12 Ganga Tamil

jkpH;
2022?23 jpUj;jg;gl;l g[jpa gjpg;g[
12
 Éiuî¤ Jy§fš (Bar Code) Édh-ÉilfŸ
 1000-¡F« nk‰g£l TLjš Édh-ÉilfŸ
 vGâ¥ gHFnth« - gÆ‰á Édh¤jhŸ
 TLjš Édh-ÉilfŸ
ciuahrpupau;fs;:
Kidtu; rpt. gue;jhkd;/ M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D.,
KJfiyj;jkpHhrpupau;/ flY}u;.
Kidtu; g.bg. fypa@h;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,

(,yf;fpaj; njhHd;)/ jkpHhrpupau;/ Fk;gnfhzk;.
®
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, Phone : 0462 - 2338899, 2338484.
Salai Kumaran illam, Mobile : 94431-58484,
Madurai Road, 94425-58484,
Tirunelveli - 627 001. 89032-58484.
E-mail: suryaguides@yahoo.com
website : www.suryapublications.in
tpiy: ` 190/-
ii
Published By
© SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
Online Shopping
jdpg;gpujp ntz;Lnthu; fPH;f;fhQk; vz;zpy; gzk; brYj;jpagpd;
bjhlh;g[ bfhz;lhy; g[buhg&dy; bfhupau; @yk;
j=;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;nf mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.
No. 94431-58484
OUR BANK DETAILS

Account Name :4 SURYA PUBLICATIONS
Account Number :4 446971431
Bank Name :4 INDIAN BANK
IFSC Code :4 IDIB000T034
Branch Name :4 TIRUNELVELI JUNCTION
Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : CITY UNION BANK
IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : PALAYAMKOTTAI
Account Name : SRI GANGA PUBLICATION

Account Number : 928507483
Bank Name : INDIAN BANK
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034
Branch Name : TIRUNELVELI JUNCTION
iii
,dpa thH;j;JfSld; gjpg;gfj;jhu; . . .
m‹gh®ªj MáÇa®fns, khzt®fns!
``<‹w bghGâ‹ bgÇJt¡F« j‹kfid¢

rh‹nwh‹ vd¡nf£l jhŒ''
- k»œtJnghy ï›îiuia btËÆLtâš N®ah gâ¥gf¤jhU«
k»œ»nwh«.
jÄœTW« ešYyf¤âš v¤jidnah ciu üšfŸ btËtªjhY«
m¤jidí« jh©o K¤J K¤jhŒ khzt®fŸ vËâš go¤J ÄFªj kâ¥bg©
bgW« tifÆš
 Éiuî¤ Jy§fš (Bar Code) Édh-ÉilfŸ
 1000-¡F« nk‰g£l TLjš Édh-ÉilfŸ

vËa KiwÆš go¤J vGâ¥gHf vGâ¥ gHFnth« v‹w jiy¥ãš
x›bthU ïaš KoÉY« Édh¤jhŸ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
åœnt‹ v‹W Ãid¡fhkš
thœnt‹ v‹W Ãid¡f¢ brŒí«
N®ah-É‹ ï›îiuia th§» ga‹bgw m‹òl‹ thœ¤J»nwh«.
iv
bghUslf;fk;
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
bra;a[s; ,se;jkpnH-
ciueil jkpH;bkhHpapd; eil mHfpay;
bra;a[s; jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;* 1 - 25
xd;W bkhHp $^d;
Jizg;ghlk; jk;gp bey;iyag;gUf;F
,yf;fzk; jkpHha; vGJnthk;
tpiut[j; Jy=;fy; ? tpdh tpilfs; 26
vGjpg; gHFnthk; ? gapw;rpfs; 27
bga;badg; bga;a[k; kiH
ciueil bgUkiHf;fhyk;
bra;a[s; gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil
,aw;if/ bra;a[s; beLey;thil* 31 - 55
,uz;L ntshz;ik/ $^d;
Rw;Wr;NHy; Jizg;ghlk; Kjy;fy;
,yf;fzk; ehy;tifg; bghUj;j=;fs;
Rw;wj;jhu; fz;nz cs
ciueil jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw
bra;a[s; tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;
bra;a[s; fk;guhkhazk;*
61 - 95
@d;W gz;ghL Jizg;ghlk; cupikj;jhfk; $îy
,yf;fzk; bghUs; kaf;fk;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws;*
bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy
gz;ila fhyj;Jg;
ciueil gs;spf;Tl=;fs;
bra;a[s; ,jpy; btw;wp bgw*
bra;a[s; ,ilaPL 104 - 133
ehd;F fy;tp Mf!;l;
bra;a[s; g[wehD}W*
Jizg;ghlk; ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk;
,yf;fzk; gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
v
ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

ciueil kjuhrg;gl;odk;
bra;a[s; bja;tkzpkhiy*
ehfupfk;/ bra;a[s; njthuk;
141 - 166
Ie;J bjhHpy;/ bra;a[s; mfehD}W Mf!;l;
tzpfk; Jizg;ghlk; jiyf;Fsk;
,yf;fzk; gokk;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
ciueil jpiubkhHp
bra;a[s; ftpijfs;
bra;a[s; rpyg;gjpfhuk;*
fiy/ bra;a[s; bka;g;ghl;oay; 175 - 209
MW mHfpay;/ mf;nlhgu;
g[Jikfs; Jizg;ghlk; eofu; jpyfk;
,yf;fzk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws;*
mUik cila bray;
ciueil ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkyhz;ik
bra;a[s; mjprakyu;
bra;a[s; njapiyj; njhl;lg; ghl;L
ehL/ bra;a[s; g[wehD}W* 222 - 243
VG r@fk;/ muR/ etk;gu;
epUthfk; r=;ffhyf; fy;btl;Lk; vd;
Jizg;ghlk; epidt[fSk;
,yf;fzk; bjhd;kk;
vy;yh capUk; bjhGk;
ciueil ekJ milahs=;fis kPl;ltu;
bra;a[s; Kfk;
bra;a[s; ,ul;rzpa ahj;upfk;*
kdpjk;/ 251 - 276
vl;L bra;a[s; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil* ork;gu;
MSik
Jizg;ghlk; nfhil kiH
,yf;fzk; FwpaPL
muR tpdhj;jhs; ? khu;r; 2020 285
vi
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;

X=;fypil te;J cau;e;njhu; bjhHtps=;fp
V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; ? M=;ftw;Ws;
kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;(W) VidaJ
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-
? jz;o
beLey;thil
kdg;ghlg; gFjp
ìtafk; gdpg;g tyndu;g[ tis,g;

bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd
Mu;fyp Kid,a bfhL=;nfhy; nfhtyu;
VWil ,depiu ntWg[yk; gug;gpg;
g[yk;bgau; g[yk;bghL fy=;fp nfhly;
ePL,jH;f; fz;zp ePu; miyf; fyht
bka;f;bfhs; bgUk;gdp eypa gyUld;
iff;bfhs; bfhs;spau; ft[s;g[ila{c eL=;f
?ef;fPuu;
fk;guhkhazk;
`Jd;g[ csJvdpd; md;nwh
Rfk; csJ> mJ md;wpg;
gpd;g[ csJ" ,il kd;Dk;
gpupt[ csJ vd cd;ndy;"
Kd;g[ cbsk; xU ehy;ntk;
Kot[ csJ vd cd;dh
md;g[ cs/ ,dp/ ehk; Xu;
Itu;fs; csu; Mndhk;.
FfndhLk; Itu; Mndk;
Kd;g[" gpd; Fd;W NH;thd;
kf bdhLk; mWtu; Mndk;"
vk;KiH md;gpd; te;j
mfd; mku; fhjy; Ia-
epd;bdhLk; vGtu; Mndk;"
g[fy; mU=; fhdk; je;J/
g[jy;tuhy; bghype;jhd; Ee;ij.
? fk;gu;
vii
jpUf;Fws;
md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if mBfhik bry;tj;jpw;F ahbjdpd; btBfhik
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ. ntz;Lk; gpwd;ifg; bghUs;.
itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; thd;ciwa[k; kwj;jy; btFspia ahu;khl;Lk;" jPa
bja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;. gpwj;jy; mjdhd; tUk;.
bra;ahky; bra;j cjtpf;F itafKk; jd;idj;jhd; fhf;fpd; rpdk;fhf;f" fhthf;fhy;
thdfKk; Mw;wy; yupJ. jd;idna bfhy;Yk; rpdk;.
ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W" ed;wy;yJ rpdk;vd;Dk; nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
md;nw kwg;gJ ed;W. Vkg; g[iziar; RLk;.
ve;ed;wp bfhd;whu;f;Fk; ca;t[z;lhk;" ca;tpy;iy Ez;zpa E}y;gy fw;gpDk; kw;Wk;jd;
bra;e;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F. cz;ik mwpnt kpFk;. ? jpUts;Stu;
,jpy; btw;wpbgw
tpz;ntW" tpz;btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz;kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW"
kz;ntW" kz;nzhL fye;jp Uf;Fk;
kzy;ntW" gdpj;Jspa[k; kiHa[k; ntW"
g[z;ntW" tPuu;fspd; tpGg;g[z; ntW"
g[fH;ntW" bry;thf;F ntW" fhQk;
fz;ntW" fy;tpf;fz; ntW" fw;whu;
ftpeila[k; ciueila[k; ntW ntW. ? Rujh
g[wehD}W
mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahu; kha;e;bjd/
tWe;jiy cyfKk; md;nw" mjdhy;
fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig"
ku=;bfhy; jr;rd; ifty; rpwhmu;
kGt[ilf; fhl;lfj;J mw;nw
vj;jpirr; brypDk;/ mj;jpirr; nrhnw. ?xsitahu;
bja;tkzpkhiy
xUika[ld; epdJjpU kyuo epidf;fpd;w
cj;jku;jk; cwt[ntz;Lk;
cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthu;
cwt[fy thikntz;Lk;
bgUikbgWk; epdJg[fH; ngrntz;Lk; bgha;ik
ngrh jpUf;fntz;Lk;
bgUbewp gpoj;bjhGf ntz;Lk; kjkhdnga;
gpoah jpUf;fntz;Lk;. ?,uhkyp=;f mofs;
viii
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
FHy;tHp epd;wJ ahnH/ ahH;tHpj;
jz;Qik epd;wJ jfnt/ jz;Qikg;
gpd;tHp epd;wJ KHnt/ KHbthL
To epd;W ,irj;jJ Mke;jpupif ? ,s=;nfhtofs;
jpUf;Fws;
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthu;f;Fk; brhy;Yjy; ahu;f;Fk; vspa" mupathk;
cs;mHpf;fy; Mfh muz;. brhy;ypa tz;zk; bray;.
vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs; cUt[fz;L vs;shik ntz;Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;fF
;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;gJ mwpt[. mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy fld;mwpe;J fhyk; fUjp ,ld;mwpe;J
mjpu tUtnjhu; neha;. vz;zp ciug;ghd; jiy.
ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy" jPapdj;jpd; ths;nghy; giftiu m+;rw;f" m+;Rf
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;. nfs;nghy; giftu; bjhlu;g[.
tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk; gHfpa bry;tKk; gz;g[k; bfLf;Fk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw. fHfj;Jf; fhiy g[fpd;. ? jpUts;Stu;
g[wehD}W
fha;bey; mWj;Jf; ftsk; bfhspnd"
khepiwt[ ,y;yJk;/ gy;ehl;F MFk;"
E}WbrW MapDk;/ jkpj;Jg;g[f;F czpnd/
tha;g[FtjdpDk; fhy;bgupJ bfLf;Fk;" ? gprpuhe;ijahu;
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
ghjfu; FGkpr; brhw;w gHpg;g[iu vd;Dk; bfhs;sp
Vjkpy; fUizg; bgk;khd; ,Ujaj;J Cd;w Cd;w
ntjid cHe;J rpe;ij bte;J g[zg ; l;lhu; my;yhy;
nehjfr; rpde;njhu; khw;w Etd;wpyu; fUk nehf;fp. ? vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu;
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
vGrk=; fle;j vG cwH; jpzpnjhs;
vGtu; g{z;l <ifr; bre;Efk;
tpupfly; ntyp tpayfk; tps=;f
xUjhd; jh=;fpa cuDil nehd;jhs;. ? ej;jj;jdhu;

f=;fh 1
àJKÂ‹ æ‹ðŠ ð´‹

ªñ£N
ªêŒ»œ Þ÷‰îI«ö CŸH ð£ô²ŠHóñEò‹
à¬óï¬ì îI›ªñ£NJ¡ ï¬ì ÜöAò™ F.². ïìó£ê¡ ïaš
ªêŒ»œ î¡«ù˜ Þô£î îI›
(î‡®òôƒè£ó‹)
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ î‹H ªï™¬ôòŠð¼‚°
î‡®
ð£óFò£˜
1
Þô‚èí‹ îIö£Œ â¿¶«õ£‹
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; xUnrug; ngRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif M) jz]oay=;fhuk;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
2. ``kPz]Lke;jg; gHikeyk; g[Jf;F jw;F~~ ftp+u; Fwpg;gpLk; gHikeyk;/
௧) ghz]oaupd; r=;fj;jpy; bfhYtpUe;jJ ௨) bghjpifapy; njhd;wpaJ
௩) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) ௧ kl;Lk; rup M) ௧/ ௨ ,uz]Lk; rup
,) ௩ kl;Lk; rup <) ௧/ ௩ ,uz]Lk; rup [tpil: <) ௧/ ௩ ,uz]Lk; rup]
3. ``kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;W VidaJ
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~~ ? ,t;tofspy; gapd;W te;Js;s bjhileak;
m) monkhid/ movJif M) rPu;nkhid/ rPu;vJif
,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid <) rPu;vJif/ monkhid
[tpil: ,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid]
4. fUj;J 1: ,ay;g[ tHf;fpy;/ bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;W tUtnj kug[.
fUj;J 2: bjhluikg;g[/ r=;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup
,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW [tpil: ,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup]
5. bghUj;Jf.
m) jkpH; mHfpay; ? 1. guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
M) epyt[g;g{ ? 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil ? 3. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;a[k; tHp ? 4. fp. uh$ehuhazd;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1]
2 f=;fh 12 M« tF¥ò jÄœ
6. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz]lwpf.
m) fhisfisg; g{l;o taiy cGjdu;.
M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;btl;Lfisf; fz]lwpe;jdu;.
,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.
<) b
ew;gapu;fs; kiHePupy; @H;fpd.
[tpil: ,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.]
1 7. ngr;Rj; jkpHpy; mike;j bjhliuj; nju;f.
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.
M) g[j;jff; fz]fhl;rp eilbgWfpwJ.
ïaš
,) twl;rp vy;yh ,l=;fisa[k; ghjpj;Js;sJ.

<) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; nghy; MLfpd;wd.
[tpil: m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.]
FWtpdh
1. eil mHfpay; gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
¡¡ mHfpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUtJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
¡¡ eilbgw;wpaYk;/ eiletpd;bwhGFk; vd;Wk; rpy brhw;bwhlu;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
ifahz]oUf;fpwJ.
¡¡ ftpijapd; ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; eil vd;fpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
2. ``glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;

flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~~ ? ,r;r=;ff; ftpijapd; mofspy; Xir eakpf;f brhw;fisa[k;
mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fisa[k; vLj;J vGJf.
Xir eakpf;fr; brhw;fs; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fs;
glhmk; <j;j glhmk;/ bflhm/ flhm bra;a[spirasbgilfs;
bflhm ey;ypir <j;j bgabur;rk;
flhmahid ey;ypir gz;g[j;bjhif
3. ftp+u; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl/ jkpHpd; Jiz ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;>
¡¡ khiyapy; Nupad; kiyapy; kiwa[k;nghJ rpte;j thdj;jpd; mHifa[k;/
¡¡ thdk;nghy; rpte;j ciHg;ghsupd; iffspd; mHifa[k;/
¡¡ bjhHpyhsu;fspd; njhs; kPJ tPw;wpUf;Fk; tpau;it Kj;Jf;fspd; mHifa[k; tpae;J
ghl ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
4. tpoay;/ tdg;g[ ? ,U brhw;fisa[k; xU=;fpizj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.
g{j;Jf; FY=;Fk; g{f;fspd; kzj;jpYk; gwitfspd; xypfspYk; tpoaypd; btspr;rkhf
cjpf;Fk; fjputdpd; njhw;wk; ,aw;ifapd; tdg;ig vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
5. Koe;jhy; juyhk;/ Koj;jhy; juyhk; ? ,t;tpU brhw;bwhlu;fs; czu;j;Jk; bghUis
mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;ft[k;.
Koe;jhy; juyhk;: bfhLf;Fk; vz;zk;
ek;kplk; cs;s bghUisf; bfhz]L ViHfSf;F cjt Koe;jhy;
juyhk;.
Koj;jhy; juyhk;: bray; Koe;j gpd;
tpilj;jhs; vGjp Koj;jhy; juyhk;.
f=;fh 3
6. jkpHpy; gpiHapd;wp vGJtjw;F nkw;bfhs;s ntz]oa Kaw;rpfs; ahit>
¡¡ vGj;jpidj; bjspthf cr;rupf;fg; gHf ntz]Lk;. xypg;g[ ntWghL bjupe;J xypf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ vGJk; nghJ bjhlf;fj;jpy; tha;tpl;nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs; cr;rupj;jgonah vGjg;
gHFtJ ey;yJ.
¡¡ ntfkhf vGj Kay;tJ gpiHf;F tHpnfhYk;/ epjhdkhf vGJtJ ey;yJ.
¡¡ bf/ nf/ bfh/ nfh nghd;w bfhk;g[ila Fwpy; beoy; ntWghl;oidg; g[upe;J vGj
ntz;Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghFk; ? tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ xypf;nfhy=;fs; czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
¡¡ ve;jj; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpa[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk; jhd;
njhd;WfpwJ.
¡¡ r=;fg;ghly;fspy; Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd.
¡¡ capu; xypfs; Fwpg;ghf beoy; xypfspd; tUifa[k;/ rpy xypfSk; rpy brhw;fSk;
jpUk;gtuy; nru;e;J epfH;j;jg;bgWk; brhy; tpisahl;LfSk; r=;fg;ghly;fspy;
xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghf tps=;fpaij czu;j;Jk;.
rhd;W:
`glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypir
flhm ahidf; fypkhd;~
2. `brk;gupjp kiynkl;oy; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; bre;epwj;Jg; g{f;fhlhk; thd bky;yhk;~
bjhlu; btspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ rpte;j fjpu;fisa[ila fjputd; nkw;F nehf;fp kiwtJ ,aw;if.
¡¡ mf;fhl;rpiaf; ftp+u;/ ehbsy;yhk; cyFf;F xsp je;J ciHj;jjhy; kiynkl;oy;
jiy rha;f;fpwhd; vd;fpwhu;.
¡¡ fjputd; nkw;nf kiwa[k; ntis thdbky;yhk; brf;fr;rpte;J fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
¡¡ mf;fhl;rpia ftp+u; jd; fw;gidapy; thdk; g{f;fs; epiwe;J g{f;fhlha; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ
vd;fpwhu;.
3. `V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : ,g;ghly;mofs; jz]oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghlyhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; ; : jkpiHa[k; ? fjputida[k; xg;gpLjy;.
tpsf;fk; :kf;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;L/ cau;e;j kiyfSf;fpilna bghjpifapy;
gpwe;J/rhd;nwhuhy; bjhHg;gl;L/ kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uisg;
nghf;FtJ jkpH;.
mJnghy flyhy; NHg;gl;l ,e;epyt[yfpd; ,Uisg; nghf;FtJ fjputd;.
4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
giHad fHpjYk; g[jpad g[FjYk; kPz]Lke;jg; gHikeyk; g[Jf;F jw;F
tGty fhy tifap dhnd. bka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpH;f;Fapny- Ttp th/
? ed;D}y; th- ? rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
ed;D}y; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
giHa eilKiwfisg; gad;ghl;oy; kPz;Lk; me;j gHik bray;ghLfSf;F
,Ue;J ePf;fpa[k;/ g[jpadthfptpl;l rpy g[jpa totk; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
eilKiwfis ,izj;Jf; bfhs;tJk;
Fw;wk; my;y.
1 fhyk; khWjYf;nfw;g khw;wpf;bfhs;tJ

fl;lhakhFk;.
gHikbay;yhk; xJf;fptplf; TlhJ.
tsu;r;rpia nehf;fp giHikia tpl gHikiag; g[Jikahf;f ntz;Lk;.

ïaš
ntz;Lk;.
beLtpdh
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;o tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpapay; TWfspy; xypf;nfhy=;fSk;/
brhw;fspd; g[yKk;/ bjhlupay; nghf;FfSk; Kf;fpakhdit. bkhHpapd; jdpr;rpwg;ghd
TWfSk;/ mtw;iwf; ifahSfpd;w tifikfSk; ftpijapd; ce;Jrf;jpahf cs;sJ.
bkhHpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikkpf;f Mw;wy; ftpijf;fhf/ ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhfj; jd;id
btspg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
xypf;nfhy=;fs;:
bjhd;ikahd bkhHpfs; aht[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd;
bjhl=;FfpwJ. Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,ijna/
xypg;gpd;;dy; vd;fpnwhk;.
rhd;W:
†fle;jL jhid @tpU=;To cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;g[ bfhsw;fupnj‡
brhw;g[yk;:
brhy;tsk; vd;gJ xUbghUs; Fwpj;j gy brhy;/ gy bghUs; Fwpj;j xU brhy;/
gyJiw/ gyNHy;/ gy g[idt[fSf;Fk; cupajha; tUjYk;/ czu;t[k;/ bjspt[k;
bfhz;ljha; tUjYk; MFk;. brHpg;ghd jsj;jpy; brhw;fs; tpisr;ry; fz;oUg;gijf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
rhd;W:
Ky;iyf;fypapy; fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fs; cs;sd.
bjhifepiy:
r=;f ,yf;fpa bkhHpapd; milahskhf cs;s xU gz;g[ bjhifepiy vd;W
bjhy;fhg;gpa vr;rtpay; ngRfpwJ. bjhifbkhHp vd;gJ brwpthf;fg;gl;l xU
totikg;ghFk;.
rhd;W:
itFWtpoay;/ ftpDW tdg;g[/ jPePu; vd;gd.
bjhlupay; nghf;Ffs;:
xypf;nfhyKk;/ brhw;g[yKk; brhw;bwhlu; epiya[k; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wd. ghj;jp fl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpfisj; bjhlupay; totk;
bra;fpd;wJ.
f=;fh 5
ftpij kWjiyj;bjhlu;:
bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha; + brag;gLbghUs;/ my;yJ gpwtw;Wld; Toa mikg;g[
+ gadpiy vd;W tUtJ kug[. ,J r=;fg;ghly;fspy; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.
rhd;W:
ngbuapd; KWtyhupd;/ ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila rht[r;rl=;F ghly;.
Kot[iu:
eil mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpank Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
Mfnt ftpijiaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfs; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; gutpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.
2. ghujpapd; fojk; thapyhf eP=;fs; mwpe;Jbfhz]l bkhHpg;gw;W/ r@fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw
tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpa kz;zpy; ntqd;wpa bts;isaiu jd; ghly; jpwj;jhy; ntu; mWf;fr; bra;jtu;
ghujp. jk;gp bey;iyag;gUf;F ghujp vGjpa fojj;jpd; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; bkhHpg;gw;W/
r@fg;gw;W gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
bkhHpg;gw;W:
ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp nghy ,dpjhd bkhHp vJt[kpy;iy vd;W Twpa
ghujp/ R.bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojj;jpy; bey;iyag;guplk; mtu; TWk; nghJ/
èP gpwbkhHpfis mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;/ jkpiH tsu;g;gij flikahff; bfhs;s ntz]Lk;~
vd;fpwhu;.
jkpH;ehl;oy; tPjpfs; njhWk; jkpH;g;gs;spf;Tl=;fs; bgUf ntz]Lk;. me;jg; gs;spfspy;
vy;yhk; g[jpa g[jpa fiyfs; gapw;rp bgw;W tsu ntz]Lk;. tlehl;L bkhHpfs; vy;yhk;
mile;Js;s tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;j;j gpd;ghtJ ehk; ek; jha;bkhHpahk; jkpH;bkhHpapd; kPJ
gw;Wf;bfhs;s Kay ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu; ghujp.
r@fg;gw;W:
r@fj;jpd; mtykhf ,Uf;fpd;w Mz] bgz] ntWghL Kw;wpYkhf mHpa ntz]Lk;.
Mz] cau;e;jtd;/ bgz] jhH;e;jts; vd;w epiy khwp MQk; bgz]Qk; XUapupd; ,uz;L
jiyfs;" xd;wpbyhd;W jhH;tpy;iy vd;fpwhu;. bgz]iz tPl;ow;Fs; milj;jtd; jd;
fz;iz ,He;j FUld; nghyj; jtpg;ghd; vd;Wk; Twp/ MQk; bgz]Qk; rkk; vd;w r@f
ePjpia typa[Wj;Jfpd;whu;.
bjhHpy; bgUf ntz]Lk;/ tpahghuk; rpwf;f ntz]Lk;/ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; tsu
ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;. r@f khw;wk; bgw r=;fPjk;/ rpw;gk;/ ,ae;jpuk;/ g{kp/ thdk;/ ,aw;if
rhu;e;j E}y;fs; Mapuk; Mapukhfj; jha;bkhHpapy; cUthfpl ntz]Lk;. jkpH;r;r@fk;
khw;wk; bgw midtUk; fw;f ntz]Lk;. mjw;Fupa rf;jpia midtUk; bgw;wpl
ntz;Lbkd;W ghujpahu; R. bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojk; @yk; jd; cs;sf; fUj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
Kot[iu:
ghujpapd; vz;z=;fs;; mtUila fojj;jpy; cs;sgo/ xt;bthUtUk; bkhHpg;gw;W/
r@fg;gw;W cilatuhf thHntz;Lk;.
3. jkpHpd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; TWtdtw;iwj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
¡¡ md;id bkhHpia mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpiH ftp+u; rpw;gp jkpHpd; rPupsikj; jpwk; tpae;J
ghLk; jpwk;.
¡¡ khiyapy; Nupad;; kiyKfl;oy; kiwa[k; nghJ thdk; g{f;fhlha;f; fhl;rp jUfpwJ.
1 ¡¡ ciHg;ghsu;fspd; iffs; rpte;J jpuz;l njhs;fspy; tpau;itj; Jspfs; Kj;JKj;jha;f;

fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
¡¡ ,f;fhl;rpbay;yhk; ehd; tpae;J ghl md;idj; jkpnH eP ,d;wp ntW Jiz
ïaš
vdf;fpy;iy.
¡¡ cUbtLf;Fk; ftpijfSf;F czu;thf ,Uf;Fk; jkpnH-
¡¡ eP- ghz;oadpd; jkpH;r; r=;fj;jpy; jtH;e;jpUe;jha;.
¡¡ ghup Kjyhd ts;sy;fs; vGtiu ,k;kz;Qf;Fj; je;jha;-
¡¡ cd; gHikahd eyd;fis vy;yhk; g[Jg;gpj;J/ rKjhaj;jpw;F tpHpg;g[zu;it
Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy jkpH;f;Fapny eP bka;rpypu;f;fg; gho th-
¡¡ Tz;oy; milgl;l rp=;fk; cilj;J btsptUtJ nghy jkpnH eP th-
¡¡ Fspu; bghjpifapy; njhd;wpa bjd; jkpnH rPwp th- vd ghLfpwhu;.
4. `brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}y; c=;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vGjg;gl;L c=;fs;

gs;spapy; btspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;fhd epfH;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp/
ed;wpa[iu vGJf.
brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;
ftpij E}y; btspaPl;L tpHh
,lk; : jpUts;Stu; nkdpiyg;gs;sp/ ghisa=;nfhl;il.
ehs; : 19.06.2022/ g[jd;fpHik.
neuk; : gpw;gfy; 3.00 kzp
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J : khztu;fs;
tuntw;g[iu : jpU. r. kjd;Fkhu;/ jiyikahrpupau;.
E}y; btspapl;L thH;j;Jiu : jp.,iwad;g[/ ,.M.g mtu;fs; (vGj;jhsu;).
Vw;g[iu : jpU. ftp+u;. rp. ghujp/ jkpHhrpupia mtu;fs;.
ed;wpa[iu : jpU. ,uh. nfrtd;/ cjtpj; jiyikahrpupau; mtu;fs;.
ed;wpa[iu
midtUf;Fk; md;ghd tzf;fk;.
,g;bghGJ ed;wp TWk; neuk;. ,e;E}y; btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;F tUif je;J thH;j;jpa
rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; vGj;jhsu; ,iwad;g[ mtu;fSf;F gs;spapd; rhu;ghf ed;wp.
,e;E}iy vGjp Vw;g[iu tH=;fpa ftp+u; ghujp mtu;fSf;Fk; tpHh eilbgw
cWJizahf ,Ue;j jiyikahrpupau; kw;Wk; MrpupaUf;Fk; tpHh rpwg;ghf
eilbgWtjw;F xj;JiHg;g[ je;j md;g[ khztu;fSf;Fk; ed;wp-
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
f=;fh 7
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ bre;jkpH;/ bre;epwk;/ brk;gupjp ? gz]g[j;bjhiffs;
¡¡ rpte;J ? tpidbar;rk;
¡¡ tpau;itbts;sk; ? cUtfk;
¡¡ Kj;JKj;jha; ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
¡¡ cau;e;njhu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡¡ bt=;fjpu; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
¡¡ ,yhj ? ,ilf;Fiw
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. rha;g;ghd; = rha; + g; + g; + Md;
rha; ? gFjp/ g; ? re;jp/ g; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy/ Md; ? glu;f;if Mz]
ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
2. tpk;Kfpd;w = tpk;K + fpd;W + m
tpk;K ? gFjp/ fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ m ? bgabur;r tpFjp.
3. tpae;J = tpa + j; (e;) + j; + c
tpa ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? e; MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
4. ,Ue;jha; = ,U + j; (e;) + j; + Ma;
,U ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? e; MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.
5. te;J = th (t) + j; (e;) + j; + c
th ? gFjp/ `t~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? e; MdJ tpfhuk;/
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
6. cau;e;njhu; = cau; + j; (e;) + j; + Xu;
cau; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? e; MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Xu; ? gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. Mu; vd;gjd; <w;wabyGj;jhd `M~
`X~ Mfj; jpupa[k; (ed;. 353)
7. tps=;fp = tps=;F + ,
tps=;F ? gFjp/ , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. brk;gupjp = brk;ik + gupjp
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ik bfl;L/ brk; + gupjp = brk;gupjp.
2. thdbky;yhk; = thdk; + vy;yhk;
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (k; + v = bk) thbdky;yhk;.
= cd;id + my;yhy;
3. cd;iday;yhy;
tpjp : `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ cd;id + a; + my;yhy;.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (a; +m = a)
cd;iday;yhy;.
4. bre;jkpnH = brk;ik + jkpnH
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ik bfl;L/ brk; + jkpnH.
tpjp : `Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (k; jpupe;J e; njhd;wp) bre;jkpnH.
5. M=;ftw;Ws; = M=;F + mtw;Ws;
tpjp : `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; tpl;nlhLk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ M=;f; + mtw;Ws;.
1 tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
(f; + m = f) M=;ftw;Ws;
6. jdpahHp = jdp + MHp
ïaš
tpjp : `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ jdp + a; + MHp.

tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
(a; + M = ah) jdpahHp.
7. bt=;fjpu; = btk;ik + fjpu;
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ik bfl;L/ btk; + fjpu;.
tpjp : `Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ k; jpupe;J =; njhd;wp bt=;fjpu;.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
tHf;F xd;wpy; rhl;rp mspf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; jkJ khztu;fSld;
te;jpUe;jhu; jkpHwp+u; xUtu;. mf;fhy M=;fpnya ePjpgjpfSf;F
bkhHpbgau;j;Jr; brhy;y mjpfhupfs; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. jkpHwp+u;/ rhl;rpaj;ij
M=;fpyj;jpnyna brhy;y Muk;gpf;f/ FWfpa kdk; bfhz]l ePjpgjp mij
Vw;Wf;bfhs;s kdk; xg;ghky; jkpHpy; Twr; brhy;yp cj;jutpl;lhu;. mtu; MWKf ehtyu;
clnd `m+;+hd;W vy;yp vH ehdhHpg; nghjpd;tha; MHptuk; gidj;nj 1822 ? 1879
fhnyw;Wf; fhnyhl;lg; g[f;FHp~ vd;W Jt=;fpdhu;. bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; jpzwpg; nghdhu;.
nfhgKw;w ePjpgjp M=;fpyj;jpy; ngrf; Twp cj;jutpl mtu; kWj;Jj; jkpHpnyna Twpdhu;.
mtuJ khztu; kw;wtu;fSf;Fg; g[upa[k;go tpsf;fpdhu;. `Nupad; njhd;Wtjw;F ehd;F
ehHpif Kd;du;f; flw;fiu Xuk; fhw;W th=;fr; rpWeilf;Fg; g[wg;gl;lnghJ~ vd;gJ mtu;
Twpajw;Fg; bghUs;. ,j;jifa bkhHpj;jpwd; iftug;bgw;wtu;jhd; MWKf ehtyu;.
`trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsu;~ vdg; g[fHg;gLk; MWKf ehtyu; ahH;g;ghzk; ey;Y}
upy; gpwe;jtu;. jkpH;/ tlbkhHp/ M=;fpyk; vDk; Kk;bkhHpg; g[yik bgw;wtu;. jkpH;E}y;
gjpg;g[/ ciueil Mf;fk;/ ghlrhiy epWt[jy;/ mr;Rf;Tlk; epWt[jy;/ fz]ld E}y;fs;
gilj;jy;/ irt rkar; brhw;bghHpt[ vdg; gd;Kf MSik bgw;wtu;.
jpUf;Fws; gupnkyHfu; ciu/ Nlhkzp epfz]L/ ed;D}y;?r=;fu ekr;rpthau;
tpUj;jpa[iu vd;W gy E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ,yf;fz E}y;fs;/ g{kp rh!;jpuk; Kjyhd
ghl E}y;fs; mtuhy; Mf;fg;gl;ld/ g[uhz E}y;fis trdkhfp vGjp mjid midtUk;
gof;Fk; vspa totkhf khw;wpdhu;. jkJ ,y;yj;jpy; mr;Rf;Tlk; epWtpg; gy E}y;fis
mr;rpl;lhu;. jpUthtLJiw Mjpdk; ,tUf;F èhtyu;~ gl;lk; tH=;fpaJ. bgu;rpty;
ghjpupahu; tptpypaj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;f;ft[k; ,tu; cjtpdhu;.
f=;fh 9
tpdhf;fs;: tpilfs;:
1. `vy;yp~ vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;d> 1. Nupad;.
2. xU ehHpif vd;gJ vt;tst[ neuk;> 2. 24 epkplk;.
3. MHp/ fhy;; ? bghUs; jUf. 3. MHp ? nkhjpuk;/ fly;.
fhy; ? cly; cWg;g[/ fhw;W.
4. MWKf ehtyu; vt;thW g[fHg;gl;lhu;> 4. `trdeil ifte;j ts;syhu;~ vdg;
mtu; mwpe;jpUe;j bkhHpfs; ahit> g[fHg;gl;lhu;. jkpH;/ tlbkhHp/
M=;fpyk; vd;Dk; Kk;bkhHpg; g[yik
bgw;wtu;.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. (Chinese Proverb).
fw;wy; vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; mjd; cupikahsiug; gpd;gw;Wk; xU fUt{ykhFk;.
2. A new language is a new life. (Persian Proverb).
g[jpa bkhHp g[jpa thH;f;if.
3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language. (African Proverb).
gpwu; cd;idg; g[upe;J bfhs;s ntz]Lkhapd; mtu; bkhHpapy; ngR.
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom. (Roger Bacon).
bkhHpfspd; mwpt[ +hdj;jpd; tHpj;jlk;.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world. (Willgenstin).
vd; bkhHpapd; vy;iy vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
Kr;r=;f=; Tl;o
KJg[ytu; jikf; Tl;o
mr;r=;fj; Js;ns
msg;gupa bghUs;Tl;o
brhw;r=;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftpTl;o
mw;g[j=;f bsy;yhk;
mikj;j bgUkhl;o- ? fz]zjhrd;
jpuz]lf; fUj;J:
Kr;r=;;fk; mikj;J/ KJbgUk; g[ytu;fisf; Tl;o/ msg;bgupa brhw;bghUshy;
RitkpF ftpij ,aw;wp/ mw;g[jk; bra;j jkpH; @jhl;ona- vdg; ghoa fz;zjhrdpd;
ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; ea=;fs;.
bjhil:
bjhilaw;w ghf;fs;" eilaw;Wg; nghFk;.
nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ msbgil.
nkhid:
KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidahFk;.
fhl;Lf;F ahid" ghl;Lf;F nkhid
rhd;W: Kr;r=;f=; mr;r=;fj; brhw;r=;f mw;g[j=;f
KJg[ytu; msg;gupa RitkpFe;j mikj;j
vJif:
,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.
kJiuf;F itif" bra;a[Sf;F vJif
1 rhd;W: Kr;r=;f mr;r=;f brhw;r=;f mw;g[j=;f
,iag[:
ïaš
filrp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[ MFk;.

rhd;W: bgUkhl;o ftpTl;o bghUs;Tl;o jikf;Tl;o
mzp:
mzpaw;w ghf;fs;" gpzpa[s;s tdpij
jkpH; bkhHpf;F bgUik nru;f;Fk; tifapy; ,g;ghlypy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp gapd;W
te;Js;sJ.
re;jk;:
re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;
,dpa XirfnshLk; ahg;g[ fl;LfnshLk; ghLtJ.
Rit:
eh czUk; Rit MW" kdk; czUk; Rit vl;L.
bgUkpjr; Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
Kot[iu:
fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;f/ re;jk; jhskpl/ Rit cz;lhfp/ eh Vf;fKw/ mzpnahL mHFbgWk;
tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpiag; goj;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
bkhHp vd;gJ kf;fs; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; mupabjhU fiy. bkhHpna kf;fspd;
mwpit tsu;j;J cau;j;Jk; mupa fUtpahft[k; cs;sJ. bgw;w jhapd; Kjy; ntl;if jd;
FHe;ija[ld; ngRjy;. mts; Kjypy; mila[k; bgupa kfpH;r;rp/ FHe;ijapd; ngr;irf;
nfl;gnj MFk;. FHe;ijapd; kdtsu;r;rpnahL bjhlu;g[ilaJ bkhHp tsu;r;rpna MFk;.
kdk; vd;gJ bgUk;ghYk; bkhHpahy; tsu;e;J mike;jJ. kdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;gnt
ngRnthupd; bkhHpa[k; tsu;r;rp bgw;W epw;Fk;. kf;fs; midtUk; bkhHpf;F Mrpupauhft[k;
cs;sdu;" khztuhft[k; cs;sdu;. bkhHpia tsu;g;gtUk; kf;fns" bkhHpahy; tsu;gtUk;
kf;fns.
? bkhHp tuyhW (K. tujuhrdhu;)
tpdhf;fs;:
1. kf;fs; gilj;Jf; fhj;JtUk; mupa fiy vJ> mJ Mw;Wk; bray; ahJ>
2. jhapd; Kjy; tpUg;gk; vd;d>
3. bkhHp tsu;r;rp vjndhL bjhlu;g[ilaJ>
4. bkhHpia tsu;g;gtUk;/ bkhHpahy; tsu;gtUk; ahu;>
5. bkhHp tsu;r;rp vjidg; bghWj;jJ>
f=;fh 11
ctikj; bjhlu;fisr; brhw;bwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vGJf.

jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy/ fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy/ vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghy/
mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju; nghy/ cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy.
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy : gl;Lk; glhkYk;/ <LghL; ,y;yhkYk; ,Uj;jy;.
,t;t[yf Mirfspd;kPJ jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy gw;W
,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
2. fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy : btsp cyfk; bjupahj epiy.
,d;Dk; rpy fpuhk=;fspy; kf;fs; fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy
thH;fpd;wdu;.
3. vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghy : vjpupfshf.
,uFt[k; ,utpa[k; vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghyr;
rz]ilapl;Lf; bfhz]ldu;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju; nghy : rupahd tHpfhl;o.
FLk;gj; jiytd; ,y;yhj tPL mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju;
nghy cs;sJ.
5. cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy : btspg;gilahf/ bjspthf.
jkpHhrpupau; fw;gpj;j g[zu;r;rp ,yf;fzk; v=;fSf;F
cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghyj; bjsptha; tps=;fpaJ.
xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;g[fs;.
vz]zj;ij btspapLtjw;Fk;/ rpe;jidahw;wy; bgUFtjw;Fk; jha;bkhHpna Jiz
epw;Fk; ? ,jid typa[Wj;jp gpd;tUk; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz]L fl;Liu vGJf.
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; njit ? jha;bkhHpr; rpe;jid ? mwp+u;fspd; ghu;it ? fw;Fk; jpwd;
? gad; ? ,d;iwa epiy.
Kd;Diu:
jha;bkhHp vd;gJ xU jiyKiwapypUe;J ,d;bdhU jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr;
bry;Yk; bkhHp vd;gu;. jha;bkhHp tHpf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;gf
[ s; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz]
nghk;.
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; njit:
jk; vz;zj;ija[k/; rpe;jidiaa[k; tsu;ff
; bgUe;Jizahf ,Uf;Fk; bkhHpf;fy;tpna
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tp. kdpj milahs=;fis mtu;fsJ jha;bkhHp tHpahfj;jhd; fw;gpf;f
Koa[k;.
jha;bkhHpr; rpe;jid:
jha;bkhHp vd;why; jhahu; g[fl;oa bkhHp. jhapd; clypypUe;Jjhd; ek; cly;
njhd;wpaJ. mts; Cl;oa mKjj;jpypUe;Jjhd; ek; cly; tsu;e;jJ. mts; brhd;d
thu;j;ijapypUe;Jjhd; mwpt[ cz;lhapw;W. ehk; vj;jid bkhHp fw;W mwpt[w;whYk;
kPz;Lk; ek;Kila jha;bkhHpapy; bkhHpbgau;j;jhy;jhd; bghUs; ruptu tps=;Fk;.
mwp+u;fs; ghu;it:
cyfpy; thH;e;j gy mwp+u;fs; jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ijf; TwpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
rhfpj; \%ird; jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l FG/ 1938?Mk; Mz;L jha;bkhHpf;
fy;tpia typa[Wj;jpaJ. o.v!]. nfhj;jhup FG/ 1964?,y; njrpaf; fy;tpf; bfhs;ifapy;
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpia typa[Wj;jpaJ.
1 fw;Fk; jpwd;:
fw;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupg;gJ jha;bkhHp @ykhfj;jhd;. jha;bkhHp tHpahff; fw;Fk;nghJ
rpe;jid Mw;wy; mjpfupf;Fk;. jha;bkhHpiag; nghw;wp tPH;e;j ehLk; ,y;iy" jha;bkhHpiag;
ïaš
g[wf;fzpj;J thH;e;j ehLk; ,y;iy.

jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; gad;:
jha;bkhHp tHpahff; fw;Fk; NHy; Vw;gl;lhy; kpfr; rpwe;j mwp+u;fshf/ nkijfshf
mf;FHe;ijfs; tsUk;. FHe;ijfs; jha;bkhHp tHpahff; fy;tpf; fw;why; jukhd fy;tpiag;
bgWthu;fs;.
,d;iwa epiy:
,d;W jha;bkhHp tHpapy; fy;tpf; fw;gijf; bfsutf; Fiwr;ryhft[k;/ kjpg;g[f;
Fiwthft[k; epidf;fpd;wdu;. jha;bkhHpapy; fy;tpf; fw;wtu;fisj; juk; Fiwe;jtu;fshfg;
ghu;g;gJ r@fj;jpy; epytp tUk; mty=;fSs; xd;whFk;.
Kot[iu:
bkhHp vd;gJ xU jfty; bjhlu;g[r; rhjdk; kl;Lkd;W" xU gz]ghl;od;/ xU ,dj;jpd;
milahsk; vd;gij ahtUk; czu;e;jhny jha;bkhHpia mHptpypUe;J fhf;fyhk;.
vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
fz;zhy; fz;ltw;iwf; ifahy;
fiytotkhf;fp
fhz;gtu; fz;fSf;Ff;
fhl;rp jUk; tpUe;jhf;fp
fhy=;fs; fle;jhYk; fz;fis
tpl;L mfyh Xtpakhf;fp
fy;iyr; rpiyahf;Fk; rpw;gpna
fhy=;fhykha; epw;gha; vd;Wk;-
me;jhjpj; bjhluhy; ftpj;Jtkhf;Ff.
FHe;ijiaf; bfh+;Rk; jhapd; Fuy;
jhapd; Fuypy; capupd; xyp
capupd; xypna jhapd; mutizg;g[
mutizf;Fk; mtisna mfj;jpy; vz]Qnthnk-
Fwpg;g[fspy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; jkpHwp+u;fisf; fz]Lgpog;nghk;.
v.fh: ftp+u;" <w;wpU brhy;yhy; mzpfyd; bra;ayhk; ? ftpkzp.
1. jkpHwp+u;;" KjypU vGj;Jfshy; kiwf;fyhk;. tpil: kiwkiy mofs;
2. jha;bkhHp" <w;wpU vGj;Jfs; btspr;rk; jUk;. tpil: jkpH; xsp
3. rpWfij Mrpupau;" Kjy; ghjp etPdk;. tpil: g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
f=;fh 13
4. Kd;bdGj;J murd;" gpd;bdGj;J jkpH; khjk;. tpil: nfhij
(jkpH; xsp/ mk;ig/ nfhij/ mnrhfkpj;jpud;/ g[Jikg;gpj;jd;/ Nlhkzp/ b$afhe;jd;/
kiwkiy mofs;)
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
fPH;f;fhQk; bray;ghLfisr; rup'jtW vdg; gpupj;J/ rupbadpy; fhuzKk; jtW vdpy;
khw;Wtjw;Fupa braiya[k; Fwpg;gpLf.
bray;ghL rup ? fhuzk; jtW ? khw;wk;
v.fh. bghUl;fis rup/ bghUl;fisj;
vLj;j ,lj;jpy; njlhJ vLf;f Koa[k;.
itj;jy;. neuk; tPzhjy;
jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.
bghJtplj;jpy; vr;rpy; jtW/ Jg;g[jw;F cupa ,lj;jpy;
Jg;g[jy;. Jg;gyhk;. neha;gut[tijj;
jLf;fyhk;.
tFg;gpy; jtW/ Fg;igf;Tilapy; nghLjy;.
fhfpj=;fisf; tFg;giw Rj;jkhf itg;gJ
fpHpj;Jg; nghLjy;. flik.
,Uf;if/ nkirfspy; jtW/ ,Uf;if/ nkir njhw;wk;
fpWf;Fjy;. tPzhfptpLk;. gs;spapd;
brhj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gJ ekJ
flik.
gog;nghk;; ? gad;gLj;Jnthk; (E}yfk;)
¡¡ Subscription ? cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk; ¡¡ Archive ? fhg;gfk;
¡¡ Fiction ? g[idt[ ¡¡ Archive ? ifbaGj;Jg; gpujp
¡¡ Biography ? thH;f;if tuyhW ¡¡ Bibliography ? E}y; epuy;
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ ghujpapd; foj=;fs; ? uh.m. gj;kehgd;
¡¡ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghu;it ? lhf;lu; bghw;nfh
¡¡ jkpH; mHfpay; ? jp.R. eluhrd;
¡¡ fhl;Lthj;J ? e. gpr;r@u;j;jp
¡¡ bey;Y}u; muprp ? mfpyd;
¡¡ Rtbuhl;ofs; ? e. Kj;Jrhkp
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUjpidg; bgw;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}y;
m) epyt[g;g{ M) xspg;gwit ,) mf;fpdprhl;rp <) NupaepHy;
2. `rha;g;ghd;~ vd;gjd; rupahd gFgj gpupg;g[ Kiw
m) rha;g;g[ + Md; M) rha; + g; + Md;
,) rha; + g; + g; + md; <) rha; + g; + g; + Md;
3. ftp+u; rpw;gpapd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y;
m) xU fpuhkj;jpd; fij M) xU fpuhknk mGjJ
1 ,) xU fpuhkj;J ejp <) xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij

4. `tpau;it bts;sk;~ ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
M) ctikahFbgau; M) fUtpahF bgau;
ïaš
,) cUtfk; <) ctikj;bjhif

5. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa E}y;>
M) Nupa fhe;jp M) Nupa ghu;it ,) xspg;g{ <) Nupa epHy;
6. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; ghly; E}ypd; Mrpupau;
m) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; M) bgUe;njtdhu;
,) jkpHz;zy; <) K. tujuhrdhu;
7. ghz;oaupd; r=;fj;jpy; bfhYtpUe;jts;
m) nfhg;bgUe;njtp M) ntz;khs;;
,) jkpHd;id <) xsitahu;
8. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ghlypd; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
9. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; ftpij rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; vf;ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ>
m) Nupa epHy; M) xU fpuhkj;J ejp
,) xspg;gwit <) epyt[g;g{
10. rpw;gpapd; gd;Kf=;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; TWf.
m) ftp+u; M) Xtpau; ,) nguhrpupau; <) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;
11. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fHfk;
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) jkpH; <) fhkuhru;
12. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vj;jid Kiw rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;>
m) @d;W M) ,uz;L ,) ehd;F <) xd;W
13. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; .............. ,Uf;fpwhu;.
m) jiytuhf M) brayhsuhf ,) bghUshsuhf <) cWg;gpduhf
14. vGj;ija[k;/ brhy;iya[k; nghd;nw bra;a[is Xu; cs;sikg;ghff; TWk; E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak; ,) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif <) jz]oay=;fhuk;
15. fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lk; E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) Ky;iyf;fyp ,) g[wehD}W <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
16. ghlypd; jsj;ijg; ghj;jpfl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpiar; bra;tJ
m) bjhlupay; totk; M) xypf;nfhyk; ,) brhw;bwhlu; epiy <) brhw;g[yk;
f=;fh 15
17. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwpf.
m) flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf ? Ky;iyf;fyp
M) g[zupd; g[zuhJ bghUns ? bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ,td; je;ij je;ij ? ew;wpiz
<) glh mk; <j;j ? g[wehD}W
18. bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.
m) fd;dp tpoay; ? bjhif bkhHp M) bgha;gL brhy; ? kwpj;jhf;fk;
,) r=;fg;ghly;fs; ? kWjiyj; bjhlu; <) fp.uh$ehuhazd; ? fpil
19. jkpH;bkhHpapd; eil mHfpay; vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd; Mrpupau;
m) jp.R. eluhrd; M) xsit eluhrd;
,) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; <) jkpHz;zy;
20. mHF vd;gJ ................ bra;jp.
m) kdpjupd; M) nguz;lj;jpd; ,) ,aw;ifapd; <) flt[supd;
21. mHfpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUtJ
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) r=;f ,yf;fpak; ,) g[uhzk; <) kdpjelj;ij
22. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; my;yJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j fUj;Jepiyfs; fiy cUthf;fj;jpd;
nghnj ruptu ,ize;jpUf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W TWk; E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y; ,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
23. mfd; Ie;jpizfisg; ngRtJ
m) ed;D}y; M) jz;oay=;fhuk;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
24. `me;epy kU=;fpd; mwKjyhfpa
Kk;Kjw; bghUl;Fk; cupa vd;g~ ? vd;W ghtiffnshL mwtpay; fUj;Jfis ,izj;Jr;
brhy;tJ
m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) gupghly; ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) mfj;jpak;
25. ftpijapd; eil vd;gJ
m) ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; M) mHFjhd; ,) ghu;itjhd; <) ,ay;g[jhd;
26. èilbgw;wpaYk;~ vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ................ tUk; brhw;bwhlu;.
m) fpstpahf;fj;jpy; M) bkhHpahf;fj;jpy;
,) vGj;J mjpfhuj;jpy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
27. `glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~ ? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W ,) fypj;bjhif <) gupghly;
28. `g[zupd; g[zuhJ bghUns" bghUs;tapd;
gpupapd; g[zuhJ g[zu;nt-~ ? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) ew;wpiz ,) mfehD}W <) fypj;bjhif
29. Èe;ij je;ijf;F
,td;je;ij je;ij~ ? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) ew;wpiz ,) mfehD}W <) fypj;bjhif
30. `fpil~ vd;Dk; FWehtypy; MLfspd; milahs=;fisg; gy bgau;fisr; brhy;yp
miHg;gtu;
m) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) b$afhe;jd; <) b$ankhfd;
31. ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila rht[r; rl=;F/ ru;r;irf;F cs;shdJ gw;wpg; ghoatu;
1 m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu;
,) eupbtqcj;jiyahu;
M) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu;
<) nfht{u;fpHhu;
32. `,Lf bthd;nwh/ RLf bthd;nwh/
ïaš
gLtHpg; gLf/ ,g;g[fH; bta;nahd; jiyna~ ? vd;w g[wehD}W mofspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

kd;du;
m) mwpt[ilek;gp M) ek;gp beL+;brHpad;
,) br=;Fl;Ltd;; <) fps;sptstd;
33. `bjhoa[ila njhs; kze;jdd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; Mrpupau;
m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu; M) bghd;Koahu;
,) nfht{u;fpHhu; <) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu;
34. ngbuapd; KWtyhupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s gz;g[fs;
m) 16 M) 18 ,) 15 <) 14
35. jkpH; mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;F Kjd;ik Mjhuk;
m) r=;f ,yf;fpank M) r=;fk; kUtpa ,yf;fpank
,) ePjp ,yf;fpank <) fhg;gpank
36. jp.R. eluhrd; ???????? Mfg; gzpg[upe;jhu;.
m) khtl;l Ml;rpau; M) nguhrpupau;; ,) tHf;Fiu+u; <) kUj;Jtu;
37. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; TWk; ,yf;fz E}y;
m) Kj;JtPupak; M) tPunrhHpak; ,) khwdy=;fhuk; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
38. ,Uisg; nghf;Fk; ,uz;L
m) fjputd;/ epyt[ M) fjputd;/ jkpH; ,) mwpt[/ jkpH; <) mwpt[/ +hdk;
39. jz;oay=;fhuk; vt;tif ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWk; E}y;>
m) vGj;J M) brhy; ,) bghUs;; <) mzp
40. `X=;fypil te;J~ vd;W bjhl=;Fk; ghly; jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; vg;gFjpapy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ>
m) bghUszpapay; M) bghJtpay; ,) brhy;yzpapay; <) xHpgpay;
41. fhtpaju;rk; vd;gJ
m) tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}y; M) g[uhz E}y;
,) tuyhw;W E}y; <) kiyahs ,yf;fpa E}y;
42 fhtpaju;rk; vd;Dk; tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l E}y;
m) jz;oay=;fhuk; M) khwdy=;fhuk;
,) tPunrhHpak; <) Kj;JtPupak;
43. jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) jz;o M) Iaupdhju; ,) rkzKdptu; <) gtze;jp
f=;fh 17
44. jz;o ???????? Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;jtu;.
m) fp.gp. 11 M) fp.gp. 12 ,) fp.gp. 13 <) fp.gp. 14
45. jz;oay=;fhuk; ???????? bgUk; gpupt[fis cilaJ.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J
46. ghujpahu; bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa foj=;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;
m) ,sirkzp M) uh.m. gj;kehgd;
,) fp. uh$ehuhazd; <) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
47. ghujp bey;iyag;gUf;Ff; fojk; vGjpa ,lk;/ ehs;
m) g[Jr;nrup/ 19 $îy 1915 M) bey;iy/ 14 $îy 1914
,) flY}u;/ 18 Mf!;l; 1914 <) fhiuf;fhy;/ 19 $îy 1915
48. cdf;Fr; rpwFfs; njhd;Wf. gwe;J ngh?vd;gjpy; `cdf;F~ vd;gJ ahiu/ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ>
m) jkpiH M) bey;iyag;giu
,) Fapiy <) ,is+u;fis
49. XUapupd; ,uz;L jiyfs; vd;gd
m) MQk; bgz;Qk; M) mwpt[k; mHFk;
,) thH;t[k; jhH;t[k; <) gpwg;g[k; ,wg;g[k;
50. tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ???????? btspapl;l Mz;L ????????.
m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;/ 1879 M) Kj;J rhkp jPl;r[pju;/ 1879
,) ,sirkzp/ 2008 <) rPdp tpRtehjd;/ 2004
51. tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug; gw;wpaJ>
m) nrhH kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ
M) vl;ilag[uk; kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ
,) M=;fpy Ml;rpahsupd; mlf;FKiwfisf; TWtJ
<) ghujpapd; thH;f;if tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ
52. tk;rkzp jPgpif E}ypd; gjpg;igj; jpUj;jp btspapl Mir bfhz;L 6.8.1919 ,y; Ml;rp
bra;j bt=;fnlru vl;lg;gUf;Ff; fojk; vGjpatu; ????????.
m) ghujpahu; M) rPdp. tpRtehjd;
,) ,sirkzp <) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
53. tk;rkzp jPgpif E}ypd; @ytotk; kWgjpg;ghf btspapl;ltu; ???????? Mz;L ????????.
m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;/ 1879 M) ghujpahu;/ 1919
,) ,sirkzp/ 2008 <) rPdp. tpRtehjd;/ 1921
54. ghujp jdJ gjpide;J tajpy; vl;lag[uk; murUf;F vGjpa ftpijf; fojj;jpy;
ntz;lg;gLk; bra;jp
m) M=;fpy muir mfw;w ntz;o
M) ghujp fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o
,) jd; ez;gd; fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o
<) vl;lag;g[uj;jpy; ftpau=;fk; elj;j trjp ntz;o
55. ghujpapd; filrpf; fojk; ahUf;F vKjg;gl;lJ>
m) vl;lag[uk; murUf;F M) bey;iyag;;gUf;F
,) Fj;jpnfrtUf;F <) rPdp. tpRtehjDf;F
56. Nupnahjak;/ fu;knahfp Mfpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpuahf ,Ue;jtu;
m) bey;iyag;;gu; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ghujpjhrd; <) rPdp. tpRtehjd;
57. ghujp elj;jpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpupahuhf ,Ue;jtu;
m) bey;iyag;;gu; M) fz;zjhrd; ,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk;
1 58. bey;iyj;bjd;wy;/ ghujp thH;j;J/ ca;a[k; tHp Mfpa ftpij E}y;fis vGjpatu;
m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) bey;iyag;;gu; ,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk;
59. t. c. rpjk;gudhupd; thH;f;if tuyhw;iw vGjpatu;
ïaš
m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) ,sir kzp ,) ,sir Re;juk; <) bey;iyag;;gu;

60. nyhnfhgfup/ njrgf;jd; Mfpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpupauhft[k;/ Mrpupauhft[k;
gzpahw;wpatu;
m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) ,sir kzp ,) ,sir Re;juk; <) bey;iyag;gu;
tpilfs;
1. , mf;fpdprhl;rp 31. m ngbuapd; KWtyhu;
2. , rha; + g; + g; + Md; 32. M ek;gp beL+;brHpad;
3. , xU fpuhkj;J ejp 33. m ngbuapd; KWtyhu;
4. , cUtfk; 34. M 18
5. < Nupa epHy; 35. m r=;f ,yf;fpank
6. m rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; 36. M nguhrpupau;;
7. , jkpHd;id 37. , khwdy=;fhuk;
8. < vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa 38. M fjputd;/ jkpH;
tpUj;jk;
9. < epyt[g;g{ 39. <
mzp
10. < bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; 40. m
bghUszpapay;
11. m ghujpahu 41. m
tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}y;
12. M ,uz;L 42. m
jz;oay=;fhuk;
13. < cWg;gpduhf 43. m
jz;o
14. M bjhy;fhg;gpak; 44. M
fp.gp. 12
15. M Ky;iyf;fyp 45. M
@d;W
16. m bjhlupay; totk; 46. M
uh.m. gj;kehgd;
17. < glh mk; <j;j ? g[wehD}W 47. m
g[Jr;nrup/ 19 $îy 1915
18. M bgha;gL brhy; ? kwpj;jhf;fk; 48. M
bey;iyag;giu
19. m jp.R. eluhrd; 49. m
MQk; bgz;Qk;
20. M nguz;lj;jpd; 50. m
ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;/ 1879
21. m bjhy;fhg;gpak; 51. M
vl;ilag[uk; kd;du;fspd;
guk;giu tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ
22. m bjhy;fhg;gpak; 52. m ghujpahu;
23. , bjhy;fhg;gpak; 53. , ,sirkzp/ 2008
f=;fh 19
24. , bjhy;fhg;gpak; 54. M ghujp fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o

25. m ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; 55. , Fj;jpnfrtUf;F
26. m fpstpahf;fj;jpy; 56. m bey;iyag;;gu;
27. M g[wehD}W 57. m bey;iyag;;gu;
28. M ew;wpiz 58. M bey;iyag;;gu;
29. m g[wehD}W 59. < bey;iyag;;gu;
30. M fp. uh$ehuhazd; 60. < bey;iyag;gu;
FWtpdh
1. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa ftpij E}w;fspy; rpytw;iw vGJf.
xspg;gwit/ ru;g;gahfk;/ Nupa epHy;/ xU fpuhkj;J ejp/ g{$;a=;fspd; r=;fpyp.
2. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; gd;Kf=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ftp+u;/ nguhrpupau;/ bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;/ ,jHhrpupau;.
3. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;/ kiyahsf; ftpij/ miya[k; RtLk;.
4. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ftpijfs; vk;bkhHpfspy; bgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd>
M=;fpyk;/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk;/ kuhj;jp/ ,e;jp.
5. ,yf;fpak; vtw;iwj; jdf;Fupa mHfpay;; rhjdkhf khw;w ntz]oa[s;sJ>
kdpj ehf;Ffspd; <uk;gl;Lf; fplf;Fk; bkhHpahdJ/ ngRgtd;/ nfl;gtd; MfpnahUila
jdpg;gl;l NHy;fs; ngRk; nghJ ,yf;fpak; jdf;Fupa mHfpay; rhjdkhf cs;sJ.
6. `fiy KGik~ gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
`fiy KGik~/ vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehf;fk; my;yJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j fUj;Jepiyfs;/
fiy cUthf;fj;jpd; nghnj ruptu ,ize;jpUf;f ntz]Lk; vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
7. ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg; gz]gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wdit vit>
xypf;nfhyk;/ brhw;g[yk;/ brhw;bwhlu; epiy.
8. ,yf;fpaj;jdk; my;yJ ftpijj;jdk; vd;gJ ahJ>
¡¡ ,yf;fpak; vd;w bkhHprhu;fiy/ bkhHpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;g[fis ,ad;w kl;Lk;
jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
¡¡ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F xU rpwg;g[j;jd;ikiaj; je;JtpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa jd;ikjhd;
ftpj;jdk; my;yJ ,yf;fpaj;jdk; vd;W ngrg;gLfpwJ.
9. bkhHpapd; tHf;Ffisf; fiyapay; tHf;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit>
ctkk;/ cUtfk;/ vr;rk;/ Fwpg;g[/ cs;Siw/ ,iwr;rp.
10. xypg;gpd;dy; vd;gJ ahJ>
¡¡ bkhHprhu;e;j ftpij ,irnahLk; ,irf;fUtpnahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpwJ.
¡¡ Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd.
¡¡ ,jidna me;jg; gDtypd; ghlypd; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpnwhk;.
11. brhy;tsk; vd;gJ ahJ>
¡¡ brhy;tsk; vd;gJ jdpr;brhw;fsha; epiwe;J miktija[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
¡¡ xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l brhw;fs; ftt[f;if befpHhky; Ka=;fpf; fplg;gija[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
12. bjhlupapy; totk; bra;a[k; gzpfs; ahit>

xypf;nfhyKk; brhw;g[yKk; brhw;bwhlu; epiya[k; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
1 gz;gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wd vd;why;/ ghj;jpfl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpfisj; bjhlupay; totk;
bra;fpd;wJ.
13. jp. R. eluhrd; jkpH;g; nghuhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fHf=;fs; ahit>
ïaš
¡¡ kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.

¡¡ nghye;J ehl;od; thu;!h gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
¡¡ jpUbey;ntyp kndhd;kzpak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
14. jp.R. eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>

ftpijbaDk; bkhHp/ jpwdha;t[f;fiy/ jkpH; mHfpay;/ jkpHpd; gz;ghl;L btspfs;.
15. jkpHpd; rpy bjhif E}y;fis vGJf.
fd;dp tpoay;/ g[y;byd; khiy/ fhku;tdg;g[/ vHpyp/ jPePu;/ gdpePu;.
16. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; TWk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ahit>
jz]oay=;fhuk;/ khwdy=;fhuk;/ Ftyahde;jk;.
17. mzpapyf;fzj;njhL gpw ,yf;fzj;ija[k; TWk; E}y;fs; ahit>
bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ tPunrhHpak;/ ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;/ bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;/ Kj;J tPupak;.
18. jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; @d;W bgUk; gpupt[fs; ahit>
bghJtpay;/ khwdy=;fhuk;/ brhy;yzpapay;.
19. vGJk;nghJ Vw;gLk; gpiHfis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;>
¡¡ vGj;Jg;gpiH.
¡¡ brhw;bghUl;gpiH.
¡¡ brhw;bwhlu;g; gpiH.
¡¡ bghJthd gpiHfs; rpy vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
20. vGj;Jg; gpiHf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk; ahJ>

¡¡ vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; ngr;Rj;jkpiH vGj KoahJ.
¡¡ ngRtijg; nghynt vGj vz;Qtnj vGj;Jg;gpiHf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk;
vdyhk;.
21. xU bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;W jkpH;eilf; ifnaL vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
¡¡ mog;gil mwpt[ ¡¡ bghUs;
¡¡ vGj;J ¡¡ thf;fpa mikg;g[
¡¡ brhy;
22. brhy;ypy; Ma;j vGj;jpd; epiy Fwpj;bjGJf.

¡¡ Ma;j vGj;J brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; kl;Lnk tUk;.
¡¡ jdpr;brhy;yhapd; @btGj;jhft[k;/ jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;Jk; tUk;.
¡¡ rhd;W: mBJ/ vBF/ fBR.
f=;fh 21
23. jdpf;FwpiyaLj;J ufuk; tupd; vt;thW vGj ntz;Lk;>
¡¡ jdpf;FwpiyaLj;J ufuk; tupd; mjidj; jkpH; ,ay;g[f;nfw;gj; jpUj;jp vGj
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ rhd;W: epu;thfk; ? epUthfk;" fu;kk; ? fUkk;.
rpWtpdh
1. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
rpwg;g[g; bgau; : rpw;gp (vGj;Jfisr; brJf;Ftjhy; rpw;gp vdg;gl;lhu;).
bgw;nwhu; : rp. bghd;Drhkp ? fz;oak;khs;.
Cu; : Mj;Jg;bghs;shr;rp/ nfhit.
gzp : ghujpahu; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytu;.
rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; braw;FG cWg;gpdu;.
tpUJ : ``xU fpuhkj;J ejp~~ vDk; ftpij E}Yf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ.
gilg;g[fs; : xspg;gwit/ ru;g;gahfk;/ Nupa epHy;/ g{$;a=;fspd; r=;fpyp.
2. jp.R. eluhrd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : jp.R. eluhrd;.
rpwg;g[ : jpwdha;t[f;fiyiaj; jkpGf;F mwpKfk; bra;jtu;.
gjtp : kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nghye;J ehl;od; thu;rh
gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ jpUbey;ntyp kndhd;kzpak; Re;judhu;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; Mfpatw;wpy; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpg[upe;jhu;.
gilg;g[fs; : ftpijbaDk; bkhHp/ jkpH; mHfpay;/ jkpH; gz;ghl;L btspfs;/
jpwdha;t[f;fiy.
3. jz]oay=;fhuk; ? E}w;Fwpg;g[ jUf.
Mrpupau; : jz;o
fhyk; : 12Mk; E}w;whz;L
jGty; E}y; : fhtpaju;rk; vd;Dk; tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}iy jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ.
@d;W gpupt[fs; : bghJtpay;/ bghUszpapay;/ brhy;yzpapay;.
4. bghUs; ntw;Wikazpiar; rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; ,UntW bghUs;fSf;fpilna xw;Wikiaf; Twpag; gpd; ntWgLj;jpf;
fhl;LtJ bghUs; ntw;Wik mzp vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
``X=;fypil te;J cau;e;njhu; bjhH tps=;fp
V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; ........~~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ghly;.
tpsf;fk;:
jkpGf;Fk;/ fjputDf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s gad;rhu;e;j xw;Wikia Kjypy; Twp
mtw;Ws; jkpH; jd;ndupyhjJ vd;w jd;ikiag; gpd;du; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J
bghUs; ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W. ,J ntw;Wik mzpapd; xU gpupthFk;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpy; bkhHpthH;j;Jg; ghly; ,lk; bgWtjd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfisj;
bjhFj;Jf; fye;Jiuahly; epfH;j;Jf. | gf;fk;: 3 |
kyu; : tzf;fk; mk;kh- mk;kh/ vdf;F xU tpsf;fk; njit.
Mrpupia : mg;go vd;d tpsf;fk;>
1 kyu; : bghJthf jkpH; g[j;jfj;jpy;; ,iwthH;j;J/ bkhHpthH;j;J/ ehl;L
thH;j;J vd mika[k;. Mdhy; ,e;j Mz;L bkhHpthH;j;ij Kd;
itj;Js;shu;fns mJjhd;.
ïaš
Mrpupia : Kd;g[nghy; ,d;W ,y;iy vd;gJjhnd>

kyu; : mjhtJ/ xUbraiyj; bjhl=;Ftjw;F Kd; bja;t=;fis tz=;FtJ
tHf;fkhdJ xd;Wjhnd>
Mrpupia : jw;nghJ mg;go ,y;iyna vd;fpwha;.
kyu; : Mkhk; mk;kh.
Mrpupia : tz=;FtJ ntW/ ,lk; bgwtpy;iy vd;gJ ntW. ,J bkhHpg;g[j;jfk;.
vdnt/ bkhHpiaj; bja;tkhf cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kyu; : bkhHp bja;tj;ij vt;thW tz=;fyhk;>
Mrpupia : bkhHp bja;tj;ijg; gy g[ytu;fs; gythW nghw;wpa[s;sdu;. ghujpjhrd;
`jkpiH vd;Dapu; vd;ngd; fz;Ou;~ ? vd;ghu;.
kyu; : mg;ngh/ bkhHpg; ghl=;fspy; bkhHpf; flt[s; thH;j;ij itg;gJ rupjhd;.
Mrpupia : rupjhd;.
kjd; : ed;wpk;kh.
2. ftp+u; ghujpjhrdpd; mHfpd; rpupg;g[ ? Fd;wk; ? xspa[k; Fd;Wk; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
eilr;rpwg;gpidj; bjhFj;J ciuahf tH=;Ff. | gf;fk;: 7 |
xspa[k; Fd;Wk;
mUtpfs; ituj;bjh=;fy;
mlu;bfhog; gr;irg;gl;nl
FUtpfs; j=;ff; fl;o? ghujpjhrd;
,aw;if tUzidiag; ghujpjhrd; brk;ikg;gLj;Jtjpy; ty;ytu;.
¡¡ ,g;ghlypy;/ thDa[u;e;j kiyapd; mHif jdf;nf cupj;jhd eilapy; cUtfg;
gLj;Jfpwhu;.
¡¡ kiyapdpd;W tpGk; btz;ikahd mUtpfs; kiyahfpa bgz;zpd; fhjpy;
mzpe;jpUf;Fk; ituj;jhyhd bjh=;fyhf cs;sJ.
¡¡ kiyapy; mlu;j;jpahfg; glu;e;jpUf;Fk; gRikahd bfhofs; mg;bgz; cLj;jpapUf;Fk;
gr;irg; gl;lhilahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
¡¡ kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; FUtpfs; Nupaxspapd; fhuzkhff; j=;ff; fl;ofshff;
fhzg;gLd;wd.
3. jkpHpd; brhy;tsj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk; goahf ahid'kyu; Fwpj;j gy brhw;fis
mfuhjpapy; fz;L gl;oaypLf. | gf;fk;: 7 |
ahid : ntHk;/ fspW/ fsgk;/ khj=;fk;/ ifk;kh/ ck;gu;/ fup/ Jk;gp/ Mid/ fsgk;/ flfk;.
kyu; : mUk;g[/ nghJ/ eis/ KfpH;/ g[&;gk;/ eWtp/ brk;kyu;/ bghJk;gu;/ myu;.
f=;fh 23
4. ntw;Wik mzp gapd;W tUk; ,U ghly;fis tpsf;fj;Jld; vGjp tUf. | gf;fk;: 9 |
ghly; : 1
``m=;fz; tpRk;gpd; mfdpyhg; ghwpf;Fk;
jp=;fSk; rhd;nwhUk; xg;gu;kd; ? jp=;fs;
kWthw;Wk; rhd;nwhu; mBjhw;whu; bjUkUj;J
bja;tu; xUkhRwpd;.~~ ? ehyoahu;
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
,U bghUl;fSf;F ,ilna xg;g[ikiaf; Twp mtw;Ws; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
ntWgLj;jpf;; TWtJ ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
jp=;fs; nja[k;/ rhd;nwhu; njahu; (kdepiy khwhu;) vd;gnjahFk;.
ghly;: 2
``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL~~ ? Fwl;gh
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
,U bghUl;fSf;F ,ilna xg;g[ikiaf; Twp mtw;Ws; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
ntWgLj;jpf;; TWtJ ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
jPapdhy; cz;lhd g[z; cs; MwptpLk;. ehtpdhy; cz;lhd g[z; cs;sj;jpy; Mwhj
tLthf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. `jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; brhw;nghupy; g=;nfw;gjw;fhd Ie;J epkpl ciu
cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 9 |
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;-
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l jkpH; gHika[k;/ bgUika[k; bfhz;lJ.
,yf;fz/ ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ rpWfhg;gpak;/ bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ bjhif/ ghl;L/ Mw;Wgil vd
vz;zpyl=;fh E}y;fs; cUthfp jkpHpd; rpwg;ig cynf bjhGk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
jkpH;/ Kjy;/ ,il/ filr;r=;fk; bfhz;lJ. jd;dpfupy;yh jd; bkhHpahf tps=;FfpwJ.
jdpj;J ,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; bfhz;lJ. gpwbkhHp cjtp ,y;yhky;/ ,lu;ghLfs; ,y;yhky;
,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; bfhz;lJ.
jpUe;jpa gz;g[k; rPu;j;j ehfupfKk; bfhz;l vd; jkpHpd; cjtpapy;yhky; bjY=;F/
fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk; ,a=;f KoahJ. ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; @d;W bgUk;
gpupt[fisf; bfhz;L jdf;F epfupy;yhj bkhHpaha; jkpH; tps=;FfpwJ.
ed;wp- tzf;fk;--
6. ghujpapd; thH;tpidf; fhyf;nfhlhf cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 13 |
1882 ghujpahu; gpwg;g[
1 1890 ghujp gl;lk;

ïaš
1897 bry;yk;khSld; jpUkzk;
1903 ghujpapd; vGj;Jfs; mr;rpy; tUjy;

1905 murpay; Mu;tk;
1907 ,e;jpah/ ghyghujp ,jH;fis bghWg;ngw;W elj;Jjy;
1912 gftj;fPij bkhHpbgau;j;jy;
1918 g[Jitapy; rpiwthrk;
1921 ghujpahu; ,wg;g[

7. fhyj;ij btd;w kfhftpahd ghujpf;Ff; fw;gidf;fojk; xd;wpid vGJf. | gf;fk;: 13 |
ghisa=;nfhl;il
18 $îy 2022.
ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd; ghujpna- KWf;fpa kPira[k;/ Kiwj;j ghu;ita[k;/ Kz;lhRf;
fl;Lf;Fk; brhe;jf;fhund- bre;jkpHpd; vGr;rpna- ckf;F tzf;fk;.
cdJ bghd; vGj;Jfshy; jkpH; md;idf;F ituf;fpuPlk; Nl;o kfpH;e;jha;.
Mdhy;/ filrptiu rhjhuz jiyg;ghifapid eP mzpe;jpUe;jha; vd vj;jidg;
ngUf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
ghjfk; bra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; eP ga=;bfhs;syhfhJ ghg;gh/ nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL
ghg;gh/ mtu; Kfj;jpy; ckpH;e;JtpL ghg;gh vd;W ghodhna ghujp. ,d;iwa ghypay;
td;bfhLikia Kd;dnu rhodha; ghujp.
gpr;ir th=;fp cz;Qk; thH;f;ifg; bgw;Wtpl;l nghjpYk; mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy
vd;W Rje;jpuj;jpd; nkd;ikia kf;fspd; kdjpy; bfhonaw;wp itj;jtd; eP.
f=;fh 25
jkpHpy; Xu; vGj;Jjhd; Ma;j vGj;J. Mdhy; kw;w 246 vGj;Jfisa[k; Ma[jkhf;fp
bts;isaid tpul;l tpLjiyf; ftpfisg; gho nt=;ifbad tpul;oatd; eP.
mjw;F vd; cs;sbkDk; bgU=;nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; cd;ndhL xUehs; xnu
nkilapy; ftpghl ehd; tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;.
,g;gof;F/
bfhw;if nte;jd;.
8. ka=;bfhyp vGj;Jfs; (z/ e/ d/ y/ H/ s/ u/ w) mike;j brhw;fisj; jpul;o/ bghUs;
ntWghL mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 17 |
md;g[ njhHu;fns-
,d;W ehk; ka=;bfhyp vGj;Jfs; mike;j brhw;fisa[k;/ mjd; bghUs; ntWghl;o
ida[k; ciuahLnthk;. Kjypy; ,uhK.
,uhK : zfu ? dfu ntWghLfs;:
mz;zk; ? nky;tha;
md;dk; ? czt['nrhW
`l~ gf;fj;jpy; tUk; `z~. ,ij lz;zfuk; vd;W miHg;gJz;L.
md;dj;jpy;/ `w~ gf;fj;jpy; tUk; `d~ ,ij wd;dfuk; vd;W miHg;gJz;L.
nrhK : y ? H ntWghLfs; gw;wp ehd; ngRfpnwd;.
fiy ? El;gk;'mwpt[ fiH ? @=;fpy;
kiy ? Fd;W kiH ? thd;kiH
,t;thwhd ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fisg; ngRtJ kw;Wk; vGJtjd; @yk; gpiH
jtpu;f;fyhk;.
,uhK : kpf;f ed;wp- bjspthfg; g[upe;Jbfhz;nlhk;.
u ? s ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fSf;F ehd; tpsf;fk; jUfpnwd;.
u ? w ntWghLfs;:
kuk; ? jhtuk; kwk; ? tPuk;
muk; ? fUtp mwk; ? jUkk;
jtpu;f;fyhk;.
nrhK : Iah/ filrpahf yfu/ Hfu ntWghl;ilg; gw;wp ehd; tpsf;fk; jUfpnwd;.
y ? s ntWghLfs;:
fiy ? mwpt['El;gk;
fis ? gapupd; eLnt tsu;tJ'Mil fisjy;
jtpu;f;fyhk; khztu;fns-
ez;gu;fns- kw;bwhU tFg;gpy; re;jpf;fyhk;.
ïaš thÇahd Éiuî¤ Jy§fš Édh-ÉilfŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;J kpft[k; bjspthfr; Rl;of;fhl;Lk; ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) jz;oay=;fhuk;
1 ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
2. ntWghlhd xd;iwj; nju;f.
ïaš
m) xspg;gwit M) miya[k; RtLk;

,) ru;g;gahfk; <) Nupa epHy; [tpil: M) miya[k; RtLk;]
3. àhKk; ghupa[k; csnk~ ? mof;nfhol;l brhy; Fwpf;Fk; g[ytu;
m) xsitahu; M) guzu;
,) ef;fPuu; <) fgpyu; [tpil: <) fgpyu;]
4. `bjhoa[ila njhs; kze;jdd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ghly; (bra;a[s;) ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) fypj;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J [tpil: m) g[wehD}W]
5. `ghujp foj=;fs;~ vd;Dk; E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;
m) ,sirkzp M) R. bey;iyag;gu;
,) uh.m. gj;khehgd; <) bg.R.kzp [tpil: ,) uh.m. gj;khehgd;]
6. vl;ilag[uk; kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhW gw;wp ftpnrfuprhkp jPl;rpju; vGjpa E}y;
m) jUk jPgpif M) tk;rkzp jPgpif
,) gpuge;j; jPgpif <) mDgthee;j jPgpif [tpil: M) tk;rkzp jPgpif]
7. fPH;tUtdtw;Ws; mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lnk TWk; ,yf;fz E}y;
m) Kj;J tPupak; M) tPunrhHpak;
,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) jz;oay=;fhuk; [tpil: <) jz;oay=;fhuk;]
8. `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w xU tpjpapy; kl;Lk; g[zUk; gz;g[j;bjhifr; brhy;
m) brk;gupjp M) bre;epwk;
,) bre;jkpH; <) bt=;fjpu; [tpil: m) brk;gupjp]
9. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;j bkhHpthH;j;Jg; ghly; ,lk;bgw;w E}y;
m) xspg;gwit M) epyt[g; g{
,) Nupa epHy; <) g{+;rpa=;fspd; r=;fpyp [tpil: M) epyt[g; g{]
10. Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiy totk; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,jidna ??????? vd;fpnwhk;.
m) ,yf;fpaj; jsk; M) fiyKGik
,) xypg;gpd;dy; <) bjhif epiy [tpil: ,) xypg;gpd;dy;]
f=;fh 27
vGâ¥ gHFnth«
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp.
1. ``kPz]Lke;jg; gHikeyk; g[Jf;Fjw;F~~ ftp+u; Fwpg;gpLk; gHikeyk; ..................................
2. ,yf;fpaj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; xUnrug; ngRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y; ...........................................
3. fUj;J 1: ,ay;g[ tHf;fpy;/ bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;W tUtnj kug[.
fUj;J 2: bjhluikg;g[/ r=;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup
,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup 2 jtW .......................................................
4. bghUj;Jf.
m) jkpH; mHfpay; ? 1. guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
M) epyt[g;g{ ? 2. jp. R. eluhrd;
,) fpil ? 3. rpw;gpghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;a[k; tHp ? 4. fp. uh$ehuhazd;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 .......................................................
5. ``kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;W VidaJ
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~~ ,t;tofspy; gapd;W te;Js;s bjhil eak;
m) monkhid/ movJif M) rPu;nkhid/ rPu;vJif
,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid <) rPu;vJif/ monkhid ........................................................
6. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz]lwpf.
m) fhisfisg; g{l;otaiy cGjdu;.
M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;btl;Lfisf; fz]lwpe;jdu;.
,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.
<) bew;gapu;fs; kiHePupy; @H;fpd. ........................................................
7. ftp+u; rpw;gpapd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y; ........................................................
8. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; ghly; E}ypd; Mrpupau; ........................................................
9. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; .................................... Kiw rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
10. fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lk; E}y; ........................................................
11. mHF vd;gJ ........................................................ bra;jp.
12. ftpijapd; eil vd;gJ ........................................................
13. ,Uisg; nghf;Fk; ,uz;L ........................................................
14. fhtpaju;rk; vd;Dk; tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l E}y; ...............................
FWtpdhf;fs;
15. ftp+u; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;Jghl/ jkpHpd; Jizntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
16. eil mHfpay; gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
17. tpoay;/ tdg;g[ ? ,U brhw;fisa[k; xU=;fpizj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1 .......................................................................................................................................................................
18. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
ïaš
brk;gupjp ................................................. rpte;J .................................................

bre;epwk; ................................................. tpau;itbts;sk; .........................................
bt=;fjpu;; ................................................. cau;e;njhu; .................................................
Kj;JKj;jha; ................................................. bre;jkpH; .................................................
19. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1. rha;g;ghd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. ,Ue;jha;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. tpae;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
20. g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
1. thdbky;yhk;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. M=;ftw;Ws;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. brk;gupjp
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
21. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. (Chinese Proverb).
...............................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 29
2. A new language is a new life. (Persian Proverb).
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language. (African Proverb).
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom. (Roger Bacon).
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world. (Willgenstin).
...............................................................................................................................................................
22. ctikj; bjhlu;fisr; brhw;bwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. jhkiu ,iyePu; nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju; nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
23. Fwpg;g[fspy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; jkpHwp+u;fisf; fz]Lgpoj;J vGJf.
1. jkpHwp+u;" KjypU vGj;Jfshy; kiwf;fyhk;. ..............................................................
2. jha;bkhHp" <w;wpU vGj;Jfs; btspr;rk; jUk;. ..............................................................
3. rpWfij Mrpupau;" Kjy; ghjp etPdk;. ..............................................................
4. Kd;bdGj;J murd;" gpd;bdGj;J jkpH; khjk;. ..............................................................
(jkpH; xsp/ mk;ig/ nfhij/ mnrhfkpj;jpud;/ g[Jikg;gpj;jd;/ Nlhkzp/ b$afhe;jd;/
kiwkiy mofs;)
24. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; jUf.
1. Subscription - ............................................. 4. Archive - .............................................
2. Fiction - ............................................. 5. Bibliography - .............................................
3. Biography - .............................................
25. `X=;fypil .....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; jz;oay=;fhug; ghliy mogpwHhky; vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
26. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
xUika[ld; epdJjpU kyuo epidf;fpd;w
cj;jku;jk; cwt[ntz;Lk;
cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthu;
cwt[fy thikntz;Lk;
1

bgUikbgWk; epdJg[fH; ngrntz;Lk; bgha;ik
ngrh jpUf;fntz;Lk;
bgUbewp gpoj;bjhGf ntz;Lk; kjkhdnga;
ïaš
gpoah jpUf;fntz;Lk; ? ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
***
f=;fh 31
ªðŒªòùŠ ªðŒ»‹ ñ¬ö

ÞòŸ¬è, «õ÷£‡¬ñ, ²ŸÁ„Åö™
à¬óï¬ì ªð¼ñ¬ö‚è£ô‹
ªêŒ»œ Høªè£¼ ï£œ «è£¬ì ÜŒòŠð ñ£îõ¡ ïaš
ªêŒ»œ
¶¬íŠð£ì‹
ªï´ï™õ£¬ì
ºî™è™
ï‚Wó˜
àˆîñ«ê£ö¡
2
Þô‚èí‹ ï£™õ¬èŠ ªð£¼ˆîƒèœ
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUj;Jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4]
2. euk;g[fSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;of;bfhz]oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) Nupa xspf;fjpu; M) kiH nkf=;fs;
,) kiHj;Jspfs; <) ePu;epiyfs; [tpil: ,) kiHj;Jspfs;]
3. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;joePu; cwp+;rg;gLjy;
[tpil: M) kzy; ms;Sjy;]
4. bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj;bjhif M) cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; <) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
[tpil: <) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;]
5. cyf ehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tp btg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j Koa[k; ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;JtJ
m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ
[tpil: m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnl njitahfpwJ]
6. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ???????? mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlu;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[ [tpil: m) bghUl;Fwpg;g][
7. ``cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
2 m) ed;D}y;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
M) mfj;jpak;
<) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
8. ahu;> vJ> Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
ïaš
m) mBwpiz/ cau;jpiz M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz

,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cau;jpiz
[tpil: M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz]
9. bghUj;jp tpil nju;f.
m) mtd; mts; mtu; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgau;fs;
m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]
FWtpdh
1. `MSf;bfhU kuk; tsu;g;nghk;~ vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
¡¡ kuk; kiHf;F Mjhuk;.
¡¡ kuk; kdpjDf;F tuk;.
¡¡ fuk; bfhz;L kuk; tsu;g;nghk;.
¡¡ kunk g[tp btg;gkiljiyj; jLf;Fk;.
2. ,depiu ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

,depiu = ,dk; + epiu
`kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k; MFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J `,depiu~
vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
3. kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; bfhz]oUf;fpwhd; ? ,U bjhlu;fshf;Ff.
¡¡ kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
¡¡ kdpjd; ,aw;if ts=;fisr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;.
4. èfuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~ ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ efuk; kiH nkfj;jhy; ,Us; NH;e;jJ.
¡¡ kiH bga;bad bga;jJ.
¡¡ jpObud Nupad; njhd;wpajhy; efuk; gpufhrkha;f; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
¡¡ kiHj;Jspfspd;kPJ gLfpd;w Nupaf; fjpu;fspd; gpujpgypg;ghy; efunk bts;is
itukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
f=;fh 33
5. bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlu; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjt[td
vit>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz]/ ,lk;.
6. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;/ gd;ik tpFjp bgw;WtUkhW ,uz]L bjhlu;fis
vGJf.
¡¡ eP=;fs; v=;fs; tPl;ow;F thU=;fs;.
¡¡ mtu;fs; Myak; te;jhu;fs;.
rpWtpdh
1. èPu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Ftpj;J
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;~~ ? ,f;ftpijapd; mo/
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhnd~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypd; bjhlu;r;rpaha;
miktijg; gw;wp vGJf.
`J}=;Fk; gdpePiu th=;Fk; fjpnuhd;~
¡¡ ,ut[ KGtJk; @=;fpy; ,iyapy; J}=;fpa gdpePiu mjpfhiyapy; Nupad; th=;fpf;
bfhs;fpwhd;.
¡¡ Vw;wk; ,iwg;gtu;fs; mYg;g[j; bjupahky; ,Uf;f ghLk; ghly;fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;whFk;.
¡¡ Nupadpd; xspf;fjpu;fs; me;j xUJsp ePiua[k; tpl;L itf;fhky; jhnd vLj;Jr;
bry;fpwhd;.
`èPu;epiyfspypUe;J cjLfs; Fwpj;J
cwp+;RfpwJ xspf;fjpu;fs;~~
¡¡ ePu; epiyfis te;jile;j kiH ePiur; Nupad; jd; xspf;fjpu;fs; vd;w cjLfshy;
cwp+;Rfpwhd;.
¡¡ thdpy; ,Ue;J tpGk; kiH ePiu kPz]Lk; thDf;nf vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;whd; Nupad;.
,J ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghlypy; xU Jsp gdp ePiuf;Tl Nupad; tpLtjpy;iy" jd;
xspf;fjpu;fshy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
¡¡ `gpwbfhU ehs; nfhil~ ftpijapy; ftp+u; kiHahf te;J ePu;epiyfis epug;g[k; ePiuj;
jd; fjpu;fshy; ,jH; Ftpj;J cwp+;RfpwJ Nupad; vd;fpwhu;.
`gdpj;Jspia th=;fpf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd;~ ? ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;.
èPu;epiy kiHj;Jspfis cwp+;Rf; bfhz]lhd; fjputd;~ ? gpwF xU ehs; nfhil.
2. thilf; fhyj;jpy; nfhtyu;fs; vt;thW ghJfhg;igj; njodu;>
¡¡ thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiHia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ.
¡¡ jhH;thd gFjpapy; bts;sk; bgUfpwJ.
¡¡ nfhtyu;fs; jh=;fs; nkatpl;oUe;j vUik/ gR/ ML Mfpa epiufis nklhd
epy=;fSf;F khw;wpdu;.
¡¡ gHfpa epyj;ij tpl;Lg; g[J ,lj;ij mile;jjhy; tUe;jpdu;.
¡¡ jz]zPu; jhH;thd gFjpapy; epuk;gp tpLk; vd;gjhy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf nklhd gFjpf;Fr;
brd;wdu;. ePu;j;Jspfs; nkny gLtjhYk;/ thilf;fhw;wpd; Fspu;r;rp kpFjpahYk;
clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nru;e;J bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;.
3. kiHbts;sg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; Kd;bdr;rupf;if eltof;iffisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
¡¡ ePu;epiyfis Kiwahfg; guhkupj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ tofhy; trjpia nkw;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW/ tofhy; tha;f;fhy;fs; Mfpatdtw;iw J}u;thu;jy; ntz;Lk;.
2 ¡¡ rKff;fhLfs; tsu;g;g[j;jpl;l=;fis bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

¡¡ bts;sg;bgUf;if vjpu;bfhs;Sk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ Nwhtsp/ g[ay;/ bts;sk; Fwpj;j nghjpa tpHpg;g[zu;it midj;Jg; bghJkf;fSk;
ïaš
bgWk; tpjj;jpy; nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; Kaw;rp nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.

4. nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; eLtzurhy; 23.12.2005 ,y; bjhl=;fg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ g[ay;/ bts;sk;/ Rdhkp/ epyeLf;fk;/ jP tpgj;J/ gdpg;g[ay;/ ntW tpgj;Jfs; Kjyhd
nguplu;fs; epfGk; nghJ ,e;j mikg;g[fis xU=;fpizj;Jr; bray;gLj;j ,e;j
Mizak; cjt[fpwJ.
¡¡ ,f;FGf;fs; khepyk;/ khtl;lk;/ Cuhl;rp/ rpw;W}uhl;rp midj;J epiyfspYk; nguplu;f;
fhy=;fspy; ,t;thizak; bray;gl tHptif bra;Js;sJ.
beLtpdh
1. `befpHp jtpu;j;J epyj;ij epkpu;j;J~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;NHy; Mu;tyu;
gRikjhrdhUld; eP=;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
bgUkiHf;fhyk;
gRikjhru; : tzf;fk;- jk;gp.
gfytd; : Iah- befpHp befpHp vd;W brhy;fpwhu;fns- bfh+;rk; mijg;gw;wp TW=;fs;.
gRikjhru; : befpHp vd;why; gpsh!;of; vd;gu;. gpsh!;of; vd;w brhy;/ fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypy;
,Ue;J cUthdJ.
gfytd; : befpHpia ehk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; VnjDk; Mgj;J cs;sjh>
gRikjhru; : Mk;- Mgj;J cs;sJ. ehk; befpHpia vupf;Fk;nghJ ilahf;rp!; vd;w
er;Rtha[ njhd;wp kdpju;fSf;F g[w;Wnehia cz;lhf;FfpwJ. nkYk;
befpHpahdJ kz;zpy; kf;Ftjw;Fk; gy Mz;Lfs; MfpwJ.
gfytd;; : rup=;f Iah- befpHpia kWRHw;rp bra;a Koa[kh>
gRikjhru; : bra;ayhk;. Mdhy; kWRHw;rp bra;jhy; bjhw;Wneha;fs; Vw;gLk;.
gfytd;; : Iah ehk; ePz;l fhykhf befpHpiag; gad;gLj;jptpl;L/ ,g;bghGJ
epWj;JtJ vd;gJ Koa[kh>
gRikjhru; : Koa[k;. ek; jhj;jh/ ghl;o thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; befpHpiag; gad;gLj;j
tpy;iy.
gfytd;; : md;W tp+;+hdk; tsutpy;iyna Iah-
gRikjhru; : Mdhy; bka;+hdk; tsu;e;jpUe;jJ.
gfytd; : Iah- ntW VjhtJ khw;WtHp cz;lh>
gRikjhru; : cz;L jk;gp. fu;ehlf khepyj;ijr; rhu;e;j xUtu; Rw;Wr;NHYf;F nfL juhj
xd;iwf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;shu;.
f=;fh 35
gfytd;; : mg;ngh mijg; gw;wp brhy;Y=;fs; Iah-
gRikjhru; : brhy;fpnwd; jk;gp. cUis/ kuts;sp ,jpy; fpilf;Fk; kht[fspypUe;Jk;/
jhtu vz;bza; nghd;w fHpt[g; bghUs;fspypUe;Jk; ``vd;tpfpuPd; igfs;~~
vd;w xd;iwf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;shu;.
gfytd;; : ,J kl;fpLkh>
gRikjhru; : 180 ehl;fspy; kl;fptpLk;. ePupy; @H;fpdhYk; fiue;JtpLk;.
gfytd;; : ey;yJ Iah- mHfhff; TwpdPu;fs;. ed;wp Iah-
gRikjhru; : jk;gp/ ,e;j thrfj;ij ehKk; gpd;gw;wp gpwuplKk; bfhz;Lbry;nthk;.
2. beLey;thilapy; ef;fPuu; fhl;Lk; kiHf;fhy tUzidiar; brhy;ypy; tof;f.
¡¡ Ig;grp khjk; mil kiHf;fhyk; vd;ghu;fs;.
¡¡ gHe;jkpHu; Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif khj=;fis Tjpu;g;gUtk; vd;W miHj;jdu;.
¡¡ nkfk; jhd; j=;fpapUe;j kiyia tyg;gf;fkhf NH;e;J vGe;jJ.
¡¡ cyfk; FspUk;goahf kiHg; bghHpe;jJ.
¡¡ bts;sk; jhH;thdg; gFjpia nehf;fpr; brd;wJ.
¡¡ bts;sj;ij btWj;j kf;fs;/ tise;j nfhiya[ila Mau;fs; jk; epiufis nklhd
gFjpapy; nkatpl;ldu;.
¡¡ kf;fs; jhk; gHfpa epyj;ijtpl;L ntW ,lk; brd;wjhy; tUj;jk; mile;jdu;.
¡¡ nfhtyu;fs; NoapUe;j fhe;js; khiy fr=;fpaJ.
¡¡ Fspuhy; kf;fs; beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;/ gw;fs; eL=;fpaJ.
¡¡ tpy=;Ffs; Fspu; kpFjpahy; nka;r;riy kwe;jd" Fu=;Ffs; eL=;fpd" gwitfs;
epyj;jpy; tpGe;jd" gRf;fs; ghYz;z te;j fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd.
¡¡ kiyiana Fspur; bra;tJ nghd;wpUe;J mf;Fspu;fhy es;sput[.
¡¡ kiHahYk;/ FspuhYk; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij r=;f,yf;fpa E}yhd beLey;thilapy;
ef;fPuu; mHFgl tUzpf;fpwhu;.
3. bghWg;g[zu;r;rpapd;wp ,Ue;j Ciuj; jd; bghWg;g[zu;thy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[
eyj;ij tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu:
cyif thHitg;gJ kiH. me;j kiHia ehk; ghJfhf;fj; jtwp capu;fisa[k;/
gapu;fisa[k; ehrkhf;Ffpnwhk;. mijf; fz;L kdk; behe;J jdp kdpjdhf ,Ue;J jk;
Ciug; bghWg;g[zu;r;rpahy; khw;wpa kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fhz;nghk;.
kUjdpd; gz;g[ eyd;fs;:
tstdhw;iw xl;oa rpw;W}u;. mt;t{upy; thH;gtu;fSs; kUjDk; mtd; kidtp
my;ypa[k; Mtu;. mtd; epykw;w ViHj; bjhHpyhsp. mtd; ,y;yj;jpy; tWik. Mdhy;
cs;sj;jpy; ,y;iy. vz;zj;jhy; cau;e;jtd;.
kiHapd; rPw;wk;:
kzpf;F E}W fpnyhkPl;lu; ntfj;jpy; fhw;Wld; Toa kiH bga;fpwJ. ehw;W gpL=;fp
el;l gapu;fbsy;yhk; xU thu FHe;ijnghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. bjhlu;e;J kiH bga;jhy;
gapu;fs; @H;Fk; mghak;. ,nj epiy bjhlu;e;jhy;/ gapu;fs; mGfptpLk; vdj; Jd;gg;gl;lhd;
kUjd;.
cgup ePu; btspnaw;wk;:
fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky; fiu tHpna te;jhd;. kjifr; Rw;wp
kl;Lky;yhky; Ciur; Rw;wp v=;F ghu;j;jhYk; kz;of;fple;j bea;ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F
jz;zPiuj; jLj;J epWj;jpf; bfhz;oUe;jJ.
epiwntwhj vz;z=;fs;:
2 gapu;fs; jz;zPupy; @H;fhky; ,Uf;f fhw;iwa[k;/ kiHiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky;
fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofis mfw;w epidj;jhd;. cjtpf;F me;j tHpahf te;j khupKj;Jtplk;
ngrpdhd;. mtDk; xj;Jtutpy;iy. Cupd; kpuhR fhspag;gdplk; nfl;lhd;. mtUk;
ïaš
rhf;Fnghf;F Twpdhu;. mLj;J me;j Cupd; Kjy; gl;ljhup ehTu; gpr;ir vd;w gpnuk;Fkhuplk;
Twpdhu;. mtUk; murh=;fj;jplk; brhd;dhy; nghJk; vd;W brhy;yptpl;L brd;Wtpl;lhu;.
kUjdpd; Vf;fKk; Mf;fKk;:
jd; Ciuf; fhg;ghw;w ahUk; Jiz tutpy;iy vd;W tUe;jpdhd;. my;ypa[k;
tUe;jpdhs;. V=;f- ekf;Fj;jhd; epynk ,y;y" eP=;f Vd; ftiyg;gLwP=;f> kUjd;
rhg;gplhky; J}=;fr;brd;whd;. Mdhy; J}f;fk; tutpy;iy. vGe;J/ tstdhw;iw nehf;fp
ele;jhd;. jdpahsha; ePupy; ,w=;fp fhl;lhkzf;Fr; brofisg; gpL=;fp vwpe;jhd;. jd;
fztidf; fhzhj my;yp Joj;Jf;bfhz;L tstdhw;iw nehf;fp ele;jhs;. m=;F jd;
fztidf; fz;L/ Te;jiy ms;sp Koj;J/ Jzpia thup fl;of;bfhz;L/ mtSk;
brofisg; gpL=;fpdhs;. me;j tHpahf tz;oapy; brd;w Cu; kpuhR fhspKj;J tz;oia
tpl;ow=;fp/ jhDk; brofisg; gpL=;fpdhu;. ,e;j bra;jp tz;of;fhud; @ykhf CUf;Fj;
bjupatu/ Cu; kf;fs; midtUk; te;J xd;Wnru;e;J ePu; bry;Yk; ghijiar; rupbra;jdu;.
Kot[iu:
``mHptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mup tHpgaf;Fk;
CjpaKk; NH;e;J bray;~~
vd;gjw;F Vw;g thGk; CUf;F vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ ed;ik bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zp
Muha;e;J bray;gl;L Ciuna bray;gl itj;j kUjdpd; gz;g[eyd; ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ.
ePjp: flikiar; bra;" gyid vjpu;ghuhnj-
4. g[ay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FoapUg;g[fSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jfplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;g[fisr;
rupbra;af; nfhup c=;fs; Cu; kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;fSf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eu;
Cu;g; bghJkf;fs;/
rPu;fhHp/
ehfg;gl;odk;.
bgWeu;
cau;jpU kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;/
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;/
ehfg;gl;odk;.
f=;fh 37
Iah/
bghUs; : kpd; ,izg;g[fisr; rup bra;a ntz;LtJ bjhlu;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
v=;fs; fpuhkj;jpy; Rkhu; 3/000 ngu; trpf;fpd;wdu;. fle;j thuk; tPrpa tu;jh g[ayhy;
kpd;fk;g=;fs; tpGe;Jk;/ kpd;fk;gpfs; mWe;Jk; fplf;fpd;wd. Cnu ,Uspy; @H;fp
cs;sJ. kpd; trjp ,y;yhjjhy; btspapy; bry;tjw;Fk;/ FoePUf;Fk; kf;fs; kpft[k;
Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mjyhy; jat[bra;J mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd;fk;gpfisr; rupbra;J kpd;
,izg;g[j; jUkhW nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwhk;.
ed;wp/
,g;gof;F/
j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
Cu;g; bghJkf;fs;.
rPu;fhHp.
ciwnky; Kftup:
cau;jpU kpd;thupag; bghwpahsu;/
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;/
ehfg;gl;odk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ tis, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
¡¡ bgha;ah ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
¡¡ g[Jg;bgay;/ bfhL=;nfhy; ? gz]gj[ ;bjhif
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. fy=;fp = fy=;F + ,
fy=;F ? gFjp/ , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. g[Jg;bgay; = g[Jik + bgay;
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ìk~ bfl;L/ g[J + bgay; vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
`g;~ njhd;wp/ `g[Jg;bgay;~ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz]oy; bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l
kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;ijj; jhJ tUlg; g+;rk; (Great Famine 1876-1878)
vd;W/ ,d;Wk; epidt[ Tu;tu;. xU nfho kf;fs; g+;rj;jpd; gpoapy;
rpf;fp ,we;jpUf;fyhk; vdg; gjpt[fs; TWfpd;wd. ,ijf; fz]L kdk;
bghWf;fhj jkpHu; xUtu; kdKte;J jkJ brhj;Jf;fs; midj;ija[k;
bfhilaspj;jhu;. ,jidg; nghw;Wk; tpjkhff; nfhghyfpU&;z ghujpahu;/
èPna g[U& nkU....~ vd;w ghliy ,aw;wp mtiug; bgUikg;gLj;jpdhu;. kha{uk; ntjehafk;
mtu;jhd;/ ePjpgjp kha{uk; ntjehafk;. ,tu;/ bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhft[k; (1826 ? 1889
ehtyhrpupauhft[k; bgau; bgw;wtu;" jkpHpd; Kjy; ehtyhd gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuj;ij
,aw;wpatu;. khatuj;jpd; efu;kd;wj; jiytuhft[k; gzpahw;wpa ,tu;/ jkJ rkfhyj;
jkpHwp+u;fshd kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;/ ,uhkyp=;f ts;syhu;/ Rg;gpukzpa
njrpfu; nghd;nwhuplk; el;g[g; ghuhl;o beU=;fpapUe;jhu;" fp.gp. 1805 Kjy; fp.gp. 1861
Mk; Mz]Ltiu M=;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;g[fis Kjd;Kjypy; jkpHpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;J `rpj;jhe;j r=;fpufk;~ vd;w E}yhf btspapl;lhu;" nkYk; bgz]kjp khiy/
2 jpUtUs; me;jhjp/ ru;t rka rkurf; fPu;j;jid/ RFz Re;jup Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; gy
jdpg;ghly;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;. ,irapYk; tPiz thrpg;gjpYk; ty;ytuhfj; jpfH;e;j
,tu;/ Mapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l fPu;j;jidfis ,aw;wpapUf;fpwhu;" tlbkhHp/ gpbu+;R/
ïaš
,yj;jPd; Mfpa bkhHpfisf; fw;wwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,tu;/ bgz]fy;tpf;Ff; Fuy; bfhLj;j

kpf Kf;fpa MSikahf mwpag;gLfpwhu;. ,tUila bkhHpahl;rpf;Fr; rhd;whf/ gpujhg
Kjypahu; rupj;jpuj;jpypUe;J xU gj;jp:
``fy;tp tp&aj;ijg; gw;wp cd; ghyd; brhy;tijf; nfs;~~ vd;W vd; gpjh Mf;+hgpj;jhu;.
clnd vd; jhahu; vd; Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;jhs;. ehd; Kd; brhd;dgo vd; ghl;oahuplj;jpny
fw;Wf;bfhz]l ghlj;ij vd; jhahUf;Fr; brhd;ndd;. mijf; nfl;lt[lnd vd; jhahUf;F
Kfk; khwptpl;lJ. gpwF rw;W neuk; bghWj;J/ vd; jhahu; vd;id nehf;fp/ ``vd; fz]kzpna/
eP brhy;tJ vs;sst[+; rupay;y. fy;tp vd;fpw gpurf;jpna ,y;yhjtu;fshd rhkhdpa ghku
$d=;fisg; ghu;. mtu;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk; kpUf=;fSila bra;iffSf;Fk;
vd;d ngjkpUf;fpwJ> ekf;F Kff; fz]zpUe;Jk; Nupag; gpufhrk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; vd;d
gpunah$dk;>~~ vd;whu;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. bjd;dpe;jpag; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l kpff;bfhoa g+;rj;jpd; bgau; vd;d>
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; vJ> mjid vGjpatu; ahu;>
3. kha{uk; ntjehafk; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j jkpHwp+u;fs; ahtu;>
4. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehtyhd gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ahu;>
5. ghu;j;jhs; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
6. kha{uk; ntjehafk; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit>
7. `brhd;ndd;~ ? ,r;brhy;ypd; ntu;r;brhy; vJ>
tpilfs;:
1. jhJ tUlg; g+;rk;.
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ehty; gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk;. mjid vGjpatu; kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
3. kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;/ ,uhkyp=;f ts;syhu;/ Rg;gpukzpanjrpfu;.
4. kha{uk; ntjehafk;.
5. ghu;j;jhs; ? ghu; + j; + j; + Ms;
ghu; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ Ms; ? bgz]ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
6. M=;fpyj;jpy; ,Ue;j ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;g[fisj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;J `rpj;jhe;j r=;fpufk;~
vd;w bgaupy; btspapl;lhu;. nkYk; bgz]kjp khiy/ jpUtUs; me;jhjp/ ru;t rka
rkurf; fPu;j;jid/ RFz Re;jup Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; gy jdpg;ghly;fisa[k;/
Mapuj;jpw;F nkw;gl;l fPu;j;jidfisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
7. ntu;r;brhy; ? `brhy;~.
f=;fh 39
bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; gFjpiag; goj;J/ ,UgJ M=;fpyr; brhw;fisa[k; mjd;

jkpHhf;fj;ija[k; vLj;J vGJf.
In 1977, shocked at the environmental devastation caused by deforestation in her beloved Kenya,
Wangari Mathai founded the Green Belt Movement. For thirty years, the movement has enabled many women
to plant trees in their regions providing them with food, fuel and halting soil erosion and desertification.
She used the movement to enlighten the people on the fruits of representative democracy. This led Kenya to
Kenya’s first fully democratic elections in a generation. In the election, Mathai was elected to the Parliament
and made a Minister of environment. She was conferred a Nobel Prize in 2004 because of her outstanding
success in guiding Kenyan women to plant more than thirty million trees. She has transformend the lives of
tens of thousands of women through sustainable social forestry schemes.
jkpHhf;fk;:
1977 Mk; Mz]oy; jdJ capupDk; ,dpa bfd;ah ehl;oy; fhLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Vw;gl;l nguHpt[ fz]L kdk; btJk;gp t=;fhup kj;jha; gRik tshf ,af;fj;ijj;
njhw;W tpj;jhu;. mijj; bjhlu;e;J Kg;gJ Mz]Lfs;/ ,e;j ,af;fj;jhy; gy Mg;gpupf;fg;
bgz;fs; jkJ gFjpfspy; ku=;fis el;L/ mjd; tHpahfj; j=;fSf;Fj; njitahd
czita[k; vupbghUisa[k; jhnk <l;oanjhL epy;yhky; Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; epytpa kz]
mupg;ghy; epyk; ghiytdkhtija[k; jLj;J epWj;jpdu;. mtu; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; tHpahf
kf;fshl;rpapd; gad;fis mwpar; bra;jhu;. ,J mj;jiyKiwapdu; midtUf;Fk;
Kjy;Kiwahfj; nju;jypy; g=;nfw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLj;jJ. ,j;nju;jypy;
t=;fhup kj;jha; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; nju;t[ bra;ag;gl;Lg; gpwF Rw;Wr;NHy;
mikr;ruhdhu;. bfd;ag; bgz]fSf;F tHpfhl;o/ @d;W nfho ku=;fis el;L tsu;j;jjhy;
mtuJ jd;dykw;w gzpiag; ghuhl;o/ 2004Mk; Mz]L t=;fhup kj;jha;f;F nehgy; gupR
tH=;fg;gl;lJ. epiyahd tsu;r;rpia cWjp bra;a[k; r@ff; fhLfs; tsu;g;g[j; jpl;lj;jpd;
@yk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd bgz]fspd; thH;tpy; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
v.fh: Green Belt Movement ? gRik tshf ,af;fk;
1. devastation ? nguHpt[ 12. generation ? jiyKiw
2. deforestation ? fhlHpg;g[ 13. democracy ? Foahl;rp
3. thirty years ? Kg;gJ Mz]Lfs; 14. parliament ? ehlhSkd;wk;
4. founded ? epWtg;gl;lJ 15. election ? nju;jy;
5. regions ? kz;ly=;fs; 16. success ? btw;wp
6. providing ? tpepnahfk; 17. tens of thousands ? gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
7. halting ? Xa;tpl=;fs; 18. thirty million ? @d;Wnfho
8. soil erosion ? kz]zupg;g[ 19. social forestry schemes ? r@ff; fhLfs;
9. desertification ? ghiytdkhf;fy; tsu;g;g[j;
10. enlighten ? mwpt{l;ly; jpl;lk;
11. representative ? gpujpepjp 20. Minister of environment ? Rw;Wr;NHy;
mikr;ru;
ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fis xnu bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. jiy/ jis/ jiH
2. fiy/ fis/ fiH
3. miy/ mis/ miH
v.fh : tpiy/ tpis/ tpiH
fhu;g; gUtj;jpy; jhdpa=;fs; ed;whf tpise;jjhy;/ jhdpa=;fspd; tpiy Fiwahky;
,Uf;f Vw;Wkjp epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; bra;Jbfhs;s tpiHtjhf muR mwptpj;jJ.
1. jiy/ jis/ jiH
Ml;ow;Fj; jiH jpUlg;nghd ,lj;jpy; kuj;jpy; jiy jl;o tpGe;jtidj;
2 njhl;lf;fhud; jisapl;L Cu;j;jiytuplk; miHj;Jr; brd;whd;.
2. fiy/ fis/ fiH
ïaš
fiHf; fhl;oy; jPg;gpoj;jjhy; fisfSld; fiykhd;fSk; brj;J koe;jd.

3. miy/ mis/ miH
fly; miyapy; tpisahlr; brd;w khwid misapy; ,Ue;j mutk; jPz]oajhy;
vj;jid Kiw miHj;Jk; ngr;R @r;rpd;wp ka=;fpf; fple;jhd;.
btl;o aof;FJ kpd;dy; ? fly;
tPuj; jpiubfhz]L tpz]iz apof;FJ"
bjhl;o apof;FJ nkfk; ? T
Tbtd;W tpz]izf; Fila[J fhw;W
rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl ll;lh ? vd;W
jhs=;fs; bfhl;of; fidf;FJ thdk;
vl;Lj;jpira[k; ,oa ? kiH
v=;=dk; te;jjlh jk;gp tPuh- ? ghujpahu;
jpuz]l fUj;J:
kpd;dy;;fs; kpd;dp nkhJfpd;wd. fly; jd; Muthu miyfshy; tpz;izj;
jhf;Ffpd;wd. nkff;Tl;l=;fs; kiH bga;jgo/ ,oKHf;fk; bra;fpd;wd. TT vd;W
fhw;wpd; Xir tpz;btspia CLUtpr; bry;fpd;wd. thdk; rl;lr;rl rl;lr;rl vd jhsk;
bfhl;o KH=;Ffpd;wJ. vl;Ljpira[k; ,oe;J tpGk;goahf kiH vg;goj;jhd; te;jJ jk;gp.
bjhil:
nkhid:
rhd;W: btl;oaof;FJ vl;Lj;jpira[k;
tPuj; v=;=dk;
vJif:
rhd;W: btl;oaof;FJ bjhl;o rl;lr;rl vl;Lj;jpira[k;
f=;fh 41
,iag[:
rhd;W: apof;FJ Fila[J fidf;FJ
mzp:
kiHapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jtjhy; ,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
re;jk;:
Rit:
Kot[iu:
fPH;f;fhQk; miHg;gpjiHg; gj;jpahf khw;Wf.
nguplu; nkyhz]ikf; fUj;ju=;fk;
ehs; : mf;nlhgu; 2
neuk; : fhiy 10 kzp
,lk; : fiythzu; mu=;fk;/ brd;id.
epfH;r;rp epuy;
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
tuntw;g[iu : jpUkjp. murp/
br+;rpYitr; r=;f xU=;fpizg;ghsu;.
Kd;dpiy : jpU. mKjd;/ ,aw;if ntshz; cHtu;.
jiyika[iu : jpU. ,katuk;gd;/
nguplu; nkyhz]ik ,af;Feu;.
fUj;ju=;fj; jiyg;g[fs;
¡¡ ,aw;ifr; rPw;w=;fSk; ? gUtfhy khw;w=;fSk; ? Kidtu; br=;Fl;Ltd;
¡¡ nguplu;fis vjpu;bfhs;SjYk; jPu;t[fSk; ? jpU. Kfpyd;
¡¡ ePu;tHpg;ghijfisg; ghJfhj;jy; ? jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh
¡¡ nguplu;f; fhy=;fspy; bra;af;ToaJk; bra;af; TlhjJk; ? jpU. tpd;brd;l;
ed;wpa[iu : gu;tPd;/ gRikg;gil khztu; jiytu;.
ehl;Lg;gz]
gj;jp:
tzf;fk;. tUfpd;w mf;nlhgu;; 2 Mk; njjp fhiy 10 kzpf;F/ brd;id fiythzu;
mu=;fpy; nguplu; nkyhz]ikf; Fwpj;J fUj;ju=;fk; eilbgw cs;sJ. jkpH;j;jha;
thH;j;Jld; bjhl=;Fk; epfH;t[f;F br+;rpYitr; r=;f xU=;fpizg;ghsu; jpUkjp.
murp mtu;fs; tuntw;g[ ciu Mw;w/ ,aw;if ntshz; cHtu; jpU. mKjd; Kd;dpiy
2 tfpf;fpwhu;. nguplu; nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu;/ jpU. ,katuk;gd; jiyik ciu Mw;Wfpwhu;.

,e;epfH;tpy;/ ,aw;ifr; rPw;w=;fSk;/ gUtfhy khw;w=;fSk; gw;wp Kidtu;
br=;Fl;Ltd; mtu;fSk;/ jpU. Kfpyd; mtu;fs;/ nguplu;fis vjpu;bfhs;SjYk;/ jPu;t[fs;
ïaš
gw;wpa[k;/ ePu;tHpg; ghijfisg; gw;wp jpUkjp. ghj;jpkh mtu;fSk;/ jpU. tpd;brd;l; mtu;fs;
nguplu;f; fhy=;fspy; bra;af;ToaJk; bra;af; TlhjJk; vd;w jiyg;gpYk; ngr cs;sdu;.
,e;epfH;tpd; ,Wjpahf/ gRikg;gil khztu; jiytu; gu;tPd; mtu;fs; ed;wpa[iu
Tw ehl;Lg;gz]Qld; epfH;r;rp epiwtila[k;. midtUk; fye;J bfhz]L gad;bgw
md;g[ld; miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
g[jpu;f;nfw;w tpilia mwpf.
m) milkiH bga;j mLj;j ehs; M) jz]zPUk; kiHa[k; ,y;yhky;
gilgilaha; te;jjhk; gapu; gr;iraha; ,Uf;fpwJ
gu=;fp ehl;L tpkhdk; ghf;F btw;wpiy nghlhky;
vjpup Rlhknyna tha; rptg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ ? vd;d>
,wbfhoe;J ,we;jjhk; ? vd;d> tpil: fpsp
tpil: <ry;
V khdplh- ehd; g{kpj;jha; ngRfpnwd;/ nfs;.
cd; trjpahd thH;f;iff;F vd;id mHpf;fpwha;-
gr;ir gl;lhil cLj;jp beLkhy;nghy; epkpu;e;J epd;w vd;id
btl;o tPH;j;jpdha;-
kuk; mHpe;jJ vd;W epidj;jha;" cz;ikjhd; ehd; mGfpnwd;-
vd; FHe;ijia btl;o tPH;j;jptpl;L
cd; FHe;ijf;fhd caph;tspia v=;nf njLtha;>
nghJk; vd;id mH itf;fhnj- ehd; rpe;jpa fz;zPu; nghJk;....
ePa[k; cd; FHe;ija[k; rpe;j ntz;lhk;-
e+;rhFk; befpHpiaj; jtpu;- Nl;ilf; Fiwf;Fk; fhl;il tsu;-
jiyKiw thH;j;j gyKiw kuk; eL--
kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F

mUfpy; bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk;nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/ bfhjpf;f itj;j
ePiuna gUFjy;/ thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk; Kd;bdr;rupf;if
eltof;iffSf;F xj;JiHj;jy; nghd;w kiHf;fhyg; ghJfhg;g[ eltof;iffs; Fwpj;J
midj;J tFg;g[ khztu;fSf;Fk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;Jk; epfH;r;rp xd;iw Vw;ghL
bra;a[khW c=;fs; gs;sp jiyikahrpupaUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
f=;fh 43
mDg;g[eu;
rp. Fwp+;rp
epiy 12 `m~ gpupt[/
muR nkdpiyg;gs;sp/
jpUr;rp ? 4.
bgWeu;
cau;jpU. jiyikahrpupau; mtu;fs;/
muR nkdpiyg;gs;sp/
jpUr;rp ? 4.
Iah/
bghUs;: kiHf;fhy ghJfhg;g[ Fwpj;J ? tpHpg;g[zu;t[ epfH;r;rp elj;j
mDkjp nfhUjy; ? bjhlu;ghf.
tzf;fk;.
ehd; j=;fs; gs;spapy; 12 Mk; tFg;g[ gof;Fk; khztj;jiytd;. ,dptUk; fhyk;
kiHf;fhyk;. ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; muR kiHepytuk; Fwpj;J tpLKiw mspf;fpwJ.
mg;bghGJ tpLKiw vd;W bjupahky; gs;spf;F tUk; khztu;fs; ePu;tHpg; ghijfisf;
fle;J bry;Yk;nghJ ePupy; moj;Jr; bry;yg;gLfpd;wdu;.
kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F
mUfpy; bry;yhjpUj;jy;/ btspapy; bry;Yk; nghJ fhyzp mzpjy;/ bfhjpf;f itj;j
ePiunag; gUFjy;/ thdpiy mwpf;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;/ muR vLf;Fk; Kd;bdr;rupf;if
eltof;iffSf;F xj;JiHj;jy; nghd;w kiHf;fhy ghJfhg;g[ eltof;iffs; Fwpj;j
nghjpa tpHpg;g[zu;it epfH;j;jpdhy; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;.
Mfnt/ jh=;fs; mjw;Fupa Vw;ghLfisr; bra;J midj;J khztu;fSk; nghjpa
tpHpg;g[zu;itg; bgw cjtpLkhW kpft[k; jhH;ika[ld; nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
jpUr;rp/ ,g;gof;F/
09.07.2022. j=;fs; cz]ika[s;s/
rp. Fwp+;rp.
bra;J fw;nghk;
c=;fs; gFjpapy; g[H=;Fk; ,UgJ brhw;fisf; bfhz;L tl;lhu tHf;Fr; brhy; bjhFg;g[
xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
tl;lhu tHf;Fr; gH=;Fk; tl;lhu tHf;Fr;
gH=;Fk; brhw;fs;
brhw;fs; brhw;fs; brhw;fs;
ehd; brhy;Ynjd; ehd; brhy;fpnwd; igjh rf;fuk;
mtd; epf;fhd; mtd; epw;fpwhd; bfhz]o jhH;g;ghs;
eP=;f tUjpafsh> eP=;fs; tUfpwPu;fsh> iga bkJthf
Vsh- eP vg;g tUj> V gps;is- eP vg;bghGJ rhuk; Y=;fp
tUfpwha;>
KLf;FJ beU=;FfpwJ nfhl;o kdepiy
rupapy;yhjtu;
brhy;Yjhd; brhy;fpwhd; tst[ KLf;F're;J
bra;jhd; bra;fpwhd; rpiu bjhe;jut[
Mr;rp tajhd bgz]kzp kr;rp kho
'ghl;o
Vy(ny) ez]gid miHg;gJ Mf;f=;bfl;lJ bfl;lneuk;
2 kf;fh ez]gh brj;j neuk; bfh+;r neuk;
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (bjhlu;tz;o epiyak;)
ïaš
¡¡ Platform ? eilnil
¡¡ Train Track ? ,Ug;g[g;ghij
¡¡ Railway Signal ? bjhlu;tz]o tHpf;Fwp
¡¡ Ticket Inspector ? gazr;rPl;L Ma;tu;
¡¡ Level Crossing ? ,Ug;g[g;ghijiaf; flf;Fkplk;
¡¡ Metro Train ? khefuj; bjhlu;tz]o
mwpit tpupt[ bra;
¡¡ gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp ? kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
¡¡ ,aw;iff;F jpUk;g[k; ghij ? krhdh Bg[nfhfh
¡¡ Rw;Wr;NHy; fy;tp ? g. utp
¡¡ fUg;g[ kyu;fs; ? eh. fhkuhrd;
¡¡ thdk; trg;gLk; ? gpug+;rd;
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,aw;ifr; rkepiyia ehk; rPu;Fiyj;jd; tpist[ vjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W>
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) cly;epiy khw;wk;
,) kz]zpd; khw;wk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
2. cyfg;g[tp ehs;
m) Vg;uy; 21 M) Vg;uy; 22 ,) $^d; 21 <) $îy 22
3. `khkiH nghw;WJk;~ ? vd;w ghly; tupiag; ghoatu;
m) jpUts;Stu; M) fk;gu; ,) xsitahu; <) ,s=;nfhtofs;
4. èPupd;wp mikahJ cyF~ ? vd;Dk; ghly; tupiag; ghoatu;
m) fk;gu; M) jpUts;Stu; ,) ef;fPuu; <) xsitahu;
5. `xf;fp~ vd;gjd; jkpH;r;brhy;
m) tha[ M) fhw;W ,) fz] <) tha;
6. g[aiyf; Fwpj;j bgau;fisg; gupe;Jiu bra;Js;s `rhu;f;~ mikg;gpy; cs;s ehLfspd;
vz;zpf;if
m) 8 M) 4 ,) 64 <) 7
f=;fh 45
7. ``g[tp btg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf; bfhz]l rpf;fny~~ ? vd;W Twpatu;
m) nltpl; fp=; M) $hd; nltpl; ,) $hd; khu;&y; <) b\d;wp
8. upnah o b$dpnuhtpy; fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia If;fpa ehLfs;
cUthf;fpa Mz]L
m) 1972 M) 1892 ,) 2002 <) 1992
9. cyfpy; vj;jid tpGf;fhL kf;fs; jz]zPu;g; gw;whf;FiwnahL thH;e;J tUfpd;wdu;>
m) 40.5 M) 40.9 ,) 40 <) 40.8
10. epyj;jo ePu;kl;lj;ijj; jf;fitg;gjpy; ,jd; g=;F ,d;wpaikahjJ
m) fpzW M) Cw;W ,) kzy; <) ghiw
11. eLtz] muR njrpa nguplu; nkyhz]ik Mizaj;ij mikj;j Mz;L
m) 2005 ork;gu; 24 M) 2005 ork;gu; 23 ,) 2005 etk;gu; 23 <) 2005 $îy 23
12. Mde;j; ntshz; gy;fiyf;fHfk; v=;Fs;sJ >
m) bly;yp M) F$uhj; ,) Kk;ig <) bfhy;fj;jh
13. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs;
m) $^d; 5 M) $îy 5 ,) Vg;uy; 14 <) nk 5
14. rupahdijj; nju;f.
m) khkiH nghw;WJk; ? jpUts;Stu;
M) khupay;yJ fhupakpy;iy ? Kd;ndhu; bkhHp
,) ePupd;wp mikahJ cyF ? gHbkhHp
<) Kk;ig ? twl;rp
15. capupd=;fs; thH;tjw;F mog;gilahd kiH/ ???????? ,d;wpaikahjJ.
m) bert[f;Fk; M) cHt[f;Fk; ,) flYf;Fk; <) kiyf;Fk;
16. t=;ff;flypYk; mugpf;flypYk; cUthFk; g[ay;fSf;Fg; bgau; itf;f vl;L ehLfs;
tH=;fpa[s;s gl;oaypy; cs;s bgau;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 36 M) 64 ,) 96 <) 180
17. Mu;of; gFjp/ fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfspy; vj;jid ,yl;rk; rJu iky;fs; cUfpa[s;sJ>
m) 2 M) 4 ,) 20 <) 40
18. If;fpa ehLfs; mit 1992 Mk; Mz;L fhyepiy khw;wk; gw;wpa gzpj;jpl;lg; nguitia
cUthf;fpa ,lk;
m) epa{ahu;f; M) i\j;jP ,) upnahob$dpnuh <) \hkpy;ld;
19. UNFCCC vd;gjd; tpupt[
m) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes
M) United Nations Forest Convention on Climate Changes
,) United Nations Foreign Convention on Climate Changes
<) United Nations Fire Convention on Climate Changes
20. gfYk; ,ut[k; re;jpg;gJ
m) ,ut[ M) me;jp ,) itfiw <) ahkk;
21. ePu;epiyapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjpu; ePiu vg;go vLj;Jf;bfhz]lJ>
m) fu=;fshy; gUfp M) ePupy; @H;fp
,) cjLfs; Ftpj;J <) Ftisapy; gpoj;J
22. `gpwbfhUehs; nfhil~ vd;Dk; ftpij vLf;fg;gl;l ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
m) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH M) ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;
2 ,) ePu;btsp
23. ma;ag;g khjtdpd; `,d;W~ vd;gJ
<) ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs;
m) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ M) ftpijf; FWk;glk;

ïaš
,) Mtzg;glk; <) g[jpdk;

24. ma;ag;g khjtdpd; khtl;lk; ???????? Cu; ????????.
m) j+;rht{u;/ gUj;jpf;nfhl;il M) rptf=;if/ ehl;lurd; nfhl;il
,) kJiu/ mtzpahg[uk; <) jpUbey;ntyp/ ts;spa{u;
25. nghd kiH jpUk;gt[k; tUbkd;W nkf=;fis btwpj;Jf; bfhz;L miyfpnwd; vd;W
ghoatu;
m) ma;ag;g khjtd; M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) ntQnfhghyd; <) Mj;khehk;
26. `Mu;fyp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Nupad; M) bts;sk; ,) fly; <) epyh
27. `fy=;fp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; rupahd gFgj cWg;gpyf;fz gpupg;g[ Kiw
m) fy+=;+f;+, M) fy=;fp+, ,) fy=;F+f;+, <) fy=;F+,
28. thilf;fhw;W ve;jj; jpirapy; ,Ue;J tPRk;>
m) tlnkw;F M) tlf;F ,) bjd;fpHf;F <) bjw;F
29. nghu;nkw;brd;w murd; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; gil tPL
m) flit M) rptpuk; ,) Tjpu;g;ghriw <) tPlhuk;
30. Mau;fs; NoapUe;j khiy
m) Fwp+;rp khiy M) ky;ypif khiy ,) thif khiy <) fhe;js; khiy
31. `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go mike;j brhy;
m) bfhL=;nfhy; M) g[Jg;bgay; ,) tyndw;g[ <) fz]Qila
32. `tis,~ ? vd;w brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) kqc M) brhy;ypir msbgil
,) ,irepiwasbgil <) ,d;dpirasbgil
33. btw;wp bgw;w murDk; tPuUk; NLk; g{
m) fh+;rp M) Jk;ig ,) thif <) t+;rp
34. beLey;thilia ,aw;wpatu;
m) fgpyu; M) guzu; ,) ef;fPuu; <) nkhrpfPudhu;
35. beLey;thilapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
m) nrhHd; fupfhyd; M) nrud; br=;Fl;Ltd;
,) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad; <) gwk;g[kiy ghup
f=;fh 47
36. ef;fPuupd; je;ij
m) kJiuf; fzf;fhadhu; M) kh=;Fo kUjdhu;
,) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
37. beLey;thil ???????? E}y;Ss; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L ,) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F <) ePjp
38. beLey;thil ???????? mofisf; bfhz;lJ.
m) 144 M) 150 ,) 188 <) 196
39. beLey;thilapy; mike;Js;s gh
m) btz;gh M) Mrpupag;gh ,) fypg;gh <) tpUj;jg;gh
40. Tjpu;g; gUtj;jpw;Fupa khj=;fs;
m) ij/ khrp M) g=;Fdp/ rpj;jpiu
,) Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif <) khu;fHp/ ij
41. fz;zp vd;gJ
m) fGj;jpy; mzpa[k; khiy M) jiyapy; NLk; khiy
,) ifapy; mzpa[k; mzpfyd; <) fhypy; mzpa[k; fHy;
42. Tjpu;g; ghriw vd;gJ
m) nghu;nkw; brd;w murd; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL
M) nghu;nkw; brd;w murd; njhw;Wg; gJ=;Fk; giltPL
,) jiytDk; jiytpa[k; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; tPL
<) nghupy; fhak; mile;j kd;dd; rpfpr;ir bgWkplk;
43. Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Fspuhy; eL=;fpait
m) gwitfs; M) Fu=;Ffs; ,) gRf;fs; <) vUJfs;
44. `kh~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) gwit M) tpy=;F ,) thdk; <) g{kp
45. ``fd;Wnfhs; xHpaf; foa tPrpf;
Fd;W Fspu;g;gd;d Tjpu;g; ghdhs;~~
?,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa eak;
m) vJif M) ,iag[ ,) Kuz; <) me;jhjp
46. `cj;jk nrhHd;~ mtu;fspd; ,aw;bgau;
m) bry;td; M) brauh$; ,) bry;tuh$; <) bry;yj;Jiu
47. `Kjy;fy;~ rpWfij ,lk; bgw;w bjhFg;g[
m) Muk;gk; ,g;goj;jhd; M) rpe;J Or;ru;
,) j+;ir rpWfijfs; <) FUtp kwe;j TL
48. `Kjy;fy;~ rpWfijapd; Mrpupau;
m) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; M) cj;jknrhHd;
,) $hdfpuhkd; <) R$hjh
49. kdpjj;jPt[fs;/ FUtp kwe;j tPL cs;spl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrpupau;
m) nrhiy Re;jug; bgUkhs; M) cj;jknrhHd;
,) nkyhz;ik bghd;Dr;rhkp <) b$afhe;jd;
50. cj;jknrhHd; fle;j 12 Mz;Lfshf elj;jp tUk; jp=;fspjH;
m) fpHf;F thry; cjak; M) nkw;F thry; kiwt[
,) tlf;F thry; cjak; <) bjw;Fthry; bjd;wy;
51. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; ,lk;bgWk; fpHtp ????????/ fpHtd; ????????.
m) Ky;iyak;khs;/ fhspag;gd; M) fhspak;khs;/ Ky;iyag;gd;
2 ,) khupak;khs;/ kUjd; <) ghu;tjp/ rptf;bfhGe;J

52. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; fpuhkj;jpd; Kjy; gl;ljhupahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu;
m) kUjd; M) khup ,) gpnuk;Fkhu; <) my;yp
ïaš
53. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; gpnuk;FkhUf;Fg; bgw;nwhu; ,l;l bgau;

m) mkhthir M) gpr;irKj;J ,) ,Ushz;o <) ehTu;gpr;ir
54. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; kUjd; bjhl=;fpa gzp
m) bey; mWtil M) totha;f;fhy; J}a;ik
,) fy; mWj;jy; <) Fsk; btl;Ljy;
55. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapd; kUjdpd; kidtp
m) Ky;iyak;khs; M) khupak;khs; ,) my;yp <) ts;sp
56. jkpHpy; bghUl;Fwpg;ig mog;gilahff; bfhz]L ???????? ghFghL mike;Js;sJ.
m) ,Ujpizg; M) ghy; ,) ,lg; <) vz]
57. bgUk;ghyhd bjhlu;fspy; vGthia itj;Jf; bfhz]nl tpidKw;wpd; ????????
Mfpatw;iwr; brhy;yptplyhk;.
m) jpiz/ ghy; M) jpiz/ vz] ,) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz] <) jpiz/ tpFjp
58. `mtu;fs;~ vd;Dk; brhy; gd;ikg; bghUis czu;j;Jk;
m) bgau;r;brhy; M) tpidr;brhy;
,) gjpypL bgau;r;brhy; <) gjpypL tpidr;brhy;
59. jkpHpy; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; brhy;yhfpa `jh=;fs;~ vd;gJ jw;nghJ ???????? ,lj;jpYk;
tUk;.
m) glu;f;if M) jd;ik
,) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy <) Kd;dpiy
m) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ. M) xt;bthU tPLfspYk; E}yfk; cs;sd.
,) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ. <) xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sd.
m) gj;Jj; nj=;fha;fs; M) ,uz]L kdpju;
,) xU kuk; tPH;e;jd <) mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;
62. cyf bkhHpfs; midj;jpYk; ???????? kpFjp vd;gu;.
m) bgau;r;brhw;fns M) tpidr;brhw;fns
,) ,ilr;brhw;fns <) cupr;brhw;fns
63. bgau;r;brhw;fisj; jpiz mog;gilapy; ???????? tifahfg; gpupg;gu;.
f=;fh 49
64. jkpHpy; ???????? gFg;g[ ,yf;fz mog;gilapnyna mike;Js;sJ.
m) vz; M) bra;a[s; ,) ,yf;fpa <) ghy;
65. ???????? mog;gilapnyna xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy; vd;gd mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
m) ghy; M) ,l ,) jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy <) xUik/ gd;ik
66. ,lk; ???????? tifg;gLk;.
m) ,U M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J
67. ngRgtu; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dld; nru;j;Jf; bfhz;L ngRtJ
m) csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik M) csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) csg;gLj;jhj Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik
68. ngRgtu; Kd;dpiyahsiuj; jtpu;j;Jj; jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ
m) csg;gLj;jhj jd;ikg; gd;ik M) csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) csg;gLj;jhj Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik <) csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik
tpilfs;
1. m gUtepiy khw;wk; 35. , ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad;
2. M Vg;uy; 22 36. m kJiuf; fzf;fhadhu;
3. < ,s=;nfhtofs; 37. M gj;Jg;ghl;L
4. M jpUts;Stu; 38. , 188
5. , fz; 39. M Mrpupag;gh
6. m 8 40. , Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif
7. m nltpl; fp=; 41. M jiyapy; NLk; khiy
8. < 1992 42. m nghu;nkw; brd;w murd;
Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL
9. , 40 43. M Fu=;Ffs;
10. , kzy; 44. M tpy=;F
11. M 2005 ork;gu; 23 45. m vJif
12. M F$uhj; 46. , bry;tuh$;
13. m $^d; 5 47. , j+;ir rpWfijfs;
14. M khupay;yJ fhupakpy;iy ? 48. M cj;jknrhHd;
Kd;ndhu; bkhHp
15. M cHt[f;Fk; 49. M cj;jknrhHd;
16. M 64 50. m fpHf;F thry; cjak
17. M 4 51. m Ky;iyak;khs;/ fhspag;gd;
18. , upnahob$dpnuh 52. , gpnuk;Fkhu;
19. m United Nations Framework Convention 53. < ehTu;gpr;ir
on Climate Changes
20. M me;jp 54. M totha;f;fhy; J}a;ik
21. , cjLfs; Ftpj;J 55. , my;yp
22. < ma;ag;g khjtd; ftpijfs; 56. M ghy;
23. M ftpijf; FWk;glk; 57. , jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;
24. M rptf=;if/ ehl;lurd; nfhl;il 58. , gjpypL bgau;r;brhy;
25. m ma;ag;g khjtd; 59. < Kd;dpiy
26. M bts;sk; 60. , xt;bthU tPl;oYk; E}yfk; cs;sJ
27. < fy=;F+, 61. < mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;
28. M tlf;F 62. m bgau;r;brhw;fns
2 29.
30.
,
<
Tjpu;g;ghriw
fhe;js; khiy
63.
64.
m
<
,uz;L
ghy;
31. , tyndw;g[ 65. < xUik/ gd;ik
ïaš
32. M brhy;ypir msbgil 66. M @d;W

33. , thif 67. M csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
34. , ef;fPuu; 68. m csg;gLj;jhj jd;ikg; gd;ik
FWtpdh
1. rhu;f; mikg;gpy; mike;Js;s ehLfs; ahit>
,e;jpah/ ghfp!;jhd;/ ,y=;if/ t=;fnjrk;/ khyj;jPt[/ kpahd;ku;/ Xkd;/ jha;yhe;J.
2. fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
Nupa Mw;wy;/ fhw;W Mw;wy;/ i\l;u$d; Mw;wy;/ jhtu Mw;wy; nghd;wit fhu;gd; mw;w
Mw;wy;fs; vdg;gLk;.
3. bgUkiHiaj; jh=;f ,aw;ifj; je;j mikg;g[fs; ahit>
Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW/ tofhy;/ tha;f;fhy;fs;/ bts;sr; rkbtspfs; nghd;witna
bgUkiHiaj; jh=;f ,aw;if je;j mikg;g[fshFk;.
4. njrpa nguplu; Mizak; ve;bje;j epiyfspy; FGf;fis mikj;Js;sd>
khepyk;/ khtl;lk;/ Cuhl;rp/ rpw;W}uhl;rp vd midj;J epiyfspYk; njrpa nguplu;
nkyhz;ik Mizak; FGf;fis mikj;Js;sd.
5. ,aw;ifr; rkepiy vd;why; vd;d>
¡¡ kiHg;bghHptpdhy; jhtu=;fs; tsUfpd;wd.
¡¡ kdpjd; jhtu=;fisa[k;/ tpy=;Ffisa[k; cz;fpd;whd;.
¡¡ ML/ khL jhtu=;fis cz;Qfpd;wd.
¡¡ g[yp/ rp=;fk; ? ML/ khLfis cz;Qfpd;wJ. ,tw;iw Cd; cz;zpfs; vd;fpd;nwhk;.
¡¡ ,t;thW xd;iwbahd;Wr; rhu;e;J thGk; ,aw;ifr; RHw;rpia ,aw;ifr; rkepiy
vd;gu;.
6. gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; ahit>
fhu;gd; il Mf;i!L/ kPj;njd;/ iel;u!; Mf;irL/ Xnrhd;/ ePu;tha[ nghd;witfisg;
gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; MFk;.
7. kiHapd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj; bjhlu;fs; KJbkhHpfs; rpytw;iwr;
rhd;whfj; jUf.
¡¡ khkiH nghw;WJk;/
¡¡ ePupd;wp mikahJ cyF/
¡¡ khupay;yJ fhupakpy;iy.
f=;fh 51
8. Mw;w=;fiug; got[ vd;why; vd;d>
Mw;wpy; bts;sk; fiug[uz;L tUk; fhy=;fspy;/ moj;J tug;gLk; bghUs;fs; Mw;wpd;
Xu=;fspy; goe;JtpLtij Mw;w=;fiug; got[ vd;gu;.
9. bts;sr; rkbtsp vd;gJ ahJ>
bts;sr; rkbtsp vd;gJ Mw;wpd; ePnuhl;l tHpapy; ,aw;if cUthf;fpa fhg;gunz MFk;.
gad;fs;:
¡¡ ePu; khriltijj; jLf;Fk;.
¡¡ twl;rpf; fhy=;fspy; ePu;kl;lk; Fiwe;Jtpl;lhy; ghJfhf;Fk;.
¡¡ cgupePu;f; fhy;tha;fSk; bts;sf;fhy=;fspy; gad; mila[k;.
10. Mde;j; ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

¡¡ Mde;j; ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; F$uhj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
¡¡ ,g;gy;fiyf;fHf tp+;+hdpfs; kiHiaf; fzpf;Fk; mwpFwpfs; gw;wpar; bra;jpia
btspapLtu;.
11. ma;ag;g khjtd; btspapl;Ls;s ftpij E}y;fs; ahit>
kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH/ ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;/ ePu;btsp.
12. g[JmHF vt;thW g[yg;gLfpd;wJ>
¡¡ khWgl;l ,uz;L ,izfpd;wbghGJ g[JmHF g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.
¡¡ rhd;W: gfYk; ,ut[k; re;jpf;Fk; mHF/ flYk; fiua[k; nrUk; mHF/ kiHapd; Cnl
btapypd; mHF.
13. `beLey;thil~ ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ beL + ey; + thil = beLey;thil
¡¡ jiytidg; gpupe;j jiytpf;Fj; Jd;g kpFjpahy; Vw;gLtJ beLthilahFk;.
¡¡ nghu;g;ghriwapy; ,Ue;j jiytDf;F btw;wpf;F VJthf miktJ ey;thilahFk;.
14. ef;fPuu; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.

¡¡ kJiuf; fzf;fhadhu; kfd; ef;fPuu;.
¡¡ mfehD}w;wpy; 17 ghly;fs;/ FWe;bjhifapy; 8 ghly;fs;/ ew;wpizapy; 7 ghly;fs;/
g[wehD}w;wpy; 3 ghly;fs; ghoa[s;shu;.
¡¡ ,iwadhu; fstpaYf;Fr; rpwe;j ciu je;jtu;.
¡¡ fgpyu;/ guzu; fhyj;jtu;.
¡¡ 188 mofis cilia `beLey;thil~ vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatu;.
15. `thifj;jpiz~ tpsf;Ff.

btw;wp bgw;w murDk; mtdJ tPuu;fSk; btw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;g{itr;
NLtjhFk;. jh=;fs; bgw;w btw;wpiaf; bfhz]lhLtJ thifj;jpiz.
16. `Tjpu;g;ghriw~ vd;why; vd;d>
Tjpu;g;ghriw vd;gJ nghu;nkw;bfhz;l murd; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPlhFk;.
17. Tjpu;gUtk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif khj=;fs; Tjpu;g;gUtkhFk;.
18. Fspupidg; nghf;f nfhtyu;fs; vd;d bra;jhu;fs;>
Fspupidg; nghf;f nfhtyu;fs; xd;WTo bfhs;sp beUg;gpy; iffisr; Nlhf;fpdu;.
19. bkhHpapd; mog;gilg; gz;g[fs; ahit>
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;.
20. gadpiy tpFjpfspy; vit ghy; gFg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wd>
2 Md;/ Ms;/ Mu;/ mJ/ md;.
21. jw;fhyj;jpy; mBwpiz vGtha; khw;wk; mile;Js;sij czu;j;Jk; ,U bjhlu;fis
ïaš
vGJf.
¡¡ fhiskhL taypy; cGjJ.
¡¡ Mz]Fu=;F kuj;jpy; Fjpj;jJ.
22. gjpypL bgau;fs; ahit>

mtd;/ mts;/ mtu;/ mJ/ mit.
23. csg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgtu; (jd;ik) Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;ida[k; nru;j;Jf; bfhz;L ngRtJ
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W: ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
24. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd;gJ ahJ>
ngRgtu; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jtpu;j;Jj; jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ csg;gLj;jhj
jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
rhd;W: eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
25. jd;ikg; gd;ikapd; tiffs; ahit>
jd;ikg;gd;ik ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
mit: csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik.
26. F$uhj; tp+;+hdpfspd; kiHiaf; fzpf;Fk; mwpFwpfshff; Fwpg;gpLgit ahit>
fhu;nkf=;fs; Nupa cjaj;jpw;F 15/ 20 epkpl=;fSf;F Kd;djhff; fpHf;F thdj;jpy;
njhd;Wjy;/ brk;ik epw nkf=;fs;/ jpOu;g;g[ay;/ fhw;wpd;jpir/ ,o/ kpd;dy;/ gykhd
fhw;W/ thdtpy;/ Kl;ilfisr; Rke;jpUf;Fk; vWk;g[fs;/ gwf;Fk; gUe;J/ Nupaidr; Rw;wp
xsptl;lk;/ btg;gKk; <ug;gjkhd thdpiy/ J}Rg; gdp@l;lk; Kjypaitfns kiHiaf;
fzpf;Fk; mwpFwpfshff; F$uhj; tp+;+hdpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
27. ftp+u; ma;ag;g khjtd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
bgau; : ma;ag;g khjtd;
Cu; : rptf=;if ? ehl;lurd; nfhl;il
gzp : jpiuj;Jiw/ ,jHpay; Jiw
E}y;fs; : kiHf;F gpwFk; kiH/ ehbdd;gJ ntbwhUtd;/ ePu; btsp.
`,d;W~ vd;w ftpijf; FWk;glj;ija[k; btspapl;Ls;shu;.
f=;fh 53
28. Tjpu; fhyj;jpd; jd;ikahd beLey;thil Fwpg;gpLgit ahit>
¡¡ tpy=;Ffs; nka;r;riy kwe;jd.
¡¡ Fu=;Ffspd; cly; Fspuhy; Tdpg; nghapd.
¡¡ gwitfs; Fspuhy; eL=;fp kuj;jpypUe;J tpGe;jd.
¡¡ gRf;fs; fd;Wfis cijj;Jj; js;spd.
¡¡ Fd;nw Fspu;e;jJ nghy Tjpu;fhyj;jpd; jd;ik ,Ue;jJ.
29. thifj; jpiz rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

jpiz tpsf;fk;:
btw;wpbgw;w murDk; mtdJ tPuu;fSk; btw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg; g{itr; No
btw;wpiaf; bfhz;lhLtJ thifj; jpizahFk;.
rhd;W:
`ìtafk; gzpg;g tyndu;g[ tis,g;
bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd... ~~ ? vd;w beLey;thilg; ghly;.
bghUj;jk;:
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ. thilf;fhw;wpd; Fspu;r;rp kpFjpahYk; clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nru;e;J
bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;. mtu;fnshL kd;dDk; ghriwapy;
Fspu;fhyj;jpy; btw;wpiaf; bfhz;lhodhd;.
30. `Tjpu;g;ghriw~ Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
Tjpu;g;ghriw vd;gJ nghu;nkw;bfhz;l murd; Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPlhFk;.
rhd;W:
`ìtafk; gzpg;g tyndu;g[ tis,g;
bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd...~~ ? vd;w beLey;thilg; ghly;.
bghUj;jk;:
thilf; fhyj;jpy; nkfk; kiyia tyg;gf;fkhfr; NH;e;J g{kp FspUk;go kiHg;
bga;jJ. thilf;fhw;wpd; Fspu;r;rp kpFjpahYk; clYf;Fr; Nnlw;w gyUld; nru;e;J
bfhs;sp beUg;gpdhy; iffSf;Fr; Nnlw;wpdu;. mtu;fnshL nghu;nkw; brd;w murd;
Fspu;fhyj;jpy; j=;Fk; giltPL Tjpu;g;ghriw.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. bts;sg; nguHpt[ Fwpj;j ehspjH;r; bra;jpfisj; bjhFf;f. | gf;fk;: 28 |
flY}u;.
2015,y; cyifna cYf;fpa bts;sk;. v=;Fg; ghu;j;jhYk; ML/ khLfs;
,we;Jf;fplf;Fk; fhl;rp. jhH=;Flh/ jpUte;jpg[uk;/ ej;jk;/ +hdnkL nghd;w gFjpfspy;
Foir tPLfs; jz;zPupy; jj;jspj;jd. ku=;fs;/ kpd;fk;g=;fs; tpGe;jjhy; kpd;rhuk;
,y;iy/ FoePu; ,y;iy/ ePu; nj=;fpajhy; bjhw;W neha;fs;. rpWtu; Kjpatu; ,wg;g[
vz;zw;w FLk;g=;fspd; j=;fs; thH;thjhuj;ij ,He;jdu;.
2. $^d; 5/ cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs;. ,e;ehspy; gs;spapd; Tl;lj;jpy; Vw;fntz;oa
cWjpbkhHpia cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 28 |
¡¡ kuk; tsu;g;nghk;-
kiH bgWnthk;--
¡¡ befpHpiaj; jtpu;g;nghk;-
2 kz; tsk; ghJfhg;nghk;--
¡¡ Jzpg;igiaj; J}f;Fnthk;-
ïaš
Jf;fkpd;wp thH;nthk;--
3. `kiH~ bjhlu;ghd ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J ,jH; xd;W cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 29 |
xU kiHj; Jsp
ahUkpy;yh bgUbtspapy;
xw;iw kiHj; Jsp-
xnu xU g{tpd;
,jHpd; ,ilbtspapy;
cl;g[Fe;J
btspnaWk; jUzj;jpy;-
v=;fpUe;njh te;j
tz;blhd;W
Jspapd; kpr;rj;ija[k;
Jilj;bjupe;jJ.
4. jw;fhy thH;f;ifKiwapy; kiH/ Fspu; fhy=;fspy; ,ay;g[ thH;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLtJ
Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 31 |
Mrpupau; : md;ghdtu;fns- ,d;W/ kiH kw;Wk; Fspu;fhy=;fspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;g[g;
gw;wp ehk; fye;JiuahLnthk;.
khztu;fs; : eh=;fs; kpf Mtyhf ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
Mrpupau; : kfpH;r;rp- brhy;fpnwd;.
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah-
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ khztu;fns-
Kjyhtjhf kiHf;fhyg; ghjpg;g[:
¡¡ kiHf;fhy=;fspy; kiH ? Mil mzpe;J bfhs;stpy;iy vd;why; rsp/ Ruk; ,itfspd;
thapyhf cly; ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shFk;.
¡¡ tPl;oidr; Rw;wp nklhd mikg;g[ ,y;iy vdpy; kiH ePu; nj=;Fk;. ePu;nj=;fpdhy;
bfhRj;bjhy;iy Vw;gLk;.
¡¡ kiHf;fhyj;jpy; kpd;fk;g=;fSf;F mUfpy; epw;wy;/ ku=;fSf;Ff; fPnH epw;wy; nghd;w
bray;fshYk; ghjpg;g[ kw;Wk; Mgj;J Vw;gLk;.
¡¡ bkhl;il khoapd; nky; ePu;nj=;fhky; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;/ nj=;fpdhy; nkw;Tiu
ePupdhy; Cwp tPnl ,oe;JtpGk; NHy; Vw;gLk;.
¡¡ vdnt/ tUKd;du; fhg;nghk; vd;Dk; Tw;Wg;go ek;ik ehnk fhf;f Kw;gl ntz;Lk;.
f=;fh 55
5. c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpy; eilbgWk; jpUkztpHht[f;F tUif jUk; tpUe;jpdu;fSf;F kuf;fd;W
xd;W jUtjhf Kot[ bra;Js;sPu;fs;. kuf;fd;W tH=;Fk; nehf;f=;fisa[k; mjidg;
gapupLtjhy; Vw;gLk; bghJ ed;ikfisa[k; bfhz;l ,Ugf;fr; rpw;nwl;il cUthf;Ff.
| gf;fk;: 37 |
kuf;fd;W tH=;Fjd; nehf;fk;:
¡¡ ku=;fs; mHpf;fg;gl;L tUk; NHy;fspy; kuf;fd;Wfs; eLtjw;fhd Vw;w NHiy
cUthf;Fjy;.
¡¡ nj=;fha;/ gHk;/ btw;wpiy nghd;wtw;iwg; igapy; nghl;Lf; bfhLg;gijtpl
kuf;fd;Wfs; bfhLg;gJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
¡¡ Rw;Wr;NHiy ey;yKiwapy; mikf;fnt kuf;fd;Wfs; tH=;Fjy;.
bghJ eyd;fs;:
¡¡ kuf;fd;Wfs; tsu;g;gjhy; ey;y J}a fhw;W fpilf;Fk;.
¡¡ nfhilapy; epHy; cUthFk;.
¡¡ ku=;fs; khRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
¡¡ ku=;fs; Fspu;r;rp jUk;.
¡¡ Fspu;r;rpahy; kiH cz;lhFk;.
6. ,lg;ghFghL bjhlu; mikg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjpapypUe;J

rhd;W fhl;Lf. | gf;fk;: 41 |
jkpHpy; jd;ikapnyh Kd;dpiyapnyh xUik gd;ik ghFghL cz;nl jtpu Mz;ghy;/
bgz;ghy; ghFghL ,y;iy.
rhd;W: ehd; g[j;jfk; goj;njd;.
jd;ikg; gd;ik:
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik/ csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik:
ngRgtu; Kd;dpiyahiua[k; jd;Dld; nru;j;Jf;bfhz;Lg; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
ngRgtu; Kd;dpiyahiuj; jtpu;j;J jd;ikg; gd;ikapy; ngRtJ.
rhd;W: eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk;.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `g[tp btg;gkiljy; kdpjd; cUthf;fpf; bfhz;l rpf;fny~ vd;W Twpa mwptpay; fUj;jhsu;
m) My;tpd; M) nltpl; fp=;
2 ,) Maprh <) Kj;Jf;Fkud; [tpil: M) nltpl; fp=;]
2. `Mde;j;~ ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fHfk; mike;Js;s khepyk;
ïaš
m) kfhuh&;ouk; M) fu;ehlfk;
,) F$uhj; <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk; [tpil: ,) F$uhj;]
3. cyf Rw;Wr;NHy; ehshff; bfhz;lhlg;gLtJ
m) $%d; 15 M) $%iy 15
,) $%d; 5 <) $%iy 5 [tpil: ,) $%d; 5]
4. ma;ag;g khjtd; btspapl;l ftpij FWk;glk;
m) kiHf;Fg; gpwFk; kiH M) ,d;W
,) ehbsd;gJ ntbwhUtd; <) ePu;btsp [tpil: M) ,d;W]
5. `fpHf;F thry; cjak;~ vd;gJ
m) rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ M) fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[
,) jp=;fspjH; <) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ [tpil: ,) jp=;fspjH;]
6. beLey;thil ghlypy; mike;Js;s jpiz
m) btl;rpj; jpiz M) thifj; jpiz
,) ghlhz; jpiz <) bghJtpay; jpiz [tpil: M) thifj; jpiz]
7. `fz;zp~ vd;gJ
bghUs; ? 1: jiyapy; NLk; khiy
bghUs; ? 2: ,uz;L mofshy; Md ghly; tif
m) ,uz;Lk; rup M) ,uz;Lk; jtW
,) bghUs; ? 1 rup <) bghUs; ? 2 rup [tpil: m) ,uz;Lk; rup]
8. Tw;W 1: cyf bkhHpfs; midj;jpYk; tpidr;brhw;fns kpFjp vd;gu;.
Tw;W 2: jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpait bkhHpapd; mog;gil gz;g[fs;.
m) Tw;Wfs; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Tw;W 1 rup/ 2 jtW
,) Tw;Wfs; ,uz;Lk; jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW/ 2 rup [tpil: <) Tw;W 1 jtW/ 2 rup]
9. fUj;J 1: flypy; cUthFk; g[ay;fSf;Fg; bgau; itg;gjw;F ru;tnjr thdpiy Ma;t[
epWtdk; Tl;likg;g[ xd;iw cUthf;fpa[s;sJ.
fUj;J 2: t=;ff; flypYk;/ mugpf; flypYk; cUthFk; g[ay;fSf;F ,e;jpah/ ghfp!;jhd;/
,y=;if/ t=;fnjrk;/ khyj;jPt[ Mfpa Ie;J ehLfs; mDkjp bgw;Ws;sd.
m) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW M) fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; rup
,) fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; jtW < ) fUj;J 1 jtW/ 2 rup
[tpil: m) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW ]
10. fUj;J 1: fhu;gd; il Mf;irL/ kPj;njd; nghd;wtw;iw `khw;W Mw;wy;fs;~ vd;gu;.
fUj;J 2: i\l;u$d; Mw;wy;/ jhtu Mw;wy; nghd;wtw;iw `gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs;~ vd;gu;.
f=;fh 57
) fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; jtW M
m ) fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; rup
,) fUj;J 1 kl;Lk; rup <) fUj;J 2 kl;Lk; jtW
[tpil: m) fUj;Jf;fs; ,uz;Lk; jtW ]
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. bghUj;Jf.
m) Fu=;Ffs; ? 1. fd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;jd
M) gRf;fs; ? 2. ku=;fspypUe;J tPH;e;jd
,) gwitfs; ? 3. Fspuhy; eL=;fpd
<) tpy=;Ffs; ? 4. nka;r;riy kwe;jd
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 ........................................................
2. euk;g[fSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;of; bfhz]oUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) Nupa xspf;fjpu; M) kiHnkf=;fs;
,) kiHj;Jspfs; <) ePu;epiyfs; ........................................................
3. bts;sr; rkbtspfs; mHpaf; fhuzk;
m) gUtepiy khw;wk; M) kzy; ms;Sjy;
,) ghiwfs; ,y;yhik <) epyj;joePu; cwp+;rg;gLjy; .....................................................
4. `bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd` ? joj;j brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) tpidj;bjhif M) cupr;brhy; bjhlu;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlu; <) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
........................................................
5.
``cyfehLfs; khw;W Mw;wiy nehf;fpr; brd;why; kl;Lnk g[tpbtg;gkakhjiyf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j Koa[k;~~ ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;JtJ
m) fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy; gad;ghnlnjitahfpwJ
M) gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; mjpfkhfpwJ
,) fhyepiy khWgLfpwJ
<) g[tpapd; ,af;fk; ntWgLfpwJ ........................................................
6. jkpHpy; jpizg;ghFghL ???????? mog;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) bghUl;Fwpg;g[ M) brhw;Fwpg;g[
,) bjhlu;f;Fwpg;g[ <) vGj;Jf;Fwpg;g[ ........................................................
7. ``cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;nl
mBwpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwnt~~ ? ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;bgw;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) mfj;jpak;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; ........................................................
8. ahu;> vJ>Mfpa tpdhr;brhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J/ czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; Kiwna
m) mBwpiz/ cau;jpiz M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz
,) tput[j;jpiz/ mBwpiz <) tput[j;jpiz/ cau;jpiz...................................................
9. bghUj;Jf.
m) mtd;/ mts;/ mtu; ? 1. csg;gLj;jhjj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) eh=;fs; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp bra;nthk; ? 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;
<) eh=;fs;/ ehk; ? 4. gjpypL bgau;fs;
2

m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
<) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ........................................................
10. cyfg; g[tp ehs; ........................................................
ïaš
11. `xf;fp~ vd;gjd; jkpH;r;brhy; ........................................................

12. eLtz] muR njrpa nguplu; nkyhz]ik Mizaj;ij mikj;j Mz;L ...........................
13. cyfr; Rw;Wr;NHy; ehs; ........................................................
14. UNFCCC vd;gjd; tpupt[ ........................................................
15. `Mu;fyp~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs; ........................................................
16. btw;wp bgw;w murDk; tPuUk; NLk; g{ ........................................................
17. beLey;thil ........................................................ E}y;fSs; xd;W.
18. beLey;thil ........................................................ mofisf; bfhz;lJ.
19. `Kjy;fy;~ rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ........................................................
20. jkpHpy; bghUl;Fwpg;ig mog;gilahff; bfhz]L ........................................................
ghFghL mike;Js;sJ.
FWtpdh
21. `MSf;bfhU kuk; tsu;g;nghk;~ vd;Dk; KHf;fj; bjhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typa[Wj;Jtha;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
22. ,depiu ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
23. kdpjd; jd; nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fisf; fLikahfr; nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf; bfhz]oUf;fpwhd; ? ,Ubjhlu;fshf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
24. èfuk; gl;il jPl;oa bts;is itukhfpwJ~ ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 59
25.
bkhHpapd; brhw;bwhlu; mikg;ig tps=;fpf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
cjt[td vit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
26. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; bgau;fs;/ gd;ik tpFjp bgw;W tUkhW ,uz]L bjhlu;fis
vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
27. fhu;gd; mw;w Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
28. gRikf;Foy; tha[f;fs; vit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
29. Mw;w=;fiug; got[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
30. `beLey;thil~ ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
31. `thifj;jpiz~ tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
32. `Tjpu;g;ghriw~ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
33. gjpypLbgau;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
tis, ..................................................
bgha;ah ..................................................
g[Jg;bgay; ..................................................
bfhL=;nfhy; ..................................................
fy=;fp
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2 36. g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.

g[Jg;bgay;
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
37. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fis xnu bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. jiy/ jis/ jiH
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. fiy/ fis/ fiH
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. miy/ mis/ miH
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
1. Platform ........................................... 4. Level Crossing ...........................................
2. Ticket Inspector ........................................... 5. Railway Signal ...........................................
3. Train Track ........................................... 6. Metro Train ...........................................
39. ìtafk; .....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; beLey;thil ghliy mogpwHhky; vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
***
f=;fh 61
²Ÿøˆî£˜ è‡«í à÷
ð‡ð£´
à¬óï¬ì îIö˜ °´‹ð º¬ø ð‚îõˆêô ð£óF
ªêŒ»œ M¼‰Fù˜ Þ™ô‹ üô£½ˆb¡ ÏI ïaš
3
ªêŒ»œ è‹ðó£ñ£òí‹ è‹ð˜
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ àK¬ñˆî£è‹ ÌñE
Þô‚èí‹ ªð£¼œ ñò‚è‹
ªêŒ»œ F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj brhw;fs;/ r=;ffhyr; r@fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
mit ????????.
m) mwnthu;/ Jwnthu; M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
,) kd;w=;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; R=;fKk; [tpil: M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;]
2. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) cupikj;jhfk; ? 1. ghurPff; ftp+u;
M) m+;+ho ? 2. g{kzp
,) $yhYj;jPd; qkp ? 3. gf;jtj;ry ghujp
<) jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw ? 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
m) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: ,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3]
3. ,tw;iw thapYf;nf brd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuntw;ghahf vd;W $yhYj;jPd; qkp
Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk;
,) t+;rid <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;]
4. `cth cw te;J TLk;
cLgjp/ ,utp xj;jhu;~ ? ahu; ahu; >
m) rlha[/ ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;/ Ffd;
,) ,uhkd;/ Rf;uPtd; <) ,uhkd;/ rtup [tpil: ,) ,uhkd;/ Rf;uPtd;]
5. ``v=;fs; je;ijau; ehbld;w ngr;rpdpny ? xU
rf;jp gpwf;FJ @r;rpdpny~~ ? vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; btspg;gLj;JtJ
m) jdpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw
,) jha;tHpr; r@f Kiw <) je;ijtHpr; r@f Kiw
[tpil: <) je;ijtHpr; r@f Kiw]
6. bghUs; FHg;gkpd;wp vGJtjw;Fupa fhuz=;fSs; bghUe;Jtijj; nju;f.
m) njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tplhky; vGJjy;.
M) njitaw;w ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tpl;L vGJjy;.
,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,l;L vGJjy;.
<) ty;ypd bka;fisj; njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,lhky; vGJjy;.
[tpil: ,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,l;L vGJjy;.]
3 7. ty;ypdk; kpFk;/ kpfhj; bjhlu;fspd; bghUswpe;J bghUj;Jf.
m) ghiy ghodhd; ? 1. njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;
ïaš
M) ghiyg; ghodhd; ? 2. njupidg; ghu;j;jhd;

,) njiu ghu;j;jhd; ? 3. ghypidg; ghodhd;
<) njiug; ghu;j;jhd; ? 4. ghiyj; jpiz ghodhd;
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]
FWtpdh
1. g[f;fpy;/ jd;kid ? rpW Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
g[f;fpy;:
`g[f;fpy;~ vd;gJ jw;fhypfkhfj; j=;Fk; ,lk; MFk;.
jd;kid:
jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDk;/ kidtpa[k; nru;e;J thGk; ,lk; MFk;.
2. epiyahik Fwpj;J/ rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ>
¡¡ epiyahik vd;gJ cyf thH;t[ epiy ,y;yhjJ vd;gjhFk;.
¡¡ ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy; ``vd; bgha;ahd cyfg;gw;W mHpe;jJ" vd; gpwtp xHpe;jJ" jtk;
gypj;jJ~~ vd;W rtup epiyahik Fwpj;Jf; TWfpwhs;.
3. vjpu;ghuj epfH;t[fis $yhYj;jPd; qkp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;>
thH;f;ifapy; elf;Fk; vjpu;ghuhj epfH;t[fs; midj;ija[k; Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/
mw;gj;jdk;/ tpHpg;g[zu;t[ vd;W cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,itfis ekJ ,y;yj;jpw;F tUk;
vjpu;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshf vz]z ntz]Lk;.
4. `Jd;g[ csJ vdpd; md;nwh Rfk; csJ~ vd;w ,uhkdpd; Tw;W gpd;tUk; ,U gHbkhHpfspy;
vjw;Fg; bghUe;Jk;>
m) epHypd; mUik btapypy; bjupa[k; M) rpW JUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;
epHypd; mUik btapypy; bjupa[k; vd;w gHbkhHpf;F ,g;ghlyofs; bghUe;Jk;.
tpsf;fk;:
Ffdpd; tUj;jj;ij czu;e;j ,uhkd; TwpaJ: `Jd;gk; vd;W xd;W ,Ue;jhy; ,d;gk;
vd;gJ g[yg;gLk;~ vd;gnj bghUj;jk;
5. r=;ffhyj;jpy; jha;tHpr; r@fKiwapy; bgz;fs; bgw;wpUe;j cupikfs; ahit>
¡¡ r=;ffhyr; r@fj;Jf;Fj; bgz;fns jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhu;fs;.
¡¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;g=;fspy; bgz]fns Fyj; bjhlu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jdu;.
¡¡ bgz]fSf;nf FLk;gj;jpd; brhj;Jk;/ ts=;fSk; ngha;r; nru;e;jd.
f=;fh 63
6. ntbwhU bghUs; mika[khW brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhluikf;f.
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz]fhl;rpiaf; fz]ldu;.
mwptpay; khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W fz]fhl;rpiaf; fz]ldu;.
7. fPH;f;fhQk; brhy;YUg[fisg; gpupj;Jk; nru;j;Jk; ,UntW bjhlu;fismikf;f.
v.fh:
mtd; Kd;te;J Twpdhd;.
Kd;
mtd;Kd; te;J Twpdhd;.
mtd;jhnd bra;jhd;.
jhnd
mtd; jhnd bra;jhd;.
fj;jpf; bfhz]L te;jhd;.
bfhz;L
fj;jpf;bfhz]L te;jhd;.
mz]zd; moj;J tpl;lhd;.
tpl;lhd;
mz]zd; moj;Jtpl;lhd;.
8. fhw;g[s;sp ,lhky; vGJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; bghUs; kaf;fj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
vGJk;nghJ fhw;g[s;spaplhky; vGjpdhnyh ,lk;khw;wpf; fhw;g[s;sp ,l;lhnyh/ bjhlupy;
cs;s brhw;fs;/ mj;bjhlUf;Fupa KGikahd bghUisj; juhky; ntW bghUisj;
jUk;.
rhd;W: mts;/ mf;fh tPl;ow;Fr; brd;whs;/ mts; mf;fhs;/ tPl;ow;Fr; brd;whs;.
9. ry ry/ te;J te;J/ fy fy/ tpk;kp tpk;kp/ ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;fpstpj; bjhlu;fis vGjp/
mtw;iw vGJk; Kiwiaf; TWf.
,ul;ilf;fpstpj; bjhlu;fs; ? ryry/ fyfy.
,ul;ilf;fpstpr; brhw;fisr; nru;j;J vGj ntz]Lk;.
ePu; ry rybtd XoaJ. (jtW) ? ePu; ryrybtd XoaJ. (rup)
fy fybtd rpupj;jhs;. (jtW) ? fyfybtdr; rpupj;jhs;. (rup)
10. jpUtsu;r;bry;td;/ jpUtsu; bry;td; ? ,tw;wpy; rupahd bjhlu; vJ> mjw;fhd ,yf;fz
tpjp ahJ>
¡¡ `jpUtsu; bry;td;~ vd;gnj rupahd bjhluhFk;.
¡¡ jpUtsu; bry;td; vd;gJ tpidj;bjhif.
¡¡ tpidj;bjhiff;F brhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypdk; kpff;TlhJ vd;w ,yf;fztpjpapd;
go jpUtsu; bry;td; vd;gnj rupahd bjhluhFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. gz]ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; bjhlu;r;rpna ,d;iwa Tl;Lf; FLk;gk; ? tpsf;fk; vGJf.
¡¡ r=;ffhyj;jpy; jdpf;FLk;g mikg;g[ tpupt[ bgw;W/ bgw;nwhu; cld; thGk; `tpupe;j
FLk;g~ Kiwa[k; fhzKofpwJ.
¡¡ fztd; kidtp kfndhL nru;e;J thGk; neu;tHp tpupe;j FLk;g Kiwia
xf;Tu;khrhj;jpahu; g[wehD}w;wpy; Twpa[s;shu;.
¡¡ ew;wha; xUg[wk; ,Ue;jhYk; brtpypa[k;/ mtsJ kfshfpa njhHpa[k; FLk;gj;jpy;
Kjd;ikg; bgw;wdu;.
¡¡ ,y;yw thH;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fnshL epiwe;J mwk; bra;J thH;e;jdu;.
Rw;wj;jhnuhL nru;e;J thH;jny jiytd; jiytpd; ,y;ywkhFk;.
¡¡ r=;fr; r@fk; FLk;gk; vd;w mikg;ig mog;gil myfhff; bfhz;L tps=;fpaJ.
¡¡ ,d;iwa r@fKk; Tl;Lf;FLk;gk;/ jdpf;FLk;gk; bfhz;ljhFk;.
¡¡ je;ijtHpf; FLk;g mikg;igf; bfhz;ljhft[k; mikfpwJ.
3 2. FfndhL Ituhfp/ tPlzndhL vGtuhd epfH;t[fisr; Rl;of; fhl;Lf.

Ffd; (Itu;):
Ffd; ,uhkidf; fhl;oy; fz;L tUe;jp cz;jw;F njDk; kPDk; je;jhd;. tpilbgWk;
ïaš
ntisapy; Ffd; tUj;jj;ij czu;e;j ,uhkd; eh=;fs; ehy;tu;" ck;nkhL nru;j;J Itu;
Mndhk; vd;whd;.
Rf;uPtd; (mWtu;):
Rf;uPtd; ,uhkd; kPJ bfhz]l mstw;w md;gpdhy; rPijiaj; njo ,y=;if brd;whd;.
,uhtzidf; bfhy;tjhff; Twpbrd;wtd; mtd; kzpKoiakl;Lk; bfhz]L te;jhd;.
,j;jifa md;g[ bfhz]l Rf;uPtid nehf;fp ,uhkd;: eP/ vd; ,dpa capu; ez]gd; vd;W
Twp/ eh=;fs; ehy;tu;/ FfndhL Itu;/ cd;ida[k; nru;j;J mWtu; Mndhk; vd;whd;.
tPlzd; (vGtu;):
rPijiaf; ftu;e;J te;j bray; jtW vd;W Twpa tPlzd; ,uhkdplk; milf;fyk;
ntz;odhd;. ,uhkd; mtid cld;gpwe;jtdhf Vw;W ,y=;if muir mtDf;F
cupikahf;fpdhd;. FfDld; Itu;/ Nupadpd; kfd; Rf;fpuPtd; cld; mWtu;/ cd;ida[k;
nru;j;J vGtu; Mndhk;.
3. `tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
ed;wp brYj;J~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; `tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; : ek;ikj; njotUk; ed;iknah/ jPiknah vJ te;jhYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
tpsf;fk; : ek; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUk; tpUe;jpdu; ,d;gj;njhLk; Jd;gj;njhLk; tUtu;.
mtiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. mJnghy Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/ mw;gj;jdk;
jpdk; jpdk; tpUe;jpdu;nghy; tUk;/ nghFk;. mtw;iwa[k; ,d;Kfj;njhL
tuntw;why; ekf;F g[Jg;g[J mDgtk; jUk;. kfpH;r;rp tUk;nghJ kfpH;e;Jk;/
Jd;gk; tUk;nghJ Jilj;Jk; thHntz;Lk;.
4. jha[k; je;ija[k; gzpf;Fr; bry;Yk; ,d;iwa NHypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy;
eP=;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;Fr; bra;a[k; cjtpfs; ahit>
¡¡ fhiyapy; 5 kzpf;F vGe;J gof;f ntz;oaijg; goj;J Koj;JtpLntd;.
¡¡ jha[ld; nru;e;J czt[ jahupf;Fk; gzpapy; <LgLntd;.
¡¡ jha;/ je;ij vdf;Fk; nru;j;J czt[ vLj;Jitg;ngd;.
¡¡ gs;spf;F kpjptz;oapy; bry;ntd;.
¡¡ tPl;ow;Fj; jpUk;gpat[ld; tPl;ilr; Rj;jk; bra;Jitg;ngd;.
¡¡ kWehSf;Fj; njitahd bghUs;fis filf;Fr; brd;W th=;fptUntd;.
¡¡ ,ut[ czit cz;lgpwF 10.00 kzp tiu goj;Jtpl;L cw=;Fntd;.
f=;fh 65
5. rlha[itj; je;ijahf Vw;W/ ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikia vGJf.
¡¡ ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwbaLj;jnghJ ,uhtzndhL rz]ilapl;Lj; jd; capiu
,He;jtd; rlha[.
¡¡ ,uhkd; rlha[it jd; je;ijahfnt fUjpdhd;.
¡¡ jd; je;ijf;F bra;a[k; ,Wjpr; rl=;Ffisnghy ,uhkd; ,Wjpr; rl=;Ffisr;
bra;jhd;.
¡¡ mfpy;/ re;jdf; fl;ilfisf; bfhz]L te;J njitahd jUg;igg; g[w;fis
mLf;fpdhd;.
¡¡ g{f;fisj; J}tp/ kzypdhy; nkil mikj;J/ ed;dPUk; bfhz]Lte;J itj;jhd;.
¡¡ ,Wjpr;rl=;F bra;ag;glf;Toa nkilf;Fj; jd; je;ijahff; fUjpa rlha[itj; jd;
bgupa iffspdhy; J}f;fpf; bfhz]L te;J jd; flikiar; bra;jhd;.
beLtpdh
1. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;nj kdpj r@fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;g[ fl;likf;fg;
gLfpwJ ? vt;thW> tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ kdpj r@f fl;likg;gpw;F mog;gil myfhf miktJ FLk;gnk.
¡¡ gy FLk;g=;fs; nru;e;J Cu;/ gy Cu;fs; ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJ r@fkhFk;.
¡¡ FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpnyh/ r=;f,yf;fpaj;jpnyh ,lk;bgwtpy;iy.
¡¡ ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fk; nghy FLk;gk;/ jpUkzk; ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;iwbahd;W
rhu;e;Js;sJ.
¡¡ FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; jpUf;Fwspy; kl;Lk; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.
¡¡ `FLk;gk;~ vDk; brhy; TothH;jy; vd;W bghUs;gLfpwJ.
¡¡ g[f;fpy; vd;gJ jw;fhypfj; j=;Fkplk; MFk;.
¡¡ jd;kid vd;gJ jpUkzk; Mdtu;fs; bgw;nwhiu tpl;L jdpj;J thGk; ,lk; MFk;.
¡¡ kze;jfk; vd;gJ kzk; g[upe;j fztd; kidtpa[k; nru;e;JthHj; bjhl=;fp Kjy;
FHe;ij gpwf;Fk; tiu cs;s fhyf;fl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
¡¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;gk;/ je;ijtHpf; FLk;gk;/ jdpf; FLk;gk;/ tpupe;j FLk;gk; vd tsu;r;rp
mile;Js;sJ.
¡¡ jha;tHpf; FLk;gk; ? jpUkzk; Md fztd; kidtp/ kidtpapd; tPl;oy; nru;e;J
thH;jy;.
¡¡ jhna jiyik Vw;ghs;. r=;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; jha;tHp r@fk; epytpaJ.
¡¡ je;ijtHpf; FLk;gk; ? jpUkzk; Md fztd; kidtp/ fztdpd; je;ij tPl;oy;
thH ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ jdpf; FLk;gk; ? ,d;iwa bjhHpw;r@fj;jpy; bgUk;ghd;ikahf epyt[tJ.
¡¡ tpupe;j FLk;gk; ? fztd;/ kidtp/ FHe;ijfs; nru;e;J thGk; Tl;Lf; FLk;gk;
tpupe;j FLk;gk;.
¡¡ FLk;gk; jdpkdpjDf;fhft[k;/ rKjhaj;jpw;fhft[k; bgUk; g=;fhw;WfpwJ.
¡¡ rKjha thH;tpy; Mw;wntz;oa flikfs; gytiffspy; FLk;gkhdJ
FHe;ijfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fpwJ.
¡¡ FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpy; ,Ue;nj kdpj r@fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;g[f;
fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. gz]gpd; gokkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;/ gpw capu;fSld; bfhz]oUe;j cwt[ epiyiag;
ghlg;gFjp tHp epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s xt;bthU fjhghj;jpu=;fSk; xt;bthU
gz;g[eyd;fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;Ls;sd. me;jtifapy; ,uhkd; gz;gpd; gokkhf
3 thH;e;j cau;e;j cwt[epiyiaf; fhz;nghk;.
(cwt[fs;: Ffd;/ rlha[/ rtup/ Rf;uPtd;/ tPlzd;)
Ffd;:
ïaš
jd;kPJ mstw;w md;g[ bfhz]l Ffd; jd;idg; gpupa tpUg;gkpd;ik vd;gij czu;e;J
`vd; capu; mizaha;~ vd;whd;. èP vd; capu; nghd;wtd;~ vd;W TwpaJ kl;Lky;yhJ/ eP
brhy;Yk; ntiyfisr; bra;a[k; gzpahsdha; ,Uf;fpd;nwd;.
rlha[:
jdJ kidtp rPijia ,uhtzd; rpiwbaLj;jnghJ jLj;J/ rz]ilapl;Lf;
fhag;gl;L ,we;jhd; rlha[. jdf;fhf capiu tpl;l rlha[tpd; cliy ,Wjpr; rl=;if
je;ijf;F kfd; Mw;Wk; flikahff; fUJfpwhd;. rlha[tpd; jpahfj;jhy; `kfdha;~ fUJk;
cupikia ,uhkd; rlha[t[f;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;.
rtup:
,uhkidf; fz]ljhy; jhd; gpwe;jjpd; gaid mile;jjhf czu;e;j rtup/ ,uhkd;/
,yf;FtDf;F tpUe;J mspj;J kfpH;e;jhd;. jdJ md;g[f;Fupatuhf tps=;fpa rtupaplk;
jhaplk; fhl;Lk; md;igf; fhl;odhd; ,uhkd;.
Rf;uPtd;:
jdf;fhf ,y=;if brd;W fLk;nghu; g[upe;J ,uhtzdpd; kzpkFlj;ij vLj;J te;j
Rf;uPtid epidj;Jg; bgUikg;gl;lhd; ,uhkd;. eP ntW ehd; ntW my;y" cd; giftu;
vd; giftu;/ cd; cwtpdu;/ vd; cwtpdu;" vd; cwtpdu; cd; cwtpdu;/ èP vd; ,dpa capu;
ez]gd;~ vd;W Twpdhd; ,uhkd;.
tPlzd;:
jd; kidtpiaf; ftu;e;J brd;w ,uhtzdpd; braiyf; fz]of;Fk; ,uhtzpd;
jk;gpahfpa tPlzd; kPJ ,uhkd; kpFe;j md;g[ bfhs;fpwhd;. jd;dplk; milf;fyk;
mila[k; tPlzid cld;gpwe;jtdhf Vw;Wf; bfhs;fpd;whd;. jd;id ek;gpte;j
tPlzDf;F ,y=;ifiaf; bfhLf;fpd;whd;.
Kot[iu:
,t;thwhf/ ,uhkgpuhd; gzpahsdha;/ rnfhjudha;/ je;ijf;F cw;w kfdha;/ jha;f;F
cw;w kfdha;/ ez]gdha;/ cupikia tH=;Fk; rnfhjudha; gpw capu;fSld; gy cwt[
epiyfisf; bfhz]L ,uhkd; gz;gpd; gokkhf tps=;Ffpwhu;.
3. `cupikj;jhfk;~ fijapy; rnfhjuu;fs; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; .............
fijiaj; bjhlu;e;J vGjp Kof;f.
Kd;Diu:
epyj;Jldhd cwt[ FLk;g cwita[k; tYg;gLj;Jk; vd;gij g{kzp cupikj;jhfk;
vDk; rpWfijapy; mz;zd; jk;gp cwit tYg;gLj;Jtija[k; nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;F
f=;fh 67
tYnru;f;Fk; tifapy; cwt[fs; gpupe;jpUe;jhy; vd;dthFk; vd;gijg; gw;wpa[k;
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
Kj;ijahtpd; FLk;gk;:
mz;zd; Kj;ijah/ jk;gp bts;isr;rhkp ,tu;fnshL mz;zpa[k; nru;e;J thGk;
tptrhaf; FLk;gk;. jd; fztdpd; jk;gpia FHe;ijahf epidj;J tsu;j;J te;jhs;.
jpUkzKk; bra;J itj;jhs;.
epy mlkhdk;:
Kj;ijahtpd; kidtp fztdplk; bts;isr;rhkp jpUkzk; MdgpwF Kw;wpYk;
khwptpl;lhd;. nkYk; bts;isr;rhkp epyj;ij ruptu gapu;bra;a nghjpa gzk; ,y;yhky;
epyj;ij g=;fhUrhkpaplk; 200 qgha;f;F mlkhdk; itj;jhd; vd;W Kj;ijahtpd;
kidtp Twpdhs;.
mz;zdpd; ghrk;:
mlkhdk; itj;j epyj;ij kPl;fKoahky; jk;gp jtpg;gij jd; kidtp @yk; mwpe;j
Kj;ijah g=;fhUrhkpaplk; brd;W 200 qgha; bfhLj;J jd; jk;gpapd; epyj;ijf; nfl;lhd;.
mg;nghJ g=;fhUrhkp 400 qgha; bfhLj;jhy;jhd; jUntd; vd;whd;. ,tUtUf;Fk;
tpthjk; ele;jd. kWehs; mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; epyj;ij cGjdu;. g=;fhUrhkpf;F
bjupatu Kj;ijahtplk; nfl;Fk;nghJ mz;zDk; jk;gpa[k; nru;e;J g=;fhUrhkpia
tpul;oaoj;jdu;.
,Jtiu g{kzpapd; fij ,jw;Fnky; ,UtUk; ,izahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;
vd;dthFk; vd;gij vd; fij @yk; ghu;f;fyhk;.
mz;zd; jk;gp ,izahjpUj;jy;:
bts;isr;rhkp gzk; juhky; gapu;bra;jij mwpe;J/ g=;fhUrhkp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
brd;whu;. bts;isr;rhkpkPJ tHf;Fj; bjhlug;gl;lJ. bts;isr;rhkp g=;fhUrhkpaplk;
,uz;L Kiw brd;W ehd; tptrhak; bra;J vg;goahtJ cd; flid milj;JtpLfpnwd;
vd;W bf+;rpdhd;. mjw;F mtu; xj;Jtutpy;iy. kdKile;j bts;isr;rhkp tp&k;
rhg;gpl;L kaf;fk; mile;jhd;.
gae;Jnghd g=;fhUrhkp kaf;fkile;j bts;isr;rhkpia kUj;Jtkidf;F
miHj;Jr; brd;W rpfpr;ir mspj;J ehd; bfhLj;j 200 qgha; kl;Lk; bfhL. epyj;ij
bfhLj;J tpLfpnwd;" tHf;if thg!; bgWfpnwd; vd;whd;. xg;g[f;bfhz;l bts;isr;rhkp
tPL jpUk;gpdhd;.
Kot[iu:
epyk; rlg;bghUs; my;y. epyj;njhL ngrf;Toa kdpju;fs; ,d;Wk; fpuhk=;fspy;
thH;fpd;wdu; vd;gij ,f;fij @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ csJ ? ,ilf;Fiw
¡¡ khjtk; ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
¡¡ jhH;fly; ? tpidj;bjhif
¡¡ brw;wtu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡¡ Ee;ij ? Ek; je;ij vd;gjd; kqc
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. je;jdd; = jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
jh ? gFjp/ `j~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ?
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ md; ? rhupia/ md; ? glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp.
3 2. bghype;jhd; = bghyp + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
bghyp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
ïaš
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. mU=;fhdk; = mUik + fhdk;
tpjp : <Wnghjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ ìk~ bfl;L/ mU + fhdk; vd;whdJ.
tpjp : ,dkpfy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ `=;~ njhd;wp mU=;fhdk; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
jpUf;Fws;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ
M) itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; thDiwa[k;
bja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;.
,) rpdk;vd;Dk; nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; g[iziar; RLk;.
[tpil: ,]
2. flypd; bgupaJ
m) cw;w fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp
M) gad; Muhahky; xUtu; bra;j cjtp
,) jpidast[ bra;j cjtp [tpil: M)]
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
ey;yhu; eatu; ,Ug;g eak; ,yhf;
fy;yhu;f; bfhd;whfpa fhuzk; ? bjhy;iy
tpidg;gad; my;yJ nty;beL=; fz;zha;
epidg;g tUtbjhd; wpy;
m) ,UntW cyfj;J ,aw;if" jpUntW
bjs;spau; MjYk; ntW.
M) ey;yit vy;yhk; jPathk; jPat[k;
ey;ythk; bry;tk; braw;F.
,) CHpy; bgUtyp ahcs kw;Wxd;W
NHpDk; jhd;Ke;J cWk;. [tpil: M]
f=;fh 69
4. fPH;f;fhQk; g[Jf;ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwis vGJf.
cau; mYtyupd; tUif tpiufpwJ kdk;
mYtyfnk my;yhLk; gugug;g[k; kdtGj;jKkha;
mtUila rpdk; midtUk; mwpe;jnj tz;oia vLf;fpnwd;
nfhg;g[fis tpiue;J Kof;f fhiyf; fl;of; bfhs;fpwJ FHe;ij
xG=;F bra;a `ngh me;jg; gf;fk;~
neuj;jpy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; cjwpr; bry;fpnwd; FHe;ijia.
tpil:
bry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;
fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;>
5. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
md;g[k; mwKk; ? vz;Qk;ik
ed;fyk; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
kwj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
cyF ? ,lthFbgau;
6. bghUs; TWf.
btFsp ? nfhgk;
g[iz ? bjg;gk;
Vkk; ? ghJfhg;g[
jpU ? bry;tk;
7. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ ? vjw;F>
m) bra;ahky; bra;j cjtp M) gad; J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp
,) jpidj;Jiz ed;wp <) fhyj;jpdhy; bra;j ed;wp
[tpil: m) bra;ahky; bra;j cjtp]
8. gifa[k; csnth gpw> ? bghUs; TWf.
Kfkyu;r;rpiaa[k; mfkfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yfpd;w rpdj;ijtpl ntW gif ,y;iy.
9. bry;yplj;J ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
bry;yplj;J = bry; + ,lj;J
tpjp : `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
bry; + y; + ,lj;J vd;whfpaJ.
tpjp : `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;Wtnj ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
y; + , = yp = bry;yplj;J vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; ? 1. nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp
M) gad;J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp ? 2. +hyj;jpd; khzg; bgupJ
,) rpdk; ? 3. bja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
<) fhyj;jpdhw; bra;j ed;wp ? 4. ed;ik flypd; bgupJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2]
FWtpdh
1. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;>
mwj;jpd; tHpahf ,y;yw thH;f;if thH;gtu; Kay;tUs; vy;yhk; jiyahdtu;.
2. +hyj;jpd; bgupaJ vJ>
cupafhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ cyiftplg; bgupajhFk;.
3 3. kwf;ff; TlhjJ/ kwf;ff; ToaJ vtw;iw>
¡¡ xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j ed;ikia kwf;ff;TlhJ.
ïaš
¡¡ mtu; bra;j jPikia mg;bghGnj kwe;Jtpl ntz]Lk;.
4. bry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd tHpahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit>

jk;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; bry;tk; FiwahkypUf;f ntz]Lbkd;why;/ gpwu; bghUis tpUk;ghky;
,Uj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
5. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f ntz]Lk;>
rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;f ntz]Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. `md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
gz]gk[ ; gaDk; mJ~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kjypy; brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jp/ mt;tupirg;gona
bghUs; bfhs;Sk; Kiwna epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;g[/ mwd; vd;w brhw;fis Kjypy; xU tupirapy; epWj;jp/
mtw;nwhL bjhlu;g[ila gz]g[/ gad; vd;gtw;iw Kiwna mLj;j tupirapy; ,izj;J
bghUs; bfhs;SkhW miktJ èpuy; epiw mzpahFk;~.
2. ,y;thH;f;if rpwg;g[w mwbewpnahL thH;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; tHp epd;W
tpsf;Ff.
md;g[k; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;thH;f;if tps=;Fkhdhy;/ mJnt thH;f;ifapd;
gz;g[k; gaDk; MFk;.
,ay;gpdhd; ,y;thH;f;if thH;gtd; vd;ghd;
Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy
mwj;jpd; ,ay;nghL ,y;thH;f;if thH;gtu;/ Kaw;rp cilnahiutpl nkk;gl;ltu;
Mthu;. cyfj;jpy; thHntz;oa mwbewp jtwhky; thH;fpd;wtu;/ thDyfj;jpy; cs;s
bja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
3. vtw;iwbay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ> ? Fws; tHp tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ jhd; gpwUf;F ve;j cjtpa[k; bra;ahjpUe;Jk; gpwu; jdf;Fr; bra;j cjtpahdJ
kz;Qyifa[k; tpz;Qyifa[k; ifk;khwhff; bfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.
f=;fh 71
¡¡ cupa fhyj;jpy; xUtu; bra;j cjtp mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ cyfj;jpd;
msittpl kpfg; bgupajhFk;.
¡¡ kWgyid Muhahky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpia Muha;e;jhy;/ mJ fliytplg;
bgupjhFk;.
¡¡ xUtu; jpidasthfpa cjtpiar; bra;jnghjpYk; mjd; gad; bjupe;jtu;fs;/
mjidna gidasthff; bfhz;L nghw;Wtu;.
4. rpdj;jhy; tUk; nfl;oidf; TWf.
¡¡ xUtDf;Fj; jPikahd tpist[fs; rpdj;jhnyna Vw;gLk; vd;why; ahuplj;jpYk; rpdk;
bfhs;shky; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ rpdk; vDk; gif/ Kfj;jpy; mHF Tl;Lfpd;w rpupg;iga[k;/ cs;sj;jpd; mUSf;F mHF
Tl;Lfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yk;.
¡¡ rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt/ jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;fntz]Lk;.
¡¡ rpdkhdJ/ jd;idr; nru;e;jtiua[k; mHpf;Fk; beUg;ghFk;. mBJ xUtDila Rw;wk;
vd;fpd;w ghJfhg;g[j; bjg;gj;ija[k; Rl;lHpj;JtpLk;.
5. fPH;f;fhQk; Fwspy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk;vd;Dk; nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; g[iziar; RLk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp gapd;W tUfpd;wJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
ftp+u; bra;a[spy; ,UbghUs;fisf; Twp mjpy; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp
mjw;F Vw;g ,izahdbjhU bghUis cUtfk; bra;ahJ tpl;LtpLtJ Vfnjr cUtf
mzpahFk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,dk; vd;gijj; bjg;gkhf cUtfg;gLj;jpa[s;s ts;Stu; rpdj;ij
cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpl;Ls;shu;. vdnt/ ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Vfnjr cUtf mzp gapd;W
te;Js;sJ.
beLtpdh
1. bra;e;ed;wpawpjny mwk; vd;gij tha[iw thH;j;jpd; Jizbfhz]L epWt[f.
¡¡ ehk; gpwUf;F ve;j xU cjtpa[k; bra;ahkypUf;Fk; epiyapy; gpwu; ekf;Fr; bra;j
cjtpia epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; tpz;Qyfj;ija[k; kz;Qyfj;ija[k; bfhLj;jhYk;
<lhfhJ.
¡¡ xUtu; ekf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtpahdJ mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ
cyfj;jpd; msittplg; bgupajhFk;.
¡¡ ve;jg; gaida[k; vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpapd; msit Muha;e;J
ghu;j;jhy;/ mjd; ed;ik fliytplg; bgupajhFk;.
¡¡ xUtu; jpidast[ cjtpiar; bra;jhYk; mjd; gaid mDgtpj;J mwpe;jtu;fs;
mt;t[jtpiag; gidasthff; bfhs;tu;.
¡¡ xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j ed;ikia xUehSk; kwf;ff;TlhJ. xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j
jPikia mg;bghGnj kwe;Jtpl ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ ve;j mwj;ij mHpj;jhYk; jg;gpg; gpiHf;fyhk;. Mdhy;/ xUtu; bra;j cjtpia
kwe;jtu;f;Fj; jg;gpg; gpiHf;Fk; tHpna fpilahJ.
¡¡ vdnt/ bra;e;ed;wpawpjny rpwe;j mwk; vd;gjid ts;Stk; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
2. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; thH;it nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; ? ,f;Tw;iw Kg;ghy; tHp tpupj;Jiuf;f.
¡¡ rpdj;ijf; fhj;jhy; thH;t[ nkd;ikaila[k; vd;gij ,t;tjpfhuk; @yk; fhzyhk;.
3 ¡¡ jd; rpdk; bry;YgoahFk; jd;id tplt[k; bkypahuplj;jpy; rpdk; bfhs;shky;

rpdj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;gtnd cz]ikapy; rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtdhthd;.
¡¡ xUtDf;Fj; jPikahd tpist[fs; rpdj;jhnyna Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahuplj;jpYk;
ïaš
rpdk; bfhs;shky; mjid kwe;JtpLtJ ed;ikahFk;.

¡¡ rpdk; vDk; gif/ Kfj;jpy; mHFTl;Lfpd;w rpupg;iga[k;/ cs;sj;jpd; mUSf;F mHF
Tl;Lfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yk;.
¡¡ rpdkhdJ jd;idf; bfhz]ltidna mHpj;JtpLk;. vdnt/ jd;idf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;s
tpUk;g[fpwtd; rpdj;ijf; fhf;fntz]Lk;.
¡¡ rpdkhdJ/ jd;idr; nru;e;jtiua[k; mHpf;Fk; beUg;ghFk;. mBJ xUtDila Rw;wk;
vd;fpd;w ghJfhg;g[j; bjg;gj;ija[k; Rl;lHpj;JtpLk;.
¡¡ rpdj;ijf; fhj;J/ vspatnuhL gif nkw;bfhs;sky; jd;idna fhj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;"
Rw;wj;ija[k; fhg;ghw;Wnthk;. ,jdhy; thH;t[ nkk;gLk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
¡¡ gz]g[k; gaDk; ? vz]Qk;ik
¡¡ thH;gtd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡¡ mupJ/ bgupJ ? xd;wd;ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
¡¡ J}f;fpd; ? vjpu;fhy tpidbar;rk;
¡¡ bfhs;tu;/ bjuptu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡¡ bfhd;w ? bgabur;rk;
¡¡ gpwj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
= jpid + Jiz
1. jpidj;Jiz
tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;wcapu;Kd; frjgkpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
jpidj;Jiz vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
2. ed;wy;yJ = ed;W + my;yJ
tpjp : `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go. ed;w; + my;yJ
vd;whdJ.
`cly;nky; cau;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (w; + m = w)
èd;wy;yJ~ vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
tFg;giwapy; ghlk; elj;jpf; bfhz;oUe;jhu; nguhrpupau;. ghlj;jpy; kdk; xl;lhJ
ftdkpd;wp ,Ue;j khztu; xUtuplk;/ `èkJ brhw;bghHpitg; bghUl;gLj;j tpUk;ghj eP
f=;fh 73
,=;fpUe;J vGtha;/ eP ,=;fpUg;gjhy; cdf;nfh gpwu;f;nfh gadpiy/ ,=;fpUe;J cd;dhy;
brag;;gLbghUs; ,y;iy/ Mjyhy; tFg;gpy; ,Ue;J btspnaWf~~ vd eak;gl ciuj;J
btspnaw;wpdhu;. mtu;jhd; `jpuhtpl rh!;jpup~ vd;W rp.it. jhnkhjudhuhy; nghw;wg;gl;l
gupjpkhw; fiy+u;. mtu; je;ijahuplk; tlbkhHpiaa[k; kfhtpj;Jthd; rghgjpahuplk;
jkpGk; gapd;whu;" vg;. V (F.A - First Examination in Arts) nju;tpy; Kjy; khztuhfj; nju;r;rp
bgw;W gh!;fu nrJgjp kd;duplk; cjtpj;bjhif bgw;whu;. brd;idf; fpwpj;Jtf;
fy;Y}upapy; gp.V gapd;W/ jkpHpYk; ntjhe;j jj;Jt rhj;jpuj;jpYk; gy;fiyf;fHf mstpy;
Kjy; khztuhfj; nju;r;rp bgw;Wj; j=;fg; gjf;fj;ijg; guprhfg; bgw;whu;. 1893 Mk; mz;L
brd;idf; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; cjtpj; jkpHhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wj; bjhl=;fp/ gpd;g[
jiyikj; jkpHhrpupauhfg; gjtp cau;t[ bgw;whu;.
qghtjp/ fyhtjp Mfpa ehlf E}y;fisa[k; fstHp ehw;gJ E}iyj;
jGtp khd tp$ak; vd;Dk; E}iya[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;. M=;fpy ehlf
,yf;fzj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L ehlftpay; vd;Dk; ehlf
,yf;fz E}iya[k; ,aw;wpdhu;. ,tuJ jdpg;ghRuj; bjhif vd;Dk;
E}y; $p.a[. nghg; mtu;fshy; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;lJ.
K.rp. g{u;zyp=;fdhUld; ,ize;J ,tu; elj;jpa +hdnghjpdp gupjpkhw; fiy+u;
mf;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j mwptpay; ,jHhfj; jpfH;e;jJ. 1875 ? 1903
jkpiH cau;jdpr; brk;bkhHp vd;W jd; ngr;rpd;@yk; Kjd;Kjypy;
bka;g;gpj;jtu; ,tnu. gpd;dhspy; 2004 Mk; Mz;L eLtz; muR jkpH;bkhHpia cau;jdpr;
brk;bkhHpahf mwptpj;jJ. bgw;nwhu; jdf;F ,l;l bgauhd Nupaehuhaz rh!;jpup vd;w
tlbkhHpg; bgaiuj; jkpHpy; gupjpkhw; fiy+u; vd;W bgau;khw;wk; bra;J bfhz;lhu;.
jkpH;/ jkpHu; Kd;ndw;wk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;Jr; brayhw;Wtijj; jk; thH;ehs; flikahff;
bfhz;oUe;j ,tu; jk; 33 MtJ tajpy; ,t;t[yf thH;it ePj;jhu;.
jkpiHr; brk;bkhHpbad;W epWtp/ mtu; vGjpa fl;Liuapd; fPH;tUk; rpy tupfs;
mtUila ciueil Mw;wiyj; bjuptpf;Fk;.
`cau;jdpr; brk;bkhHp~ vd;Dk; fl;LiuapypUe;J/ ``gybkhHpfl;Fj; jiyika[k;/ kpf;f
nkjika[k; cila bkhHp/ cau;bkhHp/ jdpj;J ,a=;f ty;y Mw;wy; rhu;e;jJ jdpbkhHp.
jpUe;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPu;j;j ehfupfKk; bghUe;jpa J}a;bkhHp brk;bkhHp/ Mapd; jkpH; cau;
jdpr; brk;bkhHpahk;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. rp.it. jhnkhjudhu; gupjpkhw; fiy+iu vt;thW nghw;wpdhu;>
2. gupjpkhw; fiy+u; vGjpa ehlf E}y;fs; ahit>
3. fPH;tUk; brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzj;ija[k;/ g[zu;r;rp tpjpapida[k; vGJf.
4. gupjpkhw; fiy+u; jkpGf;Fj; je;jpl;l bgUikkpF tupfSs; xd;wpid vGJf.
5. Nupa ehuhaz rh!;jpup ? ,jd; jkpHhf;fk; vd;d>
tpilfs;:
1. jpuhtpl rh!;jpup.
2. qghtjp/ fyhtjp.
3. brk;bkhHp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
brk;bkhHp = brk;ik + bkhHp
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/ brk; + bkhHp = brk;bkhHp
vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
4. jpUe;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPu;j;jehfupfKk;/ bghUe;jpa J}a;bkhHp brk;bkhHp.
5. gupjpkhw; fiy+u;.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
In terms of human development objectives, education is an end in itself, not just a means to an end.
Education is a basic human right. It is also the key which opens many economic, social and political
3 doors for people. It increases access to income and employment opportunities. While economists generally
analyse the importance of education largely as a means for better opportunities in life-and that is the main
theme of this chapter-let it be clearly stated that educating people is a worthy goal in itself, irrespective of
ïaš
the economic rates of return.

jkpHhf;fk;:
fy;tp vd;gJ kdpj tsu;r;rp mog;gilapy; xd;W. mJnt ,WjpahdJ. MapDk;
mJ KothdJ md;W. fy;tp vd;gJ kdpjDila mog;gil cupik. ,J kf;fspd;
bghUshjhuk; r@fk; kw;Wk; murpay; rhu;e;j JiwfspDila fjt[fisj; jpwf;f cjt[k;
jpwt[nfhy;. ,J ntiytha;g;g[fisa[k;/ tUkhdj;ija[k; cau;j;JfpwJ. kdpjDila
thH;ifapy; ey;y tha;g;g[fisg; gw;wp bghUshjhu ty;Yeu;fs; tpupthf Ma;e;Js;sdu;.
kf;fSf;F fy;tpawpt[ tH=;FtJ rpwe;j Fwpf;nfhshFk;. mJ ve;jtpjkhd bghUs;
kjpg;iga[k; jpUg;gp mspf;fhJ.

bgw;bwLj;j jkpH;j;jhiag; gpd;dhy; js;sp
gpwbkhHpf;F rpwg;gspj;j gpiHia ePf;f
Cw;bwLj;nj md;g[iuahy; cY=;f itj;jpt;
cyfj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHpf;F epfUk; cz;nlh>
fw;Wzu;e;nj mjd;,dpik fhz;gha; vd;W
fk;gbdhL ts;Stidr; Rl;of; fhl;oj;
bjw;bwdek; mff;fz;izj; jpwe;J tpl;l
bja;tf;ftp ghujpXu; Mrhd; jpz;zk;. ? ehkf;fy; ftp+u;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpiHg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sp gpw bkhHpf;F ehk; bra;a[k; rpwg;ig
ePf;Fnthk;. jkpH;bkhHpf;F epfu; cyfpy; vk;bkhHpa[k; ,y;iy. bkhHpiaf; fw;W fk;gd;/
ts;Std; nghd;nwhu; Rl;of;fhl;oa ek; mff;fz;izj; jpwe;j ghujp Xu; Mrhd; vd;gJ
cWjp.
bjhil:
nkhid:
KjbyGj;J xd;wptUtJ nkhidahFk;.
rhd;W: bgw;bwLj;j fw;Wzu;e;j bjw;bwd
gpwbkhHp fk;gndhL bja;tf;ftp
f=;fh 75
vJif:
,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wptUtJ vJifahFk;.
rhd;W: bgw;bwLj;j fw;Wzu;
cw;bwLj;j bjw;bwd;
,iag[:
filrp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wptUtJ ,iag[ MFk;.
rhd;W: cz;nlh tpl;l
mzp:
fk;gd;/ ghujp/ ts;Std; g[fGk;/ jkpHpd; g[fGk; ghLtjhy; ,g;ghlypy; cau;t[ etpw;rp
mzp gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
re;jk;:
,dpa XirfnshLk; ahg;g[f; fl;LfnshLk; ghLtJ.
Rit:
eh czUk; Rit MW" kdk; czUk; Rit vl;L
Kot[iu :
fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
ftpijiag; goj;jgpd;/ mf;ftpij fpsu;j;Jk; czu;t[fs; Fwpj;J tpHpg;g[zu;t[ ciu

xd;iw vGJf.
v=;fSf;Fk; Xu; MWz;L fhfnkh FUtpnah
btWkzy; gug;gha; tpupe;Jfplf;f epHy; xJ=;f
Xzhd;fs; Kl;ilapl Mbw=;Fk; Ks;kuKz;L
fs;spfs; gpiHj;jpUf;f v=;fSf;Fk; Xu; MWz;L
gps;isfs; tpisahl Mw;Wf;nfhu; CUz;L
gd;wpfs; nka;e;jpUf;f CUf;nfhu; rdKz;L
thdj;jpy; nkfKz;L thH;itg;nghy; xd;Wz;L
Nupadpy; kiHa[z;L ? ,s=;nfh fpU&;zd;
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ ciu:
,aw;ifapd; bfhilahk; kiHePiu ehk; nrfupf;fhky; tpLfpnwhk;. kiHePu; nrfupg;g[g;
gFjpfspy; gs;sp/ fy;Y}up/ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; vd vj;jidnah fl;ol=;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpz;zpypUe;J g[wg;gl;L kz;zpy; j=;fyhk; vd te;j kiH tPzhff; flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
Mw;WePiur; nrfupf;f kwe;njhk;. Mdhy; Mw;Wkziyf; bfhs;isaof;fj; Jzpe;njhk;.
kuk; tsu;f;f kwe;njhk;. kuk; btl;lj; Jzpe;njhk;. fhf;ifFUtp v=;fs; $hjp vd;whd;
ghujp. Mdhy; ,d;W kiHa[k; kuKk; ,y;yhjjhy; Vjpypaha; fhf;ifFUtpfs; v=;nfh
nghapd>
ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
3 1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KGtJnk g[jpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;" mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisa[k; xU rp=;fj;ij nghy vjpu;bfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KGtJnk g[jpa j; jiyKiw kPJjhd;" mtu;fs; vy;yhg;
ïaš
gpur;rpidfisa[k; xUrp=;fj;ijg; nghy vjpu;bfhz;L j; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.

2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;ndwp bry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; bra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wp Jd;g[Wtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if bfhs;.
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;ndwpr; bry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; bra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj; Jd;g[Wtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;iff; bfhs;.
3. ek; thH;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij bghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. g[j;jfk; gof;Fk;bghGJ
Tu;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit bgWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mog;gil njitahFk;.
ek; thH;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij bghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. g[j;jfk; gof;Fk;bghGJ
Tu;e;j f; ftdk; mwpit bgWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mog;gilj; njitahFk;.
4. khztu;fs; bgw;nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;g[f; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jkJ
,d;g Jd;g=;fis bgw;nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; bgw;nwhu;fisj; jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;g[ f; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. jkJ
,d;g Jd;g=;fisg; bgw;nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;J f; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
5. MrpupaUf;F fPH;gojy; vd;Dk; Fzk;/ cz;ikahdtw;iw bjupe;Jf; bfhz;L/
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W bfhLf;Fk;.
MrpupaUf;Ff; fPH;gojy; vd;Dk; Fzk;/ cz;ikahdtw;iwj; bjupe;J f; bfhz;L/
mwpahikapid mfw;wpg; gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;W bfhLf;Fk;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gFjpiag; goj;J mwptpg;g[g; gyiff;fhd bra;jpia cUthf;Ff.
ntu;fis tpGJfs; re;jpf;Fk; tpHh/ nk ? 5/ 2019
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
ntiy fhuzkhf btspehLfspy; gpupe;J thGk; cwtpdu;fs; ,Ugj;ije;J
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF re;jpf;Fk; epfH;t[ eilbgw cs;sJ.
jpUr;rp ciwa{u; md;g[ efupy; trpf;Fk; j=;fnty; ? bghd;dk;khs; ,izaupd;
@d;W jiyKiw tHpj;njhd;wy;fs; re;jpf;Fk; epfH;t[ nk ? 5 Mk; njjp ,dpnj eilbgw
cs;sJ.
cwtpdu; Tl;lj;jpy; j=;fnty; ? bghd;dk;khs; mtu;fspd; kfd;fs;/ kfs;fs;/
ngud;fs;/ ngj;jpfs;/ bfhs;Sg; ngud;fs;/ bfhs;Sg; ngj;jpfs; re;jpj;Jg; bgupnahu;fsplk;
thH;j;Jg; bgWfpwhu;fs;. ,e;epfH;r;rpiaj; j=;fnty; mtu;fspd; bfhs;Sg; ngj;jp bry;tp
fz;kzp mtu;fs; xU=;fpizf;fpwhu;.
f=;fh 77
``,ize;j cwt[k;~~ ``frpe;j fz;zPUk;~~

ntu;fis tpGJfs; re;jpf;Fk; tpHh
btspehLfspy; gpupe;J thGk; cwtpdu;fs; 25 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF re;jpf;Fk; epfH;t[
ehs; : 05.05.2019 ,lk;: md;g[efu;/ ciwa{u;/ jpUr;rp.
epfH;t[
j=;fnty; ? bghd;dk;khs; mtu;fspd; kfd;fs;/ kfs;fs;/ ngud;fs;/ ngj;jpfs;/
bfhs;Sg;ngud;fs;/ bfhs;Sg;ngj;jpfs; re;jpj;J thH;j;Jg; bgwy;
xU=;fpizg;ghsu;
bry;tp. fz;kzp
j=;fnty; ? bghd;dk;khs; mtu;fspd; bfhs;Sg;ngj;jp
midtUk; tUf-
cUFJ be+;rk;- bgUFJ fz;zPu;--
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
gl;okd;wk;
jiyg;g[: jdp kdpj tsu;r;rpf;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[gtu;fs; cwtpdu;fsh> ez;gu;fsh>
eLtu;: Kidtu; jpU. bjhy;fhg;gpad;
g=;nfw;ghsu;fs;: mzp 1: khyh" mzp 2: Rjh
eLtu; :
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. ,d;iwa gl;okd;wj; jiyg;g[: jdp kdpj
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[gtu;fs; cwtpdu;fsh> ez;gu;fsh> vd;w
mUikahd jiyg;ig ,e;j khkd;wj;jpy; itj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j cyfk; gue;J
tpupe;jJnghy; ek; vz;z=;fSk; gue;Js;sJ. me;j tifapy; ek; tsu;r;rpg;
ghijf;F cjtp bra;gtu;fs; cwtpdu;fsh> ez;gu;fsh> vd;W ngr ,U mzp
rhu;ghf ,Utu; te;Js;sdu;. ,Utiua[k; tuntw;W/ Kjyhtjhf cwtpdu;
mzp rhu;ghf khyhit miHf;fpnwd;.
khyh : eLtu; cs;spl;l midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. cwt[ vd;w xd;W ,y;yhtpoy;
mtu;fs; mdhijfs;jhd;. mdhijfs;Tl j=;Fkplj;jpy; gy mdhijfs;
nru;e;J xU cwthf cUthfyhk;. jha; je;ij cwt[ ,y;yhtpoy; kfndh kfnsh
,y;iy. jpUkz ge;jk; ,y;yhtpoy; r@fk; vd;w mikg;g[ ,y;iy. mjdhy;
jdp kdpj tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Jizg[uptJ cwnt vd;W Twp tpilbgWfpnwd;.
eLtu; : jdpkdpj tsu;r;rpf;F cwt[jhd; vd;w mGj;jkhd thjj;ij itj;j khyht[f;F
ed;wp. Rjh th=;f- eP=;f ez;gnu vd;w jiyg;gpy; thjhl.
Rjh : cwt[jhd; cwt[jhd; vd;W khyh Twpdhu;fs;. mtu;fSila bgw;nwhu;fs;
,=;nf cs;shu;fs;. jd;dhy; ftdpf;f Koahky; mtu;fis mdhij
,y;yj;jpy; nru;j;Jtpl;Ljhd; ,=;F ngr te;Js;shu;. vdf;F giHa ghly;
xd;W epidt[f;F tUfpwJ. mz;zd; vd;dlh- jk;gp vd;dlh- .... vd;w ghly;
tupfs; cwt[ ,y;iy vd;Wk;/ ,ijna ts;Stu; `mfef el;gJ el;g[~ mjhtJ
ez;gu;fns vd;Wk; jd; Fwspy; gjpt[ bra;fpwhu;. mjdhy; ez;gu;fns-
ehDk; jdpkdpj tsu;r;rpf;F ez;gu;fs;jhd; cjtp bra;thu;fs; vd;W Twp
tpilbgWfpnwd;.
eLtu; : mwpthu;e;jtu;fns- ,d;iwa r@fj;jpy; jdpkdpj tsu;r;rpf;F Jizg[uptJ
vd;W khyh mHfhf thjk; bra;jhu;. cwt[ ,y;iy vd;W Rjht[k; neu;j;jpahfg;
3 ngrpdhu;. ,Utupd; thj=;fis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;nghJ jdpkdpj tsu;r;rpf;F

bgupJk; Jizg[uptJ ez;gu;fns- vd;W Twp tpilbgWfpnwd;. ed;wp-
tzf;fk;-
ïaš
RHpFsk;
etkjp bghJkjp RHp Fsk;
nktplnt gynkt[
trpFw Sldl Jzpjuk; junk
kFld Usltp kjjtpu Kjy
jpwdwp jputpa epuk;g bgh J k jp g y nk t[
tUSnk- J zp j u k; j u nk
k j j tp u j u nk
jp u tp a ep u k; g
tpsf;fk;: tpsf;fk;:
g[jpa xspkpf;f mwptpidg; gy JiwfspYk; bghJ mwpit
bgwntz;Lbkd;why;/ mwpt[r; tsu;j;Jf; bfhs;. mJ ey;ybjhU
Ru=;fkhf tps=;Fk; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;W Jzpr;riyj; jUk;. Kidg;g[ jtpu;e;jhy;
mjd;tHp thH;f;ifia nkw;bfhs;tha;- Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLtha;. bry;tKk;
nkYk;/ rpwe;j jiytu;fspd; epuk;g[k;.
thH;j;Jfisa[k; bgw;Wj; jpwd;kpf;f kj(k;) jtpu ? Kidg;g[ eP=;f
gy;Jiw mwptpida[k; bgwyhk;. jputpak; ? bry;tk;
et kjp ? g[Jikahd xspkakhd mwpt[
trp ? cau;e;j
kFld; ? jiytd;
mltp ? bgUjy;
,Ug;gnjh xnu miw
bra;tnjh neWkhW
bjhHpnyh ntW ntW
bjhe;junth gy E}W
MFnkh ey;y MW
jFnkh nju;e;J ghU.
f=;fh 79
bghUj;jkhd ntw;Wik cUg[fisr; nru;j;J Kiwahd bjhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.

v.fh. Fkud; tPL ghu;j;njd; ? Fkuid tPl;oy; ghu;j;njd;
1. khwd; ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; bty;y Koa[k;.
khwdpd; ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; bty;y Koa[k;>
2. nghl;o btw;wp bgw;wJ fiyr;bry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
nghl;oapy; btw;wp bgw;wjw;fhf fiyr;bry;tpf;Fg; ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
3. fhiy vGe;J goj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
fhiyapy; vGe;J goj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
4. midtu; md;g[ miHj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahu; kdk; tUk;.
midtiua[k; md;g[ld; miHj;jtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; ju ahUf;F kdk; tUk;>
5. rhd;nwhu; kjpg;g[ bfhLj;J thH;t[ cauyhk;.
rhd;nwhUf;F kjpg;g[f; bfhLj;J thH;e;jhy; cauyhk;.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
jtpu;f;f ntz;oa bghWg;g[s;s kfdhf'kfshf
Mlk;gur; bryt[fs; vd c=;fs; bgw;nwhu;f;F
NHy;
ePtpu; fUJtdtw;iwg; vd;bdd;d cjtpfs;
gl;oaypLf. bra;tPu;fs;>
c=;fs; bgw;nwhu;/ ¡¡ jpwd;ngrpapy; ,iza ¡¡ ehDk; ntiyf;Fr;
ntiyf;Fr; bry;gtu;fs;. nritia mjpfkhf bry;y Kw;gLntd;.
mtu;fspd; khj Cjpak; gad;gLj;JtJ. ¡¡ ehnd jhj;jh ghl;oia
FLk;gr; brytpw;Fk; ¡¡ bjhiy J}uk; kUj;Jtkidf;F
gog;g[r; brytpw;Fk; bry;tjw;F kfpH;t{u;jp miHj;Jr; bry;ntd;.
jhj;jh ghl;oiaf; gad;gLj;JtJ. ¡¡ tPl;oy; rikay;/ Jzp
ftdpj;Jf; bfhs;tjw;Fk; ¡¡ ez;gu;fSld; Jitj;jy;/ fha;fwp
kl;Lk; nghJkhdjhf cztfj;jpy; czt[r; th=;fptUjy;/ tPl;od;
cs;sJ. ,r;NHypy; bryt[fs; bra;tJ. cl;g[wk; Rj;jk; bra;jy;
bghWg;g[s;s xU nghd;w ntiyfspy;
¡¡ mjpfkhf jpiug;glk;
kfdhf'kfshfg; g=;bfLg;ngd;.
ghu;f;f bryt[ bra;tJ.
bgw;nwhu;f;F eP=;fs;
vt;thW cjt[tPu;fs;>
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (cztfk;)
¡¡ Checkout - btspnaWjy; ¡¡ Tips - rpw;wPif
¡¡ Lobby - Xa;tiw ¡¡ Mini meals - rpw;Wzt[
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ fk;gu; ahu;> ? t.Rg. khzpf;fk;
¡¡ rf;futu;j;jp jpUkfd; ? ,uh$h$p
¡¡ tapWfs; ? g{kzp (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[)
¡¡ rpiw ? mDuhjh ukzd;
¡¡ xU g[spa kuj;jpd; fij ? Re;ju uhkrhkp
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `FLk;gk;~ vd;Dk; brhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ,lk; bgw;w E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y; ,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) jpUf;Fws;
3 2. Èk;kid~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) fztdpd; ,y;yk; M) kidtpapd; ,y;yk;
ïaš
,) ew;wha; ,y;yk; <) brtpypapd; ,y;yk;

3. jdpf;FLk;g cUthf;fj;jpd; bjhlf;fk;
m) FLk;gk; M) jha;tHpf; FLk;gk;
,) kze;jfk; <) tpupe;j FLk;gk;
4. jha;tHpf; FLk;g=;fspy; Fyj;bjhlu;r;rpf;F cupatu;
m) bgz]fs; M) Mz]fs; ,) bgz]fs;/ Mz]fs; <) FHe;ijfs;
5. kzkf;fspd; thH;tplk; vd;gJ
m) fztdpd; mfk; M) kidtpapd; mfk;
,) jdpahu; tpLjp <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
6. ,d;iwa bjhHpw;r@fj;jpy; bgUk;ghd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk; FLk;g tif
m) jdpf; FLk;g tif M) r@ff; FLk;g tif
,) Tl;Lf; FLk;g tif <) tpupe;j FLk;g tif
7. Mjpf;Fofsplk; ,Ue;j Kf;fpakhd FLk;g Kiw
m) je;ijtHpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;jtHpf; FLk;g Kiw
,) jdpf;FLk;g Kiw <) gpupe;jtHpf; FLk;g Kiw
8. jiytDk; jiytpa[k; ??????? fhj;jny ,y;thH;tpd; gad;.
m) FHe;ijeyk; M) kideyk; ,) jd;dwk; <) kidawk;
9. ve;jr; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;J kdpj r@fk; vDk; gue;j mikg;g[ fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) FLk;gk; M) fpuhkk; ,) efuk; <) FG
10. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; mikg;g[ Vw;gLtjw;F mog;gil
m) bgw;nwhu; M) jpUkzk;
,) muR <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
11. `jk;kid~/ Èk;kid~ vd kidtpapd; ,y;yj;ija[k; fztdpd; ,y;yj;ija[k; gpupj;Jg;
ngRk; E}y;
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W ,) I=;FWE}W <) fypj;bjhif
12. jw;fhypfj; j=;Fkplj;ijg; `g[f;fpy;~ vd;W TWk; E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W ,) fypj;bjhif <) FWe;bjhif
13. jd;kid vdg;gLtJ
m) jw;fhypfj; j=;Fkplk;
M) kidtpapd; ,y;yk;
f=;fh 81
,) jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDk; kidtpa[k; bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J jdpahf
thGkplk;
<) jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;ng fztd; kidtpahf thGkplk;
14. kze;jfk; vd;gJ
m) kzk; g[upa[k; Kd;g[ jiytd; jiytpiar; re;jpf;Fk; ,lk;
M) kzk; g[upe;j fztDk; kidtpa[k; nru;e;J ,y;yw thH;tpy; <Lglf;Toa bjhlf;ff;
fl;lk;
,) fztd; kidtpapd; kzKwpt[ thH;f;if
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
15. r=;ffhyj;jpy; fzr@fj;Jf;Fj; jiyik Vw;wpUe;jtu;
m) je;ij M) murd; ,) jha; <) murp
16. nru ehl;L kUkf;fs; jhaKiw gw;wpf; TWk; E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) gupghly; <) gl;odg;ghiy
17. `rpWtu;jhnangupw; bgz;nl~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) gupghly; <) gl;odg;ghiy
18. `KsupkU=;fpd; Kjpnahs; rpWtd;~ vdf; TWk; E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,) gupghly; <) mfehD}W
19. `vd;kfs; xUj;jpa[k; gpws;kfd; xUtDk;~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ???????? jpiz ????????.
m) I=;FWE}W/ ghiy M) fypj;bjhif/ ghiy
,) mfehD}W/ Ky;iy <) FWe;bjhif/ kUjk;
20. Èk;kidr; rpyk;g[ fHP, maupDk;
vk;kid tJit ey;kzk; xHpf~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
21. `kida[iw kfspu;f;F Mltu; capnu~ vd;W TWk; E}y;
22. ,skft[ epiyf; FLk;g=;fspd; fhl;rpfisj; bjspt[gLj;Jk; E}y;
23. `kwpapilg; gLj;j khd;gpiznghy;~ kfid eLtzhff; bfhz;L jiytDk; jiytpa[k;
thH;tijf; TWk; E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) FWe;bjhif ,) I=;FWE}W <) fypj;bjhif
24. ,d;iwa bjhHpw;r@fj;jpy; bgUk;ghd;ikahff; fhzg;gLtJ
m) Tl;Lf;FLk;gk; M) jdpf;FLk;gk;
,) tpupe;jFLk;gk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
25. jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw vd;Wk; fl;Liuapd; Mrpupau;
m) Rg;gpukzpaghujp M) nrhkRe;jughujp
,) gf;jtj;ryghujp <) gHdpghujp
26. $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; ftpijfis M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpahf;fk; bra;jtu;
m) nfhy;kd; qgd; M) nfhy;kd; \pg;!;
,) nfhy;kd; ghu;f;!; <) nfhy;kd; \pf;!;
27. $yhYj;jPd; qkp ,d;iwa epytug;go ve;j ehl;oy; gpwe;jtu;>
m) t=;fshnjrk; M) ghfp!;jhd; ,) f!fp!;jhd; <) Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
28. $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; ftpijiaf; nfhy;kd; khu;f;!pd; M=;fpy bkhHpbgau;g;gpypUe;J
jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) vd;. rj;jpa@u;j;jp M) gp. fypa@u;j;jp
3 ,) Mu;. fpU&;z@u;j;jp <) vk;.g[z;zpa@u;j;jp
29. $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; ftpijiaj; jkpHhf;fk; bra;j vd;. rj;jpa@u;j;jp ,l;l jiyg;g[
m) jhf=;bfhz;l kPbdhd;W M) jhf=;bfhz;l fhfbkhd;W
ïaš
,) nkfkPjpy; tpz;kPbdhd;W <) kiHj;Jspa[k; kz;Qk;

30. $yhYj;jPd; qkp ve;j ehl;ilr; rhu;e;jtu;>
m) ghujk; M) fpnuf;fk; ,) ghurPfk; <) Mg;upf;fh
31. $yhYj;jPd; qkpapd; NBgp jj;Jtg; gilg;ghd `k!;dtp~ ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 23/500 M) 24/600 ,) 25/600 <) 24/000
32. rupahdijj; nju;f:
k!;dtp vd;gJ ????????.
m) MHkhd Md;kPff; fUj;Jfs; epuk;gpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; bjhFg;g[
M) fhjy; ghly;fspd; ,irj;bjhFg;g[
,) njrczu;t[kpf;f ,irg;ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[
<) fdt[j;njrj;jpd; vy;iyfis tiuaWg;gJ
33. `jpthd;?<&k;!;?<?jg;uP!p~ vd;Wk; E}ypd; Mrpupau;
m) ,gpd; gJ}jh M) mkpu;F!;U ,) ehTu; qkp <) $yhYj;jPd; qkp
34. ``md;dtd; ciunfsh mkyDk; ciuneu;thd;~~ ? md;dtd; ahu;>
m) Ffd; M) ,uhkd; ,) Rf;uPtd; <) tPlzd;
35. `,sty; cd; ,isahd;~ ? ,sty; ahu;>
m) ,yf;Ftd; M) Ffd; ,) Rf;uPtd; <) tPlzd;
36. rlha[ ahUila ez]gd;>
m) Ffd; M) ,uhkd; ,) jaujd; <) mUzd;
37. `,e;jdk; vida vd;dfhu;~ ? ,e;jdk; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) ,e;jneuk; M) khiy ,) kzy; <) tpwF
38. Rf;uPtDld; ,uhkd; el;g[f; bfhs;Sk; glyk; ve;jf; fhz]lj;jpy; cs;sJ>
m) Muz]a fhz]lk; M) fpl;fpe;jh fhz]lk;
,) Re;ju fhz]lk; <) mnahj;jpah fhz]lk;
39. ``cth cwte;J TLk; cLgjp/ ,utp xj;jhu;~~ ? `cth~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) re;jpud; M) Nupad; ,) bgsu;zkp <) mkhthir
40. tPlzd; milf;fykhFk; glyk; ve;jf; fhz]lj;jpy; cs;sJ>
m) Muz]a fhz]lk; M) fpl;fpe;jhfhz]lk;
,) Re;jufhz]lk; <) a[j;jfhz]lk;
f=;fh 83
41. ``MHpahd; mtidnehf;fp/ mUs;Rue;J/ ctif Tw~~ ? `MHpahd;~ vdg;gLgtd;
m) Ffd; M) ,uhkd; ,) tPlzd; <) rlha[
42. Xu; @yk; ,y;yhd; ahu;>
m) ,yf;Ftd; M) ,uhkd; ,) rlha[ <) Rf;uPtd;
43. jkpHu; ew;gz]gpd; cau;r;rpahf ,Ug;gJ ???????? MFk;.
m) g[wehD}W M) jpUf;Fws; ,) fk;guhkhazk; <) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
44. ntLtu; jiytd;
m) ,uhkd; M) Ffd; ,) gujd; <) tPlzd;
45. rlha[ capu;ePj;j glyk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhz;lk;
m) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; M) Muz;a fhz;lk;
,) fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk; <) Re;ju fhz;lk;
46. `khz;lJ vd;khag; ghrk;~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
m) ifnfap/ ,uhkdplk; M) Ffd; ,uhkdplk;
,) rtup ,uhkdplk; <) ,uhkd; mDkdplk;
47. thduj; jiytd;
m) rlha[ M) Ffd; ,) gujd; <) Rf;uPtd;
48. nkUkiyiar; Rw;wptUk; fjputdpd; kfd;
m) Rf;uPtd; M) Ffd; ,) tPlzd; <) mDkd;
49. fk;guhkhazj;ij ,aw;wpatu;
m) fk;gu; M) nrf;fpHhu; ,) xl;lf;Tj;ju; <) mk;gpfhtjp
50. fk;guhkhazj;jpw;Ff; fk;gu; ,l;l bgau;
m) ,uhkg[uhzk; M) ,uhkhtjhuk; ,) rPjhfy;ahzk; <) ,uhketkp
51. fk;guJ fhyk; ???????? Mk; E}w;whz;L.
m) 10 M) 11 ,) 12 <) 13
52. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp vd;w rpwg;g[f;Fupatu;
m) fk;gu; M) g[fnHe;jp ,) xl;lf;Tj;ju; <) xsitahu;
53. `m+;+ho~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;wtu;
m) uh.fp. u=;fuh$d; M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; ,) g{kzp <) cj;jknrhHd;
54. g{kzp vGjpa rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
m) mWg;g[/ tug;g[fs; M) mWg;g[/ tapWfs;
,) behW=;fy;fs;/ tha;f;fhy; <) mWg;g[/ tha;f;fhy;
55. g{kzp vGjpa g[jpd=;fs;
m) tug;g[fs;/ tapWfs; M) m+;+ho/ mWg;g[
,) btf;if/ m+;+ho <) gpwF/ tapWfs;
56. `fpuak;~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) xg;ge;jk; M) thf;FWjp ,) tpiy <) thlif
57. `cupikj;jhfk;~ vd;w rpWfijapd; Mrpupau;
m) g[Jikg;gpj;jd; M) g{kzp ,) cj;jknrhHd; <) R$hjh
58. g{kzp vg;g[jpdj;jpw;fhf 2014,y; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;whu;>
m) btf;if M) bfhk;ik ,) m+;+ho <) tha;f;fhy;
59. g{kzp ???????? vGj;jhsu;fspy; xUtu;.
m) bea;jy; M) fupry; ,) j+;ir <) bfh=;F
60. `g{kzp~ vd;ghupd; ,aw;bgau;
3 m) g{.kzpuj;dk;
,) g{tuRkzpfz;ld;
M) g{.khzpf;fthrfu;
<) g{.kzpfz;ld;
61. g{kzp Mw;wpa gzp
ïaš
m) jkpH;ehL murpd; Tl;Lwt[j; Jiwapy; Jizg;gjpthsu;

M) fhiuf;Fo mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; gjpthsu;
,) brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapd; jkpH;g; nguhrpupau;
62. g{kzp vLj;Js;s jpiug;glk;
m) fUj;jk;kh M) fUntyk;g{f;fs; ,) jz;zPu; jz;zPu; <) bghw;fhyk;
m) fhl;oy; ,uhkDf;Fg; gzptpilbra;a ,yf;FtDk; g[wg;gl;lhd;.
M) ,uhkDld; ,yf;FtDk; fhl;ow;Fg; gzptpilbra;ag; g[wg;gl;lhd;.
,) gzptpilbra;a ,uhkDld; ,yf;FtDk; fhl;ow;Fg; g[wg;gl;lhd;.
<) ,uhkDf;Fg; gzptpilbra;a ,yf;FtDk; fhl;ow;Fg; g[wg;gl;lhd;.
64. jkpHpy; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; brhy;yhfpa jh=;fs; vd;gJ jw;nghJ ???????? ,lj;jpYk;
tUk;.
m) glu;f;if M) jd;ik ,) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy <) Kd;dpiy
65. rupahd bjhliuf; fz;Lgpo.
m) Mz;LnjhWk; kiwe;j jp. $hdfpuhkd; epidthff; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
M) kiwe;j jp. $hdfpuhkd; epidthf Mz;LnjhWk; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
,) jp. $hdfpuhkd; epidthf Mz;LnjhWk; kiwe;j Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
<) kiwe;j epidthf jp. $hdfpuhkd; Mz;LnjhWk; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
66. mJ vd;Dk; ntw;Wik cUg[ ???????? cupaJ.
m) mBwpizf;F M) cau;jpizf;F
,) Ie;jpizf;F <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
tpilfs;
1. < jpUf;Fws; 34. M ,uhkd;
2. m fztdpd; ,y;yk; 35. m ,yf;Ftd;
3. , kze;jfk; 36. , jaujd;
4. m bgz]fs; 37. < tpwF
5. m fztdpd; mfk; 38. M fpl;fpe;jh fhz]lk;
6. m jdpf;FLk;g tif 39. < mkhthir
7. , jdpf;FLk;g Kiw 40. < a[j;jfhz]lk;
8. < kidawk; 41. M ,uhkd;
f=;fh 85
9. m FLk;gk; 42. M ,uhkd;

10. M jpUkzk; 43. , fk;guhkhazk;
11. M mfehD}W 44. M Ffd;
12. M g[wehD}W 45. M Muz;afhz;lk;
13. , jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fztDk; 46. , rtup ,uhkdplk;
kidtpa[k; bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J
gpupe;J jdpahf thGkplk;]
14. M kzk; g[upe;j fztDk; kidtpa[k; 47. < Rf;uPtd;
nru;e;J ,y;yw thH;tpy; <Lglf;
Toa bjhlf;ff; fl;lk;
15. , jha; 48. m Rf;uPtd;
16. M gjpw;Wg;gj;J 49. m fk;gu;
17. m g[wehD}W 50. M ,uhkhtjhuk;
18. m g[wehD}W 51. , 12
19. M fypj;bjhif/ ghiy 52. m fk;gu;
20. , I=;FWE}W] 53. , g{kzp
21. m FWe;bjhif 54. M mWg;g[/ tapWfs;
22. , I=;FWE}W 55. , btf;if/ m+;+ho
23. , I=;FWE}W 56. , tpiy
24. M jdpf;FLk;gk; 57. M g{kzp
25. , gf;jtj;ryghujp 58. , m+;+ho
26. , nfhy;kd; ghu;f;!; 59. M fupry;
27. < Mg;fhdp!;jhd; 60. M g{. khzpf;fthrfu;
28. m vd;. rj;jpa@u;j;jp 61. m jkpH;ehL murpd; Tl;Lwt[j;
Jiwapy; Jizg;gjpthsu;
29. m jhf=;bfhz;l kPbdhd;W 62. M fUntyk;g{f;fs;
30. , ghurPfk; 63. < ,uhkDf;Fg; gzptpil bra;a
,yf;FtDk; fhl;ow;Fg;
g[wg;gl;lhd;
31. M 25/600 64. < Kd;dpiy
32. m MHkhd Md;kPff; fUj;Jfs; 65. M kiwe;j jp. $hdfpuhkd;
epuk;gpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; bjhFg;g[ epidthf Mz;LnjhWk; Tl;lk;
eilbgWk;
33. < $yhYj;jPd; qkp 66. m mBwpizf;F
FWtpdh
1. rpyk;g[ fHP, nehd;g[ ? tpsf;Ff.
jiytd; jiytpia mtDila ,y;yj;jpw;F miHj;J te;jnghJ mtDila jha;/
jiytpf;F fztdpd; mfk;/ thHplk; vd;W cWjpg;gLj;jp bgz;zpw;Fg; g{r;Nl;o/
giHafd;dpr; rpyk;g[fisf; fise;J/ g[Jr;rpyk;g[ g{l;LtJ rpyk;g[ fHP, nehd;g[ MFk;.
2. nru ehl;L kUkf;fs; jhaKiw ? tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ r=;ffhy r@fj;jpy; jhna jiyik tfpj;jhs;.
¡¡ jha;tHp Fyj;bjhlu;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ ,tdJ kfd; vd;W Twhky;/ ,tsJ kfs; vd;nw Twg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ jpUkzk; Koe;jgpd;/ jd; ,y;yj;jpnyna fztndhL thH;tJ.
3 3. kdpj r@fj;jpd; mog;gil myfhff; FLk;gk; cs;sJ. Vd;>

¡¡ FLk;gk; vDk; rpwpa mikg;gpy; ,Ue;J `kdpj r@fk;~ vDk; gue;j mikg;g[ fl;likf;fg;
gLfpwJ.
ïaš
¡¡ FLk;gk; bjhl=;fpf; Fyk;/ Tl;lk;/ bgU=;FG/ r@fk; vd;w mikg;g[ tiu ,J

tpuptilfpwJ. vdnt/ FLk;gnk kdpj r@fj;jpd; mog;gil myfhFk;.
4. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FLk;g mikg;g[ld; bjhlu;g[ila brhw;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd
ahit>
Flk;ig/ FLk;g[/ fLk;g[.
5. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; thHpl=;fs; ahit>
,y;/ kid.
6. thHpl=;fSf;F ntWbgau;fshf r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Ltd ahit>
,y;/ kid/ Fuk;ig/ g[yg;gpy;/ Kd;wpy;/ Foy;/ Tiu/ tiug;g[/ Kw;wk;/ efu;/ khlk;.
7. `kze;jfk;~ vd;why; vd;d>
kzk; g[upe;j fztDk; kidtpa[k; nru;e;J ,y;yw thH;tpy; <Lglf;Toa bjhlf;f
epiyna `kze;jfk;~ vdg;gLk;.
8. `tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw~ vd;gJ ahJ>
jdpf;FLk;g mikg;gpy; bgw;nwhu; xUtupd; je;ija[k; cld;thH;tJ `tpupe;j FLk;g
Kiw~ vdg;gLk;.
9. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Twg;gLk; FLk;g mikg;nghL bjhlu;g[ila brhw;fs; ahit>
¡¡ r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; `Flk;ig~ `FLk;g[~ `fLk;g[~ Mfpa brhw;fs; FLk;g mikg;nghL
bjhlu;g[ilait.
¡¡ `FLk;g[~ vd;w brhy;/ To thGjy; vd;W bghUs;gLfpd;wJ.
10. gf;jtj;ry ghujp ,aw;wpa[s;s E}y;fs; ahit>

,yf;fpa khdpltpay;/ gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;/ jkpHu; khdpltpay;/ jkpHfg; gH=;Fofs;/
ghzu; ,dtiutpay;/ jkpHu; czt[.
11. vtw;iwbay;yhk; thrYf;Fr; brd;W tuntw;f ntz]Lbkd $yhYj;jPd; qkp
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
tf;fpuk;/ mtkhdk;/ t+;rid.
12. vitbay;yhk; vjpu;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfshf thH;tpy; te;J bry;Yk;>
Xu; Mde;jk;/ rw;W kdr;nrhu;t[/ rpwpJ mw;gj;jdk;/ behog;bghGnjahd tpHpg;g[zu;t[.
13. k!;dtp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ k!;dtp vd;gJ MHkhd Md;kPff; fUj;Jfs; epuk;gpa ,irj; bjhFg;g[ MFk;.
¡¡ ghurPfbkhHpapd; rpwe;j gilg;g[.
¡¡ 25/600 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ" NBgp jj;Jt=;fs; ml=;fpaJ.
f=;fh 87
14. $yhYj;jPd; qkp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : $yhYj;jPd;
Cu; : Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
gpwg;g[ : fp.gp. 1707
rpwg;g[ : ghurPff; ftp+u;
gilg;g[ : k!;dtp ? 25/600 ghly;fs;
g[fH;bgw;w E}y; : jpthd;?<?&k;!;?jg;uP!p
15. Ffdplk; ,uhkd; TwpaJvd;d>
¡¡ eP vd; jk;gp" ,yf;Ftd; cd; jk;gp.
¡¡ rPij cd; mz;zp.
¡¡ ,e;epyt[yfk; KGtJk; cdf;FupaJ.
¡¡ ehd; cd; VtYf;Fg; gzpg[upa[k; gzpahs;.
16. rlha[ ahu;> mtd; nkw;bfhz]l bray; ahJ>

¡¡ ,uhkdpd; je;ij jrujdpd; ez;gd;.
¡¡ fUldpd; mz]zd; mUzdpd; kfd; rlha[.
¡¡ ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwbaLj;jnghJ jLj;J rz]ilapl;Lj; jd; capiuj;
Jwe;jtd;.
17. ,uhkhazj;jpy; rtup bra;j bray;fs; ahit>
¡¡ rPijiaj; njotUk; ,uhkid/ Rf;uPtDld; el;g[f; bfhs;SkhW bra;jts;.
¡¡ fhg;gpaj;jpd; nghf;fpy; jpUg;gj;ij cUthf;fpats;.
¡¡ gpwg;gpd; gad; mile;njhk; vd vz;zp ,uhkd;/ ,yf;Ftd; ,UtUf;Fk; tpUe;jspj;J
cgrupj;jts;.
18. rtupaplk; ,uhkd; tpdhtpaJ vd;d>
jd;idna epidj;Jj; jtkpUe;j rtupaplk;/ ``,t;tst[ fhyk; eP Jd;gk; VJkpd;wp eyKld;
,Ue;jha; my;yth>~~ vd;W gupt[ld; tpdtpdhd;.
19. tPlzd; Vd; ,uhkdplk; milf;fykhdhd;>
¡¡ rPijiaf; ftu;e;jJ jtW vd;W ,uhtzdplk; Twpdhd; tPlzd;.
¡¡ nfhgk; bfhz]l ,uhtzd; tPlzidf; foe;jhd;.
¡¡ vdnt/ ,y=;ifia tpl;L tPlzd; ,uhkdplk; milf;fykhdhd;.
20. ghlg;gFjpapy; fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhz;l=;fs; ahit>

mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muzpa fhz;lk;/ fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk;.
21. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgWk; fk;guhkhaz ghj;jpu=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Ffd;/ rlha[/ rtup/ Rf;fPtd;/ tPlzd;.
22. rtup ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ ,uhkdplk; kpFjpahd md;iga[k; gf;jpiaa[k; bfhz;lts; rtup.
¡¡ rPijiaj; njotUk; ,uhkid/ Rf;uPtDld; el;g[f;bfhs;SkhW bra;jts;.
¡¡ ,uhkd; rtupaplk; jhaplk; fhl;Lk; md;igf; fhl;odhd;.
23. gog;nghu;f;Fk; nfl;nghUf;Fk; vg;nghJ bghUs; FHg;gk; Vw;gLk;>
¡¡ vGJk;nghnjh/ ngRk;nghnjh njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsptplhjJk;/
¡¡ njitaw;w ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsptpLtJk;/
¡¡ epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,lhky; vGJtJk;/
¡¡ ,lf;Tlhj ,l=;fspy; ,LtJk;/
3 ¡¡ ty;ypdbka;fisj; njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,lhky; vGJtJk;/

¡¡ njitaw;w ,l=;fspy; ,l;Lk; vGjpdhy;
gog;nghu;f;Fk; nfl;nghu;f;Fk; bghUs; FHg;gk; Vw;gLk;.
ïaš
24. ,ilbtsptpl;L vGJk;nghJ bghUs; ntWgLtjw;F ,uz]L rhd;W jUf.

rhd;W:
¡¡ Ie;J khotPL ? Ie;Jkho tPL
¡¡ mg; ghtpd; ey=;fhz]f ? mg;ghtpd; ey=;fhz]f
25. ty;ypd bka;fshy; Vw;gLk; bghUs; ntWghl;ow;F ,uz]L rhd;W jUf.

rhd;W:
¡¡ gpl;Lj; jpd;whd; ? gpl;ilj; jpd;whd;
¡¡ gpl;Ljpd;whd; ? g=;Fitj;J jpd;whd;
¡¡ <l;of; bfhz]L te;jhd; ? nkw;bra;a[k; <l;oiaf; bfhz]L te;jhd;
¡¡ <l;obfhz]L te;jhd; ? bghUis <l;obfhz]L te;jhd;
26. ,ilr;brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk; vGjpdhy; Vw;gLk; jtwpid ,uz]L rhd;Wfs;

@yk; epqgp.
,ilr;brhw;fs; : ghy;/ go.
ghy; : mtd;ghy; bfhz]L brd;whd;. (mtdplk; bfhz]L brd;whd;)
mtd; ghy;bfhz]L brd;whd;. (mtd; ghy; (Fof;Fk; ghy;) bfhz]L; brd;whd;)
go : msf;Fk;go ntz]odhd;. (bghUis msf;Fk;go ntz]odhd;)
msf;Fk; go ntz]odhd;. (bghUis msf;f go ntz]odhd;)
27. bjhluikg;g[ khwpdhy; bghUSk; khwptpLk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
bjhluikg;g[ khwpdhy; bghUSk; khwptpLk;.
rhd;W:
Mz]LnjhWk; kiwe;j jp. $hdfpuhkd; epidthff; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
,j;bjhlu; jp. $hdfpuhkd; Mz]LnjhWk; kiwe;jhu; vd;Dk; jtwhd bghUisj;
jUfpd;wJ.
rupahd bjhluikg;g[:
``kiwe;j jp. $hdfpuhkd; epidthf Mz]LnjhWk; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;~~ vd;gnjahFk;.
28. cupr;brhw;fis vg;gog; gad;gLj;j ntz]Lk;>
cupr;brhw;fisg; bgaUlDk; tpida[lDk; gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ nru;j;nj vGj ntz;Lk;.
rhd;W: fokzk; (rup) ? fo kzk; (jtW)
f=;fh 89
rpWtpdh
1. ``Fd;W NH;thd; kfbdhLk; mWtu; Mndhk;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; : ,g;ghly; tup fk;gu; vGjpa fk;guhkhazj;jpd; a[j;jfhz]lj;jpy; tPlzd;
milf;fyg; glyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
bghUs; : eh=;fs; cld;gpwe;jnjhu; ehy;tuhf ,Ue;njhk;/ v=;fSld; Ffd; nru;e;J Ie;J
nguhf ,Ue;njhk;. mjd;gpwF fjputdpd; kfdhd Rf;uPtd; ,ize;J jw;nghJ
MWnguhf ,Uf;fpd;nwhk;.
tpsf;fk; :
rPijiaf; ftu;e;Jte;jJ jtbwd tPlzd; ,uhtzplk; Twpdhd;.
tPlzdpd; ngr;irf; nfl;fhj ,uhtzd; tPlzidf; foe;jhd;. vdnt/
tPlzd; ,y=;ifia tpl;Lbtspnawp ,uhkdplk; te;J jd;ida[k;
Vw;Wf;bfhs;SkhW ntz]odhd;. mg;bghGJ ,uhkd;/ ``fjputdpd; kfdhd
Rf;uPtDld; eh=;fs; ,g;nghJ mWtuhf ,Uf;fpd;nwhk;/ cd;ida[k; nru;j;J
vGtuhndhk;~~ vd;W TWkplj;jpy; ,g;ghly; tup ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
jpUf;Fws;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ
m) MFbgau; M) fUtpahFbgau;
,) milaLj;j MFbgau; <) milaLj;j fUtpahFbgau;
2. jpUf;Fwis ,yj;jPd; bkhHpapy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) tPukhKdptu; M) $p.a[.nghg; ,) fhy;Lbty; <) rhu;y!; tpy;fpdp!;
3. Vl;Lr;RtoapypUe;J jpUf;Fws; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;l Mz]L
m) 1912 M) 1712 ,) 1612 <) 1812
4. mwj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s Fwl;ghf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 380 M) 700 ,) 250 <) 133
5. ,d;gj;Jg;ghypy; cs;s ,ay;fs;
m) 4 M) 3 ,) 2 <) 9
6. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s bkhj;j ,ay;fs;
m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 9
7. ,y;ywtpaypy; mike;Js;s Fwl;ghf;fspd; vz]zpf;if
m) 130 M) 200 ,) 133 <) 250
8. fw;gpay; kw;Wk; fstpaypy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fspd; vz]zpf;if
m) 18/ 07 M) 07/ 18 ,) 09/ 16 <) 16/ 09
9. CHpaypy; mike;Js;s mjpfhu=;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 08 M) 13 ,) 01 <) 04
10. jpUf;Fwspy; fstpaypy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs;
m) 07 M) 18 ,) 13 <) 04
11. jpUf;Fws; ???????? Md E}y;.
m) Fws; btz;ghf;fshy; M) rpe;jpay; btz;ghf;fshy;
,) Mrpupag;ghthy; <) fypg;ghthy;
3 12. jpUf;Fws; ???????? E}y;fSs; xd;W.

m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F <) gjpbdz;nkw;fzf;F
ïaš
13. jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ

m) ,uz;lo btz;gh M) ehd;fo btz;gh
,) @to btz;gh <) Xuo btz;gh
14. cyfg; bghJkiw/ mwtpyf;fpak;/ jkpHu; jpUkiw cs;spl;l rpwg;g[g; bgau;fSf;Fupa E}y;
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu; ,) ehd;kzpf;foif <) ,d;dhehw;gJ
15. kdpjehfupfk; gpwehLfspy; njhd;Wk; Kd;dnu kdpj thH;tpd; nkd;ikfisa[k; thH;tpay;
bewpfisa[k; tFj;Jf;fhl;oa E}y;
m) ,ypal;!; M) bkapd;fhk;g; ,) jpUf;Fws; <) rhFe;jyk;
16. ehYk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;FWjp ? ,tw;why; èhYk;~ vd;gJ ???????? `,uz;L~ vd;gJ
???????? Fwpf;Fk;.
m) ehyoahu;/ jpUf;Fws; M) ehd;kzpf;foif/ ,dpait ehw;gJ
,) ehdpyk;/ ,Ujpiz <) ehw;gil/ ,URlu;
17. jpUf;FwSf;F ciuvGjpatu;fshfg; gHk;ghlyhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu;fs;
m) ,Utu; M) ehy;tu; ,) mWtu; <) gjpd;ku;
18. ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J thd;g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL ? vdg; ghoatu;
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) bt.uhkyp=;fdhu; <) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
19. ts;Stidg; bgw;wjhy;
bgw;wnj g[fH; itafnk ? vdg; ghoatu;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu; ,) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; <) bt. ,uhkyp;fdhu;
20. jkpH;ehL muR 133 mo cauKs;s jpUts;Stu; rpiyapid epWtpa[s;s ,lk;
m) brd;id M) ehfu;nfhtpy; ,) fd;dpahFkup <) nryk;
21. jpUts;Stu; gy;fiyf;fHfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) ntY}u; M) brd;id ,) nkY}u; <) jpUj;jzp
tpilfs;
1. < milaLj;j fUtpahFbgau; 12. , gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F
2. m tPukhKdptu; 13. m ,uz;lo btz;gh
3. < 1812 14. m jpUf;Fws;
4. m 380 15. , jpUf;Fws;
5. , 2 16. m ehyoahu;/ jpUf;Fws;
6. < 9 17. < gjpd;ku;
f=;fh 91
7. M 200 18. m ghujpahu;

8. M 07/ 18 19. m ghujpjhrd;
9. , 01 20. , fd;dpahFkup
10. m 07 21. m ntY}u;
11. m Fws; btz;ghf;fshy;
FWtpdh
1. thDyfj; bja;tj;jpw;F ,izahf kjpf;fg;gLgtu; ahu;>
cyfj;jpy; thHntz]oa mwbewpapd;go thH;fpd;wtu;fs; thDyfj; bja;tj;jpw;F
,izahdtu;fs;.
2. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ ? vjw;F>
ehk; gpwUf;F ve;j xU cjtpa[k; bra;ahkypUf;Fk; epiyapy; gpwu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpia
epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; tpz;Qyfj;ija[k; kz;Qyfj;ija[k; bfhLj;jhYk; <lhfhJ.
3. flypd; bgupJ vJ vd;W ts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>
ve;jg; gaida[k; vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; bra;j cjtpapd; msit Muha;e;Jg;
ghu;j;jhy;/ mjd; ed;ik fliy tplg; bgupajhFk;.
4. ahu; jg;gpg;gpiHf;Fk; tha;g;gpy;yhjtu; vd;W Fws; TWfpd;whu;>
ve;j mwj;ij mHpj;jhYk; jg;gpg; gpiHf;fyhk;. Mdhy;/ xUtu; bra;j cjtpia
kwe;jtUf;Fj; jg;gpg;gpiHf;f tHpna fpilahJ.
5. gpwu; bghUisf; ftUk; gHpahd braiyr; bra;ahjtu; ahu;>
ePjp ,y;yhjtw;iwf; fz]L btl;fk; mile;J xJ=;Fk; gz]ghsu;fs; bgUk; gad;
fpilg;gpDk; gpwu; bghUs;nky; Mirg;gLk; gHpahd braiyr; bra;akhl;lhu;fs;.
6. cz]ikapny rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtu; ahbud;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
jd; rpdk; bry;YgoahFk;/ jd;idtplt[k; bkypahuplj;jpy; rpdk; bfhs;shky; rpdj;ijf;
fhj;Jf; bfhs;gtnd cz]ikapy; rpdj;ijf; fhg;gtdhFk;.
7. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntWbgau;fspy; VnjDk; ehd;fpid vGJf.
cyfg;bghJkiw/ jkpHu; jpUkiw/ tha[iwthH;j;J/ Kg;ghy;.
8. jpUf;Fwspd; bgUikia czu;j;Jk; gHbkhHpfs; ahit>
¡¡ MYk; ntYk; gy;Yf;FWjp/ ehYk; ,uz]Lk; brhy;Yf;FWjp.
¡¡ gHF jkpH;r; brhy;yUik ehypuz]oy;.
9. gHk;ghly; goj; jpUf;FwSf;F ciubra;jtu;fs; ahtu;>

jUku;/ kzf;Fltu;/ jhkj;ju;/ er;ru;/ gupjp/ gupnkyHfu;/ jpUkiyahu;/ ky;yu;/ gupg;bgUkhs;
fhsp=;fu;.
10. ghujpahu; ts;Stiu vt;thW g[fH;fpd;whu;>
``ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J
thd;g[fH; bfhz]l jkpH;ehL~~ ? vdg; g[fH;fpd;whu;.
11. ts;Stiug; ghujpjhrd; vt;thW g[fH;fpd;whu;>
``ts;Stidg; bgw;wjhy;
bgw;wnj g[fH; itafnk~~ vdg; g[fH;e;J TWfpd;whu;.
12. jpUts;Stiug; g[fGk; tpjkhfj; jkpHf muR bra;Js;sit ahit>
¡¡ jkpHf muR fd;dpahFkupapy; fp.gp. 2000 ,y; 133 mo cauKs;s jpUts;Stu;
rpiyapid epWtpa[s;sJ.
¡¡ ntY}upy; jpUts;Stu; gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij mikj;Js;sJ.
13. `jpUf;Fws;~ ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.

3 ¡¡ jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;.
¡¡ rpwe;j Fws; btz]ghf;fshy; Mfpa E}y;. Mjyhy; jpUf;Fws; vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
¡¡ Fws; vd;gJ ,uz]lo btz]gh/ `jpU~ vd;gJ rpwg;g[ milbkhHp.
ïaš
¡¡ jpUf;Fws; vd;gJ milbaLj;j fUtpMFbgau; MFk;.

¡¡ ,J gjpbdz]fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; xd;whFk;.
14. bghUl;ghypy; cs;s ,ay;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>

bghUl;ghypy; cs;s ,ay;fs; @d;W MFk;. mit/ murpay;/ mikr;rpay;/ xHpgpay;
vd;gjhFk;.
15. rpdk; vd;Dk; gif ek;kplkpUe;J vtw;iwbay;yhk; bfhy;Yk; vd;W jpUts;Stu;
TWfpwhu;>
rpdk; vd;Dk; gif/ Kfj;jpy; mHF Tl;Lfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; bfhy;Yk;.
16. cyf ,ay;gpd; ,UntW CH; epiyahff; Fws; TWtJ ahJ>
cyf ,ay;g[ ,UntW tifg;gLk;.
bry;tk; cilahu; mwpt[ilauhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
bjspe;j mwpt[ilnahu; bry;tKilatuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
rpWtpdh
1. g[yhy; kWj;jy; rhj;jpakhFk; vd;gijf; Fws; tHp epWt[f.
¡¡ g[yhy; czit cz]Qfpwtu;fs; ,d;W cyfpy; thH;fpd;wdu;.
¡¡ g[yhy; czitj; jpd;Dk; bghUl;lhf capu;fis cyfj;jtu;fs; bfhy;yhjpUj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ g[yhy; cz]gtu;fs; j=;fs; cztpw;fhfg; gpwcapu;fisf; bfhy;tjhy; jhd;/ mjid
tpiyf;F tpw;gid bra;a[k; bghUl;L Cd; tpw;gtu;fs; gpwcapu;fisf; bfhy;fpd;wdu;.
¡¡ g[yhy; kWj;jiy cyfpy; thGk; egu;fs; filg;gpoj;jhy; ve;jxU caphdKk;
cztpw;fhft[k;/ tUtha;f;fht[k; bfhy;yg;glhky; capu;thGk;.
¡¡ ,jidna ts;Stu; gpwcapu;fis cztpw;fhff; bfhy;yhjhjpUe;jhny `g[yhy;~
czit epWj;jptplyhk; vd;fpwhu;.
fw;gitfw;wgpd;
1. Tl;Lf;FLk;gk; ? jdpf;FLk;gk; Fwpj;J c=;fsJ fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J ciu epfH;j;Jf.
| gf;fk;: 51 |
,dpa tzf;fk;-
Tl;Lf;FLk;gk;:
¡¡ Tl;Lf;FLk;gj;jpy; md;g[k; mutizg;g[k; fpilg;gjw;F epiwa tha;g;g[z;L.
¡¡ Tl;Lf;FLk;gj;jpy; xUtUf;bfhUtu; cld;gl;Lg; ngRjy;/ xUntiyapy; gyUk;
<LgLjy; kfj;jhd btw;wp jUk;.
f=;fh 93
¡¡ tpl;Lf; bfhLf;Fk; kdg;gh=;F tsUk;;" jdpik ,Uf;f tha;g;gpy;iy.
¡¡ jiyik xUtupd; mwpt[iu vy;yhUf;Fk; bghUe;JkhW mike;J tpUg;g[ btWg;g[fs;
fisag;gl tha;g;g[z;L.
jdpf;FLk;gk;:
¡¡ jdpf;FLk;gj;jpy; bryt[fs; Fiwa[k;.
¡¡ kdr;Rikia ,wf;fp itf;f/ jd; fUj;ij btspapl neuk; ,Uf;fhJ.
¡¡ gps;isfs; guhkupg;gpw;F mjpff; ftdk; brYj;j neupLk;. jdpik Vw;gl;LtpLk;.
¡¡ mtru neu=;fspy; cjtpbra;a Ms; ,Uf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
vdnt/ Tl;Lf;FLk;gk; xU FJ}fyk;" jdpf;FLk;gk; xU bksdk;.
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
2. FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; cwt[Kiwg; bgau;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;jp vGJf. | gf;fk;: 51
gud; giu
nrnahd; nrnahs;
Xl;ld; Xl;o
g{l;ld; g{l;o
ghl;ld; ghl;o
mz;zd; mz;zd;
je;ij jha;
jk;gp ehk; jk;gp

kidtp
(fztd;)
mf;fh mf;fh
kfd; kfs;
j=;if j=;if
bgaud; bgau;j;jp
bfhs;Sg; bgaud; bfhs;Sg; bgau;j;jp
vs;Sg; bgaud; vs;Sg; bgau;j;jp

3. jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;l ftpijfspy; c=;fs; kdk; ftu;e;j rpytw;iw tFg;giwapy;
goj;Jf; fhl;Lf. | gf;fk;: 52 |
yh=;!;ld; \pa{!; ftpijfs;
bksdk; fdt[fs;
cd; bksdj;jpd; mLf;FfspypUe;j fdt[fisr; rl;bldg; gw;wpf; bfhs;
3 thu;j;ijfisg;
gpoj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;
fdt[fs; ,we;Jtplyhk;
thH;btd;gJ gwf;ftpayhj
brhw;fspd; xypfs; ,wf;if cile;j xU gwitiag; nghd;wJ
ïaš
brtpfis te;jilaj; fdt[fisr; rl;bldg; gw;wpf; bfhs;

fdt[fs; bjhiye;J nghfyhk;
njitapy;iy
thH;btd;gJ twz;Lnghd tay; ? mjpy;
vy;yh bksd=;fSk; gdpbfl;oahf ciwe;J fplf;fpwJ
cd; thu;j;ijfisna vdJ kf;fs;
ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. ,ut[ mHfhdJ
vdJ kf;fspd; Kf=;fisg; nghynt.....
tpz;kPd;fs; mHfhdit
vdJ kf;fspd; fz;fisg; nghynt.....
NupaDk; mHfhdJjhd;
vdJ kf;fspd; xspUk; Md;khitg; nghynt.....
4. c=;fs; kdk; ftu;e;j fk;guhkhazg; ghj;jpuk; vJ> Vd;> tFg;giwapy; ciuahLf.
| gf;fk;: 56 |
vd; kd=;ftu;e;j fk;guhkhazg; ghj;jpuk; mDkd;.
mDkd; m+;rdidapd; ike;jd;/ fhw;wpd; ike;jd;/ brhy;ypd; bry;td;/ ,uhkdpd;
J}jd; vd;bwy;yhk; g[fHg;gLgtd;.
g+;rtoapy; ,uhkDk; rPija[k; gpupfpd;wdu;. gy ,l=;fspYk; rPijiaj; njo ,uhk
,yf;Ftu; miyfpd;wdu;. ,ilna mDkd;/ rlha[/ Rf;uPtd;/ rtup nghd;w cwt[fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
vdpDk;/ fly; jhz;o ,y=;if brd;W/ rPjhgpuhl;oia milahsk; fz;L/
NshkzpnahL mDkd; ,uhkdplk; jpUk;g[fpwhd;. te;jt[ld; mDkd; ,uhkid
tz=;ftpy;iy. rPij ,Uf;Fk; bjd;jpir nehf;fp tz=;fpdhd;. ,uhkDk; rPij eyKld;
,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gij mDkdpd; brayhy; czu;e;jhd;. mDkdpd; ew;brhy;Yf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;Fk; ,uhkdplk;/
`fz;lbdd; fw;gpDf; fzpiaf; fz;fshy;
bjz;oiu miyfly; ,y=;ifj; bjd;dfu;~ vd;W Twpr; rhe;jg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.
nkYk;/
`tpw;bgUe; fle;njhs;tPu- tP=;F ,y=;if btw;gpy;
ew;bgUk; jtj;jhsha e=;ifiaf; fz;nld; my;nyd;
,w;gpwg;gbjd;gbjhd;Wk; ,Uk;bghiwbad;gbjhd;Wk;
fw;bgDk; bgaubjhd;Wk; fspelk; g[upaf;fz;nld;.~
vd;w mDkdpd; ,e;j gjpy;fns ,uhkmtjhuj;jpy; ,uhkDf;F kfpH;t[k; mikjpa[k;
je;jjhff; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdntjhd; ,uhkDf;Fg; gpoj;j mDkid vtu;f;Fk;
gpof;Fk;.
f=;fh 95
5. èkJ epynk ekJ milahsk;~ ? ,f;Tw;iw tpthjpf;f. | gf;fk;: 62 |
Rgh : tzf;fk;-
rPjh : tzf;fk; Rgh-
Rgh : ekf;F milahsk; vJ>
rPjh : ekf;F milahsk; ehk; thGk; g{kp.
Rgh : vg;go brhy;fpwha;>
rPjh : ehk; thGk; gFjpapy; ,lj;jpw;nfw;g/ Ie;J epyg;gFjpfshfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;.
Rgh : mjhd;/ Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiyjhnd-
rPjh : Mkhk;.
kyu; : mg;g ehk; thGk; gFjp kUjepye;jhnd-
rPjh : Mkhk;. taYk; tay; rhu;e;j ,lKk; kUjk; MFk;. ,=;F ntshz; bjhHpy;
bra;J fpuhkk;/ efuk; mikj;J thH;fpd;wdu;.
Rgh : ruprup- ve;j epyj;jpy; ve;j kf;fs; thH;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij milahsg;gLj;JtJ
epye;jhnd-
kyu; : cz;ik. ek;ika[k; ek;ikr; rhu;e;jtiua[k; milahsg;gLj;JtJ epyk;.
Rgh : mUikahd tpsf;fk;. ed;wp njhHpfns-
6. thH;f;if Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F cwtpdu;fspd; g=;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jg; ngRf.
| gf;fk;: 62 |
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;-
cyfpy; kf;fs; bgUf;fk; mjpfkhfptpl;lJ. Mdhy;/ cwt[fs; RU=;fptpl;lJ. ntiyg;
gStpd; fhuzkhf ehs;njhWk; ciHg;gpy; kl;Lnk ftdk; brYj;jg;gLfpwJ. cz;Qk;
cztpy;Tl rpuj;ij vLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ fpilahJ.
gps;isfspd; gog;gpy; mf;fiw vLj;Jf; bfhs;s neukpy;iy. cliyg; gw;wpa rpe;jid
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpnwhk;. vy;yhk; mtruf; nfhy=;fs;. ,e;epiyapy; v=;fs; tPl;oy; vd;
bgz;zpd; fhjzptpHh. Kjd; Kjypy; v=;fs; tPl;oy; xU tpHh.
mt;tpHhtpw;F vdf;F xd;Wtpl;l khkh kfs; te;jpUe;jhs;. VH;ikahd njhw;wk;.
Vz;lh te;jhs; vd;W epidj;njd;. Mdhy; fhjzp tpHhtpd; mLj;jmLj;j epfH;t[fs;/
ge;jpgupkhWjy;/ cwtpdu;fis eyk; tprhupj;jy; nghd;w vy;yh ntiyfisa[k; ,Gj;Jg;
nghl;Lr; bra;jhs;. vd; cld;gpwg;g[fs; vy;yhk; ntof;ifg; ghu;f;f/ jdpxUtuhf vd;tPl;L
tpHhit ed;Kiwapy; elj;jpf; bfhLj;j cwtpd; Kf;fpaj;ij vd;Wk; kwntd;. cwt[fs;
mJ ekJ rpwFfs;-
7. bjhlu;fisg; bghUs; kaf;fkpd;wp vGj tHpfhl;Lk; ciueil bewpfisg; gpd;gw;wp Ie;J
bjhlu;fis vGJf. | gf;fk;: 66 |
¡¡ gzp Koe;J new;W khiy tPL jpUk;gpndd;.
¡¡ new;W ehd; itifapy; Fspj;njd;.
¡¡ khepy mstpy; jkpH;ehL fy;tpapy; @d;whk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
¡¡ Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;jpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; nghJ khztu;fs; ngRtijj; jtpu;j;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ vd; mk;khtpd; rikay; vd;Wnk Ritaha; ,Uf;Fk;.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``jhf=;bfhz;l kPbdhd;W~~ vd;w E}ypd; @y E}iy vGjpatu;
m) $yhYj;jPd; qgp M) nfhy;kd; ghu;f;!;
3 ,) rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak; <) vd;. rj;jpa@u;j;jp [tpil: m) $yhYj;jPd; qgp]
2. `vdf;Fk; @j;njhd;~ vdf; Twpatd;/ Twg;gl;ltd;
ïaš
m) gujd;/ Ffd; M) Ffd;/ gujd;

,) ,uhkd;/ rlha[ <) fk;gd;/ ,uhkd; [tpil: m) gujd;/ Ffd;]
3. nru ehl;L kUkf;fs; jhaKiw gw;wpf; TWk; E}y;
m) I=;FWE}W M) g[wehD}W
,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) bjhy;fhg;gpak; [tpil: ,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J]
4. cLgjp bghUs;
m) tpz;kPd; M) re;jpud;
,) Nupad; <) cyfk; [tpil: M) re;jpud;]
5. vjpu;ghuhj tpUe;jhspfs; vd $yhYj;jPd; qgpahy; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu;fs;
m) Mde;jk;/ M) cwtpdu;fs;
,) gwitfs; <) Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/ mw;gj;jdk;
[tpil: <) Mde;jk;/ kdr;nrhu;t[/ mw;gj;jdk;]
6. gH=;Fofs;/ ehnlhofs; cs;spl;l tpspk;g[ epiyr; r=;f=;fs; gw;wp Ma;t[ bra;jtu;
m) m.fh. bgUkhs; M) $yhYj;jPd; qgp
,) jp.R. eluhrd; <) gf;jtj;ry ghujp [tpil: <) gf;jtj;ry ghujp)]
7. `àhtUk; nfspu;~~ gapd;W tUk; E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) fk;guhkhazk; <) jpUf;Fws; [tpil: m) mfehD}W]
8. bghUe;jhjijf; TWf.
m) M+;+ho M) tapWfs;
,) btf;if <) gpwF [tpil: M) tapWfs;]
9. ``je;jdd; jhij jd;idj; jlf;ifahd;
vLj;Jr; rhu;thd;~~ J}f;fpatd; ahu;> J}f;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;>
m) Ffd;/ ,yf;Ftzd; M) ,uhkd;/ rlha[
,) rtup/ Rf;uPtd; <) rlha[/ ,uhkd; [tpil: M) ,uhkd;/ rlha[]
10. ``khwpapilg;gLj;j khd;gpidg; nghy;~~ ,t;to Fwpg;gpLk; FLk;gKiw
m) tpupe;j FLk;gk; M) jha; tHpf; FLk;gk;
,) jdpf; FLk;gk; <) je;ij tHpf; FLk;gk; [tpil: M) jdpf; FLk;gk;]
f=;fh 97
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj brhw;fs;/ r=;ffhyr; r@fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
mit
m) mwnthu;/ Jwnthu; M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
,) kd;w=;fSk; mitfSk; <) epjpaKk; R=;fKk; ........................................................
2. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) cupikj;jhfk; ? 1. ghurPff; ftp+u;
M) m+;+ho ? 2. g{kzp
,) $yhYj;jPd; qkp ? 3. gf;jtj;ry ghujp
<) jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw ? 4. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
m) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 ........................................................
3.
,tw;iw thapYf;nf brd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuntw;ghahf vd;W $yhYj;jPd; qkp
Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
m) tf;fpuk; M) mtkhdk;
,) t+;rid <) ,it midj;Jk; ........................................................
4. `cth cw te;J TLk;
cLgjp/ ,utp xj;jhu;~ ? ahu; ahu;>
m) rlha[/ ,uhkd; M) ,uhkd;/ Ffd;
,) ,uhkd;/ Rf;uPtd; <) ,uhkd;/ rtup[ ........................................................
5. ``v=;fs; je;ijau; ehbld;w ngr;rpdpny ? xU
rf;jpgpwf;FJ @r;rpdpny~~ ? vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; btspg;gLj;JtJ
m) jdpf; FLk;g Kiw M) tpupe;j FLk;g Kiw
,) jha;tHpr; r@f Kiw <) je;ijtHpr; r@f Kiw ........................................................
6. bghUs; FHg;gkpd;wp vGJtjw;Fupa fhuz=;fSs; bghUe;Jtijj; nju;f.
m) njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tplhky; vGJjy;.
M) njitaw;w ,l=;fspy; ,ilbtsp tpl;L vGJjy;.
,) epWj;jw;Fwpfis cupa ,l=;fspy; ,l;L vGJjy;.
<) ty;ypd bka;fisj; njitahd ,l=;fspy; ,lhky; vGJjy;...........................................
7. ty;ypdk; kpFk;/ kpfhj; bjhlu;fspd; bghUswpe;J bghUj;Jf.
m) ghiy ghodhd; ? 1. njiu vd;Dk; capupdj;ijg; ghu;j;jhd;
M) ghiyg; ghodhd; ? 2. njupidg; ghu;j;jhd;
,) njiu ghu;j;jhd; ? 3. ghypidg; ghodhd;
<) njiug; ghu;j;jhd; ? 4. ghiyj; jpiz ghodhd;
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 ........................................................
8. flypd; bgupaJ
m) cw;wfhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp
M) gad; Muhahky; xUtd; bra;j cjtp
,) jpizast[ bra;j cjtp ........................................................
9. ìtafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ~ ? vjw;F>
3

m) bra;ahky; bra;j cjtp
,) jpidj;Jized;wp
M) gad; J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp
<) bra;e;ed;wp ........................................................
10. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
ïaš
m) itaj;Js; thH;th=;F thH;gtd; ? 1. nru;e;jhiuf; bfhy;yp

M) gad;J}f;fhu; bra;j cjtp ? 2. +hyj;jpd; khzg; bgupJ
,) rpdk; ? 3. bja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;
<) fhyj;jpdhw; bra;j ed;wp ? 4. ed;ik flypd; bgupJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 3/4/ 1 ........................................................
FWtpdh
11. g[f;fpy;/ jd;kid ? rpWFwpg;g[ vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
12. epiyahik Fwpj;J/ rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
13. vjpu;ghuj epfH;t[fis $yhYj;jPd; qkp vt;thWcUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
14. ``Jd;g[ csJvdpd; md;nwhRfk; csJ~~ vd;w ,uhkdpd; Tw;W gpd;tUk; ,U gHbkhHpfspy;
vjw;Fg; bghUe;Jk;>
m) epHypd; mUikbtapypy; bjupa[k;. M) rpWJUk;g[k; gy;Fj;jcjt[k;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
15. r=;ffhyj;jpy; jha;tHpr; r@f Kiwapy; bgz;fs; bgw;wpUe;j cupikfs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
16. ntbwhU bghUs; mika[khW brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhluikf;f.
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;Wmwptpay; fz]fhl;rpiaf; fz]ldu;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 99
17. j
pUtsu;r;bry;td;/ jpUtsu; bry;td; ? ,tw;wpy; rupahd bjhlu; vJ> mjw;fhd ,yf;fz
tpjp ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
18. gifa[k; csnth gpw> ? bghUs; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
19. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
20. +hyj;jpd; bgupaJ vJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
21. kwf;ff; TlhjJ/ kwf;ff; ToaJ vtw;iw>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
22. bry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd tHpahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
23. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f ntz]Lk;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. csJ ? ...................................................
2. khjtk; ? ...................................................
3. jhH;fly; ? ...................................................
4. brw;wtu; ? ...................................................
5. Ee;ij ? ...................................................
6. md;g[k; mwKk; ? ...................................................
7. ed;fyk; ? ...................................................
8. kwj;jy; ? ...................................................
9. cyF ? ...................................................
10. gz]g[k; gaDk; ? ...................................................
1. je;jdd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3 2. bghype;jhd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
ïaš

1. mU=;fhdk;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. bry;yplj;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
27. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
In terms of human development objectives, education is an end in itself, not just a means to an end.

Education is a basic human right. It is also the key which opens many economic, social and political doors
for people. It increases access to income and employment opportunities. While economists generally
analyse the importance of education largely as a means for better opportunities in life-and that is the main
theme of this chapter-let it be clearly stated
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
28. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
1.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KGtJnk g[jpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;" mtu;fs; vy;yh
gpur;rpidfisa[k; xU rp=;fj;ij nghy vjpu;bfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;ndwp bry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; bra;tjwpahJ
ek;gpf;ifapd;wp Jd;g[Wtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if bfhs;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 101
3.
ek; thH;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij bghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. g[j;jfk;
gof;Fk;bghGJ Tu;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit bgWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mog;gil
njitahFk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. khztu;fs; bgw;nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;g[f; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jkJ ,d;g Jd;g=;fis bgw;nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5.
MrpupaUf;F fPH;gojy; vd;Dk; Fzk;/ cz;ikahdtw;iw bjupe;Jf; bfhz;L/
mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy ey;ydtw;iw fw;W bfhLf;Fk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
29. bghUj;jkhd ntw;Wik cUg[fisr; nru;j;J Kiwahd bjhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.
1. khwd; ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; bty;y Koa[k;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. nghl;o btw;wp bgw;wJ fiyr;bry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. fhiy vGe;J goj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. midtu; md;g[ miHj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahu; kdk; tUk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. rhd;nwhu; kjpg;g[ bfhLj;J thH;t[ cauyhk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
1. Lobby – ....................................................................
2. Tips – ....................................................................
3. Checkout – ....................................................................
4. Mini meals – ....................................................................
31. kdg;ghlg; gFjp.
1. `Jd;g[ csJvdpd; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. `FfndhLk; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. `rpdk;~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. `ve;ed;wp ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. Èz;zpa ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. `tUk;~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 103
7. èd;W~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
8. `bra;ahky; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
9. `mJ~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
10. `mBfhik ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
11. `rpdk;......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
12. `gLk;~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
***
ªê™õˆ¶œ â™ô£‹ î¬ô
è™M
à¬óï¬ì ð‡¬ìò è£ôˆ¶Š ðœO‚Ãìƒèœ à.«õ. ê£Iï£î˜
ªêŒ»œ ÞF™ ªõŸP ªðø ²óî£ ïaš
4 ªêŒ»œ
ªêŒ»œ
Þ¬ìf´
¹øï£ÛÁ
C. ñE
å÷¬õò£˜ 4
ïaš
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ ð£¶è£Šð£Œ å¼ ðòí‹

Þô‚èí‹ ð£ ÞòŸøŠ ðöèô£‹
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; `fyd;~ czu;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) nghu;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp
,) ,irf;fUtp <) ntshz;fUtp [tpil: ,) ,irf;fUtp]
2. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jH;
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak;
,) Cu;tyk; <) tpz]kPd; [tpil: M) fhtpak;]
3. ``tpz]ntW" tpz]btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW~~ ? bjhlu; jUk; KGikahd bghUs;:
m) tpz]Qk; btz]kjpa[k; ntW ntW
M) tpz]btspa[k; br=;fjpUk; ntW ntW
,) btz]kjpa[k; KfpYk; ntW ntW
<) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjpu;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW
[tpil: <) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjpu;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW]
4. RtonahL bghUe;jhj xd;iwj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) trk;g[ M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW
,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fup [tpil: ,) fLf;fha;]
5. `FHpkhw;W~ ve;jj; JiwnahL bjhlu;g[ila brhy;>
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk;
,) g[tpapay; <) ntshz]ik [tpil: M) fzpjk;]
6. btz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> bghUj;jkhd rPupidf; bfhz;L
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[=;fs;.
m) md;ng jfspaha; (Mu;tkha; ' jfspaha;)
M) thd;kiH J}wypy; (J}wypy; ' bghHpe;jpod;)
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ,y;yhu; (,yhjhu; ' ,y;yhu;)
<) btz;zpyt[ fha;fpwJ (fha;fpwJ ' xspu;fpwJ)
c) bta;nahd; fha;e;jpl (fha;e;jpl ' xspu;e;jpl)
f=;fh 105
7. @d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vGJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu; <) mtkjpg;g[k; Md;w kjpg;g[k;
M) fy;yhnu MapDk; fw;whiu c) cz;zhJ nehw;ghu; bgupau;
,) ey;yit bra;apd; ,ay;ghFk;
8. bghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; ? 1. fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;
M) fha;r;rPu; ? 2. ehs;/ kyu;
,) tpsr;rPu; ? 3. njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;
<) Xuirr;rPu; ? 4. njkh/ g[spkh
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]
FWtpdh
1. `,ilaPL~ ? vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
¡¡ ftp+upd; ftpij rhu;e;j vz]zk;/
¡¡ btspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;/
¡¡ vGjg;gl;l ftpijia cs;th=;Fk; thrfdpd; kdepiy
nghd;wtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2. trdk;/ ftpij ntWghL jUf.
trdk;:
vJif/ nkhid nru;f;fhky;/ mo vd;w mst[ ,y;yhky; vGJfpd;w totk; trdkhFk;.
ftpij:
vJif/ nkhid nru;f;f ntz]Lk;" mof;bfd;W vy;iy itj;J vGjg;gLtnj
ftpijahFk;.
3. `vj;jpirapYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;~ ? ahu;f;F>
fiyj;bjhHpy; bra;nthu;f;F vj;jpirapy; brd;whYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;.
4. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit>
jkpHpy; : epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ Mj;jpr;No/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;
fzpjj;jpy; : fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W Kjypa gytif tha;ghLfs;.
5. fPGs;s brhw;fis <w;Wr; rPuhff; bfhz;L Fws; btz;gh ' neupir btz;gh ' ,d;dpir
btz;gh vGj Kaw;rp bra;at[k;.
fly;/ ths;/ kiH/ njd;/ kuk;.
fly; : miybad vGe;J xyp baGg;gp
Mu;g;gupf;Fk; bgU=; fly;.
ths; : xsptPrpf; Tu;ikbahU vjpupia tPH;j;j
gspr;rpLk; nte;jd; ths;.
kiH : bey;Yf;F ,iuj;j ePu; tha;f;fhy; tHpnaho
g[y;Yf;Fk; M=;nf bghrpa[khk; ? bjhy;Yyfpy;
ey;yhu; xUtu; csnuy; mtu;bghUl;L
vy;yhu;f;Fk; bga;a[k; kiH.
njd; : kzk;jUk; g{tpy; RitjUk; ,dpa
4 mKj bkDk; njd;.
kuk; : ,aw;ifj; jha; cte;J mspj;j
kwf;f btz;zh kuk;.
ïaš
6. btz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit>

,aw;rPu; btz;lis/ btz;rPu; btz;lis.
7. xU tpfw;gk;/ gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d>
¡¡ btz;ghtpy; ehd;fofSk; XbuJifa[k; bgw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
¡¡ btz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k;/ mLj;j ,uz;lo XbuJifa[k; bgw;W
tUtJ gy tpfw;gk; MFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. `@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W~~ vit> Vd;> tpsf;Ff.
@d;whd fhyk; nghy; xd;W vd;gJ vz]zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly;.
vz;zk; : ek; kdjpy; cs;sitna vz;zk;.
btspaPL : ek; kdjpy; vz;zpaij btspapLtJ btspaPL.
nfl;ly; : ehk; btspapl;lij nfl;gJ nfl;ly;.
¡¡ vz;zk; bkhHpahf btspg;gLj;jp nfl;fpwtu;fs; brhy;Yfpd;w fUj;Jfisg; g[upjy;.
¡¡ vg;go @d;W fhyKk; xnu neuj;jpy; Tw Koahnjh mg;gona ,e;j @d;Wk; xd;whf
tUtjpy;iy.
2. eP=;fs; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; bewpg;gLj;JtPu;fs;>
ehd; Mrpupauhdhy;/
¡¡ khztupd; Kd;ndw;wk;/ nju;r;rp ,it ,uz;ila[k; vd;Dila brhe;j bghWg;gha;
Vw;ngd;.
¡¡ khztupd; kdepiy vJnth mijf; fz;lwpe;J bray;gLntd;.
¡¡ khzhf;fUf;F fy;tpjhd; Kf;fpak; vd;wpy;yhky;/ nrit kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;f;ff;
fw;Wf;bfhLg;ngd;.
¡¡ khztupd; RfJf;f=;is mwpe;J/ gog;gpy; ftdk; brYj;jr; bra;ntd;.
¡¡ ve;jbthU khztida[k;/ gpw khztndhL xg;gpl;L ngrkhl;nld;.
¡¡ jhaha;/ je;ijaha;/ ez;gdha;/ md;ghdtha;/ Mrpupadha; ,Ug;ngd;.
3. kzypy; vGjpaJKjy; jw;fhyk;tiu vGJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;w=;fisj;

bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
¡¡ Mrpupau; Kjypy; jiuapy; vGj mjd; nky; gps;isfs; vGjpdu;.
¡¡ vGj;Jfs; tupirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.
¡¡ vGJgLbghUl;fshfg; gH=;fhyj;jpy; fy;/ fspkz] gyif/ ,iy/ gidXiy/
kug;gyif/ njhy;/ @=;fpy; gj;ij nghd;wita[k; gad;gL;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
f=;fh 107
¡¡ ,iy/ fspkz] gyif nghd;wit tpiutpy; mHpaf;Toait.
¡¡ kug;gyif/ @=;fpy; gj;ij ,itfspd; bgupa E}y;fis vGjpf; ifahs;tJ fodkhf
,Ue;jd. fU=;fy;ypy; vGjpdhy; gpw ,l=;fSf;Ff; bfhz]L bry;tJ fodkhFk;.
¡¡ Xiyr;Rtofspy; vGj;jhzpfisf; bfhz]L vGjpdu;.
¡¡ fy;btl;Lfspy; fy;jr;ru;fshy; rpw;Wsp bfhz]L vGj;Jfs; bghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
¡¡ vGj;Jfspd; cUtk; gy fhykhf khwhky; ,Ue;jJ.
¡¡ fhyk; bry;yr; bry;y vGJnfhiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhfpjj;jpy; vGJk; Kiwiaf;
fw;Wf;bfhz]ldu;.
4. thapnyhna vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; ghlhz] jpizf;F
cupaJ vd;gij epWt[f.
jpiz tpsf;fk;:
ghL + Mz; + jpiz = ghlhz; jpiz
ghlhz] jpiz vd;gJ ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs;/ fy;tp/
xGf;fk; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
rhd;W tpsf;fk;:
`thapnyhna~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; xsitahupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy;/
`guprpyu;f;F milah thapnyhna-~ vd;w tup ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUj;jk;:
jd;id eho tUnthu;f;F ,y;iy vd;W brhy;yhJ jdJ muz]kid thapiy
thapw;fhtyidf; bfhz]L milf;fhky; guprpyu;f;F cupa guprpidg; bgw vg;nghJk;
jpwe;jpLk; thapiy cilaJ mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; muz]kid vd;W
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik btspg;gLtjhy;
,g;ghly; ghlhz]jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
beLtpdh
1. ftpij vGj mwpa ntz]Ltdthfr; Rujh TWtdtw;iw tptupf;f.
ftpij vGj vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ re;jk; Kjypa ahg;gpyf;fz bewpfSf;F
cl;gl;L/ vGj ntz;Lk; vd;W ftp+u; Rujh Twpa[s;sijf; fhz;nghk;.
ftpij vGj mwpa ntz;Ltd:
¡¡ rpwe;jr; brhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; vJif nkhidnahL vGj ntz;Lk;. moast[
bjupe;J ftpij vGj ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ vGj;Jfisf; bfhz;L mirfshft[k;/ mirfisf; bfhz;L rPu;fs; cUthf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ ,uz;L rPu;fs; nru;j;J jisfs; cUthf;fp jisfis xd;whf;fp mofs; cUthf;f
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ mofis xd;wd;fPH; xd;whf;fp bjhilfs; mikj;J ftpij vGj ntz;Lk;.
rpwe;j ftpij:
¡¡ ftpij vGJk; nghJ/ ftpijapd; cWg;ghfpa rPu;fspy; khr;rPu;/ tpsr;rPu; tUk;go vGj
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ broapy; g{j;jg; g{tpy; cs;s njidf; Fof;f tz]Lfs; njo tUtJ nghy/ rpwg;g[ld;
vGjpa ftpijfSf;F g[fH; njo tUk;.
¡¡ bjspt[w bjspe;J ahg;g[ fw;W ftpij vGj ntz;Lk;. midtUk; g[upa[k; tifapy;
mika ntz;Lk; vd Rujh TWfpwhu;.
2. gz]ilf;fhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilna epfH;e;j fw;wy;/ fw;gpj;jy;
4 Kiwfisj; bjhFj;bjGJf.
Kd;Diu:
ïaš
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilna epfH;e;j fw;wy;

fw;gpj;jy; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
FUFyk;:
Mrpupaiu cghj;jpahau; vd;gu;. cghj;jpahaiuf; fzf;fhau; vd;gu;. cghj;jpahaUila
tPnl FUFyk;" mJnt gs;spf;Tlkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kd;w=;fs;:
Cu;njhWk; bghJthd xU ,lj;jpy; bgupa kuj;jpd; moapy; mikf;fg;gl;oUg;gij
kd;wk; vd;Wk;/ mk;gyk; vd;Wk; TWtu;.
gs;spfs;:
kuj;joapy; ,Ue;j gs;spf;Tl=;fs; Foirahf khwpaJ. gy ,l=;fspy; kl=;fspy;
gs;spf;Tl=;fs; cUthapd.
tpj;jpahuk;gk;:
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; Ie;J tajpy; gps;isia Mrpupauplk; milf;fyk; bfhLj;jdu;.
me;j ehs; tpnrl ehshff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;ehspy; Vl;oy; k+;rs; g{rp thrpf;fr; bra;tu;.
,Jnt tpj;jpahuk;gk;.
ikahly;:
Rtofspy; cs;s vGj;Jfs; bjspthfj; bjupa Rtoapy; trk;g[/ kzj;jf;fhspr;rhW/
k+;rs;/ khtpiyf;fup/ ju;igf;fup Kjypatw;iw miuj;J jltp thrpf;fr; bra;tu;. ,ij
ikahly; tpHh vd;gu;.
ifbaGj;J:
vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhblhd;W glhky;/ tupnfhzhky; vGjpg; gHfpdu;.
vGj;jpd; totk;:
vGj;Jfspd; cUt=;fs; gy fhykhf khwhky; ,Ue;jd. g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F
Kjypad vGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;.
kddk;:
epfz;L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif/ fPH;tha; ,yf;fk;/ nky;tha; ,yf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W
nghd;wtw;iw Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fSf;F kddg; gapw;rp mspj;jdu;.
rhe;Jida[k; fw;wy;:
gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; fw;wnjhL epy;yhky; thH;ehs; KGtJk; fw;wdu;. v=;bf=;F
Mrpupau;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fnsh m=;Fr; brd;W fw;W te;jdu;.
f=;fh 109
Xjw;gpupt[:
,y;ywk; elj;Jk; fhyj;jpy;Tl ntw;W ehl;ow;Fr; brd;W m=;nf fw;W thjk; g[upe;jdu;.
Kot[iu:
ghyu;fSf;Fupa gs;spf;Tl=;fs; Kjy; gGj;j fpHtu;fs; tiu Mrpupaiuj; njor;
brd;W fw;wdu;. MrpupaUk; jk;ik eho te;jtu; taJ ntWghL ghuhky; fw;gpj;j Kiwna
gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; mwpa KofpwJ.
3. `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL~ ? ,f;Tw;W edthf ehk; bra;a ntz]oad ahit>
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpahtpnyna kpFe;j rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepykhf jkpH;ehL tps=;FfpwJ.
vdnt/ rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj; jkpH;ehL cUthf;f ehk; xU=;fpize;J bray;gl
ntz;oaijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
,Urf;fu thfd tpgj;jpidj; jtpu;f;f ntz]Lk;:
¡¡ gjpbdl;L taJ epiwe;jtu;fs; kl;Lnk Kiwahd gapw;rp/ Xl;Leu; cupkk; bgw;W
,Urf;fu Cu;jpia ,af;f ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;nj bry;y ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ ,uz]L ngUf;F nky; ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; bry;yf; TlhJ.
¡¡ thfdj;jpy; bry;Yk;nghJ ifngrpia Kw;wpYkhfj; jtpu;f;f ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ rhiyapy; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf Xl;lf; TlhJ.
tpgj;Jfs; kpFjpahf eilbgWtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs;:

¡¡ Kiwahd gapw;rpapy;yhky; thfdk; Xl;LtJ.
¡¡ ,ae;jpuf; nfhshW/ kpFjpahd Ml;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; bry;tJ.
¡¡ bjhlu; tz]o ,Ug;g[g;ghijfisf; ftdpf;fhky; flg;gJ.
¡¡ kJ mUe;jptpl;L Cu;jp Xl;Ltjhy; epiwant tpgj;Jfs; elf;fpd;wd.
tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;f;f:
¡¡ Kiwahd gapw;rp bgw;wpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ Xl;Ldu; cupkk; ,y;yhky; thfdk; Xl;lf; TlhJ.
¡¡ gs;sp khztu;fsplk; rhiy tpjpfs; Fwpj;j tpHpg;g[zu;t[fisf; bfhLj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ cj;jut[f; FwpaPLfs;/ vr;rupf;iff; FwpaPLfs;/ jfty; FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J
mjidg; gpd;gw;wpg; gazpj;jy; ntz]Lk;.
Kot[iu:
rhiy tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp/ tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;j;J te;njhk; vd;why;/ jkpH;ehL
`rhiy tpgj;jpy;yhj~ khepykhf cUthFk; vd;gJ cWjpahFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ ta=;FbkhHp ? tpidj;bjhif
¡¡ milah ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
¡¡ mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? vz;Qk;ik
¡¡ rpwhmu; ? ,irepiw msbgil
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. vj;jpir = v + jpir
tpjp :
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
vj;jpir vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
4 rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
brd;idf; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpHhrpupau; gzpf;F neu;fhzYf;Fr;
ïaš
brd;whu; xUtu;. me;jf; fy;Y}upapd; nguhrpupau; gupjpkhw;fiy+u;/

``Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr; brhy;Y=;fs;~~ vd;W nfl;lhu;.
mtu; ``mBJ vdf;Fj; bjupahJ~~ vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;. èP=;fs; nju;t[
bra;ag;gl;Ltpl;Ou;fs;~ vd;whu; gupjpkhw;fiy+u;. `bjupahJ~ vd;W
brhd;dtiu/ ``vg;goj; nju;t[ bra;ayhk;>~~ vd;W gpwu; nfl;lnghJ/
kiwkiyaofs;
`mBJ~ vd;gJ Ma;jj; bjhlu; Fw;wpaYfuk;/ `vdf;F~ vd;gJ td;bjhlu;f; 1876?1950
Fw;wpaYfuk;/ `bjupahJ~ vd;gJ capu;j;bjhlu; Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;W
tpsf;fpdhu; gupjpkhw;fiy+u;. ,e;epfH;tpy; gupjpkhw;fiy+iuna tpaf;f itj;jtu;
kiwkiyaofs;.
gupjpkhw;fiy+Uldhd mtUldhd el;g[ `jdpj;jkpH;~ kPjhd mofshupd; gw;iw
kpFjpahf;fpaJ. gpwbkhHpf; fyg;g[ ,d;wp ,dpa/ vspa jkpH;r; brhw;fisf; bfhz;nl ngrt[k;
vGjt[k; ,aYk; vd;W eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. `Rthkp ntjhryk;~ vDk; jd;bgaiu
`kiwkiyaofs;~ vd khw;wpf; bfhz;lnjhL jk; kf;fspd; bgaiua[k; J}a jkpH;g;
bgau;fshf khw;wpdhu;. ,sk; tajpy; gy;ntW ,jH;fspy; fl;Liufs; vGjpte;j mofshu;
+hdrhfuk; (1902), Oriental Mystic Myna (1908), Ocean Of Wisdom (1935) Kjyhd ,jH;fis
elj;jpr; rpwe;j ,jHhsuhfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rpa[iu/ gl;odg;ghiy
Muha;r;rpa[iu/ rhFe;jy ehlfk;/ khzpf;fthrfu; tuyhWk; fhyKk; Kjyhd gy E}y;fis
vGjpa[s;shu;. Kiwahd gs;spf;fy;tpia Koj;jpuhj kiwkiyaofs; Mf;fpa E}y;fSk;
Mw;wpa brhw;bghHpt[fSk; mtu; Xu; mwpt[f;fly; vd;gij ekf;F czu;j;Jk;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. xU neu;fhzypy; `Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf~ vd;W nfl;ljw;Fg; gjpyhf
kiwkiymofs; TwpaJ vd;d>
2. Rthkp ntjhryk; vd;gjd; jkpHhf;fk; vd;d>
3. kiwkiymofs; elj;jpa ,jH; vJ>
4. ,g;ghlg; gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s vz;Qk;ikapid vLj;J vGJf.
5. ,g;ghlg;gFjpapd; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s cUtfj;jpid vLj;J vGJf.
tpilfs;:
1. mBJ vdf;Fj; bjupahJ
2. kiwkiymofs;
3. +hdrhfuk;
4. tuyhWk; fhyKk;
5. mwpt[f;fly;
f=;fh 111
bjhlupy; cs;s gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.

v.fh. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. v=;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;olk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
v=;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;olk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
2. u=;fd; bt=;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
mu=;fd; btz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
3. khdk; ghu;j;j g{kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
thdk; ghu;j;j g{kpapy; gaW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
4. Ig;grp milkiHapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.
Ig;grp mil kiHapy; CUzp epiwe;jJ.
5. ,d;dpf;F rha=;fhyk; fgo nghl;o eilbgWk;.
,d;W khiy fgo nghl;o eilbgWk;.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
The Serious dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India’s status in the
international community of nations or with her educational and social needs. In this matter. India compares
unfavourably not only with other independent Dominions of the commonwealth but even with certain
British colonies. She possesses only one public library on any considerable size, and even this institution is
inadequate to serve the need of the capital city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing any library at all.
The rural population is completely neglected; There are no travelling libraries to reach them of kind that are
to be found even in some backward countries.
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise in the
rate of literacy. The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even magazines
and newspapers; in the absence of sufficient public libraries and reading room, most of them cannot attain
regular reading habits.
jkpHhf;fk;:
,e;jpa ehl;oy; E}yf trjpfspd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; fy;tp kw;Wk; r@fj; njitfspy;
,e;jpahtpd; epiyg;ghL ru;tnjr mu=;fpy; kw;w ehLfisf; fhl;oYk; Fiwe;nj cs;sJ.
,e;j tp&aj;jpy; ,e;jpah/ rpy bghJt[ilik ehLfs; kw;Wk; M=;fpyf; Fonaw;w
ehLfnshL vjpu;kiwahf xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. bgupa mstpy; xnu xU bghJ E}yfj;ij
kl;Lnk ,e;jpah itj;jpUf;fpwJ. nkYk;/ mJ jiyefuj;jpd; njitia epiwt[ bra;a
nghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. ,=;F xU rpy efu=;fs; kl;Lnk E}yfj;jhy; bgUik mila
,aYk;. fpuhkg;g[w kf;fs; Kw;wpYkhf g[wf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fis gadilar;
bra;tjw;F rpy gpd; j=;fpa ehLfspy; cs;sijtpl E}yf=;fs; VJk; ,=;F ,y;iy.
,e;jpahtpy; E}yf=;fspd; tsu;r;rp jhkjkhfnt cs;sJ. gpd;dhspy; gs;spfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;wk; ,Ue;jhYk;/ vGj;jwptpy; gpd;j=;fpna ,Uf;f neupLk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
bgUkst[ kf;fSf;Fg; g[j;jf=;fs;/ thu ,jH;fs;/ gj;jpupiffs; th=;Ftjw;F tHp ,y;iy
kw;Wk; nghJkhd bghJ E}yf=;fs;/ thrpg;g[ miw/ ,y;yhikahy; bgUk;ghyhdtu;fSf;F
thrpf;Fk; gHf;fnk ,y;yhky; nghfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfis thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.
ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;/ jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;" tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid
mWg;ghd;/ Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy/ vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;/ CHp bgaupDk; jhk;
bgauhu;
1. ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;
4 gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
btw;wpa[k; njhy;tpa[k; epue;juky;y. VjhtJ xd;W xU neuj;jpy; elf;ff;TLk; vd;gij
ïaš
tpsf;FtJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
khwd; v=;fs; gs;spapy; gog;gtd;. mtd; gog;g[ kl;Lky;yhky; midj;jpYk;
mtd;jhd; Kjyplk; bgWthd;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; mtd; je;ija[k; ey;y gzpapy;
cs;stu;. mjdhy; mtd; ahiua[k; kjpf;f khl;lhd;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf nju;t[ neuj;jpy;
cly;epiy rupapy;yhky; nghdjhy; kjpg;bgz; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; kdk; cile;jhd;.
ePjp:
jpwika[k;/ brhe;j ge;jKk; ,Ue;jhYk; Vnjh xU neuj;jpy; njhy;tp mila neupLk;.
,Jnt àhidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;~ vd;fpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp MFk;.
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;/ tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; gpwu;f;F bra;a[k; ey;y bray;fns ekf;F elf;Fk; ey;y bray;fshFk;. jPad
bra;jhy; jPad neUk;.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
Rfe;jpa[k;/ RFzht[k; beU=;fpa njhHpfs;. ,UtUk; xnu tFg;igr; nru;e;jtu;fs;.
Rfe;jp ed;whfg; gog;ghs;. gog;nghL kl;Lky;yhky; midtUf;Fk; cjtpfs; gy
bra;ths;. RFzht[k; ed;whfg; gog;gts;. Mdhy; jPa vz;z=;fs; bfhz;lts;. vtiuf;
fz;lhYk; bghwhikf; bfhs;ths;. ,UtUk; gog;g[ Koj;J ntiy njLfpd;wnghJ
Kjypy; Rfe;jpf;F ntiy fpilj;jJ. fhuzk; ,ts; cjtp bra;jtupd; je;ij mjpfhupahf
,Ue;jjhy;/ Rfe;jpiag; gw;wp vLj;Jr; brhy;yp ntiyia th=;fpj; je;jhu;.
ePjp:
vz;zk;nghy; thHyhk; vd;gJ jhd; ,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjpahFk;.
3. Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; ahiua[k; ey;ytu;/ bfl;ltu; vd;W Kot[ bra;af;TlhJ. gpwupd; Fw;w=;fis jk;
Fw;wk;nghy; epidf;f ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; ghu;j;jhy; cwt[ ,y;yhky; ngha;tpLk;.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
Rjht[k;/ khyht[k; njhHpfs;. khyh vija[k; rpe;jpf;fhky; kw;wtu;fs; kdJ g[z;gLkhW
ngRgts;. Rjh/ khyhtpw;F vt;tsnth vLj;Jr; brhy;ths;. Mdhy; khyh nfl;fkhl;lhs;.
xUehs; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Rjhitna ngrptpl;lhs;. kdk; behe;j Rjh khyhit tpl;L
gpupe;J tpl;lhs;.
f=;fh 113
ePjp:
ehk; xUtupd; Fiwfis kl;Lk; ghu;f;ff; TlhJ. ey;y Fz=;fisa[k; ghu;f;f ntz;Lk;
vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
4. vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
Kaw;rp cilatu;fs; Kaw;rpia iftplhJ jd; nehf;fpy; cWjpaha; ,Ue;jhy; btw;wp
,yf;if epr;rak; milthu;fs; vd;w bghUis czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
v=;fs; tFg;gpy; tpf;nd&; vd;w khztd; gs;spf;F rupahf tUtJk; ,y;iy. mg;go
vd;whtJ xUehs; te;jhYk; rupahfg; gog;gJ ,y;iy. Mrpupau; mof;fo brhy;ypa[k;
mtd; nfl;gJ ,y;iy. nju;t[ beU=;fpa neuj;jpy; Mrpupau; khztd; tPl;ow;Fr; brd;W
jpdKk; miHj;J te;J gof;f itj;jhu;. mtUila tplhKaw;rpahy; tpf;nd&; nju;tpy;
ey;y kjpg;bgz; bgw;whd;.
ePjp:
ehk; ve;jbthU braiya[k; tplhKaw;rpnahL bra;jhy; vWk;g[ Cu;e;J fy; nja;tJ
nghy; ehk; btw;wp mila Koa[k;.
5. CHp bgaupDk; jhk; bgauhu;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xUtu; ve;jr;NHypYk; bgha;nah/ fsnth bra;akhl;lhu;. vt;tst[ rPw;wk; te;jhYk;
fly; jd;epiy khwhJ vd;gJ gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
tWikahd FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ed;F gof;Fk; xU khztd; jdpahu; gs;spapy;
gof;fpwhd;. mtdhy; gs;spf; fl;lzj;ij ruptu fl;lKoatpy;iy. Mrpupau; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; gs;spf;fl;lzj;ij mtdplk; nfl;ghu;. mtd; mnjh ,njh vd;W ehl;fs;
flj;jpdhd;. xUehs; gs;spia tpl;L tPl;Lf;Fr; bry;Yk; nghJ xU gzg;igiaf;
fz;blLj;jhd;. mjpy; epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ. mij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L ngha;
gs;spf;fl;lzk; brYj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtd; mt;thW bra;atpy;iy.
fhty;epiyak; brd;W gzg;igia xg;gilj;jhd;. mtidf; fhty; epiya mjpfhupfs;
ghuhl;odhu;fs;.
ePjp:
tWikj; jk;ik vg;go tpul;odhYk; jd; gz;g[fspy; ,Ue;J khwf;TlhJ vd;gJ
,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjp MFk;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpfisg; goj;J @d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;Ff.
,d;iwa thH;f;ifr; NHypy; Xa;tpd;ik/ fhyk; jtwpa czt[/ czt[g; gHf;ftHf;f
khw;wk; cs;spl;litna gy;ntW cly;eyg; ghjpg;gf[ Sf;F @y fhuzkhfpd;wd. kUj;Jtk;
rhu;e;j njitfSf;bfd;W Fwpg;gpl;l bjhifia xJf;Fk; mstpw;F cly;epiyiaf;
ftdj;jpy; bfhs;shky;/ Xu; ,ae;jpu thH;f;ifia thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
`cznt kUe;J kUe;nj czt[~ vd;W thH;e;jtu;fs; ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;. xUtu;
cl;bfhs;Sk; cztpy; g[ujk;/ bfhGg;g[/ khr;rj;J/ fdpk=;fs;/ Ez;Q}l;lr; rj;Jfs;
nru;e;jnj rkr;rPu; czt[. vdnt mstwpe;J cz;z ntz;oaJ mtrpakhFk;.
Urpf;fhf/ rhg;gplf; Tlhj bghUs;fisr; rhg;gpLtJk;/ grpf;fhf mst[f;F kPwpr;
rhg;gpLtJk; jhd; gpzpfSf;Ff; fhuzk;. rhjhuzkhf cz;l czt[ brupkhdkhtjw;F
4 kzp neuk; MfpwJ. bghJthfnt czit ed;whf bkd;W tpG=;f ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;
kht[g;bghUs; brupkhdkhtjw;F ckpH;ePu; Rue;J czt[ld; cl;bry;Yk;.
czt[g; bghUl;fspy; ml=;fpa[s;s rj;Jfs;/ mtw;wpd; gad;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa
4 bjspe;j mwpt[/ Mnuhf;fpa cztpidj; nju;t[ bra;a kpft[k; cjtpaha; ,Uf;Fk;.

ekJ vil kw;Wk; cauj;jpid mt;tg;nghJ nrhjpj;J epidtpy; itj;Jf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. ,J kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ. gpwF j=;fsJ vil kw;Wk; cauj;jpidg; bghWj;J
ïaš
Mnuhf;fpakhd czt[ Kiwiaj; nju;e;bjLf;ft[k; clw;gapw;rp bra;at[k; KobtLf;f

ntz;Lk;.
xt;bthU kdpjUf;Fk; mtuJ taJ/ ghypdk;/ cly; ciHg;g[/ cly;epiy/ thGk;
,lk;/ gUtepiy Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; njit khWgLk;.
njitahd jhdpa=;fSld; gUg;g[ kw;Wk; gaW tiffisr; nru;j;J/ mjpf
fha;fwpfSlDk; gH=;fSlDk; Toa czt[ Kiwna ek; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhd rupahd
jPu;t[.
@d;wpy; xU g=;fhfdr; RUf;fk;:
kyu;e;jit ? 162
bjhLj;jit ? 54
,d;iwar; NHypy; Xa;tpd;ik/ fhyk; jtwpa czt[/ cztpy; khw;wk; Kjyhdit
cly;eyg; ghjpg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk;. kUj;Jtj;jpw;bfd bjhif xJf;Fk; mst[f;F ,ae;jukhfp
tpl;nlhk;. cznt kUe;jhf cz;L kfpH;e;jdu; Kd;ndhu;. xt;bthUtUk; rkr;rPu; czt[
cl;bfhs;tJ fl;lhakhfptpl;lJ. czt[g; bghUspy; ml=;fpa[s;s rj;J gw;wp mwptJ ekJ
flik. Urpf;fhf md;wp grpf;fhf kpFjpahfr; rhg;gpLtJ gpzpf;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. ekJ
vil kw;Wk; cauj;ijg; bghWj;nj czt[ Kiwa[k; clw;gapw;rpa[k; mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
taJ/ ghypdk; kw;Wk; clYiHg;gpd; mog;gilapy; Cl;lr;rj;J njitg;gLk;. fha;fwp/
jhdpak;/ gapW ,tw;Wld; Toa czt[ Kiwna rupahd jPu;g;g[.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
kiwe;jpUf;Fk; brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpo.
ngh V ah H; R tp e f U +
f; L gh L nj y; il tp u sp
F jp iu gh r f nk ij k; r;
t m bt t kp gh il nt f nr
u d; w; o j; lh xs =; K u;
j; g[ wp t jp z; it if iw f;
J U t k; u jp X iy J if
k d d k; d; iz g a zp j
fh t y u; X j w; gp up t[
f=;fh 115
1. nghf;Ftuj;J 11. ftpij 22. ghil 33. njL
2. VL 12. nt=;if 23. itif 34. ghL
3. md;g[ 13. JiwKfk; 24. itfiw 35. ifJ
4. btw;wp 14. Kfk; 25. JUtk; 36. tpij
5. gh ? totk; 15. Jiw 26. ujp 37. Kiw
6. Rnjrkpj;jpud; 16. Jzp 27. Xiy 38. jzp
7. ghlhz; 17. nru;f;if 28. kddk; 39. fU
jpiz 18. ahH; 29. gazp 40. giz
8. eilnkil 19. ghL 30. fhtyu; 41. Xu;
9. xsit 20. Fjpiu 31. Xjw; gpupt[
10. ftp 21. nkij 32. utp
vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff
fy;tp xUtiu mwptpdhy; nkijahf;Fk;
fy;tp fw;why; ePjpauru; Mfyhk;
fy;tpapdhy; fhty;Jiw mjpfhup Mfyhk;
fy;tp fw;gjhy; kUj;Jtu; Mfyhk;
fy;tp xUtiu ey;yhrpupadhf;Fk;
fy;tpna xUtu;f;Fg; bgUik nru;f;Fk;
fy;tp fw;wtiuna cyfk; nghw;Wk;.
brhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; nru;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f.

v.fh. gyif
gyifahy; Md nkirapy; czt[ cz;ldu;.
gy iffs; xd;wpize;J btw;wpiaj; jkjhf;fpd.
1. jhkiu 3. bt=;fhak;
jlhfj;jpy; jhkiu kyu;e;jpUe;jd. bt=;fhak; kUj;Jt Fzk; epiwe;jJ.
jht[fpd;w khid(kiu)g; gpof;f KoahJ. bt=] + fhak; nghupdhy; cz;lhdJ.
2. nfhtpy; 4. jiyik
nfhtpypy; FlKGf;F ele;njwpaJ. gs;sp Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fj; jiyik
nfh + ,y;/ murdpd; ciwtplk;. Mrpupau; jiyik jh=;fpdhu;.
jiyapy; ik mog;gJ gHf;fkhfptpl;lJ.
bra;J fw;nghk;
mUfpYs;s fy;Y}upf;Fr; brd;W m=;Fs;s ghlg;gpupt[fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH; M=;fpyk; tuyhW
bghUshjhuk; fzpjk; ,aw;gpay;
,s=;fiy (BA, B.Sc)
jhtutpay; ntjpapay; fzpdp mwptpay;
tzpftpay; bghUspay;
KJfiy (MA, M.Sc) jkpH; fzpjk; fzpdp mwptpay;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
fPH;f;fz;l ,l=;fspy; c=;fs; bray;ghL vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;>
Tl;lk; epuk;gpa ngUe;jpy;/ eP=;fs; ,Uf;ifia mtUf;Ff; bfhLg;ngd;.
mku;e;jpUf;f/ c=;fs; mUfpy; bgupatu; xUtu;
epw;fpwhu;.
4 gs;spapy; c=;fSila njhHu; grpa[ld; ,Ug;gij gfpu;e;J cz;ngd;.
mku;e;jpUf;fpwhu;.
ïaš
flw;fiuapy; bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J rpWkpia bgw;nwhuplk; xg;gilg;ngd;.

tHpjtwpa rpWkp fz;zPu;tpl;Lf;
fy=;Ffpwhu;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (thD}u;jp epiyak;)

¡¡ Arrival - tUif ¡¡ Passport - flt[r;rPl;L
¡¡ Departure - g[wg;ghL ¡¡ Visa - EiHt[ ,irt[
¡¡ Coaveyor Belt - Cu;jpg;gl;il ¡¡ Domestic Flight - cs;ehl;L thD}u;jp
¡¡ Take off - thD}u;jp fpsk;g[jy;
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ eP=;fSk; ftpghlyhk; ? ¡¡ JiwKfk; ? Rujh
fp.th. $fe;ehjd; ¡¡ ftp+uhf ? m.fp. gue;jhkdhu;
¡¡ gilg;g[f;fiy ? K. Rje;jpuKj;J ¡¡ ,Jtiu ? rp. kzp
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. FUFyk; vd;gJ
m) Mrpupaupd; miw M) FUf;fs; j=;Fk; ,lk;
,) Jwtpaupd; FHy; <) Mrpupaupd; tPL
2. kd;wj;jpw;F tH=;Fk; ,d;bdhU bgau;
m) rig M) r=;fk; ,) nfhl;il <) mk;gyk;
3. i$d kl=;fSf;fhd bgau;
m) mk;gyk; M) kd;wk; ,) jpz]iz <) gs;sp
4. gs;spbad;Dk; bgau; vtw;Wf;bfy;yhk; bghJthf tH=;fg;gLk;>
m) ghlrhiy/ Myak; M) ghlrhiy/ tpUe;jpdu; TLk; ,lk;
,) ghlrhiy/ kl=;fs; <) ghriw/ kl=;fs;
5. `beL=;fzf;F~ vd;gJ
m) ePz]l fzf;F M) bgUf;fy; fzf;F
,) Xiyr; Rto <) mupr;Rto
f=;fh 117
6. `rl;lhk;gps;is~ vd;gtu; ahu;>
m) Cupy; bgupatu; M) rz]oj;jdk; bra;gtu;
,) jiyik tfpf;Fk; khztu; <) gpothjk; gpof;Fk; khztu;
7. `m|uhg;gpahrk;~ vd;why;
m) ghlk;goj;jy; M) vGj;jwptpj;jy; ,) kddk; bra;jy; <) VL vGJjy;
8. Ìahz; bla;jp ikaho mwpe;jhu; fiyfs;~ vd ciuf;Fk; E}y;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) tisahgjp ,) Fz]lynfrp <) rpe;jhkzp
9. vGj;jhzpf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;
m) klf;bfGj;jhzp M) Fz]blGj;jhzp ,) Crp <) vGJnfhy;
10. ``k+;rs; Fspg;ghl;o ikapl;L Kg;ghYk;
kp+;rg; g[fl;l kpftsu;e;jha;~~ ? vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) rpe;jhkzp M) jkpH;tpLJ}J
,) jkpH;f;nfhit <) ,ul;ilmu;j;j=;fs; khz]L nghftpy;iy
11. Xjw; gpupt[f;bfd bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; fhy vy;iy
m) @d;W Mz]Lfs; M) ehd;F Mz]Lfs;
,) ,uz]L Mz]Lfs; <) VG Mz]Lfs;
12. gz]ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;Tl=;fs; vd;Dk; c.nt.rhtpd; ,f;fl;Liu ve;jj; bjhFg;gpy;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
m) capu;ePl;rp M) capu;kPl;rp ,) capu;f;fhl;rp <) ey;tHp
13. brd;id g[uirthf;fk; ru;. vk;.rp.o. Kj;ijah cau;epiyg;gs;sp Mrpupau; r=;fj;jpd; Kjy;
brhw;bghHpthf 20.03.1936 ,y; epfH;j;jg;gl;L 16.08.1936 ,y; fl;Liuahf btspahd
thu ,jH;
m) ,e;jpah M) tp$ah ,) etrf;jp <) Rnjrkpj;jpud;
14. kpy;ldpd; Rtu;f;f ePf;fj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) bts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhu; M) vl;ilag[uk; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
,) Rg;ukzpa rpth <) c.nt.rhkpehju;
15. bts;isf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpadhu; vd;ghu; ???????? Mthu;.
m) tHf;fwp+u; M) bghwpahsu; ,) capupd kUj;Jtu; <) ePjpauru;
16. tuyhw;wha;thsUk; jkpHwp+Ukhd lhf;lu; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; ???????? goj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
m) +hd FUtplk; M) bksd FUtplk;
,) fzgjpahuplk; <) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhuplk;
17. ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciuahrpupau;
m) lhf;lu; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; M) gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazrhkp
,) g. Rg;gpukzpadhu; <) t.Rg. khzpf;fk;
18. ehuhazrhkp/ gpd;dj;J}u; mUnf cs;s fpU&;zhg[uk; ???????? jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy;
,ytrkhfg; goj;jhu;.
m) nrhkRe;ju ghujp M) Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
,) Kj;Juhk ghujp <) ftpghujp
19. lhf;lu; t.Rg. khzpf;fk; ???????? gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; Jiznte;juhf ,Ue;jhu;.
m) brd;id M) kJiu ,) ikNu; <) bly;yp
20. `,ul;il mu;j;j=;fs; khz;Lnghftpy;iy~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrpupau;
m) m.fh. bgUkhs; M) t.Rg. khzpf;fk;
,) t.nt.R. Iau; <) K.tujuhrdhu;
4 21. etj;tPg;k; vd;gJ

m) neghsj;jpy; cs;s Xu; gs;spf;Tlj;jpd; bgau;
M) t=;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu; Cu;
ïaš
,) bja;tj;jpw;Fg; gilf;fg;gLk; xUtpj bghUs;

22. Kjd; Kjypy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; bra;a[k;bghGJ jha;je;ijau; gps;isfis Mrpupau;fsplk;
milf;fykhff; bfhLj;j taJ
m) Ie;J M) VG ,) gj;J <) gjpd;@d;W
23. cghj;jpahaUf;Fg; gpujpahfr; rpy rka=;fspy; Kiw itg;gtu;;
m) rl;lhk;gps;is M) fzf;Fg;gps;is
,) cghj;jpahau;pd; kidtp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
24. ik jltpg; g[j;jfj;ij thrpf;fj; bjhl=;Ftjdhy; mTuhg;gpahrj;ij ???????? vd;W
brhy;thu;fs;.
m) k+;rs; ePuhl;LtpHh M) ikahly; tpHh
,) ikapiHf;Fk; tpHh <) g[Jthrpg;g[ ehs; tpHh
25. fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W/ bey; ,yf;fk; Kjypa tha;ghLfisf; fl;lhak;
kdg;ghlk; bra;tjw;fhf ,Ue;j Rtog; g[j;jfk;
m) yPyhtjp M) fyhtjp ,) gpughtjp <) mkuhtjp
26. ,ul;ilj; Jisa[s;s VLfspy; xU Jisapy; brg;g[f;fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpw; Fr;rpiar;
brUfpf; fl;Ltij ???????? vd;W TWtu;.
m) @=;fpyhrdk; M) ehuhrk; ,) Vlhrk; <) fpsp@f;F
27. Rtofis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;Fk; cgnahfg;gLk; fUtpf;F ???????? vd;W
bgau;.
m) ikahly; M) ehuhRuk; ,) fpsp@f;F <) J}f;F
28. `J}f;F~ vd;Dk; Rto rhu;e;j bghUSf;F ???????? vd;Wk; bgau;.
m) mir M) ,ir
,) J}f;fpir <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
29. ``tpdhjy; tpdhait tpLj;jy; vd;wpit
fldhf; bfhspnd kledp ,f;Fk;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ed;D}y; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
30. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L gpupa[=;fhyj;ijj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; ???????? gpupt[ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
m) Xjw;gpupt[ M) bghUs;tapd; gpupt[
,) jiykfw;gpupt[ <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
f=;fh 119
31. `jkpH;j;jhj;jh~ vd;Dk; rpwg;g[f;Fupatu;
m) c.nt.rh. M) k.bgh.rp. ,) bj.bgh.kP <) K.t.
32. c.nt.rh. bgwhj gl;lj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
m) kfhknfhghj;jpaha M) jpuhtpl tpj;jpah g{&zk;
,) jh|pzhj;jp fyhepjp <) jh\%zhj;jpa fUzhepjp
33. gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fisj; njoj;njo mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;f mUk;ghLgl;ltu;
m) c.nt.rh. M) k.bgh.rp. ,) bj.bgh.kP <) K.t.
34. c.nt.rh. brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; lhf;lu; gl;lk; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1932 M) 1930 ,) 1928 <) 1926
35. c.nt.rh.tpd; jpUt[Utr;rpiy brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; ?????? tz;zk;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) t=;ff;fliy nehf;fp epw;Fk; M) ts;Stu; nfhl;lj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk;
,) midtUk; tpaf;Fk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
36. c.nt.rh. E}yfk; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) brd;id/ jpUthd;kpa{u; M) brd;id/ tlgHdp
,) j+;ir/ fpHf;Fthry; <) kJiu/ nkw;Fthry;
37. moapd; fPnH moapUe;jhy; tUtJ
m) rPu; M) mir ,) jis <) bjhil
38. ,uz]LrPupd; ,ilbtspapy; tUtJ
m) jis M) mir ,) vJif <) nkhid
39. vJif/ nkhid ,y;yhky; moast[ mwpe;jplhky; tUtJ
m) ciueil M) bra;a[s; ,) jis <) bjhil
40. bts;isg;ghl;od; ,Wjpr;rPu; jUtJ
m) ehs; M) fhR ,) nkhid <) ,iag[
41. Rujhtpd; ,aw;bgau;
m) nfhghy; M) ,uhrnfhghy; ,) Jiunfhghyd; <) ,uhrnfhghyd;
42. `,jpy; btw;wpbgw~ vd;Dk; Rujhtpd; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif
m) mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk; M) vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyptpUj;jk; <) neupir Mrpupa;gh
43. `,jpy; btw;wpbgw~ vd;Dk; Rujhtpd; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
m) njd;kiH M) JiwKfk;
,) mKJk; njDk; <) k=;ifau;f;furp
44. ctikf; ftp+u; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgtu;
m) Rujh M) bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhu;
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) K. nkj;jh
45. Rujh elj;jpa ,jH;
m) fhtpak; M) bjd;wy; ,) Fapy; <) vGj;J
46. Rujh vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk;
m) Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; M) RjhuFehjjhrd;
,) Rg;gpukzpauj;jpdjhrd; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
47. ,yf;fpak;/ tpz;kPd;/ Cu;tyk; nghd;w ,yf;fpa VLfis elj;jpatu;
m) Rujh M) mg;Jy; uFkhd; ,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd;
4 48. ftp+u; rp. kzpapd; ftpijfs;; ve;j ,jHpy; btspte;jJ>
m) tpsf;F M) vGj;J ,) eil <) xspr;nru;f;if
ïaš
49. ftp+u; rp. kzp elj;jpte;j rpw;wpjH;

m) eil M) tpsf;F ,) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; <) xspr;nru;f;if
50. ftp+u; rp;. kzp btspapl;l ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit
m) xspr;nru;f;if M) ,Jtiu ,) eil <) vGj;J
51. ftp+u; rp. kzp bkhHpg;bgau;j;j rPd bka;apay; E}y;
m) jhnth $p $p=; M) jhnth yp $p=; ,) jhnthnj $p=; <) jhnth !p $p=;
52. ftp+u; rp. kzp g[Jf;ftpijapy; ve;jr; Ritia kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;>
m) ctif M) kUl;if ,) ,sptuy; <) m=;fjk;
53. ftp+u; rp. kzp ,Uj;jypd; btWikia vg;gof; brhd;dtu;>
m) mGifa[k; m=;fyha;g;g[k; M) eifa[k; ctika[k;
,) rpupg;g[k; frg;g[k; <) gaKk; Jf;fKk;
54. rp. kzpapd; (rp gHdpr;rhkp) ,ilaPL vd;Dk; ftpij ???????? bjhFg;gpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; M) tUk; nghFk;
,) xspr;nru;f;if <) ,Jtiu
55. rp. kzpapd; ftpijfs; vGj;J vd;Dk; ,jHpy; btsptuj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L
m) 1953 M) 1956 ,) 1959 <) 1962
56. rp. kzp gilj;j ,yf;fzk; gw;wpa E}y;
m) ahg;g[k; ftpija[k; M) mzpa[k; ftpija[k;
,) vGj;Jk; ftpija[k; <) brhy;Yk; ftpija[k;
57. `tUk; nghFk;~/ `xspr;nru;f;if~ vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrpupau;
m) ntQnfhghyd; M) ,uh.kPdhl;rp ,) rp.kzp <) Mj;khehk;
58. rp. kzp nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa Jiw
m) jkpH; M) M=;fpyk; ,) fzpjk; <) ,aw;gpay;
59. `jhnth nj $p=;~ vd;Dk; rPd bka;apay; E}iyj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) ftpkzp M) rp. kzp ,) ehTu; qkp <) Mj;khehk;
60. nt. khyp/ bry;tk; vd;w g[idg;bgau;fspYk; vGjpatu;
m) rp. kzp M) Mj;khehk; ,) ehTu; qkp <) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp
61. vk;@d;Wk; vg;nghJk; xd;wy;y vd;fpwhu; rp. kzp>
m) vz;zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly; M) ghu;j;jy;/ nfl;ly;/ ,urpj;jy;
,) nfl;ly;/ ghu;j;jy;/ ftdpj;jy; <) czu;jy;/ epidj;jy;/ bra;jy;
f=;fh 121
62. fw;nwhuJ `brk;khg;g[~ vd;gjpy; `brk;khg;g[~ ? bghUs;
m) bgUik M) g[fH; ,) ,Wkhg;g[ <) btw;wp
63. g[wehD}w;Wf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;
m) g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L M) g[wk;/ g[wg;bghUs;
,) ehD}W/ g[wg;ghl;L <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
64. `ta=;FbkhHp tpj;jpj;jhk;~ ? `tpj;jp~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tpjp M) tpij ,) g[j;jp <) tpijj;J
65. jhGk; epiy tupDk; fy=;fhjtu;
m) fy;tp fw;nwhu; M) bry;tk; cilatu;
,) +hdk; bgw;wtu; <) bry;thf;F cilatu;
66. xsitahu; mfehD}w;wpy; ghoa[s;s ghly;fs;
m) 5 M) 15 ,) 4 <) 7
67. g[wehD}w;wpy; gapd;W tUk; gh
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) Fws; btz;gh
,) rpe;jpay; btz;gh <) fyptpUj;jk;
68. guprpy; Jiw vd;gJ
m) gupR ntz;o thapypy; epw;gJ
M) kd;dd; guprspj;Jg; g[ytiug; ghuhl;LtJ
,) gupR bgw;w g[ytd; kfpH;r;rpahf ,y;ywk; jpUk;g[tJ
69. g[wehD}W ???????? E}y;fSs; xd;W.
70. mjpakhdplk; el;g[g; ghuhl;oatu;
m) xjyhe;ijahu; M) xsitahu; ,) fgpyu; <) guzu;
71. xsit ahUf;fhfj; J}J brd;whu;>
m) mjpakhDf;fhf M) ngfDf;fhf ,) ghupf;fhf <) bjhz;ilkhDf;fhf
72. xsitahu; ghoa ghly;fspy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sit
m) 22 M) 36 ,) 59 <) 65
73. mjpakhdpd; muritg; g[ytu;
m) fgpyu; M) ghzu; ,) xsitahu; <) xf;Tu; khrhj;jpahu;
74. vj;jid tajpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fs; tz]o Xl;l mDkjpapy;iy>
m) 17 M) 21 ,) 18 <) 25
75. jkpH;ehl;oy; eilbgWk; tpgj;Jfspy; ,Urf;fu Cu;jpahy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;jpd; tpGf;fhL
m) 38 M) 33 ,) 37 <) 35
76. rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J cjtpf;Fupa bjhiyngrp vz]
m) 108 M) 101 ,) 103 <) 109
77. cupa taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Cu;jpia ,af;fpdhnyh tpgj;jpid
Vw;gLj;jpdhnyh mf;FHe;ijfspd; bgw;nwhu;fSf;F ???????? Mz]Lfs; rpiw jz]lid.
m) 3 M) 5 ,) 2 <) 1
78. cyfpnyna mjpf rhiyg; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; bfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ bgupa ehL
m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh ,) ghfp!;jhd; <) mbkupf;fh
79. Vwf;Fiwa ??????? ,yl;rk; fp.kP rhiyfs; ek; ehl;oy; cs;sd.
m) 25 M) 35 ,) 45 <) 55
80. ek; ehl;oy; ???????? nfhof;Fk; nkw;gl;l Cu;jpfs; cs;sd.
4 m) 11 M) 21 ,) 31 <) 51
81. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf rhiy tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fk; khepyk;
ïaš
m) nfush M) jkpH;ehL ,) fu;ehlfh <) kj;jpa gpunjrk;

82. gs;sp khztu;fs; ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;LtJ
m) rl;lg;go rupahFk; M) rl;lg;go Fw;wkhFk;
,) rl;lg;go m=;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
83. Kjy; gd;dhl;Lr; rhiy mikg;g[ khehL eilbgw;w ,lk;/ Mz;L
m) ghup!;/ 1909 M) upnaho b$dpnuh/ 1908
,) \hkpy;ld;/ 1907 <) lu;gd;/ 1915
84. 18 taJ epiwtilahj FHe;ijfs; Cu;jpfs; ,af;fpdhnyh/ tpgj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpdhnyh
mf;FHe;ijfspd; bgw;nwhUf;F 3 Mz;L rpiwj;jz;lid tpjpf;Fk; rl;lk;
m) nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 1988 M) nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk; 1965
,) nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 2017 <) nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 2016
85. Xl;Leu; cupkk; ,y;yhky; Cu;jpia ,af;fpdhy; tH=;fg;gLk; jz;lidfs;
i) q. 5/ 000 mguhjk; ii) @d;W khjr; rpiwj;jz;lid iii) (i) my;yJ (ii)
m) i rup M) ii rup ,) iii kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rup
86. btz;gh ahg;g[ bry;thf;Fg; bgw;w fhyk;
m) r=;ffhyk; M) r=;fk; kUtpa fhyk;
,) fhg;gpa fhyk; <) Inuhg;gpau; fhyk;
87. btz;ghtpd; Xir
m) mftnyhir M) brg;gnyhir ,) Js;snyhir <) J}=;fnyhir
88. btz;lis ???????? tifg;gLk;.
89. jisj;jy; vd;gjw;Fg; bghUe;jhj bghUisf; fz;lwpf.
m) fl;Ljy; M) gpzpj;jy; ,) gpupj;jy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
90. btz;gh ???????? tifg;gLk;.
m) ehd;F M) Ie;J ,) MW <) VG
91. neupir btz;ghtpy; ???????? moapy; jdpr;rPu; tUk;.
m) Kjyhk; M) ,uz;lhk; ,) @d;whk; <) ehd;fhk;
92. jdpr;rPupy;yhky; ???????? rPnuhL mikf;fg;gLgit ,d;dpir btz;gh.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F ,) Ie;J <) MW
93. <w;wo Kr;rPuha; Vida mo msto bgw;W tUtJ
f=;fh 123
94. <w;wo Vfhuj;jpy; KotJ
95. ehs;/ kyu;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[
tpilfs;
1. < Mrpupaupd; tPL 49. m eil
2. < mk;gyk; 50. m xspr;nru;f;if
3. < gs;sp 51. , jhnthnj $p=;
4. , ghlrhiy/ kl=;fs; 52. < m=;fjk;
5. < mupr;Rto 53. , rpupg;g[k; frg;g[k;
6. , jiyik tfpf;Fk; khztu; 54. < ,Jtiu
7. M vGj;jwptpj;jy; 55. < 1962
8. < rpe;jhkzp 56. m ahg;g[k; ftpija[k;
9. , Crp 57. , rp.kzp
10. M jkpH;tpLJ}J 58. M M=;fpyk;
11. m @d;W Mz]Lfs; 59. M rp. kzp
12. M capu;kPl;rp 60. m rp. kzp
13. < Rnjrkpj;jpud; 61. m vz;zk;/ btspaPL/ nfl;ly;
14. m bts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhu; 62. , ,Wkhg;g[
15. , capupd kUj;Jtu; 63. m g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L
16. M bksd FUtplk; 64. < tpijj;J
17. M gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazrhkp 65. m fy;tp fw;nwhu;
18. , Kj;Juhk ghujp 66. , 4
19. M kJiu 67. m neupir Mrpupag;gh
20. m m.fh. bgUkhs; 68. m gupR ntz;o thapypy; epw;gJ
21. M t=;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu; Cu; 69. m vl;Lj;bjhif
22. m Ie;J 70. M xsitahu;
23. m rl;lhk;gps;is 71. m mjpakhDf;fhf
24. M ikahly; tpHh 72. , 59
25. , gpughtjp 73. , xsitahu;
26. M ehuhrk; 74. , 18
27. < J}f;F 75. < 35
28. m mir 76. , 103
29. , ed;D}y; 77. m 3
30. m Xjw;gpupt[ 78. m ,e;jpah
31. m c.nt.rh. 79. < 55
32. < jh\%zhj;jpa fUzhepjp 80. M 21
33. m c.nt.rh. 81. M jkpH;ehL
34. m 1932 82. M rl;lg;go Fw;wkhFk;
35. m t=;ff;fliy nehf;fp epw;Fk; 83. m ghup!;/ 1909
36. m brd;id/ jpUthd;kpa{u; 84. , nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk;/ 2017
37. < bjhil 85. < @d;Wk; rup
38. m jis 86. M r=;fk; kUtpa fhyk;
4 39.
40.
m
M
ciueil
fhR
87.
88.
M
m
brg;gnyhir
,uz;L
41. < ,uhrnfhghyd; 89. , gpupj;jy;
ïaš
42. M vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa 90. < VG

tpUj;jk;
43. M JiwKfk; 91. M ,uz;lhk;
44. m Rujh 92. M ehd;F
45. m fhtpak; 93. m btz;gh
46. m Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; 94. M Mrpupag;gh
47. m Rujh 95. m btz;gh
48. M vGj;J
FWtpdh
1. kd;wk; vd;gJ vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;> mjd; ntW bgau;fs; vd;d>
¡¡ bgupa kuj;joapy; nkilbahd;W mikf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
¡¡ mij `mk;gyk;~ vd;Wk; `kd;wk;~ vd;Wk;; miHg;gu;.
2. `Kiw itg;g[~ vd;why; vd;d >

Mrpupau; xd;iwr; brhy;y mij khzhf;fu;fs; gyUk; nru;e;J brhy;tJ `Kiw itg;gJ~
vd;gu;.
3. tupbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[/ tpy=;F Kjypait tupbaGj;jpd; cWg;g[fs;.
4. `fpsp@f;F~ vd;gJ vd;d>
Rtoiaf; nfhu;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <u;f;nfhL
fpsp@f;Fg; nghyf; fj;jupj;j mikg;ig fpsp@f;F vd;gu;;.
5. vGj;jhzpapd; tiffs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
¡¡ vGj;jhzpapd; tiffs; @d;W.
¡¡ mit: klf;bfGj;jhzp/ thbuGj;jhzp/ Fz]blGj;jhzp.
6. rl;lk;/ J}f;F ,it vtw;iw czu;j;Jfpd;wd>

rl;lk;:
Mrpupau;fs; xt;bthU ehSk; mtu;fisj; jdpj;jdpna VLfspy; jhk; nkny vGjp mijg;
nghd;W vGjp tur; brhy;tu;. ,jw;Fr; `rl;lk;~ vd;W bgau;.
J}f;F:
Rtofis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;tjw;Fk; gad;gLk; fUtpf;Fj; `J}f;F~ vd;W bgau;.
,jw;F `mir~ vd;w ntW bgaUk; cz]L.
f=;fh 125
7. `ntj;jhd;~ ? ,r;brhy;yhy; miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;> ,jd; bghUs; vd;d>
gs;spf;Tlj;jpw;F Kjypny tUk; khzhf;fnu `ntj;jhd;~ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
8. `jkpH;j;jhj;jh~ bgw;w rpwg;g[g; gl;l=;fs; ahit>
¡¡ kfhknfhghj;jpaha
¡¡ jpuhtpl tpj;jpah g{&zk;
¡¡ jh|pzhj;jpa fyhepjp
¡¡ 1932 ,y; brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; tH=;fpa lhf;lu; gl;lk;.
9. tpj;jpahuk;gk; vd;gJ ahJ>

Kjd; Kjypy; Ie;J tajpy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhff; FHe;ijfis Mrpupau;fsplk;
milf;fykhff; bfhLg;gnj tpj;jpahuk;gk; vdg;gLk;.
10. ehuhrk; vd;why; vd;d>
,ul;ilj; Jisa[s;s VLfspy; xU Jisapy; brg;g[f; fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpw; Fr;rpiar;
brUfpf; fl;Lthu;fs;. mjw;F èhuhrk;~ vd;W bgau;.
11. c.nt.rh. tpw;Fj; jkpHfj;jpy; bra;ag;gl;Ls;s rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
c.nt.rh. tpd; jpUt[Utr;rpiyahdJ brd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; t=;ff;fliy nehf;fp
epw;Fk; tz;zk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
12. g[z] ntW/ tpGg;g[z] ntW ? tpsf;Ff.
g[z] : tpgj;J @ykhfnth neha; @ykhfnth clypy; fhaj;jhy; Vw;gLtJ.
tpGg;g[z] : t
pGg;g[z]Qk; clypy; Vw;gLtJjhd;. Mdhy;; vjpupa[ld; nghupl;L
tPuj;jpid btspg;gLj;jg; bgw;w g[z]izf; Fwpf;Fk;.
13. ftp+u; Rujh elj;jpa ,jH;fs; ahit>
,yf;fpak;/ tpz]kPd;/ Cu;tyk;/ fhtpak;.
14. ftp+u; Rujh mtu;fs; bgw;Ws;s tpUJfs; ahit>
¡¡ jkpHf murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ.
¡¡ ghujpjhrd; tpUJ.
¡¡ j+;irj; jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ.
15. ciueil/ ftpij ? ntWgLj;Jf.

ciueil ftpij
ciueil vd;gJ kf;fs; ngRk; vspa ftpij vd;gJ mr;brhw;fs; vJif/
brhw;fs; bjhlu;fshf miktJ. nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ re;jk; Kjypa
ahg;gpyf;fz bewpfSf;F cl;gl;L
miltJ.
16. tpz;btspapy; ,a=;Ftdhfr; Rujh TWtd ahit>
btz;kjp (btz;zpyt[)/ br=;fjpnuhd; (Nupad;)/ Kfpy; (nkfk;).
17. fw;gpj;jy;/ fw;wy; ,uz]ow;Fk; ,ilna epfGk; tpist[fs; vd;d>
¡¡ fw;gpj;jy;/ fw;wy; ,uz]ow;Fkpilna ,ilaPLfs; neu;tJk; cz]L.
¡¡ vjpu;ghuhj ey;y tpist[fSk; fpilg;gJz]L.
18. fdpapd; Rit vijg; bghWj;jJ>
fdpapd; Rit vd;gJ fdpiag; bghWj;jJ my;y. Ritg;gtupd; grpiaa[k;/ Ritapd;
Kor;ira[k; rhu;e;jjhFk;.
19. ftp+u; rp. kzp bgw;Ws;s tpUJfisf; TWf.
¡¡ tpsf;F ,yf;fpa tpUJ ¡¡ Mrhd; ftpij tpUJ
4 ¡¡ j+;irj; jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHf tpUJ ¡¡ ftp+u; rpw;gp tpUJ
20. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fshy; mwpag;gLgit ahit>
ïaš
jkpHupd; nghu;/ tPuk;/ ehfupfk;/ gz]ghL/ bewpg;gl;l thH;f;if.

21. xsitahu; ghoajhf ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s r=;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; vit vit>
¡¡ mfehD}w;wpy; 4 ghly;fs;. ¡¡ ew;wpizapy; 7 ghly;fs;.
¡¡ FWe;bjhifapy; 15 ghly;fs;. ¡¡ g[wehD}w;wpy; 33 ghly;fs;
vd bkhj;jk; 59 ghly;fs;.
22. ghlhz] jpiz vd;why; vd;d>
¡¡ ghL + Mz] + jpiz = ghlhz] jpiz
¡¡ ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs;/ fy;tp/ xGf;fk; nghd;w
ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
¡¡ Mz] kfdJ xGfyhw;iwf; TWtJ ghlhz] jpizapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
23. fy;tp fw;nwhupd; rpwg;g[ vd;d>

¡¡ fy;tp fw;nwhu; ve;epiyapYk; rpwe;nj ,Ug;gu;.
¡¡ jhk; ve;epiy te;jhYk; fy=;f khl;lhu;fs;.
¡¡ mwpthy; cyifna brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;tu;.
¡¡ v=;F brd;whYk; kw;wtu; kjpg;igg; bgWtu;.
24. fw;wtu;f;F v=;F brd;whYk; czt[ fpilf;Fk; vd;gjw;F xsitahu; TWk; ctik ahJ>
¡¡ kuk; btl;Lk; jr;ru; bgw;w rpWtu;fs; j=;fs; kGnthL fhl;Lf;Fr; brd;why; mtu;fs;
btl;Ltjw;F kuk; fpilf;fhky; nghFkh> vd;gnj ctik.
¡¡ guprpyUf;Fr; rpWtUk;/ fy;tpf;Ff; nfhlupa[k;/ nghFk; jpirf;Ff; fhLk;/ cztpw;Ff;
fhl;oy; cs;s ku=;fSk; ctikfshFk;.
25. jisj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs; ahJ>
jisj;jy; vd;gjw;Ff; fl;Ljy;/ gpzpj;jy; vd;W bghUs;.
26. <uirr; rPu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
khr;rPu; ? njkh/ g[spkh
tpsr;rPu; ? Ttpsk;/ fUtpsk;.
27. @tirr; rPu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fha;r;rPu; ? njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;/ Ttps=;fha;/ fUtps=;fha;.
28. btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPu; vt;btt; tha;ghLfSs; xd;iwf; bfhz;L Koa[k;>
ehs;/ kyu;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[.
f=;fh 127
29. btz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
btz;gh VG tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. Fws; btz;gh 2. neupir btz;gh 3. ,d;dpir btz;gh 4. neupirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
5. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh 6. gBbwhil btz;gh 7. fypbtz;gh
30. gBbwhil btz;gh/ fypbtz;gh ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ ehd;for; rpw;bwy;iyahft[k; gd;dpuz;log; ngbuy;iyahft[k; bfhz;lJ
gBbwhil btz;gh MFk;.
¡¡ gjpd;@d;wo Kjy; mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l mofs; tiu bfhz;lJ `fypbtz;gh~ MFk;.
31. ,d;dpir btz;gh vt;thW mikf;fg;gLk;>

jdpr;rPupy;yhky; ehd;F rPnuhL mikf;fg;gLgit ,d;dpir btz;gh.
rpWtpdh
1. tpj;jpahuk;gk; (fy;tpj; bjhlf;fk;) Fwpj;J c.nt. rhkpehju; TWtJ vd;d>
¡¡ Ie;J tajpy; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; bgWtjw;fhfg; bgw;nwhu;fs; gps;isfis
Mrpupau;fsplk; xg;gilg;gu;.
¡¡ gps;isfisg; gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; nru;f;Fk; fhyk; kpfg; bgupa tpHhthff; bfhz]
lhlg;gLk;.
¡¡ Vl;od; kPJ k+;rs; g{rpg; g{rpj;Jg; gs;spapy; nrUk; khzhf;fuplk; bfhLj;J thrpf;ff;
TWtu;.
¡¡ Mrpupau; beL=;fzf;ifr; brhy;y khzhf;fd; mjidg; gpd;gw;wpr; brhy;y ntz]Lk;.
¡¡ ,t;thW brhy;tij `Kiw itg;g[~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ MrpupaUf;Fg; gjpyhfr; rl;lhk; gps;is cz]L.
2. m|uhg;gpahrj;ij ikahly; tpHh vd miHf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d> khzf;fu; vt;thW

vGj;Jfisf; fw;f bjhl=;fpdu;>
ikahly; tpHh :
Rtoapy; trk;g[/ k+;rs;/ kzj;jf;fhspapiyr;rhW my;yJ Cikj;japiyr;rhW/
khtpiyf;fup/ ju;g;igf;fup Kjypatw;iwf; fye;J bra;j ikiaj; jltpdhy; vGj;Jfs;
bjspthfj; bjupa[k;. fz]Qf;Ff; Fspu;r;rpahft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhnyna m|uhg;gpahrj;ij
(vGj;J mwptpj;jiy) ikahly; tpHh vd;wdu;.
vGj;J mwptpj;jy;:
Mrpupau; Kjypy; kzypy; vGJtu;. mjd; nky; khztu; vGJtu;. gpwF jhnk vGJtu;.
,jdhy; khztu;fSila vGj;Jfs; tupirahft[k; ed;whft[k; mike;jpUe;jd.
3. gz]ilaf; fy;tp Kiwapy; `kddk;~ vd;gJ vspjhd xd;whf ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d
vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ gz]ila khzhf;fUf;F mog;gil E}y;fbsy;yhk; kddkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
¡¡ jkpHpy; epfz]L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif/ jz]oay=;fhuk;/ ePjpE}y;fs; Kjypad ghlkhFk;.
¡¡ fzpjj;jpy;/ fPH;thapyf;fk;/ nky;thapyf;fk;/ FHpkhw;W nghd;w gytif tha;ghLfs;
,Uf;Fk;.
¡¡ `jiyfPH;g;ghlk;~ vd;w Kiwa[k; cz]L.
¡¡ mfuhjp tupirapy; gog;gjhy; mit khzhf;fupd; epidit tpl;L mfy;tjpy;iy.
4. Rtoia cUthf;Fk; Kiwia tptup.
¡¡ Xiyia thup xG=;fhf eWf;fpj; Jisapl;Lf; fapW nfhj;J xU Jis my;yJ
,uz]L JisapLtu;.
¡¡ nky; rl;lkhfg; gidkl;ilapd; fhk;ig eWf;fpf; nfhu;g;gu;. kuj;jhYk;/
brg;g[j;jfl;lhYk; rl;lk; bra;tu;.
4
¡¡ rl;l=;fspd; nky; tu;zikapdhw; gy tifahd rpj;jpu=;fis tiue;J itg;gu;.
¡¡ ,ul;ilj; Jisa[s;s VLfspy;/ xU Jisapidr; brg;g[f; fk;gp my;yJ @=;fpy;
Fr;rpiar; brUfpf; fl;Ltu;. ,jid èhuhrk;~ vd;W miHg;gu;.
ïaš
¡¡ Rtoiaf; nfhu;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; xU jiyg;gpy; jilahf/ gidnahiyia <u;f;nfhL

fpsp@f;Fg; nghyf; fj;jupj;J mikg;gJ ghu;g;gjw;F fpsp@f;F nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Rtoiaf; nfhu;f;Fk; fapw;wpd; mikg;g[ `fpsp@f;F~ vd;wiHf;fg;gLk;.
5. ftp+u; Rujh gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgau; : ,uhrnfhghyd;
rpwg;g[g; bgau; : ghujpjhrd; kPJ bfhz]l gw;Wjyhy; Rg;g[uj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf;
bfhz;lhu;. gpwF Rujh vd;W khw;wpf; bfhz]lhu;.
,yf;fpag; gzp : ,yf;fpak;/ tpz]kPd;/ Cu;tyk; nghd;w ,yf;fpa VLfis elj;jpatu;.
njd;kiH/ JiwKfk;/ k=;ifau;f;furp/ mKJk; njDk; cs;spl;l gy
E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;.
tpUJfs; : jkpHf murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ/ ghujpjhrd; tpUJ/ j+;irj; jkpH;g;
gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; ,uhruhrd; tpUJ.
6. Fjpiu tiuaf; Fjpiuna
tuhJ " fGija[k; tuyhk;
,uz]Lk; fyf;fyhk; ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; : ,g;ghly; tupahdJ rp.kzp mtu;fspd; `,Jtiu~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy;;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; : ehk; brhy;y tpUk;gpa vy;yhnk brhy;ypy; tUtjpy;iy.
tpsf;fk; : ehk; xd;iw epidj;Jg; ngr mJ g[upe;J bfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ntbwhd;whfptpLk;.
Xtpad; Fjpiuia tiua epidj;J tiua[k; nghJ mJ ghu;g;gjw;Ff; Fjpiu
nghy ,y;yhky; fGijnghyf; fhl;rpaspf;fyhk;. gy neu=;fspy; ,uz]Lk;
fye;J Tl njhw;wkspf;fyhk;. mJnghd;Wjhd; ehk; vz]Qfpd;w vz]zk;
btsptUk; nghJ g[upe;J bfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ek; vz]zk; mg;gona g[upe;J
bfhs;sg;glyhk; my;yJ khw;Wf;fUj;ija[k; bgwyhk;.
7. ``vypf;Fg; bghwpitj;jhy;
tpuYk; tpGtJz;L
ePu;njo miya[k;nghJ
,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; : ,
g;ghly; tupahdJ rp.kzp mtu;fspd; `,Jtiu~ vd;w ftpijj;
bjhFg;gpy;; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; : vypiag; gpof;f bghwpitj;jhy; tpuYk; khl;of;bfhs;Sk;. jz;zPu;
njo miya[k;bghGJ ,sePUk; fpilf;Fk;.
f=;fh 129
tpsf;fk; : x
U braiyr; bra;fpd;wbghGJ mr;braYf;F khw;whf ntW bray;
ele;J ek;ikj; Jd;g[Wj;jyhk;. kfpH;r;rpapYk; MH;j;jyhk;. Mfnt/
,ilaPLfs; vg;bghGJk; ek;kplk; te;JnghFk;.
8. g[wehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ g[wk; + ehd;F + E}W
¡¡ 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
¡¡ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.
¡¡ ,J g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpaJ.
¡¡ g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
¡¡ jkpHupd; nghu;/ tPuk;/ ehfupfk;/ gz;ghL/ bewpg;gl;l thH;f;if Kjypatw;iw
tpsf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
¡¡ r=;ffhy kf;fspd; thH;f;ifia mwptjw;F fUt{ykhfj; jpfH;fpwJ.
9. `mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilnahu; kha;e;bjd/

tWj;jiy cyfKk; md;nw" mjdhy;
fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~ ? ,l+;Rl;o bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; : ,g;ghly; mofshdJ mjpakhd; beLkhd;m+;rp guprpy; juhky; ePl;oj;jnghJ
xsitahu; ghoajhFk;. ,J g[wehD}w;wpd; 206 Mk; ghlypy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; : ,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilatu;fs; ,d;Dk; kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy.
tpsf;fk; : m
jpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpaplk; gupR bgw brd;whu; xsitahu;. mjpakhd;
gupR ju fhyk; jhH;j;jpajhy; nfhgkile;j xsitahu; mjpakhd; kl;Lk;jhd;
,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;fpwhdh/ ,t;t[yfpy; mwpt[k; g[fGk; cilatu;fs; ,d;Dk;
kha;e;Jtpltpy;iy. ,e;j cyfk; btw;wplkhftpy;iy" gupR jutpy;iy
vd;why; vd;d> fiyj;bjhHpypy; ty;y v=;fSf;F v=;Fr; brd;whYk; czt[
fpilf;Fk;.
10. `vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw~ vd;w xsitahupd; brk;khg;ig tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ fw;wtu;fSf;Fr; brd;w ,lbky;yhk; rpwg;ghFk;.
¡¡ gupR ju fhyjhkjk; Mdjhy; xsitahu; thapy; fhtydplk; cd; murd; xUtid

kl;Lnk ek;gp ,e;j cyfk; cs;sJ vd;W mtd; epidj;Js;shndh >
¡¡ kuk; btl;Lk; jr;rdpd; kfd; nfhlupa[ld; fhl;ow;Fr; brd;why; mtu;fs; btl;l fhl;oy;
VjhtJ xU kuk; fpilf;fhky; ngha;tpLkh >
¡¡ `mJnghynt/ fw;wtu;fs; vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirapy; czt[ fpilf;Fk;.~
¡¡ fw;wtu;fSf;F mtu;fs; bry;Yk; ,l=;fspy; vy;yhk; g[fH; cz]lhFk;.
¡¡ fy;tpf;F mj;jifa rpwg;g[z]L vd;gij mwpe;jjhy; xsitahu; brk;ghg;g[ld;

thapw;fhtydplk; `vj;jpir bry;ypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw~ vd;W thapw;fhtydplk;
Twpdhu;.
11. ghlhz] jpiz rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk;:
ghL + Mz] + jpiz = ghlhz] jpiz. ghlg;gLk; Mz] kfdpd; g[fH;/ typik/
bfhil/ mUs;. fy;tp/ xGf;fk; nghd;wtw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtjhFk;.
rhd;W:
4 `thap nyhna- thap nyhna-
ts;spnahu; brtpKjy; ta=;FbkhHp tj;jpj; jhk; .....~
vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; mofs;.
ïaš
bghUj;jk;:
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ik btspg;gLtjhy;
,g;ghly; ghlhz]jpizf;F cupaJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
12. guprpy; Jiw rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
gupR ntz;o thapypy; epw;gJ guprpy; JiwahFk;.
rhd;W:
`thap nyhna- thap nyhna-
ts;spnahu; brtpKjy; ta=;FbkhHp tj;jpj; jhk; .....~
vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; mofs;.
bghUj;jk;:
TwpajpypUe;J mjpakhd; beLkhd; m+;rpapd; bfhilj;jd;ikia nehf;fp guprpyu;
muz;kidapd; thapypy; epw;gJ guprpy; JiwahFk;.
13. btz;ghtpw;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWf.
¡¡ ,aw;rPu; btz;lis btz;rPu; btz;lis gpwHhJ tUk;.
¡¡ <w;wo @r;rPuhft[k; Vida mo ehw;rPuhft[k; tUk;.
¡¡ <uirr;rPu;fs; khr;rPUk; tpsr;rPUk; @tirr;rPupy; fha;r;rPUk; tUk;.
¡¡ brg;gnyhir bgw;W tUk;.
¡¡ ,uz;lo Kjy; gd;dpbuz;L mo tiu tUk;.
¡¡ <w;Wr;rPu; ehs;/ kyu;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[ Mfpa tha;ghLfSs; xd;iwf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
f=;fh 131
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. gz;ilf;fhyg; gs;spf;Tl=;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f eilKiwfspy;/
jw;fhyj;jpy; nkw;bfhs;sj;jf;fit Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 85 |
khztd; : tzf;fk; Iah- mf;fhyj;jpy; ifabGj;J vg;go ,Ue;jJ Iah>
Mrpupau; : tzf;fk;- brhy;fpnwd;/ nfS=;fs;.
vGj;Jfs; xd;nwhblhd;W tup nfhzy; ,y;yhky; g[s;sp/ fhy;/ bfhk;g[
Kjypa tup vGj;jpd; cWg;g[fis bgupnahu;fs; gHf;fpdhu;fs;. ehKk;
gHf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
khztd; : kddk; gw;wp TW=;fs Iah.
Mrpupau; : jkpHpy; epfz;L/ ed;D}y;/ fhupif Kjyhdtw;iw kddk; bra;jhu;fs;.
khztd; : mg;goah Iah- ntW VnjDk; bra;jhu;fsh Iah>
Mrpupau; : xt;bthU ehSk; khztu;fisj; jhd; vGjpa VLfspd; vGj;Jfspd;
nknyna vGjp tur; bra;jhu;fs;.
khztd; : ed;wp Iah-
2. `kddk; bra;jy;~ ? ,d;iwa fy;tp epiyapYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU TW. ,J gw;wpg; gj;Jf;
fUj;Jfis Kd;itf;f. | gf;fk;: 85 |
¡¡ jpUf;Fws;/ rhd;nwhu; rpe;jidfs;/ mwE}y; bjhlu;fs; nghd;wtw;iw kddk; bra;jhy;
jhd; mwpit btspf;bfhzu Koa[k;.
¡¡ ,d;W ftdr;rpjwy;fspd; Cnljhd; fy;tp. vdnt/ kddk; bra;tnj ey;yJ.
¡¡ nju;t[ neu=;fspy; kddg; ghly;fs;/ kddk; bra;jhbyhHpa epidt[f;F tuhJ.
¡¡ kddk; vd;gJ kdij xUikg;gLj;Jk; xU jpahdk;.
¡¡ g[upahj xU gFjpia kddk; bra;njhk; vd;why; tps=;Fk; fhyj;jpy;jhnd tps=;Fk;.
kddk; ,y;iy vd;why; @isapd; bray;ghL Fiwa[k; vd;gJ Muha;r;rp fUj;J.
¡¡ vdnt/ kddj;jpd;kPJ ftdk; brYj;JtJ rpe;jidahw;wiyr; rpwf;f tpj;jpLk;.
3. ngr;R tHf;fpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w ctikr; brhw;fisj; bjhFf;f. ,it fUj;ij

btspg;gLj;Jtjw;F vt;thW gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; FGthf ciuahLf.
| gf;fk;: 87 |
ghY : XlwtDf;F xk;gjhk; ,lj;jpy; Rf;fpud;D brhy;fpwhu;fns mjd; mu;j;jk; vd;d>
ntY : Xlwtd;dh/ Xa;tpy;yhky; ciHf;fpwtd;. xd;gjhk; ,lj;jpy; Rf;fpud;dh
? Rf;fpujpir vd;gJ kf;fSf;Fr; bry;tj;ij ms;spf; bfhLf;Fk; vd;W
brhy;thu;fs;.
ghY : ey;y tpsf;fk; ,J. ,d;Dk; xU re;njfk;>
ntY : vd;d>
ghY : fhf;fh cf;fhu gdk;gHk; tpGe;j fij. ,jd; bghUbsd;d>
ntY : gidkuj;jpy; gdk;gHk; gGj;jt[ld; jhnd tpGk;. Mdhy; fhf;fh ngha; gid
kuj;jpy; cl;fhut[k; mjdhy; gdk;gHk; tpGe;jjhk; vd;gJ fUj;J. ,jd; tpsf;fk;
FHe;ij xd;W kiHna kiHna th vd;W ghoaJk; kiH te;Jtpl;ljhk;. kiH
jhndjhd; bghHpa[k; ahUk; tuitf;f KoahJ.
ghY : filrpahf/ xU tpsf;fk; njitg;gLfpwJ. rhz; Vw KHk; rWf;Fk; vd;gjd;
tpsf;fk; TW.
ntY :
tut[ ,uz;lzh vd;why; bryt[ xU mzhthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. mJ
,ay;ghd thH;f;if. tut[ ,uz;lzh vd;why; bryt[ ehyzhthf ,Ue;jhy;/
mr;bra;ifjhd; rhz; Vwpdhy; KHk; rWf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;.
4. ,jH;fspy; btspte;Js;s ftpijfspy; ,uz;oidj; jpul;o/ tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;o/
mit ftp+dpd; kdepiyia vt;tpjk; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;ft[k;.
4
fu;;g;gpzpj;jha;
| gf;fk;: 88 |
jiytpjpahy; jiytp tapw;iwf; fGt ntiyf;Fr; bry;fpwhs;.
ntiyf;Fr; brd;whs; ,J tpjpapd; bray;. gpwf;Fk; Kd;nd ngij vd;d ghtk;
ïaš
fUt[k; Rke;jJ bra;jJ Rik jh=;f>

Rikia tWikapd; gpoapy; thLk; capu;fisg; glk; gpoj;jJ nghy/
Typ ,y;yhky;. brhy;yhy; Xtpak; jPl;o kdij bkGfha; cUf itf;fpwJ
,f;ftpij.
ViHapd; tPl;oDs; ViH ghtk; vd;d bra;thd;. vz;rhz; clk;gpy; xUrhz;
fha;fpwJ epyt[ tapw;Wf;nf ghLgLfpwhd;. xl;oa tapWk; fl;oa kidtpa[k;
Tiua[k; ,y;iy vl;lhj bry;tKk; ,tdJ cilikfs;. vjpu;fhyk; ,tDf;F
,Ul;L/ epfH;fhyk; vd;dnth btWikjhd;. gfypy; ghLgLk;
Fspu;r;rpa[kpy;iy.
,tDf;F Xa;btLf;Fk; ,utpy; TiuTl ,y;iy ,td;
tPl;oy;.
5. fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jk; jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahu; ghly;fisj; jpul;o tFg;giwapy;

ciuahLf. | gf;fk;: 90 |
m) àhjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhky; vd;bdhUtd;
rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW.~
ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; .............. fw;wtDf;F vy;yh ehLk; brhe;j ehL/ vy;yh CUk;
brhe;j Cu;. mt;thW ,Uf;f xUtd; rhFk;tiu Vd; fy;tp fw;ff; TlhJ vd;fpwhu;
ts;Stu;. rhFk; tiu fy;tpiaj; bjhlu;e;J fw;Wf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
ts;Stdpd; tw;g[Wj;jy;.
M) `xUikf;fz; jhd; fw;w fy;tp xUtw;F
vGika[k; Vkhg;g[ cilj;J.
xU gpwtpapy; xUtd; fw;fpd;w fy;tpahdJ vGfpd;w VG gpwtpapYk; mtDf;Fg;
ghJfhg;gpidj; juty;yJ. VG gpwtpapYk; bjhlu;e;J tuty;yJ fy;tp xd;nwahFk;.
,) eha;f;fhy; rpW tpuy; nghy; ed;fzpauhapDk;
<f;fhy; Jiza[k; cjthjhu; el;bgd;dhk;
nra;j;jhDk; brd;W bfhsy; ntz;Lk; ? bra; tpisf;Fk;
tha;f;fhy; midau; bjhlu;g[ ? ehyoahu;
ehyoahu; ghlypy;/ ehapd; fhy; tpuy;fs; beU=;fp ,Uf;Fk;. mJnghy ek;ik beU=;fp
,Ug;gtu;fs; <apd; fhy; mst[Tl cjtkhl;lhu;fs;. tha;f;fhypd; J}uj;jpypUe;J
tUk; jz;zPu; gapu; tpisr;rYf;F cjt[k;. mJnghy J}uj;jpypUe;J cjtp bra;a[k;
ey;ytu;fis ehk; beU=;fpr; brd;W el;g[ bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
f=;fh 133
6. rhiyg; ghJfhg;gpid typa[Wj;Jk; KHf;fj; bjhlu;fs; ml=;fpa gjhiffs; rpytw;iw
cUthf;fpg; gs;spapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. | gf;fk;: 95 |
rhiyg; ghJfhg;gpy; ftdk;- ,UgJ kPl;lu; ,ilbtsp-

js;spg; nghtnjh kuzk;-- ,Ue;jhy; ePjhd; mwpthsp--
jiyf;Ff; ftrk; mzp Xl;Lk;nghJ ntz;Lk; epjhdk;

jiyKiwf;Fk; mJnt gzp tPl;Lf;F ntz;Lk; cd; tUkhdk;--
7. vjpu;ghuhj NHypy; Vw;gLk; rhiytpgj;ija[k;/ mtw;iwj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfisa[k;

cs;slf;fpa ehlfk; xd;iw elj;jpf; fhl;Lf. | gf;fk;: 95 |
g=;FbgWnthu;: uhK/ nrhK/ gPK.

uhK : v=;f mg;ghtplk; nfl;Lj; bjhe;jut[ gz;zp th=;fpd ,Urf;fu thfdk; ,Jlh-
nrhK : ey;yh ,Uf;Flh/ gy;ruh>
uhK : gy;ru;dh vdf;F buhk;g gpof;Fk;lh. rup ,d;iwf;F kfhgypg[uk; tiuf;Fk;
tz;oapy ngha; tUnthkh>
nrhK : ehd; jahu;. Mdh gPK eP tu;wpah>
gPK : ehDk; tu;nwd;. Mdhy; xU ntz;Lnfhs;.
uhK : vd;dd;D brhy;Y.
gPK : @tUk; tz;oapy; nghfDk;dh/ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;J bry;y ntz;Lk;.
uhK : @d;W ,Uf;Flh. nghfyhk; th.
(@tUk; bry;fpd;wdu;. vjpnu yhup xd;W jlk; khwp ntfkhf tUfpwJ. vt;tsnth
,Urf;fu thfdj;ij tisj;Jk; Koahky; tz;o fPnH tpGe;Jtpl;lJ. @tUf;Fk; fhak;.
kUj;Jtkid brd;W tPL jpUk;g[jy;)
gPK : jiyf;ftrk; mzpa brhd;ndd;. mjdhy;jhd; jiyapy; mo gly.
uhK : gPK/ eP ey;yh brhd;dlh/ ehd; Kjy;y jiyf;ftrk; ntzhd;D bedr;nrd;.
@d;W ngU capiua[k; eP fhg;ghj;jpl;l.
nrhK : Mkhz;lh/ gPK eP tw;g[Wj;jyd;dh/ jiyf;ftrk; mzpe;jpUf;f khl;nlhk;.
btWk; jiynahl nghapUg;nghk;. mjpfkhf mogl;oUf;Fk;.
gPK : ehd; fhg;gj;jylh/ jiyf;ftrk;jhd; ek;ks fhg;ghj;Jr;R.
@tUk; : jiyf;ftrk;- ek; capu; fhf;Fk; Rthrk;-
8. fPH;f;fhQk; <w;wofisf; bfhz;L neupir (m) ,d;dpir btz;gh vGJf. | gf;fk;: 100 |
m) vd;;Wk; tpUk;gpna fy;. M) xGf;fk; cau;t[ jUk;.
cyfpy; cj;jkdha; thH fy;tp capiu tpl nkyhdJ xGf;fk;
vj;jpf;Fk; cd; g[fiH ehl;l japiu tpl bkd;ikahdJ xGf;fk;
Vw;wkpF fy;tpia frlw fw;W gHFk; Kiw mwpe;J thH;e;jhy;
vd;Wk; tpUk;gpna fy;. xGf;fnk cau;t[ jUk;.
,) ,d;dy; tpyfp tpLk;. <) cHtpd;wp ca;ah cy(F).
md;gpdhy; mwk; gy bra;J nfhYk; Fila[k; kd;dDf;F
gz;gpdhy; gy g[fH; va;J mtrpak;
cz;ik apdhy; ciHj;JeP thH;e;jhy; vGJk; nfhYf;F Tu;Kid mtrpak;
,d;dy; tpyfp tpLk;. cGk; tptrhapf;F Vu;Kid mtrpak;
4 cHtpd;wp ca;ah cyF.
c) bkhHpapd; tHpaJ mwpt[.

ïaš
ts;Stdpd; tha;bkhHpia Fw;wkwf; fw;W

fk;gdpd; fhtpaj;ij frlwf; fw;W
,s=;nfhtpd; rpyk;ig rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J
bkhHpapd; tHpa jwpt[.
9. `,aw;if~ vd;Dk; bghUz;ikapy; btz;gh vGJf. | gf;fk;: 100 |

bjd;wy; tPr g{kzk; gut[k;
Fd;wk; Fspu Fspupy; thLk;
kapYk; Ml kiHnkfk; brhupa[k;
kz;Q yiff; fhz;.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``vj;jpirr; brypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw~~ vd;w Tw;W ahuplk; Twg;gl;lJ>
m) bgUkhd; m+;rp M) thapy; fhg;nghd;
,) mjpakhd; <) xsitahu; [tpil: M) thapy; fhg;nghd;]
2. fha;Kd; neu; tUtJ
m) btz;rPu; btz;lis M) nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis
,) ,aw;rPu; btz;lis <) epiwbahd;whrpupaj;jis
[tpil: m) btz;rPu; btz;lis]
3. KGf;f KGf;f ftpijfisna bfhz;l E}y;
m) k=;ifau;f;furp M) mKJk; njDk;
,) fhtpak; <) njd; kiH [tpil: ,) fhtpak;]
4. `Ìahd; bla;jp ikaho mwpe;jhu; miyfs;~~ gapd;W tUk; E}y;
m) jkpH;tpLJ}J M) rpe;jhkzp
,) bfhd;iw nte;jd; <) ed;D}y; [tpil: M) rpe;jhkzp]
5. gd;dhl;Lr; rhiy mikg;g[ khehL eilbgw;w efuk;
m) ghup!; M) g[Jbly;yp
,) epa[{ahu;f; <) nlhf;fpnah [tpil: m) ghup!;]
6. Xjw;gpuptpw;Fupa fhy vy;iyahfj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) 1 tUlk; M) 6 khj=;fs;
,) 2 tUl=;fs; <) 3 tUl=;fs; [tpil: <) 3 tUl=;fs;]
f=;fh 135
7. jtwhd btz;gh mo tiuaiwiaj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) gjp@d;wo Kjy; mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l mofs; tiu neupir btz;ght[k;
,d;dpir btz;ght[k;
M) ehd;fo Kjy; gd;dpuz;lhk; tiu gBbwhil btz;gh
,) @d;wo btz;gh ? neupir/ ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
<) ,uz;lo btz;gh ? Fws; btz;gh [tpil: m) ]
8. c.nt.rh bgw;w gl;l=;fSs; ml=;fhjJ
m) ehtyu; M) jh&pdhj;jpa fyhepjp
,) jpuhtpl tpj;jpah g{&zk; <) kfhknjhghj;jpaha [tpil: m) ehtyu;]
9. xUtUila g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtJ
m) ghlhd; jpiz M) bghJtpay; jpiz
,) Jk;igj; jpiz <) thifj; jpiz [tpil: m) ghlhd; jpiz]
10. kpy;ldpd; Rtu;f;f ePf;fj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; M) gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazrhkp
,) nt=;flrhkp <) g. Rg;gpukzpadhu; [tpil: <) g. Rg;gpukzpadhu;]
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. ``fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; `fyd;~ czu;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) nghu;f;fUtp M) jr;Rf;fUtp
,) ,irf;fUtp <) ntshz;fUtp ........................................................
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fhtpak;
,) Cu;tyk; <) tpz]kPd; ........................................................
3. ``tpz]ntW" tpz]btspapy; ,a=;F fpd;w
btz]kjpa[k; br=;fjpUk; KfpYk; ntW~~ ? bjhlu; jUk; KGikahd bghUs;
m) tpz]Qk; btz]kjpa[k; ntW ntW
M) tpz]btspa[k; br=;fjpUk; ntW ntW
,) btz]kjpa[k; KfpYk; ntW ntW
<) tpz]/ tpz]btspapy; cs;s btz]kjp/ br=;fjpu;/ Kfpy; midj;Jk; ntW ntW
........................................................
4. RtonahL bghUe;jhj xd;iwj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) trk;g[ M) kzj;jf;fhspapiyr; rhW
,) fLf;fha; <) khtpiyf;fup ........................................................
5. `FHpkhw;W~ ve;jj; JiwnahL bjhlu;g[ila brhy;>
m) ,yf;fpak; M) fzpjk;
,) g[tpapay; <) ntshz]ik ........................................................
6. btz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;> bghUj;jkhd rPupidf; bfhz;L
nfhol;l ,l=;fis epug;g[=;fs;.
m) md;ng ................................................. (Mu;tkha; ' jfspaha;)
M) thd;kiH ................................................. (J}wypy; ' bghHpe;jpod;)
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; ................................................. (,yhjhu; ' ,y;yhu;)
4 <) btz;zpyt[ ................................................. (fha;fpwJ ' xspu;fpwJ)
c) bta;nahd; ................................................. (fha;e;jpl ' xspu;e;jpl)
ïaš
7. @d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vGJf.

m) fy;tp fiuapy ........................................................
M) fy;yhnu MapDk; ........................................................
,) ey;yit bra;apd; ........................................................
<) mtkjpg;g[k; Md;w ........................................................
c) cz;zhJ nehw;ghu; ........................................................
8. bghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; ? 1. fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;
M) fha;r;rPu; ? 2. ehs;/ kyu;
,) tpsr;rPu; ? 3. njkh=;fha;/ g[spkh=;fha;
<) Xuirr;rPu; ? 4. njkh/ g[spkh
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ........................................................
FWtpdh
1. `,ilaPL~ ? vtw;iwf; FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2. trdk;/ ftpij ntWghL jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
3. `vj;jpirapYk; nrhW jl;lhJ fpl;Lk;~ ? ahu;f;F>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
4. mf;fhyj;Jf; fy;tp Kiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 137
5. btz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
6. xU tpfw;gk;/ gy tpfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. ta=;FbkhHp ? ........................................................
2. milah ? ........................................................
3. mwpt[k; g[fGk; ? ........................................................
4. rpwhmu; ? ........................................................
vj;jpir
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
9. bjhlupy; cs;s gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. v=;fs; Cupy; E}yff; fl;olk; fl;l mwR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. u=;fd; bt=;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. khdk; ghu;j;j g{kpapy; gapW tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. Ig;grp milkiHapy; CUdp epiwe;jJ.
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. ,d;dpf;F rha=;fhyk; fgo nghl;o eilbgWk;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
10. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
The Serious dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India’s status in
the international community of nations or with her educational and social needs. In this matter. India
compares unfavourably not only with other independent Dominions of the commonwealth but even with
certain British colonies. She possesses only one public library on any considerable size, and even this
institution is inadequate to serve the need of the capital city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing any
library at all. The rural papulation is completely neglected; There are no travelling libraries to reach them
of kind that are to be found even in some backward countries.
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise
in the rate of literacy. The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even
magazines and newspapers; in the absence of sufficient public libraries and reading room, most of them
cannot attain regular reading habits.
4 .......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
11. gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfis thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.
1. ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 139
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
3. tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
12. brhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; nru;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f.
1. gyif
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2. jhkiu
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
3. nfhtpy;
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
4. bt=;fhak;
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
5. jiyik
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
4

1.
2.
Arrival
Departure
-
-
....................................................................
....................................................................
3. Coaveyor Belt - ....................................................................
ïaš
4. Take off - ....................................................................

5. Passport - ....................................................................
6. Visa - ....................................................................
7. Domestic Flight - ....................................................................
14. kdg;ghlk;.
1. `tpz;ntW .......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Rujhtpd; `,jpy; btw;wp bgw~ vd;w ftpijia
vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2. `mwpt[k; g[fGk; .......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
***
f=;fh 141
ï£ªì¡ð ï£†®¡ î¬ô

ï£èKè‹, ªî£N™, õEè‹
à¬óï¬ì ñîó£êŠð†®ù‹
ªêŒ»œ ªîŒõñEñ£¬ô Þó£ñLƒè Ü®è÷£˜
ªêŒ»œ «îõ£ó‹ F¼ë£ù ê‹ð‰î˜
ïaš
ªêŒ»œ Üèï£ÛÁ
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ î¬ô‚°÷‹
Þô‚èí‹ ð®ñ‹
Ü‹Íõù£˜
«î£ŠH™ ºèñ¶ eó£¡ 5
F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; ? fhuzk; ?
m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;
M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/ thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F
,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m/ M/ , ? midj;Jk; [tpil: <) m/ M/ , midj;Jk;]
2. Tw;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsu;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdu;.
fhuzk; : fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhu;e;jjhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup
[tpil: <) Tw;W rup fhuzk; rup]
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW ? 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[
M) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; ? 2. fy; nfhlup
,) gy;yhtuk; ? 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk;
<) vGk;g{u; ? 4. Ttk;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]]
4. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthu;~ ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neu;kiwg; gz;g[ M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;g[
,) Kuz;gz;g[ <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: ,) Kuz;gz;g][
5. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu
,) eha; <) ahHp [tpil: ,) eha;]
6. gokk; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) brhy; M) bray;
,) fhl;rp <) xyp [tpil: ,) fhl;rp]]
7. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka/ Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ,f;ftpijapy;
.............. gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk; M) tpidg;gokk;
,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; [tpil: M) tpidg;gokk;]
8. Tw;W : ctik cUtfk; nghyg; gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd;
5
mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpid tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
ïaš
,) Tw;Wk; rup/ fhuzKk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW

[tpil: m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW]
9. bka;g; gokj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) beU+;rpf; fl;fpd; g[Jkyu; Kl;gae; jh=;F ...
M) fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ ...
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk; ...
<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g ...
[tpil: ,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;]
FWtpdh
1. fyptpHh/ xyptpHh tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ fyptpHh : jpUkapiyapy; bfhz;lhLk; vGr;rpkpf;f tpHh.
¡¡ xyptpHh : fghyPr;ruk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh.
2. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.

¡¡ fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fisf; bfhz;L 1869 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;.
¡¡ Xiyr;Rtofs;/ jhs;Rtofs;/ g[j;jf=;fs; vdg; bgUk; bjhFg;g[fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. `jUkkpF brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsu; jynkh=;F fe;jntns~ bjhlUf;Fg;

gjt[iu vGJf.
mwk; bra;thu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jf; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUsp
,Uf;Fk; fe;jntns- vd;gJ gjt[iu MFk;.
4. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujtu;~ bjhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
`bgU=;fly; rpWFog; gujtu;~ bgupa fly; vd;w brhy;Yf;F Kuzhfr; rpwpa Foir vd;w
brhy; vLj;jhsg;bgw;wJ.
5. ``khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk;
btspg;gLfpwJ>
,g;ghlyofspy; bka; (totg;) gokk; btspg;gLfpwJ.
khe;njhg;g[ gUt fhyj;jpd; mHF gl;lhilahf kuj;ijg; nghu;j;jpapUg;gJ g{f;fSk;
jspu;fSk; gl;lhilia cLj;jpa bgz;zpd; njhw;wj;ij my;yJ g{j;jpUf;Fk; kuj;jpd;
njhw;wj;njhL xg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
f=;fh 143
rpWtpdh
1. brd;idapd; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fspy; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J ,Ug;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
¡¡ brd;id efupd; xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L.
¡¡ ,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ghzpapy; fl;lg;gl;l fl;ll=;fs; ,d;W brd;idapd;
gHikiag; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
¡¡ Mtz=;fis Kiwahff; ifahSk; Mtzf; fhg;gfk; rhurdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy;
mike;jJ.
¡¡ bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw/ gz;ghl;il mwptjw;F vGk;g{u; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il
mU=;fhl;rpafk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
¡¡ ,e;jpahtpd; bghJE}yfkhd fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; etPdkhf tsu;e;J tUk; bgupa
E}yfk; MFk;.
¡¡ vGk;g{u; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak;/ bghJ m+;ry; epiyak;/ cau;ePjpkd;wk;/ brd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ upg;gd; fl;llk;/ tpf;nlhupah mu=;fk; nghd;wit.
2. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; fe;jntsplk; vj;jifnahu; cwt[ ntz;Lbkdf; nfl;fpwhu;>
¡¡ brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns-
¡¡ Fspu;e;j Kfj;ija[ila J}a;ikahd khzpf;f kzpna- irt kzpna-
¡¡ kyu; nghd;w jpUtofis epidf;fpd;w cj;jku;jk; cwt[ ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ cs;bshd;Wk;/ g[wbkhd;Wk; ngRk; cwt[ vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfis vdf;F mUs;g[upa ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ kjkhd nga; mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ bgz;zhiria Jwf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ cd;id kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ fUizahfpa epjp/ nehaw;w thH;t[ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Lfpwhu;.
3. g=;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpHh eilbgw;w Kiwiaj; jpU+hd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpt[

bra;fpwhu;>
¡¡ nfhtpy; jpUtpHh kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; btspg;ghL.
¡¡ Cupd; bgUikf;Fupa milahs=;fSs; xd;W.
¡¡ tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; jpUkapiy.
¡¡ ,sk; bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; vGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpa[ila
Cu;.
¡¡ kapiy fghyPr;ruk; nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu
Muthu tpHhtpidf; fz;L ,iwtd; mUs;bgw jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; gjpt[ bra;fpwhu;.
4. `bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;g[~ ? ,j;bjhlupd; tHp gz;lkhw;W tzpfj;ij tpsf;Ff.
gz;lkhw;wk; vd;gJ xU bghUisf; bfhLj;J ntW bghUisg; bgwy;. ,J gH=;fhy
tzpfk;. cg;g[f;Fg; gjpyhf bey;iy tpw;wdu; vd;w gz;lkhw;W tzpfk; epfH;e;jJ
vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.
`bey;ypd; nenu btz;fy; cg;bgdr;
nrup tpiykhW Twypd; kida~
ckzu; xUtupd; kfs; mHFk; ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;. jd; iffspy; mzpe;jpUe;j
tisay;fs; xypf;f tPjpf;Fr; brd;whs;. mg;nghJ me;j tPjp tHpahf te;j tzpfid
nehf;fp cg;g[f;F khw;whf/ bey;ypidj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;s thuPnuh vd;W
TWfpwhu;.
beLtpdh
5 1. `xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk;~ ? eP=;fs; ghu;j;j my;yJ thH;e;j xU efuk;
Fwpj;J ,U gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
ïaš
Kd;Diu:
xt;bthU efuj;Jf;Fk; tuyhWk; totHFk; cz;L. me;j tifapy; ehk; thH;e;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk; brd;id efuj;ijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
brd;id:
brd;id ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ik efu=;fSs; xd;W. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[ thapy;.
jkpHfj;jpd; jiyefuk;. brd;idia ikakpl;L bjhHpw;rhiyfSk;/ epWtd=;fSk;
Vw;gLj;jp neuo/ kiwKf tha;g;g[fs; cUthFfpd;wd. fzpdp bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs;/
thfd cw;gj;jpapy; ,d;W brd;id Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa mstpy; bkd;bghUs;
Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. kpd;dQg; bghUs;fs; cUthf;Fk; ikakhft[k;
jpfH;fpwJ.
khDl vr;rk;:
TLth+;nrup/ gy;yhtuk;/ g[Hy; nghd;w gFjpfspy; ,d;W fpilf;Fk; bjhy; gH=;fhy
khDl vr;r=;fs; ekJ gHikia czu;j;Jfpd;wd. gy;yhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l
fy;nfhlup ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j;Jiw tuyhw;wpy; jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. kapyhg;g{u;
2 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypau;gh~ vDk; JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghly; bgw;w jyk;:
jpUbthw;wpa{u;/ jpUthd;kpa{u;/ kapyhg;g{u; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s nfhapy;fs; ghly; bgw;w
jykhf cs;sd.
ePu;epiy ? tofhy;:
tlbrd;id ? bfhw;wiyahW/ kj;jpa brd;id ? Ttk;/ bjd; brd;id ? milahW/
ghyhW nkYk; gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;/ fhl;ld; fhy;tha; Mfpadt[k;/ 18 bgupa XilfSk;/
540f;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpwpa XilfSk; ,Ue;jJ.
efuk; ? cUthf;fk;:
bts;is efuk; ? brapd;l; $hu;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns cs;s gFjp.
fUg;gu; efuk; ? nfhl;ilf;F btspna cs;s gFjp.
fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Jzp tzpfnk bgUk;ghYk; bra;jJ. ,jdhy; berthsu;fs;
brd;idia nehf;fp te;jdu;. mtu;fs; thH;e;j gFjpjhd; tz;zhug;ngl;il vd;Wk;
rpd;djwpg;ngl;il vd;gJ kUtp rpe;jhjupg;ngl;il vd;wdu;.
tlbrd;idia kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk;/ bjd;brd;idia brd;idg;gl;odk;
vd;Wk; miHj;jdu;. M=;fpnyau; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J kjuh!; vd;W miHj;jdu;. mJ
,d;W brd;idahf cs;sJ.
f=;fh 145
fy;Y}upfs; ? gs;spfs;:
1715 ,y; cUthd g[dpj nkup njthya ju;kg; gs;sp.
1812 ,y; cUthd brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up.
1837 ,y; cUthd fpwp!;Jtf; fy;Y}up.
1840 ,y; gpurpbld;rp gs;sp (khepyf; fy;Y}up).
1857 ,y; brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
1914 ,y; cUthd ,uhzpnkupf; fy;Y}up.
gz;ghl;L milahs=;fs;:
,e;jpa rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;ll=;fshfj; jkpH;ehL
Mtzf; fhg;gfk;/ vGk;g{u; mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ nfhl;il mU=;fhl;rpafk;/ fd;dpkhuh E}
yfk; nghd;wit tps=;Ffpd;wd.
Kot[iu:
,j;jF bgUik bfhz;l brd;id efuk;/ ehd; ghu;j;J thH;e;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
bgUikbfhz;l gHikiag; giwrhw;Wk; efukhf tps=;FfpwJ.
2. ``fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; Kftupia ,He;J tUfpd;wd~~ ? ,J Fwpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu:
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fk;/ ehfuPf tsu;r;rp/ g[yk;bgau;t[/ jiyKiw khw;wk; ,jd;
tpisthf fpuhk=;fs; bky;y bky;y j=;fs; Kftupia ,Hf;fpd;wd.
efuj;ij nehf;fpr; bry;y fhuzk; :
,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j ek; jiyKiwapdu; gy;ntW fhuz=;fshYk;
fpuhkj;ijtpl;L efuj;ij nehf;fp efu;fpd;wdu;. fpuhkj;jpy; fodkhd ciHg;g[k;/
tptrhaKk; jtpu gpw bjhHpy; rhu;e;j tsu;r;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Kiwahd
bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[/ kUj;Jt trjp/ Rfhjhu mikg;g[ fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; 57
kpy;ypad; FHe;ijfs; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwghL cs;stu;fs; fpuhk=;fspy; trpg;gtnu. rpy
fpuhkf; nfhapypy; jPz;lhik/ rhjp mikg;g[/ kjf;fytuk; nghd;w r@f tpnuhjr; bray;fs;
eilbgWfpwJ.
efuj;jpnyh ve;jtpj ghFghLk; ,y;yhky; rkkha; thH;fpd;wdu;. jukhdf; fy;tpiaj;
njo efu thH;f;ifia nehf;fp ,lk; bgau;fpd;wdu;. kpd;rhuk;/ ngUe;J trjp/ bjhHpw;rhiy
nghd;w mog;gil trjpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; efu thH;f;ifia ehLfpd;wdu;. jukhd
fy;tpnahL bjhHpw;fy;tp/ nghl;oj;nju;it vjpu;bfhs;Sk; gapyfk;/ kpd;dQ nghd;w
epWtd=;fs; efu;g;g[wj;jpy; nknyh=;fp tUtjhy; fpuhk=;fis kf;fs; btWf;fpd;wdu;.
,d;W efuk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;ijtpl bgupa kdpj FoapUg;g[ cs;sjhf mikfpwJ.
kf;fs; bjhifg; bgUf;fj;jhy; t=;fpfs;/ tzpf epWtd=;fs; nkYk; tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.
Kot[iu:
,j;jifa fhuz=;fshy; fpuhk=;fis tpl;L kf;fs; efu;g;g[wk; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdu;.
,jdhy; fpuhk=;fs; j=;fs; milahs=;fis ,He;J Kftupaw;W fjpapd;wp mikfpwJ.
3. brd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;g{u;/ fe;jf;nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; bra;a[spy; vt;tpjk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd>
Kd;Diu:
kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;Jbfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;j;pd; btspg;ghL nfhtpy; jpUtpHh. jpUtpHhf;fs;
epiwe;j Cu; kapyhg;g{u; fe;jf;nfhl;lk; gw;wp fhz;nghk;.
5 kapyhg;g{u;:
¡¡ ,sk;bgz;fs; Muthuj;njhL bfhz;lhLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfisa[ila
bgupa Cu; jpUkapiy.
ïaš
¡¡ m=;F vGr;rpkpf;f tpHhf;fs; epfGk; kapiy fghyPr;ruk; vd;Dk;; ,iwtDf;Fg;

g{irapLk; g=;Fdp cj;jpu Muthu tpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWfpwJ.
¡¡ mt;tpHhtpidf; fz;Fspuf; fhz ntz;Lk;.
fe;jf;nfhl;lk;:
¡¡ Md;k nea xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/ rka xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/ xsp tHpghl;ila[k;
Kd;itj;J rPu;jpUj;jr; rpe;jid cUthd ,lk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lk;.
¡¡ mwk; bra;nthu;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; brd;idapd; fe;jf;nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;nfhtpypy;
vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; fe;jntns-
¡¡ Fspu;e;j Kfj;njhw;wj;ija[ila J}a khzpf;f kzpna- kzpfSs; mUs; epiwe;j
irtkzpna-
¡¡ cs;bshd;Wk;/ g[wbkhd;Wk; ngRk; cwt[ vd;idg; gw;whjthW fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ rpwe;j thH;tpay; bewpfisg; vdf;F mUs;g[upa ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ kjkhd nga; mQfhjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ bgz;zhiria Jwf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ cd;id kwthjpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ fUizahfpa epjp/ nehaw;w thH;t[ ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;Lfpwhu;.
Kot[iu:
kf;fspd; kfpH;r;rpiaa[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; ngzp ghJfhf;Fk; tpjkhf brd;id
kapyhg;g{u; fe;jf;nfhl;lk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
¡¡ kyuo ? ctikj;bjhif
¡¡ tsu;jyk; ? tpidj;bjhif
¡¡ khkapiy ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
¡¡ bgU=;fly; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
¡¡ cHhmJ ? bra;a[spir msbgil
¡¡ btuP,a ? brhy;ypir msbgil
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. epidf;fpd;w = epid + f; + fpd;W + m
epid ? gFjp/ f; ? re;jp/ fpd;W ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ m ? bgabur;r
tpFjp.
f=;fh 147
2. itj;J = it + j; + j; + c
it ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
3. ngRthu; = ngR + t; + Mu;
ngR ? gFjp/ t; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy/ Mu; ? gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
4. fz;lhd; = fhz;(fz;) + l; + Md;
fhz; ? gFjp/ `fz;~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ l; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
5. mku;e;jhd; = mku; + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
mku; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
6. bra;j = bra; + j; + m
bra; ? gFjp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ m ? bgabur;r tpFjp.
7. rhw;wp = rhw;W + ,
rhw;W ? gFjp/ , ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. cs;bshd;W = cs; + xd;W
tpjp : `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; capu;tupd; xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ cs;s; + xd;W
vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go (s; + x = bsh)
cs;bshd;W vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
2. xUika[ld; = xUik + cld;
tpjp : `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ xUik + a; + cld; vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (a; + c = a[) xUika[ld;
vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
3. g{k;ghtha; = g{ + tha;
tpjp :
`g{g;bgau;Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ gh?t[f;F
,dkhd k; njhd;wp/ g{k;ghtha; vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
4. bgU=;fly; = bgUik + fly;
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik bfl;L bgU + fly; vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `,dkpfy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ f?t[f;F ,dkhd `=~ njhd;wp/ bgU=;fly;
vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
xUKiw vl;lag[uk; muz;ikdf;F ahH;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J xU g[ytu; te;jpUe;jhu;.
muz;kid mitapy; ele;j g[ytu; Tl;lj;jpy; <w;wo xd;iwf; bfhLj;Jg; ghly; xd;iw
,aw;wpj; jUkhW ntz;odhu;. mf;Tl;lj;jpw;F ,uz;L ez;gu;fs; brd;wpUe;jdu;. gyUk;
ghly; ,aw;wpf; bfhLf;f midj;Jg; ghly;fspYk; ez;gu;fs; ,Utupd; ghly;fns
rpwe;jbjdj; nje;bjLj;j mg;g[ytu;/ ,UtUf;Fk; `ghujp~ vd;w gl;lj;ija[k; tH=;fpr;
rpwg;gpj;jhu;. mt;tpUtupy; xUtu; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;/ kw;bwhUtu; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu;.
ngr;rhsu;/ r@f rPu;jpUj;jthjp/ tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tPuu;/ ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu; vdg;
gd;Kf MSikbfhz;l ehtyu; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu; rpwe;j tHf;fwp+uhft[k; jpfH;e;jhu;.
tHf;fwp+u; bjhHpiy tpl;Ltpl;L t.c.rp.apd; miHg;ig Vw;W q.100 rk;gsj;jpy; Rnjrpf;
5 fg;gy; epWtdj;jpd; epu;thfg; bghWg;ig Vw;whu;. `vd;dplk; ,uz;L ruf;Ff; fg;gnyhL

@d;whtjhf xU jkpH;f; fg;gYk; cs;sJ~ vd;W t.c.rp. bgUkpjj;Jld; ,tiuf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;. ,tu; jkpH; ,yf;fz/ ,yf;fpa Ma;t[fspy; <Lgl;ltu;" mz;zhkiyg;
ïaš
gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa[s;shu;. ,e;jp vjpu;g;g[g;

nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpd;W brayhw;wpatu;. jrujd; Fiwa[k; ifnfap epiwa[k;/
jpUts;Stu;/ nruu; jhaKiw/ jkpGk; jkpHUk; Kjypa gy E}y;fis ,tu; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
bjhy;fhg;gpag; bghUsjpfhu mfj;jpizapay;/ g[wj;jpizapay;/ bka;g;ghl;oay;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ciu vGjpa[s;shu;. ,tu; r@f rPu;jpUj;j=;fspy; <LghLbfhz;L rl=;Ffs;
,y;yhj jpUkz tpHhf;fis Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhu;. t.c.rp./ Rg;gpukzpa rpth Mfpnahu;
kPjhd tHf;Ffspy; mtu;fSf;fhf ,tu; thjhoaJ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jJ.
mtUila jPe;jkpGf;Fr; rhd;W: ``fl;lis my;yJ ey;y jkpH;
eilf;F/ vspjpy; bghUs; tps=;Fk; bjspt[ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,ay;
tHf;fpy;yh mU+;brhw;fSk; bghUs; gy Fwpj;J kUsitf;Fk;
bghJr;brhw;fSk; tput[k; eiliar; bra;a[s; tHf;fpy; xUtUk;
tpUk;ghu;. vspika[k; bjspt[k; vGj;jpYk; ngr;rpYk; vk;bkhHp eilf;Fk; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu;
,dpika[k; vHpYk; vd;Wk; cjt[k; vd;gJ vy;yhu;f;Fk; cld;ghL~~. (1879?1939)
(ehtyu; nrhkRe;ju ghujpapd; E}w;bjhFjp 4 ? èw;wkpH;~ vd;Dk; fl;LiuapypUe;J)
tpdhf;fs;:
1. ghujp gl;lk; bgw;w ,Utu; ahu;>
2. gpd;tUk; bjhlUf;F ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ vGJf: vspika[k; bjspt[k;
3. g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf: tHf;fwp+u;
4. nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu; vGjpa E}y; xd;wpid vGJ.
5. nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu; <Lgl;l nghuhl;lk; vJ>
tpilfs;:
1. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;/ nrhkRe;ju ghujpahu;
2. vspika[k; bjspt[k; ? vz;Qk;ik
3. tHf;fwp+u; = tHf;F + mwp+u;
tpjp : capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; vd;w tpjpg;go/ tHf;f; + mwp+u;
vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (f; + m = f)
tHf;fwp+u; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
4. jrujdd; Fiwa[k; ? ifnfapd; epiwa[k;
5. ,e;jp vjpu;g;g[g; nghuhl;lk;
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known as
a great champion of the underprivileged; even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere of
f=;fh 149
activity was very wide and when he took up any issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects of it
and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it. Communal differences in our society were
deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.
jkpHhf;fk;:
bgupahu; r@f rPu;jpUj;jthjp kl;Lky;yhky;/ mija[k; jhz;o mtuplk; gy rpwg;g[fs;
cs;sd. mtu; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;nlhu;fSf;fhfg; nghuho btw;wp fz;ltu;. mJkl;Lky;yhky;
mtUila bray;fs; bjhiynehf;Fg; ghu;it cilaJ. ve;jg; gpur;rpidf;Fk; mtu;
Tf;Fuy; bfhLj;jhu;. mjid Muha;e;J g[upe;j gpd; mjw;fhd epue;ju jPu;ita[k; fz;Lgpoj;J
epiwntw;wpdhu;. bgupahu; mtu;fspd; tUiff;F Kd;du; rhjpfSf;F ,ilna ntw;Wik
ek; r@fj;jpy; gutp ,Ue;jJ.
gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; ? cyfpy;
bgUik thuhjg;gh-
rpwg;g[ ntz;Lbkdpy; ? ey;y
bra;if ntz;Lkg;gh-
ed;ik bra;gtnu ? cyfk;
ehLk; nkw;Fyj;jhu;-
jpd;ik bra;gtnu ? mz;oj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;- ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk;
jiyg;g[:
jPz;lhikia tpul;Lnthk;.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
bgau; : ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk;
bgw;nwhu; : rptjhQ ? Mjpyl;Rkp
gpwg;g[ : 1976 ? 1954
Cu; : fd;dpahFkup ? njqu;
E}y;fs; : Mrpa n$hjp/ kyUk; khiya[k;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
kdpjDf;F gpwg;ghy; g[fH; tuhJ. rpwg;ghd g[fH; tuntz;Lbkdpy; ey;y bray;fs;
bra;a ntz;Lk;. ey;y bray;fs; bra;gtiu cyfk; ehLk;. jPik bra;gtiu xUtUk;
jPz;lkhl;lhu;.
bjhil:
nkhid:
rhd;W: ed;ik jpd;ik
ehLk; jPz;l
vJif
rhd;W: gpwg;gpdhy; jpd;ik
rpwg;g[ jPzl ;
5 ,iag[:
rhd;W: thuhjg;gh nkw;Fyj;jhu;
ïaš
ntz;Lkg;gh xz;zhjhu;
mzp:
Fsj;Jf;F jhkiu mHF
fz;Qf;F ik mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
gpwg;gpdhy; cau;t[ jhH;t[ fUjf;TlhJ vd;gij ftp+u; ,ay;ghff; Twpa[s;sjhy;
,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
re;jk;:
Rit:
eh czUk; Rit MW" kdk; czUk; Rit vl;L
Kot[iu:
ngr;RtHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
v.fh: ,g;g vdf;Fg; g[up+;R nghr;R. ePa[k; g[up+;rpf;nfh.
,g;bghGJ vdf;Fg; g[upe;Jtpl;lJ. ePa[k; g[upe;Jbfhs;.
1. epyj;jf; bfswQk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwa[k;.
epyj;ij cGjhy;jhd; tapW epiwa[k;.
2. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f ntz;oajhd.
md;W mtDf;Fg; gzk; bfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f ntz;oaJjhd;.
3. t{l;lhz;l btisahz;l bfhae;ijia mg;gh v=;f ,!;JfpD nghdhU.
tPl;Lf;F mUfpy; tpisahof;bfhz;oUe;j FHe;ijia mg;gh v=;F miHj;Jf;bfhz;L
nghdhu;.
4. g[s;isf;F clk;g[ rupapy;iy @Q ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F cly;epiy rupapy;iy" @d;W ehl;fshf Jd;gg;gLfpwJ.
f=;fh 151
5. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; nght brhy;.
,ut[ rpj;jg;ghit fhtYf;Fg; nghfr; brhy;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
ciHj;J cHt[ bra;j
cg;igbay;yhk;
tz;oapy; g{l;o vUnjhL tzpfu;fs;
thH tHp fz;L
cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyg; bgw
jd; kfspnuhL cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;Fr;
cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;Fg; bghUs;fis bry;fpd;w fhl;rp
vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; rpW tzpfu; tzpfu;fspd; tPjpcyhnghy;
Tl;lk;. fhl;rp jUfpwJ
17 Mk; E}w;whz;L/ rpjk;guk;.
btl;oa[k; xl;oa[k; ngRjy;
fpuhk=;fs; efukhtJ tsu;r;rpah>
Mrpupau; : md;ghd khztu;fns- ,d;iwa ehs; epfH;r;rpahf btl;oa[k; xl;oa[k;
ngr ntz;Lk;. jiyg;g[: fpuhk=;fs; efuhkhtJ tsu;r;rpah> vd;gnj.
,e;j epfH;tpy; my;ypa[k; ts;spa[k; g=;nfw;ghu;fs;. Kjypy; my;ypia md;nghL
miHf;fpnwd;.
my;yp :
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. ,d;iwa fpuhk kf;fs; ciHf;fpd;w mstpw;F/
efu kf;fs; ciHg;gjpy;iy. efuj;jpy; midj;J trjpa[k; bgw;W thH;f;ifj;
juk; cau;e;Js;sJ. mjpf ntiytha;g;g[k; cs;sJ. Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpy; kf;fs;
ciHf;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; ntiytha;g;g[k; ,y;iy/ rupahd CjpaKk;
,y;iy. ,e;epiy khw fpuhk=;fs; efukakhf ntz;Lk;.
ts;sp : vy;nyhUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. my;yp mHfhf bgha;ia mLf;fpdhu;fs;. efuj;jpy;
kf;fs; xz;og; gpiHf;Fk; thH;f;if elj;Jfpwhu;fs;. m=;F tPL fl;Lk;
bjhHpyhsp/ tPjpapy; cw=;Ffpwhd;. J}a fhw;iwa[k;/ ePiua[k; ,He;J thLfpwhd;.
Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpy;/ miu tapW nrhW jpd;whYk; J}a fhw;nwhL/ J}a;ikahd
ePnuhL thH;fpwhd;. mjdhy; fpuhk thH;f;ifnar; rpwe;jJ.
my;yp :
kPz;Lk; xUKiw tz=;fp/ efu=;fspy; nghf;Ftuj;J/ kUj;Jtk;/ fy;tp/
bjhHpw;rhiy nghd;w trjpfs; kw;Wk; bghUshjhuk; nghd;wtw;wpy;
rpwe;Js;sjhy; efu thH;f;ifnar; rpwe;jJ vd;W Twp tpilbgWfpnwd;.
ts;sp : tzf;fk;. bjhHpw;rhiyg; bgUf;fj;jhy; epyj;jo ePu; tPzhfpwJ. MW/ Vup/
Fsk; mHpf;fg;gl;L bjhHpw;rhiyf; fl;lg;gLfpwJ. ve;j mst[f;F ,d;gk;
mDgtpf;fpnwhnkh me;j mstpw;F Jd;gj;ija[k; mDgtpf;fpnwhk;. tptrhak;
mHpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,d;Dk; rpy fhy=;fspy;/ czt[f;fhf ifnae;Jk; epiy
tUk;. mij kdjpy; bfhz;L fpuhk thH;f;ifiag; ngzpg; ghJfhg;nghk;-
Mrpupau; : ,UtUk; ed;whf ciuahodPu;fs;. efuk;/ ehfuPfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;
e+;R fye;Js;sJ. fpuhkk; tsu;r;rp bgw;whYk;/ trjp Fiwe;Js;sJ.
fpuhk=;fnsh efu=;fnsh kf;fs; njitfis czu;e;J thH;jy; ey;yJ.
<w;wo vGjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwt[ bra;f.
v.fh: g{l;oa tPl;oYk;
5 g{j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ
Ky;iy.
ïaš
1. tpGk; 2. mg;gobad;d 3. g{j;j 4. thdk;

ku=;fs; brhy;ypaJ fhw;W kybuhd;W mGfpwJ
mHpa[k; fhL Fjpj;jhLfpwJ nkfk; gwf;fpwJ g{kp rpupf;fpwJ
tPL. ,o. bjd;wy;. kiH.
fUj;Jg;glj;ijg; g[upe;Jbfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf.

r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;
vl;Lj;bjhif gj;Jg;ghl;L
mfk; g[wk; mfKk; g[wKk; mfk; g[wk;

ew;wpiz g[wehD}W gupghly; Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L kJiuf;fh+;rp
FWe;b- gjpw;Wg;gj;J Ky;iyg;ghl;L jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
jhif beLey;thil bghUeuhw;Wg;gil
I=;FWE}W gl;odg;ghiy bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
mfehD}W rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
fypj;bjhif Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
gj;jp mikj;jy;:
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. mit ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;. xd;W vl;Lj;jhif" kw;bwhd;W gj;Jg;ghl;L. vl;Lj;bjhif @d;W tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mfk; rhu;e;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; Ie;J: ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/ I=;FWE}W/
mfehD}W/ fypj;bjhif. g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; ,uz;L: g[wehD}W/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
mfKk; g[wKk; rhu;e;j E}y; gupghly; MFk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L mfk;/ g[wk; vd ,uz;L
tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mfk; rhu;;e;j E}y;fs;: Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L/
beLey;thil/ gl;odg;ghiy. g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;fs;: kJiuf;fh+;rp/ jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil/
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil/ bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil/ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil/ Tj;juhw;Wg;gil.
,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; Ie;J MFk;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gFjpiag; goj;Jg; ghu;j;J/ gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J
jkpH;g;gLj;Jf.
ru;f;fhu; bfhLf;Fk; rk;gsk; $Ptdj;Jf;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; $Ptdk; elj;j Koa[kh>
vd;W mtu; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; khia" cs;Au
f=;fh 153
epw;Fk; Mj;kh khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j khia ntW. jhd; ,e;jg; gpug+;rj;ij
Ml;oitf;Fk; rf;jpapd; xU mk;rk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhu;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ Mj;k
tpyhrj;ijr; nrhjid nghl;Lg; ghu;f;f ,Jtiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh kD&Df;nfh mtfhrk;
fpilj;jjp;y;iy. kD& tu;f;fk; KGtJnk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikia
!;g[lk; nghl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;Jbfhz;oUe;jJ.
tpil:
muR bfhLf;Fk; Cjpak; thH;t[f;Fg; nghJkh> mjw;Fs; thH;f;if elj;j Koa[kh>
vd;W mtu; rpe;jpj;jJ fpilahJ. rpe;jpf;f Kad;wJk; fpilahJ. vy;yhk; bgha;j;njhw;wk;.
cs;Au epw;Fk; capu; khRgltpy;iy. jhd; ntW ,e;j njhw;wk; ntW. jhd; ,e;j cyfj;ij
Ml;oitf;Fk; rf;jpapd; xU totk; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpapUe;jhu;. Vbdd;why;/ mtuJ capu;
milahsj;ijr; nrhjid nghl;Lg; ghu;f;f ,Jtiu bja;tj;Jf;nfh/ kdpjDf;nfh neuk;
fpilj;jjpy;iy. kdpj tu;f;fk; KGtJnk jd;idg; gilj;jtDila jd;ikiag; g[lk;
nghl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ nghy jtWf;F nky; jtW bra;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
bra;J fw;nghk;.
eP=;fs; mwpe;j Cu;fspd; bgau;f;fhuz=;fisdj; bjhFj;J xg;gilt[ cUthf;Ff.
rpjk;guk;:
,iwtd; eluhru; mk;gyj;jpy; Mly; g[upjyhy; rpw;wk;gyk; vd;Wk;/ mJnt rpjk;guk;
vd;whapw;W vd;gu;. rpj; + mk;guk; = rpjk;guk; vd;whapw;W. rpj; vd;why; mwpt[/ mk;guk;
vd;why; Mfhak; my;yJ btl;lbtsp. btl;lbtspf;F vy;iyf; fpilahJ. mJnghy
vy;iyaw;w mwpitf; bfhz;ltuhYk; g[upe;Jbfhs;s Koahjtu; eluhru;.
Fw;whyk;:
FW My; vd;gJ xUtif Mykuk;. mj;jifa ku=;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;
tdg;gFjp vd;gjhy; Fw;whyk; vd;W bgau; bgw;wJ. r=;ffhyj;jpy; ,J njD}u; vd;Dk;
bgaUld; jpfH;e;jJ.
rptfhrp:
bjd; kJiuia Mz;l \upnfrupguhf;fpuk ghz;oad; thuzhrpapypUe;J (thuzhrp
vd;gJ fhrp) xU rptyp=;fj;ijf; bfhz;Lte;J epWtpdhu;. fhrpapypUe;J te;j rptyp=;fk;
,=;F epWtg;gl;ljhy; fhrp rptyp=;fk; bgauhny rptfhrp vd;whapw;W.
br=;fy;gl;L:
br=;fy;gl;L brd;idapd; g[wefu; gFjpahFk;. ,J brd;idapd; EiHt[thapy;
vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kd;g[ ,=;F ePu;epiyfspy; br=;fGePu; g{f;fs; epiwe;jpUe;jd vd;gu;.
vdnt br=;fGePu;g;gl;L vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ kUtp br=;fy;gl;L vd;whdJ.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
(MSikj;jpwd; vd;gJ xUtuJ xG=;fike;j ,a=;fpay; elj;ij/ czu;t[/ rpe;jid
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jd;dk;gpf;if/ neu;kiwr; rpe;jidfs;/ mog;gil xGf;fk;/
clw;gapw;rp Mfpa midj;Jnk MSikg; gz;g[fSs; ml=;Fk;)
,kah ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;lg; gHFfpwhs;. Xl;Lifapy; ,ilapy; jLkhwpf; fPnH
tpGfpwhs;. fw;Wf;bfhLf;Fk; mtSila mz;zd;/ `cd;dhy; ,Urf;fu thfdk; Xl;l
,ayhJ~ vd;fpwhd;. eP=;fs; ,kahthf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d brhy;tPu;fs;>
mz;zh eP=;fs; vdf;Fj; bjhlu;e;J xU thuk; gHf;fpf; bfhL=;fs;. epr;rak;
fw;Wf;bfhs;ntd;. KoahJ vd;gJ btWk; ngr;R/ Koa[k; vd;gJ capu; @r;R. vdnt/
gapw;rp nkw;bfhz;lhy; ve;j ntiya[k; vspikahFk; mz;zh.
gs;sp Mz;LtpHhtpw;F tUif g[upe;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdUf;F ed;wpa[iu epfH;j;j Mrpupau;
5 miHf;fpd;whu;. me;epiyapy; ePtpu; vd;d bra;tPu;>

ed;wpa[iu Mw;w tUtjw;F epr;rak; xj;Jf;bfhs;ntd;. jiytu;/ rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu;/
Mrpupau;/ khzt khztpau;/ bgw;nwhu; vd tupirg;gLj;jp ed;wp vd;whny nghJnk-
ïaš
nkYk;/ rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; fy;tpia tpiyf;F th=;f KoahJ. fy;tpf;Tl=;fspy; fw;why;

kl;Lnk fy;tpiag; bgwyhk; vd;W Twpaij Kd;itj;J ed;wp brhy;ntd;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (ePjp kd;wk;)

¡¡ Affidavit - Miza[Wjp Mtzk; ¡¡ Plaintiff - thjp
¡¡ Allegation - rhl;Liu ¡¡ Conviction - jz;lid
¡¡ Jurisdiction - mjpfhu vy;iy
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ xU Fl;oj;jPtpd; tiuglk; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) ? njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
¡¡ xU ghu;itapy; brd;id efuk; ? mnrhfkpj;jpud;
¡¡ brd;idg; gl;lzk; ? uhkr;re;jpu itj;jpaehj;
¡¡ ,uhkyp=;f mofs; tuyhW ? Cud; mofs;
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. M=;fpnyau;fspd; Ml;rpf;F moj;jskhft[k; mjpfhu ikakhft[k; tps=;fpa flw;fiu
efuk;
m) kjuhrg;gl;odk; M) fhtpupg{k;gl;odk;
,) g[Jr;nrup <) bfhw;if
2. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[thapy; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ
m) jpUg;gjp M) brd;id ,) jpUtde;jg[uk; <) fd;dpahFkup
3. ,e;jpa mfH;tha;t[j;Jiw tuyhw;wpy; bgUk; jpUg;g[Kidia Vw;gLj;jpa fw;nfhlup
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;l ,lk;
m) TLth+;nrup M) gy;yhtuk; ,) g[Hy; <) kapyhg;g{u;
4. fp.gp. 2Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypau;gh~ vDk; JiwKfkhfr; Rl;lg;gLk;
brd;idapd; ,d;iwa xU gFjp
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp M) kPdk;ghf;fk; ,) kapyhg;g{u; <) tlgHdp
5. gy;yhtuj;jpy; cs;s gy;ytu; Filtiu ahUila fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ>
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;kd; M) Kjyhk; eurpk;ktu;kd;
,) Kjyhk; ee;jptu;kd; <) @d;whk; ee;jpu;tkd;
f=;fh 155
6. brd;idapy; fpilj;jtw;Ws; kpfg; gHikahd fy;btl;L
m) gy;yhtuk; fy;btl;L M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp fy;btl;L
,) kapyhg;g{u; fy;btl;L <) khjtuk; fy;btl;L
7. brd;idapy; ee;jptu;kd; fy;btl;L fpilf;fg;bgw;Ws;s ,lk;
m) gy;yhtuk; M) khjtuk; ,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) tlgHdp
8. ts;sy; gr;irag;gu; ???????? ejpf;fiuapy; Fspj;Jtpl;L mUfpy; cs;s nfhtpypy;
tHpgl;ljhf xU Fwpg;g[/ mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;gpy; cs;sJ.
m) Ttk; M) milahW ,) bfhw;wiyahw;W <) ghyhw;W
9. gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;thapy; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp/ g. $Pthde;jk; cs;spl;l ez;gu;fSld;
glFg; gazk; bra;jtu;
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fz;zjhrd; <) fhkuhru;
10. kapyhg;g{Uf;F tlf;nf rpy Fg;g=;fs; kl;Lnk ,Ue;j kzy;btspia M=;fpnyau;
Fonaw;wj;Jf;fhd ,lkhfj; nju;e;bjLj;jtu;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) fhy;gu;l; ,) ,uhgu;l; fpist; <) jhk!; gpl;
11. Ttk; Mw;iw ???????? vd;Wk; miHj;jdu;.
m) tlgHdp MW M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW
,) khjtuk; MW <) gy;yhtuk; MW
12. brapd;l; $hu;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns ,Ue;j gFjp ???????? vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) bts;isau; efuk; M) nfhl;il efuk;
,) jkpHu; efuk; <) fUg;gu; efuk;
13. brapd;l; $hu;$; nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ug;gtu;fspd; njitfis epiwntw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs;/
tzpfu;fs; nghd;nwhUf;fhf btspna mikj;j FoapUg;g[fs; ???????? vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
m) bts;isau; efuk; M) fUg;gu; efuk;
,) nfhl;il efuk; <) jkpHu; efuk;
14. brd;id efuhl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1639 M) 1646 ,) 1688 <) 1768
15. xU=;fpize;j brd;id khfhzj;jpd; Kjy; jiytu;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) vyp nay; ,) jhk!; gpl; <) jhdpnay;
16. vypnaiyj; bjhlu;e;J brd;id khfhzj;jpd; jiytuhdtu;
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) jhk!; gpl; ,) ,uhgu;l; fpist; <) jhk!; kd;nuh
17. ahUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;ijr; brd;idapd; bghw;fhyk; vd;gu;>
m) gpuhd;rp!; nl M) vyp nay; ,) jhk!; gpl; <) ,uhgu;l; fpist;
18. brd;idapy; Inuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; njhd;wpa E}w;whz;L
m) fp.gp. 17 M) fp.gp.16 ,) fp.gp. 18 <) fp.gp. 19
19. M=;fpnyaupd; epjp cjtpapd;wp ,e;jpau; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdk;
m) ,uhzp nkupf; fy;Y}up M) gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up
,) brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up <) fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}up
20. ,e;njh?rhubrdpf; fl;llg; ghzpapy; 1768 ,y; fl;o Kof;fg;gl;l Kjy; fl;llk;
m) nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid M) brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
,) upg;gd; fl;llk; <) tpf;nlhupah mu=;F
21. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bghJE}yfk;
m) ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk; M) bfhy;fj;jh E}yfk;
5 ,) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; <) jpUtde;jg[uk; E}yfk;

22. 1856 ,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
m) vGk;g{u; M) fpz;o ,) ,uhag[uk; <) jpUthd;kpa{u;
ïaš
23. fhypd; bkf;fd;rpapd; bjhFg;g[fis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;

m) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; M) ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;
,) fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; <) brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk;
24. Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;bgupa E}yfk;
m) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; M) jpUtde;jg[uk; E}yfk;
,) ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk; <) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;
25. ts;syhuJ rpe;jidfspd; Cw;Wf;fskhf ,Ue;jJ
m) ts;Stu; nfhl;lk; M) fe;jf; nfhl;lk;
,) jpy;iy nfhl;lk; <) fzgjp nfhl;lk;
26. Md;knea xUikg;ghl;ila[k; rka xUikg;ghl;ila[k; xsp tHpghl;ila[k; Kd;itj;j
rPu;jpUj;jr; rpe;jid cUthd ,lk;
m) brd;id M) tlY}u; ,) flY}u; <) rpjk;guk;
27. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bkhd;W ngRthu;
cwt[fy thik ntz;Lk;~ vd;W ghoatu;
m) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; M) +hdpahuofs;
,) jha[khdtu; <) jpU.tp.f.
28. Jwt[f;F vjpuhd Mir vd;W ts;syhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) kz;zhir M) bgz;zhir ,) bghd;dhir <) g[fHhir
29. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,aw;wpa jpUtUl;ghtpy; ???????? jpUKiwapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ
bja;tkzpkhiy
m) @d;whk; M) ehd;fhk; ,) Ie;jhk; <) Mwhk;
30. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; gpwe;j Cu;
m) rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}u; M) flY}iu mLj;j tlY}u;
,) j+;iria mLj;j ty;yk; <) kapyhL;Jiwia mLj;j njuHe;J}u;
31. jpUtUl;gh ???????? jpUKiwfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) ehd;F M) MW ,) gd;dpU <) gjpdhW
32. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; vd;Dk; ciueil E}y;fspd; Mrpupau;
m) FkuFUguu; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,) jha[khdtu; <) jpU.tp.f.
33. kapyhg;g{upy; ,iwtDf;Ff; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpHh
m) g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh M) jpUf;fhu;j;jpif tpHh
,) rpj;jpuh bgsu;zkp tpHh <) ijg;g{r tpHh
f=;fh 157
34. njthuk; je;j jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; Kj;Jg;gy;yf;fpy; bry;tJ nghd;w fhl;rp ,lk;bgw;Ws;s
17Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) kapyhg;g{u; M) jpUbey;ntyp
,) jpUbthw;wpa{u; <) ts;spa{u; jpUbey;ntyp]
35. kapiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;
m) fghyPRtuu; M) jhd;njhd;wpehju;
,) yp=;nfRtuu; <) bgUt[ilahu;
36. `khkapiy~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) bgabur;rk; M) tpidbar;rk; ,) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; <) ctikj;bjhlu;
37. gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghoatu;
m) jpUeht[f;furu; M) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu;
38. jpU+hdrk;ge;jupd; ghly;fisj; bjhFj;jtu;
m) nrf;fpHhu; M) ,uhruhr nrhHd;
,) ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
39. `kju;fay; kiyg;gpd; md;d~ ? vd;gjpy; `fay;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) kPd; M) tpHp
,) tpz;kPd; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
40. bgupa fly; gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLgtu;
m) Fwtu; M) Mau; ,) vapdu; <) gujtu;
41. cg;g[ tpisa[k; fsj;jpw;F ???????? vd;W bgau;.
m) msk; M) ghyk; ,) epyk; <) fsp
42. mfehD}W ???????? E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L ,) ePjp <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F
43. mfehD}W ???????? gpupt[fis cilaJ.
44. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrpupau;
m) gPu;KfkJ M) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) b$afhe;jd;
45. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
m) JiwKfk; M) Tdd; njhg;g[
,) rpj;jd;nghf;F <) xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk;
46. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; gilg;g[fs; btsptUk; bkhHpfs;
m) jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;/ ,e;jp ,) jkpH;/ fd;dlk; <) jkpH;/ kiyahsk;
47. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; ~rha;t[ ehw;fhyp~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1994 M) 1997 ,) 1999 <) 2001
48. jkpHf murpd; tpUJ bgw;w njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; gilg;g[fs;
m) JiwKfk;/ Tdd;njhg;g[ M) rha;t[ ehw;fhyp/ JiwKfk;
,) xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk; <) Tdd;njhg;g[/ rha;t[ehw;fhyp
49. jiyf;Fsk; fijapd; fUg;bghUs;
m)
fpuhk=;fs; kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpahd thH;f;if thH;tjw;F Vw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;J gpd;du;
5 efukhf khwpaijg; gw;wpg; ngRtJ.

M) jdf;F cjtp bra;j kdpjid njof; fz;Lgpoj;J ed;wp ghuhl;LtJ.
,) bgz;fspd; mtyepiya[k; Mz;fspd; mlf;FKiwa[k;.
ïaš
<) ,we;J nghd kdpjdpd; rpwg;g[fisg; ngRtJ.

50. vapw;gl;odk; cs;s Xa;khehl;il Ml;rp bra;jtd;
m) mjpakhd; M) ey;ypanfhld; ,) ngfd; <) es=;fps;sp
51. `miyePu;j; jhiH md;dk; g{g;gt[k;~? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil M) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
,) kiyg;gLflhk; <) mfehD}W
52. `khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~ vd;w gokf; ftpijapd; Mrpupau;
m) njtnjtd; M) M.nt.KDrhkp ,) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp <) fy;ahz;$p
53. `fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;wpy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;
54. `nehk;vd; be+;nr- nehk;vd; be+;nr~ vd;Dk; FWe;bjhif ghlypy; ,lk;bgWk; gokk;
55. àhidjd; tha;epiw bfhz;l typnjk;g[ jlf;if
Fd;Wg[F ghk;gpd; njhd;Wk;~ ? vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s gokk;
56. `nfhitg;gH @f;Fk; ;
ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk;
rptg;g[f;nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;
ntg;gpiy thYk;~ ? vd;Dk; e. gpr;r@u;j;jpapd; ftpijapy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) totg;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;
57. `bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g~ vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s gokk;
m) tpidg;gokk; M) gad;gokk; ,) totg;gokk; <) cUg;gokk;
tpilfs;
1. m kjuhrg;gl;odk; 30. m rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}u;
2. M brd;id 31. , gd;dpU
3. M gy;yhtuk; 32. M ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
4. , kapyhg;g{u; 33. m g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh
5. m Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;kd; 34. M jpUbey;ntyp
6. m gy;yhtuk; fy;btl;L 35. m fghyPRtuu;
7. , jpUty;ypf;nfzp 36. , cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
f=;fh 159
8. m Ttk; 37. M
jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
9. M ghujpjhrd; 38. ,
,) ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp
10. m gpuhd;rp!; nl 39. m
kPd;
11. M jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW 40. <
gujtu;
12. m bts;isau; efuk; 41. m
msk;
13. M fUg;gu; efuk; 42. m
vl;Lj;bjhif
14. , 1688 43. m
@d;W
15. M vyp nay; 44. M
njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
16. M jhk!; gpl; 45. <
xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk;
17. , jhk!; gpl; 46. <
jkpH;/ kiyahsk;
18. , fp.gp. 18 47. M
1997
19. M gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up 48. m
JiwKfk;/ Tdd;njhg;g[
20. m nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid 49. m
fpuhk=;fs; kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpahd thH;f;if
thH;tjw;F Vw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;J gpd;du;
efukhf khwpaijg; gw;wpg; ngRtJ.]
21. , fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; 50. M ey;ypanfhld;
22. , ,uhag[uk; 51. M rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
23. , fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E} 52. , e. gpr;r@u;j;jp
yfk;
24. < mz;zhE}w;whz;L E} 53. m tpidg;gokk;
yfk;
25. M fe;jf;nfhl;lk 54. M gad;gokk;
26. m brd;id 55. , bka;g;gokk;
27. m ,uhkyp=;f mofs; 56. , totg;gokk;
28. M bgz;zhir 57. < cUg;gokk;
29. , Ie;jhk;
FWtpdh
1. brd;id efuhl;rp/ khfhzk; cUthd mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
efuhl;rp:
1646 Mk; Mz;od; efupd; kf;fs; bjhif 19/000. ,ij mwpe;J 1688 ,y; efuhl;rp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
khfhzk; :
M=;fpnyau; Ml;rp bra;tjw;F trjpahf bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; gy gFjpfis cs;slf;fpr;
brd;id khfhzj;ij cUthf;fpdu;.
2. ky;ypau;gh ? tpsf;Ff.
bjhy; gH=;fhy khDl vr;r=;fis czu;j;Jk; gHikahd brd;idapd; xU gFjpahf
tps=;Fk; kapyhg;g{u; fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jhykp vd;gtuhy; `ky;ypau;gh~ vDk;
JiwKfkhfr; Nl;lg;gl;lJ. ,d;W ,ij kapyhg;g{u; vd;gu;.
3. brd;id ? Xu; fhl;Lkuk; tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpy; @d;W E}w;whz;Lfshf M=;fpnyaupd; Ml;rpf;F moj;jskhft[k;/ mjpfhu
ikakhft[k; tps=;fpa flw;fiu efuk; kjuhrg;gl;odk;. mJ ,d;W gugug;ghd brd;id
khefukhf tsu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;glhj ,e;efuk; fhl;Lkuk; nghy; jd;
kdk; nghd nghf;fpy; tsu;fpwJ.
5 4. brd;id efupd; gHikahd nfhapy;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

jpUbthw;wpa{u;/ jpUKy;iythapy;/ jpUthd;kpa{u;/ kapyhg;g{u; Mfpait ghly; bgw;w
js=;fs; MFk;.
ïaš
5. brd;id vd;w bgau; tsu;r;rp bgw;wjid tpsf;Ff.

¡¡ tlbrd;idg; gFjpia kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;Wk;/ bjd;brd;idg; gFjpia brd;idg;
gl;odk; vd;Wk; mikj;jdu;.
¡¡ M=;fpnyau; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J kjuh!; vd;W bgau; Nl;odu;.
¡¡ kjuh!; gpd;g[ bkl;uh!; MfpaJ.
¡¡ ,d;W brd;id vd;W bgUiknahL tps=;FfpwJ.
6. bkl;uh!; buf;fhl; MgP!; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

Mtz=;fis Kiwahff; ifahSk; gHf;fk; bfhz;l M=;fpnyau;fshy; cUthf;fg;
gl;lJ. rhubrdpf; fl;ll Kiwapy; mike;jJ. ,d;W jkpH;ehL Mtzf; fhg;gfk; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. brd;idf;F ,aw;if bfhLj;j tofhy;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
tlbrd;id ? bfhw;wiyahW" bjd;brd;id ? milahW" kj;jpa brd;id ? Ttk;/
ghyhW.
8. brd;id efupy; fhzg;gLk; rpy fhy;tha;fisf; TWf.
fhl;ld; fhy;tha;/ gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha;/ tpUfk;ghf;fk; fhy;tha;.
9. brd;idapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; tofhy;fshf vj;jid bgupa Xilfs;/ rpwpa Xilfs;
fhzg;gl;ld>
18 bgupa Xilfs;/ 540 rpwpa Xilfs;.
10. brapd;l; $hu;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp/ btspna FoapUg;g[fs; cs;s
gFjp vt;thW miHf;fg;gl;lJ>
¡¡ bts;isau; efuk; ? cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp.
¡¡ fUg;gu; efuk; ? btspna FoapUg;g[fs; ,Ue;j gFjp.
11. kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; gFjp vJ>

$hu;$; nfhl;ilf;F cs;ns tPLfs; ,Ue;j gFjp bts;isau; efuKk;/ btspna cs;s
FoapUg;g[g; gFjp fUg;gu; efuKk; ,ize;j gFjp kjuhrg;gl;odk; vd;W miHg;gu;.
12. fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp Kjd;Kjyhf brd;idapy; bra;j tzpfk; ahJ>
fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp Kjd;Kjyhf brd;idapy; Jzp tzpfk; bra;jdu;.
13. ,uhkyp=;f mofshu; vGjpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;.
f=;fh 161
14. ,uhkyp=;f mofshupd; rPu;j;jpUj;j rpe;jid ahit>
Md;k neak;/ rka xUikg;ghL/ xsp tHpghL.
15. ,uhkyp=;f mofshu; jpUtUl;gh @yk; btspg;gLj;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
¡¡ thoa gapiuf; fz;lnghJ thondd;.
¡¡ Cid cUf;fp cs;bshsp bgUf;Fk; jd;ika[ilad.
16. ts;syhu; bja;tkzpkhiy v=;F tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd; kPJ ghoa[s;shu;>

brd;id fe;jf;nfhl;lj;J KUfg;bgUkhd; kPJ ghoa[s;shu;.
17. jpUtUl;gh ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ jpUtUl;gh vd;gJ ts;syhu; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[.
¡¡ jpUtUl;gh ? 5818 ghly;fs;.
¡¡ gh ? MrpupatpUj;jk;.
¡¡ bjhFg;g[ ? MW jpUKiw.
¡¡ ghlg;gFjp ? Ie;jhk; jpUKiw ? bja;tkzpkhiy.
18. jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sk; ,lkhff; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit>

¡¡ nfhtpy; kfpH;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sk; ,lkhf cs;sJ.
¡¡ Cupd; bgUikf;Fupa milahs=;fSs; xd;whft[k; tps=;FfpwJ.
19. jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; v=;F tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fg; g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh bfhz;lhLfpwhu;>

jpUkapiy vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; kapyhg;g{u; efupy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F tpHh
bfhz;lhLfpwhu;.
20. kyp tpHh/ fyp tpHh/ gyp tpHh/ xyp tpHh tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ kyp tpHh ? tpHhf;fs; epiwe;jJ ¡¡ gyp tpHh ? g{irapLk; cj;jpu tpHh
¡¡ fyp tpHh ? vGr;rp jUk; tpHh ¡¡ xyp tpHh ? Muthu tpHh
21. jpUKiwfs; vj;jid> bjhFj;jtu; ahu;>

jpUKiwfs; ? 12/ bjhFj;jtu; ? ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp.
22. jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; ghoa njthuk; jpUKiwapy; vj;jidahtJ jpUKiw>
gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfs; jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; ghoait.
23. gujtu;fs; bjhHpyhd ntl;ilahLgit/ tpistpg;git vit>
¡¡ ntl;ilahLgit: fly; gug;gpy; kPd; ntl;ilahLgtu;.
¡¡ tpistpg;git: cg;gs=;fspy; cHt[ bra;ahky; cg;g[ tpistpg;gtu;.
24. ckzg; bgz;zpd; njhw;wj;ij tptup.

¡¡ mHFk; ,sika[k; tha;e;jts;.
¡¡ mts; jk; iffspy; mHfpa tisay;fs; xypf;f bjUtpy; iftPrp elg;gts;.
¡¡ `cg;g[f;F khw;whf bey;iyj; je;J cg;gpidg; bgw;Wf;bfhs;s thuPnuh-~ vd;W Ttpdhs;.
25. cg;g=;fHp vd;why; vd;d>

flYf;F mUfpy; kzy; jpl;Lfspy; fly;ePu; nj=;fp ,Uf;Fk; gFjpf;F cg;g=;fHp vd;gu;.
26. cg;gsk; vd;why; vd;d>
fly; ePiug; ghj;jpfspy; njf;fp btapypy; Mtpahf;fp cg;g[ gotjw;F Vw;wtifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ij cg;gsk; vd;gu;.
27. gokk; vd;why; vd;d>
¡¡ gokk; vd;gJ fhl;rp vd;gJ bghUs;.
5 ¡¡ fhl;rpianah/ fUj;ijnah fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpw cj;jp.
28. g[Jf;ftpijapy; ifahSk; cj;jpfs; ahit>

ïaš
ctik/ cUtfk;/ gokk;/ FwpaPL/ m=;fjk;/ Kuz;/ rpnyil/ ,Uz;ik Mfpad.

29. gokj;jpd; mog;gilf; TWfs; ahit>
tpid/ gad;/ bka; (totk;)/ cU (epwk;).
rpWtpdh
1. brd;id mwptpd; efuk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
18Mk; E}w;whz;onyna Inuhg;gpa Kiwf; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; epWtdk; njhd;wpd.
1715,y; g[dpj nkup njthya ju;kg;gs;sp
1812 brd;idf; nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}up
1840 khepyf; fy;Y}up (gpurpbld;rp fy;Y}up)
1857 brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
1914 ,uhzpnkup fy;Y}up
,e;jpau; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}upahf gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}up
2. ,e;njh?rhurdpf; fl;llf;fiy ? tpsf;Ff.
Kfyhaf; fl;llf;fiy/ gpupj;jhdpaf; fl;llf;fiy/ ,e;jpag; ghuk;gupa ghzp. ,it
@d;iwa[k; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;llf;fiy.
rhd;W:
¡¡ 1768 ,y; cUthd nrg;ghf;fk; muz;kid.
¡¡ kj;jpaj; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak;.
¡¡ vGk;g{u; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak;.
¡¡ cau;ePjpkd;wk;.
¡¡ upg;gd; fl;llk;.
¡¡ tpf;nlhupah mu=;F.
3. brd;idapd; gHik/ mwpt[g; g[ul;rp nghd;wtw;iw rhd;Wld; epWt[f.

¡¡ brd;id ,yf;fpar; r=;fk; 1812 ,y; cUthd E}yfk;.
¡¡ 1860 ,y; fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; mUf=;fhl;rpafkhf bjhl=;fg;gl;L bgUik bgWfpwJ.
¡¡ 1869 ,y; cUthd fPH;j;jpirr; Rto E}yfk;.
¡¡ 2010 ,y; cUthd Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ bgupa E}yfkhd mz;zh E}w;whz;L
E}yfk;.
¡¡ jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;/ cyfj; jkpHhuha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;.
¡¡ nuh$h Kj;ijah Muha;r;rp E}yfk;/ kiwkiyaofs; E}yfk;.
¡¡ brk;bkhHpj; jkpHha;t[ E}yfk;/ c.nt.rh E}yfk; nghd;wit.
f=;fh 163
4. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ bgau; ? ,uhkyp=;f mofshu;
¡¡ bgw;nwhu; ? ,uhikah ? rpd;dk;ik
¡¡ cld;gpwe;njhu; ? rghgjp/ guRuhkd;/ cz;zhKiy Re;juhk;ghs;
¡¡ gpwg;g[ ? mf;nlhgu; 5/ 1823
¡¡ Cu; ? kUJ}u; ? rpjk;guk;
¡¡ rpwg;g[ ? Md;kPfthjp/ rj;jpa +hd rigia epWtpatu;.
¡¡ KHf;fk; ? mUl;bgU+;n$hjp ? jdpbgU=;fUiz thoa gapiuf;
fz;lnghbjy;yhk; thondd;.
¡¡ E}y;fs; ? kDKiw fz;l thrfk;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk;.
5. jpU+hdrk;ge;hu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ bgau; ? rk;ge;jd;
¡¡ gpwg;g[ ? rPu;fhHp
¡¡ bgw;nwhu; ? rptghjtpUjau; ? gftjp mk;ikahu;
¡¡ fhyk; ? 7Mk; E}w;whz;L
¡¡ rpwg;g[ ? mWgj;J @tUs; Kjypy; itj;J vz;zg;gLk; ehy;tUs;
xUtu;. Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwfs; vGjpatu;.
6. njthuk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ njthuk; ? nj + thuk; ? ghkhiy" nj + Muk; ? g{khiy.
¡¡ mg;gu;/ Re;juu;/ rk;ge;ju; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[.
¡¡ njthuk; bkhj;jg; ghly;fs; ? 8227.
¡¡ ek; ghlg;gFjp Kjy; @d;W jpUKiwapy; ,uz;lhtJ jpUKiw rk;ge;ju; ghoa
jpUkapyhg;g{u; gjpfk;.
¡¡ bjhFj;jtu; ? ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp.
7. kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;bgWk; tpHhf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

khjk; tpHh khjk; tpHh
Ig;grp Xz tpHh ij ijg;g{r tpHh
fhu;j;jpif tpsf;Fj; jpUtpHh khrp flyhl;L tpHh
khu;fHp jpUthjpiu tpHh g=;Fdp g=;Fdp cj;jpu tpHh
8. mfehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ mfk; + ehd;F + E}W.
¡¡ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; mfk; rhu;e;j E}y;.
¡¡ beLe;bjhif vd;Wk; miHg;gu;.
¡¡ 13 mo rpw;bwy;iya[k; 31 mo ngbuy;iya[k; bfhz;lJ.
¡¡ @d;W bgUk; gpupt[fis cilaJ.
¡¡ fspw;wpahid epiu ? 120" kzpkpilg; gtsk; ? 180" epj;jpyf; nfhit ? 100
jpiz mikg;g[:
ghiy ? 1/ 3/ 5/ 7" Fwp+;rp ? 2/ 8/ 12/ 18 Ky;iy ? 4/ 14/ 24
kUjk; ? 6/ 16/ 26" bea;jy; ? 10/ 20/ 30 vd;w Kiwapy; jpiz mikg;g[ mike;Js;sJ.
9. mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; tUk; bea;jy; jpizapd; Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;/ cupg;bghUs;
tpsf;Ff.
jpiz ? bea;jy;
bgUk;bghGJ : MW bgUk;bghGJfSk;" rpWbghGJ: vw;ghL
Kjw;bghUs; : flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
5 fUg;bghUs;:
bja;tk; ? tUzd; gwit ? flw;fhfk;
kf;fs; ? gujd;/ guj;jpau; Cu; ? gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
ïaš
czt[ ? kPd;/ cg;g[f;Fg; bgw;wbghUs; giw ? kPd; nfhl;giw

tpy=;F ? Kjiy/ Rwh ahH; ? tpsupahH;
g{ ? bea;jy;/ jhiH gz; ? brt;tHpg;gz;
kuk; ? g[d;id bjhHpy; ? kPd; gpoj;jy;/ cg;g[
tpisj;jy;
cupg;bghUs; : ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;
rhd;W : `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujtu;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk;
mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. xU jpl;lkpl;l bgUefuk; cUthtjw;F ePtpu; jUk; gupe;Jiufis/ `fdt[ efuk;~ vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; xg;gilthf cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 110 |
fdt[ efuk;:
jpUr;rpia ,uz;lhtJ jiyefuhf khw;wntz;Lk;. m=;Fs;s ehty;gl;L fpuhkj;jpy;
1000 Vf;fupy; mz;zh efu; gFjpiaj; Jiz efuk; vd;w bgaupy; cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjpy; gj;jhapuk; FLk;g=;fs; thH;tjw;F trjp bra;ag;gl;L mfykhd rhiyfs;/ Muk;g
Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; cs;spl;l gRik bjhHpw;rhiyfs;/ jukhd fy;tp epiya=;fspd; ghjhs
rhf;filfs; mikf;f ntz;Lk;.
ghjhs rhf;fil ePiur; Rj;jk; bra;a jdp ,ae;jpuk;/ ,aw;if ntshz; m=;fho/
Fspql;lg;gl;l E}yfk; rpwhUf;fhd jdp E}yfk; vdj; jdpj; jdpahf E}yf=;fs; mikf;f
ntz;Lk;. befpHp ,y;yhj efukhft[k; jpwe;j btsp fHpg;gplk; ,y;yhj efukhft[k;
cUthf;f ntz;Lk;. tPl;Lf;F xU kuk; fz;og;ghf tsu;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lj;ij
mky;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. jilaw;w kpdrhuk;/ J}a;ikahd FoePu;/ ghJfhg;g[ trjp nghd;w
trjpfs; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiu bra;ntd;.
2. bja;tkzpkhiyg; ghly; fUj;JfSf;F ,izahd jpUf;Fws;fisj; bjhFj;J tUf.
| gf;fk;: 112 |
g[wk;Twpg; bgha;j;Jcapu; thH;jypd; rhjy; kyu;kpir Vfpdhd; khzo nru;e;jhu;
mw=;TWk; Mf;fk; jUk;. (Fws; ? 183) epykpir ePLthH; thu;. (Fws; 3)
gUFthu; nghypDk; gz;gpyhu; nfz;ik me;jzu; vd;nghu; mwnthu;kw;(W)
bgUfypd; Fd;wy; ,dpJ. (Fws; ? 811) vt;t[apu;f;Fk;
bre;jz;ik g{z;blhGf yhd;. (Fws; 30)
f=;fh 165
bghwpthapy; Ie;Jmtpj;jhd; bgha;jPu; xGf;f bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw
bewpepd;whu; ePLthH; thu;. (Fws; ? 6) bra;ahik bra;ahik ed;W. (Fws; 297)
,idau;,tu; vkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
g[idapDk; g[y;byd;Dk; el;g[. (Fws;?790) gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F. (Fws; 350)
3. c=;fs; gFjpapy; bfhz;lhlg;gLk; jpUtpHhf;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;o ehspjH;
xd;wpd; bra;jpg;gpuptpw;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; bra;jpahf vGJf. | gf;fk;: 114 |
khztu; bray;ghL.
4. jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; kfspu; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu vGJf.
| gf;fk;: 117 |
xU bgz; ek; r@fj;jpy; btw;wp bgw ntz;Lkhdhy; 100 rjtPjk; ntiy bra;jhy;
nghjhJ. 200 rjtPjk; cz;ikahd fLikahd ciHg;igf; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjd; mog;gilapy; ,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthqupy; bgz;fs; j=;fs; thH;f;ifia
tzpfj;jpYk; <LgLj;jp/ rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wdu;. mt;tifapy; jpUthqupy; gpwe;J
brd;idapy; gpiHg;g[j; njo te;j bgz; ,d;W tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpwhs;. mtiug;
gw;wp rpy tupfs;.
tWik/ fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk;/ ftiy/ nrhfr;NHy; vd;W brhy;ypf; bfhs;sf;Toa
NHypy; brd;id te;j bgz; VjhtJ bra;aj; Jof;fpwhs;. Kd; mDgtk; ,y;yhj
epiyapy; tlkhepy njhHp @yk; gpdhapy; jahupf;f Muk;gpj;jhu;. gpwF 500 qgha; fld;
th=;fp @yg;bghUs; @yk; bghUl;fs; thapyhf jhnk jdpahf bjhHpy; bra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;.
jhd; jahupj;j gpdhapiy/ muR mYtyf=;fs;/ jghy; epiya=;fs;/ cztf=;fspy;
neupilahfr; brd;W tpw;f Muk;gpj;jhu;. nghjpa tUkhdk; fpl;oaJ. tpahghuj;ij nkYk;
rpwf;fr; bra;a mjpf @yjdk; itj;J ,uz;L bgz;fis cjtpf;F itj;Jf; bfhz;lhu;.
juk; cau;juk; vd;w nehf;fj;njhL ciHj;j bgz;kzp ,d;W jd;dplk; Ik;gJf;Fk;
nkw;gl;l bgz;fisa[k; tzpfj;jpy; <Lglr; bra;jhu;. jd; epWtdj;Jf;F fiy Vb$d;!p
vd;w bgau; itj;J gpdhapy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpwhu; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.
MQf;Fg; bgz; rkk; vd;Wk; kfspu; jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wdu;
vd;gjw;F ,Jt[k; xU rhd;whFk;.
5. gH=;fhyj; bjhHpy;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;ju=;f ciu cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 117 |
r=;f fhyj;jpy; jkpHu;fspd; thH;f;ifapd; Kjd;ikg; gFjpahf ntshz;ik ,Ue;jJ.
,J thH;f;iff;F mtrpakhdJ. vdnt ntshz;ik midj;J bjhHpy;fis tpl
Kjd;ikahf tps=;fpaJ. kf;fs; czt[ cw;gj;jp bra;J Rakupahija[ld; thH;e;jdu;.
epy=;fis Itifahfg; gFj;jdu;. Fwp+;rp epyj;jpy; fpH=;F mfH;tJ/ njbdLg;gJ
nghd;w bjhHpy;fis bra;jdu;. Ky;iyapy; epiufs; nka;j;J ghy;/ japu; tpw;wdu;.
kUjj;jpy; cHt[ bra;J thzpfk; bra;jdu;" rpWjhdpa=;fisa[k; gapu; bra;jdu;. bea;jy;
epyj;jpy; cg;g[ vLj;jy;/ kPd; gpoj;jy; miyfly; brd;W thzpfk; bra;jdu;.
gH=;fhyj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw ,Ue;jJ. cg;g[ tpistpj;J tpiy Twp tpw;wij
gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; cg;igf; bfhLj;J bey;iyg; bgw;wdu;. bjhy;fhg;gpau; bjhHpy;fspd;
TWk;nghJ/
`bja;tk; cznt khkuk; g[l;giu
bra;jp ahHpd; gFjpnahL bjhifF
mt;tif gpwt[k; fUbtd bkhHpg~ vd;fpwhu;.
6. eP=;fs; ,Uf;Fk; Ciur; rpwg;g[ld; thH Vw;wjha; khw;w nkw;bfhs;Sk; tHpKiwfisj;
bjhFf;f. | gf;fk;: 121 |
¡¡ fHpt[ePu; tha;f;fhy; Cupd; cs;ns fHpt[ePu;j; nj=;fhky; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ cau;epiy ePu;j;njf;fj; bjhl;oapid (LHT) khjk; ,UKiw Fnshupd; nghl;L Rj;jk;
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. fhuzk; Fof;Fk; ePuhy;jhd; midj;J neha;fSk; cUthFtjhy;
ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
5 ¡¡ tPl;Lf; Fg;igfis bghJ ,lj;jpy; bfhl;lhky;/ Jg;gut[ gzpahsu;fsplk; juk;
gpupj;J xg;gilf;f ntz;Lk;.
ïaš
¡¡ bjUtpy; ,lk; ,Ug;gpd; ntg;g=;fd;W/ g[d;fd; fd;W ,tw;iw el;L guhkupf;f

ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ ML/ khLfisj; bjUtpy; ,ut[ neu=;fspy; fl;o mRj;jk; bra;af; TlhJ.
¡¡ njit ,y;yhky; bjUf;FHha;fspy; jz;zPiuj; jpwe;J tpLjy; TlhJ.
¡¡ bjUf;FHha;fspnyna Fspg;gJ/ Jzp Jitg;gJ TlhJ.
¡¡ rhiynahu=;fspy;/ btspapl=;fspy; kyk; fHpf;ff;TlhJ. Vbddpy; kyk;
fHpg;gjhy;jhd; bjhw;W neha;fs; gut[fpwJ vd;gijg; g[upe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ bghJ eyk; fhf;Fk; vz;zk; ,ay;ghf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ nkYk;/ bjUf;fspy; vija[k; vupg;gijj; jtpf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ `Rj;jk; nrhW nghLk;~ vd;w vz;z ntz;Lk; ? Rw;Wg;g[wnk Rfhjhuk;.
7. fle;j Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf c=;fs; FLk;gk; thH;e;j tPl;oidg; gw;wpa[k; Rw;Wr;NHypy;

Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fisg; gw;wpa[k; bgupnahu;fsplk; mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfpu;e;J bfhs;f.
| gf;fk;: 121 |
khztu;fns tzf;fk;/ thH;j;Jfs;-
eh=;fs; Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf thH;e;jpUe;j tPLk; ? Rw;Wr;NHypy; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs;
gw;wpa[k; ehd; nfl;L mwpe;J bfhz;ltw;iw c=;fsplk; gfpu;e;J bfhs;sg; nghfpnwd;.
gz;g[ilatu;fshy;jhd; ,d;Dk; ,t;t[yfk; thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ vd;W rhd;nwhu;
TWtu;.
èy;yhu; xUtu; csnwy; mtu;bghUl;L
vy;yhu;f;Fk; bga;a[k; kiH~
? vd;gJ nghy ey;ytu;fshy; jhd; kiH bghHpa[k;.
`cs;sj;jhy; (xUtd;) bgha;ahJ xGfpd; cyfj;jhu;
cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;~.
nkw;fz;l bghd;bkhHpfSf;F Vw;g vd; FLk;gj;jhu;/ vd; jhj;jh/ ghl;o/ mg;gh/ mk;kh
midtUnk ey;byhGf;fj;Jld; thH;e;jtu;fs;. md;g[ilatu;fs;/ g[wk; ngrhjtu;fs;/
bgha; ngrhjhtu;fs;/ xg;g[ut[ cilatu;fs;/ cz;il tpsk;gpfs; vd vy;yh ew;Fz=;fs;
bgw;wtu;fshf thH;e;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; tHpj;njhd;wyhfpa v=;fis Cupy;
midtUk; md;g[ld; elj;Jtu;.
capu;fsplj;J md;g[ ntQk; ? vd;Dk; bfhs;ifnahL thH;e;jjhy; Cu; kf;fSk; v=;fs;
FLk;gj;ijna vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; bfhz;L thH;e;J tUfpd;wdu;.
thH;tJ xUKiw thH;j;jl;Lk; jiyKiw.
vdnt/ khztr; bry;t=;fns- eP=;fs; gpwu; tpUk;g[khW ey;yij bra;J eynkhL
thG=;fs;.
f=;fh 167
8. ,ut[k; gfYk;
vjpbujpu; nkhjpl
cile;j gfypd; Jz;Lfs; ? ,f;ftpijapy; gok cj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUg;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. | gf;fk;: 124 |
¡¡ ctik/ cUtfk; vd;gd nkd;nkYk; ,Wfpa epiyjhd; gokk;.
¡¡ Kw;WUt[fg; gh=;fpy; mikj;J bjspthdnjhu; mff;fhl;rpia tH=;Fk; Mw;wYilaJ.
¡¡ ,ut[k; gfYk; nkhjpf;bfhs;Sk; tpidiaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpajhy; ,J tpidg;gokk;
MFk;.
¡¡ ,t;tupfs; el;rj;jpu=;fisf; Fwpj;J mike;j gotkhfpwJ.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Tw;W : kapyhg;g{Uf;F tlf;nf ,Ue;j epyg;gFjpia gpuhd;rp!;nl vDk; M=;fpy
tzpf mYtyu; brd;dg;gupd; kfd;fsplkpUe;J 22.08.1639 md;w th=;fpdhu;.
fhuzk; : 1. M=;fpy epWtdk; ntshz;ik bra;tjw;F.
2. M=;fpy epWtdk; tzpfk; bra;tjw;F.
3. kughd fUj;JUthf;f=;fis jpiug;glj;jpd; @yk; cilj;bjwpe;jhu;.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; 1/ 2 rup/ 3 jtW M) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; 2 rup/ 1 jtW
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; 1 rup/ 2 jtW <) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; 1 jtW/ 2 rup [tpil: <]
2. Tw;W : t z;zhug;ngl;il (tz;zhj;Jf;fhud; ngl;il)/ rpd;djwpg;ngl;il
(rpe;jhjpupg;ngl;il) Mfpa gFjpfs; M=;fpnaupd; tUifahy; njhw;wk;
bgw;wd.
fhuzk; : 1. M=;fpnyau;fs; Jzp tzpfj;ij kpFjpahfr; bra;jdu;.
2. berthsu;fs; m=;Fj; Jzpfs; jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; rhankw;Wk; gzpfisr;
bra;jdu;.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; 1 jtW/ 2 rup M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; 1/ 2 rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; 2 rup/ 1 jtW <) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; 1/ 2 jtW [tpil: M]
3. bghUj;Jf.
fy;tp epWtdk; Jt=;fg;gl;l Mz;L
m) brd;idg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? 1. 1914 m) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
M) ,uhzpnkup fy;Y}up ? 2. 1857 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,) gpurpbld;rp gs;sp ? 3. 1837 ,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
<) fpUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up ? 4. 1840 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
[tpil: ,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3]
4. bghUj;Jf.
bghUs; ctik
m) ,iwtd; ? 1. nga; m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
M) jpUto ? 2. epjp M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) fUiz ? 3. kyu; ,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
<) kjk; ? 4. khzpf;f kzp <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4
[tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
5. `jd;Kfk;~ vDk; brhy;jUk; bghUs;
m) nrhfkhd Kfk; M) nfhgkhd Kfk;
,) Fspu;r;rpahd Kfk; <) tPukhd Kfk; [tpil: ,) Fspu;r;rpahd Kfk;]
6. bghUj;Jf.
brhy; bghUs;
5 m) kyp tpHh ? 1. Muthu tpHh
M) fyp tpHh ? 2. jpirnjhWk; g{irapLk; cj;jputpHh
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) gyp tpHh ? 3. kfpH;r;rp jUk; tpHh ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
<) xyp tpHh ? 4. tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
ïaš
[tpil: ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
7. bghUj;Jf.
khjk; tpHh
m) fhu;j;jpif ? 1. jpUthjpiu tpHh m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
M) khu;fHp ? 2. tpsf;Fj; jpUtpHh M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) khrp ? 3. Xz tpHh ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
<) Ig;grp ? 4. flyhL tpHh <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
[tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3]
8. jtwhd ,izia fz;lwpf.
m) gfL ? vUJ M) brW ? tay;
,) fay; ? kPd; <) +kyp ? Fjpiu [tpil: <) +kyp ? Fjpiu]
9. `goj;Jiu~ vDk; bghUis czu;j;Jk; brhy;
m) mkhdpjk; M) flt[
,) ghtj;J <) ntrhil [tpil: M) flt[]
10. bgU=;fly;/ ,U=;fHp/ btz;fy; ? ,r;brhw;fSf;F cupa rupahd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mike;j tupiaj; nju;f.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif/ gz;g[j;bjhif/ ctikj;bjhif
M) gz;g[j;bjhif/ ctikj;bjhif/ tpidj;bjhif
,) gz;g[j;bjhif/ gz;g[j;bjhif/ gz;g[j;bjhif
<) tpidj;bjhif/ gz;g[j;bjhif/ ctikj;bjhif [tpil: m]
11. bgU=;fly;/ cHhmJ/ btwp,a ? ,r;brhw;fSf;F cupa rupahd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mike;j
tupiaj; nju;f.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif/ bra;a[spir msbgil/ brhy;ypr msbgil
M) brhy;ypir msbgil/ bra;a[spir msbgil/ gz;g[j;bjhif
,) bra;a[spir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil/ gz;g[j;bjhif
<) bra;a[spir msbgil/ gz;g[j;bjhif/ brhy;ypir msbgil [tpil: m]
vGâ¥ gHFnth«
1. brd;id btWk; efuk; kl;Lky;y. mJ ek;gpf;if ikak; ? fhuzk;
m) neuo/ kiwKf ntiytha;g;g[fspd; fsk;
M) bkd;bghUs;/ td;bghUs; thfd cw;gj;jpapy; g=;F
,) bkd;bghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kd;dpiy
<) m/ M/ , midj;Jk; ........................................................
f=;fh 169
2. Tw;W : ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; berthsu;fs; brd;id nehf;fp te;jdu;.
fhuzk; : fpHf;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;/ Jzp rhu;e;jjhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W rup fhuzk; rup .......................................................
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW ? 1. khtypg[ur; bryt[ m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
M) gf;fp=;fhk; fhy;tha; ? 2. fy; nfhlup M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) gy;yhtuk; ? 3. mU=;fhl;rpafk; ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
<) vGk;g{u; ? 4. Ttk; <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
........................................................
4. `cs;bshd;W itj;Jg; g[wk;bghd;W ngRthu;~ ? ,j;bjhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;g[
m) neu;kiwg; gz;g[ M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;g[
,) Kuz;gz;g[ <) ,it midj;Jk; ........................................................
5. `tpspawp +kyp~ ? ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tpy=;F vJ>
m) vUJ M) Fjpiu
,) eha; <) ahHp ........................................................
6. `gokk;~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) brhy; M) bray;
,) fhl;rp <) xyp ........................................................
7. `fhiy ,sk; btapy; ed;whf nka/
Jk;gWj;Jj; Js;sptUk; g[Jbtapy;~ ? ,f;ftpijapy; ???????? gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
m) gad; gokk; M) tpidg;gokk;
,) bka;g;gokk; <) cUg;gokk; ........................................................
8. Tw;W : ctik cUtfk; nghyg; gokKk; tpid/ gad;/ bka;/ cU Mfpatw;wpd;
mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
fhuzk; : vt;tifahd gokkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ fhl;rp tHpna fUj;jpid
tpsf;Ftjpy;iy.
,) Tw;Wk; rup/ fhuzKk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ fhuzKk; jtW
........................................................
9. bka;g;gokj;Jf;Fupa ghliyj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) beU+;rpf; fl;fpd; g[Jkyu; Kl;gae; jh=;F
M) fl;oy; epzf;Fk; ,Hprpdd; ifaJ
,) ghrpkzpf; fz;Qk; rptg;g[f; nfhl;Lf; fGj;Jk;
<) bte;jhW bghd;dpd; me;jp g{g;g[ ........................................................
10. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; EiHt[thapy; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ
m) jpUg;gjp M) brd;id
,) jpUtde;jg[uk; <) fd;dpahFkup ........................................................
11. Ttk; Mw;iw ???????? vd;Wk; miHj;jdu;.
m) tlgHdp MW M) jpUty;ypf;nfzp MW
,) khjtuk; MW <) gy;yhtuk; MW ........................................................
12. brd;id efuhl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1639 M) 1646
,) 1688 <) 1768 ........................................................
13. Mrpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;bgupa E}yfk;
m) fd;dpkhuh E}yfk; M) jpUtde;jg[uk; E}yfk;
,) ruRtjpkfhy; E}yfk; <) mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk;..................................................
5 14. Jwt[f;F vjpuhd Mir vd;W ts;syhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) kz;zhir M) bgz;zhir
,) bghd;dhir <) g[fHhir ........................................................
ïaš
15. jpUtUl;gh ???????? jpUKiwfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) ehd;F M) MW
,) gd;dpU <) gjpdhW ........................................................
16. kapiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;
m) fghyPRtuu; M) jhd;njhd;wpehju;
,) yp=;nfRtuu; <) bgUt[ilahu; ........................................................
17. cg;g[ tpisa[k; fsj;jpw;F ???????? vd;W bgau;.
m) msk; M) ghyk;
,) epyk; <) fsp ........................................................
18. mfehD}W ???????? E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) ePjp <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F ........................................................
19. mfehD}W ???????? gpupt[fis cilaJ.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) MW ........................................................
20. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrpupau;
m) gPu;KfkJ M) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) b$afhe;jd; ........................................................
21. `jiyf;Fsk;~ vd;Dk; fij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
m) JiwKfk; M) Tdd; njhg;g[
,) rpj;jd;nghf;F <) xU Fl;oj; jPtpd; tiuglk; ....................................................
22. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhdpd; gilg;g[fs; btsptUk; bkhHpfs;
m) jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;/ ,e;jp
,) jkpH;/ fd;dlk; <) jkpH;/ kiyahsk; ........................................................
23. njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; ~rha;t[ ehw;fhyp~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1994 M) 1997
,) 1999 <) 2001 ........................................................
FWtpdh
1. fyptpHh/ xyptpHh tpsf;fk; jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 171
2. fPH;j;jpirr; Rtofs; E}yfk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
3.
`jUkkpF brd;idapy; `fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsu; jynkh=;F fe;jntns~ bjhlUf;Fg;
gjt[iu vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
4. `bgU=;fly; ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFog; gujtu;~ bjhlupy; cs;s Kuz; eaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
5. ``khe;njhg;g[ tre;jj;jpd; gl;lhil cLj;jpapUf;fpwJ~~ ? ,jpy; vt;tifg; gokk;
btspg;gLfpwJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
6. ky;ypau;gh ? tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
7. brd;id ? Xu; fhl;Lkuk; tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
8. brd;id efupd; gHikahd nfhapy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
9. brd;idf;F ,aw;if bfhLj;j tofhy;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
10. brd;id efupy; fhzg;gLk; rpy fhy;tha;fisf; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
11.
brd;idapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; tofhy;fshf vj;jid bgupa Xilfs;/ rpwpa Xilfs;
fhzg;gl;ld>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
12. ,uhkyp=;f mofshu; vGjpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
13. ,uhkyp=;f mofshupd; rPu;j;jpUj;j rpe;jid ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
14. ,uhkyp=;f mofshu; jpUtUl;gh @yk; btspg;gLj;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
5 .......................................................................................................................................................................
15. jpUKiwfs; vj;jid> bjhFj;jtu; ahu;>
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
16. jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; ghoa njthuk; jpUKiwapy; ve;jg; gFjpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
17. cg;g=;fHp vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
18. cg;gsk; vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
19. gokk; vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. kyuo ? ........................................................
2. kwth ? ........................................................
3. tsu;jyk; ? ........................................................
4. khkapiy ? ........................................................
5. bgU=;fly; ? ........................................................
6. cHhmJ ? ........................................................
7. btuP,a ? ........................................................
1. epidf;fpd;w
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. itj;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 173
3. ngRthu;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. fz;lhd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. mku;e;jhd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. bra;j
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
7. rhw;wp
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
1. cs;bshd;W
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. xUika[ld;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. g{k;ghtha;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. bgU=;fly;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
23. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.

Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known as
a great champion of the underprivileged; even in this sphere he was much more than that. His sphere of
activity was very wide and when he took up any issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects of it
and did not rest until he had found a permanent solution to it. Communal differences in our society were
deep-tooted and appeared to be permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
24. ngr;RtHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
5 1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; g[up+;R nghr;R. ePa[k; g[up+;rpf;nfh.
..................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
2. epyj;jf; bfswQk;lh mg;gjhd; tFW epiwa[k;.

..................................................................................................................................................
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f ntz;oajhd.
..................................................................................................................................................
4. t{l;lhz;l btisahz;l bfhae;ijia mg;gh v=;f ,!;JfpD nghdhU.
..................................................................................................................................................
5. g[s;isf;F clk;g[ rupapy;iy @Q ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
..................................................................................................................................................
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; nght brhy;.
..................................................................................................................................................
1. Affidavit - ....................................................................
2. Jurisdiction - ....................................................................
3. Allegation - ....................................................................
4. Plaintiff - ....................................................................
5. Conviction - ....................................................................
6. Sentence - ....................................................................
26. kdg;ghlk;.
`xUika[ld; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,aw;wpa bja;tkzpkhiy
ghliy vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
*****
f=;fh 175
CÁ¬è Ü÷£Mò Ã›
è¬ô, ÜöAò™, ¹¶¬ñèœ
à¬óï¬ì F¬óªñ£N
ªêŒ»œ èM¬îèœ ï°ô¡
ïaš
ªêŒ»œ CôŠðFè£ó‹ Þ÷ƒ«è£õ®èœ
ªêŒ»œ ªñŒŠð£†®ò™
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ ï®è˜ Fôè‹
ªî£™è£ŠHò˜
ð£ô„ê‰Fó¡ ²œO‚è£´ 6
Þô‚èí‹ è£ŠHò Þô‚èí‹
ªêŒ»œ F¼‚°øœ F¼õœÀõ˜
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; moj;jsk;
bksdk;" kfhbksdk; ? mofs; g[yg;gLj;JtJ
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; Tj;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y; <) g[w mirt[fs; mfj;jpid mirf;f ,ayhJ
[tpil: ,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y;]
2. VH; Mz]L ,aw;wp Xu; <uhW Mz]oy; NH;fHy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ..... bjhlu;fspy;
btspg;gLk; bra;jpfs;.
1. khjtp VG Mz]Lfs; tiu ehl;oak; gapd;whs;.
2. <uhW tajpy; mu=;nfw;wk; bra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
m) 1rup/ 2 jtW M) 1 jtW/ 2 rup
,) 1 jtW/ 2 jtW <) 1 rup/ 2 rup [tpil: <) 1 rup/ 2 rup]
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) Mke;jpupif ? 1. gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth ? 2. @=;fpy;
,) fH+;R ? 3. ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fiH ? 4. vil mst[
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
4. ntWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ M) nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
,) eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ <) fhl;rp kiwt[ [tpil: <) fhl;rp kiwt[]
5. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhw;bwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
m) rpt+hd Kdptu; M) kapiyehju;
,) MWKfehtyu; <) ,sk;g{uzu; [tpil: M) kapiyehju;]
6. Tw;W 1 : fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhy; fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J kuigf; fhg;gJ/ ,ak;g[tJ/
btspg;gLj;JtJ/ bkhHpiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;bwy;yhk; bghUs; jUfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; xd;W ePynfrp.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 2 rup/ Tw;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz]Lk; rup <) ,uz]Lk; jtW
[tpil: m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW]
6 7. rupahdtw;iwg; bghUj;jpj; nju;f:
m) fhij ? 1. fe;jg[uhzk;
ïaš
M) rUf;fk; ? 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; ? 3. Nshkzp
<) glyk; ? 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
8. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;f:
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh ? mfehD}W
,) fypbtz]gh ? J}J
<) Fws;btz]gh ? jpUf;Fws; [tpil: m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;]
FWtpdh
1. vz]tif bka;g;ghLfs; ahit>
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif.
2. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;g[f;F vt;thW capql;Lk;> rhd;W jUf.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;jpd; czu;t[fis btspf;bfhzu cjt[tJ gpd;dzp ,irna.
¡¡ gpd;dzp ,irr; nru;g;g[/ kt[dk; ,t;tpuz;Lk; rpy ntisfspy; jpiuapy; czu;t[fis
btspf;bfhzu cjt[fpd;wd.
3. xUKf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
xUKf vHpdp:
ehl;oa nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU g[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
xU Kfj;jpiu.
bghUKf vHpdp:
nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
bghUKfj;jpiu.
4. `@r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy;
ngr;Rk;
ml=;Fk;~ ? ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHp xd;iw vGJf.
¡¡ ``vuptij epWj;jpdhy; bfhjpg;gJ jhnd ml=;Fk;~~.
¡¡ ``g[aYf;F gpd; mikjp~~.
f=;fh 177
5. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit >
¡¡ fhg;gpak; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpak;.
¡¡ Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;: rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ tisahgjp/ Fz]lynfrp/
rPtfrpe;jhkzp.
¡¡ I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fs;: ePynfrp/ Nshkzp/ cjazFkhu fhtpak;/ anrhju fhtpak;/
ehfFkhu fhtpak;.
6. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw bgau;fs; ahit>
,jpfhrk;/ g[uhzk;/ ,yf;fpak;/ rupjk;/ fhtpak; Kjyhd bgau;fs; fhg;gpaj;jpd; ntW
bgau;fs;.
7. fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
fhij/ rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ glyk; Kjyhdit fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; MFk;.
8. ghtpfk; ? tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz]ghfg; ghtpfk; vd;gijj; jz]oay=;fhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
¡¡ fhg;gpaf; ftp+d; typa[Wj;j tpUk;g[k; mog;gilf; fUj;ijg; ghtpfk; vd;gu;.
¡¡ v.fh: `gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gJ fk;guhkhazj;jpd; ghtfk;.
rpWtpdh
1. ehl;oa mu=;fpd; mikg;ig ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F Fwpj;J c=;fs;
fUj;ij vGJf.
rpyk;g[ fhl;Lk; ehl;oa Mly; mu=;fk;
¡¡ fw;Wzu;e;j rpw;g E}yhrpupauhy; ed;dpyj;ij Mly; mu=;fpw;fhfj; nju;e;bjLj;jdu;.
¡¡ bghjpifkiy nghd;w kiyfspny ePz]L tsu;e;j @=;fpy;fspy;/ xU rhz] mst[
fQf;fisf; bfhz]l @=;fpy;fisf; bfhz]L te;jdu;.
¡¡ ifg;bgUtpuypy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F mst[ bfhz]ljhf mk;@=;fpiy btl;odu;.
¡¡ mjpy; VGnfhy; mfyKk; vl;Lnfhy; ePsKk;/ xUnfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;oa
mu=;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ mu=;fpd; cs;nd/ btspna bry;Yk; tHp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ mu=;fpd; nky;epiy khlj;jpy; Ik;g{j=;fis ahtUk; g[fGk;go rpj;jupj;J itj;jdu;.
¡¡ J}z;fspd; epHy; mu=;fpy; tpHhjgo mHfhd tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
¡¡ xUKfj;jpiu/ bghUKfj;jpiu mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ Kj;Jf;fshy; Md khiy mu=;fpy; bjh=;ftplg;gl;lJ.
,itna ehl;oa mu=;fpd; fhl;rpahf ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F MFk;.
2. VnjDk; ,uz]L bka;g;ghLfs; njhd;Wtjw;fhd NH;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg; gilf;f.
tpag;g[:
ehd; rpWtajpypUe;nj gog;gpy; Rl;o. Mdhy; kw;wg; ghlj;jpy; vLf;Fk; kjpg;bgz;
nghy; jkpHpy; vLf;f vd;dhy; Koatpy;iy. jkpHpy; Kjy; kjpg;bgz; vLj;jhy; khepy
mstpy; muR bfsutpf;Fk; Kjy; khztdhf tu Mir. ePz;l nahridnahL xUehs;
jkpHhrpupaiu mQfp vdJ tpUg;gj;ijf; Twpndd;. mtu; vd;dplk; rpwpJ neuk; ngrptpl;L/
vd;idj; jpdKk; re;jpf;fr; brhd;dhu;. ehd; jpdKk; khiy gs;sp tpl;lJk; 5 kzp Kjy;
6 kzp tiu mtiur; re;jpj;njd;. rupahf 15 ehl;fs; fLikahd vGj;Jg; gapw;rp je;jhu;.
ehDk; vt;tst[ jtW bra;jhYk; mtu; bghUl;gLj;jhky; vd;id bkUnfw;wpdhu;.
nju;t[k; beU=;fpaJ. ey;y Kiwapy; nju;t[ vGjp jkpHpy; 99 kjpg;bgz;fs; vLj;J
khepyj;jpy; Kjy; khztd; vd;w bgau; bgw;wij vz;zp ehd; tpag;gpy; MH;e;njd;.
mr;rk;:
ehd; vg;nghJk; tFg;gpy; elj;Jk; ghl=;fis md;nw goj;J tpLntd;. Mrpupau; brhy;Yk;
6 ntiyfisa[k; Koj;J tpLntd;. nju;t[ beU=;fpaJ. Kjy; ehs; goj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;Fk;
nghJ vdf;F cly;epiy rw;W gytPdk; mile;jjhy; cw=;fptpl;nld;. kWehs; vdf;F
nju;t[ mr;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. vd;d bra;tJ vd;W g[upatpy;iy. nju;t[ vd;w mr;rk; Vw;gl;lhYk;
ïaš
jpdKk; goj;jjhy; nju;it ed;F vGjpndd;. mr;rk; jtpu;j;njd;.

3. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; g[yg;gLj;Jf.
¡¡ fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;t[f;F cjt[tJ.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jhy; trdj;jpw;F ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;jpy; trdk; ,d;wpf; fhl;rpfis mLj;jLj;J itg;gjd; @yk; fij
brhy;yg;gLk;.
¡¡ fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf k=;fyhf;fpf; fhl;o ,Us;
Mf;fpf; fhl;Ltu; `,ijf; fhl;rp~ kiwt[ vd;gu;.
¡¡ mLj;j fhl;rp bjhl=;Fk;nghJ ,Ul;lhf ,Ue;j gFjp rpwpJ rpwpjhf btspr;rkhf khwp
KGf;fhl;rpa[k; bjupa[k; ,ijf; `fhl;rp cjak;~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ xU fhl;rp kiwa[k; nghJ mLj;jf; fhl;rp bjuptJ `fyit~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ giHaf; fhl;rpia mHpj;J mLj;jf; fhl;rp njhd;WtJ `mHpg;g[~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ ,g;gog; gy;ntW cj;jpfs; fhl;rp efu;t[f;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
rhd;W:
¡¡ Kjy; fhl;rpapy; njhHp xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; bjhlu;tz;og; gazr;rPl;ilf;
bfhLg;ghs;.
¡¡ mLj;jf; fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp bjhlu;tz;oapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
¡¡ Kjy; fhl;rpapy; vz; 7/ tPiuah bjU... vd;W xUtu; Kftupiar; brhy;ypf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj/ me;j Kftupapy; brd;W fhl;rp epw;Fk;.
¡¡ ,t;tpuz;L jut[fspYk; fhl;rp mikg;ng Mw;wy; cs;sjhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfH;tija[k; kdjpy; epfH;tija[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;jpr; brhw;rpkpHpy;

milf;Fk; Kaw;rpna vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; bfhz;L epWt[f.
¡¡ epue;jukhf ,Uf;f vz;zpndhk;.
epue;jukpy;yhky; brd;WtpLfpnwhk;.
cau;e;j bfhs;iffSk; capu;nghdhy;
¡¡
cjhrpdg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
¡¡ cz;ikfs; vy;yhk; rpy cz;ikfisj;
jpiukiwt[ bra;tjw;nf.
¡¡ Mu;g;gupg;gpy; ml=;fhj kdk;
mikjpapy; ml=;fptpLk;.
f=;fh 179
¡¡flypd; cs;epfH;nt fly; miyfs;
kdjpd; btspg;ghnl g[wr;bray;fs;
eFydpd; ftpijfns ,=;nf ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. eFydpd; ftpijapd; KH=;F bghUns
,it.
beLtpdh
1. jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpyh> my;yJ fiyfspd;
r=;fkkh> c=;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
vy;yhf; fiyfSk;/ fiy+u;fSk; eyptile;J tUk; epiyapy; jpiug;glj;Jiw
thH;thjhuj;ij tH=;fp fiyfspd; r=;fkhf tps=;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy;:
¡¡ jpiug;glj;Jiw Mapuk; ngiuay;y/ Mapuk; FLk;g=;fis thH itf;fpwJ.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; fiy+u;fs;/ ,irf;fiy+u;fs;/ bjhHpy;El;g ty;Yeu;fs;/
xg;gidf;fhuu;fs;/ Mil my=;fhu ty;Yeu;fs;/ Mz; bgz; eldf; FGf;fs;/
rz;ilf; fhl;rpfspy; g=;FbgWk; eofu;fs; vd jk; FLk;g=;fspd; thH;thjhuj;ij
ek;gp cs;sdu;. ,j;Jiwapy; ,tu;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; tHptHpahf ,tu;fsJ FLk;gKk;
,j;bjhHpypy; <LgLfpwJ.
¡¡ xU glk; btspapl;L jpiuau=;fpw;F tUfpd;wnghJ Rtbuhl;o Xl;Lgtu;. Projector
,af;Fgtu; of;bfl; tpw;gtu; vd vz;zw;w ngUf;F thH;thjhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;Jiw xt;bthU epiyapYk; xt;bthU FLk;gj;ija[k; fhg;ghw;Wk;
bjhHpyhf tps=;FfpwJ.
fiyfspd; r=;fkk;:
¡¡ `fiy fiyf;fhfnt~ vd;W TWk; mstpw;F jpiug;glj;Jiw mjpntf tsu;r;rpg;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
¡¡ jdp kdpjid milahsg;gLj;JtJk;/ jdp kdpj thH;it bewpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhft[k;
jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W tsu;e;Js;sJ.
¡¡ md;W Mz;ow;F xd;W/ ,uz;L vd;w khwp/ ,d;W g[w;wPry; nghy; jpiug;glk;
btspte;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;iwaj; jpiug;gl=;fs; rpy tzpf nehf;fpy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
¡¡ fiyfisa[k;/ r@fj;ija[k; r=;fkpf;Fk; gl=;fs; Fiwt[.
¡¡ gy jpiug;gl=;fs; gl=;fshf kl;Lky;yhky;/ ghly;fshft[k;/ fhtpa=;fshft[k;/
fiyfspd; r=;fkkhft[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
Kot[iu:
jpiug;glj;Jiw vd; ghu;itapy; Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy;jhd; vd;gjpy;
ve;jtpj re;njfKkpy;iy. kf;fspd; vz;z=;fis vGr;rp bgwr; bra;J fiyfspd;
r=;fkkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ vd;gjpy; kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. kfheofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
jkpH; jpiug;gl cyfpd; rf;futu;j;jp brthypau; vdg; nghw;wg;gLtu; jd; trdj;jpw;F
capu; bfhLj;J/ cly; mirthYk;/ cUl;L tpHpahYk; kf;fisf; ftu;e;jtu; rpth$p
fnzrd;. ,e;j kfh eofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;lk; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fhz;nghk;.
kdnthl;lk;:
Kg;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;; eofu; jpyfk; rpth$p fnzrd; eof;Fk; `j=;fg; gjf;fk;~
vd;w jpiug;glj;ij nfus tPjpapy; Ml;nlh upf;rhtpy; joj;jf; Fuypy; xypj;j ,is+u;
6 Rs;spf;fhL ghyr;re;jpud; 18 taJ epuk;gpatd;. xU ntis rhg;ghl;ow;fhft[k;/ Ie;J
qgha; Typf;fht[k; khiy tiu Ciur; Rw;wpatd; ,d;W mnj eofu; jpyfk; ,y;yj;jpy;
mtnuhL tpUe;J vd;why; epidj;Jf; Tlg; ghu;f;fKoahj kdnthl;lk;.
ïaš
fz;bfhs;shj fhl;rpfs;:
rpth$papd; miHg;ig Vw;W mtu; tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;nwhk;. v=;fis cs;ns tUkhW
brhd;dhu;. cs;ns bry;Yk; nghJ fz;bfhs;shf; fhl;rpfs; jpiuapy; fz;l fhl;rpfs;
midj;Jk; neupilf; fhl;rpfs;. vd;dbtd;W brhy;y ,ayhj Vf;fj;njhL cs;ns
EiHe;njhk; ehDk;/ uh$pt[k;.
cs;ns brd;w ehd; rpwpJ eL=;fpg; nghndd;. mJ tPly;y/ muz;kid" rpw;g
ntiyg;ghLfs; epuk;gpa fhl;rpfs;. xUg[wk; tPuj;ija[k;/ fk;gPuj;ija[k; giwrhw;Wk;
fl;lbghk;kd; g[ifg;glk;. mLj;J/ cilths; cUtpa rj;ugjp rpth$pahf/ ke;jfhr
g[d;difnahL ,uh$uh$dhf g[ifg;gl=;fs; fz;bfhs;shf;fhl;rpfs;. mija[k; jhz;o
gpbu+;R muR ghuhl;oa brthypau; tpUJ bgw;w glk; midj;ija[k; ,urpj;jgona cs;ns
brd;W mku;e;njhk;.
fk;gPu eil:
kfpH;r;rpahd neuj;jpy; khk;gHr;rhW Foj;J Kog;gjw;Fs; ,Ug[wk; ntiy Ml;fs;
NH fk;gPukha; rpth$p fnzrd; te;jhu;. xt;bthU eila[k; vLj;J itf;Fk;nghJ rp=;fk;
ele;J tUtJnghy ,Ue;jJ. eh=;fs; v=;fis mwpahky; vGe;J tz=;fpndhk;. mtUk;
tz=;fp v=;fis mkur; brd;dhu;. rpth$p uh$Pt;fhe;jpaplk; ahu; ,e;jg; igad; vd;W
nfl;lhu;. mtu; ,td; xU kiyahsf; ftp+d; vd;whu;.
18 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; xU ntis rhg;ghl;Lf;fhft[k;/ Ie;J qgha; Typf;fhf
ciHj;j ehd; ,d;W ftp+d; vd;W TWk; nghJ vdf;Fs;ns xU kfpH;r;rp.
rpth$pnah ,uz;L iffshy; vd;id tz=;fpdhu;. vdf;fh tzf;fk;> ,y;iy/
,y;iy. vdf;fhd kupahij ,y;iy fhtpaf; fiyaplk; @j;j fiy+Df;F cs;s fdpt[.
kdjpy; eP=;fh epd;w trdk;:
rpth$p fnzrid nehf;fp/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; trdk; +hgfk; ,Uf;fpwjh>
vd;whu; uh$pt;. ehd; eL=;fp nghndd;. rpth$p rpwpJ neuk; fz;@o/ eP Vu; gpoj;jhah> fis
btl;odhah> vd;w trdj;ij bfh+;rKk; kwf;fhky; xnu @r;rpy; brhy;yp tpau;it toa
mku;e;jhu;.
Kot[iu:
ghyre;jpuDk;/ ez;gUk; rpth$p ,y;yj;jpy; ,Ue;J g[wg;gl;ldu;. Fuy; tpw;Wg; gpiHj;j
me;jg; igadpd; rj;jk; ,g;nghJ mtu; kdnthl;lj;jpy;.
`be+;rk; kwg;gjpy;iy
epidt[fs; eP=;Ftjpy;iy~
vd;W ghof;bfhz;nl efu;e;J ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;l=;fs; mike;Js;sJ.
f=;fh 181
3. c=;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thGk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
v=;fs; Cupy; thH;e;Jbfhz;L v=;fSf;Fk; bgUikr; nru;j;J/ ,irf;Fk; bgUik
nru;j;j jpUitahWf;F mUnfa[s;s jpUtprey;Y}u; ehj!;tu tpj;thd; b$auhkidg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
thGk; fiy+u;:
,d;Wk; ,ir Kk;@u;j;jpfspd; xUtuhd jpahfuh$Uf;F ,ir tpHh j+;ir khtl;lk;
jpUitahw;wpy; epfH;e;J tUfpwJ. j+;ir/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kapyhLJiwg; gFjpfspy;
,irapd; gw;gy Jiwfspy; fiy+u;fs; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. j+;ir khtl;lk; vd;whny
ed;bra; kl;Lky;y. ey;ypirapYk; fiy+u;fs; ,Ug;gJ rpwg;g[.
jpUtprey;Y}u; b$auhkd;:
Fk;gnfhzj;jpd; fpHf;nf 5 fp/kPl;lu; bjhiytpy; cs;s Cu; jpUtprey;Y}u;. mt;t{upy;
vy;yhuhYk; mwpag;gl;l jpU.b$auhkd;. ehj!;tuf; fiy+iug; ghu;f;fr; brd;nwd;. Xl;L
tPL/ tPl;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,uz]L ehw;fhypfs;/ xU ePz]l nkir mt;tst[jhd;. tPl;od;
Kd;g[wr; Rtupy; fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhr;ryk;/ kJiu M.P.M. bghd;Dr;rhkp rnfhjuu;fs;/
uh$uj;jpdk; gps;is ,tu;fspd; g[ifg;gl=;fs;/ ghu;j;Jf; bfhz]oUf;Fk; nghnj tzf;fk;/
th=;f jk;gp vd;w Fuy;. ehDk; vGe;J tz=;fp epd;nwd;. vGgJ tajpUf;Fk;. tWikapd;
rhay; bjupe;jJ. Iah/ c=;fisg; gw;wpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd; vd;nwd;. v=;fs; tPl;oy;
ehj!;tuk; thrpg;gJ bjhHpyhf ,Ue;jJ. vdJ jhj;jh fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;nj ehj!;tuj;ijf;
ifapy; vLj;J tpl;nld;. vdf;F vd; je;ij @r;ir mlf;Fk; gapw;rpia ePUf;Fs; @H;fpf;
fw;Wf; bfhLj;jhu;. gY}d;fspy; fhw;iw xnu @r;rpy; Cjg; gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. ehj!;tuj;ijg;
gpof;Fk; Kiwiar; brhd;dhu;. kd xUikg;ghL gw;wpf; Twpdhu;. fPu;j;jd=;fspy; Vw;w
,wf;fk;/ xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp neuk; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhu;.
vdJ je;ij brhy;ypf;bfhLj;j mog;gilg; gapw;rpa[k;/ vdf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,ir
mwpt[k;/ MtYk; vd;id kf;fSf;Fg; gupr;rak; Mf;fpd. tUkhdk; vd;gJ nghJkhdjhf
,Ue;jhYk; njitfis g{u;j;jp bra;a gw;whf;Fiwjhd;. ,g;bghGJ vdf;Fs;ns xnu xU
Vf;fk;jhd;. vd;dbtd;why;/ ehd; fw;w bfh+;rk; mjhtJ Fiwthd fiyia ahUf;fhtJ
brhy;ypf; bfhLf;fQk;. mJjhd; vd; $PtDila Mty; vd;whu;. jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;ghs;
glj;jpd; eyk;jhdh thrpj;Jf;fhl;odhu;. mjprapj;J tpl;nlhk;. mg;gobahU thrpg;g[.
v=;fshyhd xU md;gspg;ig mtUf;F mspj;J tPL jpUk;gpndhk;. me;j ,irnkij ?
ehbky;yhk; gof;fhj xU nkij.
Kot[iu:
ek; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;il ,d;W ngzpf; fhj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;w b$auhkid
tz=;fp eype;j fiy+iu ehk; vy;nyhUk; xd;WTo cau;j;Jnthk; vd;W Twp
tpilbgw;nwhk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ bjhy;bewp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
¡¡ MlYk; ghlYk; ? vz;Qk;ik
¡¡ eif/ mGif/ ,dptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/
bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif ? bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. bjhGjdu; = bjhG + j; + md; + mu;
bjhG ? gFjp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ md; ? rhupia/ mu; ? glu;f;ifg;
gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
2. eif = eF + I
6 eF ? gFjp/ èif~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ I ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.
3. kUl;if = kUs; + if
ïaš
kUs; ? gFjp/ `s;~ `l;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ if ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.

4. btFsp = btFs; + ,
btFs; ? gFjp/ , ? bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp.
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. jiyf;nfhy; = jiy + nfhy;
tpjp : `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
jiyf;nfhy; vd;whdJ.
jpUf;Fws;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) vz]zpa vz]zpah=;F va;Jg vz]zpahu;
jpz]zpau; Mfg; bgwpd;.
M) cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
,) tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw. [tpil: M]
2. ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.

kdnkh khl;Ltz]o m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;njhL
ghijbahG=;fpy; nghf epidf;Fk; mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpt[.
khL M) brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxuP,
,g;go ,Ue;jhy; vg;go efUk; ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.
thH;f;ifr; rf;fuk;
,) mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthu;f;Fk;
Cu; nghFk; ghijapy;
cs;sHpf;fy; Mfh muz].
rf;fuk; cUz]lhy;
[tpil: M]
mJnt mwpt[" mJnt bjspt[.
f=;fh 183
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.
rPupahu; nfz]ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha; m) giHak; vdf;fUjpg; gz]g[ my;y bra;a[k;
khupnghy; khz]l gaj;jjhk; ? khup bfGjifik nfL jUk;.
twe;jf;fhy; nghYnk thyUtp ehl- M) vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPupahu; el;g[. mjpu tUtnjhu; neha;.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy"
jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.
[tpil: ,]
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y; ? vtnuhL gHfpdhy;>
m) ths;nghy; giftu; M) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gtu;
,) vz]zpah=;F va;Jgtu; <) jPapdj;jhu; [tpil: <) jPapdj;jhu;]
5. jpz]zpau; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) mwpt[ilatu; M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;
,) jPf;fha;thu; <) mwptpdhu; [tpil: M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;]
6. Muha;e;J brhy;fpwtu;
m) muru; M) brhy;ypago bra;gtu;
,) J}Jtu; <) cwtpdu; [tpil: ,) J}Jtu;]
7. bghUj;Jf.
m) ghk;nghL cld; ciwe;jw;W ? 1. jPf;fha;thu;
M) brj;jhu; ? 2. rPu; mHpf;Fk; NJ
,) tWik jUtJ ? 3. fs; cz]gtu;
<) ,fy;nte;ju; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? 4. cld;ghL ,y;yhjtu;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]]
8. eL=;Fk;goahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjtu;>
m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;.
M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilatu;.
,) muriur; rhu;e;J thH;fpd;wtu;.
<) NjhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fHpg;gtu;.
[tpil: m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;]
9. vspaJ/ mupaJ vd;gd
m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz ? ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ
,) rpWik gy bra;tJ ? giftu; bjhlu;g[
<) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gJ ? cUt[fz]L vs;shjJ
[tpil: M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ]
FWtpdh
1. kdj;ij mjd;nghf;fpy; bry;ytplf; TlhJ vd;W ts;Stk; TWtJ Vd;>
kdj;ij mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;ytplhky; ey;yit vJ> jPait vJ> vd;W Muha;e;J
ey;y tHpapy; brYj;JtJ mwpthFk;.
2. cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
6 mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
ctik : xUtupd; vspa njhw;wj;ijf; fz]L ,fHf; TlhJ.
ïaš
ctnkak; : bgupa njUf;Fr; rpwpa mr;rhzp ,d;wpaikahjJ.

bghUj;jk; : rpwpa mr;rhzpjhd; bgupa njiu tpHhky; ghJfhf;Fk;. mJnghy xUtupd;
njhw;wj;ij itj;J vspikahf vz]zf;TlhJ.
3. kd cWjpapd; njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ TWfpwJ>
kd cWjpna ey;y bray;ghl;ow;F njit kw;wit vy;yhk; njitg;glhJ.
4. e+;Rz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;>
fs; cz]gtnu e+;R cz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; fs;Sz]gtiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
5. murnuhL el;g[g; ghuhl;odhYk; bra;aj;jfhjd ahit>
ehd; murUld; gHikahd el;g[ cilatd; vd;w vz]zj;Jld; jFjp ,y;yhj braiyr;
bra;jhy; mJ Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
6. giftuhYk; mHpf;f Koahj muz; vJ>
mwpnt giftuhYk; mHpf;f Koahj muz; MFk;.
7. m+;rj; jFe;jd/ m+;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
m+;rj;jfhjd:
thisg; nghy btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftUf;F m+;rj; njitapy;iy.
m+;rj;jFe;jd:
mwpt[ilahu; nghy; eoj;J cl;gif bfhz]ltupd; bjhlu;g[f;F m+;r ntz]Lk;.
8. tWika[k; rpWika[k; jUtJ vJ>
NJjhd; xUtDf;F g[fiHa[k; bfLf;fpd;w tWika[k; rpWika[k; MFk;.
9. eP=;fs; goj;jjpy; gpoj;j Fwis vGjp/ fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplt[k;.
``fhyj;jp dhy;bra;j ed;wp rpwpJvdpDk;
+hyj;jpd; khzg; bgupJ~~
fhuzk;:
xUtu; ekf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; bra;j cjtp rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ cyfj;jpd; msit
tplg; bgupaJ vd;W ts;Stu; TWk; tupfs; mij tplg; bgupaJ.
10. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahft[k;/ gifahft[k; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
¡¡ rpwe;j Jiz ? ey;y ,dk;.
¡¡ rpwe;j gif ? jPa ,dk;.
,it ,uz;Lk; cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahf/ gifahf tUtJ.
f=;fh 185
11. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
¡¡ xuP, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
¡¡ gLg;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
¡¡ brhy;Yjy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
12. fPH;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W ? bghUs; TWf.

ePupy; @H;fpatidj; jPg;ge;jk; bfhz;L njLtJ nghd;wJ.
13. bgUe;nju; ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
bgUe;nju; = bgUik + nju;
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bgU + nju; vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `,dkpfy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ bgUe;nju; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
rpWtpdh
1. mfyhJ mQfhJ jPf;fha;thu; nghy;f
,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp bjhHpy; ctik mzp MFk;.
mzp tpsf;fk;:
xU bghUspd; bjhHpy; my;yJ bray; fhuzkhf mika[k; ctik bjhHpy; ctik
vdg;gLk;.
ctik : jPapy; Fspu; fha;gtu; nghy.
ctnkak; : ,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu;.
ctk cUg[ : nghy
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
muridr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu; jPapy; Fspu;fha;gtu;fisg; nghy mfyhJ mQfhJ ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; mfYjy;/ mQFjy; nghd;w bjhHpy; xg;g[ik vjpu;kiwapy; te;Js;sjhy;
bjhHpy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
2. mwptpd; nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; tHp ePtpu; fUJtd ahit>
¡¡ mwpt[ xUtDf;F mHpt[ tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp. mJ giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj
ghJfhg;g[ muQk; MFk;.
¡¡ kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;y tplhky; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;tHpapy;
brYj;JtJ mwpt[.
¡¡ xUtiug; gw;wp ahu; brhy;yf; nfl;lhYk; mtupd;; cz]ikj; jd;ikiaf; fz]lwptnj
mwpthFk;. ,itna mwptpd; nkd;ikfs; MFk;.
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; bghUj;jp
vGJf.
J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntWmy;yu; v+;+hd;Wk;
e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;.
mzp tpsf;fk;:
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtjhy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp vdg;gLk;.
ctik : J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntW
ctnkak; : e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;
ctk cUg[ : nghy (kiwe;Js;sJ)
bghUj;jk;:
cw=;fpatu;/ ,we;jtiutpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy fs; cz;gtUk; e+;R
6 cz;gtUf;Fr; rknk vd;gij tpsf;Ftjhy; ,g;ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp
MFk;.
ïaš
4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz]g[ vd;gijf; Fws;bewp epd;W tpsf;Ff.

¡¡ kdtypikna xUtDf;F rpwe;j typik MFk;. Vida typikfs; vy;yhk;
typikfs; my;y vd;fpwhu;.
¡¡ xU braiy ,t;thW bra;ayhk; vd;W brhy;tJ vspJ. Mdhy;/ brhy;ypagor; bra;J
Kog;gJ mupJ.
¡¡ xU braiy bra;gtd; jhk; vz]zpa braypy; typik cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;/
vz;zpaij vz]zpagona bra;J Kog;gu;.
¡¡ xUtuJ cUtj;ijg; ghu;j;J ,fHf; TlhJ. XLk; bgupa njUf;Fr; rpwpa mr;rhzp
nghy ,d;wpaikahjtuhf mtu; ,Uf;fyhk;.
5. rpw;wpdk; nruhika[k;/ ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiza[khf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptdtw;iw vGJf.
¡¡ mwpt[ kf;fSf;F kdj;jpd; tHpahf cz]lhFk;.
¡¡ ,td; ,g;gog;gl;ltd; vd;W mtd; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; ,dj;ij itj;nj cyfk; brhy;Yk;.
¡¡ ey;ytu; el;g[ nghy rpwe;j Jiz ,y;iy.
¡¡ jPatu; el;g[ nghy; Jd;gk; jUtJk; ,y;iy.
6. thisa[k; ghk;iga[k; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>

ths;nghYk; ghk;g[ nghYk; gif:
thspidg; nghy; btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftuplk; m+;r ntz]oaJ
,y;iy. Mdhy; cwtpdu; nghyg; gHFk; giftUf;Fg; gag;gl ntz]Lk;.
7. NJk; fs;Sk; nfL jUk; ? jpUf;Fws; tHp tptupf;f.
¡¡ xUtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; cz;lhf;fp g[fiH bfLf;fpd;w Nijg;nghy tWik jUtJ
ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
¡¡ NjhLkplj;jpy; xUtDila fhyk; fHpa[khdhy; mtdJ bry;tKk;/ gz;g[k; bfLk;.
¡¡ cw=;fpatu; ,we;jtiu tpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy vg;nghJk; fs; cz]gtu;
tp&k; cz]gtu; Mthu;.
¡¡ fs;Sz]L ka=;fpatid ey;yd brhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ/ ePupy; @H;fpa xUtidj;
jPg;ge;jk; bfhz]L njLtJ nghyhFk;.
beLtpdh
1. `mwpt[ilik thH;tpd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk;~ vd;gij ts;Stk; tHp epd;W epWt[f.
¡¡ mwpthdJ ekf;F mHpt[ tuhky; ghJfhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;. nkYk; mwpthdJ/
giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj ghJfhg;g[ muQk; MFk;.
f=;fh 187
¡¡ kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; nghftplhky; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y tHpapy;
brYj;Jtnj mwpthFk;.
¡¡ xUtiug; gw;wp ahu; brhy;yf; nfl;lhYk; mtupd;; cz]ikj; jd;ikiaf; fz]lwptnj
mwpthFk;.
¡¡ cyfk; vj;jifa cau;e;j bewpapy; bry;fpwnjh me;bewpapy; jhKk; cyfj;njhL
,ize;J bry;tnj mwpthFk;.
¡¡ gpd;dhy; tug;nghtij Kd;ng mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; ty;yik bfhz]l
mwpt[ilatu;f;F/ mtu; eL=;Fk;goahf tuf;Toa Jd;gk; xd;wpy;iy.
¡¡ mwpt[ ghJfhg;g[j; jUk; fUtp/ ey;tHpapy; brYj;jf;ToaJ mwpt[.
¡¡ cz]ikiaf; fz]lwpa cjt[k; mwpt[/ tUKd; fhg;gJ mwpt[.
¡¡ kdpj thH;tpd; xt;bthU epiyapYk; thH;f;ifapd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jizaha; epw;gJ
mwpnt vd;gij ts;Std; tHpapy; fz]nlhk;.
2. jpUf;Fws; xU thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak; ? epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf kl;Lky;yhky; ,dp tUk;
jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; tHpfhl;Lk; thH;tpyf;fpak; jpUf;FwshFk;. ,dk;/ bkhHp/ ehL; fle;J
kdpj thH;f;ifia nkk;gLj;JtJ jpUf;Fws;. mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; kdpj thH;f;iff;Fj;
njitbad czu;e;J gFj;J nehf;fp gaDilajhf thH ts;Stk; tHpfhl;LfpwJ. kdpj
thH;tpy; gadw;W jLkhwr; bra;a[k; kJ mUe;Jjy;/ g[yhy; cz;Qjy; nghd;wtw;iw
jtW vdr; Rl;of;fhl;o kdpj kdj;jpid/ thH;tpd; gaDilajhf khw;Wk; ts;Stk;.
tha;ik:
kdpjDf;F jiyaha mwk; tha;ik vd;fpwJ. md;g[/ gz;g[/ ,d;brhy;/ ed;wpawpjy;
nghd;wit kdpj r@fj;jpw;Fj; njit vd;fpwJ. ,ijg; gpd;gw;Wnthu; g[fiHa[k;/
jtwpnahu; gHpiaa[k; miltu; vd;fpwJ.
mwk;:
kdpju;fspd; thH;f;iff;F cau;e;j bewpahf tps=;FtJ Md;kPf mwk;/ <jy; mwk;/
fhjy; mwk; Mfpad vd;fpwJ.
Md;kPf mwk;:
ts;Stk; fhl;Lk; flt[Sf;F nfhl;il/ nfhg[u=;fs;/ cUt=;fs; ,y;iy vd;fpwJ.
mJ nguwpt[/ J}a;ikahd mwpt[/ Fz=;fspd; jpUt[U/ ,d;gj;jpd; jpUt[U/ md;gpd;
jpUt[U/ mwj;jpd; milahsk; vd;fpwJ.
<jy; mwk;:
kdpjthH;tpd; cau;e;j gz;g[<if. <if ,irgl thH;jy; vd;fpwJ. bfhLj;Jg;
g[fHila[k; thH;f;ifna gaDilaJ vd;fpwJ.
fhjy; mwk;:
fhkj;Jg;ghy; tHpahf mwtHpg;gl;l fhjiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Mz;/ bgz; cwit
bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fsita[k;/ fw;iga[k; tifg;gLj;jp `kdpjk;~ mila[k; thH;f;ifia
bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ/
Kot[iu:
,uz;lofshy; ,jaj;ijj; bjhl;l ts;Stu; Md;kpfk;/ <jy;/ fhjy; ,tw;iw
fz;@oj;jdkhff; Twhky; mwtHpg;gl;l epiyapy; kyu;r;rpia cUthf;fpdhu;. kug[fisj;
jfu;j;J g[Jikfis g[Fj;jpajhy; jpUf;Fws; thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ bghUj;jkhf
mikfpwJ.
6 bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
ïaš
it.K. nfhijehafp (1901?1960)

Ie;jiu tajpy; jpUkzk; bra;J bfhLf;fg;gl;l bgz] xUtu;/ jd;
FLk;gj;jhuplnk fy;tp fw;whu;. fij TWtjpy; Mu;tk; bfhz]oUe;j mtu;
jd; fw;gid Mw;wyhy; njhHpau;fSf;Fk; g[jpa fijfis cUthf;fpf;
Twpdhu;. mijf; fz]l mtuJ fzu; mg;bgz]zpd; gilg;ghw;wiy
Cf;Ftpf;fg; gy ehlf=;fSf;F miHj;Jr; brd;whu;. mg;bgz]Qf;F
ehlfk; vGj ntz]Lk; vd;w Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Xust[ kl;Lk;
vGjj; bjupe;j jd;dhy; ehlfk; vGj Koa[k; vd;W mtu; tUe;jpanghJ/
mtuJ njhHp/ ehlfj;ij mtu; brhy;yr; brhy;yj; jhd; vGJtjhff; it.K. nfhijehafp
Twp Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,g;goj;jhd; mg;bgz] jd;Dila Kjy; E} (1901?1960)
yhd `,e;jpu nkhfdh~ vd;w ehlf E}iy btspapl;lhu;. mtu;jhd; èhty; uhzp~/ `fjh
nkhfpdp~/ `Vf murp~ vd;bwy;yhk; jk; rkfhy vGj;jhsu;fshy; miHf;fg;gl;l it.K.nfh.
(ìtj;jkhepjp KLk;ig nfhijehafp mk;khs;~) Mthu;.
,tu; `$fd; nkhfpdp~ vd;w ,jiH Kg;gj;ije;J Mz]Lfs; bjhlu;e;J elj;jpdhu;.
bgz] vGj;jhsu;fisa[k;/ thrfu; tl;lj;ija[k; cUthf;fpdhu;. fhe;jpaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wk;
cWjpa[k; bfhz]oUe;j ,tu; jk; vGj;Jfshy; kl;Lkd;wp nkilg;ngr;rpd; @yKk;
fhe;jpaf; bfhs;iffisg; gug;g[iu bra;jnjhL tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; g=;nfw;Wr;
rpiwf;Fk; brd;whu;. jkpHfg; bgz] tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;J milahsk; fhl;lg;gl ntz]
oa rpwg;g[f;Fupatuhd it.K.nfh. mtu;fs; 115 ehty;fs; vGjpa[s;shu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. `FLk;gnk cyfk;~ vd;W bgz]fs; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;/ tPl;ow;F
btspna cyfk; cz]L vd;gijg; bgz]fSf;Fj; jd; thH;tpd;@yk; ,dk; fhl;oa
bgUikf;F cupatu; it.K.nfh. mk;ikahu;.
mtUila vGj;jhw;wYf;bfhU rhd;W:
``vd;d ntof;if- mof;fo ghl;o `cyfhDgtk;.... cyfk; gytpjk;.... vd;bwy;yhk;
brhd;dijf; nfl;lnghJ vdf;F xz;Qnk g[upahJ tpHpj;njnd.... ghl;o brhy;ypa
trd=;fistplf; foj=;fs; gytw;iwg; goj;jhy; mJnt kfj;jhd nyhfhDgt=;fis
cz]lhf;fptpLk; nghypUf;fpwnj- ghtk;- ngRtJ nghynt jd;Dila kdj;jpDs;sijf;
bfhl;o mse;Jtpl;lhs;.... ehd; fpuhkj;ij btWj;Jr; rz]ilapl;L tPzhf mtu; kdij
nehtof;fpnwd;. ,ts; gl;lzj;ij btWj;Jj; jd; bfhr;ir ghi&apy; mjd; cz]ik
!;tqgj;ij glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;o tpl;lhns-.... vd;d cyf tprpj;jpuk;-.... vd;W fl;LkPwpa
tpag;gpy; rpj;uh @H;fpdhs;.~~
(`jghy; tpndhjk;~ FWehtypy; ,Ue;J)
f=;fh 189
tpdhf;fs;:
1. it.K. nfhijehafpapd; Kjy; E}y; vJ>
2. cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf: bjhlu;e;J
3. ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ctk cUgpid vLj;J vGJf.
4. gpupj;jwpf: g=;nfw;W
5. g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf: jd;Dila
tpilfs;:
1. ,e;jpu nkhfdh
2. bjhlu;e;J ? bjhlu; + j;(e;) + j; + c
bjhlu; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
3. nghynt (nghy)
4. g=;nfw;W ? g=;F + Vw;W
5. jd;Dila ? jd; + cila
tpjp : `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/
jd;d; + cila vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly; nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (d;+c=D)
jd;Dila vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Popular as the ‘Cultural Capital’ of India, Tamil Nadu is extremely well-known for its marvellous
temples and other architectural gems. The state rose to prominence primarily because of its well-known
and outstanding Tanjore Paintings that flourished at the time of Chola dynasty in ancient Tanjavoor. In this
traditional art form, the paintings showcase the embellished form of the sacred deities of the region. The
deities in the paintings are festooned with glass pieces, pearls, semi-precious stones, and gold and other
vibrant colours. In the modern times, Tanjore paintings look up to human figures, animals, floral motifs and
birds as muses.
jkpHhf;fk;:
,e;jpahtpy; jkpHfk; fyhr;rhuj; jiyefukhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. jkpH;ehL gpuk;khz;lkhd
nfhtpy;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fl;llf;fiyfSf;Fk; g[fH;bgw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf/ j+;rht{u;
Xtpa=;fs; nrhH tk;rj;jpd; fyhr;rhu=;fisa[k; gz;ila j+;rht{upd; ghuk;gupa fiy/
Xtpa=;fs; kw;Wk; g[dpj bja;t=;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; bgau; bgw;wJ. bja;t=;fspd;
cUt=;fs; fz;zhoj; Jz;Lfs; Xtpa=;fs;/ Kj;Jf;fs;/ tpiy cau;e;j fw;fs; kw;Wk;
j=;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; gy tz;z=;fspy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. etPd fhyj;jpy; j+;rht{u;
Xtpa=;fs; kdpj cUt=;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs;/ jhtu=;fs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; ? cUt=;fs;
bfhz;ljhfg; g[jpa gupzhkk; bgw;Ws;sd.
fPH;f;fhQk; bjhlu;fspy; milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s bgau;r;brhy;iyj; bjhlu;fSf;F

Vw;wthW khw;wp vGJ.
v.fh: fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W ???????? (Fkud;) bjupa[k;.
fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
1. new;W Kjy; ???????? (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ. tpil: mizapd;
2. c=;fSf;F ???????? (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;. tpil: ahuhy;
3. KUfd; ?????? (ntfk;) brd;Wk; ngUe;ijg; gpof;f ,aytpy;iy. tpil: ntfkhfr;
4. ek;Kila ???????? (njit) mst[ Fiwe;jhy; kfpH;r;rp bgUFk;. tpil: njitapd;
bghUs; ntWghlwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
v.fh: fsk;/ fyk; : nghu;ff
; sj;jpy; g[z]gl;l tPuu;fSf;F fyj;jpy; ePu; jug;gl;lJ.
tyk;/ tsk; : Mw;wpd; tyg;g[wk; cs;s tay;fs; ePut; sj;jhy; brHpj;jpUe;jd.
6 1. g[y; ? g[s;
g[y; jiuapy; g[l;fs; (g[s;fs;) Tl;lk; mku;e;J tpisahod.
ïaš
2. ciH ? cis
jdJ Kjyhspf;fhf ciHf;Fk; Fjpiuapd; cis (gplup kapu;) kpft[k; mHfhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. fhd; ? fhz]
fhdfj;jpy; thGk; tpy=;Ffisf; fhz]gJ kpft[k; kfpH;r;rp juf;ToaJ.
4. Cz] ? Cd;
Cz] (khkprk;) czit cz]L Cid (cliy) tsu;g;gJ ghtk;.
5. jpd;ik ? jpz]ik
jpz]ik (typik) bfhz]l xUtd; vspatUf;F jpd;ik (jPik) bra;jy; kwkhfhJ.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz]nld;
mt;thnw thd; fz]nld;/ jpirfs; fz]nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz]nlh>
bgU+;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;njh epynt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; mHif bay;yhk;
nrfupj;Jf; Fspnuw;wp xspa[k; Cl;o
,e;jhbtd; nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vHpy;thH;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz]ze; jhndh> ? ghujpjhrd;
jiyg;g[ : btz]zpyt[.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
bgau; : ghuhjpjhrd; (fdfRg;g[uj;jpdk;)
bgw;nwhu; : fdfrig ? ,yf;Fkp
gpwg;g[ : 29?4?1891
rpwg;g[ : g[ul;rpf;ftp
E}y;fs; : FLk;gtpsf;F/ ,Uz]l tPL/ ghz]oad; gupR/ nrujhz]ltk;/
mHfpd; rpupg;g[.
jpuz;lf; fUj;J:
khiy ,Uspdhy; fUikahFk; cyfpidf; fz]nld;. mJnghy thdKk; ,Ushtijf;
fz]nld;. jpirfs; vl;Lk; ,Uspy; kiwtijf; fz]nld;. gpd;du; fUikahd ,Us;
rpupg;gjpy;iy. bgU+;rpupg;g[ xspapd; Kj;Jf;fshfpa KG epynt- ePjhd; mHbfy;yhk;
xd;W nru;j;Jf; fhl;rp jUfpwha;. cyfpw;Ff; Fspu; Vw;wp/ xspa[k; Cl;Lfpwha;. ,aw;ifahfpa
md;id jdJ vHpy;thH;itr; rpj;jupf;Fk; mHnfh eP epynt ? vd;fpwhu; ghujpjhrd;.
f=;fh 191
bjhil:
nkhid:
rhd;W: me;jpapUshy; gpe;jpae;j
mt;thnw bgU+;rpupg;gpd;
vJif:
kJiuf;F itif" bra;a[Sf;F vJif.
rhd;W: me;jpapUshy; rpe;jhky;
gpe;jpae;j rpe;jhbtd;W
mzp:
Fsj;Jf;F jhkiu mHF
fz;Qf;F ik mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
,aw;if md;idj; jdJ vHpy; thH;itf; fhl;lnt epythfr; rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhs;
vd;Dk; mofspy; ,aw;ifia cau;thfg; ghoapUg;gjhy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
re;jk;:
rhd;W: me;jp gpe;jp
Rit:
rhd;W: fUFk; rpupj;j
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
cd;id ePna cw;Wg;ghu;
eP xU epyh/
Tu;ikahd Kl;fs;
@oapUf;fpd;wJ cd;id
mitfis tpyf;fp tpl;Lg;ghu;
cd;id Rthrk; bra;a
ee;jtdkha; ehd;.
ehd;fiur; rf;fu totk; cupa ,lj;jpy; vGJf.
nkdp jplnk tpLnk- njL njdPnah yhtnj
nkL tpisah Ltnk- njt yhbkd ehLnj -
nkt Lnthl rhUnk- njL ehea khLnj -
nkU rhJJ} jpdpnk- njL khepiy njLnj -
6 bk
yh
nj
d t t
ïaš
kh L nj t yh
ep L ngh
y nj dP
tpsf;fk;: tpsf;fk;:
fhL nkL vd;W ghuhky; ed;whf g{f;fs; njhWk; njidj;
tpisahLnthk;. mjdhy;/ ek; clk;g[ njomiyfpd;w njdPiag; nghy/
(nkdp) jplkhFk;. nktptUk; neha;fSk; RW RWg;ghFk; epiyjhd; rpwe;jbjd;W
(tL) Xl/ ,kakiy (nkU) nghd;w ehl ntz]Lk;. vtuplKk; eaj;njhL
rhd;nwhu; ghuhl;Lk;goahd bra;jpa[k; ngr ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwpUe;jhy;
(J}J) ,dp nktptUk;. cau;e;njhu; ek;ikj; njotUtu;.
fijiaj; bjhlu;e;J epiwt[ bra;f.

ntg;gkuj;jhy; Md kug;ghr;rp bghk;ik xd;W vd; tPl;oy; beL=;fhykhf ,Ue;jJ.
kpFe;j md;nghL mjw;F vd; bgaiu itj;jpUe;njd;. vj;jidnah thridfis
mjd;kPJ g{rpndd;. MdhYk; me;jf; frg;gpd; thrk; nghftpy;iy. ,utpy; mjd; bky;ypa
tpk;ky; Xir nfl;Fk; .....
ehd; xUehs; ,ut[ tpk;knyhirf; nfl;lt[ld; vGe;J ghhu;j;njd; nkupia. vd;
gLf;if miwapd; xU @iyapy; fple;jhs; nkup. bkJthf nkupapd; mUfpy; brd;nwd;.
vd; tUifiar; rw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj nkup mGifia epWj;jpf; bfhz]lJ. Kjypy; ehd;jhd;
nkupaplk; ngr;Rf; bfhLj;njd;. cdf;Fk; ngrj; bjupa[kh/ mHf;Tlj; bjupa[kh vd;nwd;.
vdf;Fk; czu;t[fs; cz]L. ehDk; ngRntd; vd;wJ nkup. eP kdpjuhf ,Ug;gjhy; cdf;F
vy;yhk; fpilf;fpwJ. kukhf ehd; ,Ug;gjhy; nfl;ghuw;Wf; fplf;fpnwd; vd;wJ nkup. cdf;F
vd;d ntz]Lk;> vd;dplk; eP vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwha; vd;W nkupaplk; nfl;nld;. Kjypy;
v=;fs; bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J v=;fisg; gpupf;fhjPu;fs;. eh=;fs; kdpju; thH ey;y fhw;wpidj;
jUfpnwhk;. v=;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; vz]bza; ey;y ehl;L kUe;J MFk;. mg;goapUf;f
v=;fis btl;l kdpjUf;F muf;ff; Fzk; vg;go te;jJ vd;W nfl;lJ nkup. ,dpnky;
v=;fis btl;lkhl;nlhk; vd;W cWjp mspj;jhy;jhd; mGifia epWj;Jntd; vd;wJ
nkup. nkYk; vdJ ghuhk;gupa frg;g[ thridiag; nghf;f vd; kPJ Vnjnjh jlt[fpwha;.
vd;dplkpUe;J vdJ kzj;ijg; gpupf;fkhl;nld; vd;W cj;jputhjk; bfhL vd;wJ nkup.
mj;jidf;Fk; xg;g[f; bfhz]l ehd; nkupaplk; thf;FWjp mspj;njd;. ,jw;fpilna vd;id
ahnuh miHg;gJ nghy; ,Ue;jJ. tpHpj;Jg; ghu;j;njd;. mk;kh miHj;jpUe;jhs;. fdthf
,Ue;jhYk; nkupf;F ehd; bfhLj;j thf;iff; fhg;ghw;Wntd;.
f=;fh 193
`ntk;g[ jUk; ew;fhw;W
ntk;g[f;Fj; jUnthk; ghJfhg;g[.~
mz]ikapy; eP=;fs; ghu;j;j r@ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd; jpiutpku;rdj;ij
mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fojkhf vGJf.
20?6?2022
brd;id.
cau;jpU ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;F/
tzf;fk;. mz;ikapy; ehd; c=;fsJ `vjpu;fhynk~ vd;w jpiug;glj;ijg; ghu;j;njd;.
tzpf nehf;fpy; tUk; jpiug;gl=;fspilna fhjy;/ mojo/ Mghrj;ij mHpj;J tWikia
xHpj;J/ khzt r@jhaj;ij kpfg;bgupa vjph;fhykhf cUthf;Fk; Mrpupau; rKjhaj;ij
Kd;epWj;jpa ckf;F be+;rhu;e;j ed;wp-
ck; fijapy; jha; je;ijaiu ,He;J tWikapy; thLfpd;w xU FHe;ijia xU
Mrpupad; milahsk; fhz;fpwhd;. jhd; fz;l me;jf; FHe;ijia njof; fz;Lgpoj;J/
gog;g[f;F tWik fhuzk; my;y vd;W czu;j;jp/ mjdog;gilapy; ehbshU nkdp
bghGbjhU tz;zkhf me;jf; FHe;ijia gof;f itj;J xU fl;lj;jpy; mtid I.gp.v!;.
mjpfhupahf Mf;fptpLfpwhu;. me;j I.gp.v!;. mjpfhup jhd; tsu;e;j epiyia vz;zp/
jd;idg;nghy; ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpy; ntW FHe;ijfs; cUthff;TlhJ vd;W vz;zp/ jha;
je;ijia ,He;j FHe;ijfis ,d=;fz;L gog;gjw;F cjtp bra;fpwhd;. ,e;jr; bra;jp
fhl;Lj;jP nghy gutp bra;jpj;jhspy; btsptUfpwJ. mij Mrpupah; ghu;j;Jtpl;L ,tu; vd;
khztd; vd;W bgUik bfhz;L mtidj; njobry;fpwhu;. mtDk; me;j Mrpupaiuf;
fz;L Mde;jf; fz;zPu; tof;fpwhd;. ,Jnghd;w fij cUthf;fpa fij Mrpupau;
mtu;fSf;Fk;/ eofu;fSf;Fk;/ ,af;FeUf;Fk; be+;rhu;;e;j ed;wpfs;-
fPH;f;fhQk; ehd;F brhw;fisf; bfhz;L bjhlu; vGJf.

v.fh: thdk;/ gw/ epyt[/ bjhL ? thdj;jpy; gwg;nghk;.
gwe;J epyitj; bjhLnthk;.
1. rUF/ tpG/ kz]/ miy ?
rUF tpGe;jJk; kz;zpy; cs;s J}Rfs; miyahf te;jJ.
2. tpz]kPd;/ xspu;/ vup/ tpG ?
tpz]kPd;fs; thdj;jpy; xspu;e;J bfhz;oUe;jnghJ vupfw;fs; tpGe;jJ.
3. Fjpiu/ ntfk;/ XL/ jht[ ?
Fjpiu nghy; thH;f;ifapy; ntfkhf XL" Mdhy; Fu=;Fnghy kuf;fpisapy; jhtpj;jhtp
Xlhnj.
4. FHe;ij/ el/ jspu;eil/ tpG ?
FHe;ij elg;gJ jspu;eil" tpGtjw;FKd; bgupnahu; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. jpiu/ fhz]/ ifjl;ly;/ kf;fs; ?
jpiug;glk; fhz;ifapy; ifj;jl;ly;fs; kf;fsplkpUe;J te;jJ.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
Fwpg;ngLfs; cUthf;Fjy;/ nrfupj;jy;/ VnjDk; fiy gapyy;.
fiyfspy; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j rpiy totk; gpof;Fk;.
tot=;fs; vit> fhuzk; vd;d> capu;g;g[s;sjhf ,Ug;gjhy;.
6 eP=;fs; ve;jf; fiyapy; ty;ytu;>

VnjDk; fiy gapy epidj;jhy; c=;fs;
ngr;Rf;fiy
\hu;nkhdpak;
nju;t[ vJthf ,Uf;Fk;>
ïaš
bghGJnghf;fhfg; bghUs;fisr;
cz]L.
nrfupg;gjpy; Mu;tk; cz]lh> Mk; vdpy;
vitbait vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. cs;ehl;L/ btspehl;Lg; giHa kw;Wk;
g[jpa ehza=;fs;.
(v.fh) m+;ry; jiy/ ehza=;fs;
bghd;bkhHpfs;/ Fwpg;g[fs; Mfpatw;iwj; bghd;bkhHp Fwpg;ngL cz]L.
nju;e;bjLj;J vGjpf; Fwpg;ngL ``,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;. rhjp
jahupf;Fk; tHf;fk; cz]lh> Mk; vdpy; ,Uf;fpd;w bjd;ghDk; ,Uf;fpd;whnd
mit vj;jifait vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. (r@f ePjp).
ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJntd;.
ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJtPu;fsh> vdpy; vj;jif
vd; be+;irj; bjhl;l epfH;t[fis
Fwpg;g[fis vGJtPu;fs;>
vGJntd;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (jpiuj;Jiw)

¡¡ Artist - ftpd; fiy+u; ¡¡ Sound Effect - xyp tpist[
¡¡ Animation - ,a=;Fglk; ¡¡ Multiplex Complex - xU=;fpize;j
¡¡ Newsreel - bra;jpg;glk; jpiuau=;f
¡¡ Cinematography - xspg;gjpt[ tshfk;
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ vdJ Rarupij ? rpth$p fnzrd;
¡¡ bka;g;ghL ? jkpHz;zy;
¡¡ fhg;gpaj;jkpH; ? ,uh. fhrpuhrd;
¡¡ mk;&d;Fkhu; ? rpdpkh ,urid
¡¡ m$ad;ghyh ? cyfj; jpiug;gl tuyhW I, II, III
¡¡ brHpad; ? cyf rpdpkh I, II ngRk; glk;
¡¡ flt[Sk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isa[k; ? g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mira[k; cUt=;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;
m) Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fs; M) jhk!; My;th vord;
,) $hu;$; kpyp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
f=;fh 195
2. glg;gog;g[f; fUtpnahL jpiuapLk; fUtpiaa[k; nru;j;J jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; tpe;ijia
cyFf;F mspj;jtu;fs;
m) Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs; M) vord; rnfhjuu;fs;
,) $hu;$; rnfhjuu;fs; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
3. jpiug;glj;jpy; fija[k; brhy;yyhk; vdf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;
m) Y}kpau; M) jhk!; My;th vord;
,) $hu;$; kpyp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
4. rhu;yp rhg;spd; gpwe;j ,lk;
m) jp n\f; M) ,yz;ld; ,) epa{ahu;f; <) ghup!;
5. rhu;yp rhg;spd; jhahu; xU
m) nkilg;ghlfu; M) eoif ,) tHf;fwp+u; <) kUj;Jtu;
6. rpWtdhd rhg;spd; nkilnawp Mog;gholf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ
m) nkilapy; ghog; gpiHj;j mk;khtpd; Fuy; bfl;Ltpl;ljhy;
M) ,aw;ifapnyna nkilapy; Mog;ghol ntz;Lk; vd;w rhu;yp rhg;spd; Mirapdhy;
,) ez;gu;fs; nkilnawpna Mf ntz;Lk; vd;W rhg;spid tw;g[Wj;jpajhy;
7. rhu;yp rhg;spidg; ngrhg; gl ehafdhf cUthf;fpa njhw;wk;
m) ypl;oy; kh!;lu; M) ypl;oy; ouhk;g; ,) ypl;oy; !;lhu; <) kh!;lu; khu;&y;
8. rhu;yp rhg;spd;/ tWikkpf;f jd; ,sik thH;it ???????? vd;w btw;wpg; glkhf;fpdhu;.
m) jp fpl; M) rpl;o iyl;!; ,) khlu;d; ilk;!; <) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;
9. rhu;yp rhg;spd; bjhl=;fpa gl epWtdk;
m) khu;ld; ilk;!; M) rpl;o iyl;!;
,) a[idbll; Mu;o!;l;!; <) a[idbll; @tp!;
10. jp nfhy;L u&;/ jp ru;f;f!; nghd;w fhtpag; gl=;fis cUthf;fpatu;
m) mu;dhy;L M) $hf;fp$hd; ,) rhu;yp rhg;spd; <) $hu;$; kPyp
11. rhu;yp rhg;spd; @d;W Mz;L ciHg;gpy; btspapl;l jpiug;glk;
m) rpl;o iyl;!; M) khlu;d; ilk;!; ,) jp fpl; <) jp nfhy;L u&;
12. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ rhjidg; glkhd `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ btspahd Mz;L
m) 1932 M) 1940 ,) 1936 <) 1945
13. \pl;yu; g[fnHzpapy; Vwpf; bfhz;oUe;j fhyj;jpy; mtiu tpku;rpj;J te;j Kjy; glk;
m) jp fpl; M) jp nfhy;L u&;
,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; <) jp fpnul; yPlu;
14. `kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fj; njit nghuy;y" ey;Yzu;t[k; md;g[k;jhd;~ vd;gij czu;j;jpa
jpiug;glk;
m) jp fpl; M) jp nfhy;L u&; ,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; <) jp fpnul; yPlu;
15. rhu;yp rhg;spDf;F thH;ehs; rhjidahsu; vd;Dk; tifapy; ???????? tpUJ tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg; M) M!;fhu;
,) gput[ L MBg; mbkupf;fh <) nfhy;ld; ntu;y;L
16. kidtpapd; itukhiyia tpw;W/ gpbu+;Rf;fhuu; Lghd; vd;gtuplkpUe;J 2500 qgha;f;F
xU g[buh$f;liua[k; rpy Jz;Lg; gl=;fisa[k; th=;fpatu;
m) rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; M) jpnahlu; gh!;fud;
,) m$ad; ghyh <) mk;&d; Fkhu;
17. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ `khu;ld; ilk;!;~ btspahd Mz;L
6 m) 1932 M) 1936 ,) 1940 <) 1942
18. `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ glj;jpy; \pl;yiu cUtfg;gLj;jpl rhu;yp rhg;spdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
ghj;jpuk;
ïaš
m) b\d;wp M) b\d;nfhy; ,) kPyp <) Mlk;!;

19. jpiubkhHp Fwpj;j ghlg;gFjp ???????? fl;Liuia mog;gilr; rl;lkhff; bfhz;lJ.
m) m$ad; ghyh M) R$hjh ,) brHpad; <) mk;&d;Fkhu;
20. kdpju;fs; ke;ijfs; Mtij czu;j;Jk; jpiug;glk; ????????.
m) jp fpl; M) jp nfhy;L u&; ,) khlu;d; ilk;!; <) rpl;o iyl;!;
21. ftp+u; eFydpd; ,aw;bgau;
m) o.nf. ePynkfk; M) o.nf. Jiurhkp ,) ,uhnfhghyd; <) fpU&;z@u;j;jp
22. ftp+u; eFyd; gpwe;j Cu;
m) j+;rht{u; M) Fk;gnfhzk; ,) jpUr;rp <) tpGg;g[uk;
23. ftp+u; eFyd; jkpHpYk; M=;fpyj;jpYk; KJfiyg; gl;lk; bgw;w gy;fiyf;fHfk;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu; ,) mz;zhkiy <) jpUts;Stu;
24. ftp+u; eFyd; ahUila ftpijfis M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;>
m) ghujpapd; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd;
25. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s mu=;nfw;Wf; fhij mike;Js;s fhz;lk;
m) g[fhu; M) t+;rp ,) kJiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
26. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa=;fs; vd miHf;fg;gLgit
m) ePynfrp/ Fz;lynfrp M) cjazFkhu fhtpak;/ ehfFkhu fhtpak;
,) rpe;jhkzp/ Nshkzp <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
27. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpatu;
m) ,s=;nfhtofs; M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;
,) jpUj;jf;fj;njtu; <) ef;fPuu;
28. `nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLgtu;
m) jpU.tp.f. M) ghujp ,) ghujpjhrd; <) k.bgh.rp.
29. ,s=;nfhtofs; jd;idg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igj; jUifapy; jhd; br=;Fl;Ltd; jk;gp vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpl;oUf;Fk; fhij
m) k=;fythH;j;J M) mu=;nfw;Wfhij
,) tue;jUfhij <) Cu;NH;tup
30. khjtp Mlw;fiyiag; gapd;w Mz;Lfs;
m) 5 M) 7 ,) 12 <) 15
f=;fh 197
31. Mly; fw;gjw;fhd rl=;Ffis khjtp bra;jnghJ taJ
m) 5 M) 7 ,) 9 <) 12
32. khjtp jdJ Mliy mu=;nfw;w tpUk;gpa taJ
m) 7 M) 9 ,) 12 <) 15
33. nkilapd; xUg[wj;jpypUe;J kWg[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
m) xU Kfj;jpiu M) bghUKfj;jpiu
,) fue;Jtuy; epiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
34. nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
,) fue;Jtuy; jpiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
35. nkilapd; nkypUe;J ntz;Lk; nghJ fPnH ,wf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gLtJ
,) fue;Jtuy; jpiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
36. mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Kof;Fk; Mly;kfSf;F mspf;fg;gLtJ
m) jiyf;nfhy; M) br=;nfhy; ,) itukzp <) murhl;rp
37. ,e;jpudpd; kfd;
m) rdfd; M) rae;jd; ,) mgpde;jd; <) khad;
38. kd;ddplkpUe;J khjtp bgw;w gupR
m) Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy M) E}w;bwl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy
,) Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;R itukhiy <) E}w;bwl;Lf; fH+;R itukhiy
39. jiyf;nfhyp gl;lk; bgw;wts;
m) khjtp M) khjup ,) fz;zfp <) kzpnkfiy
40. gpw capupd=;fspypUe;J kdpjidj; jdpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
m) mwpt[ M) Md;kpfk; ,) fiy <) +hdk;
41. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fijj; bjhlu;r;rp
m) kzpnkfiy M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp ,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lynfrp
42. bjhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; bka;g;ghL
m) MW M) VG ,) vl;L <) xd;gJ
43. `brhw;nfl;lhu;f;Fg; bghUs; fz;Tlhjy;~ vd;W Twpa ciuahrpupau;
m) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; M) nrdhtiuau; ,) nguhrpupau; <) moahu;f;F ey;yhu;
44. ftp fz;fhl;Lk; vd;W Twpa ciuahrpupau;
m) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; M) nrdhtiuau; ,) nguhrpupau; <) moahu;f;F ey;yhu;
45. nguhrpupau; vd;ghu; ???????? ciuahrpupau; Mthu;.
m) ed;D}y; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) ahg;gU=;fy <) bjhy;fhg;gpa
46. `<l;Lg[fH; ee;jp ghzeP~ ? vd;Dk; ee;jpf;fyk;gf ghlypy; ,lk;bgWk; bka;g;ghL
m) eif M) mGif ,) kUl;if <) btFsp
47. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; bka;g;ghl;oay; ???????? mjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) vGj;J M) brhy; ,) bghUs; <) ahg;g[
48. jkpHpy; fpilf;fg; bgw;w Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y;
,) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; <) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
49. bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciu vGjpatu;
m) ,sk;g{uzu; M) nrdhtiuau; ,) nguhrpupau; <) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;
6 50. èofu; jpyfk;~ vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjp kiyahsf;ftp+Uk; eofUkhd ghyre;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL

vGjpa ???????? vd;Dk; Eypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) rpjk;gurpj;j M) rpjk;gu !;kuz ,) ghyr;re;jpu !;kuz <) rpth$p !;kuz
ïaš
51. ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL vGjpa E}iy ~rpjk;gu epidt[fs;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) nf.tp. iry$h M) uh$Pt;ehj; ,) $hd;ghy; <) bt._uhk;
52. eog;g[yfpd; rf;futu;j;jp vdg;gLgtu;
m) khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh M) rhu;yp rhg;spd;
,) rpth$p fnzrd; <) mu;dhy;L
53. `vd;idg;nghy; rpth$p eog;ghu;. Mdhy; vd;dhy;jhd; rpth$pnghy; eof;f KoahJ~ vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;l eofu;
m) khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh M) mkpjhg; gr;rd;
,) mu;dhy;L <) $hf;fprhd;
54. rpth$p fnzrDf;Fr; brthypau; tpUjspj;j muR
m) M=;fpy muR M) gpbu+;R muR ,) ,e;jpa muR <) ,y=;if muR
55. rpth$p fnzrd; gpwe;j Cu;
m) j+;rht{u; M) tpGg;g[uk; ,) mupaY}u; <) tlY}u;
56. rpth$p fnzrd; FLk;gj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf ehlff; fk;bgdpapy; nru;e;j nghJ taJ
m) ehd;F M) Ie;J ,) MW <) vl;L
57. mz;zhJiuapd; ehlfj;jpy; rj;ugjp rpth$pahf ntlnkw;W eoj;jtu;
m) vk;.$p.Mu;. M) rpd;idah fnzrd;
,) b$kpdp fnzrd; <) vk;.Mu;.,uhjh
58. tp.rp. fnzrDf;F `rpth$p fnzrd;~ vd;W bgaupl;ltu;
m) mwp+u; mz;zh M) F.fhkuhru;
,) je;ij bgupahu; <) K. fUzhepjp
59. rpth$p fnzrd; eoj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;
m) j=;fg;gjf;fk; M) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
,) guhrf;jp <) ghrkyu;
60. rpth$p fnzrid cyf gpurpj;jp bgw;w eofdha; khw;wpa jpiug;glk;
m) guhrf;jp M) +hdxsp
,) uh$ghl; u=;fJiu <) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
61. Mg;gpupf;f?Mrpaj; jpiug;gl tpHhtpy; rpth$p fnzrDf;F tH=;fg;gl;l tpUJ
m) rpwe;j eofUf;fhd tpUJ M) brthypau;
,) jhjhrhbfg; <) M!;fhu;
f=;fh 199
62. EPOS vd;Dk; fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) brhy; my;yJ ghly; M) vGj;J my;yJ ftpij
,) thf;fpak; my;yJ tuyhW <) gf;jp my;yJ gz;ghL
63. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vGjpatu;
m) kapiyehju; M) rp.it. jhnkhjudhu;
,) nrdhtiuau; <) ,sk;g{uzu;
64. `g+;rfhg;gpak;~ vd;Dk; brhw;bwhlu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) jkpH;tpLJ}J
,) bghUs;bjhif epfz;L <) jpUj;jzpif cyh
65. rpWfhg;gpa=;fs; Ie;J vd;W tH=;Fk; tHf;fk; rp.it.jhnkhjudhu; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng
,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gd mwpa bra;tJ
m) kapiyehjupd; ed;D}y; ciu M) rp.it. jhnkhjudhupd; Nshkzp gjpg;g[iu
,) bghUs;bjhif epfz;L <) jpUj;jzpif cyh
66. tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtpj; jkpHpy; vGjg;gl;l mzpapyf;fz E}y;
m) jz;oay=;fhuk; M) khwdy=;fhuk; ,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
67. jz;oay=;fhuk; fhg;gpa tif ???????? gFf;fpd;wJ.
m) ,uz;lhf M) @d;whf ,) ehd;fhf <) Ie;jhf
68. `ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpa gz;ng~ vd;W TWk; E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y; ,) jz;oay=;fhuk; <) khwdy=;fhuk;
69. bgU=;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ehd;Ftif cWjpg;bghUs;fSk; gpw cWg;g[fSk; KGikahf
mikag;bgw;W tps=;Fk; fhg;gpak;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy ,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) tisahgjp
70. `gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gJ ???????? ghtpfk;.
m) fk;guhkazj;jpd; M) rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd;
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; <) Fz;lynfrpapd;
71. jz;oay=;fhuk; TWk; `bjhlu;epiy~ vd;Dk; bra;a[s; tif ???????? Fwpg;gjhFk;.
m) rpw;wpyf;fpaj;ij M) mf ,yf;fj;ij
,) fhg;gpaj;ij <) g[w ,yf;fpaj;ij
72. bghUs; bjhlu;epiyf;fhd E}y;fs;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk; M) me;jhjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
73. tpUj;jk; vDk; xnutifr; bra;a[spy; mike;j E}y;
m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fk;guhkhazk; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
,) Fz;lynfrp/ tisahgjp <) ,uhtzfhtpak;
74. ghl;Lk; ciueila[k; fye;J gy;tifr; bra;a[s;fspy; mike;jJ
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) Fz;lynfrp <) tisahgjp
75. `me;jhjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;~/ bra;a[s; tiffspy; ???????? rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.
m) bghUs;bjhlu;epiyf;F M) brhy;bjhlu;epiyf;F
,) bjhifepiyf;F <) Kj;jfj;Jf;F
tpilfs;
1. M jhk!; My;th vord; 39. m khjtp
2. m Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs; 40. , fiy
3. , $hu;$; kpyp 41. m kzpnkfiy
4. M ,yz;ld; 42. , vl;L
6 5. m nkilg;ghlfu; 43. , nguhrpupau;
6. m nkilapy; ghog; gpiHj;j mk;khtpd; 44. , nguhrpupau;
Fuy; bfl;Ltpl;ljhy;
ïaš
7. M ypl;oy; ouhk;g; 45. < bjhy;fhg;gpa

8. m jp fpl; 46. m eif
9. , a[idbll; Mu;o!;l;!;] 47. , bghUs;
10. , rhu;yp rhg;spd; 48. m bjhy;fhg;gpak;
11. M khlu;d; ilk;!] 49. m ,sk;g{uzu;
12. M 1940 50. M rpjk;gu !;kuz
13. , jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; 51. m nf.tp. iry$h
14. , jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; 52. , rpth$p fnzrd;
15. M M!;fhu; 53. m khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh
16. m rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; 54. M gpbu+;R muR
17. M 1936 55. M tpGg;g[uk;
18. M b\d;nfhy; 56. M Ie;J
19. m m$ad; ghyh 57. M rpd;idah fnzrd;
20. , khlu;d; ilk;!; 58. , je;ij bgupahu;
21. M o.nf. Jiurhkp 59. , guhrf;jp
22. M Fk;gnfhzk; 60. < tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
23. , mz;zhkiy 61. m rpwe;j eofUf;fhd tpUJ
24. m ghujpapd; 62. m brhy; my;yJ ghly;
25. m g[fhu; 63. m kapiyehju;
26. < rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy 64. M jkpH;tpLJ}J
27. m ,s=;nfhtofs 65. M rp.it. jhnkhjudhupd;
Nshkzp gjpg;g[iu
28. M ghujp 66. m jz;oay=;fhuk;
29. , tue;jUfhij 67. m ,uz;lhf
30. M 7 68. , jz;oay=;fhuk;
31. m 5 69. , rPtfrpe;jhkzp
32. , 12 70. m fk;guhkazj;jpd;
33. m xU Kfj;jpiu 71. , fhg;gpaj;ij
34. M bghUKfj;jpiu 72. m rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
35. , fue;Jtuy; jpiu 73. m rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fk;guhkhazk;
36. m jiyf;nfhy; 74. M rpyg;gjpfhuk;
f=;fh 201
37. M rae;jd; 75. M brhy;bjhlu;epiyf;F

38. m Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy
FWtpdh
1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapd; njhw;wk; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; bgUk;g=;fhw;wpatu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
¡¡ jhk!; My;th vord;
¡¡ gpuhd;rpd; Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fs;
¡¡ $hu;$; kpyp
2. jpiuf;fij ? tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ glj;jpd; btw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ jpiuf;fij.
¡¡ jpiuf;fijfs; gyKiw vGjp/ gyKiw goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jj; jpUj;jp cUthf;FtJ.
¡¡ ,j;jifa ciHg;g[ cs;s jpiuf;fij kf;fs; kdjpy; epw;Fk;.
3. Kg;gupkhzf;fiy vd;why; vd;d>

gy nfhz=;fspy; glg;gpog;g[f; fUtpahy; ,lk; khw;wp khw;wpg; glk; gpog;gJ Kg;gupkhzf;
fiy vd;gu;.
4. jpiug;glj;jpy; kP nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
fz;fs; jhkhfnt mfz;l nfhzj;ijj; nju;t[ bra;tJ kP nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
vd;fpnwhk;.
5. nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
fz;fs; bfh+;rk; RU=;fp/ bghUs;fs; mirtijj; bjhiytpy; ,Ue;J gjpt[ bra;tJ
nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
6. eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
fz;/ Mis KGjhfg; ghu;j;jhYk;/ ek; ftdk; ,Lg;g[tiu kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ eLf;
fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
7. mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
tPl;ow;Fs; EiHe;J mk;khtpd; Kfk; kl;Lnk ekf;Fg; gjpthtJ mz;ikf; fhl;rpj;
Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
8. kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
brUg;igf; fHw;wp thrypy; tpLk; nghJ fz; fPnH Fdpe;J brUg;ig kl;Lk; ghu;g;gJ
kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
9. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpbkhHp vd;why; vd;d>
xU kzp neug; gazj;ij Ie;nj fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[fshf ,UgJ behofspy; ghu;itahsuplk;
czu;j;JtJ jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpbkhHp MFk;.
10. jpiug;glf;fiy vd;why; vd;d>
jpiug;glj;jpy; njitahd nfhz=;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw btl;o/ xl;o/
glj;bjhFg;g[r; bra;J bts;spj;jpiuapy; xU ey;y fijahfr; brhy;tJ jpiug;glf;fiy
vdg;gLk;.
11. glj;bjhFg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
njitaw;w fhl;rpfis ePf;fp/ njitahd fhl;rpfisg; bghUj;jkhd tifapy; nru;g;gJ
glj;bjhFg;g[ vdg;gLk;.
12. glj;bjhFg;ghsupd; gzp vd;d>
glj;bjhFg;ghy; vy;yhnk jiyfPHhf khWk;. glk; 16 kzp neuk; XLk;go vLj;jhYk;
6 mij 2 kzp neuk; XLk;go bra;tJ bjhFg;ghsupd; gzp.
13. xw;iwf;nfhzf; fiy vd;why; vd;d>
xU fhl;rpia xw;iwf;nfhzj;jpy; kl;Lk; neupilahff; fhz;gJ xw;iwf;nfhzf; fiy
ïaš
vdg;gLk;.
14. nenul;lu; vd;why; vd;d>
nenul;lu; vd;gjd; bghUs; `fij brhy;yp~ vd;gjhFk;. jpiuau=;fpy; kt[dg;gl=;fs;
Xof; bfhz;oUf;f jpiuf;F mUnf xUtu; xyp th=;fpiag; gpoj;Jf; fij brhy;Ygtiu
nenul;lu; vd;gu;.
15. eFyd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : eFyd;.
gpwg;g[ : Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;/ jpUtde;jg[uj;jpy; thH;e;jtu;.
fy;tp : mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; KJfiy gl;lk; goj;jtu;.
gilg;g[fs; : @d;W/ Ie;J/ fz;zhoahFk; fz;fs;/ eha;fs;/ thf;F@yk;/ RUjp.
16. g[Jf;ftpij vd;why; vd;d>
g[jpa rpe;jidfisa[k;/ g[jpa fUj;Jfisa[k;/ g[Jikahfr; brhy;tJ g[Jf;ftpij MFk;.
17. jiyf;nfhy; gl;lk; bgw;wts; ahu;> Vd;>
¡¡ jiyf;nfhy; gl;lk; bgw;wts; khjtp.
¡¡ jd; Mly; mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Koj;jjd; fhuzkhfr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lhs;.
18. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? Xu; g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; v=;=dk; tpsf;Ff.

Kjd; Kjyhfg; bgz;iz Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpukhff; bfhz;L/ mts; murid vjpu;j;J
tHf;fhoaijg; ghoajhy; g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak; vdg;gLfpwJ.
19. ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit> fhuzk; TWf.
¡¡ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
¡¡ rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fijj; bjhlu;r;rp kzpnkfiyapy; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it ,uz;Lk;
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vdg;gLk;.
20. ghujpahu; ,s=;nfhita[k;/ rpyk;iga[k; v=;=dk; g[fH;fpwhu;>
`nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;~ vd;W ghujp ,s=;nfhita[k;/ rpyk;iga[k; g[fH;fpwhu;.
21. ,s=;nfhtofs; v=;F jd;id mwpKfk; bra;fpwhu;>
tue;jU fhijapy; ,s=;nfhtofs; jd;idg;gw;wp/ jhd; br=;Fl;Ltd; jk;gp vd;W jd;id
mwpKfk; bra;fpwhu;.
22. khjtpapd; ehl;oag; gapw;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ Mly;/ ghly;/ mHF vd;Dk; ,k;@d;wpy; xd;Wk; Fiwglhky; fw;wts;.
¡¡ VG Mz;Lfs; Mly; fiyiag; gapd;wts;.
¡¡ gd;dpuz;lhtJ tajpy; Mliy mu=;nfw;wpdhs;.
f=;fh 203
23. k=;fy thH;j;Jg; ghlypy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ FHypd; tHpna ahHpir epd;wJ.
¡¡ ahHpirf;F Vw;g jz;Qikahfpa kj;jsk; xypj;jJ.
¡¡ jz;QiknahL ,iae;J Kot[ xypj;jJ.
¡¡ KHt[ld; ,lf;if thj;jpak; Toepd;W xypj;jJ.
24. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ntW bgau;fs;.

¡¡ Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ ehlff; fhg;gpak;
¡¡ ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ ciuapilapl;l
¡¡ @nte;ju; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ Kj;jkpH; fhg;gpak; ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;
¡¡ bghJikf; fhg;gpak; ¡¡ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;
25. khjtp kd;ddplk; gupR bgw;wikia tptup.
¡¡ bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l xU g{=;bfho eldkhoaJ nghy; khjtp mu=;fpy; E}ypy;
brhy;yg;gl;l Kiwik jtwhJ ghtk;/ mgpeak; rupahff; filg;gpoj;J mHFw
Modhs;.
¡¡ Tj;Jf;F cupa ,ay;gpdpypUe;J tGthJ Modhs;.
¡¡ me;j Mliyf; fz;L mfkfpH;e;j kd;dd; `jiyf;nfhyp~ vd;Dk; gl;lk; mspj;jhd;.
26. ahHpd; tiffs; ahit>

¡¡ 21 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l ngupahH;.
¡¡ 17 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l kfuahH;.
¡¡ 16 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l rnfhlahH;.
¡¡ 7 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l br=;nfhl;oahH;.
27. Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.

fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiykf;fshf murf;Fo my;yhjtu;fis itj;Jg; ghoajhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
`Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;~ vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
28. bka;g;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gof;fpd;wnghJ mjd; bghUis MHg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhl;lg;gLk;
czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lr; Ritna bka;g;ghL vd;gu;.
29. bjhy;fhg;gpaiuj; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; vt;thW nghw;Wfpwhu;>
`xy;fhg; bgUk;g[fH;j; bjhy;fhg;gpad;~ vd;W jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; nghw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
30. bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciubaGjpatu; ahu;>
bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciu je;jtu; `,sk;g{uzu;~ Mthu;.
31. fhg;gpak; ? bgau;f;fhuzk; TWf.
¡¡ fhg;gpaj;ij M=;fpyj;jpy; EPIC vd;gu;.
¡¡ EPOS vd;w fpnuf;fr; brhy;.
¡¡ EPOS vd;gjw;Fr; brhy; my;yJ ghly; vdg; bghUs;.
¡¡ ,jid tlbkhHpapy; fhtpak; vd;gu;.
¡¡ fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupj;J kuigf; fhg;gJ/ ,ak;g[tJ.
¡¡ bkhHpiar; rpijahJ fhg;gJk; vd;gu;.
32. fhg;gpa mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;fpg; gl;oay; ,Lf.
fhij/ rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ glyk; vdg; gy rpw;WWg;g[fs; bjhFjpia fhz;lk; vd;gu;.
¡¡ fhij ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
¡¡ rUf;fk; ? Nshkzp/ ghujk;
¡¡ ,yk;gfk; ? fe;jg[uhzk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
6 ¡¡ fhz;lk; ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
33. jz;oay=;fhuk; TWk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;Ff.

tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtpj; jkpHpy; vGjg;gl;l mzp ,yf;fz E}y;.
ïaš
,e;E}ypy; bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ rpWfhg;gpak; vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;L ,yf;fzk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.

34. rpWfhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fzk; jUf.
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL ehd;fDs; xd;nwh ,uz;nlh Fiwe;J tUtJ rpW fhg;gpak;
MFk;.
35. ghtpfk; vd;why; vd;d>
fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftp+d; typa[Wj;j tpUk;g[k; mog;gilf; fUj;nj ghtpfk; MFk;.
36. fk;guhkhzj;jpd; ghtpfk; ahJ>
`gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gnj MFk;.
37. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ghtpfk; TWf. (my;yJ) rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWk; @d;W cz;ikfs; ahit>
¡¡ murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;
¡¡ ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu;
¡¡ CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; ? vd;gnjahFk;.
38. fhg;gpak; vd;gJ ahJ>

xU bkhHpapd; tsj;ij vspa eilapy;/ ,dpa fij totpy;/ mHfpay;/ fw;gid Mfpa
xU nru mike;j ,yf;fpa totnk fhg;gpakhFk;.
39. bjhlu;epiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit> rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ bjhlu;epiy ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: bghUs; bjhlu;epiy/ brhy; bjhlu;epiy.
¡¡ bghUs; bjhlu;epiy: rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;.
¡¡ brhy; bjhlu;epiy: me;jhjp/ ,yf;fpa=;fs;.
40. jz;oay=;fhuk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

¡¡ mzp ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWk; E}y;. tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtp
vGjg;gl;lJ.
¡¡ ,e;E}y; Kj;jfk;/ Fsfk;/ bjhifepiy/ bjhlu;epiy vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhl;rp Mw;wy; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;t[f;F cjt[tJ.
¡¡ jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rp rpwg;ghdhy; trdk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
¡¡ ehlfj;jpy; tpsf;if mizj;Jk;/ jpiuia ,wf;fpa[k; fhz;gpg;gu;.
¡¡ Kjy; fhl;rp ? fjhehafpaplk; njhHp bjhlu;tz;og; gazr;rPl;ilf; bfhLg;ghs;.
¡¡ mLj;jf; fhl;rp ? fjhehafp bjhlu;tz;oapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
f=;fh 205
¡¡ fhl;rp khWtij czu;j;j rpwpJ rpwpjhf k=;fyhff; fhl;o ,Us; Mf;fpf;fhl;Ltu;.
,ijf; `fhl;rp kiwt[~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ bjhl=;Fk; nghJ rpwpJ rpwpjhf btspr;rk; Tl;o KGf;fhl;rp btspg;gLk; ,ijf; `fhl;rp
cjak;~ vd;gu;.
¡¡ xU fhl;rp bjhl=;Fk; nghJ mLj;jf;fhl;rp bjhl=;FtJ `fyit my;yJ Tl;L~
vd;gu; (Mix).
¡¡ giHa fhl;rpia mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl mLj;jf; fhl;rp njhd;Wtij `mHpg;g[~ (Wipe)
vd;gu;.
¡¡ ,t;thW gy;ntW cj;jpfs; fhl;rpapy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
2. Fyn&ht; tpist[ tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ khlu;d; ilk;!; jpiug;glj;jpy; Kjypy; brk;kwpahLfs; Kz;oaoj;Jr; bry;fpd;wd.
¡¡ mLj;jf; fhl;rpapy; bjhHpw;rhiyf;Fs; kdpju;fs; Kz;oaoj;Jf; bfhz;L
EiHfpd;wdu;.
¡¡ r@fj;jpy; kdpju;fs; ke;ijfs; Mtij czu;j;JfpwJ.
¡¡ fhl;rpfis khw;wp khw;wp itg;gjd; @yk; btt;ntW fhl;rpfis cUthf;fpf; fhl;l
Koa[k;.
,t;thW fhl;Ltijf; `Fyn&ht; tpist[~ vd;gu;.
3. ey;y jpiug;glk; vd;gJ vJ ? tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ Kiwahd fhl;rpbkhHpa[ld; ey;y fiyahf cUthf;Fk; glj;jpy; bgha;fs; ,Uf;f
KoahJ.
¡¡ ek; @isia kG=;fr; bra;a[k; ftu;r;rpfSk; ,lk; bgwhJ.
¡¡ ,g;gilg;g[fs; cz;ikiag; ngRk;.
¡¡ mjd; @yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; thH;tpay;/ ek; mDgtj;ij nkk;gLj;jp thH;f;ifia
tskhf;Fk;.
4. rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; rpdpkhj; bjhHpy; tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa g=;fpidf; TWf.
¡¡ gpbu+;Rf;fhu; Lghd; mtu;fsplk; 2500 qgha;f;F g[buh$f;liua[k;/ rpy Jz;L
gl=;fisa[k; th=;fpdhu;.
¡¡ jpUr;rp/ jpUtde;jg[uk;/ kJiu/ kjuhR nghd;w ,l=;fspy; Kfhkpl;Lg; glk; fhl;odhu;.
¡¡ gpwF yhTu;/ bg&htu;/ yf;ndh nghd;wg; gFjpapy; glk; fhl;odhu;.
¡¡ 1909 ,y; kjuh!; jpUk;gp m=;nf v!;gpsndl;oy; Tlhuk; nghl;Lr; rydg;gl=;fisj;
jpiuapl;lhu;.
¡¡ kw;Wk; g[buh$f;lu;fis ,wf;Fkjp bra;J tpw;f Muk;gpj;jhu;.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

¡¡ rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk; = rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
¡¡ fz;zfpapd; fhy; rpyk;ghy; cUthd fij.
¡¡ @d;W fhz;l=;fs;/ Kg;gJ fhijfs;.
¡¡ g[fhu; fhz;lk; ? 10" kJiuf; fhz;lk; ? 13" t+;rpf; fhz;lk; ? 7 vd bkhj;jk; 30.
¡¡ ntW bgau;fs;: Kj;jkpH;f; fhg;gpak;/ ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak;/ @nte;ju; fhg;gpak;/ Fokf;fs;
fhg;gpak;/ ehlff; fhg;gpak;/ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;/ bghJikf; fhg;gpak;/ tuyhw;Wf;
fhg;gpak;.
¡¡ cz;ikfs;:
murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;"
ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu;"
CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.
6. jiyf;nfhy; mikjp ? tpsf;Ff.
6 ¡¡ mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Kof;Fk; Mly; k=;iff;F mspf;Fk; gl;lk;.
¡¡ ,j;jiyf;nfhy; g[fH; bfhz;l kd;dDld; nghupl;L mtdplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l
ïaš
btz;bfhw;wf; Filapd; fhk;gpy; bra;ag;gLtJ.

¡¡ fhk;gpd; fQf;fs; KGtJk; etkzpfs; ,Uf;Fk;. mf;fQf;fSf;F rhk;g{ejk; vDk;
bghd;jfl;il tyk;g[upahft[k;/ ,lk;g[upahft[k; Rw;wpf; nfhyhf;FtJ.
¡¡ kd;ddpd; muz;kidapy; itj;J ,e;jpud; kfd; rae;jd; vd mf;nfhiy epidj;J
tHpgLtu;.
¡¡ jiyf;nfhiy g[z;zpa ejp ePiug; bghw;Fl=;fspy; bfhz;L te;J ePuhl;Ltu;.
¡¡ khiyfs; mzptpj;J/ KuR KH=;f/ thj;jpa=;fs; xypf;f Ik;bgU=;FG/ muru; NH;e;Jtu/
gl;lj;J ahid njiu tyk; te;J mjd; nky; cs;s ftp+dplk; mj;jiyf;nfhiyf;
bfhLf;Fk;.
¡¡ midtUk; Cu;tykhf te;jgpd; ftp+d; jiyf;nfhiy Mly; mu=;fpy; itg;ghu;.
7. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

¡¡ FHypd; tHpna ahHpir epd;wJ.
¡¡ ahHpd; tHpna kj;jsk; xypj;jJ.
¡¡ jz;QiknahL KHt[ xypj;jJ.
¡¡ KHt[ld; ,lf;if thj;jpak; To epd;W xypj;jJ.
,t;thW midj;Jf; fUtpfSk; ,iae;J ,irj;jd.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j g[Jf;ftpijfs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
| gf;fk;: 136 |
epyh jpahfk; ,iyfs;
ViHfSf;fhd jPf;Fr;rpapd; fpisapy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk;
,ytr kpd;rhuk; jpahfj;ij vz;zp FUtpfSf;F
epyh btspr;rk;. cUFfpwJ bkGF. tprpwp tpLfpd;wd
,iyfs;.
2. gs;sp tpHhf;fs;/ Cu;j;jpUtpHh/ gl;okd;wk;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fSf;fhd mu=;fk;/
muR tpHhf;fSf;fhd nkil nghd;wtw;wpd; mu=;f mikg;g[/ xyp/ xsp mikg;g[/ jpiu
my=;fhuk; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 140 |
kyu; : new;W v=;fs; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHh eilbgw;wJ. tpHhtpw;F nkil 50 mo
mfyk; 15 mo cauk;. nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpYk; etPd bjhHpy; El;gk; tha;e;j
tz;z tpsf;Ffs; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd. jpiur;rPiyffSf;F gjpyhf fzpdp
totikf;fgl;l jpiu mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd. nkilapd; Kd;gf;f Xuj;jpy;
f=;fh 207
,uz;L Xyp th=;fpfs;/ tz;z tz;z xspfisg; gha;r;Rk; RHy; tpsf;Ffs;/
nkilf;F mUfpy; ,U bgUk; xyp bgUf;fpfs; vd mw;g[jkhf nkil
mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ.
k=;if : ehDk; nghd thuk; v=;fs; Cu; nfhapy; jpUtpHhtpw;Fr; brd;wpUe;njd;. m=;F
Tj;J eilbgWtjw;F ,lj;ij nju;t[ bra;J ,Ue;jdu;. nkilf;Fg; gjpyhf
,uz;L fk;gk; el;L mjpy; xU FHy; tpsf;F fl;o ,Ue;jhu;fs;. jpiur;rpiy
gpog;gjw;F ,Utu; ,Ue;jdu;. ,Ug[wKk; el;L th=;Fk; tha;ghl;L/ kpUj=;fk;/
nkhu;rp=;/ kw;Wk; tPiz thrpg;gtu;fSf;F vdf; fiy+u;fSf;F ,lk;
xJf;fg;gl;oUe;jd.
Ky;iy : v=;fs; Cupy; gl;okd;w epfH;itg; ghu;f;f new;W brd;wpUe;njd;. kpf caukhd
nkil/ fPnH jiu tpupg;g[/ nkilapd; gpd;gf;fk; milg;gpy; eLtu; kw;Wk;
ngr;rhsu;fspd; bgau;fs; vGjg;gl;oUe;jd. nkilapd; ,Ugf;f=;fspYk;
Maj;j xypth=;fp nkilfs;/ fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; xsp tpsf;Ffs;/ eLtu;
mku;tjw;F kpfg; bgupa mku;t[ ,Uf;if vd;W ghu;f;f mHfhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. ePtpu; ghu;j;j jpiug;glk; xd;wpy;/ btspg;gl;l bka;g;ghLfs; Fwpj;J vGJf. | gf;fk;: 143 |
jpiug;gl cyfpy;/ fiy btspg;ghl;ow;fhfnt jahupf;fg;gl;l gl=;fspy; jpy;yhdh
nkhfdhk;ghs; nghd;w xU glj;ijf; fhtpakhfnt kf;fs; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. ,g;glj;jpy;
eog;g[f;fiyapy; gpurpj;jpg; bgw;w n$hofshd rpth$p ? gj;kpdp ,iz eturj;ija[k;
btspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rpfspy; eye;jhdh ghly; fhl;rp bka; kaf;fr; bra;JtpLk;.
èye;jhdh/ eye;jhdh/ clYk; cs;sKk; eye;jhdh~ vd;w ghly; fhl;rpapy; gj;kpdpapd;
fz;fspy; vz;tif bka;g;ghLfisa[k; jhz;oa xU btspg;ghL/ mtuJ g[Utk; jtpf;Fk;
ghtid vGj;jpy; tptupf;f ,ayhJ.
`,e;jg; bgz;gl;l ghl;il ahu; mwpthu;~ vd;w ghly; fhl;rpapy; fz;fspy; gdpf;Fk;
fz;zPu; mGifia ekf;fpilna tutiHf;Fk;.
rpth$papd; g[z;gl;l iffis Jz;L kiwj;jpUf;Fk;. jdJ Ke;jhidahy;
tprpwptpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; gj;kpdpapd; ghu;itapy; btspg;gLk; mr;rt[zu;t[ ek;ikr; rpypu;f;f
itf;Fk;.
jpiug;glk; brhy;yhj fija[kpy;iy
fij brhy;yhj fhjYkpy;iy.
4. vz;tif bka;g;ghLfSf;F Vw;w jpiuapirg; ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
| gf;fk;: 143 |
vz;tif bka;g;ghLfs;:
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif.
eif rpupg;g[ tUJ rpupg;g[ tUJ
rpupf;f rpupf;f rpupg;g[ tUJ
mGif cd;id epidr;nrd; ghl;L gor;nrd;
j=;fnk- +hdj; j=;fnk-
,sptuy; ghl;&h ghU- ghl;&h ghU-
gil eL=;Fk; ghl;&h ghU-
kUl;if ehd; ghu;j;jjpny mts; xUj;jpiaj;jhd;
ey;y mHfp vd;nwd; ey;y mHfp vd;nwd;
mr;rk; Nufhsp nghy thuhlh
Rj;jp Rj;jp thuhlh
6 bgUkpjk; btw;wp kPJ btw;wp te;J vd;idr; nrUk;

mij th=;fpj; je;j bgUikbay;yhk; cd;idr; nrUk;
btFsp Fapiyg; g[or;rp Tz;oy; milr;rp
ïaš
ghlr; brhy;Yfpw cyfk;

ctif re;njh&k; fhzhj ehs; cz;lh
r=;fPjk; ghlhj ehs; cz;lh
5.
guhrf;jp/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;/ fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;/ jpUtpisahly; nghd;w
jpiug;gl=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;w rpth$pfnzrdpd; trd=;fis cupa cr;rupg;g[ld; ngrp
tFg;giwapy; eoj;Jf; fhl;Lf. | gf;fk;: 148 |
guhrf;jp ? trdk; tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; ? trdk;
nfhtpypny FHg;gk; tpistpj;njd; fp!;jp/ jpiw/ tup/ tl;o
g{rhupiaj; jhf;fpndd; thdk; bghHpfpwJ/ g{kp tpisfpwJ
Fw;w+;rhl;lg;gl;oUf;fpnwd; ,g;go vy;yhk; cdf;F Vd; bfhLg;gJ fp!;jp
eP=;fs; vjpu;ghu;g;gPu;fs; v=;fnshL taYf;F te;jhah
,ijbay;yhk; kWf;fg; nghfpnwd; vd;W Vw;wk; ,iwj;jhah
,y;iy ,y;ynt ,y;iy epr;rakhf ePu;g;gha;r;rpdhah
,y;iy...... ehw;W el;lhah
fis gwpj;jhah.....
fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd; ? trdk; jpUtpisahly; ? trdk;

tp+;r;Jiu : Rk;khfple;j $d=;fs jUkp : gpupf;f KoahjJ vd;dnth...>
J}z;otpl;l nkd;. J} Tj;jd; : jkpGk; Rita[k;.
z;otpl;l nkd;. jUkp : gpupaf; TlhjJ...>
t.c.rp : ,y;y. gabkd;Dk; gs;sj;ij Tj;jd; : vJifa[k; nkhida[k;.
jhz;lr; brhd;d. jUkp : nru;e;nj ,Ug;gJ...>
tp+;r;Jiu : mjpfhuj;ij Tj;jd; : tWika[k; g[yika[k;.
mtkhdg;gLj;Jd. .........
t.c.rp. : ,y;y. mfk;ghtj;ij
mHpf;fr;brhd;d.
6. c=;fs; gFjpapy; thH;e;J tUk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; fz;l mDgtj;ij vGJf.
| gf;fk;: 148 |
nfhapy; jpUtpHhf;fs; eilbgWk; Cu;fspy; bgUikf;F cupa Cu; kapyhg;g{u;.
mt;t{upy; ehj!;tu ,irf;fUtp thrpf;Fk; fiy+u; xUtiuf; fz;L mtuplk; ngr
tha;g;g[ fpilj;jJ. bgau; f=;fhjud;" taJ 80" Jog;ghd njfk;" ,sik khwhj Fzk;"
f=;fh 209
ngr;rpy; ek;gpf;if" ,d;wst[k; thrpf;ft[k; bra;fpwhu;. ,e;j Cupy;jhd; khbgUk; fiy+u;fs;;
thH;e;jhu;fs;. ,J kapyhg;g{Uf;nf bgUik juf;Toa xd;W. Mz;L KGtJk;
jpUtpHhf;fs; eilbgWk; Cu; vd;gjhy; mtu; vg;nghJk; RWRWg;ghf ,Ug;ghu;.
vdJ kfDf;F ehj!;tu ,irf;fUtp fw;Wj;ju mDkjp nfl;L/ mtuplk; brd;wpUe;njd;.
xj;Jf;bfhz;l mtu; jhd; ,irj;jbghGJ vLj;Jf;bfhz;l g[ifg;gl=;fis vd;dplk;
fhl;odhu;.
vz;tif bka;g;ghLfisa[k; btspf;bfhzu;e;J mtu; thrpj;j mHF ghuhl;Ljw;FupaJ.
mgpeak;/ ghtid/ g[Ut tist[fs;/ iftpuypd; mirt[fs; Kjyhdtw;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F
mw;g[jkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gobahU ey;y fiy+u; rhjhuz tPl;oy; thH;fpwhuh vd;w nfs;tp
v=;fSf;Fs; vGe;jJ.
jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;khs; vd;w jpiug;glj;jpy; thrpj;j `kiwe;jpUe;J ghu;f;Fk; kUkk;
vd;d.....~ vd;w ghly; v=;fSf;F kpft[k; gpof;Fk; vd;nwhk;. xU gj;Jepkplk; v=;fis
mkur; brhy;yptpl;L me;j miwapnyna mgpeak; gpoj;J mHfhf thrpj;jhu;.
thGk; fiy+u; mtu;. ,tu; nghd;w fiy+u;fis thH itf;f ekJ muR xU
mwf;fl;lis mikf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ tpUg;gk;. ,j;jifa fiy+u;fSf;F
Xa;t{jpak; tH=;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ ntz;LnfhSk; Tl. muR ,irg; gs;spfs;
bjhl=;f ntz;Lk;. fiyiaa[k;/ fiy+iua[k; nghw;w ntz;Lk;.
7. rpyg;gjpfhug; ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s fhg;gpa ,yf;fzf;TWfisf; fl;Liuahf
vGJf. | gf;fk;: 151 |
tpag;g[:
khjtp mu=;fpy; njhd;wp ehl;oa E}ypy; brhy;yg;gl;l Kiwikj; jtwhJ/ ghtk;/
mgpeak; ,tw;iwr; rupahff; filgpoj;J ed;ik bgWft[k; jPik eP=;ft[k; ntz;o
`Xbuhw;W thuk;~ `<buhw;W thuk;~ vd;Dk; bja;tg; ghliy Kiwahfg; ghl ghlYf;F Vw;g
,ir mikf;f khjtp Moaijf; fz;L midtUk; tpae;jdu;.
bfhil:
khjtpapd; Mly; fz;L mfkfpH;e;jhd; kd;dd;. khjtpf;F `jiyf;nfhy; mupit~
vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij tH=;fpdhd;. Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd; khiyia kd;dd; guprhf
tH=;fpdhd;.
bgUkpjk;:
mu=;nfw;Wfhijapy; jiykfshf cs;s khjtpapd; ehl;oak;/ mu=;nfw;wk;
nghd;wtw;iwf;; fz;L gupR bgWjy;/ ,d;gk; fhQjy; Mfpait fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;F
bghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jpiug;glf; fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j ,af;Feu;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;glhj cj;jp
m) fhl;rp kiwt[ M) fhl;rp cjak;
6 ,) fyit'Tl;L <) jpiuia ,wf;Fjy; [tpil: <) jpiuia ,wf;Fjy;]
2. gy;tifahd fhl;rpfisf; Fwpf;f jpiug;glf; fiy+u;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; M=;fpyr;
ïaš
brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;r; brhw;fisg; bghUj;Jf.

m) EXTREME LONG SHORT ? 1. kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
M) SHORT ? 2. mz;ik fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
,) MID SHORT ? 3. nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
<) CLOSEUP SHORT ? 4. eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
c) EXTREME CLOSEUP SHORT ? 5. kPnra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
m) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 5 M) 5/ 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1]
3. `mkpH;jpDk; Mw;w ,dpnj jk;kf;fs;
,Jif mstpy; TH;~ ? ,f;Fwspy; ts;Stu; btspg;gLj;jpa[s;s bka;g;ghL
m) mGif M) btFsp
,) ,sptuy; <) ctif [tpil: <) ctif]
4. fPH;tUtdtw;Ws; eofu; jpyfk; rpth$p fnzrd; bgwhj tpUJ
m) fiykhkzp tpUJ M) gj;k_ tpUJ
,) jhjh rhnfg; ghy;nf tpUJ <) ghujuj;dh tpUJ [tpil: <) ghujuj;dh tpUJ]
5. Tw;W 1 : mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; bgU=;fhg;gpaj;jpd; jpuz;l
bghUshf mika ntz;oajpy;iy.
Tw;W 2 : mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; Fiwt[glhky; miktJ
rpWfhg;gpak;.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ 2 jtW M) Tw;W 2 rup/ 1 jtW
,) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup <) Tw;W 1/ 2 jtW [tpil: <) Tw;W 1/ 2 jtW]
6. bghUj;Jf.
E}yhrpupau; E}y;
m) ghujpahu; ? 1. kh=;fdp
M) ghujpjhrd; ? 2. kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;
,) ftpkzp ? 3. tPuj;jha;
<) fz;zjhrd; ? 4. Fapy;ghl;L
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
7. xU ey;y jpiug;glk; bgw;wpUf;f ntz;oa gz;g[fs;
m) Kiwahd fhl;rpbkhHp/ ftu;r;rp/ tUkhdk;/ r@f eyd;
M) r@f eyd;/ tUkhdk;/ ftu;r;rpapd;ik/ Kiwaw;w fhl;rp bkhHp
f=;fh 211
,) Kiwahd fhl;rp bkhHp/ r@f eyd;/ tUkhdk;/ ftu;r;rpapd;ik
<) tUkhdk;/ r@f eydpd;ik/ ftu;r;rp/ Kiwahd fhl;rp bkhHp
[tpil: ,)]
8. `VH; Mz;L ,aw;wp/ Xu; <u;MW Mz;oy;
Nk; fHy; kd;dw;F fhl;ly; ntz;o~
vDk; mofs; thapyhf khjtp ehl;oak; gapyj; bjhl=;fpa mfitahf mwpag;gLtJ.
m) 7 Mk; mfit M) 6 Mk; mfit
,) 12 Mk; mfit <) 5 Mk; mfit [tpil: <) 5 Mk; mfit]
9. rupahd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
Tw;W : rhu;yp rhg;spd; bghJt[ilikahsu; vd bgau; bgw;whu;.
fhuzk; : 1. \pl;yiu tpku;rpj;J jpiug;glk; vLj;jhu;
2. bjhHpy;ika cyfpd; rPu;nfLfisj; jkJ jpiug;glj;jpy; tpku;rdk; bra;jhu;.
3. kughd fUj;JUthf;f=;fis jpiug;glj;jpd; @yk; cilj;bjwpe;jhu;.
m) fhuzk; 1/ 2 rup/ 3 jtW M) fhuzk; 2/ 3 rup/ 1 jtW
,) fhuzk; 2 rup/ 1/ 3 jtW <) fhuzk; 1/ 3 rup/ 2 jtW
[tpil: ,) fhuzk; 2 rup/ 1/ 3 jtW]
10. khjtpapd; eld mu=;nfw;wj;jpd; nghJ ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j tupir Kiw
m) FHy;/ ahH;/ Mke;jpupif/ jz;Qik/ KHt[
M) KHt[/ jz;Qik/ ahH;/ Mke;jpupif/ FHy;
,) jz;Qik/ ahH;/ Mke;jpupif/ FHy;/ KHt[
<) FHy;/ ahH;/ jz;Qik/ KHt[/ Mke;jpupif
[tpil: <) FHy;/ ahH;/ jz;Qik/ KHt[/ Mke;jpupif]
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; moj;jsk;
bksdk;" kfhbksdk; ? mofs; g[yg;gLj;JtJ
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; Tj;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y; <) g[w mirt[fs; mfj;jpid mirf;f ,ayhJ
........................................................
2. VH; Mz]L ,aw;wp Xu; <uhW Mz]oy; NH;fHy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ???????? bjhlu;fspy;
btspg;gLk; bra;jpfs;.
1. khjtp VG Mz]Lfs; tiu ehl;oak; gapd;whs;.
2. <uhW tajpy; mu=;nfw;wk; bra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
m) 1 rup/ 2 jtW M) 1 jtW/ 2 rup
,) 1 jtW/ 2 jtW <) 1 rup/ 2 rup ........................................................
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) Mke;jpupif ? 1. gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth ? 2. @=;fpy;
,) fH+;R ? 3. ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fiH ? 4. vil mst[
6

m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
<) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ........................................................
4. ntWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ïaš
m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ M) nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[

,) eLf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ <) fhl;rp kiwt[ ........................................................
5. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhw;bwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
m) rpt+hd Kdptu; M) kapiyehju;
,) MWKfehtyu; <) ,sk;g{uzu; ........................................................
6. Tw;W 1 : fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhy; fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J kuigf; fhg;gJ/ ,ak;g[tJ/
btspg;gLj;JtJ/ bkhHpiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;bwy;yhk; bghUs; jUfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; xd;W ePynfrp.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 2 rup/ Tw;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz]Lk; rup <) ,uz]Lk; jtW ........................................................
7. rupahdtw;iwg; bghUj;jpj; nju;f:
m) fhij ? 1. fe;jg[uhzk;
M) rUf;fk; ? 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; ? 3. Nshkzp
<) glyk; ? 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ........................................................
8. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;f:
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh ? mfehD}W
,) fypbtz]gh ? J}J
<) Fws; btz]gh ? jpUf;Fws; ........................................................
9. `my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;~ ? vtnuhL gHfpdhy;>
m) ths;nghy; giftu; M) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gtu;
,) vz]zpah=;F va;Jgtu; <) jPapdj;jhu; ........................................................
10. jpz]zpau; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) mwpt[ilatu; M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;
,) jPf;fha;thu; <) mwptpdhu; ........................................................
11. Muha;e;J brhy;fpwtu;
m) muru; M) brhy;ypago bra;gtu;
,) J}Jtu; <) cwtpdu; ........................................................
f=;fh 213
12. bghUj;Jf.
m) ghk;nghL cld; ciwe;jw;W ? 1. jPf;fha;thu;
M) brj;jhu; ? 2. rPu; mHpf;Fk; NJ
,) tWik jUtJ ? 3. fs; cz]gtu;
<) ,fy; nte;ju; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? 4. cld;ghL ,y;yhjtu;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ........................................................
13. eL=;Fk;goahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjtu;>
m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;
M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilatu;
,) muriur; rhu;e;J thH;fpd;wtu;
<) NjhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fHpg;gtu; ........................................................
14. vspaJ/ mupaJ vd;gd
m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz ? ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ
,) rpWik gy bra;tJ ? giftu; bjhlu;g[
<) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gJ ? cUt[fz]L vs;shjJ ........................................................
15. mira[k; cUt=;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu; ...........................................
16. rhu;yp rhg;spidg; ngrhg; gl ehafdhf cUthf;fpa njhw;wk; ....................................................
17. rhu;yp rhg;spd; bjhl=;fpa gl epWtdk; ........................................................
18. rhu;yp rhg;spDf;F thH;ehs; rhjidahsu; vd;Dk; tifapy; ......................................................
tpUJ tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
19. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ `khu;ld; ilk;!;~ btspahd Mz;L ........................................................
20. ftp+u; eFydpd; ,aw;bgau; ........................................................
21. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s mu=;nfw;Wf; fhij mike;Js;s fhz;lk; ..............................................
22. nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
........................................................
23. ,e;jpudpd; kfd; ........................................................
24. mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Kof;Fk; Mly;kfSf;F mspf;fg;gLtJ ...............................
25. jiyf;nfhyp gl;lk; bgw;wts; ........................................................
26. gpw capupd=;fspypUe;J kdpjidj; jdpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ ........................................................
27. bjhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; bka;g;ghL vj;jid> ........................................................
28. bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciu vGjpatu; ........................................................
29. rpth$p fnzrDf;Fr; brthypau; tpUjspj;j muR ........................................................
30. tp.rp. fnzrDf;F ~rpth$p fnzrd;~ vd;W bgaupl;ltu; ........................................................
31. rpth$p fnzrd; eoj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk; ........................................................
32. EPOS vd;Dk; fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypd; bghUs; ........................................................
33. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vGjpatu; ........................................................
34. ghl;Lk; ciueila[k; fye;J gy;tifr; bra;a[s;fspy; mike;jJ ............................................
FWtpdh
6 35. vz]tif bka;g;ghLfs; ahit>

.......................................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
36. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;g[f;F vt;thW capql;Lk;> rhd;W jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
37. xUKf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
38. @r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy;
ngr;Rk; ml=;Fk; ? ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHp xd;iw vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
39. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
40. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
41. fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
42. ghtpfk; ? tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
43. jpiug;glj; Jiwapd; njhw;wk; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; bgUk;g=;fhw;wpatu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
44. jpiuf;fij ? tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 215
45. jpiug;glj;jpy; kP nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
46. nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
47. eLf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
48. mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
49. kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
50. nenul;lu; vd;why; vd;d>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
51. eFyd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
52. jiyf;nfhy; gl;lk; bgw;wts; ahu;> Vd;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
53. ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit> fhuzk; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
54. ghujpahu; ,s=;nfhita[k;/ rpyk;iga[k; v=;=dk; g[fH;fpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
55. k=;fy thH;j;Jg; ghlypy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
56. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ntW bgau;fis vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
57. ahHpd; tiffs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
58. Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
6

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
59. bka;g;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
60. bjhy;fhg;gpaiuj; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; vt;thW nghw;Wfpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
61. fhg;gpak; ? bgau;f;fhuzk; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
62. rpWfhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fzk; jUf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
63. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ghtpfk; TWf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
64. kdj;ij mjd; nghf;fpy; bry;ytplf;TlhJ vd;W ts;Stk; TWtJ Vd;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
65. `cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
66. kd cWjpapd; njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ TWfpwJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
67. e+;Rz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 217
68. murnuhL el;g[g; ghuhl;odhYk; bra;aj;jfhjd ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
69. m+;rj; jFe;jd/ m+;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
70. tWika[k; rpWika[k; jUtJ vJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
71. eP=;fs; goj;jjpy; gpoj;j Fwis vGjp/ fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplt[k;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
72. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahft[k;/ gifahft[k; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. bjhy;bewp ? ........................................................
2. MlYk; ghlYk; ? ........................................................
3. eif/ mGif/ ,dptuy;/ kUl;if/
mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif ? ........................................................
4. xuP, ? ........................................................
5. gLg;gJ}ck; ? ........................................................
6. brhy;Yjy; ? ........................................................
1. bjhGjdu;
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. eif
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. kUl;if
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. btFsp
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
6 1. jiyf;nfhy;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
2. bgUe;nju;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
76 jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Popular as the ‘Cultural Capital’ of India, Tamil Nadu is extremely well-known for its marvellous
temples and other architectural gems. The state rose to prominence primarily because of its well-known
and outstanding Tanjore Paintings that flourished at the time of Chola dynasty in ancient Tanjavoor. In this
traditional art form, the paintings showcase the embellished form of the sacred deities of the region. The
deities in the paintings are festooned with glass pieces, pearls, semi-precious stones, and gold and other
vibrant colours. In the modern times, Tanjore paintings look up to human figures, animals, floral motifs
and birds as muses.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
fPH;f;fhQk; bjhlu;fspy; milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s bgau;r;brhy;iyj; bjhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW
77.
khw;wp vGJf.
1. fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W ................................................... (Fkud;) bjupa[k;.
2. new;W Kjy; ................................................... (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
3. c=;fSf;F ................................................... (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
4. KUfd; ............................................. (ntfk;) brd;Wk; ngUe;ijg; gpof;f ,aytpy;iy.
5. ek;Kila ................................................... (njit) mst[ Fiwe;jhy; kfpH;r;rp bgUFk;.
78. bghUs; ntWghL mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
1. fsk; ? fyk;
...............................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 219
2. tyk; ? tsk;
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. g[y; ? g[s;
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. ciH ? cis
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. fhd; ? fhz]
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. Cz] ? Cd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
7. jpd;ik ? jpz]ik
...............................................................................................................................................................
79. Vw;g[ila ea=;fis Rl;o vGJf.
me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyfk; fz]nld;
mt;thnw thd; fz]nld;/ jpirfs; fz]nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz]nlh >
bgU+;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;njh epynt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; mHif bay;yhk;
nrfupj;Jf; Fspnuw;wp xspa[k; Cl;o
,e;jhbtd; nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vHpy;thH;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz]ze; jhndh > ? ghujpjhrd;
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
6

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ïaš

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
80. fPH;f;fhQk; ehd;F brhw;fisf; bfhz;L bjhlu; vGJf.
1. thdk;/ gw/ epyt[/ bjhL
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. rUF/ tpG/ kz]/ miy
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. tpz]kPd;/ xspu;/ vup/ tpG
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. Fjpiu/ ntfk;/ XL/ jht[
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. FHe;ij/ el/ jspu;eil/ tpG
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. jpiu/ fhz]/ ifjl;ly;/ kf;fs;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
1. Artist - ...............................................................................
2. Animation - ...............................................................................
3. Newsreel - ...............................................................................
4. Cinematography - ...............................................................................
5. Sound-Effect - ...............................................................................
6. Multiplex Complex - ...............................................................................
f=;fh 221
82. kdg;ghlk;.
1. `FHy;tHp epd;wJ ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; rpyg;gjpfhug; ghliy vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. `muz;~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. `vg;bghUs; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. `neha; ......~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. èy;ypdj;jpd;;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. `gpw~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
7. `brhy;Yjy; ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
8. `cilj;J~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
9. `jiy ......~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
10. `bjhlu;g[~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
11. `g[fpd;~ vd Koa[k; Fwis mogpwHhky; vGJf.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
***
Ü¼¬ñ à¬ìò ªêò™
ï£´, Üó², êÍè‹, G¼õ£è‹
à¬óï¬ì Þô‚AòˆF™ «ñô£‡¬ñ ªõ.Þ¬øò¡¹, Þ.Ý.ð
ªêŒ»œ ÜFêò ñô˜ îI›ïF ïaš
7
7
ªêŒ»œ «îJ¬ôˆ «î£†ìŠ ð£†´ ºè‹ñ¶ Þó£¾ˆî˜
ªêŒ»œ ¹øï£ÛÁ HCó£‰¬îò£˜
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ êƒèè£ô‚ è™ªõ†´‹ â¡ äó£õî‹ ñè£«îõ¡
ïaš
G¬ù¾èÀ‹
Þô‚èí‹ ªî£¡ñ‹
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `gyu; J+;rt[k; jhk; J+;rhd;~ tpHpj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghoatUk;
m) nrhHd; beL=;fps;spia ? ghzu;
M) nrhHd; ey=;fps;spia ? nfht{u;fpHhu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiwia ? fgpyu;
<) fupfhyid ? cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;
[tpil: M) nrhHd; ey=;fps;spia ? nfht{u;fpHhu;]
2. mjpra kyupd; g[d;difiag; gpoj;jthW jkpH;ejp flf;fr; brhy;tJ
m) fle;jfhyj; Jau=;fis M) Ml;fsw;w bghGij
,) gr;irak; ,He;j epyj;ij <) midj;ija[k; [tpil: <) midj;ija[k]];
3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
Tw;W 1: fij totpyhd totk; cilaJ.
Tw;W 2: bgupa vGj;Jg; g[j;jfk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLtJ.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup
,) Tw;W 1/ 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW/ Tw;W 2 rup
[tpil: M) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup]
4. cz;L gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,le;jdpy; ? ,j;bjhlupy; bgabur;rk;
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J
,) tsu;e;j <) ,le;jdpy; [tpil: ,) tsu;e;j]
5. ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghy ? ,t;t[tikf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd bjhlu;
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
<) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
[tpil: m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ.]
f=;fh 223
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bjhd;kj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;jh xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) fu;zd; njhw;whd; ngh. M) tajpy; rpwpats;/ MdhYk; jiytp-
,) ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U. <) ,e;jh nghwhd; jUkd;.
[tpil: M) tajpy; rpwpats;/ MdhYk; jiytp]
7. bjhd;kk; gw;wpa Tw;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfptpl;l tot=;fs;.
M) gH=;fijiaf; bfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KoahjJ nghy; njhd;Wk; epfH;r;rpfs; bra;jpfs;.
<) tps=;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gHbkhHpapd; @yk; tpsf;FtJ.
[tpil: <) tps=;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gHbkhHpapd; @yk; tpsf;FtJ.]
8. `rhgtpnkhrdk;~/ `mfypif~ fijfspy; bjhd;k=;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
m) F. mHfpuprhkp M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
,) b$ankhfd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; [tpil: M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;]
9. gz;g[f;FwpaPLfisf; fijkhe;ju;fnshL bghUj;Jf.
m) mwk; ? 1. fu;zd;
M) typik ? 2. kDePjpr;nrhHd;
,) ePjp ? 3. gPkd;
<) ts;sy; ? 4. jUkd;
m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
FWtpdh
1. gUtj;nj gapu; bra; ? neu nkyhz;iknahL bghUj;jp vGJf.
¡¡ `gUtj;nj gapu; bra;~ vd;gJ mDgtr; brhy;.
¡¡ Vw;wf; fhyj;ij mwpe;J Vw;w ,lj;ija[k; mwpe;J braiyr; bra;jy; nghy gUtk;
mwpe;J gapu; bra;jy;.
¡¡ gapu; bra;tjw;F kl;Lky;y kdpj thH;f;iff;Fk; bghUe;Jk;.
2. ve;jbthU bghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;nghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd;

ciHg;ig ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU njePiug; gUFk;nghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpj
ciHg;igr; rpe;jpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij vGJf.
¡¡ ehk; Fof;Fk; njePu; jhdhf fpilg;gjpy;iy gpwu; cz;lhf;fpj; jUtJ. mjw;F ePu;/
ru;f;fiu/ njapiy njit. mijr; rupahff; fye;JbfhLf;Fk; gf;Ftk; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ ,j;jidg; bghUs;fisf; bfhLf;f ekf;F cjtpatu;fs; vj;jidngu;>
¡¡ rhjhuzkhf njePUf;fhf ,j;jid ngUila ciHg;g[ njitg;gLbkd;why; ek;
thH;tpw;F vj;jid ngUila ciHg;g[ njitg;gLk;. Mfnt ciHg;gtUila
ciHg;ig ehk; kjpf;ff; fw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
3. mwpt[il nte;jdpd; bewp Fwpj;J/ gprpuhe;ijahu; TWtd ahit>
¡¡ mwpt[il nte;jd; tupjpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J tup jpul;odhy;/ ehL bry;tk;
brHpg;gila[k;.
¡¡ mwptpy; Fiwe;J Kiw bjupahJ tup jpul;odhy; ahid g[Fe;j epyk; nghy; MfptpLk;.
4. brtpawpt[W}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
murd; bra;a ntz;oa flikfis Kiw jtwhky; bra;a[khW mtd; nfl;FkhW
mwpt[Wj;jy; brtpawpt[W}c JiwahFk;.
5. bjhd;kk; tpsf;fk; jUf.
¡¡ rka ek;gpf;iffisa[k; rl=;Ffisa[k; btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
7 ¡¡ ctikf; fijfshft[k;/ bka;apay; cUt=;fshft[k; epd;W rKjhaj;jpw;F

tHpfhl;Lfpd;wd.
¡¡ mwptpay; Kiwapy; Ma;t[ bra;anth g[upe;Jbfhs;snth KoahJ.
ïaš
¡¡ rKjhaj;jpd; MH;kdj;jpypUe;J btspg;gLtdthf mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk;

fl;likg;gpd; FwpaPLfshft[k; tps=;Ffpd;wd.
6. ngr;R tHf;fpy; bjhd;kk; btspg;gLk; ,U bjhlu;fis vGJf.
ek; md;whlg; ngr;rpy; kug[j;bjhlu;fshfj; bjhd;k=;fs; fye;Js;sd.
¡¡ ``fpHpj;j nfhl;ilj; jhz;lkhl;lhd;~~ ? vd;gJ ,uhkhazj;jpy; gu;zrhiyia tpl;L
rPij btspna te;jhy; jP=;F tUk; vd;gjw;fhf ,yf;Ftd; nfhL fpHpj;j epfH;tpypUe;J
cUthd kug[j;bjhlu;.
¡¡ `kDePjpr; nrhHd;~ ? jd; nju;r;rf;fuj;jpy; ,we;j fd;Wf;fhf jd; kfidj; nju; Vw;wpf;
bfhd;w nrhHd; ePjp jtwhj Ml;rp.
7. cd;kdk; xU ghw;fly;
mijf; file;jhy;
mKjk; kl;Lky;y
MyfhyKk; btspg;gLk; vd;gij
eP mwptha; my;yth> ? ,f;ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; bjhd;kk; ahJ>
bjhd;kj;ijf; bfhz;L Kuz;ghl;il tpsf;fyhk;.
xd;W nru;;e;jpUf;fpw NHiy tpsf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
,g;ghlypy; ghw;fly;/ mKjk;/ Myfhyk; Mfpa bjhd;k=;fs; btspg;gLfpd;wd.
rpWtpdh
1. ntshz; nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vGJf.
¡¡ ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; nkyhz;ikf; TWfs; cz;L.
¡¡ kdpjd; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;J ntshz; bra;jhy; btw;wpf;F tha;g;g[ cz;L.
¡¡ rupahd gapu;/ cupa neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;.
¡¡ ePu; nkyhz;ikia bewpg;gLj;jy;.
¡¡ mWtilf;Fg; gpd; ghJfhj;jy;.
¡¡ ey;y tpiy tUk; tiu ,Ug;g[ itj;jy;.
¡¡ tpHpg;nghLk;/ bghWg;nghLk; bray;gl;lhy; ntshz;ik brHpf;Fk;.
2. mjpra kyupd; g{r;bro vt;thW Kisj;jjhf/ jkpH;ejp TWfpwhu;>

¡¡ nghUf;Fg; gpd; Fz;L kiH bghHpe;J jiukl;lkhfpa ,lj;jpy;/ Ms; elkhl;lk;
,y;yhj neuj;jpy;/ cyhtpa ahidapd; vr;rj;jpypUe;J tsu;e;jpUf;fyhk; ,r;bro.
¡¡ vtnuh xUtUila fhy; rg;ghj;jpd; gpd;g[wk; tpij xl;of;bfhz]L ,=;F te;J capu;
bgw;wpUf;fyhk;.
¡¡ ePupy;yh bghl;ly; gFjpapy;; gpwe;j FHe;ij nghy bkhl;L mtpH;e;J kyu;e;J rpupf;fpwJ
mjpra kyu; vd;fpwhu; jkpH;ejp.
f=;fh 225
3. `v=;fpUe;njh tUfpwJ
tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpbahd;W
gwitfSk; tuf; TLk; ehis~ ? ,lk;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : jkpH;ejpapd; `mjpra kyu;~ ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy;; ,g;ghly; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.
bghUs; : kyiuj; njo tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpa[k;/ gwita[k; tuf;TLk; vd;gJ bghUs;.
tpsf;fk; : kdpj elkhl;lk; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; cytpa ahidapd; vr;rj;jpnyh my;yJ
fhydpapd; gpd;g[wk; xl;of;fple;J Kisj;jJ mjpra kyu;. mg;g{r;broapd;
milahsj;ijf; fz;L v=;fpUe;njh tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rpa[k;/ gwita[k; ehis
tuf;TLk; vd;W jkpH;ejp TWfpwhu;.
4. ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; bfLnk ? ctikiaa[k; bghUisa[k;
bghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
ctik:
epyj;jpy; tpise;j bey;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf; ftskhff; bfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg; gy
ehl;fs; czthFk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; ahidna g[Fe;J cz;Qkhapd; thapy; g[Fe;j
bey;iytplf; fhypy; kpjpg;gl;l bey;ny mjpfkhFk;.
bghUs;:
mwpt[ila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J tup jpul;odhy; ehL bry;tr; brHpg;gila[k;.
Kiw bjupahky; murd; tup jpul;odhy; ehL tpiutpy; mHpa[k;/ ahid g[Fe;j epyk; nghy
MfptpLk;. murd; jhDk; gad;glkhl;lhd;" ehl;L kf;fSk; Jd;g[Wtu;.
beLtpdh
1. vspa kf;fspd; typfis ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa tot=;fns KGikahfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd
? epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:
19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l g+;rk; bts;isau;fspd; t+;rj;jpdhy; g[yk; bgau;e;j
tpspk;g[ kf;fspd; Jauj;ij ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpak; KGikahf gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
Jau=;fs;:
¡¡ ehfuPfj;jpYk; ,uh$uPfj;jpYk; rpwe;j jkpHu;fs; g+;rj;jpdhYk; bts;sj;jpdhYk;
ek;ik mw;gg; gpuhzpfisg;nghy; Mf;fpdu;.
¡¡ jhk; gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,l=;fspy; ngapDf;Fk;/ ehapDf;Fk; fPHhfj; Jd;gg;gl;L
Jaug;gl;L thH;e;jdu;.
¡¡ mt;thW mtu;fs; tpk;kp tpk;kp mGjf; Fuy; btFrd=;fspilna ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa
totpy; Fk;kpg;ghlyhf mtu;fspd; Jauk; nghf;fpd.
¡¡ ntiyf;F thU=;fs; vd;W md;g[ld; miHj;J Miyf; fUk;g[ nghy ek; ciHg;igg;
gpHpe;jdu;.
¡¡ Fu=;ifg; nghy; ek;ik Ml;og; gilj;Jk; xd;Wf;Fg; gj;jhfg; bgha; fzf;bfGjpdu;.
¡¡ rhFk; tiu jiyr;Rikahf khw;wpdhu;.
¡¡ jat[ VJkpy;yhky; Typj; bjhHpyhspfisf; fg;gypy; Vw;wp ,y=;if/ me;jkhd; jPt[f;Ff;
bfhz;L brd;wdu;.
vspa kf;fspd; typfs;:
¡¡ cz;z czt[f;Fk;/ ifg;gpor; bryt[f;Fk; Jd;gg;gl;L kz;Qspg; ghk;g[g; nghy
kidtp kf;fnshL thH;e;jdu;.
¡¡ kz;Qf;Fs;ns Kfj;ijg; gjpa itf;Fk; ghk;g[fs; vd kf;fs; j=;fis TWk; nghJ
,jaj;jpy; ,uj;jk; tofpwJ.
¡¡ ehk; Jd;gg;gLtjw;Ff; fy;tp/ xGf;fk;/ ehfupfk; ,y;yhj Fiwna.
7 ¡¡ ,d;nw czU=;fs;- ek; gps;isfSf;F ey;y fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;J/
Fiwtpy;yhky; xw;Wikaha; Cupy; fl;Lg;ghl;nlhL thH;nthk;.
ïaš
Kot[iu:
kf;fs; j=;fs; thH;tpy; Vw;gLk; jhf;f=;fis/ typfisf; fijg;ghly;fs;
,yf;fpa totpy; bts;pg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. brt;tpay; brhy;yhj my;yJ g[wf;fzpj;j
fUj;ijbay;yhk; ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fs; ghLbghUshapd.
2. r=;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jbfhs;s/ g[fSu;f; fy;btl;L vt;tifapy; Jizg[upfpwJ>
tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
,yf;fpa=;fs; mit cUthd fhyk; jhz;o epidf;Fk; tifapy; gjpt[ bra;git
fy;btl;Lfs;. me;j tifapy; ,g;gFjpapy; g[fAu; fy;btl;Lfs; @yk; r=;ffhy
tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
`jkpH;~ gpuhkp:
r=;ffhy tuyhw;iw fy;btl;Lfs; @yk; mwpa KofpwJ. fy;btl;Lfs; r=;ffhyj;jpy;
`jkpH;~ gpuhkp vGj;Jf;fshy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
g[fAu; fy;btl;L:
r=;ffhyj;jpy; nruu;fspd; jiyefukhd fqupypUe;J 15 fpnyhkPl;lu; bjhiytpy;
cs;s MW ehl;lhd;Fd;wpd; kPJs;s Fiffspy; fhzKofpwJ.
MWehl;lhd; Fd;W:
MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; kPJs;s Fif xd;wpy; gpuhkp vGj;J totk; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mjpy; `nfh Mjd; bry;ypUk; bghiw kfd;~ vd;Dk; bgaupy; cs;s rpy bgau;g;gFjpfs;
`bry;tf; fL=;nfh thHp mjd;~ vd;Wk; 7Mk; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jj; jiytd; bgaupD}nl
bghjpe;J fpilg;gijf; fhzKofpwJ.
,tu; kfd; bgau; `bgU=;fL=;nfh~ ghiy. ghiy ghoa bgU=;fL=;nfhita[k;/
,td; kfd; `,s=;fL=;nfh~ vd;Dk; bgau; kUjk; ghoa ,s=;fL=;nfhita[k;
epidt{l;Lfpd;wd.
,s=;fL=;nfh rkzj;Jwtpf;F kiyf;Fifapy; gLf;if mikj;Jf; bfhLj;jhd;. mit
rpije;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. `gpl;ld;~ `bfhw;wd;~ vd;Dk; bgau;fs; gof;ff;Toa epiyapy;
bjspthf cs;sd.
fy;btl;L @yk; mwpa[k; bra;jp:
nrud; br=;Fl;Ltdpd; jikad; ehu;Kor; nruy; ghiy ghoa `bgU=;fL=;nfh~.
,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j gilj;jiytd; ed;dd;. ed;didg;
ghoa bghiwau; èd;dd; ed;dhl;L vHpw;Fd;wk;~ (ew;wpiz. 391) nghd;wtu;fisg;
gw;wp mwpaKofpwJ. g[fAu;f; fy;btl;L @yk; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; 6/ 7/ 8 MtJ ghl;Lilj;
jiytu;fis mwpa KofpwJ vd;W Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; Ma;t[ @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
f=;fh 227
Kot[iu:
g[fAu;f; fy;btl;L @yk; nru kd;du;fspd; thH;f;if/ ghiy/ kUjk; ghoatu;fs;/
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ghoa g[ytu;fspd; thH;f;if tuyhW Mfpait mwpa cjt[fpwJ.
3. epUthf nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J bt. ,iwad;g[ TWk; fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
Kd;Diu:
xU ehl;od; tsu;r;rpf;F mog;gil Kd;ndw;wk; nkyhz; rpe;jid. nkyhz;ikj;
Jiwapy; kdpj ,dk;; gH=;fhye;bjhl;nl fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjd; mog;gilapy; ,iwad;g[
vGjpa epUthf nkyhz;ikg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
epUthf nkyhz;ik:
¡¡ cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; vy;yhk; epg[zj;Jtk; bgw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
¡¡ ,r;braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjpy; vtu; jpwikrhypfs; vd;W mwpe;J KobtLg;gnj
rpwe;j epUthf nkyhz;ik MFk;.
¡¡ gof;fhjtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; goj;j rhd;nwhUld; nru;e;J gHfpdhy; ey;y gz;g[fs;
ehSk; tsUk;/ epUthfKk; rpwg;gila[k; vd;gij ehyoahu;/
``fy;yhnu ahapDk; fw;whiur; nru;e;bjhGfpd;
ey;ywpt[ ehSe; jiyg;gLtu;~ vd;W TWfpwJ.
epjp nkyhz;ik: (n&f;!;gpau;)
¡¡ epUthfj;jpy; tunt bryitj; jPu;khdpf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ tuitj; jhz;o bryt[ bra;af;TlhJ. ,y;yhtpoy; mLj;jtuplk; ifnae;Jk; epiy
vw;gLk;.
¡¡ n&f;!;gpaupd; ehlfj;jpy;/ ilkd; vd;gtd; Vnjd;!; efupy; ,Ue;jhd;. mtd; tuit
tpl bryt[ mjpfk; bra;jhd;.
¡¡ cjtpahsu; epjp epiyikiag; gw;wp TWk; nghJ nfl;f kWj;jhd;.
¡¡ fld; fGj;ij bewpj;jJ" mtd; tUe;jtpy;iy.
¡¡ mtd; jhd; mspj;j czit cz;ltu; cjtp bra;thu;fs; vd;W jtwhd fzf;Fg;
nghl;lhd;. cjtpahsu;;/ ez;gu; vd vtUk; cjttpy;iy.
¡¡ ilkd; CUf;F xJf;Fg;g[wkhfr; bry;fpwhd;. kdpj ,dj;ijna btWf;fpwhd;.
epjp nkyhz;ik: (xsitahu;;)

¡¡ ciHj;Jr; nru;f;Fk; bghUspidtpl mjpfr; bryt[ bra;gtu;fs; j=;fs; khdk;/ mwpt[/
czt[ ,it @d;iwa[k; ,Hg;ghu;fs;.
¡¡ vt;tHp ele;jhYk; jpUlu;fs; nghy elj;jg;gLthu;fs;. vj;Jizg; gpwg;g[ gpwe;jhYk;
jPatu; nghynt elj;jg;gLtu;.
¡¡ ``Md Kjypy; mjpfk; brythdhy;
khdk; mHpe;J kjpbfl;Lg; ? nghdjpir ....
? vd;w ghly; @yk; xsitahu; epjp epUthf nkyhz;ikia tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
Kot[iu:
cyf ,yf;fpa=;fs; midj;jpYk; nkyhz;ikf; fUj;Jfs;; gutpf; fplf;fpd;wd. mit
gd;dPu; g[&;g=;fs; fhw;wpy; guttpLk; kdijg; nghy; trPfukhdit. mtw;iw mg;gona
Fg;gpapy; milf;fhky; mit TWk; ey;byhGf;f=;fisg; gpd;gw;Wnthk;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
¡¡ fha;bey; ? tpidj;bjhif
¡¡ g[f;f ? bgabur;rk;
¡¡ mwpah ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
7 1. mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
mwp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
ïaš
2. mWj;J = mW + j; + j; + c
mW ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
,tupd; je;ij muRg; gzpahsu; vd;gjhy; gy Cu;fspy; gzpahw;w
ntz;oapUe;jJ. vdnt jw;nghija Me;jpu khepyk; fu;E}y;/
rpj;J}u; Kjypa Cu;fspy; ehd;fhk; tFg;g[tiu bjY=;F
bkhHpiana gapd;whu;. ,sk;tajpy; je;ijia ,He;J jikadhuhy;
tsu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. gjpide;J taij mile;j epiyapy; `,dp ,td;
v=;nf gof;fg; nghfpwhd;>~ vd;W KobtLj;J xU ijay; filapy;
mtuJ jikadhuhy; ntiyf;Fr; nru;f;fg;gl;lhu;. èhd; gjpide;J
ehl;fs; ntiy fw;Wf;bfhz;nld;" fh$h vLf;ff; fw;Wf;bfhz;nld;.
rpwpa igfisj; ijay; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; ijf;ff; fw;Wf;bfhz;nld;. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
(1907?1967)
ehs;njhWk; ,utpy; tPL jpUk;g[ifapy; fil cupikahsu; vdf;Ff;
fhyzh bfhLg;ghu;~ vd;W gpd;dhspy; gjpt[ bra;j mtuhy; mj;bjhHpypy; bjhlu;e;J
<Lgl Koatpy;iy.
j+;rht{u; brapd;l; gPl;lu;!; gs;spj; jiyikahrpupaupd; ngUjtpahy; jdJ
gjpide;jhtJ tajpy; Mwhk; tFg;gpy; nru;e;J gog;igj; bjhlu;e;jhu;. kpFe;j
bghUshjhu beUf;foapy; fy;tp gapd;w mtu; bjhlu;e;J MW Mz;Lfs; gs;spapnyna
Kjy; khztuhfj; nju;r;rp bgw;wnjhL kJiuj; jkpH;r; r=;fj;jhu; elj;jpa gs;sp ,Wjpj;
jkpH;j;nju;tpYk; Kjy; khztuhfj; nju;r;rpaile;J midtupd; ghuhl;ila[k; bgw;whu;.
gpd;g[ vGj;ju;/ gs;sp Mrpupau;/ gy;fiyf;fHf Mrpupau; vd tsu;e;jhu;. mtu;jhd; ,yf;fpak;/
rkak;/ tuyhW/ fy;btl;L nghd;w Jiwfspy; kpspu;e;j jkpHwp+u; kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;.
Ma;t[ bewpKiwfspYk; mQFKiwfspYk; g[jpa rpe;jidfisf; ifahz;l
,tu;/ r=;ffhyk; bjhl=;fpg; gpw;fhyk; tiuapy; Mz;l nrhHu; tuyhw;iw KGikahf
Muha;e;jtu;" rpe;Jbtsp ehfupfk; gw;wpj; jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; `bkhb\+;brh?jnuh
my;yJ rpe;Jbtsp ehfupfk;~ vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatu;. fue;ijj; jkpH;r; r=;fj;jpdu;fshd
nt.ckhknfRtud;/ e.K. nt=;flrhkp/ MfpnahuhYk; c.nt. rhkpehju; nghd;w
jkpHwp+u;fshYk; bewpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,tu; nrhHu; tuyhW/ gy;ytu; tuyhW/ bgupag[uhz
Muha;r;rp/ jkpH;ehl;L tl vy;iy/ gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp nghd;w E}w;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l
E}y;fis ,aw;wpa bgUikf;Fupatuhfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. 2006?2007Mk; Mz;L ,tUila
E}y;fs; jkpHf murhy; ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
f=;fh 229
mtUila brhy;yhw;wYf;bfhU rhd;W: ``mLj;j Mz;L g[jpa jkpHfk; cUthfpr;
brayhw;wtpUf;fk; epiyapy; mg;g[jpa jkpHfk; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;W
vz;QtJk; g[jpa jkpHfj;jpy; bra;a ntz;Ltd vit vd;gijf; Twj; jkpHd;
tpUk;g[jYk; ,ay;g[jhnd- Kjypy; g[jpa jkpHfk; vjid tl vy;iyahfg; bgw;wpUj;jy;
ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fha;jy; ctj;jypd;wpf; fhz ntz;Lk;.~~
(kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; vGjpa g[jpa jkpHfk; E}ypy; ,Ue;J)
tpdhf;fs;:
1. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhupd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik gw;wpf; TWf.
2. ,tUila E}y;fs; ve;j Mz;L jkpHf murhy; ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;ld>
3. gpupj;jwpf: ngUjtp
4. cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf: ,He;J
5. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf: fha;jy;
tpilfs;
1. ,yf;fpak;/ rkak;/ tuyhW/ fy;btl;L nghd;wit.
2. 2006 ? 2007 Mk; Mz;L.
3. ngUjtp ? bgUik + cjtp.
4. ,He;J ? ,H + j;(e;) + j; + c
,H ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
5. fha;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
A White woman, about 50 years old, was seated next to a black man. Obviously disturbed by this, she
called the airhostess.
“Madam, what is the matter?” the hostess asked.
“You placed me next to a black man. Give me an alternative seat”.
The hostess replied. “Almost all the places on this flight are taken. I will go to see if another place is
available. The hostess went away and came back a few minutes later. “Madam, just as I thought, there are
no other available seats in the economy class. We still have one place in the first class”.
Before the woman could say anything, the hostess continued. “It would be scandalous to make someone
sit next to someone so disgusting”.
She turned to the black guy and said, “ Sir, a seat awaits you in the first class”.
At the moment, the other passengers who were shocked by what they had just witnessed stood up and
applauded.
Take a lesson from the sun who shines his light on everyone.
Or the rain that falls on every single shore.
No distinction of our race or the colour of our face.
Nature’s gifts are there for all men rich or poor. (Courtesy: S.S.S. Bal Vikas)
jkpHhf;fk;:
Ik;gJ taJ kjpf;fj;jf;f xU bts;isf;fhug; bgz;kzp xU fUg;g[ epw (ePf;nuh)
kdpjd; mUnf mku;e;jpUe;jhs;. ,jdhy; btWg;g[w;w mts;/ tpkhd gzpg;bgz;iz
miHj;J/ jkf;F ntW ,Uf;if ntz;Lk; vd Kiwapl;lhs;. Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh
,Uf;iffSk; epuk;gptpl;ld. ntW VnjDk; cs;sdth vd ghu;f;fpnwd; vd;W gzpg;bgz;
gjpyspj;jhs;. rw;W J}uk; brd;w gzpg;bgz; xUrpy tpdhofspy; jpUk;gp te;J ,uz;lhk;
tFg;gpy; ,Uf;iffs; ,y;iy. Mdhy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; xU ,lk; cs;sJ vd;whs;. me;jg;
bgz; tha; jpwf;FKd;/ tpkhd gzpg;bgz; bjhlu;e;jhs;.
``gf;fj;jpy; mku;e;J gazpg;gJ btWg;ghf cs;sJ vd;gij ehDk; btWf;fpnwd;~~
vd;W Twptpl;L me;jf; fUg;gpd ,is+id nehf;fp/ `Ìah/ c=;fSf;F Kjy; tFg;gpy;
7 xU ,Uf;if fhj;jpUf;fpwJ~~ vd;W mtid miHj;jhs;. ,jidf; fz;l kw;wg; gazpfs;
vGe;J epd;W mtspd; braiyf; fz;L ifjl;og; ghuhl;odhu;fs;. ,jpypUe;J ehk;
fw;Wf;bfhs;s ntz;oa ghlk; vd;dbtd;why;/ Nupad;/ ngjkpd;wp midtUf;Fk; xsp
ïaš
tPRfpwJ. kiH vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; bghHpfpwJ. ,aw;ifna ,t;thW ngjkpd;wp jdJ

bfhilfis tH=;Fk; nghJ/ ,dj;ija[k;/ epwj;ija[k; kw;Wk; Kfj;ija[k; ghu;j;J rf
kdpjid ehk; btWf;fyhkh>
fPH;f;fhQk; tpsk;guj;ijg; goj;J ehspjH;r; bra;jpahf khw;Wf.
g[j;jff; fz;fhl;rp
? ekJ rpwg;g[ epUgu; ?
42 MtJ brd;id g[j;jff; fhl;rp ee;jdk; xa;vk;rpV
clw;fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up tshfj;jpy; 2019 $dtup 4 Kjy;
20 tiu eilbgw cs;sJ. ,J midj;J tajpdUk;
bfhz;lhLk; Mde;jj; jpUtpHhthFk;. ,jpy; 800 mu=;Ffs;/
12/00/000 jiyg;g[fs;/ 20/00/000 thrfu;fs;/ 30/00/000
ghu;itahsu;fs; g=;FbgWk; mwptpj;jpUtpHh. EiHt[f;
fl;lzk; qgha; 10'? kl;Lnk. thuehl;fspy; kjpak; 2 kzp
Kjy; ,ut[ 9 kzp tiua[k;/ tpLKiw ehl;fspy; fhiy
11 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 9 kzp tiua[k; eilbgWk;.
eP=;fs; th=;Fk; g[j;jfj;jpw;F 10% fHpt[ cz;L.
thU=;fs; g[j;jf=;fis thrpg;nghk;- thH;f;ifia
nerpg;nghk;...--
tpHh Vw;ghL: bjd;dpe;jpa g[j;jf tpw;gidahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
gjpg;ghsu;fs; r=;fk;.
kug[r; brhw;fisj; bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.

1. Mw mku : xU gpur;ridapy; bjspthd ey;y KobtLf;f ntz;Lbkd;why; Kjypy;
czu;r;rptrg;glhky; `Mw mku~ nahrpj;J KobtLf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. Mzp moj;jhw; nghy : v=;fs; jkpHhrpupia elj;jpa g[zu;r;rp ,yf;fzk; vd; kdjpy;
`Mzp moj;jhw; nghy~ gjpe;jJ.
3. mfyf;fhy; : tut[ mwpahky; bryt[fis `mfyf;fhy;~ itj;jhw;nghy; bra;jhy; Jd;gk;
neupLk;.
4. tHptHpahf : nru kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp tHptHpahf mtUila thupRfns Mz;L
te;Js;sdu;.
5. fz;Jilg;g[ : ntiy tha;g;g[f;fhd neu;f;fhzy;/ rpy ,l=;fspy; btWk; fz;Jilg;g[f;fhf
elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
f=;fh 231
c=;fs; fdt[ Mrpupau; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu vGJf.

Kd;Diu:
FU vd;gtd; jhd; fw;wij tpw;gtd; my;y. fw;wij fw;gpg;gtnd FU vd;gjpd;
mog;gilapy; vd; fdt[ Mrpupau; vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fhz;nghk;.
fdt[ Mrpupaupd; gz;g[eyd;fs;:
Mrpupau; flt[s; nghd;wtu; vd;w bghUspy; `Mr;rhu;ahnjnth gth~ vd;w TWkstpw;F
Kf;fpakhdtuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ehd; epidf;Fk; Mrpupau; vd; jhiag; nghy/ je;ijiag;
nghy ,Uf;fntz;Lk;. mjhtJ md;g[k;/ fz;og;g[k; ,Uj;jy;ntz;Lk;. c=;fshy; Koa[k;-
btw;wp epr;rak;- nghd;w thu;j;ijfis mof;fo Twntz;Lk;. neu;kiwahd thu;j;ijfs;
te;jhy; khztu;fspd; thH;f;if tsUk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa Mrpupau;fSf;F khztu;fspd;
rthy;fs; Vuhskhf cs;sJ. mija[k; jhz;o Mrpupau;fs; bray;glntz;Lk;.
Kot[iu:
`FUit tz=;fp Trp epd;nwd;~ vd;w ts;syhupd; thf;Fg;go/ FUtHp epd;W thH;nthk;
vd;W ,f;fl;Liuapy; TWfpnwd;.
g{kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;Jg{j;j fly;fshf;Fntd;
g[aiyf; TWgLj;jpna ? nfhog;
g[jpa bjd;wyhf;Fntd;
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid ? brYj;jp
,utynuhL ngRntd;-
,ubtupf;Fk; gupjpia ? ViH
tpwbfupf;f tPRntd; ? eh. fhkuhrd;
jpuz;lf; fUj;J:
ghiytdk; nghy; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; g{kpia Kj;J g{j;j fly; nghy; Mf;Fntd;. g[aiyf;
TWgLj;jp bjd;wy; Mf;Fntd;. ,utpy; tpz;kPidg; gad;gLj;jp ,y;yhjtnuhL
ngRntd;. Rl;blupf;Fk; Nupaid tPl;Lf;F tpwbfupf;fg; gad;gLj;Jntd;.
nkhid eak; :
fhl;Lf;F ahid ghl;Lf;F nkhid
Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid.
rhd;W: g{kpr;rUfhk; ,utpy;
g[aiy ,utynuhL
g[jpa ,ubtupf;Fk;
vJif eak;:
kJiuf;F itif bra;a[Sf;F vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif.
rhd;W: ,utpy; ,utynuhL ,ubtupf;Fk;
,iag[ :
,iag[ eak;:
,Wjp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[.
rhd;W: fly;fshf;Fntd; bjd;wyhf;Fntd; ngRntd; tPRntd;
fw;gid eak;:
fw;gid tpw;gid my;y. ftp+u; jk; fw;gidia tpw;gid bra;ahky; jk;
7 ftpijapnyna gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
g[aiyf; TWgLj;jpna ? nfho
g[jpa bjd;wyhf;F ntd;.
ïaš
mzp eak;:
Fsj;Jf;Fj; jhkiu mHF
fz;Qf;F ik mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
mzp vd;gjd; bghUs; mHF MFk;. ,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp mike;Js;sJ.
Kot[iu:
bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s kug[g; gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.
1. thiHf;fhl;oy; Fapy;fs; mywpf;bfhz;Lk; fhf=;fs; Ttpf;bfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
thiHj;njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; Ttpf;bfhz;Lk; fhf=;fs; fiue;J bfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
2. KUfd; nrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Foj;jhd;.
KUfd; nrhW cz;L ghy; gUfpdhd;.
3. nfhtpe;jd; FoapUf;f Rtu; fl;o Tiu mikj;jhu;.
nfhtpe;jd; FoapUf;f Rtu; fl;o Tiu nta;e;jhd;.
4. tdtpy=;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rp=;ff;Fl;oa[k; ahidf;Fl;oa[k; fz;nld;.
tdtpy=;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rp=;ff; FUisa[k/; ahidf; fd;iwa[k; fz;nld;.
5. Ml;Lj; bjhGtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; bghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
Ml;Lj; bjhGtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; tisfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
6. gid kl;ilahy; Tiu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
gidXiyahy; Tiu nta;e;jpUe;jdu;.
gj;jpiag; goj;J njitahd ,l=;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,l;L vGJf.
,s=;nfhtofs; rhj;jdhuplk; Kd;bra;j tpid epiwntWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fns
mtu;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpist[ vd;d epfH;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij eP=;fs;
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; TWf vdf; nfl;lhu;.
tpil:
``,s=;nfhtofs; rhj;jdhuplk;~~ Kd;bra;j tpid epiwntWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fns-
mtu;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ> mjd; tpist[ vd;d> epfH;e;j fhyk; ahJ> mij
eP=;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; TWf vdf; nfl;lhu;.
f=;fh 233
fPH;f;fhQk; tpz;zg;gj;ij epug;g[f.

004352 0 0 8
,sepiy
R g; g[ u j; jp d k; . f
S U B B R A T H I N A M . K
2 / 2 2 K j d; ik r; rh iy
g l; O !; t u k;
F k; g nfh z k; t l; l k;
j +; irkht l; l k;
6 1 2 1 0 0
0 4 3 2 5 2 4 6 1 6 0 0
9 4 4 5 2 7 2 8 2 2
0 8 0 9 2 0 0 0 


,e;jpah/ jkpH;ehL
f d f r ig
827112 khu;r; 2018 jkpH; (100) 067

gd;dpbuz]lhk; tFg;g[
M=;fpyk; (100) 052
fzpjk; (200) 111
,aw;gpay; (200) 122
ntjpapay; (200) 164
fzpdpapay;(200) 170
gl;O!;tuk;
06.06.2019 Rg;g[uj;jpdk;. f
fdfRg;g[uj;jpdk;
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; gilf;f
bkd;gwitf; TL kpd;wp jUtpd; epHy; fz;L beU+;rp Ks;is
jpd;gjw;Fj; jPdpapd;wp jhdpaj;jpd; kzp fz;L bey;kzpaha;
jd; rpwpa F+;Rfis mUfpy; jd; F+;Rfis epidj;J tpl;l gupjhgk;
7 bghd; rpwfpy; @o epd;W mizj;j=;F gr;iraw;w kuj;jUnf
epw;fjpahk; epiyjdpny brd;wJnt glu;tJz;nlh
epHyJt[k;
ïaš
epw;f xU epHy; njo beU=;fp te;J

gw;gytha; vz;zkpl;L ghu;f;ifapny giraw;w be+;rpDs;ns
gf;fk; xU kuk; fz;L epHypy;iy kzpapy;iy ghrbkDk; epHYz;nlh>
? g{uzp
goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; gilj;jJ
cliyf; Tlhf;fp jhd; behe;J fhdy; ePu;nghy;
cs;sj;ijf; fy;yhf;fp jd; gps;isiaf; fz;L fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ
cz;gjw;F cztpd;wp kdk; behe;J beU+;rp Kl;fs;.
jd; re;jjpia kuk;jUk; fdpiaj; gr;iraw;w kuj;jpdUnf
jhnd ,wfpy; Rke;J njo miyfpwJ. ,r;iraw;W ,dpnky;
mku ,lkpy;yhky; ku=;fz;L kdkfpH;;e;J capu;thnHd; vd
miyfpwJ. brd;why; kuk; kha;e;jJ.
ghujp fz]l g[Jikg; bgz]fs; eh=;fs;
tPl;odpy; milj;J itf;Fk; fpspfsy;y eh=;fs;
gps;is bgWk; ,ae;jpu=;fs; my;y eh=;fs;
tpz]zpy; gazk; bra;jpLnthk;-
tpe;ijfs; gy g[upe;jpLnthk;-
Mly; kl;Lk; MLk; bgz;fsy;y
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; tpntfk; fhl;Lk; tPuh=;fidfs;-
fzpjk; mwpah kf;Ffsy;y eh=;fs;
fzpdpapYk; tpw;gd;du;fs; eh=;fs;-
epjpapYk; ePjpapYk; nkyhz]ik bgWnthk; ? eh=;fs;
tPuh=;fidfshfg; ghJfhg;g[f;Fk; tyk; tUk;
fhty; bja;t=;fs; eh=;fs;-
tpkhdpfshfp tpz]zfj;jpy; cyh tUnthk;-
Ml;rpauhfp mfpyj;jpy; ey;yhl;rp jUnthk;-
MtJk; bgz]zhny mHptJk; bgz]zhny my;y
jPikfs; mHptJk; bgz]zhny vd jpUj;Jnthk;-
khjuha;g; gpwg;gjw;F ey;y khjtk; bra;jpl ntz]Lk;
vd;W ghoa ftpkzpia tz=;fp Kof;fpnwhk;.
f=;fh 235
bra;J fw;nghk;
c=;fs; gFjpapy; cs;s bjhHpyhsu;fs; gw;wpa ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fisj; bjhFj;J
tFg;giwapy; gfpu;e;J bfhs;f.
kiHia ek;gp Vnynyh kz; ,Uf;f Iyrh
kz;iz ek;gp Vnynyh kuk; ,Uf;f Iyrh
kuj;ij ek;gp Vnynyh fpis ,Uf;f Iyrh
fpisia ek;gp Vnynyh ,iy ,Uf;f Iyrh
,iyia ek;gp Vnynyh g{tpUf;f Iyrh
g{it ek;gp Vnynyh gp+;rpUf;f Iyrh
gp+;ir ek;gp Vnynyh fhapUf;f Iyrh
fhia ek;gp Vnynyh gHk; ,Uf;f Iyrh
gHj;ij ek;gp Vnynyh kfd; ,Uf;f Iyrh
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
bghJr;brhj;Jfisg; ghJfhf;ft[k; guhkupf;ft[k; ePtpu; bra;a ntz;oa gzpfisg;
gl;oaypLf.
(ek;Kila tPl;od;kPJ ekf;F ,Uf;Fk; bghWg;gpidg; nghynt bghJr;brhj;Jfspd;
kPJk; ekf;Fg; bghWg;g[k; flika[k; cz;L. vitbay;yhk; bghJr;brhj;Jfs; vdg;
gl;oaypl;L mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; tHpKiwfisf; TWf.)
bghJr; brhj;Jfs; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;
muRg; ngUe;J mkUk; ,Uf;ifia ,Gj;jy; TlhJ.
fz]zho $d;diy bkJthf Vw;wp ,wf;f ntz;Lk;.
jpd;gz]lk; jpd;W tpl;L cjpupfisf; fPnH nghlf; TlhJ.
tHpghl;Lj; jy=;fs; if/ fhy; Rj;jk; bra;j gpd;du; Myaj;jpw;Fs; EiHjy;.
tpg{jp/ F=;Fkk; Rtu;fspy; jltf;TlhJ.
tpsf;F tHpghL/ cupa ,lj;jpy; tpsf;nfw;wt[k;.
fhfpjk;/ ,iy/ gHj;njhy; tshfj;jpy; nghlf; TlhJ.
gs;spf;Tl=;fs; tFg;giwapy; fhfpj=;fs; fpHpj;Jg; nghlf; TlhJ.
tFg;giwapd; cs;ns czt[ mUe;jf; TlhJ.
nkirfs; kPJk;/ Rtu;fspd; kPJk; fpWf;f/ vGjf; TlhJ.
fHptiwfspYk; J}a;ik ngz ntz]Lk;.
kUj;Jtkidfs; gupnrhjidf;fhf tupirapy; epw;f ntz]Lk;.
gupnrhjid/ rpfpr;irapd; nghJ ngRtijj; jtpu;f;f ntz;Lk;.
kUj;Jtkid cs;ns vr;rpy; Jg;g[jy; kw;Wk; mRj;jk; bra;af;
TlhJ.
ghu;itahsuhfr; brd;W nehahsp ahiua[k; bjhe;jut[ bra;af;
TlhJ.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (t=;fp)
¡¡ Debit Card - gw;W ml;il ¡¡ Teller - tpiut[f; fhrhsu;
¡¡ Demand Draft - nfl;g[ tiunthiy ¡¡ Mobile Banking - miyngrp tHp t=;fp
¡¡ Withdrawal Slip - jpUk;gg; bgwy; Kiw
gotk; ¡¡ Internet Banking - ,izat=;fp Kiw
7 mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ bjhy;jkpH; vGj;Jfs; Xu; mwpKfk; ? bre;jP eluhrd;
ïaš
¡¡ Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; ? M.,uh. nt=;flhrygjp

¡¡ fy;btl;L ? (,jH;)
¡¡ fy;btl;Lfs; brhy;Yk; nfhapy; fijfs; ? Flthapy; ghyRg;ukzpad;
¡¡ ePu;f;FkpHp ? nf. ghyre;ju;
¡¡ bts;is ,Ul;L ? ,d;Fyhg;
¡¡ Ks;Sk; kyUk; ? ckh re;jpud;
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rPdj;jpy; tH=;Fk; àh=;brs~ fij ???????? gw;wpaJ.
m) ,t;t[yf thH;it M) neu nkyhz;ikia
,) bfhy;yhikia <) brhu;f;fj;ij
2. `,d;brhy; tpisepydh <jny tpj;jhf .....~ vd;W TWtJ
m) @Jiu M) Mj;jpNo ,) mwbewpr;rhuk; <) esbtz;gh
3. cnuhkg[upr; rpg;gha;fs; ghz;oag; nghu;g;gilapy; ,lk; bgw;wpUe;ju;fs; vd;w Fwpg;gpid
cila E}y;
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) kJiuf;fh+;rp <) gl;odg;ghiy
4. èPupd; te;j epkpu;gupg; g[utpa[k;~ vd;W Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) gupghly; M) gl;odg;ghiy ,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) g[wehD}W
5. fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odj;Jf;F te;j bghUs;fSf;Fr; R=;fk; tNypj;jgpd; mtw;wpd;kPJ R=;f
mjpfhupfs; bghwpj;j rpd;dk;
m) tpy; M) kPd; ,) g[yp <) rp=;fk;
6. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspd; thapyhf kpfg;bgupa JiwKfkhft[k;/ atdu;fspd; fg;gy;fs; epWj;jp
itf;fg;gLk; ,lkhft[k; mwpag;gLtJ
m) bfhw;if M) Krpwp ,) bjhz;o <) t+;rp
7. `fy;yhnu ahapDk; fw;whiur; nru;e;bjhGfpd;
ey;ywpt[ ehSe; jiyg;gLtu;~ ? vd;W TWk; E}y;
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu; ,) ed;kzpf;foif <) Vyhjp
8. \puhf;spl!; vd;gtu; ???????? ehl;ltu; Mthu;.
m) fpnuf;f M) ,j;jhyp ,) mbkupf;f <) Mg;fhdpa
f=;fh 237
9. mt;itf;F bey;ypf;fdp je;jtd;
m) ngfd; M) mjpad; ,) ghup <) Xup
10. `,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkyhz;ik~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu;
m) rfhak; M) bt. ,iwad;g[ ,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) nkyhz;ik
11. `mjpra kyu;~ vd;Dk; ftpijapd; Mrpupau;
m) Mj;khehk; M) ehTu;qkp ,) jkpH;ejp <) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
12. `mjpra kyu;~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
m) mjd; gpwFk; v+;Rk;
M) fhdy;tup
,) Nupad; jdpj;jiya[k; gfy;/ ,ut[fspy; bghHpa[k; Jaug;gzp
<) iftpl;l njrk;
13. ftp+u; jkpH;ejpapd; ,aw;bgau;
m) fiyr;bry;tp M) jkpH;r;bry;tp ,) fiythzp <) thzp
14. ftp+u; jkpH;ejp g[yk;bgau;e;J brd;Ws;s ehL
m) rp=;fg;g{u; M) knyrpah ,) fdlh <) M!;jpnuypah
15. ek; ghlg;gFjpapd; Fk;kpg;ghly;fs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) `ghuj kf;fspd; gupjhgr; rpe;J~ vd;w njapiyj; njhl;lg; ghl;L
M) ghuj kf;fspd; tptrha epiyg; ghl;L
,) knyrpa kz;zpy; jkpH;f;fz;zPu;
<) ghy;kuf;fhl;odpny
16. ahUila bgha;a[iu fz;L ka=;fhjPu; vd;W njapiyj; njhl;lg; ghl;Lf; TWfpwJ>
m) f=;fhzp M) bts;isau;
,) ehl;lhik <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
17. `fha;bey; mWj;J~ vd tUk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; ghtif
m) fyp tpUj;jk; M) mWr;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) rpe;jpay; btz;gh
18. g[wehD}w;iw c.nt.rh. mr;rpy; gjpg;gpj;j Mz;L
m) 1884 M) 1894 ,) 1896 <) 1910
19. ftpijapy; gH=;fijiaj; Jizahff; bfhz;L xU fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ
m) gokk; M) bjhd;kk;
,) FwpaPL <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
20. `r=;ffhyf; fy;btl;L vd; epidt[fSk;~ vd;w Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; vGjpa fl;Liu
btspte;j ,jH;
m) vGj;J M) fizahHp ,) fy;btl;L <) bjd;wy;
21. Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; fy;btl;L Ma;tpy; <Lgl;l Mz;Lfs;
m) 20 M) 30 ,) 40 <) 25
22. `vu;yp jkpH; vgpfpuhgp~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrpupau;
m) Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; M) $p.a[. nghg;
,) $hu;$; vy;. \hu;l; <) jp.it. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;
23. jkpH;ehl;oYs;s gpuhk;kpf; fy;btl;Lfspd; Muha;r;rpf;F monfhypatu;
m) nf.tp. Rg;gpukzpadhu; M) Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd;
,) jp.it. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpy;iy
tpilfs;
1. M neu nkyhz;ikia 13. , fiythzp
7 2. , mwbewpr;rhuk;
3. M rpyg;gjpfhuk;
14. , fdlh
15. m `ghuj kf;fspd; gupjhgr; rpe;J~ vd;w
njapiyj; njhl;lg; ghl;L
ïaš
4. M gl;odg;ghiy 16. m f=;fhzp

5. , g[yp 17. , neupir Mrpupag;gh
6. M Krpwp 18. M 1894
7. M ehyoahu; 19. M bjhd;kk;
8. m fpnuf;f 20. , fy;btl;L
9. M mjpad; 21. M 30
10. M bt. ,iwad;g[ 22. m Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd;
11. , jkpH;ejp 23. M Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd;
12. m mjd; gpwFk; v+;Rk;
FWtpdh
1. neu nkyhz;ikia ts;Stu; tHp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
bray; bra;tjw;F Vw;w fhyj;ija[k; Vw;w ,lj;ija[k; mwpe;J bray;gl;lhy; cyfj;ijna
mila epidj;jhYk; ifTLk;.
2. fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; ntW bgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
MHp/ muiy/ miy/ mGtk;/ msk;/ Mu;fyp/ mup.
3. nkyhz;ikapy; g[yp ? g{id xg;gpLf.
g[ypiag; g{idiag; nghy bjhlu;e;J elj;jpdhy; mJ g{idahfnt MfptpLk;. g[j;jprhypfs;
g{idfisa[k; g[ypahf;Fthu;fs;" mtruf;fhuu;fs; g[ypfisa[k; vypahf;Fthu;fs; vd;gnj
g[yp ? g{id nkyhz;ikf; fUj;jhFk;.
4. bt. ,iwad;g[tpd; gilg;g[f;fsk; vjid mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ>
rpWfij/ g[jpdk;/ jd;Kd;ndw;w E}y;/ ek;gpf;if E}y;.
5. jkpH;ejpapd; bkhHpeil vjid mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ>
g[yk; bgau;e;J thGk; kdpju;fspd;/ typfisr; brhy;Yk; fhj;jpukhd bkhHpeiliaf;
bfhz;lJ.
6. ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fspd; ghLbghUs;fs; ahit>
brt;tpay; ,yf;fpa=;fs; kuigg; ghlhj/ g[wf;fzpj;j fUg;bghUs;fisg; ghLbghUshff;
bfhz;L ghlg;gl;l ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fs; MFk;.
7. ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fs; vt;thbwy;yhk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
¡¡ btFrd ,yf;fpak;
¡¡ bjUg; ghly;fs;
f=;fh 239
¡¡ Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak;
¡¡ fhyzh miuazh ghl;Lg; g[j;jf=;fs;
¡¡ F$pyp E}y;fs; bgupa gl;Lg; g[j;jf=;fs;
8. gprpuhe;ijahu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrpupau : gprpuhe;ijahu;
gprpu; vd;gJ ghz;oa ehl;oy; Xu; Cu;.
,aw;bgau; : Me;ijahu;
ghz;oa kd;du; mwpt[il ek;gpapd; muritr; rhd;nwhu;.
9. ghlhz; jpiz tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ ghL + Mz; + jpid = ghlhz; jpiz.
¡¡ xUtUila g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
TWtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
10. brtpawpt[W}c tpsf;Ff.
murd; bra;a ntz;oa flikfis Kiwjtwhky; bra;a[khWk;/ mtd; nfl;FkhWk;
11. bjhd;kk; gw;wp bjhy;fhg;gpadhu; TWtd ahit>
¡¡ bjhd;ik jhnd brhy;Y=; fhiy.
¡¡ ciunahL nru;e;j gHikna bjhd;kk; vd;fpwhu; bjhy;fhg;gpau;.
12. bjhd;kk; gw;wp ,sk;g{uzhu; TWtd ahit>

¡¡ bjhd;kk; vd;gJ ciunahL bghUe;jpg; nghe;j gHikj;jhfpa bghUs; nky; tUtd.
¡¡ mit ,uhk rupjKk; ghz;lt rupjKk; nky;tU+; bra;a[s; vd;fpwhu; ,sk;g{uzu;.
rpWtpdh
1. rPdf;fij thapyhf neu nkyhz;ikia tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ rPdj;jpy; ah=;brs vd;w gFjp.
¡¡ gy ,is+u;fs; ePr;ry; tPuu;fs;.
¡¡ ePr;ry; jd;dk;gpf;if jUtnjhL vjpu;ePr;ry; nghlt[k; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
¡¡ xU ehs; glfpy; MHkhd ejpapy; gy ,is+u;fs; gazk; bra;fpwhu;fs;.
¡¡ bts;sk; Vw;gl;Lg; glF ftpH;e;jJ.
¡¡ midtUk; ejpapy; tpGe;J ePr;ry; mof;f Muk;gpj;jdu;.
¡¡ xUtd; kl;Lk; rupahf ePe;jhky; jj;jspj;jhd;.
¡¡ mtd; kw;w tPuu;fistpl rpwe;j tPuDk; Tl.
¡¡ vy;nyhUk; Vd; gpd;j=;Ffpwha;> vd;W nfl;fpwhu;fs;" eP rpwe;j tPund vd;fpwhu;fs;.
¡¡ mtndh vd;Dila fr;irapy; Mapuk; bghw;fhRfs; cs;sJ. mjdhy; vd;dhy; ePe;j
Koatpy;iy vd;whd;.
¡¡ mtd; mtw;iw tpLtjw;F kdkpy;yhky; jd; mupa capiu ePj;jhd;.
¡¡ vJ ve;j neuj;jpy; Kf;fpak; vd;W rupahd KobtLg;gjpy;jhd; thH;tpd; btw;wp ml=;fp
cs;sJ vd;gij ,f;fij @yk; mwpa KofpwJ.
2. fhtpupg; g{k;gl;odj;J JiwKfk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ gy ehLfspy; ,Ue;J kuf;fy=;fs; te;jd.
¡¡ Vw;Wkjp/ ,wf;Fkjpg; bghUl;fs; Kw;wj;jpy; kiynghy; Ftpj;J itf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ.
¡¡ R=;f tup tNypf;fg;gl;ld.
¡¡ tup tNypj;jg;gpd; g[ypr;rpd;dk; bghwpj;jdu;.
7 ¡¡ tup Va;g;gtu;fisf; fz;fhzpf;f typik kpf;ftu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
3. bt. ,iwad;g[ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ïaš
bgau; : bt. ,iwaz;g[

gjtp : ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp (jkpH;ehL)
rpwg;g[ : I.V.v!;. nju;t[ jkpHpy; vGjp btw;wpg; bgw;wtu;
E}y;fs; : tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs;/ I.V.v!;. btw;wpg;gof;fl;Lfs;/ VHhtJ mwpt[/ cs;bshspg;
gazk;/ @isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh.
rpwg;g[fs; : tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs; ? 1995 ? jkpH; tsu;r;rpj;Jiw gupR bgw;w E}y; kw;Wk;
gl;okd;w eLtu;.
4. ftp+u; jkpH;ejp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : fiythzp.
gpwg;g[ : <Hk;/ jpUnfhzkiy.
trpg;g[ : fdlh.
gog;g[ : ahH;g;ghz gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; fiyj;Jiwapy; gl;lk;.
E}y;fs; : rpWfij ? ee;jFkhuDf;F khj=;fp vGjpaJ
ehty; : <Hk;/ iftpl;l njrk;/ ghu;j;jPdpak;.
FWehty; : rhiy tup
ftpij : Nupad; jdpj;jiya[k; gfy;/ ,ut[fspy; bghHpa[k; Jaug;gdp.
5. g[wehD}W Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ g[wk; + ehd;F + E}W = g[wehD}W.
¡¡ 400 ghly;fs; bfhz;lJ.
¡¡ gz;ilaj; jkpH;fspd; murpay; r@f tuyhw;wpd; mupaf; fUj;Jf; fUt{ykhfj;
jpfH;fpwJ.
¡¡ Koa[il nte;ju;/ FWepy kd;du;/ ntspu; Kjypa rpwg;g[il kf;fs; nghu;r; bra;jpfs;/
ifaW epiy/ eLfy; nghd;w gy;ntW bghUz;ikfis btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
¡¡ c.nt.rh. 1894 ,y; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
¡¡ 1999 ,y; $hu;$; vy; \hu;l; vd;w fypnghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fHfg; nguhrpupau;/ The Four
hundred songs of war and wisdom. An Anthology of poems from classical Tamil, the Purananuru
vd;W M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;.
f=;fh 241
6. ghlhz; jpizia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk;:
xUtUila g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ mUs; nghd;w ey;ypay;g[fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWtJ
ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
rhd;W:
``fha;bey; mWj;Jf; ftdk; bfhspnd"
kdepiwt[ ,y;yJk;/ gy;ehl;F MFk;.~~
vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
bghUj;jk;:
rpwpa epyj;jpy; tpise;j bey;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf; ftskhff; bfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg;
gy ehl;fs; czthFk;. mwpt[ila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplk;
tupjpul;odhy; ehL nfhof;fzf;fpy; bry;tj;ijg; bgw;Wr; brHpg;gila[k;. murd; Kiw
bjupahky; tup jpul;Lthdhapd; ehL tpiutpy; bfl;blhHpa[k;.
7. brtpawpt[W}c Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiwtpsf;fk;:
murd; bra;a ntz;oa flikfis Kiw jtwhky; bra;a[khWk;/ mtd; nfl;FkhWk;
rhd;W:
``fha;bey; mWj;Jf; ftdk; bfhspnd"
khepiwt[ ,y;yJk;/ gy;ehl;F MFk;.~~
vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
bghUj;jk;:
rpwpa epyj;jpy; tpise;j bey;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf; ftskhff; bfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg;
gy ehl;fs; czthFk;. mwpt[ila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplk;
tupjpul;odhy; ehL nfhof;fzf;fpy; bry;tj;ijg; bgw;Wr; brHpg;gila[k;. murd; Kiw
bjupahky; tup jpul;Lthdhapd; ehL tpiutpy; bfl;blhHpa[k;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. g[wr;NHy;fSf;F Vw;g c=;fs; neu nkyhz;ikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fy;tpapy; ftdk;
brYj;Jtjw;fhd tHpKiwfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 168 |
mHfd; :
mk;rd;/ eP vg;go rupahd neuj;jpw;F gs;spf;F tUfpwha;. vd;dhy; mJ
Koatpy;iyna vd;d fhuzk; Tw Koa[kh>
mk;rd; : ehd; fhiyapy; 5.00 kzpf;F vGe;J gs;sp ntiyfis Koj;J tpl;L Kjy;
ngUe;jpy; te;J tpLntd;.
mHfd; : 5.00 kzpf;F vGe;JtpLthah>
mk;rd; : Mk;/ ehd; Koe;jtiu gs;spapny neuk; fpilf;Fk; nghJ bra;JtpLntd;.
khiy 5 kzpf;F tPL jpUk;g[ntd;. xU njePu; mUe;Jntd;. miw kzp neuk;
Xa;btLg;ngd;. rupahf 6 kzpf;F gof;f Muk;gpj;JtpLntd;. 9.00 kzpf;F
gLj;J Koj;JtpLntd;.
mHfd; : mg;goah ehd; 5 ? 6 gs;spapnyna fpupf;bfl; tpisahLntd;. 6 ? 8 gog;ngd;.
9 kzpf;Fr; rhg;gpLntd;. 11.00 kzptiu bjhiyngrp ghu;g;ngd;.
mk;rd; :
jat[bra;J ehd; brhy;tijf;nfs;. ,dpnky; vd;idg; gpd;gw;W. vd;
mwpt[iufisf; nfs;.
mHfd; : rup mg;gona bra;fpnwd; brhy;.
7 mk;rd; : fhiy 5 kzpf;Fs; vGe;jpU. Kfk; fGtp/ gy; Jyf;fp/ 5.15f;Fs; g[j;jfj;ijf;
ifapy; vL. 1.30 kzp neuk; bjhlu;e;J go. 7.30 kzpf;Fs; Fspj;J gs;spf;Fj;
jahuhF. 8 kzpf;Fr; rhg;gpL. 8.30 kzpf;Fg; gs;sp te;JtpL. mJnghy
ïaš
khiy 5 ? 6 kzpf;F tPL jpUk;g[. bjhiyg;ngrpia jtpu;j;Jg; go. epr;rak;

Kd;ndw;wk; fpl;Lk;.
mHfd; : ed;wp ez;gh/ epr;rak; cd; ngr;irf; nfl;ngd;/ btw;wp bgWntd;.
2. nghu;fSf;F vjpuhd Fuy;fs; btspg;gLk; g[Jf;ftpijfisj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy;
gof;f. | gf;fk;: 169 |
nghUf;F vjpuhf Fuy;fs; ......
mQ tpijj;j g{kpapiy
mWtilf;Fk;fjpu; jhd;
nguhir fly; bgh=;fp tpl;lhy;
j=;Fkplk; ,y;iy
g[J tPblJt[k; ghy;btspapy;
,;d;Wtiu ,y;iy
nghu; bry;Yk; tPud;
xU jhapd; kfd; jhd;
ek;kpy; ahu; ,we;jhYk;
,Hg;g[ ekf;F jhd;
fUtiua[k; tPly;y
fly; NH;e;j cyfk; ekjy;y
3. c=;fs; gFjpapy; cs;s tha;bkhHp ,yf;fpa=;fisj; bjhFj;J/ rpwg;g[ kyu; cUthf;Ff.
| gf;fk;: 171 |
jhyhl;L ghl;L
ehrp btapY khrp btapy
eakhd fhe;j ehL
re;jd btbs+;rbjy;yhk;
rhkpa[s;s kiwa{U
jhHpy; nrhwhf;fp
jhdkpLk; fhiua{U
Kl;oapny nrhwhf;fp
@o itf;Fk; fPHhe;JU
f=;fh 243
4. rpwe;j muR epUthfj;jpw;F ePtpu; mspf;Fk; gupe;Jiufis ehspjH;j; jiya=;fkhf vGJf.
| gf;fk;: 173 |
ehl;ow;F ntz;oa ey;yikr;R:
¡¡ ehnlhWk; eho Kiw bra;ah kd;dd; ehs;njhWk; ehL bfLk;.
¡¡ fhl;rpf;F vspatdhf/ fL+;brhy; ngrhjtdhf muR ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ murpd; vy;yhj;JiwfSk; nghu;f;fhy mog;gilapy; ,af;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ jz;zPu; trjp/ rhiy trjp/ kpd;rhu trjp/ ngUe;J trjp nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpff; ftdk;
brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ fhkuhru; nghy; fy;tpf;fz; jpwf;f ghLgl ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ epaha tpiyf; filfspy; Kiwahd tu;j;jfk; eilbgw ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ vupbghUl;fs; tpiyiag; nghy xnu tpiy xU ehisf;F vd vy;yh bghUs;fSf;Fk;
epu;zak; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ tpiybay;yhk; bghUl;fs; jtpu;j;J tup tpjpg;gpy; Fiwthf tNypf;f ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ bjhHpy;/ bjhHpy;El;gf; fy;Y}upfspy; ghlj;jpwid btspehl;odu; nghy; nkk;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.
5. c=;fs; gFjpapy; cs;s gH=;fhyf; fy;btl;Lfs; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J tFg;gpy;
fye;JiuahLf. | gf;fk;: 178 |
Mrpupau; : ,d;W ehd; fy;btl;Lfs; gw;wp c=;fSf;Ff; Twg;nghfpnwd;.
khztu;fs; : ve;jf; fy;btl;Lfs; gw;wp Twg;nghfpwPu;fs; Iah>
Mrpupau; : nrhHu; fhy fy;btl;Lfs;.
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah>
Mrpupau; : nrhHu; fhy fy;btl;oy; bka;fPu;j;jp.
khztu;fs; : bka;f;fPu;j;jp vd;why; vd;d Iah>
Mrpupau; : bka;f;fPu;j;jp vd;why; murdpd; g[fiHf; TWtJ MFk;.
khztu;fs; : ntW VJk; rpwg;g[ cz;lh Iah>
Mrpupau; : cz;L khztu;fns- bfhil/ fy;tp/ ePjpKiw nghd;wtw;iw
tpsf;Ftjhf mika[k;.
khztu;fs; : rhd;W TwKoa[kh Iah>
Mrpupau; : jpUKf;tly; fy;btl;L ,uhnre;jpuDilaJ.
khztu;fs; : ed;wp Iah-
6. bjhd;kk; vd;Dk; cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; g[Jf;ftpijbahd;iw vGJf. | gf;fk;: 181 |
jhz;of; bfl;lhs; rPij.
jhz;lhky; bfl;lhs; fz;zfp.
,uz;L moahtJ th=;fpdhy;jhd; jpUe;Jtha; ts;Stu; thf;F.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gyu; J+;rt[k; jhd; J+;rhd; cyF fhf;Fk; cau;bfhs;if...
vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; @yk; ,iwad;g[ typa[Wj;Jk; nkyhz;ik TW vJ>
7 m) ntshz; nkyhz;ik M) tzpf nkyhz;ik
,) fhy nkyhz;ik <) epUthf nkyhz;ik [tpil: ,) fhy nkyhz;ik]
ïaš
2. xw;iw tupfspy; brupthd fUj;Jfis btspg;gLj;jp `\puhf;!pl!;~ vGjpa E}y; ???????.

m) tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs; M) @isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh
,) VHhtJ mwpt[ <) Jspfs; [tpil: <) Jspfs;]
3. `ngqHp fle;J gpiHj;jpUf;Fk; kdpjupil gutpr; bry;fpwJ~ ? vJ>
m) kyupd; g[d;dif M) tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp
,) gwitfs; <) bgUkiH [tpil: m) kyupd; g[d;dif]
4. brt;tpay; ,yf;fpa kug[ ghlhj fUg;bghUl;fisg; ghLk; ,yf;fpak;
m) gf;jp ,yf;fpak; M) ePjp ,yf;fpak;
,) Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; <) rpw;wpyf;fpak; [tpil: ,) Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak;]
5. murd; bra;a ntz;oa flikfis Kiw jtwhky; bra;a[khW mtd; nfl;f typa[Wj;JtJ
???????.
m) ,ad;bkhHp thH;j;J M) brtpawpt[W}c
,) tha[iw thH;j;J <) g[wepiy thH;j;J [tpil: M) brtpawpt[W}c]
6. `fha;bey;~ ? ,yf;fz Fwpg;g[
m) bgabur;rk; M) tpidbar;rk;
,) tpidj;bjhif <) ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: ,) tpidj;bjhif]
7. EWbrW MapDk; ? mof;nfhol;l brhy; czu;j;Jk; bghUs;
m) ahid M) tup
,) tay; <) bey; [tpil: )]
8. MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; nky; cs;s Fiffspy; fhzg;gLk; fy;btl;oy; nru kd;du;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk; brhy;
m) mtpdp M) Mjd;
,) brk;gpad; <) nre;jd; [tpil: M) Mjd;]
9. àhw;W}u;~ vd;w ,lj;jpy; thH;e;j rkzj; Jwtp
m) br=;fhagd; M) ,s=;nfh
,) bgU=;fL=;nfhd; <) ,s=;fL=;nfh [tpil: m) br=;fhagd;]
10. g[fAu;f; fy;btl;oy; fhzg;gLk; kd;du;fs;
m) FWepy kd;du;fs; M) nru kd;du;fs;
,) ghz;oa kd;du;fs; <) nrhH kd;du;fs; [tpil: M) nru kd;du;fs;]
f=;fh 245
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. `gyu; J+;rt[k; jhk; J+;rhd;~ tpHpj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghoatUk;
m) nrhHd; beL=;fps;spia ? ghzu; M) nrhHd; ey=;fps;spia ? nfht{u;fpHhu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiwia ? fgpyu; <) fupfhyid ? cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu;
........................................................
2. mjpra kyupd; g[d;difiag; gpoj;jthW jkpH;ejp flf;fr; brhy;tJ
m) fle;jfhyj; Jau=;fis M) Ml;fsw;w bghGij
,) gr;irak; ,He;j epyj;ij <) midj;ija[k; ........................................................
3. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ
Tw;W 1 : fij totpyhd totk; cilaJ
Tw;W 2 : bgupa vGj;Jg; g[j;jfk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLtJ
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 1/ 2 rup
,) Tw;W 1/ 2 jtW <) Tw;W 1 jtW Tw;W 2 rup .............................................
4. cz;L gpwe;J tsu;e;j ,le;jdpy; ? ,j;bjhlupy; bgabur;rk;
m) cz;L M) gpwe;J
,) tsu;e;j <) ,le;jdpy; ........................................................
5. ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghy ? ,t;t[tikf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd bjhlu;
m) jdf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;/ jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ.
<) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;/ gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;. ........................................................
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bjhd;kj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;jh xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) fu;zd; njhw;whd; ngh
M) tajpy; rpwpats;/ MdhYk; jiytp
,) ,e;j ehujuplk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,U
<) ,e;jh nghwhd; jUkd; ........................................................
7. bjhd;kk; gw;wpa Tw;WfSs; jtwhd xd;iwj; nju;f.
m) cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wfptpl;l tot=;fs;.
M) gH=;fijiaf; bfhz;L fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.
,) ek;g KoahjJ nghy; njhd;Wk; epfH;r;rpfs; bra;jpfs;.
<) tps=;fhj fUj;Jfisg; gHbkhHpapd; @yk; tpsf;FtJ. ....................................................
8. `rhgtpnkhrdk;~ `mfypif~ fijfspy; bjhd;k=;fisg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
m) F. mHfpuprhkp M) g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
,) b$ankhfd; <) v!;. ,uhkfpU&;zd; ........................................................
9. gz;g[f;FwpaPLfisf; fij khe;ju;fnshL bghUj;Jf.
m) mwk; ? 1. fu;zd;
M) typik ? 2. kDePjpr;nrhHd;
,) ePjp ? 3. gPkd;
<) ts;sy; ? 4. jUkd;
m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 ........................................................
10. rPdj;jpy; tH=;Fk; ah=;brs fij ........................................................ gw;wpaJ.
7 11. èPupd; te;j epkpu;gupg; g[utpa[k;~ vd;W Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ...............
.........................................
12. mt;itf;F bey;ypf;fdpiaj; je;jtd; ........................................................
ïaš
13. `,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkyhz;ik~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ........................................................

14. `mjpra kyu;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypd; Mrpupau; ........................................................
15. ftp+u; jkpH;ejpapd; ,aw;bgau; ........................................................
16. g[wehD}w;iw c.nt.rh. mr;rpy; gjpg;gpj;j Mz;L ........................................................
17. `vu;yp jkpH; vgpfpuhgp~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrpupau; ........................................................
18. ftpijapy; gH=;fijiaj; Jizahff; bfhz;L xU fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ .........................
19. \puhf;spl!; vd;gtu; ........................................................ ehl;ltu; Mthu;.
20. fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odj;Jf;F te;j bghUs;fSf;Fr; R=;fk; tNypj;jg;gpd; mtw;wpd;kPJ R=;f
mjpfhupfs; bghwpj;j rpd;dk; ........................................................
FWtpdh
21. gUtj;nj gapu; bra; ? neu nkyhz;iknahL bghUj;jp vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
22.
ve;jbthU bghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;nghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd;
ciHg;ig ehk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. xU njePiug; gUFk;nghJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s
kdpj ciHg;igr; rpe;jpj;J c=;fs; fUj;ij vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
23. mwpt[il nte;jdpd; bewp Fwpj;J/ gprpuhe;ijahu; TWtd ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
24. brtpawpt[W}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 247
25. fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; ntW bgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
26. nkyhz;ikapy; g[yp ? g{id xg;gpLf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
27. ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpa=;fs; vt;thbwy;yhk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
28. ghlhz; jpiz tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
29. bjhd;kk; gw;wp ,sk;g{uzuu; TWtd ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. fha;bey; ? .....................................................................................................
2. g[f;f ? .....................................................................................................
3. mwpah ? .....................................................................................................
1. mwpe;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. mWj;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
32. ghlhz; jpizia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
33. brtpawpt[W}c Jiwiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
7

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ïaš

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
34. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
A White woman, about 50 years old, was seated next to a black man. Obviously disturbed by this,
she called the airhostess. “Madam, what is the matter?” the hostess asked. “You placed me next to a black
man. Give me an alternative seat”. The hostess replied. “Almost all the places on this flight are taken. I
will go to see if another place is available. The hostess went away and came back a few minutes later.
“Madam, just as I thought, there are no other available seats in the economy class. We still have one place
in the first class”.
Before the woman could say anything, the hostess continued. “It would be scandalous to make
someone sit next to someone so disgusting”. She turned to the black guy and said, “ Sir, a seat awaits you
in the first class”. At the moment, the other passengers who were shocked by what they had just witnessed
stood up and applauded. Take a lesson from the sun who shines his light on everyone. Or the rain that falls
on every single shore. No distinction of our race or the colour of our face. Nature’s gifts are there for all
men rich or poor. (Courtesy: S.S.S. Bal Vikas)
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 249
35. kug[r; brhw;fisj; bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. Mw mku
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. Mzp moj;jhw; nghy
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. mfyf;fhy;
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. tHptHpahf
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. fz; Jilg;g[
...............................................................................................................................................................
36. ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
g{kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;Jg{j;j fly;fshf;Fntd;
g[aiyf; TWgLj;jpna ? nfhog;
g[jpa bjd;wyhf;Fntd;
,utpy; tpz;kPd; fhrpid ? brYj;jp
,utynuhL ngRntd;-
,ubtupf;Fk; gupjpia ? ViH
tpwbfupf;f tPRntd; ? eh. fhkuhrd;
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
7 37. bjhlupy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s kug[g; gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.

1. thiHf;fhl;oy; Fapy;fs; mywpf;bfhz;Lk; fhf=;fs; Ttpf;bfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
...............................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
2. KUfd; nrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Foj;jhd;.

...............................................................................................................................................................
3. nfhtpe;jd; FoapUf;f Rtu; fl;o Tiu mikj;jhu;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. tdtpy=;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rp=;ff;Fl;oa[k; ahidf;Fl;oa[k; fz;nld;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. Ml;Lj; bjhGtj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; vypfs; bghe;Jfs; mikj;jpUe;jd.
...............................................................................................................................................................
6. gid kl;ilahy; Tiu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
...............................................................................................................................................................
38. gj;jpiag; goj;J njitahd ,l=;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,l;L vGJf.
,s=;nfhtofs; rhj;jdhuplk; Kd;bra;j tpid epiwntWk; fhyk; vd;wPu;fns
mtu;fSila Ke;ija tpid ahJ mjd; tpist[ vd;d epfH;e;j fhyk; ahJ mij
eP=;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhy; TWf vdf; nfl;lhu;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. Debit Card ........................................ 4. Teller ........................................
2. Demand Draft ........................................ 5. Mobile Banking ........................................
3. Withdrawal Slip ........................................ 6. Internet Banking ........................................
40. kdg;ghlk;.
`fhabey; mWj;J ......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
******
f=;fh 251
â™ô£ àJ¼‹ ªî£¿‹

ñQî‹, ÝÀ¬ñ
à¬óï¬ì ïñ¶ Ü¬ìò£÷ƒè¬÷ e†ìõ˜
ªêŒ»œ ºè‹ ²è‰F ²ŠHóñEò¡ ïaš
8
ªêŒ»œ CÁð£í£ŸÁŠð¬ì Þ¬ì‚èNï£†´
ï™Ö˜ ïˆîˆîù£˜
ªêŒ»œ Þó†êEò ò£ˆFKè‹ â„.ã. A¼†®íù£˜
¶¬íŠð£ì‹ «è£¬ì ñ¬ö ê£‰î£ îˆ
Þô‚èí‹ °Pf´
e«ik ms¥ngh«
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpGg;g[uk;
,) jpz;otdk; <) jUkg[up [tpil: ,) jpz;otdk;]
2. bghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jdpj;jkpH;j; je;ij ? 1. K.tujuhrdhu;
M) Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u; ? 2. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
,) jkpH;j; bjd;wy; ? 3. jpU.tp.f.
<) bkhHp +hapW ? 4. njtneag; ghthzu;
[tpil: m) jdpj;jkpH;j; je;ij ? 1. K.tujuhrdhu;]
3. r.j. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp vGjpa E}y;
m) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpGk;
,) rkzKk; jkpGk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; [tpil: <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk;]
4. ehd; btw;Wbtspapy; miye;Jbfhz;oUf;fpnwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; njoago vd;W Rfe;jp
Rg;gpukzpad; njLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) jkJ tPl;L Kftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;ij
,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;g[fis [tpil: ,) jkJ milahsj;ij]
5. filbaG ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;du;fs;
m) Ma; mz;ouDk; mjpfDk; M
) ey;ypaf;nfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spa[k; Xupa[k; <) ghupa[k; fhupa[k;
[tpil: M) ey;ypaf; nfhlDk; FkzDk;]
6. FwpaPLfisg; bghUj;Jf.
m) bgz; ? 1. rkhjhdk;
M) g[wh ? 2. tPuk;
,) juhR ? 3. tpsf;F
<) rp=;fk; ? 4. ePjp
) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3
m M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 [tpil: ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]]
7. Tw;W : 19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; FwpaPl;oak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; nfhl;ghlhf cUg;bgw;wJ.
fhuzk; : bghjnyu;/ iuk;ngh/ btu;nyd;/ ky;yhu;nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;oaj;ij
tsu;j;jtu;fs;.
8 m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup
[tpil: M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup]
ïaš
8. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;/ mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;t[fisf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jk;

FwpaPLfs;
m) ctik M) ctnkak;
,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik [tpil: <) cs;Siw ctik]
9. `jpl;lk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tu=;fs; rhg=;fs; MFbkd;why; ,=;nf jt=;fs; vjw;fhf>
vd;W vGjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; `tuk;~ vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ>
m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if
,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpist[ [tpil: ,) jpl;lk;]
10. kiwj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; kpFj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; mGj;jpr; brhy;yt[k; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp
vJ>
m) FwpaPL M) gokk;
,) m=;fjk; <) bjhd;kk; [tpil: m) FwpaPL]
FWtpdh
1. `jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf; fiyfs;~ E}y; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ E}y; Mrpupau; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp.
¡¡ jkpHpy; btspte;j mHFf; fiyfs; gw;wpa E}y;.
¡¡ jkpHf murpd; Kjw;gupirg; bgw;w E}y;.
2. `tpupbgU jkpHu; nkd;ik

X=;fplr; bra;t bjhd;nw
capu;g;gzpahff; bfhz;nlhd;~ ? ahu;/ ahiug; gw;wp/ vjw;fhff; TWfpwhu;>
¡¡ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpiag; gw;wp ghnte;ju; ghujpjhrd; TWfpwhu;.
¡¡ jkpH; bfl neu;e;j nghJ jkpH;g;gzpia capu;g;gzpahff; bfhz;ljhy; ,t;thW
TWfpwhu;.
3. Kfk; Kftupaw;Wg; nghdjw;F Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; TWk; fhuzj;ij vGJf.
jdf;Fs;ns jd;idj; bjhiyj;jgpd; vd; Kfk; Kftupaw;W nghdJ vd;fpwhu;.
4. ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; g[yk;gpdu;>
,iwkfdhUf;F Vw;gl;l bfhLikfisf; fz;L kf;fs; g[yk;gpaJ:
,t;t[yfk; gpse;J btof;ftpy;iyna-
thdk; ,oe;J tpHtpy;iyna-
fly; ePu; tw;wtpy;iyna-
cyfk; mHpatpy;iyna vdg; g[yk;gpdu;.
f=;fh 253
5. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapy; xU g[Jf;ftpij vGJf.
vjpnu
jiykapu; jupj;J
bfhY tPw;wpUe;jhs;
cd; epHy; (gpukps;)
6. tpau;it ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpg;gPLf.
tpau;itf;F ? Mjpiug; gUf;if
brHpg;g[f;F ? mKj Rugp
7. FwpaPl;L cj;jpapd; mog;gil ,yf;fz=;fis vGJf.
¡¡ Rl;oa bghUSf;Fk; FwpaPl;Lg; bghUSf;Fk; VnjDk; xU bjhlu;g[ ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ Rl;Lk; bghUs; vd;gJ vy;nyhUk; mwpe;j xd;whf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
¡¡ ,j;bjhlu;gpd; thapyhff; FwpaPl;Lg; bghUs; Ez;zpa Kiwapy; btspg;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp epidt[r; rpwg;gpjGf;Fr; bra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
¡¡ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; jikadhupd; jkpH; gpd;g[yk; ,tiu Ma;thsuhf;fpaJ.
¡¡ ,tu; 25 Mz;Lfs; jkpH; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
¡¡ ,d tuyhw;iw vGjpa MSikfspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;.
¡¡ xt;bthU njrpa ,dKk; jd;Dila fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lnk
vjpu;fhy ,yf;if mila Koa[k; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Cl;oatu; kapiy rPdp.
nt=;flrhkp.
¡¡ rkak;/ khDltpay;/ bjhy;bghUs; nghd;w Jiwapy; bkhHp Ma;t[ bra;jtu;.
¡¡ tl;blGj;J/ nfhbyGj;J/ jkpH; gpuhk;kp nghd;wtw;wpy; g[yik bgw;wtu;.
¡¡ jkpHpy; `jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs;~ Fwpj;J KGikahd E}y; btspapl;ltu;.
¡¡ ,e;E}y; jkpHf murpd; Kjw;gupR bgw;w E}y; MFk;.
2. filbaG ts;sy;fisa[k; mtu;fs; bra;j braiya[k; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

vz; ts;sy;fs; ehL bray;fs;
1. ngfd; Mtpdd;Fo kiHg;bghHpa[k; kiyrhuypy; bry;Yk;
fUnkf=;fz;L Moa kapy; Fspuhy; eL=;Ftjhf
vz;zp jd; nghu;itia je;jtd; (kapYf;Fg;
nghu;it je;jtd;).
2. ghup gwk;g[ ehfkiy gFjpf;Fr; bry;Yk; nghJ glu;tjw;;F gw;W
,y;yhky; Moa Ky;iyf;Fj; nju; je;jtd;.
3. mjpfd; jf#u; eWkzk; fkGk; bgupa kiyr;rhuypy; ,Ue;j
mHFkpf;f bey;yp kuj;jpd; fdpia xsitf;Fj; je;J
kfpH;e;jhd;.
4. fhup kiyakhd; jd;idj; njo te;jtUf;F md;g[bkhHp tpijj;j <uk;
epyk; nghd;wtd;" ePz;l iffis cilatd;.
5. Ma; bghjpakiy ePyf;fy;/ ehfk; bfhLj;j Milia Mypd;fPH; mku;e;j
,iwtDf;F bfhLj;jtd;.
6. es;sp beL=;nfhL nghu;Kidapy; ePSk; iffs; nghy kf;fs;
kiyKfL thH;f;iff;F midj;Jk; thup tH=;fpatd;.
7. Xup kiyehL kzk; tPRk; kyu;fs; cila kiyehl;ilf;
8 (Cl;o) Tj;ju;f;Fj; je;jtd;.

3. `<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; ViHbad Xu;kpd;~ ? ,lk;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
ïaš
,lk;:
vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; vGjpa `,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;~ ghlypy;; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
a{ju;fspd; bfhL+;braypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl Koahky; Xu; ViHiag;nghy mikjpaha;
,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ bghUs;.
tpsf;fk;:
a{ju;fs; ,iwkfid fapw;why; fl;Lk; nghJ mtu; cld;gl;L ,Ue;jhu;. jk; kPJ gif
bfhz;L jdf;F ,Hpthd bray;fisr; bra;fpd;w nghJ mtu;fs; thGfpd;w fhyj;jpy;
Jd;gg;glhky; thH ntz;Lk; vd;W ,uf;fg;gl;lhu;. md;g[ vd;w fl;oypUe;J tpLglhky;/
ve;j cjtpa[k; ,y;yhky; ViHaha; mikjpaha; epd;whu;.
4. bfhil tH=;Fjypy; eP=;fs; gpd;gw;w tpUk;g[tdtw;iw vGJf.
¡¡ bfhil vd;gJ kdpjg; gz;gpd; milahsk;.
¡¡ bfhLf;fpd;w gz;g[ ,Ue;jhy; nghJk;.
¡¡ gzkhff; bfhLg;gJ jhd; bfhil vd;gjy;y.
¡¡ mwpt[f;F ,lk; bfhLf;fhky; cs;sj;Jf;F ,lk; bfhLj;J bfhil bfhLg;ngd;.
¡¡ ciHj;J nru;j;J itj;j bghUis jFe;j neuj;jpy; jFjpahdtUf;F bfhLg;gJk;
bfhil.
¡¡ thGk; nghJ ,uj;jk;/ thH;e;j gpwF cly; cWg;g[ jhdKk; xU bfhilahFk;.
¡¡ ,we;j ehs;/ gpwe;j ehs; md;W ,ayhjtUf;F md;djhdk; bra;jy; vd;gJk;
bfhilahFk;.
beLtpdh
1. kapiyahu; Xu; ``Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u;~~ vd;Dk; Tw;wpidr; rhd;WfSld; fl;Liuf;f.
Kd;Diu:
xt;bthU njrpa ,dKk; jd;Dila fle;jfhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lnk
vjpu;fhy ,yf;if milaKoa[k;. mt;tifapy; kapiyahu; Xu; `Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u;~
vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk; fl;Liu rhd;whfpwJ.
bjhlf;ffhy Ma;t[fs;:
1934 ,y; jkpH; Muha;r;rp khehl;oy; r.j. rw;Fzu; Mw;wpa ciuiaf; nfl;L
fpwpj;JtKk;/ jkpGk; vDk; E}iyg; gilj;jhu;. ,Jnt mtuJ Kjy; E}yhFk;. fy;btl;L
Ma;tpy; ,tUf;Fg; gapw;rp mjpfk;. mjdhy; tl;blGj;J/ nfhbyGj;J ed;F thrpf;f
Koe;jJ.bjhy; ,yf;fpak;/ bjhy; fiy/ bjhy; vGj;J Mfpatw;wpy; bfhz;l <Lghl;lhy;
bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;/ rkzKk; jkpGk; E}iyg; gilj;jhu;.
f=;fh 255
tuyhw;W Ma;t[fs;:
jkpHf tuyhw;wpy; ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kd;du;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;it tpupthf
nkw;bfhz;L fsg;gpuu; Ml;rpapy; `jkpHfk;~ vd;w E}iy btspapl;lhu;. fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;L
Kjy; 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiua[s;s ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp bra;j kd;du;fisg; gw;wp
Ma;t[ bra;jhu;. knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Mfpnahiug; gw;wpa
E}y;fis vGjpdhu;. bfh=;Fehl;L kd;du;fs;/ JS ehl;L kd;du;fs;/ fsg;gpuu;/ ,y=;if
Fwpj;Jk; tuyhW E}y;fis vGjpdhu;.
fiyapay; Ma;t[fs;:
fiyapay; rhu;e;j E}y;fSf;F tHpfhl;oahfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. jkpHuJ fiyj;jpwid
vLj;njhJk; tifapy; jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs; vd;w E}iy vGjpdhu;. ,e;E}y;
jkpHpy; btspahd Kjy; E}Yk; Kjw; gupRg; bgw;w E}YkhFk;.
,yf;fpa Ma;t[fs;:
Ma;t[yfpy; nt=;flrhkpapd; gzp nghw;wj;jf;fJ. jkpHf tuyhw;iwg; gy nfhz=;fspy;
kPl;LUthf;fk; bra;jhu;. kPl;LUthf;fk; Kaw;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j E}y; `jkpH;ehl;L tuyhW~.
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk; nghd;w jut[fs; bfhz;L vGjg;gl;lJ.
gd;bkhHp g[yik:
nt=;flrhkp/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ rk!;fpUjk;/ ghyp/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa bkhHpfspy;
gapw;rp cilatu;. `kj;j tpyhrk;~ vd;w E}iy M=;fpyk; tHpahf jkpHhf;fpatu;.
Muha;r;rp nguwp+u;:
kapiyahupd; Ma;t[fs; bkhHpf;F Kjd;Kjyhf itf;fg;gl;ld. Ma;thsu;/ mwp+u;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp bghJ kf;fSk; tpUk;gp goj;jdu;. gy Ma;t[fs; fpistpl ,tuJ Ma;t[fs;
mokukhf mike;jJ. E}yfj;ijj; jhafkhff; bfhz;L mwpit tpupt[ bra;jtu;.
,Uz;lg; gf;f=;fSf;F xspa{l;o jtWfis kWf;Fk; Ma;t[ mQFKiw bfhz;ltu;.
Kot[iu:
,tupd; njly;/ ciHg;g[/ mupa Ma;t[fs; bra;jjhy; kapiyahUf;F kzptpHh vLj;J
`Muha;r;rp nguwp+u;~ vd;w gl;lk; tH=;fpaJ rhyg; bghUj;jkhFk;.
2. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; `fpwpj;jtf; fk;gnu~ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp tHp epWt[f.
Kd;Diu:
fk;gu; gilj;j fhg;gpaj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L ,naR ehjiu jk; kdjpy; epWj;jp
vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; gilj;Js;shu;.
fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu;:
fk;giug; nghy; fpUl;ozdhu; re;j eaj;Jld; ghoa[s;shu;. fk;guhkhazk; nghd;nw/
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; bghU=;fhg;gpakhf jpfH;fpwJ.
`nerk; vDk; ty;ypaij ePf;f trk; ,d;wp
<rd;kfd; epd;wdu; Xu; ViHbad Xu;kpd;~
md;g[ vd;Dk; cWjpahd fl;oypUe;J tpLgl Koahky; ve;j cjtpa[k; bgw ,ayhj
epiyapy; ViHiag; nghy; mikjpnahL epd;whu;. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ifnfapd; Tw;iwf;
bfhz;L ,uhkd; gjpy; VJk; Twhky;/ fhl;ow;Fr; brd;wJ nghy; bfhoatupd; ,fH;r;rp
bkhHp jPf;bfhs;sp nghd;W ,Ue;jJ. mJ khrpy;yhj ,naRtpd; ,jaj;jpy; mGe;jpaJ.
ntjidg;gl;lhYk;/ rpde;J kWbrhy; Twhky; ,Ue;jhu;.
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; murUf;F cupa Milfis mfw;wp tpl;L tdthrk; brd;w
,uhkidg; nghy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; fpUl;ozdhu; jd; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,naRitg;
gilf;fpd;w nghJ gpd;tUkhW gilf;fpwhu;.
bfhoatu;fs; ,iwkfdpd Milfis fise;J ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhypidg;
gpL=;fpdu;. Ks;Ko Nl;o moj;jdu;. Kfj;jpy; vr;rpy; ckpH;e;J gHpj;jdu; vd;wthW jd;
8 fhg;gpaj;ij vLj;Jr; bry;fpwhu;.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhkd; tdthrk; bry;Yk; nghJ mnahj;jp khefnu g[yk;gp mGjJ.
mJnghy; fpUl;ozdhu;/ ,naRt[f;F Vw;gl;l ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs;/
ïaš
`,t;t[yfk; gpse;J btof;ftpy;iyna-

fly;ePu; tw;wtpy;iyna-
cyfk; mHpatpy;iyna-~ vd;W g[yk;gpdu;.
bghy;yhj a{ju;fs; ,iwkfid ,fH;e;J ngrpa brhy;yj;jfhj gHpbkhHpfisf; nfl;L
bghWj;jpUe;jhu;.
Kot[iu:
fk;gidg;nghy; vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; ctik cj;jpahYk;/ fUj;Jr; brwpthYk;
fhg;gpaj;ijg; gilj;Js;sjhy; ,tiuf; fpwpj;jtf; fk;gu; vdg; nghw;WtJ bgUikf;Fupa
bra;jpahFk;.
3. nfhil kiH fij thapyhf tpsf;fg;gLk; kdpj neag; gz;g[fis tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
rhe;jh jj;jpd; `nfhil kiH~ vDk; rpWfijapy; Kjpatu; MWKfj;jpd; kdpj
neaj;ija[k;/ jj;J vLf;Fk; ghg[tpd; kdpj neag; gz;g[fisa[k; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu
thapyhf mwpayhk;.
kUj;Jtkidapy; FHe;ij mGjy;:
Kjpatu; MWKfk; FHe;ijia kUj;Jtkidf;F miHj;Jr; brd;whu;. FHe;ij
mg;goa[k; ,g;goa[k; ghu;j;J fz;izr; RHw;wp mH Muk;gpj;jJ. ,Jnghynt miu
kzp neukhf f&;lg;gLk; FHe;ijf;Fg; grpah/ fha;r;ryh/ mrjpah bjupatpy;iy vd;W
V=;Ffpwhu;;.
Kjpatupd; g[yk;gy;:
O tpw;Fk; igad;; cs;ns tUthdh/ btspna ngha; FHe;ijf;F buz;L brhl;L
Oj;jz;zPu; bfhLj;J tpl;L jhDk; Foj;jhy; bjhz;ilf;F ,jkh ,Uf;Fk;. ngha;
te;jhy; ,lk; ngha;tpLk; vd;d bra;wJ vd;W jkf;Fj; jhnk vz;zp g[yk;gpdhhu;.
Kjpatupd; bghWik:
tupir Mik ntfj;jpy; brd;wjhy; Kjpatu; tPl;Lf;Fg; nghyhkh vd;w vupr;ry;.
,uz;L ehsh FHe;ijf;Ff; if itj;jpak; ghu;j;Jk; ruptuy/ jdpahu; M!;gj;jpupf;F nghf
gzk; ,y;y/ ahu; cjtpa[k; ,y;y vd;d elf;fg; nghFnjh bghWikaha; ,Ug;nghk; fhrh
gzkh.
Kjpatupd; epiyg;ghL:
Mz;ltnd bfhLj;j cRU jd;ida[k; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ahUk; ,y;y/ FHe;ijia
ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;st[k; Koay/ Ma[R g[{uht[k; my;yhl ntz;oaJ jhd;. cdf;F ehd; vdf;F
f=;fh 257
eP vd;whfptpl;lJ. jd; kfdpd; kidtpf;F ehY ehs; ey;y fha;r;ry;. fl;oats; fz; @oa
gpd; jhDk; FHe;ijia mdhij Mf;fptpl;Lr; brd;Wtpl;lhd; jd; kfd;.
Kjpatupd; jdpik:
gp+;Rg; gps;isf;Tl epidf;fhky; bghz;lhl;o nky ghrk;. ,tDk; ngha;
nru;e;Jl;lhnd. vj;jidnah Mz;fs; kidtpia ,He;J thHy. mdhij Mfptpl;l
FHe;ijia vz;zp MWKfk; Xahj g[yk;gy;. Mdhy; jd; kfidg; gpupe;j Jauk; Jspa[k;
,y;iy. me;j mst[f;F btWg;g[. vd;ida[k; FHe;ija[k; jdpahf;fpl;L nghapl;lhnd
vd;w nfhgk;.
kUj;Jtuplk; bry;Yjy;:
FHe;ij kPz;Lk mH Muk;gpj;J. mg;nghJ cs;nsapUe;J xU jha; FHe;ijiaj; jd;
njhspy; nfhHpf;F+;R nghy; J}f;fpf; bfhz;L te;jhs;. mtisg; ghu;f;ft[k; epidf;ft[k;
Koahky; @r;R tpLtij jtpu VJk; bjupahky; cs;ns brd;whu;.
kUj;Jtupd; mwpt[iu:
bgupatnu- be+;rpy; rsp ,Uf;F mjhd; fha;r;ry;/ gag;gl ntz;lhk;. gf;Ftkha;
ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;lhy; ,uz;L ehspy; rupahfptpLk; vd;W Twptpl;L kUe;Jr; rPl;L vGjpf;
bfhLj;jhu;.
eu;!; eyk; tprhupj;jy;:
Vd; bgupatnu/ c=;f if ,g;go eL=;FJ. tPl;y ntw ahUk; ,y;iyah> vd;W nfl;f
gjpy; Tw Koahky; Crp nghl;l FHe;ij typahy; mGtij mizj;Jf; bfhz;L
rpupg;ig kl;Lk; gjpyhf;fp tpl;L btspnawpdhu;.
kUe;jfk; bry;Yjy;:
ghg[ @Q ehsh buhk;gf; f&;lg;gLJ" lhf;lu; Crp nghl;oUf;fhu;. kUe;J bfhLj;jh
rupahapLk;D brhd;dhu;. ghg[..... ehd; kUe;J kl;Lk; th=;f tuy buhk;g ehsh brhy;yQk;
epidr;nrd;. ,g;gj;jhd; neuk; te;jJ. ghg[ ehd; buhk;g ehs; crpnuhl ,Uf;fQk;D jhd;
Mir. be+;rpy; cuk; ,Ue;jhYk; clk;g[ nfl;fQnk> rhnthl ky;Yf;F epw;fpw tarh
,J/ Koayg;gh. ehisf;F eP mt=;fs Tl;ol;L th.
jha;g; ghrk;:
mk;kh vd;fpw ghrk; bjupahky; ,Uf;f ,J kl;Lk; vd;d ghtk; bra;jJ. jha;g; ghrk; xU
FHe;ijf;F vt;tst[ Kf;fpak;. vd; Raeyj;Jf;fhf FHe;ijia mdhijahf tpl;Ll;L
nghwJ bgupa ghtk;. rup ghg[ bfh+;rk; jhkjpj;jhYk; kdR khwpLk;. kUe;Jk; FHe;ija[kha;
tpltpLbtd ele;jhu;.
Kjpatupd; FKwy;fs;:
ghg[t[ld; te;jtu;fisg; ghu;j;j nghJ gps;is ghf;fpak;/ Vf;fk;/ jtpg;g[/ mj;jida[k;
czu;e;j nghJ FHe;ijapd; ghJfhg;g[ cWjpahdJ. gps;isiag; gpupe;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lnk
vd;gJjhd; bgupatUf;F cWj;jy;.
ghg[tpd; kdpj neak;:
Iah- ,dpnky; c=;fSf;Ff; ftiy ntz;lhk;. c=;fSila ntjid v=;fshy;
jh=;f Koay. eP=;f v=;f thH;f;iff;Fg; bgupa ek;gpf;if bfhLj;J ,Uf;fp=;f. ed;wp
brhy;wJf;Fg; gjpyh ehd; c=;fpl;l cjtp nfl;fpnwd;. eP=;fSk; FHe;ijiag; gpupe;J
,Uf;fhk v=;fnshl te;jpU=;f ja=;fhjP=;f.
Kjpatupd; jLkhw;wk;:
ghg[itf; fz;L jLkhwpdhu;. ahUf;F ahu; cjtp> vt;tst[ bgupa tp&ak; ghg[.
,g;nghijf;F vdf;F rht[ tuhJ vd;W Kjpatu; Twpdhu;.
Kot[iu:
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jd;idg; bgw;w jha; je;ijaiu Kjpnahu; ,y;yj;jpy; tpLk;
8 Mz;fisg; nghy; ,y;yhky; jha; je;ijia ,He;j gr;rpsk; FHe;ijiaa[k;/ Kjpatiua[k;
mutizj;Jj; jk; ,y;yj;jpw;F miHj;Jr; bry;Yk; ghg[tpd; kdpjneag; gz;ig/
nfhilkiH ? fij thapyhf ehk; mwpa KofpwJ.
ïaš
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
¡¡ fUe;jlk;/ bt=;FUjp ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
¡¡ bte;J/ rpde;J/ nghe;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
¡¡ cd;dypu; ? Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
¡¡ Xu;kpd; ? Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W
¡¡ brhw;w/ jpUe;jpa ? bgabur;r=;fs;
¡¡ ghjfu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
¡¡ Cd;w Cd;w ? mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. gifj;j = gif + j; + j; + m
gif ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ m ? bgabur;r tpFjp.
2. fise;J = fis + j;(e;) + j; + c
fis ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
3. gHpj;jdu; = gHp + j; + j; + md; + mu;
gHp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ md; ? rhupia/
mu; ? gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
4. ,oe;J = ,o + j;(e;) + j; + c
,o ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
5. <e;j = < + j;(e;) + j; + m
< ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp.
6. mku;e;jdd; = mku; + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
mku; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; ? rhupia/ md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
7. jh=;fpa = jh=;F + ,(d;); + a; + m
jh=;F ? gFjp/ ,(d;) ? ,ilepiy/ a; ? clk;gLbka;/ m ? bgabur;r
tpFjp.
f=;fh 259
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
1. Kd;Dil = Kd; + cil
tpjp : `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
Kd;d; + cil vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (d; + c = D)
Kd;Dil vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
2. ViHbad = ViH + vd
tpjp : `,/ </ I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go. (If;F a; njhd;wp) ViH + a; + vd
vd;whdJ.
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (a; + v = ba)
ViHbad vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
3. ed;bkhHp = ed;ik + bkhHp
tpjp : `<Wnghjy;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik bfl;L ed; + bkhHp = ed;bkhHp vd;W
g[zu;e;jJ.
4. cuDil = cud; + cil
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (d; + c = D)
`cuDil~ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
gu;khtpy; u=;Td; efupy; cs;s xU filapy; mog;igadhfg;
(cjtpahs;) gzpahw;wpdhd; xU rpWtd;. mtdplk;/ fil Kjyhsp xU
bgaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;L/ me;j egu; te;J jd;id v=;nf vd;W nfl;lhy;.
`Kjyhsp ,y;iy~ vd;W brhy;YkhW tw;g[Wj;jpdhu;. me;jr; rpWtndh/
`èP=;fs; btspapypUe;jhy; mt;thW Twyhk;. ,y;yhjnghJ vg;gog;
bgha; brhy;tJ> brhy;y khl;nld;~~ vd;W gpothjkhff; Twpdhu;. mtu;/
t.Rg. khzpf;fk;. t.Rg. khzpf;fk;
jkpHpd; rpwg;g[fisg; gw;wp Ma;t[fs; gy bra;jikahy; `jkpH; ,kak;~ vd;W jkpH;
mwp+u;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;ltu; t.Rg. khzpf;fk;. `v=;Fk; jkpH; vjpYk; jkpH;~ vd;w
bfhs;ifiag; giwrhw;Wtjw;fhfj; `jkpH;tHpf; fy;tp ,af;fk;~ vd;w mikg;ig
epWtpj; jkpH;r;Rw;Wyh nkw;bfhz;ltu;. mHfg;gh fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g;nguhrpupauhft[k;
Kjy;tuhft[k; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhft[k;
gzpahw;wpdhu;. kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfj; Jiznte;juhfr; rpwg;g[ld; brayhw;wpa
nghJ gy;fiyf;fHf eilKiwfs; jkpHpy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd Miz gpwg;gpj;jJld;
m=;Fj; jkpHha;t[ eilbgwt[k; tHptFj;jhu;. jpUtde;jg[uj;jpd; jpuhtpl bkhHpapy;
fHfj;jpy; KJnguha;thsuhfg; gzpg[upe;jnghJ `jkpH; ahg;gpay; tuyhWk; tsu;r;rpa[k;~
vd;w jiyg;gpy; M=;fpyj;jpy; Ma;t[ nkw;bfhz;lhu;.
r=;fg; ghly;fspd; El;g=;fisf; fl;Liufshf vGJtjpy; Mw;wy; kpf;ftuhd
,tu; jkpH;f;fhjy;/ ts;Stk;/ fk;gu;/ r=;fbewp cs;spl;l gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpatu;.
jkpGf;Fg; g[jpa brhy;yhf;f=;fisa[k; ctikfisa[k; cUthf;fpj; jUtjpy; jdp <LghL
bfhz;ltuhfj; jpfH;e;jtu;. Muha;r;rp/ fl;Liu/ ehlfk;/ ftpij/ ciu/ foj ,yf;fpak;/
gjpg;g[ vdg; gy;Jiw MSikahd mtUf;Fj; jkpHf muR mtUila kiwtpw;Fg;
gpwF/ jpUts;Stu; tpUJ tH=;fpaJld; 2006 Mk; Mz;L mtUila E}y;fis
ehl;Llikahf;fpr; rpwg;g[r; bra;jJ.
mtUila jkpH;j;jpwj;Jf;Fk; xU gjk;.
`Ìe;J nfhoj; jkpHu; bjhif ,Ue;Jk;/ Mapuk; gofs; tpw;gjw;F khkh=;fk; Mfpd;wJ.
8 th=;fhw;wy; kf;fsplk; ,y;iy vd;W brhy;Yjw;fpy;iy. vj;Jiznah g[Jf;nfhy=;fl;Fk;
nfspf;iffl;Fk; jiyfhy; bjupahky; bryt[ bra;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;.
E}y;fs; th=;Fk; mwpt[g; gHf;fj;ij kf;fsplk; gug;g ntz;Lk;~~.
ïaš
tpdhf;fs;:
1. jkpHpd; ,jak; vd mwp+u;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;ltu; ahu;>
2. t.Rg. khzpf;fj;jpd; gzpfs; gw;wpf; TWf.
3. t.Rg. khzpf;fj;jpw;F vd;d tpUJ tH=;fg;gl;lJ>
4. gpupj;J vGJf: nguha;thsu;.
5. g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf: jkpHha;t[.
tpilfs;:
1. jkpHpd; ,jak; ? t.Rg. khzpf;fk;.
2.  mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytu;.
 mHfg;gh gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; jkpH;g; nguhrpupau; kw;Wk; Kjy;tu;.
 kJiu/ fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; Jiz nte;ju;.
3. jpUts;Stu; tpUJ.
4. nguha;thsu; ? bgUik + Ma;thsu;.
5. jkpHha;t[ ? jkpH; + Ma;t[
tpjp : `cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go.
(H; + M = Hh) jkpHha;t[ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
I make sure I have the basic good habits which include respecting my elders, greeting people when
I meet them, wishing them well when departing etc. Other than this, observing the law, serving the poor
and downtrodden, helping the sick and needy, giving shelter to the homeless, assisting someone with a
physically challenged etc. are also other good habits of mine. To lead on a peaceful life, I develop other
good habits, writing, listening to music, dancing, singing etc. are other such habits which fulfill the needs
of my soul.
jkpHhf;fk;:
ehd; bgupatu;fis kjpg;gJ/ gpwiur; re;jpf;Fk; nghJ tzf;fk; bjuptpg;gJ/ mtu;fs;
g[wg;gLk; rkaj;jpy; ed;wp brYj;JtJ nghd;w ey;y gHf;f=;fs; vd;dplk; ,Ug;gij
cWjpahfr; brhy;ntd;. ,J jtpu/ rl;lj;ijf; ftdpj;jy;/ ViH kw;Wk; moj;jl;L kf;fSf;Fr;
nrit g[upjy;/ nehahspfSf;Fj; njitahd cjtpfisr; bra;jy;/ tPlw;wtu;fSf;Fj;
j=;Fkplk; mikj;Jj; jUjy;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F ,ad;w cjtp bra;jy; nghd;w kw;w
rpy ey;y gHf;f=;fSk; vd;dplk; cs;sJ. xU mikjpahd thH;f;ifia nkw;bfhs;s
ehd; nkYk; rpy ey;y gHf;f=;fis tsu;j;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;/ ghly; nfl;fpnwd;/ eldk;
MLfpnwd;/ vGJfpnwd;/ ,iria urpf;fpnwd;. ,Jnghd;w gHf;f=;fshy; vd; Md;khtpd;
njitfs; g{u;j;jpahfpd;wd.
f=;fh 261
fijiag; goj;Jg; bghUSzu;e;J epfH;it ciuahlyhf khw;Wf.

``vdf;F rpy;f; rl;il ,Uf;nf- cdf;F ,Uf;fh-~~ vd;W bfl;of;fhuj;jdkhff; nfl;lhd;
uhkrhkp. bry;iyah gjpy; brhy;yj; bjupahky; tpHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;" jk;igah
Mfhaj;ijg; ghu;j;J nahrid bra;jhd;" k=;fk;khs; @f;fpd;nky; Ms; fhl;o tpuiy
itj;Jf; bfhz;Lk; fz;iz ,nyrhf @of;bfhz;Lk; nahrid bra;jhs;. me;j @tUk;
uhkrhkpapd; nfs;tpf;F vd;d gjpy; brhy;yg;nghfpwhu;fs; vd;W MtnyhL vjpu;ghu;j;Jf;
bfhz;oUe;jhu;fs; kw;w gps;isfs;. md;W gs;spf;Tlj;jpypUf;Fk;nghJ uhkrhkpf;Fk;
bry;iyaht[f;Fk; ,ilna xU nghl;o ele;jJ. uhkrhkp jd; Ìe;jhk; tFg;gpw;Fupa
,e;jpanjr rupj;jpu~g; g[j;jfj;ij vLj;J itj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;. bry;iyah me;j tU&k;
,e;jpanjr rupj;jpuk; th=;ftpy;iy" mjdhy; jd;dplKs;s xU rptpf;!; g[j;jfj;ij vLj;J
itj;Jf; bfhz;lhd;. ,UtUk; `glg;nghl;o~ia Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhu;fs;.
?ùh$h te;jpUf;fpwhu;~/ F. mHfpuprhkp
ciuahly;:
uhkrhkp : vd;dplk; rpy;f; rl;il ,Uf;nf- cdf;F ,Uf;fh>
bry;iyah : ..... tpHpj;jhd;.
uhkrhkp : cd;dplk; ,Uf;fh>
jk;igah : ..... Mfhaj;ijg; ghu;j;J nahrid bra;jhd;.
uhkrhkp : cdf;F ,Uf;fh>
k=;fk;khs; : ..... @f;fpd; nky; tpuy; itj;jhs;. fz;iz nyrhf @of;bfhz;lhs;.
uhkrhkp : Vd; @d;W ngUk; gjpy; brhy;ytpy;iy vd; nfs;tpf;F>
@tUk; : ..... gjpy; ,y;iy.
(uhkrhkpf;Fk; bry;iyaht[f;Fk; xU nghl;o te;jJ.)
uhkrhkp : vd;dplk; ,e;jpa njrpa rupj;jpug; g[j;jfk; cs;sJ. cd;dplk; cs;sjh>
bry;iyah : vd;dplk; rptpf;!; g[j;jfk; cs;sJ.
uhkrhkp : rup guthapy;iy/ nghl;oia Muk;gpf;fyhkh>
bry;iyah : rup.
(,UtUk; xt;bthU gf;fkhfg; g[ul;Lfpwhu;fs;. ,ilapilna tiuglk; cs;sjh/ glk;
cs;sjh vd;w nghl;o tpiuthf ele;jJ. MSf;F xU gf;fk; gf;fkhfg; g[ul;l nghl;oj;
bjhlu;e;jJ)
uhkrhkp : filrpg; gf;fj;ijg; g[ul;og; ghu;j;J cd;dplk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidg; gf;fk;
,Uf;fpwJ vd;whd;.
bry;iyah : ,d;Dk; ,uz;L gf;f=;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ. cd;dplk; vj;jidg; gf;fk; cs;sJ>
uhkrhkp : ,Jjhd; vdJ filrpg; gf;fk;.
bry;iyah : X ..... mg;g ehd;jhd; b$apr;nrd; .....
ciu vGJnthk;
c=;fs; gs;spapy; gapd;w Kd;dhs; khztu; jw;bghGJ khtl;l Ml;rpauhfg;
gzpahw;Wfpwhu;. eilbgw ,Uf;Fk; gs;sp Mz;L tpHhtpy; rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpduhf tu
,Uf;Fk; mtiug; gs;spapd; rhu;ghf tuntw;Fk; tpjkhf xU gf;f mstpy; tuntw;g[iu
xd;iw vGJf.
tuntw;g[iu:
ekJ gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpw;F tUif g[upe;jpUf;Fk; ekJ khtl;l Ml;rpau;
mtu;fis md;nghL tuntw;fpnwd;. mtu; khtl;l Ml;rpau; jhd; mjpy; re;njfk; ,y;iy.
Mdhy; mtu; ,g;gs;spapd; Kd;dhs; khztu; vd;gjpy; kpf;f kfpH;r;rp.
xU braiyr; bra;a Kaw;rp/ Kaw;rp vd;W fhyk; fHpf;fhky; Kot[ bra;J tpL=;fs;.
8 me;j Kot[jhd; ,d;W mku;e;jpUf;Fk; Ml;rpahsu; ,sk; tajpy; mtu; vLj;j Kot[f;F
Vw;gl;l btw;wp. ,tu; mwpthsu;.
xt;bthU khztUk; VnjDk; xd;iwr; rhjpj;nj jPu ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;nfhnshLjhd;
ïaš
gof;f ntz;Lk;. ekJ khtl;l Ml;rpaUk; ,g;gs;spapny gapYfpd;wnghJ jhd;

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpauhf Mf ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpnahoUe;jtu;.
,d;iwa Kot[ ehis ekf;F tpothFk;. new;W bra;jpj;jhspny ekJ khtl;l Ml;rpau;
ngl;of; bfhLj;jpUe;jhu;. mjpny jhd; goj;j gs;spapy; eilbgWk; Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fg;
nghtjhff; TwpapUe;jhu;. `<d;w bghGjpd; bgupJtf;Fk; jhbad~ ekJ gs;spna kfpH;e;J
nghdJ.
btw;wp bgWtjw;FKd; cyif eP mwptha;/ btw;wp bgw;wgpwF cyfk; cd;id mwpa[k;
vd;gJ nghy/ ekJ Ml;rpaUk; cyfk; mwpe;j cau;e;j kdpjuhff; fhzg;gLfpwhu;. jhd;
goj;j gs;spf;F tUif g[upe;Jk;/ gs;spahy; jdf;Fg; bgUik vd;W TWk; Ml;rpaUila
ngr;Rk; ek;ikbay;yhk; kfpH;r;rp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fplr; bra;fpwJ.
`+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk;~ vd;Dk; ts;Stdpd; thf;fpw;F ,yf;fzkhd ekJ
khtl;l Ml;rpau; mtu;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUf- tUf- vd tuntw;W kfpH;fpnwd;.
tpilf;nfw;w tpdh mikj;jy;

tpil : FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
tpdh : FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
1. tpil : eLtz; muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L ork;gu; 23 md;W njrpa nguplu; nkyhz;ik
Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
tpdh : eLtz; muR ve;j Mz;L njrpa nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ>
2. tpil :
rhiyfspy; ,lk; bgw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; bra;at[k;
ghJfhg;ghfg; gazpf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.
tpdh : rhiyfspy; nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; bra;at[k; ghJfhg;ghfg; gazpf;ft[k; cjt[tJ
vJ>
3. tpil : 1856 ,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak; ,uhag[uj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpdh : bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; Kjy; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak; v=;F vg;nghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ>
4. tpil : `àjhu;j;j epfH;itg; gilg;ghSika[ld; btspg;gLj;Jtnj Mtzg;glk;~~
vd;fpwhu; fpupnahu;rd;.
tpdh : Mtzg;glk; vd;W vijf; fpupnahu;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
f=;fh 263
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
th th vd; njtijna-
bghd; tha; ngRk; jhuifna-
bgha; thH;tpd; g{uznk-
bgz; g{nt th ......
thd; kpjf;Fk; ...... fz;fSf;F ......
kapy; ,wfhy; ikaplth ......
khu; cijf;Fk; ...... fhy;fSf;F ......
kzp bfhYR ehd; ,lth ......
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
thdu=;fs; fdpbfhLj;J ke;jpbahL bfh+;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; bf+;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpHpbawpe;J thdtiu aiHg;ghu;
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;.
njdUtpj; jpiubaGk;gp thdpd;tHp bahGFk;
br=;fjpnuhd; gupf;fhYe; nju;f;fhYk; tGFk;.
Tdypsk; gpiwKoj;j ntzpay=; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpupTl kiyba=;fs; kiyna. ? jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
jpuz;lf; fUj;J:
Mz;Fu=;Ffs; gytifahd gH=;fisg; gwpj;J bgz; Fu=;FfSf;Ff;
bfhLf;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpy gH=;fisg; bgz; Fu=;Ffs; rpjWfpd;wd. me;jg; gH=;fis
njtu;fs; ,ue;J nfl;fpd;wdu;. ntlu;fs; njtu;fisf; fz;fshy; ghu;j;J miHf;fpd;wdu;.
thdj;jpy; rpj;ju;fs; @ypiffis tsu;f;fpd;wdu;. kiyapYs;s mUtpapd; miyfs;
vGe;J thdj;jpy; tHpe;J XLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Nupadpd; Fjpiua[k; nju;r;rf;fuKk; tGf;fp
tpGfpd;wd. ,j;jifa rpwg;g[fs; cilaJ vd;W Fwj;jp jd; kiyia tpsf;Ffpwhs;.
bjhil eak;:
bjhilaw;w ghf;fs; eilaw;W nghFk;
vd;gjw;F Vw;g nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[ nghd;w ea=;fs; mike;Js;sd.
nkhid eak;:
fhl;Lf;F ahid ghl;Lf;F nkhid
Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid.
rhd;W: fhdtu;fs; Tdypsk;
fkd rpj;ju; Fw;whyk;
vJif eak;:
kJiuf;F itif bra;a[Sf;F vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
rhd;W: thdu=;fs; njdUtpj;
fhdtu;fs; Tdypsk;
,iag[:
,Wjp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[.
rhd;W: bfh+;Rk;; bahGFk; tGFk;;
mzp eak; :
mzp vd;gjw;F mHF vd;gJ bghUs;. bra;a[spy; mike;J fplf;Fk; brhy;yHF/
8 bghUsHF Kjypatw;iw tiuaWj;Jf; TWtJ mzp vd;gu;. ,g;ghlypy; cau;t[ etpw;rp
mzp te;Js;sJ. ghlypd;; bghUis kpft[k; cau;j;jpf; TWtJ cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp MFk;.
rhd;W: `ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; bf+;Rk;~
ïaš
fw;gid eak;:
fw;gid ftp+Df;F if te;j fiy
vd;gjw;F Vw;g ftp+u; jd; fw;gid Mw;wiy btspg;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
rhd;W: `njdUtpj; jpiubaGk;gp thdpd; tHpbahGFk;.~
FWf;bfGj;Jg; g[jpu;
1F o a u 6 R zh k;
k l; f y; l 21gh y
z 7C 14 k iH e; W 18, 19+h
d; rp +; 4m +; 11 rp iw
9 k iy eh L F 10$h k 17th
u; e S 12M iw 3 bfh f; d; f f
16t s k iy J y; u; g d; d
jp 15f e; yp j dp k;
e; l L yh 5 k dp a
8 e y; yp 13 M iy 20 k d; uh 2 gp
,lkpUe;J tyk; tykpUe;J ,lk;

1. kapiyahu; fl;Liu vGjpa ,jH;fspy; 2. gwk;g[ kiyapd; ,d;iwa bgau; (5)
xd;W (5)
4. jf#u; kd;dd; bgaupd; gpd;gFjp (3) 4. jf#iu Ml;rp bra;jtd; (4)
8. Xa;kh ehl;L kd;dd; bgaupd; Kjy; 5. fhupapd; ehL vt;thW kUtp cs;sJ
@d;bwGj;J (3) (3)
9. bghjpdp kiyapd; ntWbgau; (4) 12. nghe;jpa[ gpyhj;J vd;gtupd; gjtp (4)
16. bghjpdp kiy ,t;thWk; miHf;fg;gLk; 21. bra;a[spd; bgau;fspy; xd;W (3)
(4)
14. rhe;jh jj; fijapd; gpd;ghjpg; bgau; (2)
nkypUe;J fPH; fPHpUe;J nky;
3. ty;tpy; Xup Ml;rp bra;j gFjp (5) 7. es;spapd; ehl;Lf;F ,d;W tH=;Fk; bgau;
(3)
6. Kfk; ftpij Mrpupaupd; 8. kapiyahu; Ma;t[ bra;j gy;yt kd;dd;
Kd;ghjpg; bgau; (4) gw;wpa E}y; (7)
f=;fh 265
1. jkpGf;Fj; jiy bfhLj;jtd; (4) 13. Kfk; ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gpwe;j Cu; (5)
10. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; @yE}y;
11. Mw;Wg;gil E}y; xd;wpd; Kd;ghjpg; bgau;
Mrpupau; bgau; (6) (4)
15. ePu;epiyapd; bgau; (3) 19. cyfk; vd;gjd; ntW bgau; (3)
17. tz;od; ntW bgau; (4) 20. E}y;fis th=;Fk; Mw;wy; ?????? ,y;iy
vd;W brhy;tjw;fpy;iy (6)
18. ,naR gpuhid ,t;thWk; miHg;gu; (5)
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf.
ePtPu; bry;Yk; tHpapy; tpgj;jpidf; fhz;fpwPu;fs;. tpgj;jpw;fhd fhuz=;fs; vd;d>
gl;oaypLf. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ehk; vt;tpjk; cjtyhk;>
tpgj;jpw;fhd fhuz=;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F vt;tpjk; cjtyhk;>
mDkjpj;j msittpl ntfkhf KjYjtp bra;jgpd; ntfkhf Xl;lf;TlhJ
Xl;Ljy;. vd;W mwpt[iu TWntd;.
bjhiyngrpapy; ngrpf; bfhz;nl KjYjtp bra;jgpd; thfdj;jpy; bry;Yk;
Xl;Ljy;. nghJ/ ngrf;TlhJ vd;W mwpt[iu TWntd;.
,Urf;fu thfdj;jpy; @tu; bry;Yjy;. KjYjtp bra;jgpd; ,Urf;fu thfdk;
,UtUf;nf vd mwpt[Wj;jy;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (mYtyfg; bghUs;fs;)
¡¡ Stamp pad - ik bghjp ¡¡ File - nfhg;g[
¡¡ Stapler - fk;gp ijg;g[f; fUtp ¡¡ Rubber Stamp - ,Git Kj;jpiu
¡¡ Folder - kog;g[j;jhs;; ¡¡ Eraser - mHpg;ghd;
mwpit tpupt[ bra;

¡¡ jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf; fiyfs; ? kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
¡¡ khWgl;Lr; rpe;jpf;fyhkh> ? rpgp nf. rhykd;
¡¡ VG bgUts;sy;fs; ? fp.t. $fe;ehjd;
¡¡ ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; ? g[ytu; nr/ Re;juuhrd;
¡¡ ,naR fhtpak; ? fz;zjhrd;
¡¡ nfhgy;y fpuhkk; ? fp. uh$ehuhazd;
¡¡ ghy;tPjp ? mg;Jy; uFkhd;
¡¡ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; ? mU. uhkehjd;
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; je;ij ???????? Mthu;.
m) rPdpthrd; M) nfhtpe;juhrd; ,) fpU&;z@u;j;jp <) bt=;flRg;g[
2. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; jikadhu; ???????? Mthu;.
m) rPdpthrd; M) nfhtpe;juhrd; ,) fpU&;z@u;j;jp <) uhruhrd;
3. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; je;ijahu; gzp ???????? jikadhu; gzp ????????.
m) rpj;j kUj;Jtu;/ jkpHhrpupau; M) jkpHhrpupau;/ rpj;j kUj;Jtu;
,) tHf;fwp+u;/ fl;ol tiuthsu; <) fl;ol tiuthsu;/ tHf;fwp+u;
4. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Mrpupag; gapw;rp bgw;W/ bjhlf;fg;gs;spapy; Mrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;wpa Mz;Lfs;
8 m) 20 M) 25 ,) 28 <) 30
5. 1934 ,y; bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; rpe;jhjpupngl;il cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; elj;jpa
jkpH; Muha;r;rp khehl;oy; `fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk;~ vd;w bghUs; Fwpj;J ciuahw;wpatu;
ïaš
m) fh. Rg;gpukzpau; M) tpg[yhde;j mofs; ,) r.j. rw;Fzu; <) jpU.tp.f

6. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; Kjy; E}y;
m) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; M) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;
,) rkzKk; jkpGk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
7. ftpd;fiyfs; Fwpj;Jj; jkpHpy; btspte;j KGikahd Kjy; E}y; ???????? Mrpupau;
????????.
m) jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs;/ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
M) Ez;fiyfs;/ fh. Rg;gpukzpau;
,) ,irthzu; fijfs;/ tpg[yhde;j mofs;
8. jkpHf murpd; Kjy; gupirg; bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; E}y;
m) Ez;fiyfs; M) jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs;
,) ,irthzu; fijfs; <) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;
9. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp E}y;fspd; gl=;fis tiue;J btspapl;ltu;
m) kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp M) tpg[yhde;j mofs;
,) jpU.tp.f <) r.j. rw;Fzu;
10. kj;jtpyhrk; vd;w ehlf E}iy ,aw;wpatu; ???????? mjid M=;fpyk; tHpahfj;
jkpHhf;fpatu; ????????.
m) knfe;jputu;kd;/ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp M) eurpk;ktu;kd;/ bj.bgh.kP
,) @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd;/ tpg[thde;j mofs; <) ,uhruhrnrhHd;/ ftpkzp
11. `Kfk;~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
m) g[ija[z;l thH;f;if M) kPz;blGjypd; ufrpak;
,) Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpapd; gilg;g[fs; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
12. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; Cu;
m) nfhit g[wefupd; Myhe;Jiw M) <nuhl;L g[wefupd; rptfpup
,) j+;ir g[wefupd; ty;yk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
13. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpaDf;F/ vGj;jhsuhf ek;gpf;ifj; je;jtu;
m) mtuJ jhahu; M) mtuJ je;ijahu; ,) mtuJ fztu; <) mtuJ khkpahu;
14. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; gilg;g[fspy; ghLbghUs;
m) jdpj;J tplg;gl;l bgz;zpd; mDgt=;fs;
M) Tl;Lf; FLk;gj;jpy; bgz;fspd; rthy;fs;
f=;fh 267
,) kzkhfhj bgz;fspd; mtyk;
<) mwptpay; cyfpy; bgz;fs;
15. $hd; gd;ad; vd;gtu; M=;fpyj;jpy; vGjpa gpy;fpupk;!; g[nuhfpu!; vd;Dk; M=;fpy E}ypd;
jGtyhf mike;j gilg;g[
m) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; M) ,ul;rzpa kndhfuk;
,) kndhd;kzpak; <) nghw;wpj; jpUmfty;
16. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) tPukhKdptu; M) ntehafk; ,) vr;.V.fpUl;ozdhu; <) $p.a[. nghg;
17. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; vd;gJ
m) xU bgUk; cUtff; fhg;gpak; M) rpw;wpyf;fpak;
,) rpW fhg;gpak; <) fhg;gpak;
18. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; ghly;fs;
m) 3566 M) 3677 ,) 3766 <) 3244
19. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; cs;s gUt=;fs;
20. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; vd;W nghw;wg;gl;ltu;
m) tPukhKdptu; M) vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu;
,) $p.a[. nghg; <) <uhR ghjpupahu;
21. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; Kjy; gjpg;ghf btspte;j ehs;
m) 1894 ? nk M) 1896 ? Vg;uy; ,) 1896 ? nk <) 1892 ? Vg;uy;
22. bghUj;Jf.
i) ghjfu; ? Twtpy;iy m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ii) khw;wk; ? Fw;wkpy;yhj M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
iii) Vjkpy; ? brhy; ,) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2
iv) Etd;wptu; ? bfhoatu; <) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
23. bghUj;Jf.
i) Mf;fpid ? cWjp m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
ii) Tty; ? fly; M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
iii) cjjp ? fpzW ,) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2
iv) epz;zak; ? jz;lid <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
24. bghUj;Jf.
i) nkjpdp ? bfLjy; m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ii) thupjp ? gHp M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
iii) epe;ij ? fly; ,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
iv) bghy;yh=;F ? cyfk; <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
25. ,iwkfd; ,naRitf; bfhy;y ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ???????? MSeupd; Kd;
bfhz;Lngha; epWj;jpdu;.
m) nghe;jpa[uhad; M) nghe;jpa[ gpyhj;J
,) VnuhJ <) mf!;l!; rPru;
26. bghUj;Jf.
i) ngfd; ? kiyakhd; ehL m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
ii) ghup ? gwk;g[ kiy M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
iii) fhup ? bghjpa kiy ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
iv) Ma; ? bghjpdp kiy <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
8 27. bghUj;Jf.
i) fyp=;fk; ? tz;L m) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
ii) RUk;g[ ? Rug[d;id M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ïaš
iii) ehfk; ? ghuk; ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4

iv) Efk; ? Mil <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
28. bghUj;Jf.
i) nghJ ? Tj;ju; m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
ii) cwH; ? tpy; M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
iii) nfhoau; ? kyu; ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
iv) rhtk; ? brwpt[ <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
29. bghUj;Jf.
i) Myku; bry;td; ? nghuply; m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
ii) ehF ? kiyg;gf;fk; M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
iii) kiyjy; ? rptbgUkhd; ,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
iv) fthmd; ? ,sik <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1
30. bghUj;Jf.
i) kapYf;Fg; nghu;it ? ghup m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 5/ 3
ii) Ky;iyf;Fj; nju; ? ngfd; M) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1
iii) xsitf;F bey;ypf;fdp ? Ma; ,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4/ 5
iv) Tj;ju;f;F kiyehL ? mjpfd; <) 1/ 4/ 5/ 3/ 2
v) rptDf;F ePykzp ? Xup
31. Mtpau; Fyj;jpy; njhd;wpatd;
m) ghup M) Xup ,) fhup <) ngfd;
32. bghUj;Jf.
i) tPuf;fHiy cilatd; ? Ma;
ii) tpy; Ve;jpatd; ? fhup
iii) ntypid cilatd; ? es;sp
iv) nghu;j; bjhHpypy; ty;yika[ilatd; ? mjpfd;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
33. rpWghzd; gazk; bjhl=;fpa ,lk; ???????? Koj;j ,lk; ????????.
m) ey;Y}u;/ jpz;otdk; M) kuf;fhzk;/ ntY}u;
,) ntY}u;/ M@u; <) vapw;gl;odk;/ ey;yh@u;
f=;fh 269
34. rpWghzdpd; gazk; Fwpj;j jfty;fisg; gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stu;
m) kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp M) tpg[yhde;j mofs;
,) kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; <) kiwkiyaofs;
35. Mtpdd;Fo `bghjpdp~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;L jw;nghJ ???????? vdg;gLfpwJ.
m) gHdp M) gpuhd; kiy ,) jpUf;nfhtpY}u; <) ju;kg[up
36. bghUj;Jf.
i) gwk;g[ kiy ? cjfkz;lyk; (Cl;o)
ii) kiyakhd; ehL ? ju;kg[up
iii) bghjpa kiy ? gpuhd;kiy
iv) jf#u; ? Fw;whyk;/ ghgehrk; cs;spl;l gFjpfs;
v) espkiy ? jpUf;nfhtpY}u;
m) 3/ 5/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 5/ 3 ,) 1/ 5/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 2/ 5/ 3/ 1
37. tpGg;g[uk; khtl;lj;jpy; jpUf;nfhtpY}u; mike;Js;s Mw;w=;fiu
m) fhtpup M) bjd;gz;iz ,) ghyhW <) btl;lhW[
38. jw;nghJ mfj;jpau; kiy vdg;gLtJ
m) bghjpdp kiy M) bghjpa kiy ,) gwk;g[ kiy <) esp kiy
39. bfhy;yp kiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
m) ehkf;fy; M) tpGg;g[uk; ,) jpUbey;ntyp <) rptf=;if
40. jpz;otdj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ ???????? ehL vd miHf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjp.
m) kiyakhd; M) Xa;kh ,) jf#u; <) gwk;g[
41. `mwpklKk; rhd;nwhu;f;F mzp~ vd;W TWk; gHbkhHp ehD}w;Wg; ghlYf;Fr; rhd;whf
mikgtu;fs;
m) ghup/ ngfd; M) Xup/ fhup
,) Ma;/ mjpfd; <) ey;ypaf;nfhld;/ es;sp
42. `jd; jiyia mupe;J brd;W/ ,s=;Fkzdplk; bfhLj;Jg; guprpy; bgw;Wr; bry;YkhW~
Fkzdhy; nfl;Lf; bfhs;sg;gl;l g[ytu;
m) gpuhe;ijahu; M) fgpyu;
,) bgUe;jiyr; rhe;jdhu; <) guzu;
43. rpWghzhw;Wg;gilia ,aw;wpatu;
m) kh=;Fo kUjdhu; M) ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
,) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu; <) g{j+;nre;jdhu;
44. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ???????? E}y;fSs; xd;W.
45. rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; ghlyofs;
m) 263 M) 269 ,) 220 <) 210
46. Xa;khehl;L kd;ddhd ey;ypaf;nfhlidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; bfhz;l E}y;
m) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil M) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil <) bghUehw;Wg;gil
47. `nfhil kiH~ vd;Dk; rpWfij btspahd ,jH;
m) nfhFyk; M) mKjRugp ,) fizahHp <) F=;Fkk;
48. `nfhil kiH~ vd;Dk; rpWfijf;Fr; rpwe;j rpWfijf;fhd tpUijaspj;j mikg;g[
m) ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid M) ghujp kd;wk;
,) Kj;jkpH; kd;wk; <) jkpH; ,yf;fpag; nguit
8 49. rhe;jh jj; ???????? vd;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ ,jHpd; Mrpupau; FGtpy; cs;shu;.
m) jpir vl;Lk; M) epiw ,) ehdpyk; <) thdk;
50. rhe;jh jj;jpd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[fis btspapl;Ls;sJ
ïaš
m) rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp M) epa{ g[f; br+;Rup

,) fpHf;F gjpg;gfk; <) kzpthrfk; gjpg;gfk;
51. `nfhil kiH~ fijapd; cl;bghUs;
m) Kjpnahu;fis mutizg;gJ M) ,is+u;fspd; fhjy;
,) twz;l epyj;jpd; epiy <) ViHfspd; fz;zPu;
52. Symbol (rpk;gy;) vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) xd;Wnru; M) gpupj;jy; ,) fhl;ly; <) tpl;L tpyF
53. r=;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; tUk; cs;Siw ctkk; vd;Dk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpa cj;jpia
`????????~ vdyhk;.
m) bjhd;kk; M) gokk; ,) FwpaPL <) g[Jf;ftpij
tpilfs;
1. m rPdpthrd; 28. m 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
2. M nfhtpe;juhrd; 29. m 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
3. m rpj;j kUj;Jtu;/ jkpHhrpupau; 30. m 2/ 1/ 4/ 5/ 3
4. M 25 31. < ngfd;
5. , r.j. rw;Fzu; 32. m 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
6. m fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; 33. m ey;Y}u;/ jpz;otdk;
7. m tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs;/ kapiy 34. , kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
8. M jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs 35. m gHdp
9. m kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp 36. m 3/ 5/ 4/ 2/ 1
10. m knfe;jputu;kd;/ kapiy rPdp. 37. M bjd;gz;iz
nt=;flrhkp
11. , Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpapd; gilg;g[fs; 38. M bghjpa kiy
12. m nfhit g[wefupd; Myhe;Jiw 39. m ehkf;fy;
13. , mtuJ fztu; 40. M Xa;kh
14. m jdpj;J tplg;gl;l bgz;zpd; 41. m ghup/ ngfd;
mDgt=;fs;
15. m ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; 42. , bgUe;jiyr; rhe;jdhu;
16. , vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; 43. M ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
17. m xU bgUk; cUtff; fhg;gpak; 44. M gj;Jg;ghly;
f=;fh 271
18. , 3766 45. M 269

19. , Ie;J 46. m rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
20. M vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; 47. M mKjRugp
21. m 1894 ? nk 48. m ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid
22. m 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 49. m jpir vl;Lk;
23. M 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 50. m rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
24. m 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 51. m Kjpnahu;fis mutizg;gJ
25. M nghe;jpa[ gpyhj;J 52. m xd;Wnru;
26. M 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 53. , FwpaPL
27. m 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
FWtpdh
1. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
gpwg;g[ : 16.12.1900
Cu; : kapyhg;g{u;
bgw;nwhu; : rPDthrd; ? nfhtpe;jk;khs;
gzp : gs;sp Mrpupau;/ ,jH; Mrpupau;/ Muha;r;rpahsu;.
2. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpf;F fpilj;j rPjd=;fs; ahit>
kfhghujk;/ ,uhkhazk;.
3. kapiyahu; vjd; mog;gilapy; ,d tuyhw;iw vGjpdhu;>
,yf;fpak;/ bjhy;ypay;/ fy;btl;L/ gz;ghL.
4. kapiyahupd; Ma;t[f;fl;Liufs; btspahd ,jH;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
FoauR/ CHpad;/ bre;jkpH;r; bry;tp/ Muk;ghrpupad;/ y&;kp.
5. kapiyahu; fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; vDk; E}y; v=;F ahu; ciuiaf; nfl;L vGjpdhu;>
1934 ,y; bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;juk; cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; jkpH; Muha;r;rp khehl;oy;
r.j. rw;Fzu; Mw;wpa ciuiaf; nfl;L vGjpdhu;.
6. kapiyahu; Ma;t[ bra;j Jiwfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rkak;/ khDltpay;/ jkpHf tuyhW/ bjhy;bghUs; Ma;t[/ fiy tuyhW/ bkhHp Ma;t[.
7. kapiyahupd; gd;Kf mwptpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rkak;/ khDltpay;/ bjhy; bghUs; Ma;t[/ jkpHf tuyhW/ fiy tuyhW nghd;w
JiwapYk;/ tl;blGj;J/ nfhbyGj;J jkpH; gpuhk;kp fy;btl;Lg; nghd;w JiwfspYk;
gd;Kf mwptpidg; bgw;W tps=;fpdhu;.
8. kapiyahu; vk;bkhHpfspy; g[yika[ilatu;>
kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ rk!;fpUjk;/ ghyp/ M=;fpyk;.
9. kapiyahiug; gw;wp tpg[yhde;jtpd; fUj;J ahJ>
kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Mz;oy; ,is+uhf ,Ue;jhYk; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; Kjpatu;"
ey;byhGf;fk; tha;e;jtu;.
10. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : Rfe;jp
Cu; : nfhit ? Myhe;Jiw
gog;g[ : cau;epiyf; fy;tp
rpwg;g[ : jkpHpd; etPd bgz; ftp+u;
8 E}y;fs; : g[ija[z;l thH;f;if/ kPz;blGjypd; ,ufrpak;.

11. xt;bthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jd;ik milahsk; fhQk; nghJ cUthtJ vJ>
vGr;rpa[k;/ Cf;fKk; cUthfpwJ.
ïaš
12. milahsk; ,He;j xUtu; vijj; bjhiyf;fpwhu;>

milahsk; ,He;j xUtu; jd; Kfj;ijj; bjhiyf;fpwhu;.
13. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpadpd; ,uz;L ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLf.
g[ija[z;l thH;f;if/ kPz;blLjypd; ufrpak;.
14. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
¡¡ $hd; gd;ad; vGjpa gpy;fpupk!; g[nuhfpu!; vDk; M=;fpy E}y;.
¡¡ vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; jkpHpy; vGjpdhu;.
¡¡ 3766 ghly;fs;.
¡¡ Ie;J gUtk;: Mjp gUtk;/ Fkhu gUtk;/ epjhd gUtk;/ Muzpa gUtk;/ ,ul;rzpa
gUtk;.
15. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; vGjpa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; vd;w E}y; ve;j ,jHpy; vj;jid
Mz;Lfs; btspahdJ>
¡¡ èw;nghjk;~ vDk; Md;kpf khj ,jH;.
¡¡ gjpd;@d;W Mz;Lfs; ? Kjy; gjpg;g[ ? 1894 nk jp=;fs;.
16. ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; ve;jg;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ>

Fkhug; gUtj;jpy; ,ul;rzpa rupj glyj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
17. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit>
nghw;wpj;jpUtfy;/ ,ul;rzpa kndhfuk;/ ,ul;rzpa rka epu;zak;.
18. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gu; vdg; nghw;wg;gLgtu; ahu;>
vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu;.
19. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;wpatu; : ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
E}y; mikg;g[ : gj;Jg;ghl;LfSs; xd;W
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; : xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf;nfhld;
bkhj;j mofs; : 269 ? Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fSs; xd;W ? gupR bgw;w ghzd; tHpapy;
fz;l kw;bwhU ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;.
20. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : vr;.V. fpUl;ozg; gps;is
bgw;nwhu; : r=;fu ehuhazd; ? bja;tehafp
fhyk; : Vg;uy; 23/ 1827 (23.04.1827)
f=;fh 273
Cu; : jpUbey;ntyp ? fiuapUg;g[
gzp : 32 Mz;Lfs; jkpHhrpupau;
E}y;fs;
: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;/ ,ul;rzpa kndhfuk;/ ,ul;rzpa etePjk;/
,ul;rzpa rka epu;zak;.
bgUik : fpwpj;jtf; fk;gu;
,tUila E}y; èw;nghjfk;~ vDk; ,jHpy; btspte;jJ.
21. kdpj ,dj;jpd; milahsk; vJ>
<ifg; gz;g[.
22. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghliyg; ghoatu;/ ghlg;gl;nlhu; ahu;>
ghoatu; : ,ilf;fHpehl;L ey;Y}u; ej;jj;jdhu;
ghlg;gl;nlhd; : xa;kh ehl;L kd;dd; ey;ypaf;nfhld;
23. Mw;Wg;gil vd;gJ ahJ>
¡¡ MW ? tHp" gil ? gLj;jy;.
¡¡ MW + gil = Mw;Wg;gil. tHpgLj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUshFk;.
¡¡ guprpy; bgw;w ghzd; guprpy; bgwg; nghFk; ghzidf; fz;L tHpgLj;jy;.
24. ,s=;Fkzd; tpl;l mwpf;if ahJ>

fhl;oy; kiwe;J thGk; jd; mz;zd; Fkzdpd; jiyiaf; bfhz;L tUnthUf;F
guprpy; jUtjhf bra;jp mwptpj;jhd;.
25. Fkzdpd; bfhilj; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
jd;id eho guprpy; bgw te;j bgUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; vDk; g[ytUf;Ff; bfhLg;gjw;Fj;
jd;dplk; bghUs; ,y;yhikahy; jd; ,il thisj; je;J `jd; jiyia mwpe;J brd;W
,s=;Fkzdplk; bfhLj;J guprpy; bgw;Wr; bry;YkhW~ nfl;Lf;bfhz;lhd;. ,Jnt
Fkzdpd; bfhilj; jd;ikahFk;.
26. filbaG ts;sy;fs; Mz;lg; gFjpia jw;fhyg; bgau;fnshL gl;oaypLf.
ts;sy;fs; jw;fhyg; bgau;fs;
ngfd; bghjpdpkiy gHdpkiy
ghup gwk;g[ kiy gpuhd; kiy
fhup kiyakhd; kyhL
Ma; bghjpa kiy Fw;whyk;
mjpfd; jf#u; jUkg[up
es;sp espkiy Cl;o
Xup bfhy;yp kiy bfhy;ypkiy
27. FwpaPL/ FwpaPl;oak; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
¡¡ ,uz;L bghUs;fSf;fpilna cwt[ ,Uf;Fk;.
¡¡ cUt xw;Wik ,Uf;fyhk;.
¡¡ mUtkhd gz;g[ xw;Wik ,Uf;fyhk;.
rhd;W:
bgz;iz ? tpsf;F vd;gu;.
FwpaPl;lhy; bghUis czu;j;JtJ FwpaPl;oak; vd;gu;.
28. FwpaPl;oak; nfhl;ghl;il tsu;j;jtu;fs; ahtu;>
bghjnyu;/ iuk;ngh/ btu;nyd;/ ky;yhu;nk.
8 fw;git fw;wgpd;
1.
c=;fs; gFjpiar; nru;e;j jkpHwp+u; xUtupd; gzpfs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.
ïaš
| gf;fk;: 194 |
fye;Jiuahly;:
md;g[ : tzf;fk; kyu;.
kyu; : ehd; new;W f.g. mwthzidg; gw;wp goj;njd;.
md;g[ : mtu; ahu;> mtiug; gw;wp vdf;F bfh+;rk; tpgukh brhy;nyd;.
kyu;; : mtu; jkpH; Ma;twp+u;/ vGj;jhsu;/ nguhrpupau;/ rpwe;j ngr;rhsu;.
md;g[ : kfpH;r;rp- Iah/ vGjpa E}y;fs; gw;wp brhy;y Koa[kh>
kyu; : bkhj;jk; vGgJ E}y;fs;. mtw;wpy; rpy: jkpHu; moikahdJ Vd;> vt;thW>
ftpijapd; capu;.
md;g[ : Iah bgw;w tpUJfs; gw;wp TW=;fnsd;.
kyu; : X brhy;nwd;. jpUts;Stu; tpUJ/ muru; mz;zhkiy/ muru; Kj;ijants;
tpUJ.
md;g[ : mtu; Muha;r;rpg; gzpiag; gw;wpf; Tw Koa[kh>
kyu; : 1977 Kjy; 1981 tiu khDl ,ay; Muha;r;rpahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
md;g[ : ,tiug; gw;wp VjhtJ rpwg;g[ ,Uf;fh>
kyu; : epiwa brhy;ypf; bfhz;nl nghfyhk;. ,tu; Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;fisa[k;
Ma;tpay; epiw+u;fisa[k; cUthf;fpatu; Mthu;. ,tu; Ke;E}Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l
Ma;t[f;fl;Liufisa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.
2. jkpHwp+u;fspd; gzpfs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; glj;bjhFg;g[ cUthf;Ff. | gf;fk;: 194 |
khztu;fs; glj;bjhFg;ig cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. c=;fisg; gw;wpa c=;fs; fUj;J vd;d> c=;fs; typikbad;W eP=;fs; vtw;iwf;
fUJtPu;fs;> | gf;fk;: 195 |
thH;f;ifapy; Kaw;;rp vd;gij tpl Kot[ vd;gnj nkyhdJ. xU bray;ghL
KGikahf btw;wpaila cly; typik kl;Lky;y kdj;jpd; typika[k; mtrpak;jhd;.
ehd; vd; rpW tajpy; kUj;Jtuhf Mir ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; vd; FLk;gk; tWikapy;
thoaJ. czt[f;nf gw;whf;Fiw" vg;go gog;gJ...
Mdhy; ehd; Kot[ bra;njd;. vg;goahtJ gof;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Mira[ld;
muRg;gs;spapy; nru;e;J goj;njd;. tpLKiw ehspy; ntiyf;Fr; bry;ntd;" ,ut[
KGtJk; gog;ngd;. nju;t[ beU=;fpaJ/ nju;tpy; btw;wp bgw;nwd;. mjd;gpd; vd; jkpH;
Mrpupau; EiHt[j;nju;t[ vGjg; gzk; brYj;jpdhu;. ehd; ve;j tFg;g[f;Fk; bry;ytpy;iy"
tPl;oypUe;nj goj;njd;. nju;t[ ehs; te;jJ" btspa{u; brd;W nju;t[ vGj ntz;oa
epiy. ehd; bra;tjwpahJ epd;w neuj;jpy; jw;brayhf vd; jhtutpay; Mrpupau; vd;dplk;
f=;fh 275
ngrpdhu;. mtuplk; Twpndd;" mtu; me;neuj;jpy; vdf;F ve;j gjpYk; Twhky;/ kWehs;
vd;id nju;t[f;F miHj;Jr;brd;whu;.
ey;y Kiwapy; nju;t[ vGjpndd;. nju;tpy; btw;wpg;bgw;nwd;. brd;id kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}upapy; gof;fpnwd; vd;why; ehd; vLj;j Kot[/ vd; Mrpuau;fs; vdf;Fr; bra;j cjtp
jhd;.
Kaw;rp ntz;lhk; Kot[ bra;nthk;.
4. bghWj;jhiu ,t;t[yfk; bghd;nghy; nghw;Wk; ? vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.
| gf;fk;: 199 |
fye;Jiuahly;:
Fkzd; : Iah tzf;fk;-
jkpH; Iah : tzf;fk;- thU=;fs; vd;d ntz;Lk;>
Fkzd; : Iah/ bghWj;jhu; vd;gtiug; gw;wpf; TW=;fs;.
Iah : gpwu; ekf;Fk; bra;a[k; jtWfis/ Fw;w=;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gtnu
bghWj;jhu;. Vbdd;why; mtu; mwpahikahy; Tl jtW bra;jpUf;fyhk;.
Fkzd; : `bghWj;jhiug; bghd; nghy; bghjpe;J~ ? ,e;jj; bjhlUf;F tpsf;fk; ntz;Lk;
Iah-
uhK : ,jw;Fr; rhd;whd ele;j epfH;itf; TW=;fs; Iah.
Iah : tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; mz;zy; fhe;jpf;F vt;tsnth Jd;g=;fs;
vjpu;bfhz;L te;jd. ,=;fpyhe;jpy; xU Kiw ru;r;rpy; miuahilg; gz;oju;
vd;W fhe;jpaofis nfyp bra;jhuhk;. rgu;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; \up$d kf;fs;
cWg;gpduhtij vjpu;j;J/ cau;rhjp cWg;gpdu;fs; Mrpukj;ij tpl;L
btspnawpdu;. fhe;jp ,jida[k; bghWj;jhu;. mz;zy; mk;ngj;fiur; rl;l
mikr;ruhf;fp/ murpay; epUza rigapd; jiytuhf;fpajhy; mjpy; ,Ue;j
cWg;gpdu;fs; xj;JiHf;ftpy;iy. ,ij mk;ngj;fu; bghWj;Jf; bfhz;lhu;
nghJkh khztu;fns-
,UtUk; : ed;wp Iah- ~bghWj;jhiug; bghd; nghy; bghjpe;J~ vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;.
mw;g[jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ Iah.
5. vija[k; vjpu;ghuhky; eP=;fs; gpwUf;F cjtp bra;j epfH;it tFg;giwapy; gfpu;e;J bfhs;f.
| gf;fk;: 204 |
tzf;fk;. vd; bgau; ghyd;.
vd; thH;tpy; ghu;j;j epfH;itf; TWfpnwd;. gj;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd; Ik;gJ taJs;s
xU mk;kht[k;/ gj;J taJs;s xU igaDk; epd;wpUe;jhu;fs;. vd;dk;kh ntz;Lk;
vd;nwd;. rhu; ,td; vd; ngud;. ,tDila mg;gh/ mk;kh Rdhkp Vw;gl;l nghJ ,Gj;J
bry;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,tidg; gof;f itf;f ntz;Lk;" Mdhy; vd;dplk; ve;j trjpa[k;
,y;iy eP=;fs; jhd; cjtp bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;whs; me;j mk;kh.
clnd/ ehd; gs;sp Kjy;tu; miwf;Fr; brd;W vd; bry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jp/
ehd; ,td; kPJ ftdk; brYj;Jfpnwd; vd;W cj;juthjk; Twpg; gs;spapy; nru;j;njd;.
,ytrkhf gs;spapy; gof;f mDkjp bgw;nwd;. ,d;W mtd; xU fhty;Jiw mjpfhup. rpy
ehl;fSf;F Kd; mtDila ghl;o vd;idg; ghu;f;f jd; ngundhL te;jhu;fs;. Mde;jf;
fz;zPu; toj;jhs; ghl;o. mtDk; vd;idg; ghu;j;J ed;wp Twpdhd;. vjpu;ghuhky; bra;j
cjtp vd;id kfpH;r;rpapy; ciwa itj;jJ. Mkhk;/ khztu;fns vija[k; vjpu;ghuhky;
bra;a[=;fs;.
6. jkpHu;fs; bfhilj; jd;ikapy; rpwe;J tps=;fpdu; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; jpul;o xg;gilt[
vGJf. | gf;fk;: 204 |
`cyfk; ctg;g tyd; Vu;g[ jpupjU
gyu; g[fH; +hapW~
nghd;W gz;ilaj; jkpHupd; tuyhW/ thH;tpay;/ mwk;/ <jy; nghd;wtw;iw mwpa
8
g[wehD}W xd;iwr; rhd;whff; fhl;lyhk;.
ghly; cdf;F guprpy; vdf;F:
jd;id vjpu;j;Jg; nghupl;l giftdpd; fhty; kpf;f muz;fis mHpj;Jg; nghu; g[upe;j
ïaš
tPuj;ijg; g[fH;e;J ghoa ghodpf;F gy fH+;rhy; bra;ag;gl;l bghd; mzpfyd;fisa[k;/

mtnshL te;J ,ize;J ghoa ghzDf;F bts;sp ehwhy; nfhf;fg; bgw;w jhkiug; g{
khiya[k; guprhf tH=;fpdhd;.
bghw;whkiua[k; ahida[k; tH=;Fjy;:
``ghzhl jhkiu kiyat[k; g[ytu;
g{Ejy; ahidbahL g[idnju;.....
ghzu;fSf;Fg; bghw;whkiu <jYk;/ g[ytu;fSf;F ahidia tH=;FjYk;
bfhilahfj; jkpHu;fs; bfhz;L thH;e;jdu;.
7. bghJ ,l=;fspy; ePtpu; ghu;j;j kdpjnea epfH;it tFg;giwr; NHypy; gfpu;e;J bfhs;f.
| gf;fk;: 208 |
v=;fs; Cupd; ngUe;J epWj;jj;jpy; xUehs; epd;W bfhz;oUe;njd;. mt;tplk; mjpfkhf
kf;fs; TLthu;fs;. ngUe;J epWj;jj;jpd; mUfpy;/ 50 taJs;s xUtu; fupj;Jz;lhy;
nfhtpy;/ jpUr;rig/ gs;spthry; vd tiue;J bfhz;oUe;jhu;. Xtpak; mw;g[jk;. KGikahf
mtiug; ghu;j;njd;. fhy;fs; ,uz;Lk; ,y;iy. ,iwth ,J vd;d nrhjid vd;W
epidj;Jf; bfhz;nld;. mg;nghJ gj;J taJ rpWtd; mtUf;Fr; rpw;Wz;o th=;fp te;J
Cl;Ltijg; ghu;j;njd;. tprhupj;jjpy; mtu; ey;y Xtpau;. tpgj;jpy; fhy;fs; ,He;jjhy;
kidtpa[k;/ cwtpdUk; ,tiuf; iftpl;Ltpl;ljhft[k; brhd;dhu;fs;. ,e;jr; rpWtDk;
xU mdhij. Mdhy;/ ,tUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gzj;jpy; me;jr; rpWtd; jhDk; rhg;gpl;Lf;
bfhz;L ,tiua[k; ftdpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd; vd;whu;fs;. ,Jjhd; kdpj neak;.
xU thuk; fHpj;J ehd; ,tu;fis Xu; mdhij Mrpukj;jpy; nru;j;njd;. mtu;fs;
brd;Wtu murplk; gupe;Jiu bra;J @d;W rf;fu thfdk; bgw;Wf; bfhLj;njd;. xU
rpy khj=;fSf;Fg; gpwF mtu;fs; ,Utiua[k; ghu;j;njd;. vt;tsnth khw;wk;- ed;wp
czu;r;rpapy; mtu;fs; ,Utupd; fz;fspy; fz;zPu;.
8. c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jkhd ftpijfspy; FwpaPL vd;Dk; cj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gl;oUf;Fk;
gh=;fpidf; TWf. | gf;fk;: 211 |
brhy; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l bghUis czu;j;Jk; FwpaPlhFk;. g[Jf;ftpij/ cyfpy;
xU jdpf;fhl;L uh$hthf tps=;FfpwJ. K.nkj;jh g[Jf;ftpijapy; FwpaPl;ilg; gw;wp
ngrpa[s;shu;.
``muspg; g{ mGfpwJ~~
g{f;fspny ehDbkhU
g{tha;j;jhd; gpwg;bgLj;njd;
g{thfg; gpwe;jhYk;
f=;fh 277
bghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyna
bghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liiyna ? ehd;
g{khiyahfiyna-
,f;ftpijapy; `muspg;g{~ vd;Dk; brhy; xU Kjpu;f;fd;dpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. xU
Kjpu;f;fd;dpapd; kdepiyia ,g;g[Jf;ftpij glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kapiy rPdp nt=;flrhkp Ma;t[f; fl;Liufs; vGjpa ,jH; vJ>
m) FoauR M) CHpad;
,) bre;jkpH;r;bry;tp <) ,it midj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;]
2. jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf;fiyfs; ? vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ???????.
m) Iuhtjk; kfhnjtd; M) kapiy rPdp nt=;flrhkp
,) gf;jtr;ry ghujp <) jp.m. eluhrd; [tpil: M) kapiy rPdp nt=;flrhkp]
3. kapiy rPdp nt=;flrhkp M=;fpyk; tHpahfj; jkpHhf;fpa E}y;
m) kj;j tpyhrk; M) bre;jkpH;r;bry;tp
,) m+;rpiwj; Jk;gp <) jkpH;ehl;L tuyhW [tpil: m) kj;j tpyhrk;]
4. Mf;fpid ? vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) jz;lid M) cjtp
,) flik <) jiy [tpil: m) jz;lid]
5. ,uhl;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; ,lk; bgwhj gFjp vJ>
m) Mjp gUtk; M) Fkhu gUtk;
,) tplhug; gUtk; <) Muzpa gUtk; [tpil: ,) tplhug; gUtk;]
6. bghUe;jhj ,iz vJ>
m) ghup ? gwk;g[ kiy M) ngfd; ? bghjpdp kiy
,) Ma; ? bghjpa kiy <) fhup ? espkiy [tpil: <) fhup ? espkiy]
7. bghUj;jkhd ,iz vJ>
m) bfhy;yp kiy ? Cl;o M) espkiy ? ehkf;fy;
,) jf#u; ? jUkg[up <) gwk;g[ kiy ? gHdp [tpil: ,) jf#u; ? jUkg[up]
8. jkpGf;Fj; jiy bfhLj;j Fkz ts;sy;
m) ghup M) Fkzd;
,) Xup <) mjpakhd; [tpil: M) Fkzd;]
9. jpir vl;Lk; vd;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ ,jHpd; Mrpupau;
m) mk;ig M) rhe;jh jj;
,) g{kzp <) g{uzp [tpil: M) rhe;jh jj;]
10. ftpijapy; mjpfkhf gapd;W tUk; cj;jp vJ>
m) bjhd;kk; M) FwpaPL
,) gHkk; <) ctik [tpil: M) FwpaPL)]
vGâ¥ gHFnth«

1. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil fhl;Lk; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ,d;iwa epyg;gFjp
m) cjfkz;lyk; M) tpGg;g[uk;
8 ,) jpz;otdk; <) jUkg[up ........................................................
2. bghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.
ïaš
m) jdpj;jkpH;j; je;ij ? 1. K. tujuhrdhu;

M) Muha;r;rpg; nguwp+u; ? 2. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
,) jkpH;j; bjd;wy; ? 3. jpU.tp.f.
<) bkhHp +hapW ? 4. njtneag;ghthzu; ........................................................
3. r.j. rw;Fzupd; ciuiaf; nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp vGjpa E}y;
m) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk; M) ,RyhKk; jkpGk;
,) rkzKk; jkpGk; <) fpwpj;jtKk; jkpGk; ........................................................
4. ehd; btw;Wbtspapy; miye;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwd; vdJ Kfj;ijj; njoago vd;W
Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; njLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) jkJ tPl;LKftupia M) jkJ FLk;gj;ij
,) jkJ milahsj;ij <) jkJ gilg;g[fis ........................................................
5. filbaG ts;sy;fspd; tupiriar; rhuhj kd;du;fs;
m) Ma;mz;ouDk; mjpfDk; M) ey;ypaf;nfhlDk; FkzDk;
,) es;spa[k; Xupa[k; <) ghupa[k; fhupa[k; ........................................................
6. FwpaPLfisg; bghUj;Jf.
m) bgz; ? 1. rkhjhdk;
M) g[wh ? 2. tPuk;
,) juhR ? 3. tpsf;F
<) rp=;fk; ? 4. ePjp
m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ........................................................
7. Tw;W : 19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; FwpaPl;oak; Xu; ,yf;fpaf; nfhl;ghlhf cUg;bgw;wJ.
fhuzk; : bghjnyu;/ iuk;ngh/ btu;nyd;/ ky;yhu;nk Kjyhdtu;fs; FwpaPl;oaj;ij
tsu;j;jtu;fs;.
m) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; jtW M) Tw;W rup/ fhuzk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; jtW <) Tw;W jtW/ fhuzk; rup ........................................................
8.
r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;/ mfj;jpiz 7 khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;t[fisf; Fwpg;ghf
czu;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;.
m) ctik M) ctnkak;
,) cj;jp <) cs;Siw ctik ........................................................
f=;fh 279
9. `jpl;lk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; tu=;fs; rhg=;fs; MFbkd;why; ,=;nf jt=;fs; vjw;fhf>
vd;W vGjg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; `tuk;~ vjw;Ff; FwpaPlhfpwJ>
m) mKjRugp M) Mjpiug; gUf;if
,) jpl;lk; <) gadw;w tpist[
10. kiwj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; kpFj;Jr; brhy;yt[k; mGj;jpr; brhy;yt[k; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp
vJ>
m) FwpaPL M) gokk;
,) m=;fjk; <) bjhd;kk; ........................................................
11. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; Kjy; E}y; ........................................................
12. jkpHf murpd; Kjy; gupirg; bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpapd; E}y; ..................................
13. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; Mrpupau; ........................................................
14. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpd; ghly;fs; ........................................................
15. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfj;jpy; cs;s gUt=;fs; ........................................................
16. fpwpj;jtf; fk;gu; vd;W nghw;wg;gl;ltu; ........................................................
17. bghUj;Jf.
i) kapYf;Fg; nghu;it ? 1. ghup
ii) Ky;iyf;Fj; nju; ? 2. ngfd;
iii) xsitf;F bey;ypf;fdp ? 3. Ma;
iv) Tj;ju;f;F kiyehL ? 4. mjpfd;
v) rptDf;F ePykzp ? 5. Xup
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 5/ 3 M) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4/ 5 <) 1/ 4/ 5/ 3/ 2 ........................................................
18. rpWghzhw;Wg;gilia ,aw;wpatu; ........................................................
19. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ........................................................ E}y;fSs; xd;W.
20. rpWghzhw;Wg;gilapd; ghlyofs; ........................................................
21. `nfhil kiH~ vd;Dk; rpWfij btspahd ,jH; ........................................................
22. `nfhil kiH~ vd;Dk; rpWfijapd;Mrpupau; ........................................................
23. rhe;jh jj; ........................................................ vd;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ ,jHpd; Mrpupau; FGtpy;
cs;shu;.
24. Symbol (rpk;gy;) vd;gjd; bghUs; ........................................................
FWtpdh
25. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
26. Rfe;jp Rg;gpukzpad; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
27. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
8
.......................................................................................................................................................................
28. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ïaš
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
29. vr;. V. fpUl;ozdhu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
30. Rfe;jp Rg;gpkzpak; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
31. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkpf;F fpilj;j rPjd=;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
32. kapiyahu; vk;bkhHpfspy; g[yika[ilatu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
33. kapiyahiug; gw;wp tpg[yhde;jtpd; fUj;J ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
34. vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhu; vGjpa E}y;fs; ahit>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
35. fpwpj;jtf; fk;gu; vdg; nghw;wg;gLgtu; ahu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
36. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghliyg; ghoatu;/ ghlg;gl;nlhu; ahu;>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 281
37. Mw;Wg;gil vd;gJ ahJ>
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. fUj;jlk;/ bt=;FUjp ? ...................................................................
2. bte;J/ rpde;J/ nghe;J ? ...................................................................
3. cd;dypu; ? ...................................................................
4. Xu;kpd; ? ...................................................................
5. brhw;w/ jpUe;jpa ? ...................................................................
6. ghjfu; ? ...................................................................
7. Cd;wCd;w ? ...................................................................
8. tha;j;j/ ctg;g[/ bfhLj;j/ <e;j ? ...................................................................
9. fthmd; ? ...................................................................
10. jlf;if ? ...................................................................
11. ePyk; ? ...................................................................
12. mUe;jpwy;/ beLtHp/ bts;sUtp/
ed;bkhHp/beLnty;/ ed;dhL ? ...................................................................
13. fly;jhid ? ...................................................................
14. mutf;fly; ? ...................................................................
15. kiyjy; ? ...................................................................
16. tpupfly; ? ...................................................................
39. cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
1. gifj;j
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. fise;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. gHpj;jdu;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. ,oe;J
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
5. <e;j
8

...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
ïaš
6. mku;e;jdd;
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
7. jh=;fpa
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
1. Kd;Dil
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
2. ViHbad
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
3. ed;bkhHp
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
4. cuDil
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
41. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
I make sure I have the basic good habits which respecting my elders, greeting people when I meet
them, wishing them well when departing etc. Other than this, observing the law, serving the poor and
downtrodden, helping the sick and needy, giving shelter to the homeless, assisting someone with a
physically challenged etc. are also other good habits of mine. To lead on a peaceful life. I develop other
good habits, writing, listening to music, dancing, singing etc. are other such habits which fulfill the needs
of my soul.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
f=;fh 283
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
42. tpilf;nfw;w tpdh mikj;jy;.
1. FLk;gk; vd;w brhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
2.
eLtz; muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L ork;gu; 23 md;W njrpa nguplu; nkyhz;ik
Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk;bgw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; bra;at[k; ghJfhg;ghf
gazpf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
4. 1856 ,y; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; bjhlu;tz;o epiyak; ,uhag[uj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
5. `àjhu;j;j epfH;itg; gilg;ghSika[ld; btspg;gLj;Jtnj Mtzg;glk;~~ vd;fpwhu;
fpupnahu;rd;.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
43. ,yf;fpaeak; ghuhl;Lf.
thdu=;fs; fdpbfhLj;J ke;jpbahL bfh+;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; bf+;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpHpbawpe;Jthdtiu aiHg;ghu;
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;.
njdUtpj; jpiubaGk;gp thdpd;tHp bahGFk;
br=;fjpnuhd; gupf;fhYe; nju;f;fhYk; tGFk;.
Tdypsk; gpiwKoj;j ntzpay=; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpupTl kiyba=;fs; kiyna. ? jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
8

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ïaš

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1. Stamp pad - .........................................................
2. Stapler - .........................................................
3. Folder - .........................................................
4. File - .........................................................
5. Rubber Stamp - .........................................................
6. Eraser - .........................................................
45. `ghjfu; .......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; ghliy vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
46. `vGrk=; .......~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghliy vGJf.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
***
f=;fh 285
muR tpdhj;jhs; ? khh;r; 2020

tFg;g[: XII bghJj; jkpH;
fhy mst[: 15 epkplk; + 3 kzp bkhj;j kjpg;bgz;fs;: 90
mwpt[iufs;: 1. midj;J tpdhf;fSk; rhpahfg; gjpthfp cs;sjh vd;gjidr; rhpghh;j;Jf;
bfhs;st[k;. mr;Rg;gjptpy; FiwapUg;gpd;/ miwf; fz;fhzpg;ghshplk;
cldoahfj; bjhptpf;ft[k;.
2. ePyk; my;yJ fUg;g[ ikapid kl;Lnk vGJtjw;Fk;
mof;nfhoLtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;g[: tpilfs; bjspthft[k;/ Fwpg;gpl;l mstpdjhft[k;/ brhe;j eilapYk;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
gFjp ? I
i) midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf. 14×1=14
ii) bfhLf;fg;gl;l ehd;F khw;W tpilfspy; kpft[k; Vw;g[ila tpilapidj; njh;e;bjLj;Jf;
FwpaPl;Lld; tpilapida[k; nrh;j;J vGjt[k;.
1. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; `,se;jkpnH~ ghly; ,lk; bgw;w E}y;
m) k!;dtp M) epyt[g; g{ ,) fht;ajh;rd; <) JiwKfk;
2. ``fhtpbdk; fynd" RUf;fpbdk; fyg;ig~
? ,e;jj; bjhlhpy; `fyd;~ vd;w brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) ntshz; fUtp M) nghh;f; fUtp ,) jr;Rf; fUtp <) ,irf; fUtp
3. khjtp bgw;w gl;lk;
m) ehl;oag; ngbuhsp M) eh;j;jfp
,) jiyf;nfhyp <) ehl;oaka{hp
4. g[aYf;Fg; bgah; itf;Fk; Tl;likg;g[ ehLfs;:
m) gj;J ehLfs; M) vl;L ehLfs; ,) Ie;J ehLfs; <) gjpbdl;L ehLfs;
5. j.e. rw;Fzhpd; ciuiaf; nfl;Lj; J}z;lg;bgw;w kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp vGjpa E}y;
m) fpwpj;JtKk; jkpGk; M) bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;
,) ,RyhKk; jkpGk; <) rkzKk; jkpGk;
6. ,uhkyp=;f mofs; ,aw;wpa E}y;:
m) jpUtUl;gh M) jpUthrfk; ,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUke;jpuk;
7. `fha;bey;~ ? ,r;brhy;Yf;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[:
m) ck;ikj;bjhif M) gz;g[j;bjhif ,) tpidj;bjhif <) ctikj;bjhif
8. Kjy; fy; ? vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; Mrphpah;
m) Fnyhj;J=;fr; nrhHd; M) cj;jk nrhHd;
,) ,uhruhr nrhHd; <) ,uhnre;jpu nrhHd;
9. gpiHaw;w bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m) brd;idapypUe;J new;W te;jhd;.
M) nfhtyd; kJiuf;Fr; brd;wJ.
,) gwitfs; bey;kzpfis ntfkhff; bfhj;jpj; jpd;wJ.
<) Fjpiua[k; ahida[k; ntfkhf XoaJ.
m) tpz;kPd; M) ,yf;fpak; ,) fhtpak; <) Ch;tyk;
11. `bgha;ah thdk;~ ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
m) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; M) tpidj;bjhif
muR Édh¤jhŸ - kh®¢ 2020
,) chpr;brhy; bjhlh; <) bgabur;rj; bjhlh;

12. mU=;fhdk; ? g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) <Wnghjy;/ jd; xw;W ,ul;ly; M) <Wnghjy;
,) <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy; <) <Wnghjy;/ Kd;dpd;w bka;jphpjy;
13. kiwj;Jr; brhy;yt[k;/ kpFj;Jr; brhy;yt[k;/ mGj;jpr; brhy;yt[k; gad;gLk; ,yf;fpa cj;jp
vJ>
m) bjhd;kk; M) FwpaPL ,) gokk; <) m=;fjk;
14. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) @d;W M) ,uz;L ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J
gFjp ? II
gphpt[ ? 1
vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3×2=6
15. ftp+h; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl/ jkpHpd; Jiz ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;>
16. tpy=;FfSk; gwitfSk; vt;thW eL=;fpajhf ef;fPuh; TWfpwhh;>
17. trdk;/ ftpij ? ntWghL jUf.
18. taYf;Fs; ahidiaj; jdpj;J tpLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[ ahJ>
gphpt[ ? 2
vitnaDk; ,uz;lDf;F tpil jUf. 2×2=4
19. g[f;fpy;/ jd;kid ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
20. brd;idia my=;fhpj;j MWfis vGJf.
21/ gpd;dzp ,ir/ glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;g[f;F vt;thW capql;Lk;> rhd;W jUf.
gphpt[ ? 3
vitnaDk; VHDf;F tpil jUf. 7×2=14
22. ngr;R tHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
m) ,g;g vdf;Fg; g[hp+;R nghr;R/ ePa[k; g[hp+;rpf;nfh.
M) t{l;lhz;l btisahz;l bfhae;ijia mg;gh v=;f ,!;JfpD nghdhU>
23. fPH;f;fhQk; brhy;YUg[fisg; gphpj;Jk;/ nrh;j;Jk; ,UntW bjhlh;fis mikf;f.
m) Kd; M) jhnd
24. bghUs; ntWghlwpe;J bjhlh; mikf;f: jpd;ik ? jpz;ik
f=;fh 287
25. bjhlhpy; cs;s kug[g; gpiHfis ePf;fp vGJf.
m) gidkl;ilapy; Tiu itj;jpUe;jdh;.
M) tdtpy=;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rp=;ff; Fl;oa[k; ahidf; Fl;oa[k; fz;nld;.
26. ctikj; bjhlh;fisr; brhw;bwhlhpy; mikj;jpLf.
m) mr;rhzp ,y;yhj njh; nghy
M) efKk; rija[k; nghy
27. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
m) ek; thH;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij bghWj;jpUf;fpwJ.
M) g[j;jfk; gof;Fk; bghGJ Th;e;jf; ftdk; mwpit bgWtjw;Fk; tsh;g;gjw;Fkhd
mog;gil njitahFk;.
28. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
m) mkh;ej
; dd; M) bra;j
29. VnjDk; xd;wDf;Fg; g[zh;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) vj;jpir M) bre;jkpnH
30. <uirr; rPh;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
gFjp ? III
gphpt[ ? 1
31. ``V=;bfhypePh; +hyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;~~
? ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
32. mjprakyhpy; g{r;bro vt;thW Kisj;Js;sjhf jkpH;ejp TWfpwhh;>
33. mjpakhdpd; <ifg; gz;ig rpWghzhw;Wg;gil tHpepd;W tpsf;Ff.
34. ehl;oa mu=;fpd; mikg;ig ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F Fwpj;J vGJf.
gphpt[ ? 2
35. fiyKGik vd;why; vd;d> tpsf;Ff.
36. nghplh; nkyhz;ik thhpak; ? tpsf;Ff.
37. brd;id efhpd; nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J vGJf.
38. kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp epidt[r; rpwg;gpjGf;Fr; bra;jpfs; cUthf;fpj; jUf.
gphpt[ ? 3
vitnaDk; @d;wDf;F tpil jUf. 3×4=12
39. Vfnjr cUtf mzp (my;yJ) bjhHpy; ctik mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
40. ghlhz; jpiziar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
41. mk;@tdhh;/ jiykfd; gh=;fDf;F ciuj;jjhff; TWtd ahit>
42. gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpia thH;f;if epfH;tpy; mikj;J vGJf.
m) CHp bgahpDk; jhk; bgauhh; (my;yJ) M) To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik
43. fUj;Jg; glj;ijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf.
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;
vl;Lj;bjhif gj;Jg;ghl;L
mfKk; mfk; g[wk;
mfk; g[wk;
g[wKk;
muR Édh¤jhŸ - kh®¢ 2020
Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L kJiuf;fh+;rp
ew;wpiz g[wehD}W ghpghly; Ky;iyg;ghl;L jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
FWe;bjhif gjpw;Wg;gj;J beLey;thil bghUeuhw;Wg;gil
I=;FWE}W gl;odg;ghiy bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
mfehD}W rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
fypj;bjhif Tj;juhw;Wg;gil

gFjp ? IV
,U gf;f=;fSf;F kpfhky; tpil jUf. 3×6=18
44. m) bra;e;ed;wpawpjny mwk; vd;gij tha[iw thH;j;jpd; Jiz bfhz;L epWt[f.
(my;yJ)
M) vr;.V. fpUl;ozdhh; `fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh;~ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp tHp epWt[f.
45. m) `befpHp jtph;j;J epyj;ij epkph;j;J~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Rw;Wr;NHy; Mh;tyh;
gRikjhrdhUld; eP=;fs; elj;jpa fw;gidf; fye;Jiuahly; fUj;Jfisj;
bjhFj;J vGJf.
(my;yJ)
M) r=;ffhy fy;btl;il mwpe;Jbfhs;s g[fSh; fy;btl;L vt;tifapy; Jizg[hpfpwJ>
tpsf;Ff.
46. m) `rhiy tpgj;jpy;yh jkpH;ehL~ ? ,f;Tw;W edthf ehk; bra;a ntz;oad ahit>
(my;yJ)
M) èofh; jpyfk;~ vd;w gl;lk; rpth$pf;Fg; bghUj;jkhdnj vd;gij epWt[f.
gFjp ? V
47. mogpwHhky; bra;a[s; totpy; vGJf. 4+2=6
m) ``Jd;g[ csJ...~~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; fk;guhkhazg; ghliy mogpwHhky; vGJf.
M) ``bray;~~ vd Koa[k; Fws;.
***

12 Ganga Tamil

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12 Ganga Tamil

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

jkpH;

2022?23 jpUj;jg;gl;l g[jpa gjpg;g[

Kidtu; g.bg. fypa@h;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,

OUR BANK DETAILS

Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Name : SRI GANGA PUBLICATION

,dpa thH;j;JfSld; gjpg;gfj;jhu; . . .

m‹gh®ªj MáÇa®fns, khzt®fns!

``<‹w bghGâ‹ bgÇJt¡F« j‹kfid¢

ehbld;g ehl;od; jiy

jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;

`itafk; gdpg;g tyndu;g[ tis,g;

àJKÂ‹ æ‹ðŠ ð´‹

,) twl;rp vy;yh ,l=;fisa[k; ghjpj;Js;sJ.

2. ``glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;

1 fhyk; khWjYf;nfw;g khw;wpf;bfhs;tJ

tsu;r;rpia nehf;fp giHikia tpl gHikiag; g[Jikahf;f ntz;Lk;.

1 ¡¡ ciHg;ghsu;fspd; iffs; rpte;J jpuz;l njhs;fspy; tpau;itj; Jspfs; Kj;JKj;jha;f;

4. `brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}y; c=;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vGjg;gl;L c=;fs;

tpjp : `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ jdp + a; + MHp.

filrp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[ MFk;.

ctikj; bjhlu;fisr; brhw;bwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vGJf.

g[wf;fzpj;J thH;e;j ehLk; ,y;iy.

mwpit tpupt[ bra;

1 ,) xU fpuhkj;J ejp <) xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij

,) cUtfk; <) ctikj;bjhif

gLtHpg; gLf/ ,g;g[fH; bta;nahd; jiyna~ ? vd;w g[wehD}W mofspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) ,sir kzp ,) ,sir Re;juk; <) bey;iyag;;gu;

24. , bjhy;fhg;gpak; 54. M ghujp fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o

12. bjhlupapy; totk; bra;a[k; gzpfs; ahit>

¡¡ kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.

14. jp.R. eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>

20. vGj;Jg; gpiHf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk; ahJ>

22. brhy;ypy; Ma;j vGj;jpd; epiy Fwpj;bjGJf.

Mrpupia : Kd;g[nghy; ,d;W ,y;iy vd;gJjhnd>

1882 ghujpahu; gpwg;g[

1 1890 ghujp gl;lk;

1897 bry;yk;khSld; jpUkzk;

1903 ghujpapd; vGj;Jfs; mr;rpy; tUjy;

1907 ,e;jpah/ ghyghujp ,jH;fis bghWg;ngw;W elj;Jjy;

1912 gftj;fPij bkhHpbgau;j;jy;

1918 g[Jitapy; rpiwthrk;

1921 ghujpahu; ,wg;g[

m) xspg;gwit M) miya[k; RtLk;

brk;gupjp ................................................. rpte;J .................................................

gpoah jpUf;fntz;Lk; ? ,uhkyp=;f mofs;

ªðŒªòùŠ ªðŒ»‹ ñ¬ö

m) mBwpiz/ cau;jpiz M) cau;jpiz/ mBwpiz

2. ,depiu ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.

2 ¡¡ rKff;fhLfs; tsu;g;g[j;jpl;l=;fis bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

bgWk; tpjj;jpy; nguplu; nkyhz;ik Mizak; Kaw;rp nkw;bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.

,yj;jPd; Mfpa bkhHpfisf; fw;wwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,tu;/ bgz]fy;tpf;Ff; Fuy; bfhLj;j

bkhHpbgau;g;g[g; gFjpiag; goj;J/ ,UgJ M=;fpyr; brhw;fisa[k; mjd;

fiHf; fhl;oy; jPg;gpoj;jjhy; fisfSld; fiykhd;fSk; brj;J koe;jd.

2 tfpf;fpwhu;. nguplu; nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu;/ jpU. ,katuk;gd; jiyik ciu Mw;Wfpwhu;.

kiH bga;a[k; nghJ/ kpd;fk;g=;fs;/ ku=;fs;/ Fsk;/ Fl;il/ Vup/ MW Mfpadtw;wpw;F

m) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ M) ftpijf; FWk;glk;

,) Mtzg;glk; <) g[jpdk;

2 ,) khupak;khs;/ kUjd; <) ghu;tjp/ rptf;bfhGe;J

53. `Kjy; fy;~ fijapy; gpnuk;FkhUf;Fg; bgw;nwhu; ,l;l bgau;

32. M brhy;ypir msbgil 66. M @d;W

10. Mde;j; ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

14. ef;fPuu; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;g[ tiuf.

15. `thifj;jpiz~ tpsf;Ff.

``,ize;j cwt[k; ``frpe;j fz;zPUk;