$; mgpea Kj;jpiufs;
Alv
eu;j;jfpapd; ,sikg; gUtk; ,He;j gz;ghl;oid kPl;f Koa[k;
eldf; FUf;fs; ehl;oak; jtpw tpUg;gKs;s ntW Jiwfs;
bgz;ik czu;thy; gujkh> gujj;jhy; bgz;ik czu;th> nrhjid/ Jauk; ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;Fk; tpjk;
jw;nghija khw;wk; befpHitf;Fk; jUzk;
Kd;Diu :
a
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;o bra;a ntz;oait Kot[iu
.Kk
Kj;jkpH; tsh;j;j kJiuapy; gpwe;J jk; ehl;oaj; jpwikapdhy; cyfk; KGtJk;
vz;zw;w urph;fisg; bgw;wtu;" jd;dk;gpf;if/ ciHg;g[/ tplhKaw;rpbfhz;L
ehl;oaf;fiyapy; jkf;bfdj; jdpaplj;ijg; bgw;w eh;j;jfp el;uh$; gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
wI
eu;j;jfp eluh$;:
LV
kJiuapy; gpwe;j gujehl;oaf; fiy+u;" jpUe=;iffSf;F kl;Lnk ,Uf;Fk;

w
jilf;fw;fisg; gof;fw;fshf khw;wyhk; vd;W cyFf;Ff; fhl;oatu; jhd; eh;j;jfp el;uh$;.

eu;j;jfpapd; ,sikg; gUtk;:

eu;j;jfp kJiu?mDg;ghdoiar; nru;e;jts;. eu;j;jfpa[k; mts; njhHp rf;jpa[k; xd;whf
A
//w
eldk; gapd;wtu;fs;. rf;jp ,y;iynay; eu;j;jfp ,y;iy. ve;j tsu;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
eldf; FUf;fs;:
s:K
itb$ae;jpkhyhtpd; eldj;jpy; <u;g;g[ bfhz;lts;. eu;j;jfpf;F Kjypy; eldk;

fw;gpf;f kWj;jhu; j+;ir fpl;lg;gh. Xuhz;ow;Fg; gpd; xj;Jf;bfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; kfshfnt
Vw;whu;. eu;j;jfp vd;w bgau; j+;ir fpl;lg;gh Nl;oanj.
bgz;ik czu;thy; gujkh> gujj;jhy; bgz;ik czu;th>
bgz;ikia btspg;gLj;j gujf;fiy xU Clfkhf cjtpaJ. gujj;jpy; Cwpa
nghJ bgz;ik gpwe;jJ. gujj;jpy; bgz;ikia btspg;gLj;Jk; neuj;jpy; cyifna
tp
kwg;ngd; vd;fpwhs; eu;j;jfp.

jw;nghija khw;wk;:
``FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; bgz;ikj; jd;ikia czu;e;njd;. Kjypy; jpiug;gl eldk;
ht
<u;j;jjhy; Mondd;. md;W ehd; xt;bthU epfH;tpw;Fk; mjpf neuk; vLj;Jf;bfhz;nld;.

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.in
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;o bra;a ntz;oait:
jpUe=;ifau;f;fhd ,lk; vJ vd mwpa epidj;njd;. mJnt vd;id ,yl;rpag;
gf;fk; js;spaJ. r=;f ,yf;fpak; Kjy; rpw;wpyf;fpak; tiu goj;njd;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
11 tif Mlw;fiyfs; cs;sd. vy;yhf;fhy fl;lj;jpYk; jpUe=;ifau;fs;
L al
,Ue;jjhfj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWfpwJ. mjdhy; gujk; gf;fk; jpUk;gpndd;. ,Jt[k; xU
tpHpg;g[zu;t[jhd;~~.
gujk;:
A d
gujj;ijg; bghJkf;fspd; fiy ,y;iy vd;gij kWf;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp. ,tu; gujj;jpd;
taJ vGgJjhd; vd;gij Vw;fpwhu; vdpDk; gujk; epfH;j;Jgtu;fis xUrhuhu; vd;w
D ika
epiyapy; xJf;fp itg;gJ jtW. ml;yhz;lhtpYk; Mz;og;gl;oapYk; xnukhjpup
8 gujk;jhd; epfH;j;Jfpnwd;. kf;fSk; cs;th=;fpf; bfhs;fpd;wdu;.
mgpea Kj;jpiufs;:
,ay;
$g;ghdpd; xrhf efuj;jpy; gujk; epfH;j;jpajpy; mtu; mgpea=;fz;L kf;fs;

fz;fy=;fpdhu;fs;.
Alv
,He;j gz;ghl;oid kPl;f Koa[k;:
ehu;ntapy; jpUf;Fwis ikakhff; bfhz;L gapw;rp bfhLj;j me;j tpdhoapypUe;J
jpUf;Fwis khztpfs; Mu;tkhfg; goj;jdu;. ,jdhy; fiyapd; tHpahf khw;w=;fs;
a
epfH;e;nj jPUk; vd;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp.
ehl;oak; jtpw tpUg;gKs;s ntW Jiwfs;:
.Kk
ehd; jkpH;tHpf;fy;tp gapd;wts;. ,d;W ,jH;fspy; vGjpa[k; ngrpa[k; tUfpnwd;. r=;fg;
ghly;fs;/ gf;jpg; ghRu=;fs; @yk; eldk; gug;g[tnjhL/ ,yf;fpa Ma;t[k; bra;fpnwd;
vd;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp.
nrhjid/ Jauk; ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;Fk; tpjk;:
wI
mfpydpd; jhkiu be+;rk; ? ,jpy; fjhehafpf;Fj; Jf;fk; tUk;nghJ xU brhk;g[j;

LV
jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;. Mdhy; ehndh eldk; MotpLntd; vd;W kdk; jpwf;fpwhu;.

w
befpHitf;Fk; jUzk;:
ehd; elj;Jk; bts;sp mk;gyk; mwf;fl;lis eldf; fiyf;Tlk; thapyhf
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khztpfis cUthf;fp cs;nsd;. ,d;iwf;F vy;yhUk; vd;id mk;kh
A
//w
vd;W miHg;gjhy; vdf;Fs; jha;ik cUbtLf;fpwJ. ,Jnt ehd; befpGk; jUzk;

vd;fpwhu; ekJ rnfhjup eu;j;jfp.
Kot[iu :
s:K
@d;whk; ghypdkhf cUbtLj;jpUf;Fk; ekJ rnfhjupfs; gyJiwfspYk; g=;Fbgw;W

nrit bra;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fsJ czu;it kjpg;nghk;/ cupik mspg;nghk;.

1. ghypdr; rkj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; mwpf. ,J Fwpj;j Ek; fUj;Jfis tFg;giwapy;
tp
fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
(fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; : mKjd;/ kyu;tpHp/ khypdp)
ehk; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; jpUe=;if eu;j;jfp eluh$d; mtu;fspd; rpwg;g[fisg; goj;njhk;.
ht
mjd; mog;gilapy; ghypd rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;J xU fye;Jiuahly;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ghypd rkj;Jtk;:
ghypd rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ Mz;/ bgz;/ @d;whk; ghypdk; vd ,iwtdhy;
gilf;fg;gl;l kdpju;fs;/ Mz; vd;nwh/ bgz; vd;nwh/ @d;whk; ghypdk; vd;nwh
ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;glhky; rkj;Jtk;/ rktha;g;g[/ ,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWtnj ghypd
L al
rkj;Jtk; MFk;.
mKjd; : ghypd ntWghL ek; ehl;oy; ,Ug;gJ gw;wp eP vd;d epidf;fpwha;>
khypdp : Mkhlh- mJ mjpfkhj;jhd; ,Uf;F.
kyu; : mjpfkhj;jhd; ,Uf;F=;Fw ghypd rkj;Jtk;dh vd;d vd;W bjupa[kh>
A d
khypdp : ,g;bghGJjhnd ek; Mrpupau; Twpdhu;. Mz;/ bgz; vd;W.
mKjd; : rup. rup. eP=;fns rz;il nghl;Lf;fhjP=;f... ehd; ngRfpnwd;.
D ika
khypdp : ruplh.
mKjd; : ek; ,e;jpa ehl;oy; ghypd ghFghL rw;nw mjpfk;jhd;. I.eh btspapl;Ls;s
bra;jp xd;wpy; cyfstpy; ghypd rkj;Jtj;jpy; ,e;jpah 130 MtJ ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;nj bjupatpy;iyah> ehk; ntWghl;il tsu;j;Jf;
bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
kyu; : Inah ,t;tst[ nkhrkhfth ,Uf;F.
Alv
khypdp : Mkh- bjhiyf;fhl;rp bjhlupy; ,Ue;J vy;yhk; mg;goj;jhnd fhl;LJ.
mKjd; : ,d;Dk; brhy;nwd;. fy;tpapy; ,ilepw;wy; vd;gjpy;Tl ek; ehl;oy; bgz;
FHe;ijfs;jhd; mjpfk;.
kyu;
a
: bgz; Rje;jpuk; bgz; Rje;jpuKD brhy;wh=;fns mbjy;yhk;.
mKjd; : FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;nj ehk; mijbay;yhk; tsu;f;f ntz;Lk;. ek;
.Kk
tPL/ mg;gh/ mk;kh/ gs;sp/ Clf=;fs; vd midj;Jk; ,ize;jhy;jhd;
khw;wk; bfhz;L tu ,aYk;.
kyu; : @d;whk; ghy; Fwpj;J..
mKjd; : mtu;fSk; ,iwtdpd; gilg;g[ mtu;fSk; ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; ed;F
wI
goj;J fhty;Jiw/ Clfk;/ murpay;/ fiyj;Jiw vd midj;jpYk; ,lk;

LV
bgw;Wr; rkj;Jtk; bgw nghuhof; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.

@tUk; : ehk; tsu;e;J bgupatu;fshFk;nghJ rKjhaj;jpy; ntWghL ghu;f;fhJ
w
midtiua[k; kjpf;ff; fw;Wf; bfhs;nthk;.

ed;wp-

A
//w
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
s:K
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `brt;tp~ vd;w fl;Liuapd; neu;fhzypy; ,lk;bgWgtu; ________.
m) eu;j;jfp eluh$; M) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp <) jhupfh ghD tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
2. ehl;oaf; fiyapy; jkf;bfdj; jdpaplj;ijg; bgw;wtu; ________.
tp

,) jhupfh ghD <) n$hapjh nkhd;ly; khfp tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
3. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; gujehl;oak; mu=;nfwpa ehL ________.
m) mbkupf;fh M) fdlh
ht
,) ,=;fpyhe;J <) gpuhd;R tpil: m) mbkupf;fh 357

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.in
4. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; Cu; ________.
m) mDg;ghdo?kJiu M) ty;yk;?j+;rht{u;
,) ghg;gpbul;og;gl;o?ju;kg[up <) vGk;g{u;?brd;id tpil: m) mDg;ghdo?kJiu
5. eu;jj
; fpapd; njhHp ________.
L al
m) rf;jp M) fyh
,) khyh <) ky;ypfh tpil: m) rf;jp
6. eu;jj
; fp ,sikapy; ________ tpd; eldj;jhy; <u;ff
; g;gl;lhu;.
A d
m) gj;kpdp M) rnuh$hnjtp
,) itb$ae;jp khyh <) nutjp tpil: ,) itb$ae;jp khyh
D ika
7. eu;j;jfp ahuplk; gujk; fw;whu;>
8 m) fpl;lg;ghtplk;
,) rf;jpaplk;
M) itb$ae;jp khyhtplk;
<) gj;kpdpaplk; tpil: m) fpl;lg;ghtplk;
,ay;
8. eu;jj
; fp vd;Dk; bgaiu eluh$Pf
[ F
; r; Nl;oatu; ________.
m) fpl;lg;gh M) rf;jp
,) itb$ae;jp khyh <) jhupfh tpil: m) fpl;lg;gh
Alv
9. fpl;lg;ghtpd; Cu; ________.
m) kJiu M) j+;rht{u;
,) jpUr;rp <) bey;iy tpil: M) j+;rht{u;
m) 10
a
10. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ________ tifahd Mlw;fiyfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;gf
M) 11
[ s; cs;sd.
.Kk
,) 9 <) 8 tpil: M) 11
11. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Mlw;fiyfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W eu;jj
; fp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) ntspu; Mly;; M) Fd;wf;Fuit
,) Ma;r;rpau; Fuit <) ntl;Lt tup tpil: m) ntspu; Mly;
wI
12. gujk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F taJ ________.

LV
m) ehw;gJ M) mWgJ
,) vGgJ <) vz;gJ tpil: ,) vGgJ
w
13. jpUthrf/ njthug; gz;zpirg; ghly;fisg; gujkhf eu;jj

; fp epfH;jj
; pa ,lk;________.
m) xrhfh/ $g;ghd; M) gpnshuplh/ mbkupf;fh
,) nfhyhyk;g{u;/ knyrpah <) kh!;nfh/ ,u&;ah tpil: m) xrhfh/ $g;ghd;
A
//w
14. mLj;j b$d;kj;jpy; ehd; jkpHdhfg; gpwe;J jpUf;Fws; gof;f ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gl;ltu;
m) fhe;jp$p M) tpf;nlhupah kfhuhzp
s:K
,) $p.a[.nghg; <) khf;RKy;yu; tpil: m) fhe;jp$p

15. eu;jj
; fp ehu;ntapy; epfH;rr; p elj;Jk;nghJ/ ________ ikakhf itj;nj khztpfSf;Fg;
gapw;rp bfhLj;jhu;.
m) kfhghujj;ij M) jpUf;Fwis
,) bgupag[uhzj;ij <) jpUthrfj;ij tpil: M) jpUf;Fwis
16. eu;jj
; fp jhd; xU ________ Mf ntz;Lbkd;W yl;rpakhff; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
tp
m) tHf;fwp+u; M) Mrpupau;
,) kUj;Jtu; <) bghwpahsu; tpil: m) tHf;fwp+u;
17. mfpydpd; `jhkiu be+;rk;~ fjhehafp Jf;fk; bgh=;fp tUk;nghbjy;yhk; bra;tJ ________.
m) nghu;itiag; nghl;Lf;bfhz;L J}=;Fths;
ht
M) Myak; bry;ths;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,) xU brhk;g[j; jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;
<) mGJ g[yk;g[ths; tpil: ,) xU brhk;g[j; jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;
18. eu;jj
; fpapd; eldf; fiyf;Tlk; ________.
m) bts;spak;gyk; mwf;fl;lis
L al
M) ts;spak;ik mwf;fl;lis
,) eu;j;jfp eluh$; mwf;fl;lis
<) bghd;dk;gyk; mwf;fl;lis tpil: m) bts;spak;gyk; mwf;fl;lis
A d
19. eu;jj
; fpia khztpfs; ________ vd;W miHf;fpd;wdu;.
m) mf;fh M) mk;kh
,) eu;j;jfp <) brt;tp tpil: M) mk;kh
D ika
20. jpUe=;if vd;w brhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
,) jhupfhghD <) n$hapjh bkz;ly; tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
21. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; rhjidfisf; fz;lwp.
1) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; flt[r;rPl;L bgw;wtu;.
Alv
2) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; njrpa tpUJ bgw;wtu;.
3) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; kjpg;g[W Kidtu; gl;lk; bgw;wtu;.
m) 1 ? rup M) 1/ 2 ? rup
,) @d;Wk; rup a
<) 3 ? rup tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
22. 2011Mk; Mz;L fzpdp ghlg; gpupt[ ,sepiyg; gl;lg;gog;gpy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; nju;r;rp
.Kk
bgw;wtu; ________.
m) nryj;ijr; nru;e;j gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
M) nkw;Ft=;fj;jpd; n$hapjh nkhz;ly;
,) mk;gj;J}iur; rhu;e;j jhupfhghD
<) kJiuiar; rhu;e;j rf;jp tpil: m) nryj;ijr; nru;e;j gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
wI
LV
23. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jpUe=;if fhty; cjtp Ma;thsu; ________.

m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp M) gpupah nfh&pdp
w
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; <) jhupfh ghD tpil: m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp

24. tlf;F jpdh$;g{u; khtl;lj;jpd; ,!;yhk;g{upy; nyhf; mjhyj; ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;Wgtu;

m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp M) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
A
//w
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp <) jhupfh ghD tpil: ,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp
s:K
i) jkpH;ehl;oy;/ fy;tpj;Jiwapy; @d;whk; ghypdg; gpupt[ cUthf;fg;gl;l gpd;g[

gs;spg;gog;ig Kof;Fk; Kjyhktu; jhupfh ghD.
ii) ,tu;/ jpUts;Stu; khtl;lj;jpd; mk;gj;J}upy; fhkuh$u; muR bgz;fs; nky;epiyg;
gs;spapy; mwptpapy; ghlg;gpuptpy; gapd;whu;.
iii) 2017Mk; Mz;L ele;j nky;epiyg; bghJj; nju;tpy; nju;r;rp bgw;whu;.
iv) jw;nghJ muR rpj;j kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; gapd;W tUfpwhu;.
tp
m) i, ii? rup M) ii, iii? rup

,) ehd;Fk; rup <) ii, iii, iv ? rup tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
***
ht
359
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,yf;fzk;
,ay; 8 bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
8 1. `èPSk; iffspy; njhHik bjhlUk;
ePshj iffspy; be+;rk; glUk;~~ ? bjhil eha=;fis vLj;bjGJf.
iffspy;/ iffspy; ? Kjy; vGj;J (ffuk;) xd;wp te;J nkhidj; bjhil
,ay;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
iffspy;/ iffspy; ? ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp te;J vJifj; bjhil ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
Alv
ePSk;/ ePshj ? vjpu;kiwg; bghUs; je;J Kuz;bjhil fhzg;gLfpwJ.
bjhlUk;/ glUk; ? <w;wir ,iae;J fhzg;gLtjhy; ,iag[j; bjhil
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; a gf;fk;: 220

.Kk
1. bka;g;g[j; jpUj;j=;fis mwptJ vj;Jiw ntiytha;g;g[f;F cjt[k;> ? tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; : r=;fu;/ Fkhu;/ ahHpdp.
r=;fu; : bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jk; vd;why; vd;d>
wI
Fkhu; : mjhtJ Vw;fdnt mr;rpl;l gpujpia/ mr;rpl;l bra;jpfis mjd; @yg;go

LV
bfhz;L jpUj;JtJ bka;;g;g[j; jpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

ahHpdp : epWj;jw;Fwpnghy; mjw;Fk; FwpaPL cz;lh>
w
Fkhu; : cz;L ahHpdp. vGj;ij ePf;f/ nru;f;f/ bjhlu;gpiH/ ,ilbtsp/ gj;jpg;gpupj;jy;

vd midj;Jf;Fk; cz;L.
ahHpdp : ,jdhy; vd;d gad; Fkhu;>
A
//w
r=;fu; : ,jHpay; Jiw/ mr;Rf;fiyj; Jiw/ Clfj;Jiw vd epiwa ntiy

tha;g;g[fisg; bgwyhk;.
s:K
ahHpdp : X..mg;goah... vjida[k; ehk; czu;e;J bjspthff; fw;why; rpwe;j ntiy

tha;g;g[ cz;L mg;goj;jhnd.
r=;fu; : Mk;. ahHpdp/ mjdhy; ehk; vija[k; ,J vjw;F vd;W g[wf;fzpf;ff; TlhJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
tp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpiHfs; cs;s mr;Rg;goiaj; jpUj;Jtjw;Ff; ifahsg;gLk; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfis
_________ tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;.
ht
m) 3 M) 4
360 ,) 2 <) 5 tpil: <) 5
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2. g[jpa gj;jp bjhl=;Ff vd;gjw;fhd FwpaPL _______ .
m) M)
,) Dt <) tpil: m)
L al
3. mr;roj;jpUf;Fk; brhy;iynah vGj;ijnah ePfF
; k; FwpaPL _______ .
m) M)
,) Dt <) tpil: ,) Dt
A d
4. gj;jpfSf;fpilapy;/ tupfSf;fpilapy;/ brhw;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilbtsp jUtjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
D ika
m) M) #
,) <) tpil: M) #
5. brhw;fis my;yJ vGj;Jfisr; nru;ff
; t[k.; ,ilbtsp tpl ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
m) # M)
Alv
,) <) tpil: m)
6. brhy;iynah vGj;ijnah ,e;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nru;jJ

; f; bfhs;f vd;gjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
m) M)
a tpil: m)
.Kk
,) # <)
i) UnBold – 1) vGj;Jfisr; rpwpajhf Mf;Ff
ii) Bold – 2) brhw;fs; vGj;Jfis ,lk;khw;Wf
wI
iii) Trs – 3) tHf;fkhd vGj;jpy; khw;Wf

LV
iv) I.C – 4) joj;j vGj;jpy; khw;Wf

m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
w
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1

btl;Lf;nfhL
A
i) Bar – 1)
//w
ii) Dash – 2) ,ilf;nfhL

iii) Ditto Mark – 3) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp
s:K
iv) Colon – 4) nkw;gof;Fwp

m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3

1. epWj;jf; FwpaPLfspd; tiffisf; TWf.
tp
bghJthdit ,izf;fg;gl ntz;oait

epWj;jw;FwpaPLfs; bjhlu;ghdit vGj;J totk; vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;
,ilbtsp ju ntz;oait
ht
361
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2. Vw;w ,l=;fspy; mr;Rj; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaf; fPH;f;fhQk;
gj;jpapd; @yk; mwpf.
L al
A d
D ika
8
,ay;
Alv
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk; a
``bghWikiag; g{Q=;fs;" bghWikapd; Mw;wiy czU=;fs;"
.Kk
czu;e;J cyif nehf;F=;fs;" ekJ ehl;il nehf;F=;fs;" ekJ
ehL ehlhapUf;fpwjh> jha;Kfk; nehf;F=;fs;" mts; Kfj;jpy; mHF
fhnzhk;. mts; ,jak; Jof;fpwJ. rhjp ntw;Wik/ jPz;lhik/
bgz;zoik cl;gif Kjypa neha;fs; mtis mupf;fpd;wd"
vupf;fpd;wd" ,e;neha;fshy; FUjpnahl;l=;Fd;wpr; ftiya[w;Wf;
wI
fplf;fpwhs;. ,s +hapw;bwhsp nehf;fp epw;fpwhs;. ,s+hapWfns- c=;fs; jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhu;;

LV
bjhz;blDk; xspna mts; neha;f;Fupa kUe;J. mt;bthsp tPrp vG=;fs;" vG=;fs;~~

w
vd;W ,siktpUe;J E}ypy; jkpHpidr; brGika[wr;bra;a ,is+u;fis miHj;jtu;

jpU.tp.f.
jpU.tp.f. jk; je;ijaplk; bjhlf;fj;jpy; fy;tp gapd;whu;. bt!;yp gs;spapy; goj;jnghJ/
A
//w
eh. fjpiuntyu; vd;gtuplk; jkpH; goj;jhu;. gpwF kapiy jzpfhryk; vd;gtuplk; jkpnHhL
irt E}y;fisa[k; gapd;whu;. `jkpH;j;bjd;wy;~ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; jpU.tp.f. bgz;zpd;
bgUik/ KUfd; my;yJ mHF/ kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ vd; fld; gzp bra;J
s:K
fplg;gnj/ irtj;jpwt[/ ,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ jpUf;Fws; tpupt[iu

Kjypa gy E}y;fis vGjpdhu;. rpwe;j nkilg; ngr;rhsuhft[k; vGj;jhsuhft[k; tps=;fpa
,tu; njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp ,jH;fSf;F Mrpupauhft[k; tps=;fpdhu;" jkpH; mwp+u;fSs;
murpay; ,af;f=;fspy; mjpfkhd <LghL bfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhu;. bjhHpw;r=;fj;ijj;
njhw;Wtpj;Jj; bjhHpyhsu;fspd; cupikf;Fk; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; ghLgl;lhu;.
brd;id ,uhag;ngl;il bt!;yp fy;Y}upapy; jiyikj; jkpHhrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,yf;fpag;gapw;rpa[k; ,irg;gapw;rpa[k; bgw;wtu;.
tp
fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp.

1. bghWikiag; g{Q=;fs;" bghWikapd; Mw;wiy czU=;fs;" czu;e;J cyif
nehf;F=;fs; ? xnu bjhluhf khw;Wf.
ht
362 bghWikg; g{z;L/ mjd; Mw;wiy czu;e;J/ cyif nehf;F=;fs;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
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2. vitnaDk; ,uz;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wr; brhw;fisg; gj;jpapypUe;J
vLj;J vGJf.
czU=;fs;/ nehf;F=;fs; ? Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;.
3. jkpH;j;bjd;wy; vd;W jpU.tp.f. miHf;fg;gLfpwhu; ? ,j;bjhliur; bra;tpidj; bjhluhf
L al
khw;Wf.
jpU.tp.f.itj; jkpH;j; bjd;wy; vd;W miHg;gu;.
4. +hapw;bwhsp ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
A d
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
+hapw;bwhsp `beonyhL capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;Wfu=;fSs; +hapw;W + xsp
D ika
+hapW + xsp lw xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ +hapw; + w; + xsp
vDk; tpjpg;go/
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ +hapw;bwhsp
(w; + x) = bwh vd;whdJ.
Alv
5. vz;Qk;ikj; bjhlu;fs; ,uz;oid vLj;J vGJf.
kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;
,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k;
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1.
a
An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.
.Kk
fz;Qf;Ff; fz; vd;w gHpth=;Fk; vz;zk; ,t;t[yfk; KGika[k; FUlhf;fp tpLk;.
2. You must be the change you wish to see in the world.
cyfj;jpy; eP vij khw;w tpUk;g[fpwhnah/ Kjypy; cd;id khw;wpf; bfhs;f.
wI
3. The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
gytPdj;ij xUnghJk; kd;dpf;f ,ayhJ. kd;dpg;g[ gyrhypapd; gz;g[.
LV
4. Nobody can hurt me without my permission.

w
vd;Dila mDkjpapd;wp vd;id ahUk; g[z;gLj;j KoahJ.

5. You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the

ocean does not become dirty.
A
//w
kdpjneaj;jpy; ehk; itj;Js;s ek;gpf;ifiaj; jsutplf; TlhJ. kdpj neak;

fly;nghd;wJ. mf;flypy; rpy khRf;fs; fye;jpUe;jhYk; fly; KGika[k; khrhfp tplhJ.
? kfhj;kh fhe;jp
s:K
fijiag; goj;Jg; bghUSzu;e;J epfH;it ciuahlyhf khw;Wf. fijapy; fhzyhFk;

vitnaDk; Ie;J gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;F cupa jkpH;r;brhw;fis vGJf.
mYtyfj;Jf;Fs; EiHifapy; nghd; moj;J. vLj;Jg; ngrpdhs;. kWKidapy;
``clnd Mgp!;f;F yPt; nghl;Ll;L vd; Mgp!;f;F th ftp. ,d;&ûd;!; ngg;gu;y
ifbaGj;J nghlQk;. cd; nghl;nlhita[k; r+;Rtpd; nghl;lhita[k; vLj;Jl;L th~~
vd;W brhy;yp Koj;jJk; nghidj; Jz;oj;jhd; bre;jpy;. Vw;bfdnt jd; Mgp!py; elf;f
tp
,Uf;Fk; Mol;?I epidj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j mtSf;Fr; bre;jpypd; nghd; gjw;wj;ija[k;

FHg;gj;ija[k; je;jJ. FHg;gj;Jld; nghid itf;ifapy; kWgoa[k; nghd; xypj;jJ.
,k;Kiw r+;Rtpd; gs;sp ek;gu;. xU beho gjw;wkhfptpl;lJ. vjw;F miHf;fpwhu;fnsh>
vd;W gae;jgo nghid vLj;njd;. nghdpy; r+;Rtpd; Fuy;. ``mk;kh ehd;jhd;~~ vd;whd;.
ht
``vd;dlh/ clk;g[f;F vjhtjh>~~ vd;nwd; bld;&id kiwj;jgo. ``mbjy;yhk; 363
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xd;Dkpy;iyk;kh. kp!; fpl;l !;bg&y; gu;kp&d; nfl;L cdf;F nghd; gz;nwd;.
fhiyapnyna brhy;y epidr;nrd;. kwe;jpl;nld;. !hupk;kh vd;whd;. vJf;Flh r+;R
!hup vd;nwd;. ,d;dpf;F cdf;F gu;j;nlk;kh. kwe;Jl;oah~~ vd;whd;. ml Mkhk;. $îy
gj;J. ,g;goah kwg;ngd;. bre;jpy; Tl epidtpy; itj;J thH;j;jtpy;iy. r+;R bfh+;Rk;
L al
Fuypy; ``k;kh iel;Tl +hgfk; ,Ue;Jr;R fhiyy lf;FD kwe;Jl;nld;. rhupk;kh
\hg;gp gu;j;nl # a{~~ vd;whd;. xU beho vJt[k; ngr Koahky; jpf;fptpl;nld;. mtnd
bjhlu;e;J ``mk;kh cdf;fhf xU Nupafhe;jpg;g{ tiu+;rp tr;rpUf;nfd;. <t;dp=; rPf;fpukh
th jnud; Xnfth>~~ vd;whd;. ``jh=;f;!;lh bry;yk;/ jh=;f;a{ n!h kr;~~ vd;nwd;. me;j
A d
ehspd; Rikfs; vy;yhk; fiue;J kdR befpH;e;J cUfpaJ. uapy;/ mYtyfk;/ bre;jpy; vd
vy;yhk; kiwe;J ngha;/ ehDk; r+;Rt[k; iffs; nfhu;j;J elg;gJnghy ,Ue;jJ.
D ika
,lk; : ftpapd; (kidtpapd;) mYtyfk;
8 g=;FbgWnthu; :
neuk; :
ftp (kidtp) bre;jpy; (fztd;) r+;R (kfd;)
fhiy (ftp mYtyfj;jpy; EiHe;jJk; nghd; moj;jJ.)
,ay;
bre;jpy; : clnd MgpRf;F yPt[ nghl;L th ,d;Nud;!; ngg;gu;y ifbaGj;Jg;

nghlQk;. cd; nghl;nlh/ r+;R nghl;nlh vLj;J th. (Vw;bfdnt/
Mgprpy; Mol; FHg;gk;/ ,jpy; ntW bre;jpy; FHg;gk;/ kWgoa[k; nghd;/
Alv
,g;nghJ r+;Rtpd; gs;sp ek;gu;/ xnu gjw;wk;)
r+;R : mk;kh ehd;jhd;.
ftp : vd;dlh clk;g[f;F>
r+;R : mbjy;yhk; xz;Qkpy;nyk;kh/ kp!;fpl;l gu;kp&d; th=;fpj;jhd; nghd;
ftp :
a
gd;nwd;. !hupk;kh fhiyapny epidr;nrd;. brhy;y kwe;Jl;nld;.
vJf;Flh rhup.
.Kk
r+;R : ,d;dpf;fp cdf;Fg; gu;j;nlk;kh.
ftp : Mkhk;. $îy gj;J. ,g;goah kwg;ngd;. bre;jpy;Tl thH;j;jypah
,d;dpf;F.
r+;R : \hg;gp gu;j;nl # a{ mk;kh/ cdf;F xU Nupafhe;jpg;g{ tiu+;rp
itr;rpUf;nfd; <t;dp=; te;J ju;nwd;.
wI
ftp : jh=;f;!; lh bry;yk;. nj=;f; a{ nrh kr;. (me;j ehspd; Rikfs; vy;yhk;
LV
nghna nghr;R. uapy;/ mYtyfk;/ bre;jpy; vy;yhk; kiwe;J/ ehDk;

r+;Rt[k; ifnfhu;j;J elg;gJ nghy; ,Ue;jJ.)
w
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;fk; bra;f.
gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpHhf;fk; gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpHhf;fk;

A
//w
nghd; bjhiyngrp gu;j;nl gpwe;jehs;

nghl;nlh g[ifg;glk; !hup kd;dpg;g[
s:K
ek;gu; vz; Mgp!; mYtyfk;

gu;kp&d; mDkjp Mol; jzpf;if
!;bg&y; rpwg;g[ iel; ,ut[
\hg;gp kfpH;r;rp jh=;f;a{ ed;wp ? cdf;F
ciu vGJnthk;
tp
c=;fs;; gs;spapy; jpU. mg;Jy;fyhk; mtu;fspd; epidt[jpdk; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

gs;spf;F mUfpy; cs;s fy;Yupapd; khztu;fs; jpul;oa epjpiaf; bfhz;L gs;spapd;
cau;tFg;g[ khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; jpUf;Fws; ifalf;fg; g[j;jfk; xd;Wk;/ epy
tiuglg; g[j;jfk; xd;Wk; guprspf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gs;spapd; rhu;ghf ed;wp Tw
ht
xUgf;f mstpy; ed;wpa[iu xd;iw vGJf.

364
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Mk; tFg;g[
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ed;wpa[iu:
midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;.
,e;jpahitg; bghWj;jkl;oy; Nupad; fpHf;nf cjpf;ftpy;iy.
,jpy; vd;d Mr;rupak;/ ekJ mwpt[r;Nupad; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpy; my;yth njhd;wpdhu;.
L al
gs;spapy; gof;Fk;nghJ kpjptz;oapy; tPL tPlhfr; brd;W ehspjH; nghl;L ehl;fis
Xl;odhu;.
khwhf ,d;W me;j ehspjH;fspy; mf;dp Vt[fiz ehafd; fyhikg; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;
,Ue;jhy;jhd; ehspjnH XLk;.
A d
,e;jpahtpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W ek;ikj; jtpu;j;j ehLfs; gy/ mf;dp Vt[fiziaf;
fz;L/ mjprapj;J ,d;W cwthl fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
D ika
fyhkpd; gpwg;g[f;FKd; ,uhnk!;tuk; ,e;jpaht[f;Fs; ,Ue;jJ.
fyhkpd; gpwg;g[f;Fg;gpd; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpah.
jhd; vg;go ,wf;fntz;Lk; vd;W fyhk; epidj;jhnuh/ mg;gona mJ epfH;e;jJ.
ahUf;F ,J tha;f;Fk;> fyhKf;F kl;Lk;jhd; ,e;j Kot[ ,iwtd; je;jJ.
,j;jifa khkdpju; epidt[ehspy; ,isa rKjhak; vGr;rpa[w jpUf;Fws; ifalf;fg;
g[j;jfk; epy tiuglg; g[j;jfk; ,tw;wpidg; guprhf mspj;j fy;Y}up mz;zd;fSf;F
Alv
be+;rhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; bjuptpj;Jf;bfhs;fpnwhk;.
r=;fj; jkpH; midj;Jk; jh
a
,uz;lhapukhz;L ePsKs;s ftpijia <d;w ghzdpd; nfhg;ig
@jhapiaj; njoaiye;j fisg;gpy; gwit ,g;nghJ fhypahapUe;jJ
.Kk
xUfhyj;jpy; jd; jhfk; jzpj;j jd; clypypUe;J fps;spg; gwpj;j g{itf;
kz;ghidiaj;njo my;yYw;wJ. FHe;ijf;Fj; je;J typapy; @H;fpa
ghlg;g[j;jfj;jpy; glk;ghu;j;Jr; brhd;d gr;irj;jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy;
fijf;Fs;spUe;J ePqw;W vJt[k; gPwpltpy;iy xUJsp uj;jk; nj=;fpapUe;jJ.
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Itif epy=;fisa[k; myfpy; bfhj;jp ............................................................

r=;ff; ftpijapd; vGj;bjhd;iwj;jpwe;J
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milfhf;f ,d;bdhU ,lkw;Wg; nghf...

fhf;ifg;ghodp btspnate;jhs;.
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ePy tz;zf; flw;gug;gpy;

me;jg; gwit xU Kl;il ,l;lJ. Mwhk;epyj;jpy; Jspu;j;j mwptpay;jkpHp ePbad
mjd; F+;R bghupg;gpy; mUnf te;jts; Kj;jk; jUifapy;
gwitfs; bjhiye;Jnghd g{kpapy;

Ma[jKk; g[y;yh=;FHy; kWifa[kha;
A
//w
mz=;bfhUj;jp cjpj;bjGe;jhs;. Fspql;lg;gl;l miwf;Fs; cl;fhu;e;J

fzpg;bghwpj;jpiuapy;
tay;btspba=;Fk; ryryj;Jj; jpupe;j vd; rpd;dkfs;
s:K
kUjahHpd; Xir tHpe;njhl xU fhf;ifia tiue;J bfhz;oUe;jhs;.

fhy;fs; fHd;whoa tpwypf; Tj;jpd;Kd;
gpug+;rnk jd;idg; g[ide;J bfhz;lJ. ? b\r;.$p. uNy;.
jiyg;g[ :
r=;fj;jkpH; midj;Jk; jh.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
tp
bgau; : b\r;. $p. uNy;

taJ : 59
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gzp : vGj;jhsu;/ ftp+u;/ fl;Liuahsu;
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rhjid : ,Ryhkpa mog;gil thjj;jpw;F vjpuhhff; Fuy; bfhLj;jJ.

365
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,wg;g[ : 05.08.2017
gilg;g[fs; : $d fz kd/ vd; rpwFfs;/ ikyh+;rp?ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs;
ghly; bghUs;:
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L al
me;jf; fisg;gpy; fhfkhdJ Kd;bdhU fhyj;jpy; jhfj;jpidj; jzpj;j
kz;ghidiaa[k; njoj; Jd;g[w;wJ.
ghlg;g[j;jfj;jpy; glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fij brhd;d fijfspy; ,Ue;J ePqw;Wfs;
vJt[k; gPwpltpy;iy.
A d
Itif epy=;fisa[k; jd; myfhy; bfhj;jp vLj;Jf; bfhz;ljhy;/ Kl;ilia
milfhf;f ,lkpy;yhky; nghdJ gwitf;F.
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8 ,l;lJ.
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tay; gug;gpidf; bfhz;l epybk=;Fk; kUj ahHpd; Xir ,irj;jtz;zk; ,Ue;jJ.
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Alv
xg;gid bra;J bfhz;lJ.
ghLk; ghzdpd; ifapypUe;j kJf;nfhg;ig ,g;nghJ fhypahapw;W.
(jhtuj;jpypUe;J) jdJ clypypUe;J fps;spa g{itj; jd; FHe;ijf;Fj; je;jjhy;/
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typapy; @H;fpa gr;irj; jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy; xU Jsp uj;jk; nj=;fpapUe;jJ.
r=;ff; ftpijfspd; (ghly;fspd;) jkpH; vGj;J xd;wpidj; jpwe;J bfhz;L bgz;ghw;
g[ytu; fhf;ifg; ghodp btspna te;jhs;.
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Mwhk; jpizapy; Jspu;tpl;l mwptpay; jkpHp ePna vd;W mUnf te;J Kj;jk;
jUk;nghJ gwitapdk; fhzhky; nghapw;W.
Fspql;lg;bgw;w miwapDs;ns fzpdpapd; jpiuapy; vd; rpd;d kfs; xU fhf;ifia
tiue;J bfhz;oUe;jhd;.
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vJif eak;:
LV
ahidf;Fj; Jk;gpf;if
w
kdpjDf;F ek;gpf;if
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J
xd;wptUtJ vJif.
v.fh: mUnf/ jUifapy;
A
//w
nkhid eak;:
Fatdpd; tz;zk; ghidapny
s:K
ftp+dpd; tz;zk; nkhidapny

v.fh: Ma[jKk;/ mz=;bfhUj;jp " Mwhk; epyj;jpy;/ mUnf te;jts;
mzp eak;:
gpug+;rnk jd;idg; g[ide;J bfhz;lJ/ jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy; xU Jsp uj;jk;
nj=;fpapUe;jJ vd;Dk; ,t;tpU mofspy; cau;thd tifapy; ftpij g[idag;
gl;oUg;gJ fz;TL. vdnt/ cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
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fw;gid eak;:
ghly; KGika[k;/ etPd fhy=;fspy; fij brhy;y @jhl;ofs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;/
kz;ghidfisf; fhz KoahJ vd;Wk; ePqw;Wfs; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;lJ vd;Wk;/ Itif
epy=;fspd; jd;ik khwptpl;lJ vd;Wk; uNy; jdJ fw;gidj; jpwj;jpd; cr;rj;ijg;
ht
ghly;fspy; fhl;oa[s;shu;.
366
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vdjd;igf; fhl;l vdJthiy Ml;Lntd;
xUntis nrhw;Wf;F tPl;oidf; fhg;ngd;
kpUf $hjpehbad xJf;Fk; kdpjnd
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ed;wp bra;tjpy; cd;dpYk; cau;e;jtd;
Jg;gwpa[k; ,yhfhthy; Jg;g[ Jy=;fhjijf;Tl
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1. kf;fSf;F eyk; bra;a[k; thH;tpay; 2. g[Jikg;gpj;jdpd; g[fH;bgw;w rpWfij (4)

bewpfisf; TWk; Jiw (9) 3. ghujp elj;j tpUk;gpa fUj;Jg;gl ,jH; (6)
A
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7. njd; ? kw;bwhU brhy; (4) 4. ,isauh$h cUthf;fpa ,uhfk; (5)

15. g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; ? E}yhrpupau; (4) 5. ew;wpiz 153MtJ ghliy ,aw;wpatu;
16. fw;w tpj;ijfis mu=;nfw;Wk; (6)
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,lk; (4) 6. mQitg;nghyr; rpWj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wy; (3)

17. rp.R. bry;yg;gh elj;jpa ,jH; (4) 12. ,e;jr; brhy;ypd; jpupng rPwh (3)
19. $p.a[.nghg; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp 13. kfhghujj;jpy; bfhil tPud; (4)
bgau;j;j gf;jp ,yf;fpak; (6) 14. ghujpjhrd; elj;jpa ,jH; (3)
tykpUe;J ,lk; fPHpUe;J nky;
tp
6. ahid ? ntbwhU brhy; (5) 7. jtW ? ntbwhU brhy; (2)

9. te;jthrpf;F mUfpy; rkzg;gs;sp 8. jUK rptuhk; vd;Dk; g[idbgaupYk;
,Ue;j Cu; (3) vGjpatu; (4)
12. ckWg;g[ytiu Mjupj;jtu; (5) 9. @=;fpy; ? kw;bwhU brhy; (2)
ht
20. ftp+u; kPuh elj;jpa gjpg;gfk; (4) 10. khzpf;fthrfu; gpwe;j Cu; (6)
367
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11. I=;FWE}W ghLk; kyu;fspy; xd;W (2)
18. kiy vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk; (2)
19. gj;jhk; jpUKiw (7)
tpil: ,lkpUe;J tyk;:
L al
1. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rp (9)/ 7. gpurk; (4)/ 15. tpl;kd; (4)/ 16. kd;wk; (4)/
17. vGj;J (4)/ 19. jpUthrfk; (6)
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2. fh+;rid (4)/ 3. rpj;jpuhtsp (6)/ 4. g+;rKfp (5)/ 5. jdpkfdhu; (6)/ 6. Fz;L (3)/
12. rPwj; (3)/ 13. fz;zd; (4)/ 14. Fapy; (3).
D ika
tykpUe;J ,lk;:
8 6. F+;ruk; (5)/ 9. ntly; (3)/ 12. rPjf;fhjp (5)/ 20. md;dk; (9)
fPHpUe;J nky;:
,ay;
7. gpiH (2)/ 8. gpukps; (4)/ 9. fiH (2)/ 10. jpUthjt{u; (6)/ 11. fhah (2)/ 18. tiu (2)/
19. jpUke;jpuk; (7)
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epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
kdpj ,dk; TothGk; ,ay;g[ilaJ. ehk; md;whk; gyUld; gHff;Toa ,d;iwa
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rpf;fy;
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nfl;Lf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;whu;. rpd;d FHe;ij mGfpwJ. nju;t[f;Fg;
gof;fpwhu;fs; vd ntz;Lnfhs; bra;jy;.
eP=;fs; kl;ilg;ge;J nghl;oiag; ghu;f;f nghl;oia ,d;W kl;Lnk ghu;f;fyhk;.
ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;g[k; neuj;jpy; bjhliu ,d;bdhU Kiw ghu;f;f
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c=;fs; j=;if bjhiyf;fhl;rpj; bjhlu; tha;g;g[z;L vdf; TWjy;/ my;yJ

LV
xd;iwg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;. tpl;Lf;bfhLj;jy;.

c=;fs; mUfpy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; c=;fs; ehk; gof;fpd;w ,lk; J}a;ik njit
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tFg;g[j; njhHu; c=;fs; nkir kPJ vdy;/ mtd; ,iwj;j cztpid ehnk
cztpid ,iwj;jgo rhg;gpl;Lf; Rj;jk; bra;jy;.
bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;.
A
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eP=;fs; mLj;jehs; nju;t[f;fhfg; goj;Jf; Iaj;ij tpsf;Fjy; ,uz;LKiw

bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ/ c=;fs; tFg;g[j; gog;gjw;Fr; rkk;/ 15 epkpl=;fSf;F nky;
njhHu;/ ghlj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Iaj;jpw;fhf bjhiyngrpapy; ngRjy; nju;t[ neuj;jpw;F
s:K
c=;fSf;Fj; njhiyngrpapy; miHg;g[ cfe;jjy;y.

tpLf;fpwhu;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
eh=;TH;g; g[G – Earthworm
cyfkakhf;fy;
tp
– Globalisation
Kidtu; gl;lk; – Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ – Awareness
flt[r;rPl;L – Passport
bghUs;Kjy; thjk;
ht
– Materialism
368 ***
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gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
E}Yk; ? E}yhrphpaUk;
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E}y;?E}yhrphpah;  gHbkhHpfis tpsf;Fjy;  ftpijfs;  gHbkhHpfs;
E}y; E}yhrpupau;
ciueil
1. ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k; ? ,e;jpud;
A d
2. kiy ,lg;bgah;fs;: Xh; Ma;t[ ? Mh;. ghyfpU&;zd;
D ika
3. fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir ? Re;ju uhkrhkp
bra;a[s;
1. a[fj;jpd; ghly; ? R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
2. ed;D}y; ? gtze;jp Kdpth;
3. Vjpypf;FUtpfs; ? mHfpa bghpatd;
Alv
4. fhtpak; ? gpukps;
5. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S ? bghpatd; ftpuhau;
6. I=;FWE}W (MLfk; tpiue;nj) ? ngadhu;
7. fhtor;rpe;J
8. Fwe;bjhif (mk;k thHp)
a ?
?
brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
bts;sptPjpahu;
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9. g[wehD}W (cz;lhy; mk;k) ? flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
10. jpUf;Fws; ? jpUts;Stu;
11. gps;isf;Tlk; ? ,uh. kPdhl;rp
12. ew;wpiz (gpurk; fye;j) ? nghjdhu;
wI
LV
13. bjhy;fhg;gpak; ? bjhy;fhg;gpau;

14. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpwg;g[g; ghapu tpsf;fg; ghly; ? er;rpdhh;f;fpdpau;
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15. mfehD}W (bgU=;fly; Kfe;j) ? tPiu btspad; jpj;jdu;

16. rPwhg;g[uhzk; ? ckWg;g[ytu;
A
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17. Mj;khehk; ftpijfs; ? Mj;khehk; (kJNjdd;)

18. Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp ? jphpTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
19. jpUr;rhHy; ? khzpf;fthrfu;
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20. g[ul;rpf;ftp ? ghujpjhrd;

21. gjpw;Wg;gj;J (gjpgpiHg;g[) ? Fkl;#h;f fz;zdhu;
22. xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; ? ,d;Fyhg;
23. bjhiye;J nghdth;fs; ? mg;Jy; uFkhd;
24. kndhd;kzPak; ? Re;judhu;
tp
ht
369
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Jizg;ghlk;
1. Mwhk; jpiz ? m. Kj;Jyp=;fk;
2. ahid lhf;lh; ? b$ankhfd;
L al
3. thothry; ? rp.R. bry;yg;gh
4. gpk;gk; ? gpug+;rd;
5. brt;tp ? eh;j;jfp eluh$;
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gHbkhHpfis tpsf;Fjy;
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfis thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.
1. ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
btw;wpa[k; njhy;tpa[k; epue;juky;y. VjhtJ xd;W xU neuj;jpy; elf;ff;TLk;
vd;gij tpsf;FtJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
Alv
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
khwd; v=;fs; gs;spapy; gog;gtd;. mtd; gog;g[ kl;Lky;yhky; midj;jpYk;
mtd;jhd; Kjyplk; bgWthd;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; mtd; je;ija[k; ey;y gzpapy;
a
cs;stu;. mjdhy; mtd; ahiua[k; kjpf;f khl;lhd;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf nju;t[ neuj;jpy;
cly;epiy rupapy;yhky; nghdjhy; kjpg;bgz; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; kdk; cile;jhd;.
.Kk
ePjp:
jpwika[k;/ brhe;j ge;jKk; ,Ue;jhYk; Vnjh xU neuj;jpy; njhy;tp mila neupLk;.
,Jnt àhidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;~ vd;Dk; gHbkhHpahy; mwpa[k; bra;jp MFk;.
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;/ tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
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gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; gpwu;f;F bra;a[k; bray;fns ekf;Fk; elf;Fk;. ey;yJ bra;jhy; ey;yJ" jPad
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bra;jhy; jPad neUk;.

thH;f;if epfH;t[:
Rfe;jpa[k;/ RFzht[k; beU=;fpa njhHpfs;. ,UtUk; xnu tFg;igr; nru;e;jtu;.
A
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Rfe;jpa[k; ed;whfg; gog;gts;. gog;nghL kl;Lky;yhky; midtUf;Fk; cjtpfs;

gy bra;ths;. RFzht[k; gog;ghs;. jPa vz;z=;fs; bfhz;lts;. vtiuf; fz;lhYk;
bghwhikf; bfhs;ths;. ,UtUk; gog;g[ Koj;J ntiy njLfpd;wnghJ Kjypy; Rfe;jpf;F
s:K
ntiy fpilj;jJ. fhuzk; ,ts; cjtp bra;jtupd; je;ij mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jjhy;/

Rfe;jpiag; gw;wp vLj;Jr; brhy;yp ntiyia th=;fpj; je;jhu;.
ePjp:
vz;zk;nghy; thHyhk; vd;gJjhd; ,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjpahFk;.
3. Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
tp
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; ahiua[k; ey;ytu;/ bfl;ltu; vd;W Kot[ bra;af;TlhJ. gpwupd; Fw;w=;fis jk;
Fw;wk;nghy; epidf;f ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; ghu;j;jhy; cwt[ ,y;yhky; ngha;tpLk;.
ht
370
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thH;f;if epfH;t[:
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g[z;gLkhW ngRths;. Rjht[k; vt;tsnth vLj;Jr; brhy;ths;. khyh nfl;fkhl;lhs;.
xUehs; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Rjhitna ngrptpl;lhs;. kdk; behe;j Rjh khyhit tpl;L
L al
gpupe;J tpl;lhs;.

ePjp:
ehk; xUtupd; Fiwfis kl;Lk; ghu;f;ff; TlhJ. ey;y Fz=;fisa[k; ghu;f;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
A d
4. vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;
D ika
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
Kaw;rp cilatu;fs; Kaw;rpia iftplhJ jd; nehf;fpy; cWjpaha; ,Ue;jhy; btw;wp
,yf;if epr;rak; milthu;fs; vd;w bghUis czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
v=;fs; tFg;gpy; tpf;nd&; vd;w khztd; gs;spf;F rupahf tUtJk; ,y;iy. mg;go
vd;whtJ xUehs; te;jhYk; rupahfg; gog;gJk; ,y;iy. Mrpupau; TWk; mwpt[iuia
Alv
mtd; nfl;gJk; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; nju;t[ beU=;fpa neuj;jpy; Mrpupau; khztd;
tPl;ow;Fr; brd;W jpdKk; miHj;J te;J gof;f itj;jhu;. mtUila tplhKaw;rpahy;
tpf;nd&; nju;tpy; ey;y kjpg;bgz; bgw;whd;.
ePjp:
a
ehk; ve;jbthU braiya[k; tplhKaw;rpnahL bra;jhy; vWk;g[ Cu;e;J fy; nja;tJ
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nghy; ehk; btw;wp mila Koa[k;.
5. CHp bgaupDk; jhk; bgauhu;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xUtu; ve;jr;NHypYk; bgha;nah/ fsnth bra;akhl;lhu;. vt;tst[ rPw;wk; te;jhYk;
wI
fly; jd;epiy khwhJ vd;gJ gHbkhHp.

LV
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
w
tWikahd FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ed;F gof;Fk; khztd; jdpahu; gs;spapy; gof;fpwhd;.

mtd; gs;spf; fl;lzk; ruptu fl;lKoatpy;iy. mof;fo Mrpupau; mtidf; nfl;ghu;.
mtd; mnjh ,njh vd;W ehl;fs; flj;jpdhd;. Mdhy; mtd; gs;spapy; Kjyhtjhf
A
//w
nju;r;rp bgWk; khztd;. xUehs; gs;spia tpl;L tPl;Lf;Fr; bry;Yk;nghJ xU

gzg;igiaf; fz;blLj;jhd;. mjpy; epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ. mij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L
ngha; gs;spf;fl;lzk; brYj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtd; mt;thW bra;atpy;iy.
s:K
fhty;epiyak; brd;W gzg;igia xg;gilj;J tpl;lhd;. mtidf; fhty; epiya

mjpfhupfs; ghuhl;odhu;fs;.
ePjp:
tWik thH;tpid tijj;jhYk; jd; gz;g[fspy; ,Ue;J khwf;TlhJ vd;gJ
,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjp MFk;.
tp
6. Mlj; bjupahjtd; bjUf; nfhzy; vd;ghd;.

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xU braiy rupahfr; bra;a ,ayhjtd; TWk; Tw;whf miktJ ,J. ve;j xU
fiyiaa[k; Kiwahd gapw;rp ,y;yhky; fw;f KoahJ. mJnghy kfpGe;ijr; rhiyapy;
ht
Xl;lg; gapw;rp ,y;yhjtd; ,e;jr; rhiy rupapy;iy vd;W Twpj; jg;gpf;fg; ghu;g;ghd;.
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.in
thH;f;if epfH;t[k; bghUj;jKk; :
,e;jpah ? ghfp!;jhd; mzpfSf;F ,ilapyhd kl;il ge;jhl;l nghl;oapy;
,e;jpa mzpapd; ge;J tPr;irr; rkhspf;f Koahky; Fiwe;j Xl;l=;fspy; Ml;lkpHe;jJ
ghfp!;jhd; mzp. ,J Fwpj;Jr; bra;jpahsu;fsplk; ngrpa mt;tzpapd; jiytu;/
L al
`nkhrkhd MLfsnk Fiwe;j Xl;l=;fspy; Ml;lkpHf;f f; fhuzk;~~ vd;W Twpdhu;.
,e;epfH;t[ `Mlj;bjupahjtd; bjUf;nfhzy; vd;ghd;~ vd;w gHbkhHpf;Fg;
bghUe;Jtjhf mikfpwJ.
7. ViHr; brhy; mk;gyk; VwhJ
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
bry;thf;F cs;stu;fs; vijr; brhd;dhYk; jiyia Ml;Lk; ,t;t[yfk;/ ViH
D ika
ey;yijr; brhd;dhYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;shJ.
xU fpuhkj;jpy; gzf;fhud; xUtdplk; ViH xUtd; ntiy bra;J te;jhd;.
mg;gzf;fhudpd; tPl;oypUe;j bghUl;fis me;j ViHjhd; jpUotpl;lhd; vd;W vz;zp
mg;gzf;fhuDk; mt;t{uhUk; moj;Jj; Jitj;Jtpl;ldu;. me;j ViH jhd; jpUltpy;iy
Alv
vd;W vj;jidnah Kiw bf+;rpanghJk; mt;t{uhu; mtidf; fhty;Jiwapduplk;
xg;gilj;jdu;.
fhty; Jiwapdu; mg;gzf;fhud; tPl;L fz;fhzpf;Fk; glf;fUtpia Ma;e;jnghJ
a
mg;gzf;fhudpd; kfd;jhd; jpUld; vd;gJ cWjpahdJ. jhd; jpUltpy;iy vd;W fjwpa
ViHapd; brhy; ,t;t{uhuplk; Vw;fg;glntapy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; ,e;epfH;t[ ViHr;
brhy; mk;gyk; VwhJ vd;Dk; gHbkhHpf;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
.Kk
8. gzk; ge;jpapny ? Fzk; Fg;igapny
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ey;y trjp gilj;jtu;f;F xUtpjkhd cgrupg;g[k; trjp ,y;yhjtu;f;F xUtpjkhd
wI
cgrupg;g[k; bra;fpd;wjhf ,t;t[yfk; tps=;FfpwJ.

LV

w
Xu; ,sk; bjhHpyjpgu; tPl;oy; jpUkz tpHh eilbgw;wJ. mj;bjhHpyjpgu; bgUk;

gzf;fhuu;fs; midtiua[k; Kd;tupirapy; mku;j;jp cupa kupahijia tH=;fpdhu;.
Mdhy; rpWtajpy; jd;idj; J}f;fp tsu;j;J Mshf;fpa jha;khkd; Kd;tupirf;F
te;jnghJ ``,J bgupa ,lj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; cl;fhUfpd;w ,lk;. vdnt filrp
A
//w
tupirapy; brd;W mkU=;fs;~~ vd;W Twpdhu;. fhyr;NHyhy; ,d;W tWikapy; thGk;

jha;khDf;F ,Jnghd;w mtkhd=;fs; xd;Wk; g[jpjhdjy;y. gzk; ge;jpapny Fzk;
s:K
Fg;igapny vd;W Rk;khthfth Twpdhu;fs;-

9. `Ìe;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh>~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
,sikapy; fy;tp fw;fhjtd; KJikapy; fy;tp fw;gJ vd;gJ Koahj fhupakhFk;.
mJnghy ,sikapy; Kaw;rp bra;ahjtd;/ KJikapy; Kaw;rp bra;a KoahJ vd;gnj
,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;Jk; bghUshFk;.
tp

ehDk; vd; njhHp khyjpa[k; ,izgpupahjtu;fs;. Mdhy; vd; njhHp Kjy;
tFg;gpypUe;nj ed;whfg; gog;ghs;. Mdhy; ehd; rpWgps;isj;jdkhf tpisahl;oy;
ht
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLj;njd;. mts;; ed;whfg; goj;J cau;e;j epiyia mile;jhs;. Mdhy;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vd;dhy; mtisg;nghy; cau;epiyia mila Koatpy;iy. gpd;g[ Kjpnahu; fy;tpf;Fr;
brd;W/ gof;f Mirg;gl;L goj;J te;njd;. Mdhy; vd; KJik fhuzkhf vd;dhy; fy;tp
fw;f Koatpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J ehd; mwpe;J bfhz;lJ vd;dbtd;why;/ fw;f ntz;oa
fy;tpia/ Kiwahf ,sikapnyna fw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ``gUtj;nj gapu; bra;~~
L al
vd;gJ nghy/ rpW tajpy; fw;gJ/ ,Wjp tiu ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;Dk; fUj;ijj;jhd;

,g;gHbkhHp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. (``,sikapy; fy;~~)
10. ``rpWJUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;~~
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
rpwpa bghUs; vd;W vjida[k; ,fHf; TlhJ. cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthU bghUSf;Fk;
D ika
gad;ghL cz;L.
v=;fspd; gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuu; jPuhj nehahsp. mtu; jpdKk; jdf;Fj; jhnd Crp kUe;J
nghl;Lf; bfhs;thu;. fhypahd Fg;gpfis v=;fs; tPl;od; vy;iyf;Fs; J}f;fpg; nghl;L
tpLthu;;. ``c=;f kUe;J ghl;oy;fisj; jpdKk; ehd; Fg;igahf ms;spg; nghfpnwd;~~ vd;W
v=;fs; mg;gh mtUld; rpWrpW rz;il nghl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
Alv
rpy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF/ v=;fs; tPl;Lg; gFjpapy; tpGk; rpW Fg;gpfis xU rhf;Fg;
igapy;/ ehd; nru;j;J itf;fj; bjhl=;fpndd;. mg;ghtpd; rz;ilf;F Kw;Wg;g[s;sp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. v=;fs; gs;spapy; khtl;l=;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fiyg; nghl;o ele;jJ.
a
mjpy; tPzhFk; bghUs;fspy; fiyg; bghUs; cUthf;Fk; nghl;o ,Ue;jJ. kpFjpahf
vd;dplk; ,Ue;j Fg;gpfisf; bfhz;L/ xU mHfpa fl;olk; cUthf;fpndd;. fz;nlhu;
.Kk
tpae;jdu;. Kjw; gupRk; vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Mk;- fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; vd;W vija[nk
tPzhf;ff; TlhJ. mJt[k; xU rpy neuj;jpy; gaDs;sjhf khWk; vd;gij ,e;epfH;t[
epqgpj;;Jtpl;lJ.
11. ``nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;~~
wI
tpsf;fk;:
LV
cyfpy; vt;tst[ bry;tk; gilj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ nehapUg;gpd; mtu;fs;

w
twpatu;fs;" VH;ik epiyapYs;s xUtu; nehaw;w thH;t[ bgw;wpUe;jhy; mtnu cyfpy;

bry;te;ju; Mthu;.
A
//w
vd; ghrj;Jf;Fupa ez;gu; rpwg;ghff; fy;tp fw;W/ xU gl;ljhupahdhu;. gpd; gzj;jpd;

njitia czu;e;J gy khztu;fSf;Ff; fzpjk; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;J/ gy khztu;fisj;
jpwikahd khztu;fshf cUthf;fpdhu;. mtuJ vspikahd Kiw khztu;fisf;
s:K
ftu;e;jJ. gy gs;spfspypUe;J te;J/ E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khztu;fs; mtuplk; fy;tp

gapd;wdu;.
fod ciHg;ghy; rpy kzp neuk; cly;epiy rupapy;yhky; ,Ug;gJz;L. mijr;
rupahff; ftdpf;fhky; ,Ue;jhy;/ fhyg;nghf;fpy; mtUf;F cly;epiy fLikahfg;
ghjpj;J/ kUj;Jtuplk; brd;wnghJ/ mst[f;F mjpfkhf khj;jpiufis cz;ljhy;/
mtuJ rpWePufk; ghjpj;jJ vd;W lhf;lu; Twpdhu;. gpwF mtu; rk;ghjpj;j gzk; vy;yhk;/
tp
jd; neha;f;Fr; bryt[ bra;jjhy;/ VH;ik epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhu;.

ehk; gzj;ijr; rk;ghjpj;Jtplyhk;. Mdhy;/ ek; cly;epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;
kPz;Lk; ey;y epiyf;Ff; bfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ vd;Wk; fUj;J ,g;gHbkhHpapd; @yk;
bgwg;gLfpwJ.
ht
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.in
12. ``cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
rpW tajpy; ekf;Fg; gpwu; bra;a[k; cjtpia kwf;fhky;/ kw;wtUf;Fr; rpwpnjDk;
ek;khy; Koe;j cjtpiar; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
L al
mwptHfd; rpW tajpnyna je;ijia ,He;J tpl;lhd;. mtDila gf;fj;J
tPl;Lf;fhuuhd gukrptk; thj;jpahu;/ mtDf;F ntz;oa cjtpfs; bra;J/ mtdJ gog;g[
A d
jilglhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;lhu;. mwptHfd; ed;F gog;gtd;. fy;Y}upapy; gukrptj;jpd;
cjtpa[ld; nru;e;J/ gl;lg;gog;g[ bgw;W/ ntiyapy; mku;e;jhd;. Mz;Lfs; rpy Mapd.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
gukrptk; thj;jpahu; Xa;t[ bgw;w gpwF neha;tha;gl;Lg; gLj;jg; gLf;ifahdhu;.
,ijawpe;j mwptHfd; mtUf;Fj; njitahd cjtpfisr; bra;J/ mtuJ FLk;gj;ijg;
ghu;j;Jf;bfhz;lhd;. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epidf;f ntz;Lk; my;yth>
xUtu; bra;j ed;wpia kwj;jy; TlhJ" `èd;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W~~ vd;gJ ts;Stupd;
tha;bkhHp md;nwh-
13. ``tpisa[k; gapu; Kisapnyna bjupa[k;~~
Alv
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xU kdpjdpd; rpwe;j gz;g[fSk; jpwikfSk; mtdJ rpW tajpnyna btspg;gLk;.
a
kJiuapy; tWikapy; thH;fpd;w FLk;gk; xd;wpy; fUg;g[ ituk; nghy vl;lhtjhf
xU Mz; FHe;ij gpwe;jJ. gs;spg; gUtj;jpnyna mf;FHe;ij gy gupRfisa[k;/
.Kk
gjf;f=;fisa[k; bgw;wJ. mtUila mk;kh ,utpy; rpW tpsf;fpd; xspapy;/ jdJ gps;is
th=;fpa gupRfisg; ghu;j;Jf; fz;zPu; toj;jhu;. ``gupR gzkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,tDf;F ehd;
,d;Dk; ey;y czt[ bfhLg;ngnd~~ vd;W jk; kdjpw;Fs; brhy;ypf; bfhz;lhs;.
mtu; tsu;e;J jdJ ngr;rhw;wyhy;/ nguhrpupauhdhu;. gpwF gy;ntW fpuhk=;fspYk;/
wI
efu=;fspYk;/ ahtUk; tpUk;gpf; nfl;Fk;go ciuahw;Wk; gl;okd;w eLtuhdhu;. rpW

LV
gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;j ngr;rhw;wy;/ ,d;W ,tiu cyk; mwpe;j ngr;rhsuhfg;

w
nghw;Wk; epiyf;Ff; bfhz;L te;Js;sJ. mtu;jhd; gl;okd;wj;jpy; g[fH;bgw;w jpU.

rhykd; ghg;igah mtu;fs;-
mtuJ md;id cs;sk;/ ,d;W ,tiug; ghu;j;J ``tpisa[k; gapu; Kisapny
bjupe;jJ~~ vd;W vz;zp mfkfpH;fpd;whd;.
A
//w
14. mDgtnk rpwe;j Mrhd;

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
s:K
VL fw;Wf; bfhLg;gijtpl/ mDgtnk mjpfkhd ghl=;fisf; fw;Wf; bfhLf;fpwJ.

gyruf;Ff; filf;fhuu; ,uhikah jpdrup filapy; tNyhd gzj;jpidg; bgl;oapy;
g{l;o itg;ghu;. mtuJ ez;gu;fs; gzj;ij t=;fpapy; brYj;jpdhy; ghJfhg;g[ my;yth
vdf; Twpdhy;/ t=;fp eilKiw jkf;F xj;J tuhJ vd;W Twp tpLthu;. xU Kiw mtu;
tp
filapy; ,y;yhj neuk;/ gzj;ijj; jpUlu;fs; bfhs;isaoj;Jtpl;ldu;. ,jw;F tUe;jpa

,uhikah/ mjd;gpwF gzj;ij t=;fpapy; brYj;j Muk;gpj;jhu;.
ekf;F Vw;gLk; mDgtnk/ ehk; thH;f;ifapy; mLj;j jtW bra;ahky; ,Uf;f
cjt[fpwbjd;gij ehk; ,jd; @yk; g[upe;J bfhs;syhk; my;yth>
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
15. Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;/ Kaw;rpa[ilahu; ,fH;r;rp milahu;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; bra;a[k; xt;bthU braypYk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftplhky; bjhlu;e;J bra;jhy;/
thH;tpy; cau;t[ fpilf;Fk;.
L al

fPjh xd;gjhk; tFg;g[ gof;Fk; khztp. fPjh jkpH; thrpj;jhYk; M=;fpyk; thrpj;jhYk;/
jtwhf mts; thrpg;gijf; nfl;L tFg;ng rpupf;Fk;. Mdhy; mts; mjw;fhf
A d
btl;fg;gltpy;iy. mnj rkaj;jpy; mts; gs;spapd; njhl;l=;fspYk;/ tay; btspapYk;/
fz;zho Kd;g[k; cuf;f thrpj;Jg; ngrg; gHfpdhs;. mg;nghJ bgh=;fy; tpHhtpidf;
D ika
Fwpj;J/ ngr;Rg; nghl;of;F fPjh jd; bgaiuf; bfhLj;J ,Ue;jhs;. mtisg; ghu;j;J
midtUk; nfyp bra;jdu;. ,tsh ngrg; nghfpwhs;. Mdhy; mts; jd; mg;gh/ mk;kh/
j=;if Kd;dpiyapy; tPl;oy; ngrpg; gHfpdhs;. ele;j ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy;/ rpwg;ghfg;
ngrp/ Kjy; gupirj; jl;or; brd;whs;. Kaw;rp bra;jhy; Koahj fhupak; xd;Wkpy;iy.
``rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk; bre;jkpGk; ehg;gHf;fk;~~ vd;gij czu;e;J/ ehk;
nkw;bfhs;Sk; braypy; tplhKaw;rp bra;jhy;/ ek; thH;tpy; btw;wp milayhk; vd;gij
Alv
,g;gHbkhHp @yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
16. ``kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
a
btspg;g[wj; njhw;wk; fz;L vija[k; cz;ik vd epidj;J/ ek;gptplf; TlhJ.
.Kk
vd; ez;gu; xUtu; ,uz;L khj=;fSf;F Kd; brd;idapypUe;J/ fy;fj;jh efUf;Fg;
gazk; bra;jhu;. mg;nghJ jhk;guj;jpy; xU egu; Vwp/ vd; ez;gupd; mUfpy; mku;e;jhu;.
mtu; ghu;g;gjw;F kpft[k; ey;ytuhft[k;/ ngz;l;/ ru;l; vd kpLf;fhft[k; njhw;wkspj;jhu;.
ifapy; kpfg; bgupa bgl;oa[k; itj;jpUe;jhu;. mtu; vd; ez;guplk; bkJthfg; ngr
wI
Muk;gpj;jhu;. vd; ez;gUk; ngrpdhu;. gpd;/ ,UtUk; ,ut[ czt[ cz;ldu;.

LV
gpd; brd;idiaj; jhz;oa gpwF/ vd; ez;gUf;F mtu; gp!;bfl; je;jhu;. vd; ez;gu;
mJ kaf;f gp!;bfl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; vd th=;f kWj;jhu;. gpd; me;j egu; rpwpJ neuj;jpy;/ xU
w
eguplk; bry;nghdpy; Vnjh bjhlu;g[ bfhz;L ngrpdhu;. gpd; mLj;j ,uapy; epiyak;
,Ue;jJ. mg;nghJ ntW xU egu; fhgp tpw;whu;. clnd me;j egu;/ vd; ez;guplk; `fhgp
Fof;fhynk~ vdf; Twpdhu;. gpd; ,UtUk; fhgp Foj;jdu; ; ez;gu; rpwpJ neuj;jpy;
A
//w
ka=;fpdhu;. fhiyapy; fz; tpHpj;Jg; ghu;j;jnghJ/ gzg;igiaf; fhztpy;iy. clnd

fhtyuplk; g[fhu; bra;jhu;. fhtyu; me;j egiur; re;njfj;jpy; mog;gilapy; gpoj;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;. mg;nghJjhd; vd; ez;gUf;F/ me;jf; fhgp tpw;wtUk; me;j eghpd;
s:K
Tl;lhsp vdj; bjupe;jJ. gpd; fhtyuplk; jd; gzj;ijg; bgw;whu;.

,t;thW ve;j egUk; ghu;g;gjw;F kpLf;fhfj; njhw;wkspg;ghu;fs;. ehk; mJjhd;
cz;ikbad;W ek;gptplf; Tlhbjd;gnj ,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;Jk; fUj;jhFk;.
17. ty;ytDf;F g[y;Yk; Ma[jk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
tp
xUtd; jpwikahdtdhf ,Ue;jhy;/ mtd; vg;gog;gl;l NH;epiyiaa[k; rkhspj;Jf;

bfhs;thd;.
KUfd; ,ut[ neuk; tPl;ow;Fj; jpUk;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;nghJ kpd;jil
ht
Vw;gl;oUe;jjhy;/ rhiyapy; ,Us; NH;e;jpUe;jJ. me;j neuj;jpy; vjpnu ,U jpUlu;fs;

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te;J/ KUfid kpul;o bfhs;isaof;f Kaw;rp bra;jhu;fs;. me;j neuj;jpy;/ rknahrpjkhf
KUfd; vjpnu ,Ul;ilg; ghu;j;J ``,d;!;bgf;lu; bfh+;rk; ,=;nf thU=;fs;~~ vd;W
fj;jpdhd;. clnd jpUlu;fs; gae;J Xotpl;lhu;fs;. ,t;thW KUfd; NH;epiyiag;
g[j;jprhypj;jdkhf rkhspj;jhd;.
L al
``kpfj;jpwikahd xUtd; vg;gog;gl;l ,Uf;fl;lhd NH;epiyiaa[k;/ rkhspj;J
mjpypUe;J kPz;L te;J tpLthd;~~ vd;W Twpdhy;/ mJ kpifahfhJ md;nwh!
18. ,s=;fd;W gakwpahJ
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
,sik vd;gJ ntfk; epiwe;jJ ; rthy;fis vjpu; bfhs;tjpy; Mu;tk; mjpfk;.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
ntfj;ijj; jtpu ve;j rpe;jidfSk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gpd; tpist[fisr; rpe;jpg;gJk;
,y;iy.
xU ehs; v=;fs; cwtpdu; xUtu; jk; FLk;gj;Jld; nkl;#u; mizf;Fr; brd;whu;.
mtu; kfd; gj;jhk; tFg;g[ Koj;J tpLKiwapy; ,Ue;jhd;. tpLKiwia kfpH;r;rpa[ld;
fHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jtDf;F/ nkl;#u; ,d;Dk; kfpH;r;rpiaj; je;jJ. jz;zPiug;
Alv
ghu;j;jt[ld; g[jpa ntfk; gpwe;jJ. Kd;ghf Xo jz;zPUf;Fs; tpGe;jhd;. ntfkha; ePe;jpr;
brd;w je;ij/ kfidg; gpoj;J ,Gj;J te;jhu;. jhaplk; Twpdhu;/ ,jd; MHk;/ nghf;F
vJt[k; bjupahJ. Mdhy; ntfkhf tpGe;Jtpl;lhd;. vdnt ehk;jhd; gps;isfisf;
a
ftdkhfg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
Vbddpy; ``,s=;fd;W gakwpahJ~~ md;nwh-
.Kk
ePe;JtJ/ thfdk; Xl;LtJ/ rhiy tpjpfisj; bjupe;J bfhs;tJ vd mj;jida[k;
ehk; ,stajpny fw;Wf; bfhLj;jhy;/ mth;fs; re;jpf;Fk; tpgj;Jfisg; bgUk;ghYk;
jtpu;j;Jtplyhk;;.
19. nghJbkd;w kdnk bghd; bra;a[k; kUe;J~~
wI
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
LV
``nguhir ngupHg;g[~~ kdepiwt[ld; ``nghJk;~~ vd;w kdJld; thHf; fw;Wf; bfhz;lhy;/

w
vy;yh ehSk; kfpH;r;rpa[ld; thHyhk;.

xU ehs; bra;jpj;jhspy; xU bra;jp btspahdJ. rPl;L nrfupf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W/
A
//w
tpsk;guk; xd;iw btspapl;lJ. `èP=;fs; brYj;Jk; gzk;/ MW khj=;fspy;/ @d;W

kl=;fhf/ c=;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gpj; jug;gLk;~~ vd;gnj mt;tpsk;guk;. ,jidg; goj;j vd;
ez;gu; xUtu; 2 ,yl;rkhf (rpWfr; rpWfr; nrkpj;jJ) gzk; 6 ,yl;rkhf khwptpLk;
s:K
vd;W nguhira[ld; me;epWtdj;jpy; brYj;jptpl;lhu;. MW khjk; Koe;jt[ld;/

me;epWtdj;ijr; brd;W ghu;j;jhy;/ m=;F me;epWtdk; bray;gl;ljw;fhd milahsk;
Tl ,y;iy. vd; ez;giug; nghynt gyu; mt;tplj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. mg;nghJ m=;fpUe;j
xUtu; ``nghJbkd;w kdnk bghd; bra;a[k; kUe;J~~ vd;gij kwe;J/ ,Ue;jija[k; ,He;J
tpl;nlhnk vd;W kpft[k; tUe;jpdhu;.
``nghJk;~~ vd;w kdepiwnt/ Fiwtw;w bry;tk;. Mfnt me;j vz;znk
tp
midtiua[k; gjw;wk;/ kd mGj;jkpd;wp/ mikjpahf thH itf;Fk; khkUe;J- ``Mir

vd;gnjh Jd;gj;jpd; ntu;~~.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
20. gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ve;jg; bghUSk; g[jpjhf ,Uf;Fk; tiujhd;/ midtUf;Fk; ftu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
me;jg; bghUns ehshf ehshf giHajhfp tpl;lhy;/ mJt[k; btWj;Jg; ngha;tpLk;.
L al

ehd; rpW FHe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ v=;fs; tPl;oy; fWg;g[/ bts;is
bjhiyf;fhl;rpjhd; ,Ue;jJ. mJ ehshf ehshfg; gGjhdjhy; vd; je;ij/ tz;zj;
A d
bjhiyf;fhl;rp xd;iw tPl;ow;F th=;fp te;jhu;. ,J ehs; tiu fWg;g[/ bts;isg;
gl=;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j v=;fSf;F/ tz;zkakhd bjhiyf;fhl;rpnah/
D ika
fz;fSf;Ff; FGikahd tpUe;J mspj;jJ. fhiy Kjy; khiy tiu bjhiyf;fhl;rpna
fjpaha;/ ehDk; vd; j=;ifa[k; ,Ue;njhk;. rhg;gplf; Tlr; bry;yhkypUg;gijg; ghu;j;J
v=;fs; mk;kh/ mg;gh jpl;of; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
Kjy; xU tUlk; v=;fs; thH;f;if tz;zj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpna fjp vd;W XoaJ.
gpwF bky;y bky;y mj;bjhiyf;fhl;rp ftu;r;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;nlhk;. ,g;nghbjy;yhk;
eh=;fs; gog;gpd; fhuzkhfj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpia vg;nghnjh xU Kiwjhd; ghu;f;fpnwhk;.
Alv
tz;zj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpna fjpaha; ,Ue;j eh=;fs;/ ,d;W me;jg; gf;fnk bry;tjpy;iy.
ve;jbthU/ bghUisa[k;/ bra;jpiaa[k; ghu;j;jhYk;/ nfl;lhYk; fre;J ngha;tpLk;
vd;gij ,jd; @yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
a
21. To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik / xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
.Kk
jdp xUtdhy; rhjpf;f Koahj gy fhupa=;fisf; Tl;L Kaw;rpapdhy; btw;wp bgwr;
bra;a Koa[k;.
xU Cupy; gy rkaj;jhu;fs; xd;W To thH;e;J te;jdu;. me;j Cupy; ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ
wI
vJ ele;jhYk;/ xw;Wika[ld; bray;gLthu;fs;. ,t;thW gy ehl;fs; fHpe;Jtpl;ld.

LV
gpwF xUtUf;bfhUtu; rpy fhuzj;Jf;fhf tha;r;rz;il/ ifr; rz;ilahf khwp/

,Wjpapy; capiug; gwpf;ff;Toa rz;ilahf khwp tpl;lJ. ,e;jr; braiyg; ghu;j;J/
w
gf;fj;J Cu;f;fhuu;fSk; ,tu;fisj; jhH;thf epidj;jhu;fs;. filrpapy; xUtUf;bfhUtu;

gpur;ridapy; khl;of; bfhz;L/ fhty; epiyak;/ ePjpkd;wk; vd;W ngha;/ jd;dplk;
,Uf;Fk; gzj;ij vy;yhk; tpuak; bra;J/ ,Wjpapy; jd; FLk;gj;ijr; nrhfj;Jf;Fj;
A
//w
js;sptpl;lhu;fs;. gpwF xt;bthU rkaj;jhUk;/ jd; epiyiaj; bjupe;J bfhz;L/ ehk;

xw;Wika[ld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;/ thH;f;ifapy; brk;ikia milnthk; vd;W brhy;yp/
xw;Wika[ld; thH;e;jdu;.
s:K
``xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[~~

``xw;Wikna typik~~
vd;Wk; gHbkhHpfSf;nfw;g/ njiu ,Gg;gjw;Fg; gy kdpju;fs; njit. mJnghy
xUtu; kl;Lk; njiu ,Gf;f KoahJ vd;gJ nghyf; `To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik~
cz;lhFk; vd;gjpy; vs;sst[k; Iakpy;iy.
tp
22. Rlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;L nfhy; ntz;Lk;

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
tpsf;F jhnd vupe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ,Ue;Jtplf; TlhJ. jpup vupa
vupa xsp k=;Fk;. mg;nghJ jpupiaj; J}z;otpl;lhy;jhd; xsp gpufhrpf;Fk;. ,J jpwik
ht
kpf;ftu;fSf;Fk; tHpfhl;Ljy; ey;y gad; jUk;.

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,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujku; $tfu;yhy; neU Mthu;. mtu; je;ijahu; g[fH; bgw;w
tHf;fwp+Uk;/ njr gf;jUkhd nkhjpyhy; neU mtu;fs;/ jd; xnu kfd; $tfiuf;
fz;Qk; fUj;Jkhf tsu;j;J te;jhu;. ,aw;ifahfnt Ez;zwpt[ gilj;jtu; $tfu;.
L al
mtu; gps;isfnshL ge;J tpisahof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; nghJ/ xU rpW FHpf;Fs; ge;J
tpGe;Jtpl;lJ. ifia tpl;L vLf;f Koatpy;iy. gps;isfs; jpiff;f/ $tfu; xU
thsp jz;zPiuf; FHpapy; Cw;wpdhu;. ge;J nkny te;jJ. ,j;jifa Ez;zwpit mtu;
bgw;wpUe;jhu;.
A d
mnj nghy; khztu;fs; vt;tst[ Ez;zwpt[ bgw;wpUe;jhYk;/ mtu;fs; tsu;r;rpf;Fj;
J}z;Lnfhyha; cjtp bra;a Mrpupau; njit vd;gJ ,g;gHbkhHp czh;j;JtjhFk;.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
23. gzk; gj;Jk; bra;a[k;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
``<l;o vl;Lk; tiu gha[k;~~/ ``gzk; ghjhsk; tiu gha[k;~~/ ``gzbkd;why; gpzKk;
thiaj; jpwf;Fk;~~ vd;gjw;nfw;g gzj;jpw;F kpft[k; Mirg;gl;lhy;/ ,Wjpapy; Mgj;jpy;
Koa[k;.
Alv
Kk;igapy; vd; mz;zQk; mtd; ez;gDk; I.o (I.T.) epWtdj;jpy; ntiy
ghu;j;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xnu miwapy; j=;fp ,Ue;jdu;. ey;y ntiy if
a
epiwa rk;gsk;. kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ue;jdu;. jpObud;W mtu;fs; j=;fpapUf;Fk; miwf;F rpy
egu;fs; te;J ez;gu;fshfpdu;. xU ehs; miwapy; nghijg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L te;J
.Kk
itj;J tpl;ldu;. v=;fsplk;/ c=;fSf;F mjpfg; gzk; jUfpnwd; vd;wdu;. vd; mz;zd;
gae;J ngha;/ jd; ez;gdplk; vt;tst[ vLj;Jf; Twpa[k; nfl;ftpy;iy. vd; mz;zd;
mtidtpl;L tpyfptpl;lhd;. rpwpJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;/ mz;zdpd; ez;gid/ fhtyu;fs;
gpoj;Jr; brd;wdu;. mtDf;F Ma[s; jz;lid vd;W nfs;tpg;gl;L kdk; tUe;jpndd;.
gzk; mjpfk; ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gl;L/ ehk; ek; thH;f;ifia ,He;Jtplf;
wI
TlhJ vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;JfpwJ.

LV
w
ftpijfs;
gs;sp Kaw;rp
A
//w
gs;sp vd;w fiyf;Tlk; ? ek; Kl;lhky; vJt[k; Kisf;fhJ jk;gp-

thH;itr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; md;whlk;. jl;lhj cspapd;wpr; rpiynaJ brhy;tha;
rpiyaha; ek;ikr; brJf;Fk; ? ey;y gl;lhil bea;tjw;Fk; ghl;lhsp nkdp
s:K
fiyaha; ek;ik Mf;Fk;. brhl;lhj tpah;itfs; brhl;oLnk jk;gp-

nfs;tp nfl;Fk; +hdk; ? m=;Fg; fukpy;yhg; gwitfs; myfhy; TLfl;Lk;.
gjpiyf; bfhLf;fj; njhd;Wk;. kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; kpd;kpdp xspfhl;Lk;.
ntw;Wik mfw;Wk; ge;jk; ? ek; Rk;kh ,Ug;gth;f;Fr; Rf=;fs; nruhnj.
xw;Wik xd;nw brhe;jk; mk;gha; Kad;wpl;lhy; mhpait ,dpnaJ>
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
el;g[ kiH
Cnuh- cwnth- fhzhJ kz;zpy; thGk; g[ijaiy ms;s
cs;s=;fs; ,izf;Fk; el;ng- tpz;nzwp tPGk; ePh;j;Jspf; fu=;fns-
L al
ahnuh> vtnuh xd;whfp vz;zpa aht[k; ,k;kz;zpy; cd;dhny

cwtha;g; gilf;Fk; el;ng- ez;zpa fiyfs; ehbsyhk; kyuyhk;.
ngnuh/ bgUiknah fz;lhYk; rpd;d+; rpWkyUk; broapy; ,se;jspUk;
bghwhik fhzhj el;ng-
A d
g[j;jhil fl;oajha;f; Tj;jho kfpHyhk;.
Mnzh> bgz;nzh> jpUkfnsh>
md;ig tphpf;Fnk el;g[. gUtkiH tPH;e;jpl;lhy; gz;g[fs; vGe;jpLnk-
D ika
fhu;nkfk; ,aw;if
Js;spj; jphpa[k; nkfnk- jhdhf cjpf;Fk; Nhpad;
J}J brd;w nkfnk- jhdhfg; g{f;Fk; g{
gjpnyJk; brhy;yhky;
v=;F brd;wha; jhdhfg; bga;a[k; kiH
Alv
vd;d brhd;dhd; vd;dtd;> jhdhf tPRk; fhw;W
brhy;yhky; Vd; fiyfpwha;...
jhdhf xspUk; re;jpud;
xd;W TL kiHaha; te;J
brhy;yp tpL...
mtd; fuk; nghy;
vd;id miHj;JtpL
a jhdhf kpD=;Fk; el;rj;jpuk;
jhdhf XLk; ejp
.Kk
fhh;nkfnk- tPzhfr; bra;tJ ehnk.
cd; kiHj;Jspapy;
vd;id mizj;JtpL...
thdk; fly;
wI
LV
V ......... thdnk cyfpdpy; bghpats; ePna-

mjpfhiyg; bghGjpYk; czt[ cg;g[f;Fk; ePna jha;-
w
me;jpkhiyg; bghGjpYk; cdf;Fs;ns thH;e;jpLk; caph;fs; gy

rptg;gJ Vndh> cd;dhny brHpj;jd cyfpy; rpy
rhjpapd; bgauhy;
cz;z kPd;je;J grpahw;wpdha; eP-
A
//w
CHp miyaha; te;J Vd; mr;RWj;jpdha;>

cd; kf;fs; rhtijf; fz;L
ctl;lhj bry;t=;fs; cd;dpy; cz;L
Joj;jplj; jhndh>
caph;g;nghL mspj;jpLtha; vdf;F ,d;W-
s:K
FHe;ij
fUtiwapy; cUthfp ,y;yj;jpd; jpUthfp
cytpLk; bja;tnk- Cuwpa[k; bry;tnk-
ed;kHiyr; brhy;Kd;nd brk;bkhHp njhw;Fnk-
eWkyh;r; nrtoapy; brk;kz;qk; rpyph;f;Fnk-
tp
FHe;ijiaf; fhz;gjw;Fr; brhh;f;fnk ,w=;Fnj-

nfhg[uf; fyrkha;g; bgUikfs; caUnj-
cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ikahy; ehk; FHe;ij MfpLnthk;
Ch;thGk; bja;tbkyhk; ,jaj;jpy; MoLnk-
ht
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.in
gHbkhHpfs;
1. All is for the best. â™ô£‹ ï¡¬ñ‚«è.
2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. àŸø è£ôˆF™ àî¾ðõ«ù à‡¬ñ ï‡ð¡.
L al
3. Art is long and life is short. è™M è¬óJô; èŸðõ˜ ï£œ Cô.
4. All that glitters is not gold. I¡Âõù â™ô£‹ ªð£¡ù™ô.
5. A penny saved is a penny gained. CÁ¶O ªð¼ªõœ÷‹.
A d
6. All his geese are swans. è£‚¬è‚°‹ î¡ °…² ªð£¡ °…².
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
7. A smooth tongue and an evil heart. àœª÷£¡Á ¬õˆ¶Š ¹ø‹ å¡Á «ðê£«î.
D ika
8. As is the King, so are his subjects. ñ¡ù¡ âšõN, ñ‚èœ ÜšõN.
9. A contented mind is a continual feast. «ð£¶‹ â¡ø ñù«ñ ªð£¡ ªêŒ»‹ ñ¼‰¶.
10. A crying child will get milk. Ü¿Aø Hœ¬÷î£¡ ð£™ °®‚°‹.
11. A guilty conscience needs no accuser. °Ÿøºœ÷ ªï…² °Á°Á‚°‹.
Alv
12. A hasty man never wants woe. ÝˆFó‚è£óÂ‚°Š ¹ˆF ñ†´.
13. A hog is an armour but still hog. àòó àòóŠ ðø‰î£½‹ á˜‚°¼M ð¼‰¶
Ýè£¶.
14. A honey tongue, a heart of gall. a
15. A little stream will drive a light mill.
ð®Šð¶ Þó£ñ£òí‹, Þ®Šð¶ ªð¼ñ£œ «è£M™.
CÁ ¶¼‹¹‹ ð™ °ˆî àî¾‹.
.Kk
16. A low hedge is easily leaped over. ã¬ö â¡ø£™ «ñ£¬ö»‹ ð£»‹.
17. A man of courage never wants weapons. õ™ôõÂ‚°Š ¹™½‹ Ý»î‹.
18. A young calf knows not fear. Þ÷ƒè¡Á ðò‹ ÜPò£¶.
19. Add fuel to the fre. âKA¡ø ªè£œOJ™ â‡ªíŒ áŸPò¶ «ð£ô.
wI
20. Afer death, the doctor. è‡ªè†ìH¡ ÅKò ïñvè£ó‹.

LV
21. All are not saints that go to church. ªõÀˆî¬õ â™ô£‹ ð£™ Ý°ñ£?
w
22. An artist lives every where. èŸ«ø£¼‚°„ ªê¡ø Þì‹ â™ô£‹ CøŠ¹.
23. As you sow, so shall you reap. F¬ù M¬îˆîõ¡ F¬ù ÜÁŠð£¡; M¬ù
M¬îˆîõ¡ M¬ù ÜÁŠð£¡.
A
//w
24. Barking dogs seldom bite. °¬ó‚A¡ø ï£Œ è®‚è£¶.

25. Bare words buy no barley. ªõÁƒ¬è ºö‹ «ð£´ñ£?
s:K
26. Be frst at a feast and the last to slander. ð‰F‚° º‰¶; ð¬ì‚°Š H‰¶.
(or) First come frst served.
27. Birds of the same feather fock together. Þù‹ Þùˆ«î£´ «ê¼‹.
28. Blessed are the meek; for they shall ªð£Áˆî£˜ ÌI Ýœõ£˜.
inherit the earth.
tp
29. Blood is thicker than water. î£¡ Ýì£M†ì£½‹ î¡ î¬ê Ý´‹.

30. Calm before the storm. ¹ò½‚°Š º¡ Ü¬ñF.
31. Calm afer the storm. ¹ò½‚°Š H¡ Ü¬ñF.
ht
32. Casting pearls before Swine. è¿¬î ÜP»«ñ£ èŸÌó õ£ê¬ù ?

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.in
33. Charity begins at home. îù‚° I…C«ò î£ùº‹ î¼ñº‹.
34. Coming events cast their shadow before. ò£¬ù õ¼‹ H¡«ù; ñE æ¬ê õ¼‹ º¡«ù.
35. Constant dropping wears the stone. âÁ‹¹ áó‚ è™½‹ «î»‹.
L al
36. Covet all, lose all. «ðó£¬ê «ðKöŠ¹.

37. Custom in infancy becomes nature ªî£†®™ ðö‚è‹ ²´è£´ ñ†´‹. (Ü™ô¶)
in old age. (or) What is learned in the ä‰F™ õ¬÷ò£î¶ ä‹ðF™ õ¬÷»ñ£?
cradle is carried to the grave.
A d
38. Death keeps no calender. ÝP½‹ ê£¾ ËP½‹ ê£¾.
D ika
39. Difculties give way to diligence. è¬óŠð£˜ è¬óˆî£™ è™½‹ è¬ó»‹.
40. Distance lends enchantment to the view. Þ‚è¬ó‚° Ü‚è¬ó ð„¬ê.
41. Do as Romans do when you are in Rome. àôèˆ«î£´ å†ì å¿°.
42. Do not rob Peter to pay Paul. è¬ìˆ «îƒè£¬ò â´ˆ¶ õNŠ Hœ¬÷ò£¼‚°
à¬ì‚è£«î.
Alv
43. Do not add fuel to the fre. âKA¡ø ªï¼ŠH™ â‡ªíŒ áŸø£«î.
44. Drawn wells are seldom dry. Þ¬ø‚A¡ø AíÁ ²ó‚°‹.
45. Do well what you have to do. ªêŒõù F¼‰î„ ªêŒ.
46. East or West, home is the best.
47. Every tide has its ebb.
a âL õ¬÷ò£ù£½‹ îQ õ¬÷ «õ‡´‹.
ãŸø‹ Þ¼‰î£™ Þø‚èº‹ Þ¼‚°‹.
.Kk
48. Empty vessels make most noise. °¬ø°ì‹ îÀ‹¹‹. (Ü) °¬ø °ì‹ Ãˆî£´‹.
49. Early ripe, early rotten. H…C™ ð¿ˆî£™ ªõ‹HŠ «ð£°‹.
50. Even a demon will pity a woman. ªð‡ â¡ø£™ «ð»‹ Þóƒ°‹.
wI
51. Every man hath his hood. ò£¬ù‚° å¼ è£ô‹ õ‰î£™ Ì¬ù‚°‹ å¼
è£ô‹ õ¼‹.
LV
52. Every tide has its ebb. ê£‡ ãPù£™ ºö‹ êÁ‚°‹. (Ü™ô¶)
w
ò£¬ù‚ªè£¼ è£ô‹ Ì¬ù‚ªè£¼ è£ô‹.

53. Evil begets evil. ªè´õ£¡ «è´ G¬ùŠð£¡.
54. Experience is the mother of wisdom. ÜÂðõ«ñ ÜPM¡ HøŠHì‹.
A
//w
55. Face is the index of the mind. ÜèˆF¡ Üö° ºèˆF™ ªîK»‹.
56. Failure is the stepping stone to success. «î£™M«ò ªõŸP‚°Š ð®‚è™.
s:K
57. Fair words butter no parsnips. ã†´„ ²¬ó‚è£Œ èP‚° àîõ£¶. (Ü™ô¶)
ê˜‚è¬ó â¡Á ªê£¡ù£™ FˆF‚°ñ£?
58. Familiarity breeds contempt. ðöèŠ ðöèŠ ð£½‹ ¹O‚°‹.
59. First deserve then desire. ºìõ¡ ªè£‹¹ˆ «îÂ‚° Ý¬êŠðìô£ñ£?
60. Even Homer sometimes nods. ò£¬ù‚°‹ Ü® êÁ‚°‹.
tp
61. Good coral needs no colouring. ªð£¡ °ìˆ¶‚°Š ªð£†®ì «õ‡´ñ£?

62. Health is wealth. «ï£òŸø õ£›«õ °¬øõŸø ªê™õ‹.
63. Haste makes waste. ðîPò è£Kò‹ CîÁ‹.
ht
64. Honesty is the best policy. «ï˜¬ñ«ò Cø‰î ªè£œ¬è.

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.in
65. Hunger breaks through stone walls. ðCõ‰FìŠ ðˆ¶‹ ðø‰¶ «ð£°‹.
66. If a crab gets fat it will not stay in its hole. ï‡´ ªè£¿ˆî£™ õ¬÷J™ îƒè£¶.
67. Jack of all trade is master of none. ðôñó‹ è‡ì î„ê¡ å¼ ñóº‹ ªõ†ìñ£†ì£¡.
L al
68. Knowledge is power. ¹ˆFñ£«ù ðôõ£¡ Ýõ£¡. (Ü) ÜP¾ ÝŸø™
õ£Œ‰î¶.
69. Kindness cannot be bought. Ü¡¬ð M¬ô‚° õ£ƒè º®ò£¶.
A d
70. Lamb at home and lion at the chase. ð£˜ˆî£™ ð²; ð£Œ‰î£™ ¹L. (Ü)
i†®™ âL; ªõOJ™ ¹L.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
71. Let every man praise the bridge he goes àŠH†ìõ¬ó àœ÷÷¾‹ G¬ù.
over.
72. Little brooks make great rivers. ï£ô£Á «ê˜‰î£™ ð£ô£Á Ý°‹. (Ü)
CÁ¶O ªð¼ªõœ÷‹.
73. Little strokes fell great oaks. Ü®«ñ™ Ü® Ü®ˆî£™ Ü‹I»‹ ïè¼‹.
74. Live and let live. õ£¿; õ£öM´.
Alv
75. Look before you leap. Ýö‹ ªîKò£ñ™ è£¬ô Mì£«î.
76. Love is God. Ü¡«ð èì¾œ.
77. Misfortunes never come single.a ¶¡ðƒèœ îQˆ¶ õ¼õF™¬ô. (Ü)
ð†ì è£L«ô ð´‹; ªè†ì °®«ò ªè´‹.
.Kk
78. Money makes many things. ðí‹ ðˆ¶‹ ªêŒ»‹. (Ü) ðí‹ â¬î»‹ ê£F‚°‹.
79. Man proposes, God disposes. ï£‹ å¡Á G¬ù‚èˆ ªîŒõ‹ å¡Á G¬ù‚°‹.
80. Make hay while the sun shines. è£ŸÁœ÷«ð£«î ÉŸP‚ªè£œ.
81. Make the best of a bad jole. âKAø i†®™ H´ƒAò¶ õ¬ó Þô£ð‹.
wI
82. Man without money is a bow without an ðíI™ô£îõ¡ ï¬ìHí‹.

LV
arrow.
w
83. Many a slip between the cup and the lip. ¬è‚° â†®ò¶ õ£Œ‚° â†ìM™¬ô.
84. Necessity is the mother of invention. «î¬õ«ò è‡´H®ŠH¡ î£Œ.
85. Never look a gif horse in the mouth. î£ù‹ ªè£´ˆî ñ£†¬ìŠ ð™¬ôŠ H®ˆ¶Š
A
//w
ð£˜‚è£«î.
86. Nip in the bud. ºœ¬÷ º¬÷J«ô«ò AœÀ.
s:K
87. No pain no gain. à¬öŠH¡P áFò‹ Þ™¬ô.

88. No rains no grains. ñ£K Þ™ô£¶ è£Kò‹ Þ™¬ô.
89. No smoke without fre. ªï¼Š¹ Þ™ô£ñ™ ¹¬è Þ™¬ô.
90. No fower makes no garland. (or) îQñó‹ «î£Š¹ Ýè£¶.
One fower makes no garland.
tp
91. Our life has a limit, but knowledge is è™M è¬óJô; èŸðõ˜ ï£œ Cô.
without limit.
92. Perseverance prevails. ºòŸC F¼M¬ù Ý‚°‹.
93. Poor men’s words have little weight. ã¬ö ªê£™ Ü‹ðô‹ ãø£¶.
ht
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.in
94. Practice makes one perfection. CˆFóº‹ ¬èŠðö‚è‹.
95. Prevention is better than cure. õ¼º¡ è£ˆî«ô ï¡Á. (Ü)
ªõœ÷‹ õ¼º¡ Ü¬í«ð£´.
L al
96. Self help is the best help. î¡ ¬è«ò îù‚° àîM.

97. Sadness and gladness succeed each õÁ¬ñ å¼ è£ô‹, õ÷¬ñ å¼ è£ô‹. (Ü)
other. Þ¡ðº‹ ¶¡ðº‹ Þó¾‹ ðè½‹.
98. Something is better than nothing. ñù‹ «ð£™ õ£›¾.
A d
99. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Ü®ò£î ñ£´ ð®ò£¶. (Ü)
Ü® àî¾õ¶«ð£™ Ü‡í¡, î‹H àîõ£˜.
D ika
100. Strike the rod while it is hot. è£ŸÁœ÷ «ð£«î ÉŸP‚ªè£œ.
101. Strike while the iron is hot. ð¼õˆ«î ðJ˜ ªêŒ.
102. Success has many friends. ªõŸP‚° ï‡ð˜ ðô˜.
103. Take time by the forelock. õ£ŒŠ¬ð ï¿õMì£«î.
Alv
104. Te kick of the dow hurts not the colt. «è£N IFˆ¶‚ °…² ºì‹ Ýè£¶.
105. Law - makers should not be a law- «õL«ò ðJ¬ó «ñŒ‰î£™ M¬÷¾ â¡ù Ý°‹?
breakers. (Ü) ê†ì‹ ÞòŸÁ«õ£˜ ê†ìˆ¬î eø‚Ãì£¶.
a
106. Te Mills of God grind slow but sure.
107. Te noisy fowler catches no birds.
Üóê¡ Ü¡Á ªè£™õ£¡; ªîŒõ‹ G¡Á ªè£™½‹.
¶œÀA¡ø ñ£´ ªð£F ²ñ‚è£¶.
.Kk
108. Tink every body alike. î¡¬ùŠ«ð£™ Hø¬ó»‹ G¬ù.
109. Tink frst and fght aferwards. â‡Eˆ ¶Eè è¼ñ‹.
110. Time and tide waits for none. è£ôº‹ Ü¬ô»‹ âõ¼‚°‹ è£ˆFó£. (Ü)
äò˜ õ¼‹ õ¬ó Üñ£õ£¬ê è£ˆF¼‚è£¶.
wI
111. Time once lost can never be regained. Þö‰î è£ôˆ¬î â¡Á‹ ªðø Þòô£¶.
LV
112. Time once lost; is lost for ever. èì‰î è£ô‹ â¡Á‹ e÷£¶.
w
113. Tit for tat. ðN‚°Š ðN.

114. To carry coals to new castle. ªè£™ô¡ ð†ì¬øJ™ áC MŸèô£ñ£?
115. To err is human; to forgive is divine. îõÁ ªêŒõ¶ ñQî Þò™¹; ñ¡QŠð¶ ªîŒõ
A
//w
Þò™¹.
116. To the good people world appears good. ï™ôõ˜èÀ‚° àôè‹ ï™ôî£è«õ ªîK»‹.
s:K
117. To throw pearls before swine. è¿¬î‚°ˆ ªîK»ñ£ èŸÌó õ£ê¬ù?

118. Too much of anything is good for nothing. Ü÷¾‚° I…Cù£™ Üºîº‹ ï…².
119. Union is strength. åŸÁ¬ñ«ò õL¬ñ (Ü) å¡Áð†ì£™ à‡´ õ£›¾.
120. United we stand, divided we fall. å¡Áð†ì£™ à‡´ õ£›¾; åŸÁ¬ñ cƒA®™,
Ü¬ùõ¼‚°‹ î£›¾.
tp
121. Walls have ears. ð‚è‹ ð£˜ˆ¶Š «ð².

122. Wealth is best known by want. GöL¡ Ü¼¬ñ ªõJL™ ªîK»‹.
123. Weight and measure take away strike. ÝŸP™ «ð£†ì£½‹ Ü÷‰¶ «ð£´.
ht
124. Where there is a will there is a way. ñù‹ Þ¼‰î£™ ñ£˜‚è‹ à‡´.
383
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125. While in Rome, be a Roman. á¼ì¡ åˆ¶ õ£›. (Ü) àôèˆ«î£´ å†ì
å¿°.
126. We are here today and gone tomorrow. Þ¡P¼Š«ð£˜ ï£¬÷ Þ™¬ô.
L al
127. With out wisdom, wealth is worthless. M«õè‹ Þ™ô£„ ªêò™ i«í.
128. Work more, talk less. «ð„¬ê‚ °¬ø, à¬öŠ¬ðŠ ªð¼‚°.
129. Youth and age will never agree. Þ÷¬ñ»‹ º¶¬ñ»‹ â¡Á‹ åˆ¶Š«ð£õF™¬ô.
A d
130. You will never have a friend if you must °Ÿø‹ ð£˜‚A™ ²Ÿø‹ Þ™¬ô.
have one without fault.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
131. Time is gold. è£ô‹ ªð£¡ «ð£¡ø¶.
132. Drops of water makes an ocean. CÁ¶O ªð¼ ªõœ÷‹.
133. A sound mind a sound body. Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù àìL™ Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù ñù‹
Þ¼‚°‹.
134. Might is right. õ™ô£¡ õ°ˆî«î ê†ì‹. (Ü) ðô«ñ êKò£ù õN.
Alv
135. Te pen is mightier than the sword. «ðù£ º¬ù èˆF º¬ù¬ò Mì õ½õ£ù¶.
136. It is no use crying over split milk. ïì‰î¬î G¬ùˆ¶Š ¹ô‹ð£«î. (Ü™ô¶)
èø‰î ð£™ ñ® ¹°ñ£?
a
137. Youth comes but once in a lifetime.
138. Youth is life’s seed time.
õ£›M™ Þ÷¬ñ å¼º¬øî£¡ õ¼‹.
õ£›M¡ M¬îŠ ð¼õ‹ õ£Lð«ñ.
.Kk
139. Zest without knowledge is fre without light. ÜPM™ô£ ÜŸð àí˜„C; ²ìK™ô£î b.
140. Zeal without prudence is frenzy. M«õè‹ Þ™ô£î Ý˜õ‹ ªõPJ™ º®»‹.
wI
LV
***
w
A
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s:K
tp
ht
384
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