Namma Kalvi 7th Tamil Guide Term 1 219085 PDF

(i)
Ｅｄｉｔ　ｂｙ　ＡｍｉｎｄＰＤＦ
jkpH;
g[jpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;go
▶ E}y; btsp
▶ brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
▶ kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;
▶ fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
▶
ciuahrphpah;fs;:
nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.,
SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS

(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Chennai - Tirunelveli
Price ` 150 /-

www.nammakalvi.com
(ii)
Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
BANK DETAILS
TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 446971431 Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction Branch Name : Palayamkottai
CHENNAI ACCOUNT
Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai

(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Corporate Office : Registered Office :

No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, New No. 59, 4th Avenue,
Salai Kumaran illam, Opp. to Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Madurai Road, Ashok Nagar,
Tirunelveli - 627001. Chennai - 600 083.
Phone : 0462 - 233 8899 / 233 8484 Phone : 044 - 2474 4484
Mobile : 94431 58484 / 95978 39822 Mobile : 94421 58484 / 94425 58484
Email : suryaguides@yahoo.com Email : srigangapublications5@gmail.com
Website : www.suryapublications.in
www.nammakalvi.com
(iii)
Kft[iu ....
``jkpGf;F mKbjd;W ngh; ? me;jj;
jkpH; ,d;gj; jkpH; v=;fs; capUf;F neh;~~
vd;W g[ul;rpg;gz; ghodhd; ghujpjhrd;.
jha;bkhHpahd jkpH;g;ghlj;jpy; cah;kjpg;bgz; bgw;wplt[k;/

gpiHapd;wp ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz eila[ld; vGjplt[k; ,e;j f=;fh
jkpH; c=;fSf;F cWJiz g[hpa[k;.
md;ghh;e;j khzth;fns-
jd;dk;gpf;if/ fod ciHg;g[/ tplhKaw;rp vDk; @d;iwa[k;
cs;sj;jpy; gjpa itj;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;. md;whlk; gog;gjidg;
gHf;fkhf;fpf; bfhz;L/ mjid epue;ju tHf;fkhf;fpf; bfhs;S=;fs;.
vspa ,dpa eil/ bjspthd brhw;bwhlh; mikg;g[/ jkpH;ehL murpd;
ghlE}iyj; jGtpa midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpfSf;Fk;
bjspthd tpilfs; ,itna f=;fh jkpHpd; jdpr;rpwg;g[. ,e;j f=;fh
jkpH; Jiztid th=;fpg; gad;gLj;Jk; ePtph; mhpa rhjidfisg;
gilj;jpl thH;j;Jfpwnhk;.
thH;f jkpH;- tsh;f jkpH; czh;t[--
gjpg;gfj;jhh;
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(iv)
Kjy; gUtk;
vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk;
v=;fs; jkpH;* 1
xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y 7
bkhHp ngr;RbkhHpa[k; vGj;JbkhHpa[k; 12

xd;W
mKjj;jkpH; brhytilfs; 19
Fw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaypfuk; 21
khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? 1 29
fhL* 30
mg;gona epw;fl;Lk; me;j kuk; 36
tpy=;Ffs; cyfk; 42
,aw;if
,uz;L ,e;jpa tdkfd; 49
mzpepHy; fhL
ehy;tiff; FWf;f=;fs; 50
jpUf;Fws;* 58
g[yp j=;fpa Fif* 64
gh+;ir tsk; 69
njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky;
ehL/ r@fk; 75
@d;W gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth;
ehL mij ehL
fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHh; 82
tHf;F 85
bjhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL 97
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` f=;fh ` 1
,ay; ftpijg;
v=;fs; jkpH;
1 ngiH
kdg;ghlg; ghly;
mUs;bewp mwpitj; juyhFk;
mJnt jkpHd; FuyhFk;
bghUs;bgw ahiua[k; g[fHhJ g
nghw;wh jhiua[k; ,fHhJ
bfhy;yh tpujk; Fwpahff;

U
bfhs;if bgha;ah bewpahf
vy;yh kdpjUk; ,d;g[wnt
t
vd;Wk; ,ire;jpLk; md;gwnk k;
1
md;g[k; mwKk; Cf;fptpLk;
mr;rk; vd;gijg; nghf;fptpLk;
,d;gk; bghHpfpw thbdhypahk;
v=;fs; jkpbHDk; njd;bkhHpahk;
E}y; : ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghly;fs;
Mrphpah; : ehkf;fy; ftp+h; (bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhh;)
Mrphpah; : ehkf;fy; ftp+h;.bt .,uhkyp=;fdhh;

,aw;bgah; : ,uhkyp=;fdhh;
rpwg;g[g;bgah; : ehkf;fy; ftp+h; / fhe;jpaf;ftp+h;
rpwg;g [ : jkpHwp+h;/ ftp+h;/ tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuh;/
jkpHfj;jpd; Kjy; muritf; ftp+h;
7
gilg;g[fs; : kiyf;fs;sd;/ ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghly;fs;/
vd;fij/ r=;bfhyp
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Cf;fptpLk; ? Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; tpujk; ? nehd;g[
Fwp ? Fwpf;nfhs; bghHpfpw ? jUfpd;w
bewp ? tHp mUs; ? ,uf;fk;
bghUs; ? bry;tk;/ ew;bray; mr;rk; ? gak;
mwk; ? ew;bray; nghf;fp ? ePf;fp
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22 ` f=;fh `
ghlE}y; kjpg;gPl;L tpdh
rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

1. `bewp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) tHp M) Fwpf;nfhs; ,) bfhs;if <) mwk; [tpil : m]
2. `FuyhFk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ

m) Fuy; + ahFk; M) Fuy; + MFk;
,) Fu + yhFk; <) Fu + MFk; [tpil : M]
3. thd; + xyp vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilf;Fk; brhy;

m) thd;xyp M) thbdhyp
,) thbthyp <) thdyp [tpil : M]
eak; mwpf
j 1. `v=;fs; jkpH;~ ghlypy; Kjy; vGj;J xd;W nghy; tUk; nkhidr; brhw;fis vLj;J
vGJf.
kp (v.fh.) mUs;bewp
mJnt
bfhy;yh
bfhs;if
vy;yh
vd;Wk;
H; 2. `v=;
fs; jkpH;~ ghlypy; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;W nghy; tUk; vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;J
vGJf.
(v.fh.) mUs; bfhy;yh md;g[k;
bghUs; vy;yh ,d;gk;
3. `v=;fs; jkpH;~ ghlypy; ,Wjp; vGj;J xd;W nghy; tUk; ,iag[r; brhw;fis vLj;J
vGJf.
(v.fh.) juyhFk; g[fHhJ Cf;fptpLk;
FuyhFk; ,fHhJ nghf;fptpLk;
7 FW tpdh
1. jkpH; bkhHpapd; gz;g[fshf ehkf;fy; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
-- ek; jha;bkhHp jkpH;/ mUs; tHpfs; epuk;gpa mwpitj; jUk;
-- bfhy;yhikiaf; Fwpf;nfhshft[k; bgha;ahikiaf; bfhs;ifahft[k; bfhz;L/
vy;yh kdpjh;fSk; ,d;g[w;W thH md;g[k; mwKk; cjt[k;.
-- ek; jkpH;bkhHp midthplKk; md;g[ kw;Wk; mwj;ijj; J}z;Lk;. mBJ
mr;rj;ijg; nghf;fp ,d;gk; jUk;.
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` f=;fh ` 3
2. jkpH;bkhHpiaf; fw;wthpd; ,ay;g[fis vGJf.

--
jkpH;bkhHpiaf; fw;nwhh;/ bghUs; (bry;tk;) bgWtjw;fhf ahiua[k; g[fH;eJ
;
ngrkhl;lhh;.
-- jk;ikg; nghw;whjtiua[k; ,fH;e;J ngrkhl;lhh;.
rpW tpdh
1. v=;fs; jkpH; ghlypy; ehkf;fy; ftp+h; TWk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
-- ek; jha;bkhHp jkpH;/ mUs; tHpfs; epuk;gpa mwpitj; jUfpd;wJ. mJnt jkpH;
kf;fspd; Fuyhft[k; tps=;FfpwJ.
g
U
-- jkpH;bkhHpiaf; fw;nwhh;/ bghUs; bgWtjw;fhf ahiua[k; g[fH;e;J ngrkhl;lhh;.
jk;ikg; nghw;whjtiua[k; ,fH;e;J ngrkhl;lhh;.
-- bfhy;yhikiaf; Fwpf;nfhshft[k; bgha;ahikiaf; bfhs;ifahft[k; bfhz;L/
vy;yh kdpjh;fSk; ,d;g[w;W thH md;g[k; mwKk; cjt[k;. t
-- ek; jkpH;bkhHp midthplKk; md;g[ kw;Wk; mwj;ijj; J}z;Lk;. mBJ
mr;rj;ijg; nghf;fp ,d;gk; jUk;. v=;fs; jkpH;bkhHp njd; nghd;w bkhHpahFk;. k;
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ftp+h; jkpiH Vd; njDld; xg;gpLfpwhh;>
njd; ,dpikahdJ" J}a;ikahdJ" Ritkpf;fJ" ,d;gk; bfhLg;gJ. mijg;
1
nghy ,dpikahdJ/ J}a;ikahdJ/ Ritkpf;fJ/ ,d;gk; bfhLg;gJ jkpH;. vdnt
ftp+h; jkpiHj; njDld; xg;gpLfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdh

1. bghUj;Jf.
1. tpujk; ? m) tHp
2. bewp ? M) nehd;g[
3. Fwp
4. bghHpfpw
? ,) jUfpd;w
? <) Fwpf;nfhs;
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?, 2?m 3?< 4?M
7
,) 1?M 2?< 3?M 4?, <) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?, [tpil : m]
2. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth;

m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bt.,uhkyp=;fdhh; <) ftpkzp [tpil : ,]
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44 ` f=;fh `
3. fhe;jpaf; ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth;

4. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; gilg;g[fs; my;yhj xd;W

m) kiyf;fs;sd; M) vd;fij
,) r=;bfhyp <) fhe;jpg[uhzk; [tpil : <]
5. ``mUs;bewp mwpitj; juyhFk;

mJnt jkpHd; FuyhFk;~~ vd;W ghoath;
6. ``bghUs;bgw ahiua[k; g[fHhJ

nghw;whjhiua[k; ,fHhJ~~ ? ,t;tofspy; mike;j Kuz; brhw;fs;
j
m) bghUs; ? nghw;wh M) ahiuak; ? jhiua[k;
,) bghUs; ? bgw <) g[fHhJ ? ,fHhJ [tpil : <]
kp 7. ``bfhy;yh tpujk; Fwpahff;

bfhs;if bgha;ah bewpahf~~ ? ,t;tofspy; `nehd;g[~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy;
H; vJ>
m) bfhy;yh M) tpujk; ,) Fwp <) bewp [tpil : M]
8. ``fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;j kpd;wp

a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ~~ ? ,t;tofisg; ghoath;
m) bt.,uhkyp=;fdhh; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) ftpkzp <) ghujpahh; [tpil : m]
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f

1. jkpfj;jpd; Kjy; muritf; ftp+h; tpil: ftp+h; bt.,uhkyp=;fdhh;.
7 2.
3.
cyfbkhHpfspy; bjhd;ikahdJ tpil : jkpH;bkhHp
`v=;fs; jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij ,lk;bgWk; E}y;
tpil : ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghly;fs;
4. kiyf; fs;sd; / r=;bfhyp / vd; fij vd;Dk; E}y;fis vGjpath;
tpil: ftp+h; bt.,uhkyp=;fdhh;
5. bt.,uhkyp=;fdhiu vd;Wk; miHg;gh;. tpil : ehkf;fy; ftp+h;
6. ek; midthplKk; md;g[ kw;Wk; mwj;ijj; J}z;Lk;. tpil : jkpH;bkhHp
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` f=;fh ` 5
7. v=;fs; jkpH;bkhHp nghd;w bkhHpahFk;. tpil : njd;

8. tpLgl;l rPh;fis epug;g[f.
mwpitj; juyhFk;.
mJnt FuyhFk; tpil : mUs;bewp/ jkpHd;
FW tpdh
1. ehkf;fy; ftp+h;/ `fhe;jpaf; ftp+h;~ vd miHf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
fhe;jpaofspd; bfhs;iffshy; <h;f;fg;gl;Lf; fhe;jpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpajhy; ehkf;fy;
ftp+h;/ `fhe;jpaf; ftp+h;~ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. g
2. ehkf;fy; ftp+hpd; gd;Kfj; jd;ikapid vGJf. U
3.
1) jkpHwp+h; 2) ftp+h; 3) tpLjiyg; nghul;l tPuh;
ehkf;fy; ftp+hpd; gilg;g[fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf. t
1) kiyf; fs;sd; 2) r=;bfhyp 3) vd; fij 4) ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghly;fs;
k;
1
rpW tpdh
1. jkpHpd; rpwg;g[fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
-- cyf bkhHpfspy; bjhd;ikahdJ jkpH;bkhHp.
-- bkd;ika[k; ,dpika[k; tsika[k; cilaJ.
-- thH;t[f;Fj; njitahd md;iga[k; mwj;ija[k; TWtJ.
-- fhyr;NHYf;F Vw;g khw;w=;fis Vw;W/ vd;Wk; ,siknahL jpfH;fpwJ.
2. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhh; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

-- ,aw;bgah; : ,uhkyp=;fdhh;
-- rpwg;g[g;bgah;: ehkf;fy; ftp+h;/ fhe;jpaf;ftp+h;.
-- rpwg;g[ : jkpHwp+h;/ ftp+h;/ tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuh;/ jkpHfj;jpd; Kjy; muritf; ftp+h;.
-- gilg;g[fs; : kiyf;fs;sd;/ ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghly;fs;/ vd;fij/ r=;bfhyp
1.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
``v=;fs; jkpH;~~ ? ghliy ,ira[ld; gho kfpH;f.
mUs;bewp mwpitj; juyhFk;
7
mJnt jkpHd; FuyhFk;
bghUs;bgw ahiua[k; g[fHhJ
nghw;wh jhiua[k; ,fHhJ
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66 ` f=;fh `
bfhy;yh tpujk; Fwpahff;
bfhs;if bgha;ah bewpahf
vy;yh kdpjUk; ,d;g[wnt
vd;Wk; ,ire;jpLk; md;gwnk
md;g[k; mwKk; Cf;fptpLk;
mr;rk; vd;gijg; nghf;fptpLk;
,d;gk; bghHpfpw thbdhypahk;
v=;fs; jkpbHDk; njd;bkhHpahk;
? ehkf;fy; ftp+h; bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhh;
2. gpd;tUk; ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghliyg; goj;Jr; Ritf;f.

fj;jp apd;wp uj;j kpd;wp
a[j;j bkhd;W tUFJ
j
rj;jp aj;jpd; epj;jp aj;ij
ek;g[k; ahUk; nrUtPh;-...(fj;jpapd;wp ...)
kp

fz;l jpy;iy nfl;l jpy;iy
rz;il ape;j khjphp
H;

gz;L bra;j g[z;zp ae;jhd;
gypj;j njehk; ghh;j;jpl-...(fj;jpapd;wp...)
vav
tpLfijfs;
1. xw;iwf; fhJf;fhud;/ xo xo ntyp milfpwhd;. mJ vd;d>

2. rpd;dj;jk;gp Fdpa tr;rhd;. mJ vd;d>
7
3. jphp,y;yhj tpsf;F . cyfbky;yhk; bjhpa[J. mJ vd;d>
tpil gf;fk; : 204
vav
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` f=;fh ` 7
,ay; ftpijg;
xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y
1 ngiH
Mrphpah; : cLkiy ehuhazftp

,aw;bgah; : ehuhazrhkp
fhyk; : 25.9.1899 ? 23.5.1981
rpwg;g[g;bgah;
gzp
: gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah;
: jkpH;jj
; piug;glg; ghlyhrphpah;/ ehlf vGj;jhsh; g
rpwg;g[fs; : fiykhkzp gl;lk;/ 31.12.2008y; ,e;jpa
m+;ry; Jiw ,thpd; m+;ry; jiyia U
btspapl;Ls;sJ. cLkiyg; ngl;ilapy;
rpiy kw;Wk; kzpkz;lgj;ijj; jkpHf muR t
epWtpa[ss ; J.
k;
1
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. xg;g[ik ? ,iz 2. mw;g[jk; ? tpe;ij
3. Kfpy; ? nkfk; 4. cgfhhp ? ts;sy;
5. brhy;y ? Tw 6. bjd;wy; ? bjw;fpypUe;J tPRk; fhw;W
7. ftp ? ftp+d;(my;yJ) g[ytd; 8. mUs; ? ,uf;fk;

1. giftiu btw;wp bfhz;ltiug; ghLk; ,yf;fpak;
m) fyk;gfk; M) ghpghly; ,) guzp <) me;jhjp [tpil : ,]
2. thdpy; Tl;lk; jpuz;lhy; kiH bghHpa[k;
7
m) mfpy; M) Kfpy; ,) Jfpy; <) Japy; [tpil : M]
3. ’,uz;ly;y’ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; ghh;j;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ

m) ,uz;L + ly;y M) ,uz; + my;y
,) ,uz;L + ,y;y <) ,uz;L + my;y [tpil : <]
4. `je;Jjt[k;’ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; ghh;j;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ

m) je;J + cjt[k; M) jh + cjt[k;
,) je;J + jt[k; <) je;j + cjt[k; [tpil : m]
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88 ` f=;fh `
5. xg;g[ik+ ,y;yhj vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ

m) xg;g[ik,y;yhj M) xg;gpy;yhj
,) xg;g[ikapy;yhj <) xg;g[,y;yhj [tpil : ,]
FWtpdh
1. jkpH;ehl;od; ,aw;if ts=;fshff; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
-- jkpH;ehl;oy; tPRk; bjd;wypy; njd; kzk; fkGk;.
-- RitkpFe;j gH=;fSk; j=;fk; nghd;w jhdpaf; fjph;fSk; tpisa[k;.
-- jkpH;ehl;od; ed;bra; epytsk; xd;wpuz;ly;y gythFk;.
2. ’xd;
wy;y,uz;ly;y’ ? ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ts;sy;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfis
vGJf.
-- Ky;iyf;Fj; njh; je;j ts;sy; nts;ghhp.
-- g[ythpd; brhy;Yf;Fj; jd; jiyiana juj; Jzpe;jtd; Fkz ts;sy;.
j rpWtpdh
1. jkpGf;F tsk; nrh;f;Fk; ,yf;fpa tiffshff; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
kp -- giftiu btd;W ghLtJ guzp ,yf;fpak;.
H; -- ghpghly;/ fyk;gf E}y;fs;/ vl;Lj;bjhif/ jpUf;Fws;/ r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs;

? Mfpad jkpGf;F tsk; nrh;f;Fk; ,yf;fpa tiffshff; ftp+h; TWfpwhh;.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. jkpHpy; mw,yf;fpa=;fs; kpFjpahff; fhuzk; ahJ>
-- r=;ffhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjp Mlk;guKk; MuthuKk; kpf;fJ.
-- fiy vd;w bgahpy; xGf;ff;nfLfs; jiyJ}f;fpd.
-- jkpHfj;jpd; mfg;g[w xGf;f=;fs; ghJfhf;fg;glhky; xJf;fg;gl;ld.
-- FHg;gkhd mr;NHypy; ePjpa[k; mwKk; njitg;gl;lJ.
7
-- vdnt /jkpHpy; mw,yf;fpa=;fs; kpFjpahfj; njhd;wpd.
TLjy; tpdh

1. giftiu btd;wijg; ghLk; ,yf;fpak;
m) ghpghly; M) guzp
,) r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs; <) jpUf;Fws; [tpil : M]
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` f=;fh ` 9
2. bghUj;Jf.
1. giftiu btd;wijg; ghLtJ ? m) ghpghly;
2. ,irg;ghly; ? M) guzp
3. thd;g[fH; bfhz;lJ ? ,) r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs;
4. mfk;/ g[wk; bka;gb
; ghUshff; bfhz;lJ ? <) jpUf;Fws;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? <
3. gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah; vd;W g[fHg;gLgth;
[tpil : m]
g
m) ghujpahh; M) ftpkzp
U
,) Rujh <) cLkiy ehuhazftp
4. jkJ ghly;fs; @yk; gFj;jwpt[f; fUj;Jfisg; gug;gpath;
[tpil : <]
t
m) ghujpahh;
,) Rujh
M) ftpkzp
<) cLkiy ehuhazftp [tpil : <]
k;
5. jkpH;j;jpiug;glg; ghlyhrphpauhft[k; ehlf vGj;jhsuhft[k; g[fH;bgw;w ftp+h;
m) ghujpahh;
,) Rujh
M) ftpkzp
<) cLkiy ehuhazftp [tpil : <]
1
6. Ky;iyf;Fj; njh; je;J g[fH;bgw;wtd;
m) nts;ghhp M) Fkzd; ,) mjpakhd; <) ngfd; [tpil : m]
7. g[ythpd; brhy;Yf;fhfj; jd; jiyiana juj; Jzpe;jtd;

m) nts;ghhp M) Fkzd; ,) mjpakhd; <) ngfd; [tpil : M]
8. ,irg;ghly; ,yf;fpak;
m) ghpghly; M) guzp
,) r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs; <) jpUf;Fws; [tpil : m]
9. mfk;/ g[wk; bka;g;bghUshff; bfhz;l ,yf;fpak;
m) ghpghly;
,) r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs;
M) guzp
<) jpUf;Fws; [tpil : ,]
7
10. thd;g[fH; bfhz;l ,yf;fpak;
m) ghpghly; M) guzp
,) r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs; <) jpUf;Fws; [tpil : <]
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01
10 ` f=;fh `
11. jhdpaf; fjpUf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik

m) fdp M) bjd;wy; ,) bghd; <) njd; [tpil : ,]
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f.

1. xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y ghlypd; Mrphpah; tpil : cLkiy ehuhaz ftp
2. jkpH;
ehL epytsKk; ePh;tsKk; kl;Lkpd;wp tsKk; tsKk;
epuk;gpaJ. tpil : bghUs;/ mUs;
3. jkpHf kd;dh;fSk; ts;sy;fSk; kpf;fth;fshf tps=;fpdh;.
tpil : bfhilj;jpwd;
4. ’ftpr;brhy;Yf;F’ vd;w brhy;ypy; ‘ftp’vd;gjd; bghUs;
tpil : g[ytd;
5. Ky;iyf;Fj; njh; bfhLj;jhd; tpil : nts;ghhp
FW tpdh
1. ”thd;
KfpypDk; g[fH;gilj;j cgfhhp” vd;w ghlyoapy; ,lk; bgWk; ‘Kfpy;’
j ‘cgfhhp’ Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs; ahJ>

1. Kfpy; ? nkfk; 2. cgfhhp ? ts;sy;
kp 2. jkpH;ehl;oYs;s ts=;fs; ahit>

1. epy tsk; 2. ePh; tsk; 3. bghUs; tsk; 4. mUs; tsk;
H; 3. jkpH;bkhHpapYs;s ts=;fs; ahit>
1. ,yf;fpa tsk; 2. ,yf;fz tsk;
4. jkpHfj;jpy; bfhilj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fshfj; jpfH;e;jth;fs; ahth;>
1. kd;dh;fs; 2. ts;sy;fs;
5. kiH nkfj;ij tplg; g[fH;bgw;wtd; ahh;> mtd; bray; ahJ>
-- kiH nkfj;ij tplg; g[fH;bgw;wtd; : ts;sy; nts;ghhp.
-- mtd; bray; : Ky;iyf; bfho glh;tjw;Fj; jd; tpiy cah;e;j njiuf; bfhLj;jy;.
6. v=;Fj; njd; kzk; fkGk;>
7 7.
jkpHfj;jpy; tPRk; bjd;wy; fhw;wpy; njd; kzk; fkGk;.
ed;bra; epyk; vd;why; vd;d>
Mw;WePh;/ Fsj;JePh;/ fpzw;WePh; Mfpa ePh;ts Mjhu=;fisf; bfhz;L Xh; Mz;Lf;F
@d;W nghf=;fs; tiu ntshz;ik bra;a[k; epyj;bjhFjp ed;bra; epyk;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. ed;bra; epyg;gaph;fs; ahit>
bey;/ thiH/ fUk;g[.
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` f=;fh ` 11
rpW tpdh:
1. cLkiy ehuhaz ftp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgah; : ehuhazrhkp
fhyk; : 25.9.1899 ? 23.5.1981
rpwg;g[g;bgah; : gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah;
gzp : jkpH;j;jpiug;glg; ghlyhrphpah;/ ehlf vGj;jhsh;
rpwg;g[fs; : fiykhkzp gl;lk;/ 31.12.2008y; ,e;jpa m+;ry; Jiw ,thpd;
m+;ry; jiyia btspapl;Ls;sJ. cLkiyg; ngl;ilapy; rpiy
kw;Wk; kzpkz;lgj;ijj; jkpHf muR epWtpa[s;sJ.
g
fw;git fw;wgpd;
U
1. jkpGf;Ff; bfhil bfhLj;j ts;sy;fs; gw;wp vGJf. t
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs; njhd;w cjtpa ts;sy;fisj; jkpGf;Ff; bfhil bfhLj;j
ts;sy;fs; vdyhk;. k;
1
-- mjpad; (xsitf;F cjtpatd;)
-- ahidf;fl; nra; khe;ju+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw (I=;FW E}W bjhFg;gpj;jtd;)
-- g[{hpf;nfh (Few;bjhifiaj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd;)
-- gd;dhL je;j khwd; tGjp (ew;wpiziaj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd;)
-- ghz;oad; cf;fpug;bgUtGjp (mfehD}W bjhFg;gpj;jtd;)
-- rilag;g ts;sy; (fk;guhkhazk; vGj cjtpath;)
-- rPjf;fhjp/ mg[y; fhrpk; (rPwhg;g[uhzk; vGj cjtpath;)
-- re;jpud; Rth;f;fp (esbtz;gh vGj cjtpath;)
2. jkpHpy; cs;s gy;ntW ,yf;fpa tot=;fspd; bgah;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

1. fPH;f;fzf;F 2. nky;fzf;F 3. mw,yf;fpak;
7
4. bgU=;fhg;gpak; 5. rpW fhg;gpak; 6. rpWfij
7. kug[f;ftpij 8. g[Jf;ftpij 9. g[jpdk;
10. ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpak;.
vav
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21
12 ` f=;fh `
,ay; ciueil ngr;R bkhHpa[k; vGj;J

1 cyfk; bkhHpa[k;

1. bkhHpapd; Kjy;epiy ngRjy; MfpadthFk;.
m) goj;jy; M) nfl;ly; ,) vGJjy; <) tiujy; [tpil : M];
2. xypapd; thptotk; MFk;.
m) ngr;R M) vGj;J ,) Fuy; <) ghl;L [tpil : M]
3. jkpHpd; fpisbkhHpfspy; xd;W

m) cUJ M) ,e;jp ,) bjY=;F <) M=;fpyk; [tpil : ,]
j 4. ngr;RbkhHpia vd;Wk; TWth;
kp m) ,yf;fpa M) cyf ,) E}y; <) bkhHp [tpil : M]
H; rhpah jtwh vd vGJf.

1. bkhHp fhyj;jpw;nfw;g khWfpwJ. tpil : rhp
2. vGj;JbkhHp fhyk; fle;Jk; epiyj;J epw;fpwJ. tpil : rhp
3. ngRgthpd; fUj;jpw;F Vw;g cldor; bray;ghl;ow;F cjt[tJ vGj;JbkhHp.
tpil : rhp
4. vGj;JbkhHpapy; cly;bkhHpf;F tha;g;g[ mjpfk;. tpil: jtW
5. ngr;RbkhHp rpwg;ghf mikaf; Fuy; Vw;wj; jhH;t[ mtrpak;. tpil: rhp
Clf=;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
7
thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ bra;jpj;jhs;/ E}y;fs;/ jpiug;glk;/ kpd;d+;ry;
vGj;JbkhHp ngr;RbkhHp
bra;jpj;jhs; thbdhyp
E}y;fs; bjhiyf;fhl;rp
kpd;d+;ry; jpiug;glk;
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` f=;fh ` 13
FW tpdh
1. bkhHpd; ,Utot=;fs; ahit>
1. ngr;RbkhHp 2. vGj;JbkhHp
2. ngr;RbkhHp vd;why; vd;d>
thapdhy; ngrg;gl;L gpwuhy; czug;gLtJ ngr;RbkhHp MFk;.
3. tl;lhubkhHp vdg;gLtJ ahJ>
g
,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ngr;RbkhHp khWgLk;. kdpjh;fspd; thH;tpay; NHYf;F
Vw;gt[k; ngr;RbkhHp khWgLk;. ,t;thW khWgLk; xnu bkhHpapd; btt;ntW
tot=;fis tl;lhu bkhHp vd;gh;.
rpW tpdh
U
1.
ngr;RbkhHpf;Fk; vGj;JbkhHpf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s ntWghLfSs; ehd;fid t
tpsf;Ff.
ngr;RbkhHp vGj;JbkhHp
k;
1. ngr;RbkhHpapy; brhw;fs; FWfp
xypf;Fk;.
v.fh. ey;yhr; rhg;lhd;
2. czh;r;rpf; TWfs; mjpfk;.
1. vGj;JbkhHpapy; brhw;fs;
KGikahf vGjg;gLk;.
v.fh. ed;whfr; rhg;gpl;lhd;
2. czh;r;rpf; TWfs; Fiwt[.
1
3. cly;bkhHp/ Fuy; Vw;wj;jhH;tf
[ F
; ,lk; 3.
cly;bkhHp/ Fuy; Vw;wj;jhH;t[f;F
cz;L. ,lkpy;iy.
4. jpUj;jkhd bkhHpeilapy; mikfpwJ. 4. jpUj;jkhd bkhHpeilapy;
miktjpy;iy.
2. fpisbkhHpfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd>
-- xnu bkhHpiag; ngRk; kf;fs; btt;ntW ,l=;fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.
-- thGk; ,lj;jpd; epymikg;g[/ ,aw;ifj;jilfs; nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf
mth;fs; ngRk; bkhHpapy; rpwpJ rpwpjhf khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.
-- mth;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s bjhlh;g[ Fiwa[k; nghJ ,k;khw;w=;fs; kpFjpahfpg;
g[jpa bkhHpahfg; gphpa[k;. mJnt `fpisbkhHp~ vd;gh;.
7
-- fd;dlk;/ bjY=;F/ kiyahsk; Mfpa jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; jkpHpypUe;J gphpe;J
brd;w fpisbkhHp MFk;.
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41
14 ` f=;fh `
rpe;jid tpdh

,yf;fpa=;fs; fhyk; fle;Jk; mHpahky; thH;tjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;W
fUJfpwPh;fs;>
-- ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zho vd;gh;. ,yf;fpa=;fs; jhk; njhd;wpa
fhyr; NHiyf; fhl;LtjhYk; gz;ghL/ ehfhpfk;/ r@f thH;f;if Mfpatw;iwf;
fhl;LtjhYk; mit mHpahky; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
-- thH;nthL ,ize;j Rit bfhz;L ,yf;fpa=;fs; gilf;fg;gLtjhYk;
ePjpbewpfis Kd;itg;gjhYk; ,d;Wk; ,yf;fpa=;fs; vGj;J totpy;
,Ug;gjhYk; ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhyk; fle;Jk; mHpahky; thH;fpd;wd.
TLjy; tpdh

1. ngRtJk; nfl;gJk; bkhHpapd; epiy
j m) Kjy; M) ,uz;lhk; ,) @d;whk;

2. thapdhy; ngrg;gl;L gpwuhy; czug;gLtJ
<) ehd;fhk; [tpil : m]
MFk;.
kp m) vGj;JbkhHp M) ngr;RbkhHp
[tpil : M]
H;
,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) bra;if bkhHp
3. fz;zhy; fz;L czUkhW thptotkhf vGjg;gl;Lg; gof;fg;gLtJ
m) vGj;JbkhHp M) ngr;RbkhHp
,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) bra;if bkhHp [tpil : m]
4. vGjg;gLtJk; gof;fg;gLtJk; bkhHpapd; epiy

m) Kjy; M) ,uz;lhk; ,) @d;whk; <) ehd;fhk; [tpil : M]
5. nehpy; fhz ,ayhj epiyapy; bra;jpiaj; bjhptpf;f cjt[tJ
7 ,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp
m) vGj;JbkhHp
<) bra;if bkhHp
6. kdpjdpd; rpe;jid fhyk; fle;Jk; thH;tjw;Ff; fhuzk;
M) ngr;RbkhHp
[tpil : m]
,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) bra;if bkhHp [tpil : m]

7. bkhHpapd; caph; ehoahf tps=;FtJ
,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) bra;if bkhHp [tpil : M]
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` f=;fh ` 15
8. ngr;RbkhHpapy; ‘FHe;ijia ey;yhf; ftdp=;f` vd;W TWk;nghJ ‘ftdp` vd;Dk;

brhy;jUk; bghUs;
m) ngQjy; M) ftdpj;Jr;bry;
,) ghJfhg;g[g; bghUs; <) ghU=;fs; [tpil : m]
9. ‘ehd; gwitiag; ghh;j;njd;` ? ,j;bjhlh; ‘gwitiag; ghh;j;jJ ahh;>` vd;w
tpdhthf mika[k; nghJ / mGj;jk; bfhLf;fntz;oa brhy; vJ>
m) gwit M) ehd; ,) ghh;j;jJ <) ahh; [tpil : M]
10. khWgLk; xnu bkhHpapd; btt;ntW tot=;fs;....... vd;gh;.
g
U
,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) tl;lhu bkhHp [tpil : <]
11. bghUe;jhjtw;iwj; njh;e;njLf;f.
t
k;
m) jkpH; ? fpis bkhHp M) fd;dlk; ? fpis bkhHp
,) kiyahsk; ? fpis bkhHp <) bjY=;F ? fpis bkhHp [tpil : m]
1
12. bghUj;Jf
1. jkpH; ? m) ,ul;il tHf;F
2. fd;dlk; ? M) ey;yhr; rhg;l;lhd;
3. tl;lhu bkhHp ? ,) fPJ
4. ngr;R tHf;F ? <) fpis bkhHp
m) 1? m/ 2 ? </ 3?,/ 4?M M) 1? </ 2?M/ 3?,/ 4? m
,) 1? </ 2 ? ,/ 3?m/ 4?M <) 1? m/ 2?,/ 3?M/ 4?< [tpil : m]
nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.

1. cyf tHf;F / bra;a[s; tHf;F gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLgth; tpil : bjhy;fhg;gpah;
2. ,ul;il tHf;F bkhHp tpil : jkpH;
3. vGj;JbkhHpapy; bgUk;ghYk;
4. xUbkhHp caph;g;nghL thH
njitg;gLfpd;wd.
ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. tpil : bkhHpj;J}a;ik
a[k;/ fhyk; fle;J thH;tjw;F a[k;
tpil : ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp
7
5. `vspa eilapy; jkpH; E}y; vGjplt[k; ntz;Lk;~ vd;W ghoath;
tpil : ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrd;.
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61
16 ` f=;fh `
FWtpdh
1. ,ul;il tHf;F bkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ngr;RbkhHpf;Fk; vGj;J bkhHpf;Fk; ,ilna bghpa mstpy; ntWghL ,Ue;jhy;
mBJ ,ul;il tHf;F bkhHp MFk;.
rhd;W : jkpH; bkhHp
2. FHe;ijfSf;Fj; jha;bkhHpa[k; gpwbkhHpa[k; vt;thW mwpKfkhfpd;wd>
-- nfl;ly;/ ngRjy; vd;Dk; Kjy; epiyapnyna FHe;ijfSf;Fj; jha;bkhHp
mwpKfkhfpwJ.
-- goj;jy;/ vGJjy; vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; FHe;ijfSf;Fg; gpwbkhHpfs;
mwpKfkhfpwJ.
3. ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp vd;gij; bjhy;fhg;gpah; vr;brhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
1. ngr;RbkhHp ? cyf tHf;F/
2. vGj;JbkhHp ? bra;a[s; tHf;F
j 4. jkpHpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;J brd;w fpisbkhHpfs; ahit>

1. fd;dlk;/ 2. bjY=;F/ 3. kiyahsk;
kp 5. ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;J bkhHp vd;Dk; ,U TWfisa[k; bfhz;l bkhHp vJ>
H; jkpH; bkhHp.
6. gHika[k; g[Jika[k; epiwe;J rpwe;j bkhHp vJ>
jkpH; bkhHp.
7. bkhHp vd;gJ ahJ>
jdJ vz;z=;fisa[k czh;r;rpfisa[k; gpwUf;F btspg;gLj;Jtjw;F kdpjdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lnj bkhHp vd;gh;.
8. ngr;RbkhHpapd; rpwg;g[f;TWfs; ahit>
ngRgtdpd; cly;bkhHp/ xypg;gjpy; Vw;w ,wf;fk; Mfpadt[k; ngr;RbkhHpapd;

7
rpwg;g[f; TWfs; MFk;.
9. Clf=;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. thbdhyp 2. bjhiyf;fhl;rp 3. ehnsLfs;
10. jpUj;jkhd jkpiH v=;bf=;Fg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;>
jpUj;jkhd jkpiHna Clf=;fspYk; ,yf;fpa=;fspYk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk
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` f=;fh ` 17
rpW tpdh
1. ngr;R bkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp/ tl;lhu tHf;F Mfpatw;iw tpsf;fp rhd;W jUf.
ngr;R bkhHp :thapdhy; ngrg;gl;L gpwuhy; czug;gLtJ ngr;RbkhHp MFk;.
czh;tf [ is vspjhf btspg;gLj;Jk;.fUj;ij btspg;gLj;Jtij
kl;Lnk nehf;fkhff; bfhz;lJ.ngRgtdpd; cly;bkhHp/
xypg;gjpy; Vw;w ,wf;fk; Mfpadt[k; ngr;RbkhHpapd; rpwg;g[f;
TWfs; MFk;.
rhd;W : FHe;ijia ey;yhf; ftdp=;f.
vGj;JbkhHp : n gr;R bkhHpf;F ehk; je;j totnk vGj;JbkhHp . fz;zhy;
fz;L czUkhW thptotkhf vGjg;gl;Lg; gof;fg;gLtJ g
vGj;JbkhHp. xU bkhHpahdJ ePz;l fhyk; epiybgw vGj;J
bkhHpna fhuzk;. U
rhd;W : ed;whfr; rhg;gpl;lhd;.
tl;lhu tHf;F :
,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ngr;RbkhHp khWgLk;. kdpjh;fspd; thH;tpay;
t
NHYf;F Vw;gt[k; ngr;RbkhHp khWgLk;. ,t;thW khWgLk; xnu
bkhHpapd; btt;ntW tot=;fis tl;lhubkhHp vd;gh;.
k;
1
rhd;W : `,Uf;fpwJ~ vd;w brhy;iy `,Uf;F~/ `fPJ~ vd tH=;FtJ.
beL tpdh
1. ngr;RbkhHpapy; brhw;bghUs; ntWghLfs; Fwpj;J vGJf.
-- ngrg;gLk; NHiyg; bghWj;J ngr;RbkhHpapy; bghUs; ntWgLk;.
-- vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; `FHe;ijia ey;yhf; ftdp=;f~ vd;W TWk;nghJ `ftdp~
vd;Dk; brhy; ngQjy; vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUfpd;wJ. èpy;~/ `bry;~/ ftdp~
vd;gjpy; `ftdp~ vd;Dk; brhy; ftdpj;Jr; bry; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;g[g; bghUisj;
jUfpd;wJ.
-- xypg;gjd; Vw;w ,wf;fKk; bghUs; ntWghl;ilj; jUk;.
-- vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf `vd;dhy; nghf KoahJ` vd;Dk; bjhlh; X=;fp xypf;Fk; nghJ
kWg;iga[k; / bkd;ikahf xypf;Fk; nghJ ,ayhikia czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
-- bjhlhpy; vr;brhy;Yf;F mGj;jk; bfhLf;fpnwhnkh mjw;nfw;g ngr;RbkhHpapd;
brhy; ntWgLfpd;wJ.
-- vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf èhd; gwitiag; ghh;j;njd;;~ vd;Dk; bjhlhpy; èhd;` vd;Dk;
brhy;Yf;F mGj;jk; bfhLj;jhy; / `gwitiag; ghh;j;jJ ahh;>~ vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F
tpilahf mika[k;.
7
-- `gwitia~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F mGj;jk; bfhLj;jhy;/ èP vijg; ghh;j;jha;;>~
vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F tpilahf mika[k;.
-- `ghh;j;njd;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F mGj;jk; bfhLj;jhy;/ èP gwitia vd;d
bra;jha;>~ vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F tpilahf mika[k;.
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81
18 ` f=;fh `
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1.
c=;fs; tPl;oy; gad;gLj;Jk; ngr;R tHf;Fj; bjhlh;fSf;F ,izahd vGj;J
tHf;Fj; bjhlh;fis vGjp tUf.
(v.fh.) ngr;RbkhHp ? mk;kh grpf;fpJ vdf;Fr; nrhW ntQk;.
vGj;JbkhHp ? mk;kh grpf;fpd;wJ. vdf;Fr; nrhW ntz;Lk;.
1. ngr;RbkhHp ? t{l;Lf;F nghfDk;.
vGj;JbkhHp ? tPl;ow;Fg; nghf ntz;Lk;.
2. ngr;RbkhHp ? tt[W epiwah rhg;g[L .

vGj;JbkhHp ? tapW epiwa rhg;gpL.
3. ngr;RbkhHp ? ,d;dpf;F fhj;jhy th=;fpl;L te;nj

vGj;JbkhHp ? ,d;iwf;Ff; fhiyapy; th=;fp te;njd;.
4. ngr;RbkhHp ? jz;zp bfhz;lh
j vGj;JbkhHp ? jz;zPh; bfhz;L th.
2. ngRk; nghJ rpyneu=;fspy; brhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cfuk; nrh;e;J xypg;gJ cz;L.

kp `M~ vd;Dk; vGj;J ,fukhf khWtJ cz;L. mt;thW xypf;Fk; brhw;fis vGjp
mtw;Wf;F ,izahd vGj;j tHf;Fr; brhw;fisa[k; vGJf.
H; (v.fh) brhy;Y ? brhy;/ epy;Y ? epy;/ te;jpah ? te;jhah>/ rhg;oah ? rhg;gpl;lhah>
bry;Y bry; nghdpah nghdhah>

bfhy;Y bfhy; ghh;j;jpah ghh;j;jhah>
bty;Y bty; brhd;dpah brhd;dhah>
js;S js; bfhLj;jpah bfhLj;jhah>
Js;S Js; bra;jpah bra;jhah>
vav
7 rpe;jidg;g[jph;
1. KjbyGj;J jkpHpd; mLj;j vGj;J fil @d;W nrh;e;jhy; xU vz;zpf;if bkhj;jj;jpy;
,J tUKd; vr;rhpf;if njit>
2. Kjy; ,uz;il ,He;jhy; xsp ,y;iy. fil ,uz;il Ie;jwpt[ $PtDf;F fhl;LtJ
ahh;> KjYk; fila[k; nrh;e;jhy; if ,He;j bgz;. bkhj;jj;jpy; mHfpa bgauhft[k;
,Uf;Fk; ehd; ahh;> (tpilfs; gf;fk;? 139 )
vav
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` f=;fh ` 19
,ay; tphpthdk; brhytilfs;

1 (bghk;kyhl;lk;)

ghlg;gFjp bghk;kyhl;lf; fhl;rpfisr; rpWfijahf vGJf.
`MSf;F xU ntiy~
Kd;Diu
fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij czh;j;Jk; `MSf;F xU ntiy~ vd;Dk; bghk;kyhl;lf; g
fij epfH;itr; rpWfij totpy; fhz;nghk;.
igadpd; gpothjKk; bgw;nwhh; mwpt[iua[k; U
mk;kh/ mg;gh/ igad; vd rpWFLk;gk; xd;Ws;sJ.
mf;FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s igad; xG=;fhfg; gs;spf; t
k;
Tlk; bry;yhky; Ch;Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ghd; .
ahh; mwpt[iu TwpdhYk; nfl;fhj gpothj Fzk;
bfhz;ltd;. mtdJ gpothjj;ij ahuhYk; khw;w
1
KoahJ. xU ehs; mg;gh me;jg; igadplk;/ `,g;bghGJ
eP gof;ftpy;iy vd;why; thH;f;ifapy; Kd;ndw
KoahJ/ gs;spf;Tlk; ngha; go~ vd;whh;. mk;kht[k;/ `gof;ftpy;iybad;why; ahUk;
kjpf;fkhl;lhh;fs;~ vd;whh;. mtd; ntz;lh btWg;ghfg; gs;spf;Tlk; brd;whd;.
tpisahl miHj;jy;
tHf;fk; nghynt gs;spf; Tlj;ij tpl;L Xl;lk;
gpof;fpd;whd;. tpisahl ahuhtJ tUthh;fsh>
vd;W ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;bghGJ vWk;g[
xd;W te;jJ. mjid tpisahlf; Tg;gpl;lhd;.
Mdhy; mJ jd; FHe;ijfSf;Fj; jPdp bfhLf;f
ntz;Lk;. mhprp/ jtpL nrfhpf;f ntz;Lk;. cdf;Fj;
jhd; ntiy ,y;iy vd;wJ. gpwF njdP / bghjpkhL/ Mik/ Kay; Mfpatw;iw
xt;bthd;whf tpisahlf; Tg;gpl;lhd;.mtDf;Fg; g[j;jp g[fl;Lk; tz;zk; VjhtJ
xU fhuzj;ijr; brhy;yp mit tpisahl kWj;J tpl;ld.
kdkhw;wk;
7
<ukhd Fl;or; Rth; kPJ mtd; mkh;e;jhd;. Rth; ,oe;J/ mjpypUe;j g{r;rp/ vWk;g[/
tz;L Mfpad `cdf;Fj; jhd; ntiy ,y;iy/ eh=;fs; nrh;j;j bghUis vy;yhk;
cilj;J tpl;lhna-~ vd;Wr; brhy;yp mtidf; foj;jd. kdk; khwpa igad;
jd; mk;khtplk;/ `cyfj;jpy; </ vWk;g[ Tl Rk;kh ,y;yhky; ntiy bra;fpd;wd.
gog;gJ jhd; vd; ntiy vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;nld;. ,dp xG=;fhfg; gs;spf;Fr;
bry;fpd;nwd;~ vd;whd;.
Kot[iu
`xt;bthUtUf;Fk; xU ntiy cz;L. khzf;fh;fSf;Fg; gog;gJ kl;Lk; jhd;
ek; ntiy~ vd;gij ,f;fijapd; @yk; ehk; mwpaKofpd;wJ.
fij czh;j;Jk; ePjp : go - Kjw;go- mJnt thH;f;ifg; go-
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02
20 ` f=;fh `
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. c=;fs; gFjpapy; tH=;fp tUk; brhytilfisj; bjhFj;J tUf.

1. tPl;Lf;F tPL thrw; go.
2. tPl;ilf; fl;og;ghh;/ fy;ahzk; gz;zpg;ghh;.
3. mor;R tsf;fhj g[s;sa[k; xor;R tsf;fhj KU=;ifa[k; cUg;glhJ.
4. vwr;r fpzW CWk;.
5. eha; tpj;j fhR bfhyf;fth bra;a[k;.
6. CuhU g[s;sa Cl;o tsj;jh jd;g[s;s jd;dhy tsUk;.
7. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj njh; Kr;rhQk; XlhJ.
8. Fw;wKs;s be+;R FWFWf;Fk;.
9. fhzp nrhk;gy; / nfho nfL.
10.khndz;zh g[s;sp bfhwa[kh> kapnyz;zh vwF cjpWkh>
2. ghlg;gFjpapy;,lk;bgw;Ws;s brhytilfspy; vitnaDk; Ie;jidj;
njh;e;bjLj;Jr; brhw;bwhlh;fspy; mikj;J vGJf.
j (v.fh) Fj;Jf;fy;Yf;Ff; Fspuh btapyh vd;gJ nghy; vd; ez;gd; vijg; gw;wpa[k;
ftiyg;glhky; thH;e;J te;jhd;.
kp 1. vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k; :

khzth;fsplk; Mrphpah; vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k; vd;gJ nghy jPa gHf;f=;fspd;
H;
bfhLikapidf; Twp kdkhw;wk; milar; bra;thh;.
2. brhg;gdj;jpy; fz;l mhprp nrhj;Jf;F MFkh>
fw;gidapy; kpje;J ,Ug;gth;fs; brhg;gdj;jpy; fz;l mhprp nrhj;Jf;F MFkh>
vd;gij czu ntz;Lk;.
3. mjpu mor;rh cjpu tpisa[k; :
mjpu mor;rh cjpu tpisa[k; vd;gJ nghy thH;tpy; Kd;ndw bjhlh; Kaw;rp
bra;jhy; nghJk;.
4. fhtog; ghuk; Rkf;fpwtDf;Fj; jhd; bjhpa[k; :
fhtog; ghuk; Rkf;fpwtDf;Fj; jhd; bjhpa[k; vd;gJ nghy ciHg;gtUf;Fj; jhd;
7
gzj;jpd; mUik bjhpa[k;.
5. ghog;gho Fj;jpdhYk; gjW mhprp MFkh>
jPatd; nfho qghiaf; nfhtpy; cz;oaypy; nghLtJ ghog;gho Fj;jpdhYk;
gjW mhprp MFkh> vd;gJ nghyg; g[z;zpak; fpilf;Fkh>
vav
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 21
,ay; fw;fz;L
Fw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaypfuk;
1
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fisf; Fw;wpaYfu tifapd; mog;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jf.
MW/ vBF/ fUk;g[/ tpwF/ cHf;F/ vl;L/ VL/ ge;J/ fhR/ bfha;J
beoy; Ma;jj;
caph;j; bjhlh; td;bjhlh; bkd; bjhlh;
,ilj; g
bjhlh;
fhR
bjhlh;
vBF MW vl;L ge;J
bjhlh;
bfha;J U
VL
tpwF
cHf;F fUk;g[
t
bghUe;jhj brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
1 gR/ tpL/ MW/ fU tpil : fU
k;
2. ghf;F/ g+;R/ ghl;L/ gj;J tpil : g+;R
3. MW / khR/ ghF/ mJ tpil : mJ
4. muR/ va;J/ @H;F/khh;g[ tpil : muR
1
5. gz;g[/ k+;R/ fz;L/ vBF tpil : vBF
FW tpdh
1. `Fw;wpaYfuk;` vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J tpsf;fk; jUf.
Fw;wpaYfuk; ? FWik + ,ay; + cfuk;
jdf;Fhpa Xirapy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; cfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.
2. Fw;wpaypfuk; vd;why; vd;d>
KGikahf xU khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;fhky; miukhj;jpiu msthff; Fiwe;J
xypf;Fk; ,fuk; Fw;wpaypfuk; vdg;gLk;.
TLjy; tpdh
rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJ.
1. bghUj;Jf.
7
1. beoy; bjhlh; ? m) vBF/ mBJ
2. Ma;jj; bjhlh; ? M) muR/ xd;gJ/ fapW
3. caph;j; bjhlh; ? ,) ghF/ khR/ ghL/ fhJ
4. td;bjhlh; ? <) ghf;F/ ngr;R/ ghl;L
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22
22 ` f=;fh `
m) 1?m/ 2? </ 3?,/ 4?M M) 1?</ 2?M/ 3?,/ 4?m
,) 1? ,/ 2?m/ 3?M/ 4?< <) 1? m/ 2?,/ 3?M/ 4?< [tpil : ,]
2. Fw;;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffs;
m) MW M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) ,uz;L [tpil : m]
3. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) capbuGj;J ? 12 M) bka;baGj;J ? 18
,) rhh;bgGj;J ? 10 <) jkpH; vGj;J ? 5 [tpil : <]
4. Fw;wpaYfuk; bgWk; khj;jpiu mst[

m) xd;W M) ,uz;L ,) miu <) fhy; [tpil : ,]
5. Fw;wpaypfuk; bgWk; khj;jpiu mst[

m) xd;W M) ,uz;L ,) miu <) fhy; [tpil : ,]
6. Fw;wpaypfuk; gapd;W te;j brhy;iyj; njh;e;bjLf;f.

m) vBF M) fapW ,) gw;W <) bfhf;fpahJ [tpil : <]
j 7. gpd;tUk; rhd;Wfspy; Kw;wpaYfuk; my;yhjijj; njh;e;bjLf;f.
kp m) g[F M) gR ,) ge;J
8. bkd; bjhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfur; rhd;wpidj; njh;t[ bra;f.
<) VG [tpil : ,]
H; m) vBF M) fhJ ,) va;J

9. ,ilj; bjhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfur; rhd;wpidj; njh;t[ bra;f.
<) k+;R [tpil : <]
m) vBF M) fhJ ,) va;J <) k+;R [tpil : ,]
10. njhg;gpahJ/ nfz;kpah ? Mfpa brhw;fs; f;Fr; rhd;W.

m) Fw;wpaypfuk; M) beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
,) Kw;wpaYfuk; <) Fw;wpaYfuk; [tpil : m]
1. jdf;Fhpa Xirapy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; cfuk; MFk;.
xypf;Fk; ,fuk; vdg;gLk;.

tpil : Fw;wpaYfuk;
2. KGikahf xU khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;fhky; miukhj;jpiu msthff; Fiwe;J
tpil : Fw;wpaypfuk;
3. jdpf;Fwpy; vGj;ij mLj;J tUk; ty;ypd cfu=;fs; Xir Fiwahky; xU khj;jpiu
mstpy; KGikahf xypg;gij vd;gh;. tpil : Kw;wpaYfuk;
4. Fwpy; vGj;Jfisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; mirr; brhy;
tpil : fuk;
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` f=;fh ` 23
5. beoy; vGj;Jfisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; mirr; brhy;

tpil : fhd;
6. Fwpy;/beoy; vGj;Jfisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; mirr; brhy;
tpil : fhuk;
7. Ma;j vGj;ijf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; mirr; brhy;
tpil : nfdk;
8. rhh;bgGj;J tifg;gLk;. tpil : gj;J
9. Fw;wpYfuj;jpd; tiffs; tpil : MW
g
U
10. vd;Dk; vGj;ijj; bjhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfur;brhw;fs; ,y;iy.
tpil : `t;`
11. / /
brhw;fSk; ,y;iy.
Mfpait ,Wjpahf mika[k; ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfur;
tpil : R/ L/ W t
FWtpdh k;
1. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
fhR/ vBF/ gaW/ ghl;L/ ge;J/ rhy;g[.
2. Kw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
g[F/ gR/ tpL/ mJ/ tpL/ tW.
1
3. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
bfhf;fpahJ/ njhg;gpahJ/ ehoahJ/ nfz;kpah/ brd;kpah.
4. Kw;wpaYfuk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
jdpf;Fwpy; vGj;ij mLj;J tUk; ty;ypd cfu=;fs; Xir Fiwahky; xU khj;jpiu
mstpy; KGikahf xypg;gij Kw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;.
v.fh. g[F/ gR/ tpL/ mJ/ tpL/ tW.
5. KjbyGj;Jfs; ahit>
caph; gd;dpuz;L/ bka; gjpbdl;L Mfpa Kg;gJ vGj;JfSk; KjbyGj;Jfs;

vdg;gLk;.
6. rhh;bgGj;J vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rhh;bgGj;J gj;J tifg;gLk;.
7
1. caph;bka; 2. Ma;jk; 3. capusbgil 4. xw;wsbgil
5. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 6. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; 7. kfuf;FWf;fk; 8. Fw;wpaypfuk;
9. Fw;wpaYfuk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
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42
24 ` f=;fh `
rpWtpdh
1. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid tifg;gLk; >mit ahit>
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;.
1. beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; 2. Ma;jj; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
3. caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; 4. td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
5. bkd; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. ,ilj; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. xd;W Kjy; gj;J tiua[ss; vz;Qg;bgah;fisg; gl;oaypl;L vGJ=;fs;/ mtw;wpy;
Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fis vLj;bjGJ=;fs;.
vz;Qg;bgah;fs; :
xd;W/ ,uz;L/ @d;W/ ehd;F/ Ie;J/ MW/ VG/ vl;L/ xd;gJ/ gj;J.
Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fs; :
xd;W/ ,uz;L/ @d;W/ ehd;F/ Ie;J/ MW/ vl;L/ xd;gJ/ gj;J.
j 2.
Fw;wpaYfu vz;Qg;bgah;fisf; Fw;wpaYfu tifapd; mog;gilapy;
kp tifg;gLj;Jf.
H;
td;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; ? @d;W/ vl;L/ gj;J
bkd; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; ? xd;W/ ,uz;L/ ehd;F/ Ie;J/ xd;gJ
caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; ? MW
3. Fw;wpaYfu vz;Qg;bgah;fspd; khj;jpiu msitf; fz;Lgpoa[=;fs;.
(v.fh) xd;W ? 1 + ½ + ½ = 2
,uz;L ? 1 + 1 + ½ + ½ = 3
@d;W ? 2 + ½ + ½ = 3
ehd;F ? 2+ ½ + ½ = 3
7
Ie;J ? 2 + ½ + ½ = 3
MW ? 2 + ½ = 2½
VG ? 2 + 1 = 3
vl;L ? 1+½+½ = 2
xd;gJ ? 1 + ½ + 1 + ½ = 3
1+ ½ + ½
gj;J ? = 2
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` f=;fh ` 25
4. F/ R/ L/ J/ W Mfpa Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpahff; bfhz;l <buGj;Jr; brhw;fisj;

jpul;Lf.
ghF/ thF/
ghL/ rhL/ XL/ tpL/
fhR/ tPR/ ngR/
thJ/ nfJ/ rhJ/ khJ/
tW/ nrW/ brW/
tJ/tL/ bghJ.
g
bkhHpia MH;nthk;
U
nfl;f
jkpHpd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpa mwp+h;fspd; brhw;bghHpitf; nfl;L kfpH;f. t
ghujpahhpd; brhw;bghHpt[r; bra;jp
jkpHpd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Fk; tz;zk; fhe;jpaofsplk; ghujp elj;jpa foj
k;
ciuahly; xd;iwj; jdJ brhw;bghHptpy; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.
fhe;jpaofspd; brhw;bghHpit ehd; nfl;f neh;e;jJ. bts;isand btspnaW
vd;gij mGj;jkhf typa[Wj;jpdhh;. mtUila brhw;bghHpitg; gw;wp ehd; xU
kly; vGjpndd;. mjpy; kfhj;khnt new;iwa brhw;bghHptpy;/ bts;isand
1
btspnaW vd;w ngr;R mUik. Mdhy; xU tUj;jk;.bts;isaid btspnawr;
brhy;yp / j=;fs; brhw;bghHpt[ ,e;jpapnyh F$uhj;jpapnyh mikahky; M=;fpyj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ kpFe;j tUj;jk; mspf;fpd;wJ vd;W vGjpapUe;njd;. mjw;F fhe;jpahh;
kWklypy;/ ehd; M=;fpyj;jpy; ngrpaij eP=;fs; klypy; Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ Vd;
eP=;fSk; M=;fpyj;jpy; vdf;F kly; vGjpdPh; vd;whh;.mjw;F ehd;/ ahUila kdKk;
g[z;gLk; goahd bra;jpiag; ngRtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ vGJtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;
vd;Dila jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpiHg; gad;gLj;j khl;nld; vd;W kly; vGjpndd;
vd;whh;.
7
fPH;f;fhQk; jiyg;gpy; ,uz;L epkplk; ngRf.
ehd; mwpe;j gHbkhHpfs;
jkpHd;idapd; jhH;gzpe;J tzf;f=;fs; gybrhy;yp vd;Diuia Muk;gk;
bra;fpd;nwd;. ehd; mwpe;jgHbkhHpfs; gw;wpr; rpy epkpl=;fs; ngRfpd;nwd;.gHbkhHp
vd;gJ vd;d> ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; j=;fs; mDgtj;jpd; @yk;czh;e;J Twpa bkhHpfs;
gHbkhHp MFk;. mit mDgt bkhHpfs;. thH;f;ifia tsg;gLj;Jtd. mtw;wpd;
tHpek; vz;z=;fisa[k; thHf;ifg; ghijiaa[k; Kot[ bra;ayhk. ahidtUk;
gpd;nd kzpnahir tUk; Kd;nd/ ,f;fijf;F mf;fiu gr;ir/ Mof; fhw;wpy;
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62
26 ` f=;fh `
mk;kpa[k; gwf;Fk;/ MYk; ntYk; gy;Yf;FWjpehSk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;FWjp/
fhw;Ws;snghnj J}w;wpf; bfhs;/ mfy cGtijtpl MH cGtnj nky; Mfpad
ehd; mwpe;j gHbkhHpfs; MFk;. ,it nghy gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd gHbkhHpfs; ek;
ehl;oy; cs;sd. mjid mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jnthk;.ed;wp. tzf;fk;.
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F Vw;gj; bjhlhpy; mGj;jk; ju ntz;oa brhw;fis

vLj;J vGJf.
nfhij ftpijiag; goj;jhs;.
tpdh mGj;jk; ju ntz;oa brhy;
nfhij vijg; goj;jhs;> ftpij
ftpijiag; goj;jJ ahh;> nfhij
nfhij ftpijia vd;d bra;jhs;> goj;jhs;
glj;jpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpizia vGJf.

j
kp
H;
cah;jpiz mBwpiz cah;jpiz
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fis cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz vd tifg;gLj;Jf.
tay; / Kfpyd;/ Fjpiu/ fay;tpHp/ jiytp/ fly;/ Mrphpah;/ g[j;jfk;/ Rujh/ kuk;
cah;j;piz mBwpiz
Kfpyd; tay;
7
fay;tpHp Fjpiu
jiytp fly;
Mrphpah; g[j;jfk;
Rujh kuk;
bfhLf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L fl;Liu vGJf.
jha;bkhHpg; gw;W
(Kd;Diu ? bkhHp gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ? jha;bkhHp ? jha;bkhHpg; gw;W ? jha;bkhHpg;
gw;Wf; bfhz;l rhd;nwhh; ? rhJtd; tuyhW ? ekJ flik ? Kot[iu)
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 27
Kd;Diu
`jhapw; rpwe;j nfhtpYk; ,y;iy~ vd;gJ rhd;nwhh; bgUkf;fs; gyhpd; thf;fhFk;.
ek;ikg; bgw;w jhiatpl rpwe;jbjhU bja;tk; fpilahJ vd;gjhy; jhd; `jha;bkhHp~
vd;W miHj;jdh;.jha;bkhHpapd; kPJ gw;WjnyhL ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij
,f;fl;Liu typa[Wj;Jfpd;wJ.
bkhHp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
ekJ vz;z=;fis kw;wth;fs; g[hpe;J bfhs;st[k; / ekJ fUj;Jfisg; gfph;e;J
bfhs;st[k; cjt[tJ bkhHpahFk;. kf;fspd; mwpt[ tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ehfhpf cah;t[f;Fk;
mog;gilahf miktJ bkhHpahFk;. g
jha;bkhHpg; gw;W
FHe;ijf;Fj; jha; Kjd; Kjypy; brhy;ypj; jUk; bkhHpna jha;bkhHp.
U
FHe;ijfSf;Fj; jha;bkhHp ,ay;ghfnt tUk;.fdtpYk; edtpYk; jha;bkhHpna
,ay;ghf mika[k;.mtuth; jha;bkhHp kPJ jzpahj gw;W bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
t
jha;bkhHpg; gw;Wf; bfhz;l rhd;nwhh;
,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; jha;bkhHpapy; ngrt[k; gof;ft[k; gyh; ja=;Ffpd;wdh;. ,J
k;
bgw;w jhiag ;g[we;js;sp itg;gJ nghd;wjhFk;. vz;zw;w cyfk; nghw;Wk;
rhd;nwhh;fs; jj;jk; jha;bkhHpapnyna bray;fisr; bra;J cah;e;Js;sdh;.ghujpahh;
/ fhe;jpaofs; / ,utPe;jpu ehj; jhTh; vdg; gyUk; gd;bkhHp mwpe;jpUe;j nghJk;/ rpwe;j
cyfk; nghw;Wk; gilg;g[fisj; jk; jha;bkhHpapnyna je;jdh;.re;jpungh!; jd;
1
kfd; b$fjP!; re;jpunghi!j; jha;bkhHp fw;gpf;Fk; gs;spapnyna gof;f itj;jhh;.
mth; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j mwptpay; mwp+uhdh;.
rhJtd; tuyhW
Mjpiuapd; fztd; rhJtd; tzpfk; bra;a fg;gw; gazk; bra;fpd;whd;
bgU=;fhw;why; fg;gy; ftpH;e;J tpLfpd;wJ. rhJtd; gpiHj;J ehfh;fs; thGk;
jPit milfpd;whd;. mth;fs; kdpj khkprk; cz;gth;fs;. rhJtidj; jpd;d
epidf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; rhJtd;/ ehfh;fs; ngRk; bkhHpiag; ngRfpd;whd;. ehfh;fs;
rhJtDf;F ntz;oaijf; bfhLj;J mDg;gp itf;fpd;wdh;. jha;bkhHpna vija[k;
7
khw;Wk;.
ekJ flik
-- me;epa bkhHp nkhfk; bfhz;L miyahky; jha;bkhHpapd; kPJ mstw;w gw;Wjy;
itf;fntz;Lk;.
-- jha;bkhHp tHpf; fy;tp bgWjny rpwg;g[ vd;gij kw;wth;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;f
ntz;Lk;.
-- fy;Y}hpf; fy;tp tiuj; jha;bkhHpapnyna gapy ntz;Lk;.
www.nammakalvi.com
82
28 ` f=;fh `
Kot[iu
M=;fpy tHpf;fy;tp @yk; ehk; ek;ik ,He;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;nwhk;.ekJ
gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuj;ij kPl;Lf; bfhz;Ltuj; jha;bkhHpg; gw;Wld; jha;bkhHpy;
gapy;tJ ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; mtrpakhFk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
bjhifr; brhw;fis tphpj;J vGJf.

,Ujpiz ? cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz.
Kf;fdp ? kh/ gyh/ thiH/
Kj;jkpH; ? ,aw;wkpH;/ ,irj;jkpH;/ ehlfj;jkpH;/
ehw;wpir ? fpHf;F/ nkw;F/ tlf;F/ bjw;F/
Itifepyk; ? Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy/
mWRit ? ,dpg;g[/ g[spg;g[/ fhh;g;g[/ Jth;g;g[/ cth;g;g[/ frg;g[/
j fl;l=;fspYs;s vGj;Jfis khw;wp/ nkypUe;J fPHhft[k; ,lkpUe;J tykhft[k;

vGjpdhy; xnu brhy; tUkhW fl;l=;fspy; vGJf.
kp if
w
v
J
J
tp
tpil: v
J
J
w
if
tp
H; id if tp if tp id
F k j tpil: k j F
e; jp j j e; jp
iu F jp F jp iu
,UbghUs; bfhz;l xU brhy;yhy; epug;g[f.
1. muRf;F jtwhky; thp brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
Vl;oy; vGJtJ thp totk;.
2. kHiy ngRk; bkhHp mHF.
7 ,dpikj; jkpH; bkhHp vkJ.

3. md;id je;ijapd; ifg;gpoj;Jf; FHe;ij eil gHFk;.
mwp+h; mz;zhtpd; rpwg;g[ mtuJ mLf;FbkhHp eil.
4. eP mwpe;jijg; gpwUf;Fr; brhy;.
vGj;Jfs; bjhlh;e;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ brhy;.
5. cHth;fs; ehw;W el taYf;Fr; brd;wdh;.
FHe;ij bkJthf el vd;nghk;.
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` f=;fh ` 29
6. ePjp kd;wj;jpy; bfhLg;gJ tHf;F.

èPr;rj; jz;zp Fo~ vd;gJ ngr;R tHf;F.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
1. kug[ ? Tradition 5. Clfk; ? Media
2. bkhHpapay; ? Linguistics 6. bghk;kyhl;lk; ? Puppetry
3. xypapay; ? Phonology 7. vGj;jpyf;fzk; ? Orthography
4. ,jHpay; ? Journalism
vav
8. ciuahly; ? Dialogue
g
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
,ay; : xd;W
U
fhyk; : 30 epkplk; kjpg;bgz; :20 t
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. 4x1=4 k;
1
1. `bewp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;......................
m) tHp M) Fwpf;nfhs; ,) bfhs;if <) mwk;
2. thdpy; ............................ Tl;lk; jpuz;lhy; kiH bghHpa[k;.
m) mfpy; M) Kfpy; ,) Jfpy; <) Japy;
3. bkhHpapd; Kjy; epiy ngRjy; ...................... MfpadthFk;.
m) goj;jy; M) nfl;ly; ,) vGJjy; <) tiujy;
4. bghUe;jhj brhy;iy vLj;bjGJf.
m) gR M) tPL ,) MW <) fU
II. FW tpil jUf. 3x2=6
5. jkpH;bkhHpiaf; fw;wthpd; ,ay;g[fs; ahit>
6. bkhHpapd; ,Utot=;fs; ahit>
7
7. Fw;wpaypfuk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
III. rpW tpil jUf. 2x3=6
9. fpisbkhHpfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd>
IV. mogpwHhky; vGJf. 1x4=4
10. `bfhy;yh tpujk; ...~ vdj; bjhl=;fp / .....njd;bkhHpahk;~ vdKoa[k; ehkf;fy;
ftp+h; ghly;.
vav
www.nammakalvi.com
03
30 ` f=;fh `
,ay; ftpijg;
fhL
2 ngiH
kdg;ghlg; ghly;
gr;ir kapy;eof;Fk;
gd;wp fpH=;bfLf;Fk;
er;ru t=;fy=;Fk; ? fpspna
ehpbayhk; CisapLk;
mjpkJ uj;jiHia
ahidfs; jpd;wgo
g[Jeil nghLkO ? fpspna
g[{=;Fapy; Tt[ko-
j rp=;fk; g[ypfuo
rpWj;ij tpy=;fpd=;fs;
kp v=;Fk; jphpa[kO ? fpspna
H;
,aw;if tpLjpapny-
E}y; : Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; bjhFg;g[

Mrphpah; : Rujh (,uhrnfhghyd;)
,aw;bgah; : ,uhrnfhghyd;
gpwg;g[ : 23.11.1921
rpwg;g[g;bgah; : ctikf;ftp+h;
gilg;g[fs; : njd;kiH/ rhtpd; Kj;jk;/ cjl;oy; cjL/
7
gl;lj;jurp/ RtUk; Rz;zhk;g[k;/ JiwKfk;/
thh;j;ijthry;/ vr;rpy; ,ut[/ mKJk; njDk;.
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
<d;W ? bgw;W er;rutk; ? tplKs;s ghk;g[
bfhk;g[ ? fpis tpLjp ? j=;Fk; ,lk;
mjpkJuk; ? kpFe;j Rit jPgk; ? xsp
fspj;jpl ? kfpH;e;jpl
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` f=;fh ` 31

1. thiH/ fd;iw ________
m) <d;wJ M) tH=;fpaJ ,) bfhLj;jJ <) je;jJ [tpil : m]
2. `fhbly;yhk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ ________

m) fhL + bly;yhk; M) fhL + vy;yhk;
,) fh + bly;yhk; <) fhd; + vy;yhk; [tpil : M] g
3. `fpH=;F + vLf;Fk;~ vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ ________
U
m) fpH=;FvLf;Fk;
,) fpH=;FLf;Fk;
M) fpH=;bfLf;Fk;
<) fpH=;bfhLf;Fk; [tpil : M] t

eak; mwpf
ghlypYs;s nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[r; brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
k;
nkhid
bra;a[spy; mo (my;yJ)
rPhpy; cs;s brhw;fspy;
vJif
bra;a[spy; mo (my;yJ)
rPhpy; cs;s brhw;fspy;
,iag[
bra;a[spy; xt;nthh;
moapd; ,WjpapYk;
1
Kjy; vGj;J xd;W nghy ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;W cs;s rPnuh vGj;njh
(xnu khjphp) tUtJ nghy (xnu khjphp) tUtJ xd;W nghy (xnu
nkhid MFk;. vJif MFk;. khjphp) tUtJ ,iag[
MFk;.
ghlypy; cs;s nkhidr; ghlypy; cs;s vJifr; ghlypy; cs;s ,iag[r;
brhw;fs;: brhw;fs;: brhw;fs;:
fhh;j;jpif ? fhbly;yhk; fhh;j;jpif?ghh;j;jpl?ghh;it <d;bwLf;Fk; ? epHy;
ghh;j;jpl ? ghh;it fspj;jplnt ? Fsph;e;jplnt bfhLf;Fk; fdpgwpf;Fk;
7
fhL ? fha;fdp Fu=;F ? ku=;fs; ? jilapUf;Fk;
gr;ir ? gd;wp gr;ir ? er;ru ?fpH=;bfLf;Fk;
er;ru ? ehpbayhk; rp=;fk; ? v=;Fk;
rp=;fk; ? rpWj;ij
FW tpdh
1. fhl;Lg;g[{f;fSf;F vjid ctikahff; ftp+h; Rujh Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
-- fhl;Lg;g[{f;fSf;Ff; fhh;j;jpif tpsf;if ctikahff; ftp+h; Rujh Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
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23
32 ` f=;fh `
2. fhl;od; gad;fshff; ftp+h; Rujh TWtd ahit>

-- fhl;oYs;s kyh;fisf; fhQk; fz;fs; Fsph;r;rp bgWk;.
-- fhL gy tifahd bghUs;fisa[k; fha;fdpfisa[k; jUk;.
-- vy;nyhUk; nrh;e;JkfpH;e;jpl Fsph;e;j epHy; jUk;.
-- fhl;L tpy=;FfSf;F czthff; fdp jUk;.
rpW tpdh
1. `fhL~ ghlypy; tpy=;Ffspd; bray;fshff; ftp+h; TWtdtw;iw vGJf.
-- gd;wpfs; fhl;oYs;s fpH=;Ffisj; njhz;o cz;Qk;.
-- ehpf; Tl;lk; CisapLk;.
-- kpFe;j Rita[ila jiHia ahidfs; jpd;wgo g[jpa eilnghLk;.
-- ,aw;ifj; j=;Fkplkhfpa fhl;oy; rp=;fk;/ g[yp/ fuo/ rpWj;ij Mfpa tpy=;Ffs;
v=;Fk; miye;J jphpa[k;.
rpe;jid tpdh
j 1. fhl;il ,aw;if tpLjpahff; ftp+h; Twf; fhuzk; vd;d>
kp -- gwitfs; / tpy=;Ffs; cs;spl;l mBwpiz caph;fSf;Fj; njitahd ciwa[s;

(j=;Fkplk;) ? czt[ Mfpad fhl;oy; ,aw;ifahfnt cs;sd.
H; -- ku=;fs;/ bro bfhofs; Mfpad g[{r;rpfs;/ g[Gf;fs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy=;Ffs;

Mfpatw;wpw;Fj; j=;Fkplk; kw;Wk; czit ,aw;if md;idna tH=;Ftjhy;/
fhl;il ,aw;if tpLjpahff; ftp+h; TWfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdh

1. ,uhrnfhghyd; vd;w ,aw;bgah; bfhz;l ftp+h;
m) ghujpahh; M) cLkiy ehuhazftp
7
,) Rujh <) ftpkzp [tpil : ,]
2. ctikf;ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;glf; Toa ftp+h;
3. njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ mKJk; njDk; Kjypa E}y;fisg; gilj;j ftp+h;
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` f=;fh ` 33
4. fhh;j;jpif tpsf;Ffs; nghd;W ,Ue;jit

m) fhL M) kyh;fs; ,) fha;fdp <) kapy; [tpil : M]
5. bghUj;Jf.
1. mjpkJuk; ? m) kfpH;e;jpl
2. fspj;jpl ? M) kpFe;j Rit
3. bfhk;g
[ ? ,) bgw;W
4. <d;W ? <) fpis
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? , g
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : m]
U
6. bghUj;Jf.
1. kapy;fs; ? m) fpH=;Ffisj; njhz;o cz;Qk; t
2. gd;wpfs; ? M) fyf;fkila[k;
3. ghk;g[fs; ? ,) g[jpa eil nghLk;
k;
4. ahidfs; ? <) eldkhLk;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?<
M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
<) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : M]
1
7. _______ Fapy; Tt[ko- ghlyoapy; ,lk;bgWk; jFe;j brhy;yhy; epug;g[f.
m) fU=; M) g[{=; ,) kzpf; <) rpW [tpil : M]
8. g[Jeil nghl;lJ vJ>
m) ghk;g[ M) gd;wp ,) Fu=;F <) ahid [tpil : <]

1. _______/ _______ ekf;F vg;nghJk; fhl;rpf;F ,d;gk; jUgit.
tpil : fhLk; flYk;
2. ctikfisg; gad;gLj;jp ftpij vGJtjpy; ty;yth; _______.
tpil : Rujh
3. fhL vd;Dk; ftpij mike;j E}y; _______. tpil: Rujhtpd; ftpijfs;
7
4. Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; vd;w E}ypy; fhL vd;Dk; ftpij mike;j gFjp _______.
tpil : ,aw;if vHpy;
5. fhL vd;w ftpij mike;j ghtif _______. tpil : fpspf;fz;zp
6. ehpf;Tl;lk; ______. tpil : CisapLk;
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43
34 ` f=;fh `
FW tpdh
1. Rujh vd;gjd; bgah;f;fhuzk; ahJ>
,uhrnfhghyd; ghujpjhrd; kPJ gw;Wf;bfhz;lth;. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgah;
Rg;g[uj;jpdk;. vdnt jk; bgaiur; Rg;g[uj;jpd jhrd; vdkhw;wpf;bfhz;lhh;.mjd;
RUf;fnk Rujh vd;gjhFk;.
2. ftp+h; Rujhit `ctikf;ftp+h;~ vd miHf;fg;gLtJ Vd;>
ctikfisg; gad;gLj;jp ftpij vGJtjpy; ty;yth; vd;gjhy; Rujh
`ctikf;ftp+h;~ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
3. Rujhtpd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
1. njd;kiH 2. JiwKfk; 3. mKJk; njDk;
4. fpspf;fz;zp vd;Dk; ghtif Fwpj;J vGJf.
fpspapd; bkhHp nghd;w ,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRk; bgz;iz nehf;fpf; TWtjhf
,dpa re;jj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; ,irg;ghly; fpspf;fz;zp MFk;.
5. `fhl;od; tsnk ehl;od; tsk;~ vdf; mwp+h; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
j xU ehl;od; tsk; / me;ehl;od; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; mike;Js;s fhLfspd;

msitg; bghUj;nj kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; `fhl;od; tsnk ehl;od;
kp tsk;~ vd mwp+h; TWfpd;wdh;.

6. `fhL~ ghlypy; gwitfspd; bray;fshff; ftp+h; TWtdtw;iw vGJf.
H; -- gr;ir epwKila kapy;fs; eldkhLk;.

-- g[{f;fs; g[{j;Jf; FY=;Fk; ku=;fspy; Fapy;fs; Tt[k;.
7. ,aw;ifj; j=;Fkplk; vJ>
,aw;ifj; j=;Fkplk; : fhL
8. v=;Fk; jphpa[kO- ? ,jpy; `jphpe;jit~ vit>
rp=;fk;/ g[yp/ fuo/ rpWj;ij.
rpW tpdh
1. Rujh ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
7 -- ,aw;bgah; : ,uhrnfhghyd;
-- gpwg;g[ : 23.11.1921
-- rpwg;g[g;bgah; : ctikf;ftp+h;
-- Rujh ? bgah;f; fhuzk; : ghujpjhrd;kPJgw;Wf;bfhz;lth;.ghujpjhrdpd;,aw;bgah;
Rg;g[uj;jpdk;. vdnt jk; bgaiur; Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; vd
khw;wpf; bfhz;lhh;. mjd; RUf;fnk `Rujh~ vd;gjhFk;.
-- gilg;g[fs; : 1.njd;kiH 2. JiwKfk; 3.mKJk; njDk; Kjypad.
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` f=;fh ` 35
2. `fhL~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ,lk; bgWk; mBwpiz caph;fs; ahit>

1. Fu=;F 2. fpsp 3. kapy; 4. gd;wp 5. ghk;g[ 6. ehp
7. ahid 8. Fapy; 9. rp=;fk; 10. g[yp 11.fuo 12. rpWj;ij
3. fhl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; ntWbgah;fs; ahit>
fh/ fhy;/ fhd;/ fhdfk;/ mltp/ muz;/ g[ut[/ bghw;iw/ bghHpy;/ jpy;yk;/ mGtk;/
,at[/ gHtk;/ Kshp/ ty;iy/ tplh;/ tpay;/ tdk;/ Kij/ kpis/ ,Wk;g[/ Ruk;/
bghr;ir/ bghjp/ Ksp/ mhpy;/mwy;/ gJf;if/ fizak;.
njd; ,dpikahdJ" J}a;ikahdJ" Ritkpf;fJ" ,d;gk; bfhLg;gJ. mijg;
g
nghy ,dpikahdJ/ J}a;ikahdJ/ Ritkpf;fJ/ ,d;gk; bfhLg;gJ jkpH;. vdnt U
t
ftp+h; jkpiHj; njDld; xg;gpLfpwhh;.
vav
tpLfijfs; k;
4. @lhj tha;f;F KG thy;. mJ vd;d>
5. kz;il cz;L . fl;il ,y;iy . g{ cz;L . kzkpy;iy. mJ vd;d>
6. kdpjd; nghlhj ge;jypny kyh;e;J fplf;fpd;w g{f;fs;. mJ vd;d>
1
7. gpo ,y;yhj Filiaj; bjhl Koatpy;iy. mJ vd;d>
8. kuj;jpw;F kuk; jht[thd;/ Fu=;F my;y. gl;ilj; jPl;oapUg;ghd;/ rhkpahh;
my;y. mJ vd;d>
9. Cisapl;lhYk; Ciur;Rke;J bry;thd;. mJ vd;d>
tpil gf;fk; : 204
vav
7
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63
36 ` f=;fh `
,ay; ftpijg;
2 ngiH
mg;gona epw;fl;Lk; me;j kuk;
bgah; : ,uhrkhh;j;jhz;ld;
jpwd;fs; : ,jHhsh;/ ftpijj; jpwdha;thsh;.
ghpR : uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ftpijfs; E}Yf;Fj; jkpH; tsh;r;rpf;
fHfg; ghpR bgw;wth;.
gilg;g[fs; : uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ftpijfs;/ rpwe;j ftpijfisj;
bjhFj;J bfh=;Fnjh; thH;fi
; f vd;Dk; E}y;
gilj;Js;shh;.
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. gutrk; ? kfpH;r;rpg;bgUf;F 2. J&;o nfl;ly; ? Jf;fk; tprhhpj;jjy;
j 3. jhz;o ? fle;J 4. gHe;jpd;dp ? gHk; cz;Qk;
kp 5. gutp ? tputp 6. tlnfho ? tl vy;iy
H; ghlE}y; kjpg;gPl;L tpdh

1. ehtw;gHj;jpw;F ctikahff; Twg;gLtJ _______
m) gr;ir ,iy M) nfhypf;Fz;L
,) gr;irf;fha;
<) br=;fha; [tpil : M]
2. `Rl;l gH=;fs;~ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgit _______
m) xl;oa gH=;fs; M) Nlhd gH=;fs;
,) ntfitj;j gH=;fs; <) Rlg;gl;l gH=;fs; [tpil : m]
7 3. `bgauwpah~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ _______

m) bgau + wpah
,) bgah; + mwpah
M) bgah; + uwpah
<) bgau + mwpah [tpil : ,]
4. `kdkpy;iy~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ _______
m) kd + kpy;iy M) kdkp + ,y;iy
,) kdk; + kpy;iy <) kdk; + ,y;iy [tpil : <]
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` f=;fh ` 37
5. `new;W + ,ut[~ vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ _______

m) new;W,ut[ M) new;wput[ ,) new;Wut[ <) new;,ut[ [tpil : M]
FWtpdh
1. ehty; kuk; vj;jid jiyKiwahf m=;F epd;wpUe;jJ>
ehty; kuk; ,uz;L jiyKiwahf m=;F epd;wpUe;jJ.
2. rpWth;fSf;F ehty; gHk; fpilf;f cjtpnahh; ahth;>
1. fhf;if
4. bgauwpahg; gitfs;
2. FUtp
5. mzpy;
3. ikdh
6. fhw;W g
rpWtpdh U
1. ehty; kuk; gw;wpa epidt[fshff; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
1. Chpd; tl vy;iyapy; Ie;J tajpy; ghh;j;j nghJk;/ Ik;gJ taijj; jhz;o
t
,g;bghGJ ghh;f;fpd;w nghJk;/ jhj;jhtpd; jhj;jh el;L itj;j ehty; kuk;
mg;gona ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
k;
2. me;j ehty; kuj;jpy; gr;irf;fha;fs; khwp bre;epwkha;g; gGf;Fk; nghJ rpWth;
kd=;fspy; kfpH;r;rp bgh=;Fk;.
3. gsgsf;Fk; gr;ir ,iyfSlf; fUePyf;nfhypf;Fz;Lfs; nghy ehtw;gH=;fs;
fpisfspy; bjh=;Ftijg; ghh;f;Fk; nghnj ehtpy; ePh; CWk;.
1
4. fhf;if/ FUtp/ ikdh/ bgauwpahg; gitfs;/ mzpy;/ fhw;W Mfpd cjph;j;JtpLk;
ehty; gH=;fisg; bghWf;f rpWth; Tl;lk; miynkhJk;.
5. j=;iffs; j=;fs; mf;fhf;fSf;fhff; ifapy; bgl;oa[ld; ehty;gHk;
bghWf;Ffpd;wdh;.
6. ,utpd; bky;ypa epyh btspr;rj;jpy; gHe;jpd;dp btsthy; Tl;lk; kuj;jpy; gHk;
jpd;dg; gil vLf;Fk;.
7. mg;gh tUk; tiu ehty; ku epHypy; fpspahe;jl;L tpisahLnthk;.new;W
ez;gfy; vd; kfd; tpisahoaJk; ,e;j ehty; ku epHypy;jhd;.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. bgU=;fhw;wpy; tPH;e;j kuj;ijf; ftp+h; Vd; ghh;f;f tpUk;gtpy;iy>
1. bgU=;fhw;wpdhy; ehty; kuk; ntnuhL tPH;e;J tpl;;lJ. mjidg; ghh;f;f Ch;kf;fs;
7
gjw;wj;j;py; tpiue;J bry;fpd;wdh;.
2. Fd;Wfspd; eLnt cs;s bghpa kiy nghy me;j ehty; kuk; ftp+h; kdjpy;
epw;gjhy; bgU=;fhw;wpy; tPH;e;j kuj;ij mth; ghh;f;f tpUk;gtpy;iy.
3. me;j kuk; ftp+h; epidtpy; thH;fpd;wJ.
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83
38 ` f=;fh `
TLjy; tpdh

1. rpwe;j ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J bfh=;Fnjh; thH;f;if vd;Dk; E}y; gilj;j ftp+h;.
m) uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; M) ftpkzp
,) Rujh <) cLkiy ehuhazftp [tpil : m]
2. uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; E}Yf;Fj; jkpH; tsh;r;rpf; fHfg; ghpR bgw;wth;
m) uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; M) ftpkzp
,) Rujh <) cLkiy ehuhazftp [tpil : m]
3. `bgUthH;t[~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ _______
m) bgU + thH;t
[ M) bg + UthH;t[
,) bgUik + thH;t[ <) ngh; + thH;t[ [tpil : ,]
j 4. Chpd; tlnfhoapy; ,Ue;j kuk; _______

m) g[spa kuk; M) khkuk; ,) ehty; kuk; <) murkuk; [tpil : ,]
kp 5. jhj;jh el;L itj;j kuk;
H; m) g[spa kuk;
6. bghUj;Jf.
M) khkuk; ,) ehty; kuk; <) murkuk; [tpil : ,]
1. gutrk; ? m) Jf;fk; tprhhpj;jjy;

2. J&;o nfl;ly;; ? M) tputp
3. gutp ? ,) vy;iy
4. nfho ? <) kfpH;r;rpg;bgUf;F
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : M]
7 7. `br=;fha;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ _______

m) brk;ik + fha;
,) br=; + fha;
M) brk; + fha;
<) br + fha; [tpil : m]
8. ,utpy; gilbaLj;J tUk; gHe;jpd;dp _______
m) btsthy; Tl;lk; M) fhf;iff; Tl;lk;
,) FUtpf; Tl;lk; <) ikdhf; Tl;lk; [tpil : m]
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` f=;fh ` 39
9. ehtw;gH=;fis cjph;j;JtpLtdtw;Ws; gwitfs; my;yhj xd;W _______

m) fhf;if M) FUtp ,) mzpy; <) ikdh [tpil : ,]
10. bgUthH;t[ thH;e;j kuk; _______
11. new;W ,ut[g; nga;f;fhw;wpy; ntnwhL rha;e;jJ _______
12. Fd;Wfspd; eLnt khkiy nghd;wJ _______
m) g[spa kuk; M) khkuk; ,) ehty; kuk; <) murkuk; [tpil : ,] g
13. bfhy;ypg;ghit vd;Dk; rpw;wpjiH elj;jpath; U
m) uh$khh;j;jhz;ld;
,) Rujh
M) ftpkzp
<) cLkiy ehuhazftp [tpil : m] t
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f. k;
1
1. epykle;ijf;F ,aw;if Nl;oa kzpkFl=;fns _______ tpil : ku=;fs;
_______ gw;wpa epidt[fs; bgUk;ghyhd kdpjh;fspd; cs;s=;fSf;Fs; g[ije;J
2.
fplf;fpd;wd. tpil : ku=;fs;
3. _______ gH=;fisg; bghWf;f rpWth; Tl;lk; miynkhJk;. tpil : ehty;
4. j=;iffs; j=;fs; mf;fhf;fSf;fhff; ifapy; bgl;oa[ld; _______ bghWf;Ffpd;wdh;
tpil : ehty;gHk;
5. mg;gona epw;fl;Lk; me;j kuk; ? vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath; _______
tpil : uh$khh;jj; hz;ld;
6. Fd;Wfspd; eLnt khkiy nghy epd;wJ _______ tpil : khkuk;
FW tpdh
1. ehty; kuk; njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jf; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
Chpd; tl vy;iyapy; Ie;J tajpy; ghh;j;j nghJk;/ Ik;gJ taijj; jhz;o
,g;bghGJ ghh;f;fpd;w nghJk;/ jhj;jhtpd; jhj;jh el;L itj;j ehty; kuk; mg;gona
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
7
2. rpWth; kd=;fspy; kfpH;r;rp bgh=;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
ehty; kuj;jpy; gr;irf;fha;fs; khwp bre;epwkha;g; gGf;Fk; nghJ rpWth; kd=;fspy;
kfpH;r;rp bgh=;Fk;.
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04
40 ` f=;fh `
3. vg;nghJ ehtpy; ePh; CWk;>

gsgsf;Fk; gr;ir ,iyfSlf; fUePyf;nfhypf;Fz;Lfs; nghy ehtw;gH=;fs;
fpisfspy; bjh=;Ftijg; ghh;f;Fk; nghnj ehtpy; ePh; CWk;.
4. rpWth; Tl;lk; miynkhjf; fhuzk; ahJ>

fhf;if/ FUtp /ikdh /bgauwpahg; gitfs;/ mzpy;/ fhw;W Mfpd cjph;j;JtpLk;
ehty; gH=;fisg; bghWf;f rpWth; Tl;lk; miynkhJk;.
5. j=;iffs; ahUf;fhf ehty; gHk; bghWf;Ffpd;wdh;>

j=;iffs; j=;fs; mf;fhf;fSf;fhff; ifapy; bgl;oa[ld; ehty;gHk;
bghWf;Ffpd;wdh;.
6. ,ut[ neuj;jpy; ehty;kuj;ij nehf;fpg; gilvLj;jJ vJ> Vd;>

,utpd; bky;ypa epyh btspr;rj;jpy; gHe;jpd;dp btsthy; Tl;lk; kuj;jpy; gHk;
jpd;dg; gil vLf;Fk;.
j
7. Ch;kf;fs; vjidg; ghh;f;fr; brd;wdh;>
bgU=;fhw;wpdhy; ehty; kuk; ntnuhL tPH;e;J tpl;;lJ. mjidg; ghh;f;f Ch;kf;fs;
kp gjw;wj;j;py; tpiue;J bry;fpd;wdh;.
8. ftp+h; kdjpy; vd;Wk; epw;gJ vJ>

H; Fd;Wfspd; eLnt cs;s bghpa kiy nghy me;j ehty; kuk; ftp+h; kdjpy;
vd;Wk;; epw;fpwJ.
rpW tpdh:
1. ftp+h; uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgah; : ,uhrkhh;j;jhz;ld;
jpwd;fs; : ,jHhsh;/ ftpijj; jpwdha;thsh;.
ghpR : uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ftpijfs; E}Yf;Fj; jkpH; tsh;r;rpf; fHfg; ghpR
7
bgw;wth;.
gilg;g[fs; :
uh$khh;j;jhz;ld; ftpijfs;/ mg;gona epw;fl;Lk; me;j kuk;/
rpwe;j ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J bfh=;Fnjh; thH;f;if vd;Dk; E}y;
gilj;Js;shh;.
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` f=;fh ` 41
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. c=;fs; Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpYs;s VnjDk; xU kuk; Fwpj;J tUzidahf Ie;J bjhlh;fs;

vGJf.
gyhkuk;
-- beLbeLD tsh;e;j kuk;/ neh;j;jpahd gyhkuk;
-- Kf;fdpapy; ,uhz;lhk; fdp jU kuk;
-- bgUk;gHk; Rke;jjhy; cd;nkdp ,isj;jnjh>
-- gGkuj;ij eho gutrkha; gwit tUk;
g
-- bfhLf;f Fiwahj mKjRugp kuk; gyhkuk; U
2. c=;fs; gFjpapYs;s ku=;fspd; bgah;fisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
t
ntg;g kuk;/ g[spa kuk;/ murkuk;/ My kuk;/ thiH kuk;/ KU=;if kuk;/ bjd;id
kuk;/gid kuk;/ ghf;F kuk;/ gyh kuk;/ njf;F kuk;/ re;jd kuk;/ mj;jp kuk;/ thif
kuk;/ g[=;f kuk;.
k;
vav
xU thp jkpH;g; bghd;bkhHpfs;
1
1. ,jak; xU ,ufrpa Ru=;fk;.
2. vz;z=;fs; mHfhdhy; thH;f;if mHfhFk;.
3. ,He;jij kwe;J tpL/ ,Ug;gij ,Hf;fhky; ,Uf;f.
4. kdk; mHfhdhy; thH;f;ifa[k; g{tdk; MFk;.
5. ftiyfs; fditg; nghy kwe;J nghFk;.
vav
7
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24
42 ` f=;fh `
,ay; ciueil
2 cyfk; tpy=;Ffs; cyfk;

1. Mrpa ahidfspy; Mz; ? bgz; ahidfis ntWgLj;JtJ
m) fhJ M) je;jk; ,) fz; <) fhy;efk; [tpil : M]
2. jkpHfj;jpy; g[ypfs; fhg;gfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) ntle;jh=;fy; M) nfhoafiu
,) Kz;le;Jiw <) Te;jf; Fsk; [tpil : ,]
3. `fhl;lhW~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ _______
j m) fhL + MW M) fhl;L + MW
kp ,) fhl; + MW <) fhl; + lhW

4. `midj;Jz;zp~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ _______
[tpil : m]
H; m) midj;J + Jz;zp
,) midj; + Jz;zp
M) mid + cz;zp
<) midj;J + cz;zp [tpil : <]
5. `neuk; + Mfp~ vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ _______
m) neukhfp M) neuhfp ,) neuk;Mfp <) neh; Mfp [tpil : m]
6. `ntl;il + Moa~ vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ _______
m) ntl;ilMoa M) ntl;ilahoa
,) ntl;lho <) ntlho [tpil : M]
7 nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.

1. `fhl;od; tsj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPL~ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; tpy=;F _______
tpil : g[yp
2. ahidf; Tl;lj;jpw;F xU _______ ahidjhd; jiyik jh=;Fk;.
tpil : bgz;
3. fuofisj; njdPf;fsplkpUe;J fhg;gJ mjd; _______ tpil : mlh;e;j Kofs;

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` f=;fh ` 43
FW tpdh
1. fhL ? tiuaW.
--
kdpjh;fspd; Kaw;rpapd;wp tsh;e;j ku=;fs;/ bro/ bfhofs;/ g[y;/ g[jh;fs;/
g[{r;rpapd=;fs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy=;Ffs; nghd;w gy caph;fspd; thH;tplk; fhlhFk;.
-- ,ilapilna fhl;lhWfSk;/ ePnuhilfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
-- kdpjdpd; Kjy; ,Ug;gplk; fhL.
2. ahidfs; kdpjh;fis Vd; jhf;FfpwJ Vd;>
-- ahidfs; bghJthf kdpjh;fisj; jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
-- ahidfs; bry;Yk; tHpg;ghijfspy; kdpjh;fs; FWf;fpLk;nghJ/ mth;fisj; g
jhf;Ffpd;wd.
-- nkYk; ahidf;Ff; fz;ghh;itf; Fiwt[/ nfl;Fk; Mw;wYk; nkhg;g Mw;wYk; U
kpFjpahf cs;sJ.
3. fuo `midj;Jz;zp~ vd miHf;fg;gLtJ Vd;> t
gH=;fs;/ njd;/ cjph;e;j kyh;fs;/ fha;fs;/ fdpfs;/ g[w;wPry;/ fiuahd; vd midj;ija[k;
cz;gjhy; fuo `midj;Jz;zp~ vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
k;
4. khdpd; tiffs; rpytw;wpd; bgah;fis vGJf.
1. g[s;spkhd;
rpW tpdh
2. rUFkhd; 3. kpshkhd; 4. btspkhd;
1
1. g[ypfs; Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;J bfhz;l bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
-- g[ypfs; jdpj;J thGk; ,ay;g[ cilad.
-- xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; xU g[yp kl;Lnk thGk;. kw;w g[ypfs; me;j
vy;iyf;Fr; bry;yhJ.
-- fUt[w;w g[ypahdJ 90 ehl;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ @d;W Fl;ofs; tiug;
bgw;bwLf;Fk;.me;jf; Fl;ofis ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; tiu tsh;j;J tUk;.
-- mit ntl;ilahlf; fw;wt[ld; mtw;Wf;fhd vy;iyfisg; gphpj;J mDg;gptpLk;.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. fhLfis mHpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fisg; gl;oaypLf.
1. kiH tsk; Fiwa[k;. 2. kz; jhpR epykhf khwptpLk;.
3. fhl;Laphpfs; thH;tplk; mHpa[k;. 4. FoePh;j; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk;.
7
5. czt[j; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk;. 6. kz; tsk; nrh;fF ; k; Ez;Qaphpfs; mHpa[k.;
7. kz;zhpg;g[ Vw;gLk;. 8. neha; jPh;f;Fk; @ypiffs; mHpa[k;.
9. gUtepiykhWk;. 10. g[tp btg;gkakhFk;.
11. epyj;jo ePh;f;Fiwa[k;.
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44
44 ` f=;fh `
TLjy; tpdh

1. jkpH;ehl;oy; tdf;fy;Y}hp mike;j ,lk; _______
m) nkl;Lg;ghisak; M) Fd;D}h;
,) Cl;o <) nfhj;jfphp [tpil : m]
2. jkpH;ehL ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; _______

m) <nuhL M) nfhit ,) ehkf;fy; <) nryk; [tpil : M]
3. jkpH;ehl;oy; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;bghpa fhg;gfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;

m) ntle;jh=;fy; M) nfhoafiu
,) Kz;le;Jiw <) Te;jf; Fsk; [tpil : ,]
4. cyfpy; cs;s ahid tiffs;
j m) xd;W M) ,uz;L ,) @d;W <) ehd;F

5. Mz; / bgz; Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; je;jk; bfhz;l ahid tif _______
[tpil : M]
kp m) Mg;hpf;f ahid M) Mrpa ahid
H; ,) mbkhpf;f ahid <) jha;yhe;J ahid

6. ehs; xd;Wf;F 250 fpnyh g[y; / ,iy jiHfis czthff; bfhs;Sk; tpy=;F
[tpil : m]
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp <) ahid [tpil : <]

7. nfl;Fk; Mw;wYk; nkhg;g Mw;wYk; kpFjpahf cs;s tpy=;F
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp <) ahid [tpil : <]
8. ed;F tsh;e;j fuoapd; vil
m) 160 fp M) 100 fp ,) 106 fp <) 601 fp [tpil : m]
9. jdf;fhd czit ntl;ilahoa gpd;g[ ntW ve;j czita[k; ntl;ilahlhj
7 tpy=;F
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp
10. gz;g[s;s tpy=;F vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; tpy=;F
<) ahid [tpil : ,]
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp <) ahid [tpil : ,]

11. ,utpy; kl;Lk; ntl;ilahLk; jd;ik bfhz;l tpy=;F
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp <) ahid [tpil : ,]
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` f=;fh ` 45
12. mHfpy; rpwe;j khd; tif

m) g[s;spkhd; M) rUFkhd;
,) kpshkhd; <) btspkhd; [tpil : m]
13. ,aw;if tp+;+hdpfs; fhl;Lf;F murdhff; Fwpg;gpLk; tpy=;F
m) fuo M) khd; ,) g[yp <) rp=;fk; [tpil : ,]
14. èpidthw;wy;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ _______
m) epid + Mw;wy;
,) epidt[ + Mw;wy;
M) epid + thw;wy;
<) epidt[ + thw;wy; [tpil : ,] g
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f. U
1. ,e;jpa tdf;fy;Y}hp mike;j khtl;lk; _________ tpil : nfhit
t
2.
3.
fhl;Ltpy=;Ffspd; ciwtplk; _________
kdpjdpd; Kjy; ,Ug;gplk; _________

tpil : Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfk;
tpil : fhL
k;
4. Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfj;jpd; gug;gst[_______ tpil : 895 rJukPl;lh;
5. nfhit ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; tdtpay; rhh;e;j gog;g[fs; _________/
_________. tpil : ,sepiy tdtpay;/ KJepiy tdtpay;
1
6. kpFe;j epidthw;wiyf; bfhz;l tpy=;F _______ tpil : ahid
7. ghrk; epiwe;j tpy=;F _________. tpil : ahid

8. ahidf;Ff; fog;gjw;Fj; njitg;gLk; jz;zPhpd; mst[ _________.
tpil : 65 ypl;lh;
9. _________ xU midj;Jz;zp. tpil : fuo
10. fhl;L murd; _________. tpil : rp=;fk;

11. tp+;+hdpfs; vd;w gpwbkhHpr; brhy;ypw;F ,izahd jkpH;r;brhy; _________.

FWtpdh
tpil : mwptpaywp+h; (my;yJ) mwptpayhsh;
7
1. Mjpdp v=;Fr; brd;whs;> vjw;fhfr; brd;whs;>
-- Mjpdp jd; mk;kht[ld; Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfj;jpw;Fr; brd;whs;.
-- f
hl;L tpy=;Ffs; gw;wpa g[ifg;glj;bjhFg;gpw;Fj; njitahd g[ifg;gl=;fs;
vLg;gjw;fhfr; brd;whs;.
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64
46 ` f=;fh `
2. Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfk; Fwpj;J td mYtyh; TwpaJ ahJ>

-- jkpH;ehl;onyna ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;bghpa fhg;gfk; : Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs;
fhg;gfk;.
-- 895 rJu fpnyh kPl;lh; gug;gst[ bfhz;lJ.
-- ahid / g[yp / rpWj;ij / khd; / fuo / fhl;LkhL nghd;w mhpa tpy=;Ffs;
thH;fpd;wd.
? vd;W Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfk; Fwpj;J td mYtyh; Twpdhh;.
3. Kz;le;Jiw g[ypfs; fhg;gfj;jy; thGk; mhpa tpy=;Ffs; ahit>
1. ahid 2. g[yp 3. rpWj;ij 4. khd; 5. fuo 6. fhl;LkhL
4. cyfpy; cs;s ahid tiffs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
cyfpy; ,uz;L tifahd ahidfs; cs;sd. mitahtd:
1. Mrpa ahid 2. Mg;gphpf;f ahid
5. Mrpa ahidf;Fk; Mg;gphpf;f ahidf;Fk; cs;s ntWghL ahJ>
1. Mrpa ahid
j Mz;ahidf;Fj; je;jk; cz;L/ bgz; ahidf;Fj; je;jk; ,y;iy.

2. Mg;gphpf;f ahid
kp Mz;/bgz; ahidfs; ,uz;Lf;Fnk je;jk; cz;L.
H; 6. xU fhl;L tsj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPL vJ>

g[ypna xU fhl;L tsj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPlhFk;.
7. jkpH;ehl;oy; tdf; fy;Y}hp v=;F mike;Js;sJ>
jkpH;ehl;oy; tdf; fy;Y}hp nfhit khtl;lk; nkl;Lg;ghisaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
8. tdtpay; rhh;e;j gog;g[fs; ahit> mit v=;Fs;sd>
-- tdtpay; rhh;e;j gog;g[fs; ,sepiy tdtpay; / KJepiy tdtpay; MFk;.
-- nfhit ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; mit fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
9. g[ypiag; gz;g[s;s tpy=;F vdf; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
7
jdf;fhd czit ntl;ilahoa gpd;g[ ntW ve;j czita[k; ntl;ilahlhj
tpy=;F. vdnt g[ypiag; gz;g[s;s tpy=;F vd; TWfpd;wdh;.
10. g[ypiaf; fhl;Lf;F murd; vd ,aw;if tp+;+hdpfs; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
-- ePsk;/ cauk;/ gUkd;/ vil/ gyk;/ ntl;ilj; jpwd; Mfpa midj;jpYk;
rp=;fj;ijtpl g[ypna cah;e;jJ.
-- vdnt/ g[ypiaf; fhl;Lf;F murd; vd ,aw;if tp+;+hdpfs; TWfpd;wdh;.
11. mHfpy; rpwe;j khd; tif vJ>
ek; ehl;oy; cs;s g[s;sp khnd mHfpy; rpwe;jjhFk;.
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` f=;fh ` 47
12. rp=;f=;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Mrpar; rp=;fk; 2. Mg;gphpfr; rp=;fk;
13. ahidfs; mof;fo ,lk;bgauf; fhuzk; ahJ>
ahidfs; jz;zPh; kw;Wk; czt[f;fhf,lk;bgah;e;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.
14. rp=;fk; Fwpj;J ePtph; mwpe;j bra;jpfs; ahit>
-- Mrpar; rp=;fk;/ Mg;gphpf;fr; rp=;fk; vd ,uz;L tifr; rp=;fk; cs;sd.
-- ,e;jpahtpy; F$uhj;jpy; `fph; ruzhyaj;jpy;~ kl;Lnk Mrpar; rp=;f=;fs; cs;sd.
rpW tpdh g
1. ahidfs; Fwpj;J ePtph; mwpe;jij vGJf.
-- ahidfs; vg;nghJk; Tl;lkhfnt thGk;. U
-- Tl;lj;jpw;Fg; bgz; ahid jiyik jh=;Fk;.
t
k;
-- jz;zPh; kw;Wk; czt[f;fhf ahidfs; ,lk;bgah;e;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.
-- ehs; xd;Wf;F 250 fpnyh g[y;/ ,iy jiHfis czt[k;/ 60 ypl;lh; jz;zPUk;
njitg;gLk;.
-- kpFe;j epidthw;wYk; ghrKk; bfhz;l tpy=;F.
-- fz;ghh;itf; Fiwt[/ nkhg;g Mw;wy; kpFjp.
2. fuo Fwpj;J ePtph; mwpe;j bra;jpfs; ahit>
1
-- ed;F tsh;e;j fuo 160 fpnyh vil tiu ,Uf;Fk;
-- gH=;fs; kw;Wk; njd; cz;gjw;fhf fuo kuk; VWk;.
-- gH=;fs;/ njd;/ cjph;e;j kyh;fs;/ fha;fs;/ fdpfs;/ g[w;wPry;/ fiuahd; vd
midj;ija[k; cz;gjhy; fuo `midj;Jz;zp~ vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
-- jd; mlh;e;j Kofs; @yk; vjphpfsplk; ,Ue;J jd;idf; fhg;ghw;wpf;
bfhs;fpd;wJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. tpy=;Ffs; bjhlh;ghd gHbkhHpfisj; jpul;o tUf.
1. ghh;j;jhy; gR/ gha;e;jhy; g[yp
(v.fh.) : g[yp grpj;jhYk; g[y;iyj; jpd;dhJ.
2. rhJ kpuz;lhy; fhL bfhs;shJ.
7
3. ahid tUk; gpd;nd/ kzpnahir tUk; Kd;nd.
4. behz;of; fGijf;Fr; rUf;fpdJ rhf;fhk;.
5. tPl;oy; vyp / btspapy; g[yp.
6. ehag; bghwe;jhYk; ey;yhg; bghwf;fDk;.
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84
48 ` f=;fh `
7. fGijf;Fj; bjhpa[kh fw;g[{u third.
8. ML khL ,y;yhjtd; milkiHf;F uhrh.
9. J}=;fzh=; FUtpf;Ff; Fu=;F g[j;jp brhy;Yr;rhk;.
2. fhl;L tpy=;Ffspd; gl=;fisj; jpul;o glj;bjhFg;g[ cUthf;Ff.
vav
xU thp jkpH;g; bghd;bkhHpfs;
j
kp 6. rpwe;j g[j;jfk; ey;y ez;gd;.
7. E}yfk; mwp+h;fs; thGk; ,lk;.
H; 8. g[j;jf=;fs; fdt[fis tsh;f;Fk;.
9. tPl;ow;F xU E}yfk; mikg;nghk;.
10. njhy;tp ,Wjp my;y.
vav
7
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` f=;fh ` 49
,ay; tphpthdk;
2 ,e;jpa tdkfd;
$hjt;gna=; fhl;il vt;thW cUthf;fpdhh;>

Kd;Diu
m!;!hk; khepyj;jpd; n$hh;tpuhl; khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; $hjt;gna=;. `,e;jpa g
tdkfd;~ vd;W ,th; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. gpuk;kg[j;jpuh Mw;wpd; eLnt cs;s
kpfg;bghpa jPtpy; jdJ fod ciHg;ghy; xU fhl;il cUthf;fpdhh;. mjid vg;go U

cUthf;fpdhh;> vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ.
kuk; tsh;f;Fk; vz;zk; t
1979y; gpuk;kg[j;jpuh Mw;wpy; bgUbts;sk; Vw;gl;lJ. ku=;fs; ,y;yhj jPtpy;
ghk;g[fs; fiu xJ=;fpd.rpy ghk;g[fs; ,we;jd. gy ghk;g[fs; btg;gk; jh=;fhky;
capUf;Fg; nghuhof; bfhz;oUe;jJ. ,f;fhl;rp $hjt;gna=;if kpft[k; ghjpj;jJ.
k;

Ch;g; bghpath;fs; `jPtpy; ku=;fs; ,y;yhjJjhd; fhuzk;~ vd;wdh;. mthplk; jPt[
KGtJk; kuk; tsh;f;Fk; vz;zk; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ. Ch; kf;fsplk; jPtpy; kuk;
tsh;f;fyhk; vd;W mth; Twpa nghJ/ mjid ahUk; Vw;ftpy;iy.
tplh Kaw;rp
1
$hjt;gna=; jPtpy; tpijfis tpijf;fj; bjhl=;fpdhh;. ed;F guhkhpj;jhh;.
Mdhy; mitfs; Kisf;ftpy;iy. tdj;Jiw mwpt[Wj;jyhy; @=;fpy;
ku=;fis tsh;f;fj; bjhl=;fpdhh;. mit ed;F tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. mth; kpFe;j
kfpH;r;rpaile;jhh;.@=;fpiyj; jtpu ntW ve;j kuKk; ,j;jPtpy; tsutpy;iy.
mrhk; ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfg; nguhrphpah; $hJehj; mth;fspd; mwpt[Wj;jypd;go
kz;g[Gt[ld; rptg;g[f; fl;blWk;ig mj;jPt[ kz;zpy;tpl;lhh;. rpwpJ rpwpjhf
kz;zpd; jd;ik khwp gRk;g[y;Yk; ku=;fSk; tsuj; bjhl=;fpd.
g[jpa fhL cUthdJ
ku=;fspy; tpise;j gH=;fis cz;L/ mjd; bfhl;ilfis tpijahfr;
nrkpj;J itj;J tpijj;jhh;. fhy;eilfis tsh;j;J mjd; rhz=;fis ku=;fSf;F
cukhf;fpdhh;. kiH bga;ahj fhy=;fspy; ghid bghpa @=;fpy; Jiz bfhz;L
brhl;L brhl;lhf ePhpid ku=;fSf;Ftpl;lhh;. ku=;fs; bgUfp tsh;e;J/ mj; jPt[
bgU=;fhlhdJ.ahidfs;/ ghk;g[fs;/ fGFfs;/ fhz;lhkpUf=;fs;/ g[ypfs; Kjypa
fhl;L tpy=;Ffs; tuj;bjhl=;fpd.
7
Kot[iu
$hjt;gna=; nghy ehKk; fhl;il cUthf;f Kay;nthk;. mjw;F milahskhf
ek; tPl;ilr; Rw;wp ku=;fis el;L/ mit ed;F tsUk; tiu fhf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa
tdkfd; tHpapy; ehKk; bry;nthk;.
kuk; tsh;g;nghk; - kiH bgWnthk;-fhl;oid cUthf;Fnthk;-
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05
50 ` f=;fh `
,ay; fw;fz;L
2 ehy;tiff;FWf;f=;fs;

1. ntl;if vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; Ifhuf; FWf;fk; bgWk; khj;jpiu mst[ _______
m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu <) ,uz;L [tpil : M]
2. kfuf; FWf;fk; ,lk;bgwhj brhy; _______

m) nghd;k; M) kUz;k;
,) gHk; tpGe;jJ <) gzk; fpilj;jJ [tpil : <]
3. brhy;ypd; Kjypy; kl;Lnk ,lk; bgWtJ _______
j m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk;
kp ,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; [tpil : M]
H; FW tpdh
1. xsfhuk; vg;nghJ KGikahf xypf;Fk;>
xs/ bts vd xsitfhu vGj;J/ jdpj;J tUk; ,l=;fspy; jd;Dila ,uz;L
khj;jpiuapy; KGikahf xypf;Fk;.
2. brhy;ypd; Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa ,l=;fspy; Ifhuf;FWf;fk; bgWk; khj;jpiu
mst[ ahJ>
Ifhuf;FWf;fk; bgWk; khj;jpiu
Kjy; ? 11/2 khj;jpiu
7 ,il
fil
?
?
1 khj;jpiu
1 khj;jpiu
3. kfuf;FWf;fj;jpw;F ,uz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.
1. tyk; te;jhd;
2. nghd;k;
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` f=;fh ` 51
TLjy; tpdh

1. @tpl=;fspYk; FWFk; FWf;fk;_______
m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk;
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; [tpil : m]
2. brhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lnk FWFk; FWf;fk;

m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk; g
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
3. itak;/ rikay;/ gwit Mfpa brhw;fspy; gapd;W tUk; FWf;fk;
[tpil : M]
U
m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk; t
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
4. xsitahh;/ btsthy; Mfpa brhw;fspy; gapd;W tUk; FWf;fk;
[tpil : m]
k;
m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk;
,) kfuf;FWf;fk;
M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk;
<) Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
5. brhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; filapYk; tuhj FWf;fk;
[tpil : M]
1
m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhfuf;FWf;fk;
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; [tpil : M]
6. kfuf;FWf;fj;jpd; khj;jpiuast[
m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu <) fhy; [tpil : <]
7. Ma;jf;FWf;fj;jpd; khj;jpiuast[
m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu <) fhy; [tpil : <]
8. bka;baGj;J bgWk; khj;jpiuast[

m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu
9. caph;f;Fwpy; bgWk; khj;jpiuast[
m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu
<) fhy;
<) fhy;
[tpil : m]
[tpil : M]
7
10. caph;f;beoy; bgWk; khj;jpiuast[
m) miu M) xd;W ,) xd;wiu <) ,uz;L [tpil : <]
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25
52 ` f=;fh `
11. tyk; te;jhd;/ nghd;k;/ kUz;k; Mfpa brhw;fspy; gapd;W tUk; FWf;fk;
m) Ifhfuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; [tpil : ,]
12. KBOJ/ fBwPJ Mfpa brhw;fspy; gapd;W tUk; FWf;fk;

m) Ifhuf;FWf;fk; M) xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
,) kfuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; [tpil : <]
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; ? m) xsitahh;/btsthy;
2. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; ? M) tyk; te;jhd;
3. kfuf;FWf;fk; ? ,) KBOJ / fBwPJ
4. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; ? <) rikay;/gwit
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
j ,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : M]
kp
14. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; ,lk; bgwhj brhy;
m) mBJ M) KBOJ ,) fBwPJ <) gBWsp [tpil : m]
H; 15. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.

1. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; ? xd;wiu kw;Wk; xU khj;jpiu
2. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; ? ,uz;L khj;jpiu
3. kfuf;FWf;fk; ? fhy; khj;jpiu
4. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; ? fhy; khj;jpiu [tpil : 2]

1. rpy ,l=;fspy; jd;Dila khj;jpiuast[ Fiwe;J xypg;git _______
7
tpil : FWf;f=;fs;
2. Ì~ vd;w vGj;J bgWk; khj;jpiuast[ _______ tpil : ,uz;L
3. mk;kh/ ghlk; goj;jhd; Mfpa brhw;fspy; kfu bka;baGj;J bgWk; khj;jpiuast[

_______ tpil : miu
4. _______ brhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; thuhJ. tpil : xsfhuk;
5. Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypg;gJ _______ tpil : Ma;jf;FWf;fk;.

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` f=;fh ` 53
FWtpdh
1. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>rhd;W jUf.
xsfhuk; jd; ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J
xypg;gJ xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ]brhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lnk tUk;.
rhd;W: xsitahh; / btsthy;
2. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>rhd;W jUf.
Ifhuk; jd; ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J
xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. brhy;Yf;F Kjy; / ,il / fil Mfpa
,l=;fspy; FWFk;.
g
rhd;W: irtk; / rikay; U
3. kfuf;FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>rhd;W jUf.
kfuk; jd; miu khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypg;gJ
t
kfuf;FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: tyk; te;jhd;
k;
4. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>rhd;W jUf.
Ma;jk; jd; miu khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypg;gJ
Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
1
rhd;W: fw;wPJ.
fw;giw fw;wgpd;
1. Ifhu/ xsfhu/ kfu/ Ma;jf;FWf;f=;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mika[k; brhw;fisj;
bjhFj;bjGJf.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
Ifhuf;FWf;fk; xsfhuf;FWf;fk; kfuf;FWf;fk; Ma[jf;FWf;fk;
Ik;gJ xsljk; jUk; tz;o fBwPJ
7
kilad; xsit tUk; tstd; g BwPJ
jiytd; bfsjhhp tUk; tz;o KBOJ
fliy bfshp nghd;k; gBWsp
Ith; bjsyP!;tuk; kUz;k; gBbwhil
Ie;J xstpak; jUk; tstd; gBwhHpir
gilay;
xsjrpak; bgWk; tzpfd;
til
xsjh
jil
xst[jy;
gil
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45
54 ` f=;fh `
bkhHpia MH;nthk;
fPH;f;fhQk; jiyg;g[fSs; xd;W gw;wp ,uz;L epkplk; ngRf.
fhl;L tsnk ehl;L tsk;-
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.fhl;L tsnk ehl;L tsk;- vd;gijg; gw;wp rpy
epkpl=;fs; ngRfpd;nwd;. xU ehl;L tsk; vg;go Kot[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;why;/
me;j ehl;oy; cs;s ePh; tsk;/ epy tsk;/ bjhHpy; tsk; Mfpait bfhz;L jhd;
fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ. ePh; tsj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; kiH. kiHapdhy; kl;Lnk ePh;
tsj;ijg; bgUf;f Koa[k;. me;j kiHf;F mog;gilf; fuhzk; fhLfs;jhd;. fhLfs;
,y;iybad;why; ePh; tsk; ehl;oy; ,y;iy.fhLfSk; fhl;LaphpfSk; epytskhfpa
kz;tsj;ij nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.epyKk; ePUk; bgUftpy;iy vd;why; ehl;od;
bjhHpy; tsk; fpilahJ. vdnt fhl;L tsnk ehl;L tsk; vd;W Twp epiwt[
bra;fpd;nwd;. ed;wp.
fhl;od; gad;fs;
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.fhl;od; gad;fs; vd;gijg; gw;wp rpy epkpl=;fs;
ngRfpd;nwd;. fhl;od; gad;fs; xd;wy;y. ,uz;ly;y.mit gythFk;.tpy=;Ffs;/
j gwitfs;/ g[{r;rpfs;/ Ez;Qaphpfs;/ Ch;td Mfpa vz;zw;w caphpfSf;F

czita[k; ciwtplj;ija[k; jUtJ fhnl. caph;tspia mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp bra;J
kp bfhLf;fpd;wJ. kiH tsj;ijg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. kz;izg; gz;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

FoePh; jl;Lg;ghl;ilg; nghf;Fk;. czt[g;bgUf;fk; Vw;gLk;.gUtepiy rPuila[k;.
H; kz;zhpg;g[ jLf;fg;gLk;.epyj;jo ePh; kl;lj;ijg; bgUf;Fk;.g[tp btg;gkakhjiyj;

jLf;Fk;. vdnt fhl;od; gad; mwpe;J fhLfs; tsh;g;nghk; vd;W Twp epiwt[
bra;fpd;nwd;.ed;wp.
mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jnthk;
ghy; Ie;J
mBwpiz cah;jpiz
tifg;gLk;
1. Mz;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy; Mz;ghy; bgz;ghy; gyh;ghy;
2. bgz;ghy; xd;iwf; xd;Wf;F Xh; Mizf; Xh; xd;Wf;F
3. gyh;ghy; Fwpg;gJ nkw;gl;ltw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ bgz;izf; nkw;gl;lth;fisf;
Fwpg;gJ
7
4. gytpd;ghy; xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;gJ gytpd; Mz;ghy Fwpg;gJ gyh; ghy;
5. xd;wd;ghy; ghy; bgz;ghy;
rhd;W: rhd;W: rhd;W: rhd;W: rhd;W:
fy;/ gR kz; g[Gf;fs; khztd; Mjpdp khzth;fs;
gRf;fs; bry;td; khztp kf;fs;
vjph;g;ghYf;Fhpa bgah;fis vGJf.

1. kfsph; x Mlth; 2. murd; x murp 3. bgz; x Mz;
4. khztd; x khztp 5. rpWtd; x rpWkp 6. njhHp x njhHd;
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` f=;fh ` 55
glj;jpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd ghiy vGJf
xd;wd; ghy; Mz;ghy; xd;wd; ghy;
g
U
t
bgz;ghy; gyh;ghy; gytpd; ghy;
k;
gpiHiaj; jpUj;jpr; rhpahf vGJf.
(v.fh) : fz;zfp rpyk;g[ mzpe;jhd;.
tpil : fz;zfp rpyk;g[ mzpe;jhs;.
1
1 nfhtyd; rpyk;g[ tpw;fg; nghdhs;. nfhtyd; rpyk;g[ tpw;fg; nghdhd;.
2 murh;fs; ey;yhl;rp bra;jhh;. murh;fs; ey;yhl;rp bra;jdh;.
3 gR fd;iw <d;wd. gR fd;iw <d;wJ.
4 nkf=;fs; NH;e;J bfhz;lJ. nkf=;fs; NH;e;J bfhz;ld.
5 FHyp eldk; MoaJ. FHyp eldk; Modhs;.
fojk; vGJf.
eP=;fs; brd;W te;j Rw;Wyh Fwpj;J c=;fs; ez;gDf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
ez;gDf;Ff; fojk;
23/ bghpahh; tPjp/
nryk; ? 3.
10.6.2019.
MUaph; ez;gh-
7
cd; md;g[ ez;gd; vGJk; fojk;.ehDk; vd; FLk;gj;jhUk; kpFe;j eyj;Jld;
,Uf;fpd;nwhk;. ePa[k; cd; FLk;gj;jhUk; eykh>v=;fs; gs;spapy; fle;j thuk;
kJiuf;Fr; Rw;Wyh miHj;Jr; brd;whh;fs;.m=;Fr; brd;w mDgtj;ij cd;Dld;
gfph;e;Jbfhs;s tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;.kJiu vd;why; ,dpik vd;gijg; ghlE}ypy; jhd;
goj;jpUf;fpd;nwd;.m=;Fr; brd;wnghJ jhd; me;j ,dpikia czh;e;njd;.
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65
56 ` f=;fh `
kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; nfhtpYf;Fr; brd;nwd;. m=;F vt;tst[ EQf;fkhd
fiyEl;gk; bjhpa[kh> fhzf; fz; nfho ntz;Lk; ez;gh- FkuFUguhpd;
kPdhl;rpak;ikg; gps;isj; jk;pH;g;ghly;fs; fy;btl;Lfspy; m=;Fr; brJf;fp
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.gpd;dh; ehaf;fh; kfhYf;Fr; brd;nwhk;. m=;Fs;s xt;bthU J}
Qk; fijfs; gy brhy;Yk;. m=;Fs;s ehl;oa mu=;F kpft[k; bghypt[ld; cs;sJ.
kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fHfk; brd;nwhk;.m=;Fs;s E}yfj;ijf; fz;L tpae;J
jkpH;r;r=;fnk - ,Jnth> vd;W epidj;njd;.mLj;j thuk; nehpy; tUk; nghJ ,d;Dk;
tpsf;fkhff; TWfpd;nwd;.md;g[ld; Kof;fpd;nwd;.thH;f tsKld;.
,g;gof;F
caph; ez;gd;/
g. ,s=;fjph;
ciwnky; Kfthp
bgWeh;
r.fjputd;/
34/g[Jf; fhydp/
j fqh;?3
kp bkhHpnahL tpisahL
H; tl;lj;jpYs;s vGj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
1. g[ijay; 2. ,ay; 3. fay; 4. g[ay; 5. fly;
7
6. ijay; 7. g[y; 8. fy;
brhw;fis ,izj;Jg; g[jpa brhw;fs; mikf;f.
thiH japh; TL
9. ,y;iy
jply;
10. ,ay;g[
ghl;L
FUtp bfha;ah nrhW gHk; gwit
tpisahl;L Tl;lk; mtiu nghl;o fha'
(v.fh) : thiH + fha; ? thiHf;fha;
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` f=;fh ` 57
1. FUtp + TL ? FUtpf;TL
2. tpisahl;L + jply; ? tpisahl;Lj; jply;
3. japh; + nrhW ? japh;r; nrhW
4. bfha;ah + gHk; ? bfha;ahg; gHk;
5. tpisahl;L + nghl;o ? tpisahl;Lg;nghl;o
6. mtiu + fha; ? mtiuf;fha;
tpLfijf;F tpil vGJf.
1. kuk; tpl;L kuk; jut[ntd;" Fu=;F my;y. g
tise;j thYz;L" g[yp my;y
bfhl;ilfisf; bfhwpg;ngd;" fpsp my;y. U
KJfpy; @d;W nfhLfis cilatd;. ehd; ahh;>................. tpil : mzpy;
t
2. vd; bgah; @d;W vGj;Jfisf; bfhz;lJ.
KjbyGj;ij ePf;fpdhy; kiwg;ngd;. k;
1
,uz;lhk; vGj;ij ePf;fpdhy; Fiug;ngd;.
@d;whk; vGj;ij ePf;fpdhy; Fjpg;ngd;. ehd; ahh;>................... tpil : Fjpiu
3. bts;isaha; ,Ug;ngd;. ghy; my;y.
kPd; gpog;ngd;" J}z;oy; my;y
jtkpUg;ngd;" Kdptuy;y ehd; ahh;>.................. tpil : bfhf;F
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
jPt[ ? Island ctik ? Parable

,aw;if tsk; ? Nature Resource fhL ? Jungle
td tpy=;Ffs; ? Wild Animals tdtpay; ? Forestry
tdg; ghJfhtyh; ? Forest Conservator gy;Yaph;kz;lyk;? Bio Diversity
vav
7
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85
58 ` f=;fh `
,ay; thH;tpay;
2 jpUf;Fws;
kdg;ghlg; ghly;
1. Vjpyhh; Fw;wk;nghy; jk;Fw;wk; fhz;fpw;gpd;
jPJz;nlh kd;Dk; caph;f;F.
2. tha;ik vdg;gLtJ ahbjdpd; ahbjhd;Wk;
jPik ,yhj brhyy;.
3. cs;sj;jhy; bgha;ahJ xGfpd; cyfj;jhh;
cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;.
4. ,aw;wYk; <l;lYk; fhj;jYk; fhj;j
tFj;jYk; ty;yJ muR.
j E}y; : jpUf;Fws;
kp Mrphpah; : jpUts;Sth;
H; Mrphpah; : jpUts;Sth;
fhyk; : 2000 Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lth;
ntWbgah;fs; : bre;ehg;nghjhh;/ bgha;apy;g[yth;/ Kjw;ghtyh;.
brhy;Yk; bghUSk; :
7
mGf;fhwhik ? bghwhik bfhs;shik Vjpyhh; ? gpwh;
mGf;fhW ? bghwhik g[{hpahh; ? ,Hpe;jth;
Mf;fk; ? bry;tk; tha;ik ? cz;ik
nfL ? tWik brt;tpahd; ? rhd;nwhh;
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` f=;fh ` 59
rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;f.

1. tha;ik vdg;gLtJ ?????????
m) md;ghfg;ngRjy; M) jP=;Fjuhj brhw;fisg; ngRjy;
,) jkpHpy; ngRjy; <) rj;jkhfg; ngRjy; [tpil : M]
2. ???????? bry;tk; rhd;nwhh;fshy; Muhag;gLk;.
m) kd;dd; M) bghwhik ,y;yhjtd;
g
,) bghwhik cs;std; <) bry;te;jd;
3. `bghUl;bry;tk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ ?????????
[tpil : ,]
U
m) bghU + bry;tk; M) bghUl; + bry;tk; t
,) bghUs; + bry;tk; <) bghUk; + bry;tk;
4. àhbjdpd;;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ ?????????
[tpil : ,]
k;
1
m) ah + vdpd; M) ahJ + bjdpd;
,) ah + bjdpd; <) ahJ + vdpd; [tpil : <]
5. ahJ + vdpd; vd;w brhy;iyr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ ?????????
m) jd;be+;R M) jd;bd+;R ,) jhbd+;R <) jbd+;R [tpil : M]
6. jPJ + cz;nlh vd;w brhy;iyr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ ?????????
m) jPJz;nlh M) jPJcz;nlj
,) jPjpz;nlh <) jPa[z;nlh [tpil : m]
7. rpwe;j murpd; gzpfis thpirg;gLj;Jf. tpil
m) bghUisg; gphpj;Jr; bryt[ bra;jy;. 1. M) bghUs; tUk; tHpfis mwpjy;.
M) bghUs; tUk; tHpfis mwpjy;. 2. <) bghUs;fisr; nrh;j;jy;.
7
,) nrh;j;j bghUisg; ghJfhj;jy; 3. ,) nrh;j;j bghUisg; ghJfhj;jy;
4. m) bghUisg; gphpj;Jr; bryt[ bra;jy;.
<) bghUs;fisr; nrh;j;jy;.
FW tpdh
1. vg;nghJ jd;be+;nr jd;id tUj;Jk;>
xUth; jd; kdk; mwpa bgha;brhy;yf; TlhJ. mt;thW Twpdhy; mth; kdnk
mtiur; RLk;.
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06
60 ` f=;fh `
2. thGk; bewp ahJ>

xUth; jd; kdj;jpy; bghwhik ,y;yhJ xGf;f bewpnahL thH ntz;Lk;.
3. cyfj;jhh; cs;s=;fspy; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtd; ahh;>
cs;sj;jpy; bgha;apy;yhky; thH;gth;/ cyfj;jhh; cs;s=;fspy; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gth;
Mth;.
fPH;fhQk; brhw;fisf; bfhz;L jpUf;Fws; mikf;f.
bghUl;bry;tk; vy;yhk; g{hpahh; bry;tj;Js;
fz;Qk; mUl;bry;tk; cs brtpr;brhy;
mr;bry;tk; jiy bry;tk; ???????
tpil :
1. mUl;bry;tk; bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; bghUl;bry;tk;
g[{hpahh; fz;Qk; cs.
j 2. bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; mr;bry;tk;

bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy.
kp gpd;tUk; gj;jpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisj; njh;e;bjLf;f.
H;
mwtHp vd;wt[ld; ek; epidt[f;F tUgth; njrj;je;ij fhe;jpaofs;. mth; jk;
rpW tajpy; `mupr;re;jpud;~ ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhh;. mjpy; mupr;re;jpud; vd;Dk; kd;dh;
`bgha; ngrhik~ vd;Dk; mwj;ij vj;jif NH;epiyapYk; jtwhky; filg;gpoj;jhh;.
,e;j ehlfj;ijf; fz;l fhe;jpaofs; jhKk; bgha; ngrhikiaf; filg;gpof;f
ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjp g{z;lhh;. mjidj; jk; thH;ehs; KGtJk; gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
,g;gz;ng fhe;jpaofs; vy;yhh; ,jaj;jpYk; ,lk; gpof;ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
1. xGf;fhwhf; bfhs;f xUtd;jd; be+;rj;J
mGf;fhW ,yhj ,ay;g[.
2. tha;ik vdg;gLtJ ahbjdpd; ahbjhd;Wk;
7 jPik ,yhj brhyy;.

3. cs;sj;jhy; bgha;ahJ xGfpd; cyfj;jhh;
tpil : 3. cs;sj;jhy; bgha;ahJ xGfpd; cyfj;jhh;
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` f=;fh ` 61
TLjy; tpdh
rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.

1. Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ah bkhHp/ bja;t E}y; nghd;w gpwbgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gLk; E}y;
m) jpUf;Fws; M) Vyhjp
,) jphpfLfk; <) Mrhuf;nfhit [tpil : m]
2. jpUf;Fwspy; mike;j bkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs;

m) 133 M) 1330 ,) 70 <) 38 [tpil : M] g
3. jpUf;Fws; gFg;g[
[tpil : m]
U
m) @d;W
4. bghUj;Jf
M) ehd;F ,) xd;gJ <) 133
t
1. mGf;fhW ? m) bry;tk;
2. Mf;fk; ? M); bghwhik
k;
3. nfL ? ,) gpwh;
4. Vjpyhh; ? <) tWik
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
1
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : m]
5. bghUj;Jf
1. g[{hpahh; ? m) ,Hpe;jth;
2. tha;ik ? M) rhd;nwhh;
3. brt;tpahd; ? ,) cz;ik
4. jPJ ? <) Fw;wk;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?<
m) tha;ik
<) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? <
6. jP=;F juhj brhw;fisr; brhy;Yjy; ???????
M) mUs;
[tpil : <]
7
,) mGf;fhwhik <) ,iwkhl;rp [tpil : m]
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26
62 ` f=;fh `

1. xUth; _________ bgha; brhy;yf; TlhJ. tpil : be+;rwpa
2. mt;tpa be+;rj;jhd; _________ brt;tpahd;. tpil : Mf;fKk;
3. jd; Fw;wk; fhz;gtUila thH;tpy; _______ ,y;iy. tpil : Jd;gk;
4. rpwe;j bry;tk; _________ tpil : mUl;bry;tk;
5. jd;bd+;R mwptJ _________. tpil : bgha;aw;f
FW tpdh:
1. brt;tpahd; nfL epidf;fg;gLk; vg;nghJ>
bghwhik bfhz;ltUila bry;tk;/ bghwhik ,y;yhjtUila tWik
rhd;nwhuhy; Muhag;gLk;.
2. vg;nghJ thH;tpy; Jd;gk; ,y;iy>
gpwUila Fw;wj;ijf; fhz;gJ nghy jd; Fw;wj;ijf; fhz;gtUf;FthH;tpy;
j Jd;gk; ,y;iy.
kp 3. vg;nghJ g[w=; TWjy; TlhJ>

neUf;F neh; epd;W fLikahd brhw;fisr; brhd;dhYk; brhy;yyhk. Mdhy;/
H; mth; ,y;yhj nghJ g[w=;Twy; TlhJ.

4. mUl;bry;tk; / bghUl;bry;tk; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWtJ>
1. bry;t=;fSs; rpwe;jJ mUl;bry;tk;
2. bghUl;bry;tk; ,Hpe;jthplj;jpYk; cs;sJ.
rpW tpdh
rpwe;j murpd; bray;fs; ahit>
1. bghUs; tUk; tHpfis mwpjy;.
2. bghUs;fisr; nrh;j;jy;.
7 3. nrh;j;j bghUisg; ghJfhj;jy;

4. bghUisg; gphpj;Jr; bryt[ bra;jy;.
? Mfpad rpwe;j murpd; bray;fs; MFk;.
vav
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 63
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
VHhk; tFg;g[ ? jkpH;
,ay; ? ,uz;L
fhyk; : 30 epkplk; kjpg;bgz; :20
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. 4x1=4
1. fhbly;yhk; ? vd;w brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ

m) fhL + vy;yhk;
,) fh + bly;yhk;
M) fhL + bly;yhk;
<) fhd; + vy;yhk;
g
2. ehty; gHj;jpw;F ctikahff; Twg;gl;lJ ??????? U
m) gr;ir ,iy
,) gr;irf;fha;
M) nfhypf;Fz;L
<) br=;fha;
t
3. jkpHfj;jpy; g[ypfs; fhg;gfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ??????? k;
1
m) ntle;jh=;fy;; M) nfhoaf;fiu
,) Kz;le;Jiw <) Te;jd; Fsk;
4. kfuf;FWf;fk; bgWk; khj;jpiu mst[
m) xd;W M) miu ,) fhy; <) ,uz;L
II. FW tpil jUf. 3x2=6
5. fhl;od; gad;fshff; ftp+h; Rujh ciug;gd ahit>
6. khdpd; tiffs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
7. kfuf;FWf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; jUf.
8.fhl;il ,aw;if tpLjp vd;W Vd; miHf;fpd;nwhk;>
9.fuofs; Fwpj;J ePtph; mwpe;j bra;jpia vGJf.
IV. fojk; vGJf. 1x4=4
10. eP=;fs; brd;W te;j Rw;Wyh Fwpj;J c=;fs; ez;gDf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
7
vav
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46
64 ` f=;fh `
,ay; ftpijg;
3 ngiH g[yp j=;fpa Fif
kdg;ghlg; ghly;
rpw;wpy; ew;W}z; gw;wp epd;kfd;
ahz;L csndh vdtpdt[jp vd;kfd;
ahz;Lcsd; MapDk; mwpnad; XUk;
g[ypnrh;e;J nghfpa fy;mis nghy
<d;w tapnwh ,Jnt
njhd;Wtd; khnjh nghh;f;fsj; jhnd
E}y; : g[wehD}W
j Mrphpah; : fhtw;bgz;L
kp fhtw;bgz;L :
-- r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[yth;
H; -- nfhg;bgU ew;fps;spapd; brtpypj;jha;
-- gilg;g[ : g[wehD}w;wpy; xU ghly;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
1. rpw;wpy; ? rpW tPL 2. fy; mis ? fw;Fif 3. ahz;L ? v=;nf tapW.
4. <d;w tapW ? bgw;bwLj;j 5. Foy; ? tPL
7 rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

1. àhz;L~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; _______
m) vdJ M) v=;F ,) vt;tst[ <) vJ [tpil : M]
2. àhz;Lsndh>~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ _______

m) ahz;L + csndh> M) ahz; + csndh>
,) ah + csndh> <) ahz;L + cndh> [tpil : m]
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` f=;fh ` 65
3. `fy; + mis~ vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ _______

m) fy;yis M) fy;mis ,) fyyis <) fy;Yis [tpil : m]
FW tpdh
1. jk; tapw;Wf;Fj; jha; vjid ctikahff; TWfpwhh;>
jk; tapw;Wf;Fj; jha; `g[yp j=;fpa Fif~ia ctikahff; TWfpwhh;.
rpW tpdh
1. jk; kfd; Fwpj;Jj; jha; Twpa bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
-- rpwpa vd; tPl;oYs;s J}izg; gw;wpf; bfhz;L / vJt[k; bjhpahjts; nghy eP
g
`cd; kfd; v=;nf>~ vd;W vd;idf; nfl;fpd;wha;.
-- mtd; v=;F ,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;W vdf;Fj; bjhpahJ. Mdhy; `g[yp j=;fpa Fif~
U
nghd;W mtidg; bgw;w tapW vd;dplk; cs;sJ.
t
-- mtd; ,=;F ,y;iy Mdhy; nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. ngha;f; fhz;ghahf-
? vd;W jd; kfd; Fwpj;Jj; jha; Twpdhs;. k;
1
rpe;jid tpdh
1. jha; jd; tapw;iwg; g[yp j=;fpr; brd;w FifnahL xg;gpLtJ Vd;>
-- g[yp kpFe;j typikahdJ/ RWRWg;ghdJ/ jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fJ/ tPuk; kpFe;jJ.
-- mijg; nghy tPuk; kpf;ftd; kfd;.
--
,Us; epiwe;j Fifapy; g[yp ,Ug;gJ nghy;/ ,Us; epiwe;j tPuk; kpf;f
fUtiwapy; jd; kfd; cw=;fp tsh;e;jhd;.
--
g[yp Fifia tpl;L ntl;ilf;Fr; bry;tJ nghy gifth;fis
ntl;ilahLtjw;F kfd; nghh;f;fsk; brd;W ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
-- mjdhy; jha; jd; tapw;iwg; g[yp j=;fpr; brd;w FifnahL xg;gpLfpwhh;.
TLjy; tpdh

1. nfhg;bgU ew;fps;spapd; brtpypj;jhahf tps=;fpath _______
m) xsitahh;
,) fhtw;bgz;L
M) xf;Th; khrhj;jpahh;
<) btz;zpf;Faj;jpahh; [tpil : ,]
7
2. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W _______
m) g[wehD}W M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L
,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil [tpil : m]
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66
66 ` f=;fh `
3. j
kpH;kf;fspd; thH;fi
; f Kiw/ ehfhpfk;/ gz;ghL/ tPuk; Kjypatw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) FWe;bjhif [tpil : m]
4. nfhg;bgU ew;fps;sp _______ kd;dd;.

m) nru M) nrhH ,) ghz;oa <) gy;yt [tpil : M]
5. fhtw;bgz;L ghoa ghly; mike;j E}y; _______

,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) FWe;bjhif [tpil : m]

m) fhtw;bgz;L ? bgz;ghw; g[yth;
M) fhtw;bgz;L ? r=;ffhyg; g[yth;
,) fhtw;bgz;L ? g[wehD}w;wpy; ghly; ghodhh;
[tpil : <]
j
<) fhtw;bgz;L ? nfhg;bgU ew;fps;spapd; jha;
7. bghUj;Jf.
kp 1. rpw;wpy; ? m. fw;Fif
H;
2. fy; mis ? M. rpW tPL
3. ahz;L ? ,. bgw;bwLj;j
4. <d;w tapW ? <. v=;nf
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : m]
8. `g[ypnrh;e;J nghfpa fy;mis nghy` ? ,jpy; `Fif~ vd;Dk; bghUs;

m) nrh;e;J M) nghfpa ,) mis <) nghy [tpil : ,]
7 m) ,y; ? tPL
,) <d;w ? bgw;w
10. rhpahd brhw;bwhliuj; njh;e;bjLf;f.
M) mis ? Fif
<) ahz;L ? ,=;nf [tpil : <]
m) md;idna- cd; kfd; v=;F cs;shd;>

M) cd; kfd; v=;F cs;shd;>md;idna-
,) v=;F md;idna cd; kfd; cs;shd;>
<) cd; kfd; v=;Fmd;idna cs;shd;> [tpil : m]
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 67

1. `g[yp j=;fpa Fif~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;jg; ghliy vGjpath;_______
tpil : fhtw;bgz;L
2. jkpHh;fs; gH=;fhyk; bjhl;nl _______/ _______ rpwe;J tps=;fpdh;.
tpil : fy;tpapYk;/ tPuj;jpYk;
3. ehl;ilf;fhf;f _______ bry;tJ Kjw;flik. tpil : nghh;f;fsk;
4. fy;tpapy; njh;rr; pak ; g[yth; _____. tpil : fhtw;bgz;L

[ ; ftpghLk; Mw;wYk; kpff g
5. `g[yp j=;fpa Fif~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;jg; ghly; g[wehD}w;wpy; _______tJ U
ghly;.
FW tpdh
tpil : 86
t
1. fhtw;bgz;L ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
-- r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[yth;.
k;
-- nfhg;bgU ew;fps;spapd; brtpypj;jha;.
-- gilg;g[ : g[wehD}w;wpy; xU ghly;.
-- fy;tpapy; njh;r;rpa[k; ftpghLk; Mw;wYk; kpf;f g[yth; ,th;.
1
2. g[wehD}W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
-- vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W : g[wehD}W
-- ,
J gz;ilj; jkpH;kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiw/ ehfhpfk;/ gz;ghL/ tPuk;.
Kjypatw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
3. g[ythplk; bgz; tpdtpaJ ahJ >
md;idna - cd; kfd; v=;F cs;shd;> vd;W g[ythplk; bgz; tpdtpdhs;.
4. `g[ypnrh;e;J nghfpa fy;mis nghy~ bjhlh; bghUs; ahJ>
bghUs; : g[yp j=;fpr; brd;w Fif nghy;
5. jd; kfd; v=;F ,Uf;ff; TLk; vd;W g[yth; TWfpd;whh;>
jd; kfd; nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; TLk; vd;W g[yth; TWfpd;whh;.
7
www.nammakalvi.com
86
68 ` f=;fh `
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[yth;fspd; bgah;fis mwpe;J vGJf.

1. m
+;rpmj;ij kfs; 11. fhtw;bgz;L 21. beLk;gy;ypaj;ij
ehifahh; 12. +kpHp+hyshh; 22. ghhpkfsph;
2. m+;rpy; m+;rpahh;
13. Fsk;ghjhadhh; 23. g[{=;fz; cj;jpiuahh;
3. ms;Ah; ed;Ky;iyahh;
14. Fwkfs; ,sbtapdp 24. bgU=;nfhg;bgz;L
4. Mjp ke;jpahh;
15. Fwkfs; Fwpbaapdp 25. ef;fz;izahh;
5. Cd; gpj;ij
6. xf;Th; khrhj;jpahh; 16. Fd;wpadhh; 26. nga;kfs; ,sbtapdp
7. fr;rpg;ngl;L 17. jha=;fz;zpahh; 27. bghd;kzpahh;
ed;dhifahh; 18. ef;fz;zpahh; 28. bghd;Koahh;
8. fHhh;fPud; vapw;wpahh; 19. ey;bty;ypahh; 29. btz;zpf;Faj;jpahh;
9. fhf;ifg; ghodpahh;
20. ed;dhifahh; 30. bts;sptPjpahh;
j 10.fhkf;fz;zpg;
griyahh;.
kp 2.
gz;ilf;fhyg; nghh;f;fUtpfs; rpytw;wpd; glk; tiue;J mtw;wpd; bgah;fis
vGJf.
H;
nty; ths; <l;o tpy;
7 vav
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 69
,ay; ftpijg;
3 ngiH gh+;ir tsk;
bjhFg;ghrphpah;
: eh.thdkhkiy
E}y; : tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;K fijg;ghly;
fhyk; : 1917 ? 1980
Mh;tk;
: ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/ gHbkhHpfs; nrfhpj;J
bjhFg;g[ E}y; btspaPL
g
Ch; : jpUbey;ntyp eh=;Fnehp
gilg;g[fs; : jkpHh; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;/ jkpHh; ehl;Lg;
U
ghly;fs;/ caphpd; njhw;wk;/ Kj;Jg;gl;ld;
fij Kjypad.
t
k;
brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Nud;
bghf;fp&k;
? tPud;
? bry;tk;
thuzk;
ghp
rh!;jp ? kpFjp rp=;fhuk; ?mHF
? ahid
? Fjpiu 1
tp!;jhuk; ? bgUk;gug;g[ fKF ? ghf;F

1. Ch;tyj;jpd; Kd;dhy; _______ mire;J te;jJ.
m) njhuzk; M) thduk; ,) thuzk; <) re;jdk; [tpil : ,]
2. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; _______ ehia tpul;oLk;.
m) Kay; M) ehp ,) ghp
3. bkj;ij tPL vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ _______
m) bkj;ij tphpf;fg;gl;l tPL
<) g[yp
M) gLf;ifaiw cs;s tPL

[tpil : m]
7
,) nkl;Lg;gFjpapy; cs;s tPL <) khotPL [tpil : <]
4. `g[{l;L=;fjt[fs;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ _______

m) g[{l;L + fjt[fs; M) g[{l;Lk; + fjt[fs;
,) g[{l;od; + fjt[fs; <) g[{l;oa + fjt[fs; [tpil : M]
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07
70 ` f=;fh `
5. `njhuznkil~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ _______

m) njhuzk; + nkil M) njhuz + nkil
,) njhuzk; + xil <) njhuzk; + Xil [tpil : m]
6. thry; + my=;fhuk; vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilf;Fk; brhy; _______

m) thry;mt=;fhuk; M) thry=;fhuk;
,) thryy=;fhuk; <) thryp=;fhuk; [tpil : M]
bghUj;Jf.
tpdh : tpil :
bghf;fp&k; ? mHF bghf;fp&k; ? bry;tk;
rh!;jp ? bry;tk; rh!;jp ? kpFjp
tp!;jhuk; ? kpFjp tp!;jhuk; ? bgUk;gug;g[
rp=;fhuk; ? bgUk;gug;g
[ rp=;fhuk; ? mHF
FWtpdh
j 1. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapd; nfhl;ilfs; gw;wpf; TWf.
kp -- gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rp efhpy; gy Rw;Wfshff; nfhl;ilfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

-- mit kjpy;fshy; NHg;gl;litahf kpft[k; typikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
H; 2. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapd; ,aw;if tsk; vj;jifaJ>
g[{+;nrhiyfSk; re;jdkur; nrhiyfSk; MWfSk; bey; tay;fSk; ghf;Fj;
njhg;g[fSk; gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpf;F mHF nrh;f;Fk;.
rpWtpdh
1. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; tPLfs; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;>
-- gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; xt;bthU tPLfspYk; kzpfshy; mHF bra;ag;gl;l
nkilfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
-- tPLfbsy;yhk; kjpy;fshy; NHg;gl;l kho tPLfshf ,Uf;Fk;.
7 -- tPl;Lf; fjt[fs; kpft[k; neh;j;jpahft[k; tPLfs; bry;tk; epiwe;jjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.

2. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapd; tPuj;Jf;Fr; rhd;whFk; epfH;t[fs; gw;wp vGJf.
-- tPuk; epiwe;j gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; cs;s KayhdJ jd;idg; gpof;ftUk;
ntl;il ehia vjph;j;J tpul;Lk;.
-- gRt[k; g[ypa[k; ePh; epiyapd; xnu gf;fk; epd;W ghy; nghd;w jz;zPiuf; Fof;Fk;.
-- kd;dd; fl;lbghk;kd; bgaiur; brhd;dhy; fwe;J itj;j ghiyf; Tl fhfk;
Fof;fhJ.
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` f=;fh ` 71
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ehl;Lg; g[wf;fijg; ghly;fspy; fl;lbghk;kd; bghpJk; g[fHg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>
1. khtPud; fl;lbghk;kd; tPuk; epiwe;jth;.
2. m+;rh be+;rpdh;.
3. M=;fpnya cah; mjpfhhpfis neUf;F neuhfnt jd; ehl;L chpikf;fhf vjph;j;jth;.
Mfpa fhuzj;jpdhYk;/ kf;fs; kdjpy; tPuk; epiwe;jtuhf ,lk; gpoj;jpUg;gjhYk;
ehl;Lg; g[wf;fijg; ghly;fspy; fl;lbghk;kd; bghpJk; g[fHg;gLfpd;whh;.
TLjy; tpdh g
rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. U
1. tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;K fijg;ghliyj; bjhFj;J E}yhf btspapl;lth; _______
t
m) eh.thdkhkiy
,) md;dfhK
M) R.rz;KfRe;juk;
<) rz;Kf Re;juk; [tpil : m] k;
1
2. Fiwapy;yhj tPud; _______
m) fl;lbghk;kd; M) M=;fpnyad;
,) kUJ <) eh.thdkhkiy [tpil : m]
3. fl;lbghk;kdpd; ehL _______
m) kJiu M) br+;rp
,) gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rp <) ghisa=;nfhl;il [tpil : ,]
4. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; kzpfshy; mHF bra;ag;gl;l nkilfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk;

m) filfs; M) tPjpfs; ,) tPLfs; <) nrhiyfs; [tpil : ,]
5. ePh;epiyapd; xnu Jiwapy; epd;W ghy;nghd;w jz;zPiuf; Fog;git _______
m) Fapy;/ kapy; M) ahid/ gR ,) gR/ g[yp <) Kay;/ eha; [tpil : ,]
7
6. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapd; jz;zPUf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik _______
m) ghy; M) kzp ,) mKjk; <) re;jdk; [tpil : m]
7. fwe;J itj;j ghiyf; Fof;fhjJ _______
m) fhfk; M) Fapy; ,) kapy; <) gR [tpil : m]
8. tPuk; kpFe;j ehL _______

m) kJiu M) br+;rp
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27
72 ` f=;fh `
9. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; ehl;od; tsj;ijf; Twp tpisahoaJ _______

m) fhfk; M) Fapy; ,) kapy; <) gR [tpil : ,]
10. md;g[ tsUk; ehL _______

m) kJiu M) br+;rp
11. bghUj;Jf.
1. thuzk; ? m) ghf;F
2. ghp ? M) mHF
3. rp=;fhuk; ? ,) Fjpiu
4. fKF ? <) ahid
m) 1?< 2?, 3?M 4? m M) 1?, 2?< 3?m 4?M
,) 1?M 2?, 3?m 4?< <) 1?m 2? < 3?M 4?, [tpil : m]
j nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f.
kp 1. `gh+;ir~ vd;w miHf;fg;gLk; ehL _______ tpil : gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rp
H; 2. jkpH;ehl;oy; gy tifahd _______ ,yf;fpa=;fs; tH=;fp tUfpd;wd.

tpil : ehl;Lg;g[w
3. fijg;ghly; vd;gJ _______ jGtpa ghly;. tpil : fij
4. `ghp tsUk; rhiy~ ? ,jpy; `ghp~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ______. tpil : Fjpiu
5. `fKF~ vd;gjd; bghUs; _______. tpil : ghf;F
6. _______apy; kh=;Fapy; Tg;gpLkhk;. tpil : nrhiy
7. KaYk; _______ tpul;Lk;. tpil : ehia
8. tue;jUgts; _______ tpil : rf;fkhnjtp
7 FW tpdh
1. Fapy;fs; v=;F Tt[k; > kapy;fs; vg;go tpisahLk;>
Fapy;fs; nrhiyfspy; Tt[k;. kapy;fs; ehl;od; tsj;ijf; Twp tpisahLk
2. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpf;F mHF nrh;g;gd vJ>
g[{+;nrhiyfSk; re;jdkur; nrhiyfSk; MWfSk; bey; tay;fSk; ghf;Fj;
njhg;g[fSk; gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpf;F mHF nrh;f;Fk;.
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` f=;fh ` 73
3. fue;j ghiyf; fhfk; Fof;fhjjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahJ>

kd;dd; fl;lbghk;kd; bgaiur; brhd;dhy; fwe;J itj;j ghiyf; Tl fhfk;
Fof;fhJ.
4. gR kw;Wk; g[ypapd; bray; ahJ>
gRt[k; g[ypa[k; ePh; epiyapd; xnu gf;fk; epd;W ghy; nghd;w jz;zPiuf; Fof;Fk;.
5. vt;btw;Wf; bfy;yhk; gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpa;py; ,l=;fs; ,Ue;jd>
1. ahidf; Tlk; 2. Fjpiuf; bfhl;oy;
3. njhuz=;fs; fl;lg;gl;l nkil 4. jhak; MLtjw;fhd ,lk;. g
6. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpa;py; tPuk; epiwe;j tpy=;Ffs; vit>
1. Kay; 2. gR
U
7.
tPughz;oafl;lbghk;kd; fijg;ghlypy; Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s t
mBwpiz caph;fs; ahit>
1. ahid 2. Fjpiu 3. Fapy;fs; 4. kapy;fs; 5. Kay; k;
1
6. ntl;il eha; 7. gR 8. g[yp 9. fhfk;.
8.
tPughz;oafl;lbghk;kd; fijg;ghlypy; Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
tpy=;Ffs; ahit>
1.ahid 2.Fjpiu 3.Kay; 4.ntl;il eha; 5.gR 6.g[yp
9.
tPughz;oaf l;lbghk;kd; fijg;ghlypy; Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
gwitfs; ahit>
1.Fapy;fs; 2.kapy;fs; 3.fhfk;
rpW tpdh:
1.
``rpy mjpra=;fs; brhy;fpd;nwd; nfSikah~~ ? gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rp mjpra=;fs;
ahit>
1.
tPuk; epiwe;j gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; cs;s KayhdJ jd;idg; gpof;ftUk;
ntl;il ehia vjph;j;J tpul;Lk;.
2. gRt[k; g[ypa[k; ePh; epiyapd; xnu gf;fk; epd;W ghy; nghd;w jz;zPiuf; Fof;Fk;.
3. kd;dd; fl;lbghk;kd; bgaiur; brhd;dhy; fwe;J itj;j ghiyf; Tl fhfk;
7
Fof;fhJ.
www.nammakalvi.com
47
74 ` f=;fh `
fw;git fw;wgpd;

c=;fs; tPl;oYs;s bghpnahhplk; ehl;Lg;g[wf; fijg;ghly;fisf; nfl;L te;J
tFg;giwapy; gfph;f.
KLF
vl;Lj; jpira[k; gjpdhW nfhzKk;
fl;ona fhj;jtd; fl;lbghk;kd;
Mj;JU thGk; mz;zh rha;g[
mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; ty;ytdhk;
Fsj;J}h; thGk; Rg;igah
bfhs;is aog;gjpy; ty;ytdhk;
fpHf;nf vy;iyahk; fPHf;fiu
nkf;f vy;iyahk; Nyf;fiu
Mapuk; fz;Qs;s khhpak;kh
j Mjhpf;f ntQk; ,e;j neuk;
kp vav
H; eifr;Ritg; g[jph;
1. fLikahd kiH neuj;jpy; xUth; Filapd;wp ghijapy; ele;J brd;whh; . mthpd; jiyKo xd;W
Tl eidatpy;iy. fhuzk; vd;d>
2. xU tpkhdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfptpl;lJ/ jg;gpath;fis v=;F mlf;fk; bra;thh;fs;>
tpil gf;fk; ? 170
vav
7
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 75
,ay; ciueil njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky; gRk;bghd;

3 cyfk; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth;

1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; Kjd; Kjypy; ciuahw;wpa ,lk; _______
g
U
m) J}j;Jf;Fo M) fhiuf;Fo
,) rhay;Fo <) kd;dhh;Fo [tpil : ,]
2. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; elj;jpa ,jHpd; bgah; _______

[tpil : M]
t
3.
m) ,uh$h$p M) nejh$p ,) fhe;jp$p <) neU$p
njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky; vdg; gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njtiug; ghuhl;oath; k;
_______
m) ,uh$h$p M) bghpahh;

,) jpU.tp.f <) nejh$p [tpil : m]
1
1. `fhl;od; tsj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPL~ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; tpy=;F _______
tpil : g[yp
2. ahidf; Tl;lj;jpw;F xU _______ ahidjhd; jiyik jh=;Fk;.
tpil : bgz;
3. fuofisj; njdPf;fsplkpUe;J fhg;gJ mjd;_______ tpil : mlh;e;j Kofs;
FW tpdh
1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njtiug; ghuhl;og; bghpahh; TwpaJ ahJ>
1.
tPug;ngr;rhy; vj;jidnah jpahfpfisa[k; tpntfg; ngr;rhy; vj;jidnah
mwpthspfis cz;lhf;fpath;.
2. cz;ikia kiwf;fhky; btspapLtjpy; jdpj;Jzpr;ry; bgw;wth;. Rj;jj; jpahfp.
7
? vd;W Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njtiug;; bghpahh; ghuhl;oa[s;shh;.
www.nammakalvi.com
67
76 ` f=;fh `
2. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njthpd; ngr;Rf;F tha;g;g[{l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; @yk; jiltpjpf;fg;glf;

fhuzk; ahJ>
1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth;/ M=;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kf;fsplk; bgUk; vGr;rp Vw;gLk;
tifapy; tPu ciuahw;wpdhh;.
2. mtuJ ngr;irf; nfl;L kf;fs; M=;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf tPWbfhz;L vGe;jdh;.
3. ,jdhy;/ mtiug; gyKiw M=;fpy muR ifJ bra;jJ.
4. nkYk;/ tha;g;g[{l;Lr; rl;lk; Kyk; nkilfspy; murpay; ngrf; TlhJ vd;W
mtUf;Fj; jiltpjpj;jJ.
3. Kj;Juhkyp=;fh; bgw;wpUe;j gy;Jiw Mw;wiyg; gw;wp vGJf.
1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa ,U bkhHpfspy; brhw;bghHpt[
Mw;Wk; jpwd; bgw;wpUe;jhh;.
2. rpyk;gk;/ Fjpiu Vw;wk;/ Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;/ nrhjplk;/ kUj;Jtk; Mfpa gyJiw
Mw;wy; cilatuhf tps=;fpdhh;.
rpW tpdh
j 1. nejh$pa[ld; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; bfhz;l bjhlh;g[g; gw;wp vGJf.
kp -- nejh$pa[ld; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; beU=;fpa bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;.

-- mtiuj; jk; murpay; FUthf Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhh;.
H; -- Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njthpd; miHg;ig Vw;W 06.9.1939y; nejh$p kJiuf;F tUif
je;jhh;.
-- nejh$papd; ,e;jpa njrpa ,uhQtj;jpy; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njthpd; Kaw;rpahy;
Vuhskhd jkpHh;fs; ,ize;jdh;.
-- tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; nejh$p vd;w bgahpy; thu ,jH; elj;jpdhh;
2. bjhHpyhsh; eyDf;fhf Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; bra;j bjhz;Lfs; ahit>
-- 1938 fhyfl;lj;jpy; kJiuapy; 23 bjhHpyhsh; r=;f=;fspd; jiytuhfj; njth;
jpfH;e;jhh;.
7
-- kJiuapy; ,Ue;j E}w;ghiy xd;wpy; ntiy bra;j bjhHpyhsh;fspd;
chpikf;fhfj; njhHh; g.$Pthde;jj;Jld; ,ize;J 1938 Mk; Mz;L nghuhl;lk;
elj;jpdhh;. mjw;fhf VG khjk; rpiwj; jz;lid bgw;whh;.
-- cHth;fspd; eyd; fhf;f ,uh$ghisaj;jpy; kpfg;bghpa mstpyhd khehL
xd;iw elj;jpdhh;.
-- bgz;bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F kfg;ngW fhyj;jpy; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLg;g[
ntz;Lk; vd;W nghuhodhh;.
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 77
rpe;jid tpdh
rpwe;j jiytUf;Fhpa gz;g[fs;vit vd eP=;fs; fUJfpwPh;fs;>
1. chpikf;fhfg; nghuhLjy; 2. kf;fs; eyk; fhj;jy;
3.bghJey thH;t[ 4. ngr;rhw;wy;
5. rhjp/ kj/ ,d/bkhHp Mfpad ghuhik 6. xGf;fk; fhj;jy;
7. gpwh;epiyapy; jd;id itj;Jg;ghh;j;jy; 8. kdpjneak;
9. ehl;Lg;gw;W 10. jpahf czh;t[
? Mfpad rpwe;j jiytUf;Fhpa gz;g[fshf eh=;fs; fUJfpd;nwhk;.
g
TLjy; tpdh
U
t
1. je;ijg; bghpahuhy; `Rj;jj; jpahfp~ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;lth; _______
m) Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; M) nejh$p k;
1
,) jpU.tp.f. <) fhe;jp$p [tpil : m]
2. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; gpwe;j Ch; _______

m) gRk;bghd; M) kJiu ,) nfhit <) brd;id [tpil : m]
3. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; bjhlf;ff; fy;tp gapd;w ,lk; _______
m) gRk;bghd; M) kJiu ,) ,uhkehjg[uk; <) fKjp [tpil : <]
4. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ gutpa neha; _______

m) fhyuh M) gpnsf;
,) knyhpah <) k+;rs; fhkhiy [tpil : M]
5. tl,e;jpahtpy; tha;g;g[{l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; go ifJ bra;ag;gl;l jiyth; _______

m) ghyf=;fhju jpyfh; M) fhe;jp$p
,) nejh$p
6. t=;fr; rp=;fk; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;
m) ghyf=;fhju jpyfh;
<) jpU.tp.f
M) fhe;jp$p
[tpil : m]
7
,) nejh$p <) jpU.tp.f [tpil : ,]
7. nejh$p vd;Dk; thu ,jiH elj;jpath; _______

m) Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; M) nejh$p
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87
78 ` f=;fh `
8. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; Kjd; Kjypy; ciuahw;wpa ,lk; _______

m) rhay;Fo M) gRk;bghd; ,) ,uhkehjg[uk; <) t=;fk; [tpil : m]
9. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; ngr;R tpLjiyg;nghUf;F cjt[k; vd;W Twpath; _______

m) ghyf=;fhju jpyfh; M) fhkuhrh;
,) nejh$p <) jpU.tp.f [tpil : M]
10. bjd;dhl;Lr; rp=;fk; vd;wiHf;fg;glf; Toath; _______

11.
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; Kjd; Kjypy; rl;l kd;wj;njh;jypy; btw;wp bgw;w
Mz;L_______
m) 1947 M) 1937 ,) 1957 <) 1973 [tpil : M]
12.
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; Fw;wg;guk;giur; rl;l vjph;g;g[ khehl;il elj;jpa ,lk;
j _______
m) fKjp M) gRk;bghd;
kp ,) rhay; Fo <) ,uhkehjg[uk; [tpil : m]
H; 13. Fw;wg;guk;giur; rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m) 1948 M) 1984 ,) 1949 <) 1943 [tpil : m]
14. ghujkhjh Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lf rhiy Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;

m) fKjp M) gRk;bghd;
,) rhay; Fo <) ,uhkehjg[uk; [tpil : m]
15. ghujkhjh Tl;Lwt[g; gz;lf rhiy Vw;gLj;jpath; _______

7 16. $kPd; tptrhapfs; r=;fk; Vw;gLj;jpath; _______

m) Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth;
,) jpU.tp.f.
M) nejh$p
<) fhe;jp$p [tpil : m]
17. cHth;fspd; eyd; fhf;f ,uh$ghisaj;jpy; kpfg;bghpa mstpyhd khehL xd;iw
elj;jpath; _______
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` f=;fh ` 79
18. bgz;bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F kfg;ngW fhyj;jpy; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLg;g[ ntz;Lk;

vd;W nghuhoath; _______

1. ,sikapy; md;idia ,He;J ,!;yhkpaj; jha; xUtuhy; ghY}l;o tsh;f;fg;gl;lth;
_______
2.
tpil : Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth;
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; cah;epiyf; fy;tpiag; goj;j ,l=;fs; _______ /_______ g
tpil : kJiu/ ,uhkehjg[uk;
U
3.

Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; ,sikapnyna _______ Mh;tk; kpFjp .
tpil : murpay; t
4. nejh$p kJiuf;F te;j Mz;L _______ . tpil : fp.gp.1939 k;
nejh$p bgahpy; thu ,jH; xd;iw elj;jpath; ______ tpil : Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth;
1
5.
6. Kjd; Kjypy; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; ngrpa jiyg;g[ _______
tpil : tpntfhde;jh; bgUik
7. ,e;jpa murhy; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; jghy;jiy btspaplg;gl;l Mz;L_______
tpil : fp.gp.1995
8. M=;fpy Ml;rpapy; kf;fis xLf;Ftjw;fhfg; bfhz;L tug;gl;l rl;lk;_______
tpil : Fw;wg;guk;giur; rl;lk;.
9. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; _______ nfhtpy; EiHt[g; nghuhl;lk; elj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhh;.
tpil : kJiu itj;jpaehj Iah;
FWtpdh
7
1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; v=;F vg;nghJ gpwe;jhh;>
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; 30.10.1908 ,y; ,uhkehjg[uk; khtl;lj;jpy; gRk;bghd;
vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.
2. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; bgw;nwhh; ahth;>
je;ij : cf;fpu ghz;oaj;njth;/ jha; : ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh;.
3. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; gog;g[ ghjpapy; epd;w fhuzk; ahJ>
,uhkehjg[uj;jpy; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ / mt;t[{hpy; `gpnsf;~ neha; gutpajhy;
mthpd; gog;g[ ghjpapy; epd;wJ.
www.nammakalvi.com
08
80 ` f=;fh `
4. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; murpay; FU ahh;>

nejh$p Rgh&; re;jpu nghR.
5. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; Fwpj;J @jwp+h; ,uh$h$p TwpaJ ahJ>
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; ngr;r cs;sj;jpy; ,Ue;J btsptUfpwJ .cjLfspy;
,Ue;J my;y. cs;sj;jhy; vjpYk; gw;ww;W cz;ikbadg; gl;lij kiwf;fhky;
mg;gona ngrptpLtJ/ mth; tHf;fk; vd;W Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; Fwpj;J @jwp+h;
,uh$h$p ghuhl;Lfpwhh;.
6. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; ngr;R Fwpj;J tl ,e;jpa ,jH;fs; ghuhl;oa bra;jp ahJ>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mth; ngrpa M=;fpyj;jpy; ngrpa ngr;R bts;isah;fhyj;jpy;
tpl;ly; gha;/ ty;yggha; gl;nly; nghd;w nkijfs; ngrpa ngr;irg; nghy; ,Ue;jjhf
tl,e;jpa ,jH;fs; ghuhl;od.
7. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; rpwg;g[g;bgah;fs; ahit>
1. njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky; 2. tpj;ah gh!;fh; 3. gputrd nfrhp
4. rd;khh;f;f rz;l khUjk; 5. ,e;J g[j;jrka nkij
j 8. tptrhapfspd; njhHd; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; vd;gjw;fhd epfH;tpidf;Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; `$kPd; tptrhapfs; r=;fk;~ Vw;gLj;jp tptrhapfs; Jd;gk;
kp nghf;fg; ghLgl;lhh;.
2. jkf;Fr; brhe;jkhd 32½ rpw;W}h;fspy; ,Ue;j tpis epy=;fisf; Fj;jif
H; ,y;yhky; cGgth;f;nf g=;fpl;Lf; bfhLj;jhh;.
9. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; rpiwitf;fg;gl;oUe;j ,l=;fs; ahit>
1. mypg;g[{h; 2. mkuhtjp 3. jhnkh 4. fy;fj;jh 5. brd;id 6. ntY}h;
10. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; vg;nghJ kiwe;jhh;>
30.10.1963y; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; kiwe;jhh;.
rpW tpdh
1. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; ,sikf;fhyk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
gpwg;g[ :
7 Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; 30.10.1908,y; ,uhkehjg[uk; khtl;lj;jpy; gRk;bghd;

vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njthpd; bgw;nwhh; :
je;ij : cf;fpu ghz;oaj;njth; jha; :,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh;. ,sikapy; md;idia
,He;J ,!;yhkpaj; jha; xUtuhy; ghY}l;o tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
gog;g[ ghjpapy; epd;w fhuzk; :
,uhkehjg[uj;jpy; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ / mt;t[{hpy; `gpnsf;~ neha; gutpajhy;
mthpd; gog;g[ ghjpapy; epd;wJ.
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` f=;fh ` 81
2. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njtUf;F muR bra;j rpwg;g[fs; ahit>

muR tpHh
gRk;bghd;dpy; cs;s Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; epidtplj;jpy; mth; njhd;wp kiwe;j
mf;nlhgh; 30 Mk; ehs; jkpHf murpd; rhh;gpy; muR tpHh vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
glk; kw;Wk; rpiy
-- jkpHfr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mtuJ jpUt[Utg;glk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
-- brd;idapy; muR rhh;ghfr; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
-- ehlhSkd;w tshfj;jpYk; rpiy itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jghy;jiy
,e;jpa murhy; 1995y; ,thpd; jghy; jiy btspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. g
3. ghuj khjh Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyia epWtpath; ahh;>vjw;fhf epWtg;gl;lJ> U
epWtpath; :
ghuj khjh Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyia epWtpath; : Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njth; t
epWtf;fhuzk;
fKjpapy; tpahghpfs; tptrha cw;gj;jpg; bghUs;fisf; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F
k;
th=;fpajhy; tptrhapfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfspd; tpisbghUs;fSf;Fr;
rhpahd tpiy fpilg;gjw;fhf ghuj khjh Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyia epWtpdhh;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1
ehl;Lf;F ciHj;j rpwe;j gpw jiyth;fs; gw;wpa gpw bra;jpfisj; jpul;o vGJf.
fhe;jpaofs;:
-- mfpk;ir tHpapy; ehl;L tpLjiyf;Fg;ghLgl;lth;.
-- bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk; / cg;g[r; rj;jpahfpufk; /xj;JiHahik
,af;fk; /jPz;lhik xHpg;g[ /kJtpyf;F Kjypad
nejh$p :
,e;jpa njrpa ,uhQtj;ij mikj;J M=;fpnyah;fis vjph;j;jth;.
t.c.rpjk;gudhh;
7
ek; ehl;ow;fhfr; Rnjrf; fg;gy; th=;fpath;. ehl;Lkf;fSf;fhf rpiwapy; brf;fpGj;jth;.
$t\h;yhy; neU
fhe;jpaofSld; ,ize;J ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;.
g{ypj;njtd;
M=;fpnyaiu vjph;j;J jd;gFjpia btd;wth;.tpLjiyg; nghhpd; Kjy;
KHf;fkpl;lth;.
tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
M=;fpnyaUf;F thp bfhLf;fkhl;nlhk; vd;W M=;fpnyaiu vjph;j;jth;.
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28
82 ` f=;fh `
,ay;
3 tphpthdk; fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHh;
,uh. gp. nrJ

-- jkpHwp+h;/ vGj;jhsh;/ ngr;rhsh;/ tHf;Fiu+h;.
-- rpwg;g
[ : brhy;ypd; bry;th;/ jkpHpd;gk; E}Yf;Fr;
rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ.
-- gilg;g[fs; : Mw;w=;fiuapdpny/ flw;fiuapdpny/
jkpH; tpUe;J/ jkpHfk; CUk; ngUk;/
nkilg; ngr;R.
j 1. t.c.rpjk;gudhhpd; ciuia thH;f;if tuyhwhfr; RUf;fp vGJf.
kp
Kd;Diu
fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;/ brf;fpGj;j brk;ky; vd;bwy;yhk; nghw;wg;gLgth;
H; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; Mthh;. M=;fpnyaiu vjph;jJ; Rnjrp fg;gy; ,af;fpa bgUikf;Fhpath;

t.c.rpjk;gudhh;. mthpd; ciu tHp / mtuJ thH;fi
fhz;nghk;.
; f tuyhw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;
Rnjrf; fg;gy;
J}j;Jf;Foapy; bfhw;if JiwKfj;jpy; Kj;J thzpfj;jpy; ek;kth; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;.
fg;gy; tzpfj;jpy; jkpHh; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;. Mdhy; M=;fpnyah; Mjpf;fj;Jg; gpd;dh;/
fg;gy;fspy; M=;fpyf; bfho gwe;jJ. ek;kth; Typfshf mf;fg;gypy; ntiy
bra;jdh;.,e;epiyia khw;w ghz;oj;Jiuahiuj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L Rnjrf;
fg;gy; epWtdj;ij t.c.rpjk;gudhh; cUthf;fpdhh;.,f;fg;gy; Kjd; Kjypy;
bfhGk;g[ nehf;fpr; brd;wJ.
M=;fpnyahpd; mlf;FKiw
7
Rnjrf; fg;gy; tzpfk; tsuj; bjhl=;fpaJ. M=;fpyf; fg;gy; tzpfk; tPHj;
bjhl=;fpaJ. mjdhy; M=;fpnyah;fs; t.c.rpjk;gudhiua[k; mtuj ez;gh;fisa[k;
gaKWj;jpdh;. mjw;bfy;yhk; ftiyg;glhky; `te;nj khjuk;~ vd;w KHf;fj;ij
vGg;gpdhh;. ,jidf; nfl;l kf;fs; tpLjiyf;F Mjuthf Cf;fk; mile;jdh;.
M=;fpy muR t.c.rpjk;gudhiur; rpiwapy; milj;jJ.
t.c.rpjk;gudhhpd; jpahfk;
t.c.rpjk;gudhh; nfhitr;rpiw/ fz;Q}h;r; rpiw Mfpatw;wpy; bfhLk;gzp
bra;jhh;.mth; cly; rypj;jJ/ cs;sk; jsutpy;iy. rpiwajpfhhp t.c.rpjk;gudhhplk;
mwpt[iu Tw ``cdf;Fk; cd; fth;dUf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; g[j;jp brhy;ntd;~~ vd;whh;.
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` f=;fh ` 83
rpiwapy; brf;fpGj;jhh;.rpiwapy; ifj;njhy; chpa fLk;gzp bra;jhh;.bre;jkpGk;

fd;dpj; jkpGk; fz;zPiug; nghf;fpaJ.
jkpH;g;gw;Wk; Vf;fKk;
t.c.rpjk;gudhh; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ,d;dpiy fw;Wj; jd; Jd;g=;fis kwe;jhh;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; Myd; ,aw;wpa mwpt[ E}y;fspy; xd;iw `kdk; nghy; thH;t[~
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgah;j;jhh;. bka;awpt[/ bka;awk; Kjypa rpW E}
y;fisg; gilj;jhh;. rpiwthH;t[ Koe;J t.c.rpjk;gudhh; btspapy; te;j nghJ jd;
FHe;ijfisf; fz;L kfpH;e;jhh;. Mdhy; flw;fiuapy; jd; Mirf;FHe;ij Rnjrf;
fg;giyf; fhzhky; tUj;jk; mile;jhh; vd;W ew;fhyk; tUnkh vd;W V=;fpdhh;.
Kot[iu g
``gaf; fhz;gJ Rje;jpu bts;sk;
U
t
gzpaf; fhz;gJ bts;isah; cs;sk;~~
vd;W ehk; ghLk; ehs; ve;ehnsh>
vd;W cUf;fkhfg; ngrp flw;fiuia tpl;L mfd;whh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;.
TLjy; tpdh
k;
1. brhy;ypd; bry;th; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;
1
m) mz;zh M) ,uh.gp. nrJ
,) t.c.rp <) ghz;oj;Jiuahh; [tpil : M]
2. jkpHpd;gk; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpath;
m) mz;zh M) ,uh.gp. nrJ
,) t.c.rp <) ghz;oj;Jiuahh; [tpil : M]
3. ,uh.gp. nrJtpd; rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w E}y;
m) jkpHpd;gk; M) Mw;w=;fiuapdpny
,) flw;fiuapdpny <) jkpH; tpUe;J [tpil : m]
4. t.c.rpjk;gudhh; ngRtjhf mike;j ek; ghlg;gFjp ,uh.gp. nrJtpd; E}y;
m) jkpHpd;gk;
,) flw;fiuapdpny
M) Mw;w=;fiuapdpny
<) jkpH; tpUe;J [tpil : ,]
7
5. rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; E}y;
m) jkpHpd;gk; M) Mw;w=;fiuapdpny
,) flw;fiuapdpny <) jkpH; tpUe;J [tpil : m]
www.nammakalvi.com
48
84 ` f=;fh `
fw;giw fw;wgpd;

1.
ghujpahh;/ bfhofhj;j Fkud; nghd;w tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tPuh;fSs; xUtuhf
c=;fisf; fw;gid bra;J bfhz;L tFg;giwapy; ciuahw;Wf.
ghujpahh;
tzf;fk;. ehd; jhd; c=;fs; KWf;F kPir ghujp ngRfpd;nwd;.khzth;fns eykh>
xUKiw vdf;Fg; gpoj;j gyfhuk; gw;wp xUth; nfl;lhh;. ehd; rw;Wk; ja=;fhky;
KWf;F vd;nwd;. mJ Fwpj;j fhuzk; ,th; nfl;lhh;.KWf;F vd;Wr; brhy;Yk; nghJ
eho euk;g[fs; vy;yhk; KWf;nfwp bts;isah;fis moj;J behWf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;w czh;r;rp bgUf;nfw;gLfpd;wJ.mjdhy; ehd; KWf;if tPug;gyfhuk; vd;nw
miHf;fpd;nwd;.,g;nghJk; KWf;nfwp ,y+;rk;/ CHy; bra;gtiu mlf;f KWf;F
kPir Jof;fpd;wJ .rhp - neuk; Mfptpl;lJ ,w;bwhU ehs; tUfpd;bwd;.
vav
j
tpLfijfs;
kp
10. mhprp nghy; g{ g{f;Fk; .mk;kho vdr; brhy;Yk; fha;fha;f;Fk;. mJ vd;d>
11. fPnH tUk; Mdhy; nkny nghfhJ. mJ vd;d>
H; 12. mog;ghij ,Uf;Fk; fhy; ,Uf;fhJ. mJ vd;d>

13. iffs; ,Uf;Fk; . Mdhy; jl;l KoahJ. mJ vd;d>
14. fz; cz;L Mdhy; ghh;f;f KoahJ> mJ vd;d>
15. mo nky; moth=;fp/ midtiua[k; brhf;f itf;Fk;. mJ vd;d>
tpil gf;fk; : 204
vav
7
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` f=;fh ` 85
,ay;
3 fw;fz;L tHf;F/ nghyp
bghUj;Jf.
g
tpdh tpil
1.ge;jh; ? Kjw;nghyp 1.ge;jh; ? filg;nghyp
2.ik+;R ? Kw;Wg;nghyp
3.m+;R ? ,ilg;nghyp
2.ik+;R ? Kjw;nghyp
3.m+;R ? Kw;Wg;nghyp
U
4.miuah; ? filg;nghyp 4.miuah; ? ,ilg;nghyp t
FW tpdh
1. tHf;F vd;why; vd;d>
k;
Kd;ndhh;fs; ve;bje;jr; brhw;fis vd;bdd;d bghUspy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;fnsh/
mr;brhw;fis mt;thnw gad;gLj;Jtij tHf;F vd;gh;.
2. jFjp tHf;F tiffs; ahit>
1
jFjp tHf;F @d;W tifg;gLk;.
* ,lf;fulf;fy; *k=;fyk; *FZcf;Fwp
3. thiHg;gHk; kpft[k; e+;R tpl;lJ. ,j;bjhlhpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s nghypr; brhy;iyf;
fz;lwpf. mjd; rhpahd brhy;iy vGJf.
,j;bjhlhpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s nghypr; brhy; : e+;R/ rhpahd brhy; : iee;J.
thiHg;gHk; kpft[k; e+;R tpl;lJ.
thiHg;gHk; kpft[k; iee;J tpl;lJ.
TLjy; tpdh

1. tHf;F _______ tifg;gLk;.
7
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;D <) Ie;J [tpil : m]
2. ,ay;g[ tHf;F _______ tifg;gLk;.

m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;D <) Ie;J [tpil : M]
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68
86 ` f=;fh `
3. jFjp tHf;F _______ tifg;gLk;.

4. Kd;gpd; bjhf;fg; nghyp vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
m) ,yf;fzKilaJ M) ,yf;fzg;nghyp
,) kqc <) Kjw;nghyp [tpil : M]
5. g[wefh;/ fhy;tha;/ jir/ filf;fz; Mfpa rhd;Wfs; _______f;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

,) kqc <) Kjw;nghyp [tpil : M]
6. ,yf;fz bewpapypUe;J gpwH;e;J/ rpije;J tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; _______

,) kqc <) Kjw;nghyp [tpil : ,]
7. jFjpaw;w brhw;fisj; jFjpahd ntW brhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLtJ
j m) ,ay;g[ tHf;F
,) kqc
M) jFjp tHf;F
<) ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : M]
kp 8.
xU FGtpdh; xU bghUs; my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;fj; jkf;Fs; gad;gLj;jpf;
H; bfhs;Sk; brhw;fs;
m) FZcf;Fwp M) k=;fyk;
,) ,lf;fulf;fy; <) ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : m]
9. bghd;idg; gwp vd;gh; ? ,J vt;tifj; jFjp tHf;fpw;Fr; rhd;W>
,) ,lf;fulf;fy; <) ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : m]
10.
fhy; fGtp te;jhd;/ FHe;ij btspna ngha;tpl;lJ ? ,it vt;tifj; jFjp
tHf;fpw;Fr; rhd;Wfs;>
7
,) ,lf;fulf;fy; <) ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : ,]
12. RLfhl;il ed;fhL vd;gJ
,) ,lf;fulf;fy; <) ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : M]
13. nghyp _______ tifg;gLk;.

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` f=;fh ` 87
14. ,lf;fulf;fy; my;yhjJ_______

m) fhy; fGtp te;jhd; M) FHe;ij btspna ngha;tpl;lJ
,) xd;Wf;Fg; ngha; te;njd; <) RLfhl;il ed;fhL [tpil : <]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. xd;Wf;Fg; ngha; te;njd; ? m) k=;fyk;
2. fWg;g[ ML vd;gij bts;shL vd;gJ ? M) ,lf;fulf;fy;
3. bghd;idg; gwp vd;gJ ? ,) kqc
4. j+;rht{iuj; j=;ir vd;gJ ? <) FZcf;Fwp g
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
U
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?<
<) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil : m]
t
m) fhy;tha; ? ,yf;fzg;nghyp
M) ik+;R ? Kjw;nghyp
k;
,) ,y+rp ? ,ilg;nghyp
<) Kfd; ? Kw;Wg;nghyp
[tpil : <] 1
m) FHe;ij btspna ngha;tpl;lJ ? ,lf;fulf;fy;
M) brj;jhiuj; J+rpdhh; vdy; ?k=;fyk;
,) Miliaf; fhiu vdy; ?kqc
<) jir ? ,yf;fzg;nghyp [tpil : ,]
FWtpdh
1. tHf;F vj;jid tifg;gLk; > mit ahit>
7
tHf;F ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
* ,ay;g[ tHf;F * jFjp tHf;F
2. ,ay;g[ tHf;F vd;why; vd;d>
xU bghUis mjw;nf chpa ,ay;ghd brhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLtJ ,ay;g[ tHf;F
MFk;.
3. ,ay;g[ tHf;F vj;jid tifg;gLk;>mit ahit>
,ay;g[ tHf;F @d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd :
* ,yf;fzKilaJ * ,yf;fzg;nghyp * kqc
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88
88 ` f=;fh `
4. ,yf;fzg;nghyp vd;why; vd;d>

,yf;fz Kiwg;go mikahtpl;lhYk; /,yf;fzKilaijg; nghy
Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gLk; brhw;fs; ,yf;fzg;nghyp vdg;gLk;.
5. ,yf;fzg;nghypf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; jUf.
*g[wefh; *fhy;tha; *jir *filf;fz;
6. j+;ir / bey;iy Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tif tHf;Fr; brhw;fs; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L
tpsf;Ff.
j+;ir/ bey;iy Mfpa brhw;fs; ,ay;g[ tHf;Fr; brhw;fspy; kqcr; brhy;yhFk;.
,yf;fz bewpapypUe;J gpwH;e;J/ rpije;J tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; kqc vdg;gLk;.
j+;rht[{iuj; `j+;ir~ vd;Wk;/ jpUbey;ntypia `bey;iy~ vd;gJk; kqcr;
brhw;fshFk;.
7. jFjp tHf;F vd;why; vd;d>
VnjDk; xU fhuzj;jpdhy; gpwhplk; brhy;yj; jFjpaw;w brhw;fisj; jFjpahd
ntW brhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLtJ jFjp tHf;F MFk;.
j 8. jFjp tHf;F vj;jid tifg;gLk; > mitahit>

jFjp tHf;F @d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd :
kp * ,lf;fulf;fy; * k=;fyk; * FZcf; Fwp
H;
9. ,lf;fulf;fy; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
gpwhplk; btspg;gilahfr; brhy;yj;jfhj brhw;fisj; jFjpa[ila ntW
brhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ ,lf;fulf;fy; MFk;.
rhd;W : fhy; fGtp te;jhd;.
FHe;ij btspna ngha;tpl;lJ.
10. k=;fyk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
k=;fyk; ,y;yhj brhw;fis k=;fykhd ntW brhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ k=;fyk;
MFk;.
rhd;W : Xiy ? jpUKfk;
fWg;g[ ML ? bts;shL
7 RLfhL ? ed;fhL
11. FZcf;Fwp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU FGtpdh; xU bghUs; my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;fj; jkf;Fs; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;Sk; rhw;fs; FZcf;Fwp vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : bghd;idg; gwp vd;gh; (bghw;bfhy;yh; gad;gLj;JtJ)
Miliaf; fhiu vd;gh; (ahidg;ghfh; gad;gLj;jtJ)
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` f=;fh ` 89
12. nghyp vd;why; vd;d>

Xh; vGj;J epw;fntz;oa ,lj;jpy; ntW xh; vGj;J te;J epd;W mnj bghUs;
khwhJ tUtJ nghyp vdg;gLk;.
13. nghyp vj;jid tifg;gLk; > mit ahit>
nghyp @d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd :
* Kjw;nghyp * ,ilg;nghyp * filg;nghyp
14. Kjw;nghyp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
brhy;ypd; Kjypy; Xh; vGj;J epw;fntz;oa ,lj;jpy; ntW xh; vGj;J te;J epd;W g
mnj bghUs; khwhJ tUtJKjw;nghyp vdg;gLk;.
U
t
rhd;W : gry; ? igry; / k+;R ? ik+;R/ kay; ? ikay;
15. ,ilg;nghyp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; Xh; vGj;J epw;fntz;oa ,lj;jpy; ntW xh; vGj;J te;J
epd;W mnj bghUs; khwhJ tUtJ ,ilg;;nghyp vdg;gLk;.
k;
rhd;W : mkr;R ?mikr;R/ ,y+;rp ? ,iy+;rp/ murh; ? miurh;
16. filg;nghyp (,Wjpg;nghyp) vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; Xh; vGj;J epw;fntz;oa ,lj;jpy; ntW xh; vGj;J te;J
1
epd;W mnj bghUs; khwhJ tUtJ filg;nghyp(,Wjpg;nghyp) vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : mfk; ? mfd;/ Kfk; ? Kfd;/ ge;jy; ? ge;jh;
17. Kw;Wg;nghyp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU brhy;ypy; ,ay;ghf mike;j vGj;JfSf;Fg; gjpyhf vGj;Jfs; midj;Jk;
ntWgl;lhYk; bghUs; khwhky; ,Ug;gJ Kw;Wg;nghyp MFk;.
rhd;W : Ie;J ? m+;R
7
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09
90 ` f=;fh `
fw;giw fw;wgpd;
1.
@tifg; nghypfspYk; ve;bje;j vGj;Jfs; ve;bje;j vGj;Jfshf khWfpd;wd
vd;gij mwpe;J vGJf.
nghyp tif rhd;W rhpahd vGj;J nghypahd vGj;J
gry; ? igry; g ig
Kjw;nghyp k+;R ? ik+;R k ik
kay; ? ikay; k ik
mkr;R ? mikr;R k ik
,ilg;nghyp ,y+;rp ? ,iy+;rp y iy
muah; ? miuah; u iu
mfk; ? mfd; k; d;
filg;nghyp epyk; ? epyd; k; d;
ge;jy; ? ge;jh; y; h;
j bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
kp fPH;f;fhQk; jiyg;g[fSs; xd;W gw;wp ,uz;L epkpl=;fs; ngRf.
H; 1. njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky; : Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth;

tzf;fk;. njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky;Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; gw;wp rpy epkp;l=;fs;
ngRfpd;nwd;.nfS=;fs;. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth;/ M=;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
kf;fsplk; bgUk; vGr;rp Vw;gLk; tifapy; tPu ciuahw;wpdhh;. mtuJ ngr;irf;
nfl;L kf;fs; M=;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf tPWbfhz;L vGe;jdh;. ,jdhy; /mtiug;
gyKiw M=;fpy muR ifJ bra;jJ.nkYk;/ tha;g[{l;Lr; rl;lk; Kyk; nkilfspy;
murpay; ngrf;TlhJ vd;W mtUf;Fj; jiltpjpj;jJ. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; jkpH;
/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa ,U bkhHpfspy; brhw;bghHpt[ Mw;Wk; jpwd; bgw;wpUe;jhh;.
rpyk;gk; / Fjpiu Vw;wk; / Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;/ nrhjplk; / kUj;Jtk; Mfpa gyJiw
Mw;wy; cilatuhf tps=;fpdhh;.nejh$pa[ld; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; beU=;fpa
7
bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;/mtiuj; jk; murpay; FUthf Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhh;.
Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njthpd; miHg;ig Vw;W 06.9.1939y; nejh$p kJiuf;F tUif
je;jhh;. nejh$papd; ,e;jpa njrpa ,uhQtj;jpy; Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njthpd; Kaw;rpahy;
Vuhskhd jkpHh;fs; ,ize;jdh;. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; nejh$p vd;w bgahpy;
thu ,jH; elj;jpdhh;1938 fhyfl;lj;jpy; kJiuapy; 23 bjhHpyhsh; r=;f=;fspd;
jiytuhfj; njth; jpfH;e;jhh;.kJiuapy; ,Ue;j E}w;ghiy xd;wpy; ntiy bra;j
bjhHpyhsh;fspd; chpikf;fhfj; njhHh; g.$Pthde;jj;Jld; ,ize;J 1938 Mk;
Mz;L nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhh;. mjw;fhf VG khjk; rpiwj; jz;liz bgw;whh;.
cHth;fspd; eyd; fhf;f ,uh$ghisaj;jpy; kpfg;bghpa mstpyhd khehL xd;iw
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` f=;fh ` 91
elj;jpdhh;.bgz;bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F kfg;ngW fhyj;jpy; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLg;g[

ntz;Lk; vd;W nghuhodhh;. njrpak; fhj;j brk;ky; : Kj;Juhkyp=;fj;njth; nghy
ciHg;nghk;. cah;nthk;. ed;wp.
2. fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHh; : t.c.rpjk;gudhhh;.
tzf;fk;. fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHh; t.c.rpjk;gudhhh;. gw;wp rpy epkp;l=;fs;
ngRfpd;nwd;.nfS=;fs;.fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;/ brf;fpGj;j brk;ky; vd;bwy;yhk;
nghw;wg;gLgth; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; Mthh;.M=;fpnyaiu vjph;j;J Rnjrp fg;gy; ,af;fpa
bgUikf;Fhpath; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;. J}j;Jf;Foapy; bfhw;if JiwKfj;jpy; Kj;J
thzpfj;jpy; ek;kth; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;.fg;gy; tzpfj;jpy; jkpHh; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;. Mdhy;
M=;fpnyah; Mjpf;fj;Jg; gpd;dh;/ fg;gy;fspy; M=;fpyf; bfho gwe;jJ. ek;kth; g
Typfshf mf;fg;gypy; ntiy bra;jdh;.,e;epiyia khw;w ghz;oj;Jiuahiuj;
jiytuhff; bfhz;L Rnjrf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ij t.c.rpjk;gudhh; U
cUthf;fpdhh;.,f;fg;gy; Kjd; Kjypy; bfhGk;g[ nehf;fpr; brd;wJ. Rnjrf; fg;gy;
tzpfk; tsuj; bjhl=;fpaJ. M=;fpyf; fg;gy; tzpfk; tPHj;bjhl=;fpaJ. mjdhy; t
M=;fpnyah;fs; t.c.rpjk;gudhiua[k; mtuj ez;gh;fisa[k; gaKWj;jpdh;.
mjw;bfy;yhk; ftiyg;glhky; `te;nj khjuk;~ vd;w KHf;fj;ij vGg;gpdhh;.,jidf;
nfl;l kf;fs; tpLjiyf;F Mjuthf Cf;fk; mile;jdh;.M=;fpy muR
k;
t.c.rpjk;gudhiur; rpiwapy; milj;jJ. t.c.rpjk;gudhh; nfhitr;rpiw/
fz;Q}h;r; rpiw Mfpatw;wpy; bfhLk;gzp bra;jhh;.mth; cly; rypj;jJ/ cs;sk;
jsutpy;iy. rpiwajpfhhp t.c.rpjk;gudhhplk; mwpt[iu Tw `cdf;Fk; cd;
fth;dUf;Fk; kd;dDf;Fk; g[j;jp brhy;ntd; vd;whh;.rpiwapy; brf;fpGj;jhh;.rpiwapy;
1
ifj;njhy; chpa fLk;gzp bra;jhh;.bre;jkpGk; fd;dpj; jkpGk; fz;zPiug;
nghf;fpaJ.mtiug;nghy ehl;Lf;fhf ciHg;nghk; vd;W brhy;yp vd;Diuia
epiwt[ bra;fpd;nwd;.ed;wp.
mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jnthk;
vGtha; gadpiy brag;gLbghUs;
xU bjhlhpy; ahh;> xU bjhlhpy; tpid/ ahiu > vij> vtw;iw>
vJ> vit> vd;Dk; tpdh/ bgah; Mfpatw;Ws; vd;w tpdhf;fSf;F
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilahf VnjDk; xd;W bfhz;L tpilahf miktJ
7
miktJ vGtha; MFk;. Koj;J itg;gJ gadpiy brag;gL bghUs; MFk;.
MFk;.
rhd;W: rhd;W: rhd;W:
ePyd; ghlj;ijg; fhpfhyd; fy;yiziaf; ehd; ftpijiag;
goj;jhd;. fl;odhd;. goj;njd;.
ghhp ahh;> fhpfhyd; ahh;> vd; g[j;jfj;ij vLj;jJ
g[yp xU tpy=;F fhpfhyd; xU kd;dd;. ahh;>
bey;ypd; fdpiaj;
je;jth; mjpakhd;.
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29
92 ` f=;fh `
gpd;tUk; bjhlh;fis vGtha;/ gadpiy/ brag;gLbghUs; vdg; gphpf;f.

1. tPuh;fs; ehl;ilf; fhj;jdh;.
2. bghJkf;fs; me;epaj; Jzpfisj; jPapl;L vhpj;jdh;.
3. bfhw;ifj; JiwKfj;jpny ghz;oaDila kPdf; bfho gwe;jJ.
4. jpUf;Fwis vGjpath; ahh;>
5. fgpyh; Fwp+;rpg;ghl;il vGjpa g[yth;.
vGtha; gadpiy brag;gLbghUs;
tPuh;fs; fhj;jdh; ehl;ilf;
bghJkf;fs; jPapl;L vhpj;jdh; me;epaj; Jzpfisj;
ghz;oaDila kPdf;bfho gwe;jJ bfhw;ifj; JiwKfj;jpny
jpUf;Fwis ahh;> vGjpath;
fgpyh; Fwp+;rpg;ghl;il vGjpa g[yth;
vGtha;/ gadpiy/ brag;gLbghUs; Mfpa @d;Wk; mika[k;go Ie;J bjhlh;fis
j vGJf.
kp
1. fz;zd; ghlk; goj;jhd;.
2. nkhp Xtpak; tiue;jhs;.
H; 3. ehd; ftpij vGjpndd;.

4. tpij tpUl;rkhf tsh;e;jJ.
5. Mrphpah; bra;a[isf; fw;gpj;jhh;.
fPH;f;fhQk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
ehd; tpUk;g[k; jiyth; ? bghpahh;
Kd;Diu :
Vd;/ vg;go/ vjw;F> vd;w tpdhf;fs; vGg;gp> mwptpd; tHpna rpe;jpj;J
KobtLg;gnj gFj;jwpt[ MFk;. mjd; je;ij bghpahh;. btz;jho nte;jh;>
gFj;jwpt[ gfytd;> itf;fk; tPuu;> <nuhl;Lr; rp=;fk; vd;bwy;yhk; miHf;fg;gl;l
7 bghpahiu ehd; tpUk;g[k; jiyth; Mthh;.

,sik :
<nuhL efhpy; 1879y; bghpahh; gpwe;jhh;. bjhlf;ff; fy;tpa[ld; jk; gog;ig epWj;jpf;
bfhz;L jk; je;ijapd; tzpfj; bjhHpypy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;lhh;.
itf;fk; tPuh; :
nfusj;jpy; itf;fk; vd;Dk; Chpy; jiy tphpj;jhoa jPz;lhikf; bfhLikia
xHpf;fg; nghuhl;lk; elj;jp btw;wp fz;lhh;. mjdhy; itf;fk; tPuh; vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
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` f=;fh ` 93
Rakhpahij ,af;fk; :
bghpahh; fh=;;fpurpypUe;J tpyfp 1925y; Rakhpahij ,af;fk; bjhl=;fpdhh;.
,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; thapyhf rhjp Vw;wj;jhH;t[ nghf;Fjy;> jPz;lhik xHpj;jy;> @
lek;gpf;if xHpj;jy;> bgz;Qhpik epiyehl;Ljy; MFk;.
bghpahh; rPuikj;j vGj;Jfs; :
Ì~ vd;gij `ma;~ vdt[k;> `xs~ vd;gij `mt;~ vdt[k; rPuikj;jhh;. ,tw;Wf;fhd
khw;W thptotj;ija[k; bfhz;L te;jhh;.
bgz;Qhpik nghw;wpath; :
bgz;Qhpik/ bgz; fy;tp/ brhj;Jhpik/ muRg;gzp/ kWkzk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhfg; g
bghpahh; nghuhodhh;. bgz;fs; khehLfs; gy elj;jp bgz;fis tpHpg;gilar;
bra;jhh;. 13.11.1938 brd;idapy; ele;j bgz;fs; khehl;oy; <.nt.uht[f;Fg; U
bghpahh; gl;lk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
ftuf; fhuzk; :
t
-- rpf;fdk; kw;Wk; vspikahd thH;if.
-- Rakhpahij nghw;wy;.
k;
-- bgz;Qhpik ngRjy;.
-- rhjp/ kj Vw;wj;jhH;t[fisf; fisjy;.
-- fy;tpapy; g[ul;rp
1
? Mfpa fhuz=;fshy; bghpahiu tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;.
Kot[iu :
bjhz;L bra;J gGj;j gHkhd bghpahiug; nghw;Wnthk;. mthpd; tHp elg;nghk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
,ilr;brhy; `F~ nrh;j;J vGJf.

(v.fh.) : tPL brd;whd; ? tPL+F+brd;whd;. ? tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whd;.
7
1. khL g[y; bfhLj;jhh; ? khL+F+g[y; bfhLj;jhh;. ? khl;Lf;Fg; g[y; bfhLj;jhh;.
2. ghl;L bghUs; vGJ ? ghl;L+F+bghUs; vGJ. ? ghl;Lf;Fg; bghUs; vGJ.
3. bro gha;e;j ePh; ? bro+F+gha;e;j ePh; ? brof;Fg; gha;e;j ePh;
4. Ky;iy njh; je;jhd; ghhp ? Ky;iy+F+njh; je;jhd; ghhp. ? Ky;iyf;Fj; njh; je;jhd; ghhp.
5. Rth; rhe;J g{rpdhs;. ?Rth;+F+rhe;J g{rpdhs;. ?RtUf;Fr; rhe;J g{rpdhs;.
www.nammakalvi.com
49
94 ` f=;fh `
,uz;L brhw;fis ,izj;Jg; g[jpa brhw;fis vGJf.

fz; fz;zHF fz;Qz;L
kz; kz;zHF kz;Qz;L
mHF cz;L
tpz; tpz;zHF tpz;Qz;L
gz; gz;zHF gz;Qz;L
mfk; vd Koa[k; brhw;fis vGJf.
1. E}yfk; 2. Fwsfk; 3. efyfk;
4. mr;rfk; 5. JiwKfk; 6. jkpHfk;
nfhol;l ,l=;fisj; jkpH; vz; bfhz;L epug;g[f.

1. jpUf;Fws; ௩ ghy;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
2. vdJ taJ ff
3. ehd; gof;Fk; tFg;g[ v
j
4. jkpH; ,yf;fzk; U tifg;gLk;.
5. jpUf;Fwspy; f௩௩ mjpfhu=;fs; cs;sd.
kp 6. ,e;jpah f௯௪v Mk; Mz;L tpLjiy bgw;wJ.
H; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L jiyth;fspd; bgah;fisf; fl;l=;fspypUe;J fz;Lgpoj;J

vGJf.
jp U g; g{ h; F k u d;
U jh fh d; f f; f eh iy
t e; k ah u; L l; f k
s; $p uh $h ah u; l k; d
sp $h r u jp ah bgh ik d;
a uh u; dh u g k; j rp
7
k; , o z; gh u k kp w
ik th +; rp eh j d; Hp g;
u; ah rp r; eh Y nt y; g[
1. @jwp+h; ? ,uh$h$p
2. tPuk=;if ? ntYehr;rpahh;
3. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rp tPud; ? fl;lbghk;kd;
4. bts;isaiu vjph;j;td; ? rpd;dkiy
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` f=;fh ` 95
5. bfhofhj;jth; ? jpUg;g{h; Fkud;

6. vspikapd; ,yf;fzk; ? ff;fd;
7. jpy;iyaoapd; bgUik ? ts;spak;ik
8. fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHh; ? rpjk;gudhh;
9. ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd; ? ghujpahhh;
10. tpUJg;gl;o tPuh; ? fhkuhrh;
11. fs;Sf;fil kwpay; bgz;kzp ? ehfk;ik
12. kzpahl;rpapd; jpahfp ? th+;rp ehjd;
g
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk; U
1. fijg;ghly; ? Ballad 5. ngr;rhw;wy; ? Elocution
t
2. Jzpt[
3. jpahfk;
? courage 6. xw;Wik
? sacrifice 7. KHf;fk;
? Unity
? Slogan k;
4. murpay; nkij ? Political Genius 8. rkj;Jtk; ? Equality
vav
tpLfijfs;
1
16. mr;R ,y;yhj rf;fuk; / mHF fhl;Lk; rf;fuk;. mJ vd;d>
17. xw;iwf; fhy; kdpjDf;F xd;gJ if. mJ vd;d>
18. moj;jjy; tpyfhJ / mizj;jhy; epw;fhJ. mJ vd;d>
19. te;Jk; bfLf;Fk; / tuhkYk; bfLf;Fk;. mJ vd;d>
20. g{kpapny gpwf;Fk; g[ifaha; nghFk;. mJ vd;d>
7
tpil gf;fk; : 204
vav
www.nammakalvi.com
69
96 ` f=;fh `
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
,ay; ? @d;W
fhyk; : 30 epkplk; kjpg;bgz; :20
I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. 4x1=4

1. àhz;L~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; ????????
m) vdJ M) v=;F ,) vt;tst[ <) vJ
2. bghUj;Jf.
1. thuzk; ? m) ghf;F
2. ghp ? M) mHF
3. rp=;fhuk; ?,) Fjpiu
4. fKF ? <) ahid
m) 1?< 2?, 3?M 4? m M) 1?, 2?< 3?m 4?M
,) 1?M 2?, 3?m 4?< <) 1?m 2? < 3?M 4?,
j 3.
bgz;bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F kfg;ngW fhyj;jpy; Cjpaj;Jld; Toa tpLg;g[
kp ntz;Lk; vd;W nghuhoath ????????

H; ,) jpU.tp.f.

<) fhe;jp$p
m) fhy;tha; ? ,yf;fzg;nghyp
M) ik+;R ? Kjw;nghyp
,) ,y+;rp ?,ilg;nghyp
<) Kfd; ? Kw;Wg;nghyp
II. FWtpil jUf. 3x2=6
5. jk; tapw;Wf;Fj; jha; vjid ctikahff; TWfpwhh;>
6. tPughz;oafl;lbghk;kd; fijg;ghlypy; Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
7
mBwpiz caph;fs; ahit>
7. Kj;Juhkyp=;fh; bgw;wpUe;j gy;Jiw Mw;wiyg; gw;wp vGJf.
8. jk; kfd; Fwpj;Jj; jha; Twpa bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
9. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njtUf;F muR bra;j rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
IV. tphpthd tpilaspf;f. 1x4=4
10. t.c.rpjk;gudhhpd; ciuia thH;f;if tuyhwhfr; RUf;fp vGJf.
vav
www.nammakalvi.com
` f=;fh ` 97
khjphp tpdhj;jhs; ? bjhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL

gUtk; ? 1
fhyk; : 2.00 kzp kjpg;bgz; : 60
I. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;f. 14 x 1 = 14

m. bghUs; vGJf.
g
1. tpujk; 2. fKF
M) gphpj;J vGJf.
3. g{l;L=;fjt[fs;
,) nrh;j;J vGJf
4. ahz;Lsndh
U
5. fy; + mis 6. thry; + my=;fhuk;
t
k;
<) nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f.
7. fuofisj; njdpaplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;WtJ mjd; ????????
8. bkhHpf;F Kjypy; kl;Lnk tUk; FWf;fk; ?????????
9. ahz;L vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs; ????????
10. brhy;Yf;F Kjypy; kl;Lnk tUk; FWf;fk; ?????????
11. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; ehia tpul;oaJ ????????
1
c) bghUj;Jf
12. bghf;fp&k; ? mHF
13. tp!;jhuk; ?bry;tk;
14. rp=;fhuk; ? bgUk;gug;g[
? kpFjp
II. fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSs; vitnaDk; MwDf;F kl;Lk; tpilaspf;f. 6 x 2 = 12
15. fhe;jpaf; ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;glf; Toath; ahh;> Vd;>
16. fhl;od; gad;fshf; ftp+h; Rujh TWtd ahit>
17. thGk; bewp ahJ>
18. jk; tapw;Wf;Fj; jha; vjid ctikahff; TWfpd;whs;>
19. gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapd; ,aw;if tsk; vj;jiaJ>
20. ngr;RbkhHp vd;why; vd;d>
7
21. ,ul;il tHf;F bkhHp vd;W vjidf; TWth;>
22. fuo midj;Jz;zp vd miHf;fg;gLtJ Vd;>
23. ghuj khjh Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiyia epWtpath; ahh;>
24. Kj;Juhkyp=;fj; njtiug; ghuhl;og; bghpahh; TWtd ahit>
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89
98 ` f=;fh `
III. mogpwHhky; vGJf. 3+2=5

25. ``gr;ir...~~ vdj; bjhl=;fp / ...Tt[ko~~ vd;gJ tiua[s;s Rujhtpd; ftpijg;ghly;.
26. tha;ik vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwl;ghit vGJf.
IV. vitnaDk; @d;wDf;Fr; RUf;fkhf tpilaspf;f. 3x2=6
27. KjbyGj;Jfs; ahit>
28. rhh;bgGj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
29. Fw;wpaypfuk; vd;why; vd;d>
30. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>
31. jFjp tHf;fpd; tiffs; ahit>
V. fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gj;J thpfspy; tpilaspf;f. 2 x 5 = 10
32. m) ehty; ku epidt[fshff; ftp+h; TWtd ahit>
(my;yJ)
M) gh+;rhy=;Fwpr;rpapy; tPuj;Jf;Fr; rhd;whFk; epfH;t[fs; gw;wp vGJf.
j 33. m) fhLfis mHpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fisg; gl;oaypLf.

(my;yJ)
kp
V.
M) rpwe;j jiytUf;Fhpa gz;g[fs; vit vd eP=;fs; fUJfpwPh;fs;>
fPHf ; hQk; tpdhf;fSf;F xU gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f. (,uz;L kl;Lk;) 2 x 5 = 10
; f
H; 34. ePtph; fz;L fspj;j ,lk; Fwpj;J ez;gDf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
35. t.c.rpjk;gudhhpd; ciuia thH;f;if tuyhwhfr; RUf;fp vGJf.
36. ehd; tpUk;g[k; jiyth; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu tiuf.
VI. tl;lj;jpYs;s vGj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff. 1x3=3
7 vav

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(i)

nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed.,

SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

SRI GANGA PUBLICATIONS

Corporate Office : Registered Office :

vd;W g[ul;rpg;gz; ghodhd; ghujpjhrd;.

jha;bkhHpahd jkpH;g;ghlj;jpy; cah;kjpg;bgz; bgw;wplt[k;/

thH;f jkpH;- tsh;f jkpH; czh;t[--

bkhHp ngr;RbkhHpa[k; vGj;JbkhHpa[k; 12

bfhy;yh tpujk; Fwpahff;

Mrphpah; : ehkf;fy; ftp+h;.bt .,uhkyp=;fdhh;

ghlE}y; kjpg;gPl;L tpdh

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

2. `FuyhFk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpj;J vGjf; fpilg;gJ

3. thd; + xyp vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilf;Fk; brhy;

2. jkpH;bkhHpiaf; fw;wthpd; ,ay;g[fis vGJf.

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

2. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth;

3. fhe;jpaf; ftp+h; vd;wiHf;fg;gLgth;

4. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; gilg;g[fs; my;yhj xd;W

5. ``mUs;bewp mwpitj; juyhFk;

6. ``bghUs;bgw ahiua[k; g[fHhJ

kp 7. ``bfhy;yh tpujk; Fwpahff;

8. ``fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;j kpd;wp

nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f

7. v=;fs; jkpH;bkhHp nghd;w bkhHpahFk;. tpil : njd;

2. ehkf;fy; ftp+h; bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhh; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

2. gpd;tUk; ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ghliyg; goj;Jr; Ritf;f.

1. xw;iwf; fhJf;fhud;/ xo xo ntyp milfpwhd;. mJ vd;d>

Mrphpah; : cLkiy ehuhazftp

ghlE}y; kjpg;gPl;L tpdh

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

3. ’,uz;ly;y’ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; ghh;j;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ

4. `je;Jjt[k;’ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; ghh;j;J vGjf;fpilg;gJ

5. xg;g[ik+ ,y;yhj vd;gjidr; nrh;j;bjGjf; fpilg;gJ

H; -- ghpghly;/ fyk;gf E}y;fs;/ vl;Lj;bjhif/ jpUf;Fws;/ r=;f,yf;fpa=;fs;

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

7. g[ythpd; brhy;Yf;fhfj; jd; jiyiana juj; Jzpe;jtd;

11. jhdpaf; fjpUf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik

nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[f.

j ‘cgfhhp’ Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs; ahJ>

kp 2. jkpH;ehl;oYs;s ts=;fs; ahit>

2. jkpHpy; cs;s gy;ntW ,yf;fpa tot=;fspd; bgah;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

,ay; ciueil ngr;R bkhHpa[k; vGj;J

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

3. jkpHpd; fpisbkhHpfspy; xd;W

kp m) ,yf;fpa M) cyf ,) E}y; <) bkhHp [tpil : M]

H; rhpah jtwh vd vGJf.

rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

j m) Kjy; M) ,uz;lhk; ,) @d;whk;

4. vGjg;gLtJk; gof;fg;gLtJk; bkhHpapd; epiy

,) ,yf;fpa bkhHp <) bra;if bkhHp [tpil : m]

8. ngr;RbkhHpapy; ‘FHe;ijia ey;yhf; ftdp=;f` vd;W TWk;nghJ ‘ftdp` vd;Dk;

nfhol;l ,lj;ij epug;g[f.

j 4. jkpHpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;J brd;w fpisbkhHpfs; ahit>

2. ngr;RbkhHp ? tt[W epiwah rhg;g[L .

3. ngr;RbkhHp ? ,d;dpf;F fhj;jhy th=;fpl;L te;nj

4. ngr;RbkhHp ? jz;zp bfhz;lh

j vGj;JbkhHp ? jz;zPh; bfhz;L th.

2. ngRk; nghJ rpyneu=;fspy; brhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cfuk; nrh;e;J xypg;gJ cz;L.

bry;Y bry; nghdpah nghdhah>

,ay; tphpthdk; brhytilfs;

8. ngr;RbkhHpapy; ‘FHe;ijia ey;yhf; ftdp=;f` vd;W TWk;nghJ ‘ftdp` vd;Dk;

2. ngRk; nghJ rpyneu=;fspy; brhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cfuk; nrh;e;J xypg;gJ cz;L.

4. F/ R/ L/ J/ W Mfpa Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpahff; bfhz;l <buGj;Jr; brhw;fisj;

bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F Vw;gj; bjhlhpy; mGj;jk; ju ntz;oa brhw;fis

j fl;l=;fspYs;s vGj;Jfis khw;wp/ nkypUe;J fPHhft[k; ,lkpUe;J tykhft[k;

kp -- gwitfs; / tpy=;Ffs; cs;spl;l mBwpiz caph;fSf;Fj; njitahd ciwa[s;

H; -- ku=;fs;/ bro bfhofs; Mfpad g[{r;rpfs;/ g[Gf;fs;/ gwitfs;/ tpy=;Ffs;

j xU ehl;od; tsk; / me;ehl;od; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; mike;Js;s fhLfspd;

1. c=;fs; Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpYs;s VnjDk; xU kuk; Fwpj;J tUzidahf Ie;J bjhlh;fs;