www.nammakalvi.

com

,sikj; jkpnH
xd;gjhk; tFg;g[
jpUj;jpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;go
▶ Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[ ▶ nghl;oj;njh;it ikakpl;l tpdh?tpil
▶ ghlypd; bghUs; ▶ jfty; bjhHpy;El;g jkpH;r;brhw;fs;
▶ fw;git fw;wgpd; ▶ ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ fz;lwpa vspa tHpfs;
▶ vspikahd tpsf;f=;fs; ▶ TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
▶ cah;rpe;jid tpdh?tpil ▶ bjhFj;jwp kjpg;gPl;L tpdhj;jhs;
▶ kdg;ghlg; gFjpfs;

t r k;
, y
tpdhj; bjhFg;g[ ifnaL
ciuahrphpah;fs;:
nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ vk;.V./ vk;.Bgpy;./ gp.vl;./
jkpHhrphpah;/ J}a rnthpahh; nky;epiyg;gs;sp/ ghisa=;nfhl;il.
rp. $hd; @ khlrhkp/ vk;.V./ gp.vl;./ vk;.Bgpy;./ tP. mgpn&fh nfj;jhpd;/ vk;.V./ gp.vl;./
nuh!;nkhp bkl;hpf; nky;epiyg;gs;sp/ nuh!;nkhp bkl;hpf; nky;epiyg;gs;sp/
ghisa=;nfhl;il. ghisa=;nfhl;il.

SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Tirunelveli - Chennai
Price ` 220/-
 www.nammakalvi.com

Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)

BANK DETAILS

TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 446971431 Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction Branch Name : Palayamkottai

CHENNAI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai

SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)

Corporate Office : Registered Office :

No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, New No. 59, 4th Avenue,
Salai Kumaran illam, Opp. to Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Madurai Road, Ashok Nagar,
Tirunelveli - 627001. Chennai - 600 083.
Phone : 0462 - 233 8899 / 233 8484 Phone : 044 - 2474 4484
Mobile : 94431 58484 / 95978 39822 Mobile : 94421 58484 / 94425 58484
Email : suryaguides@yahoo.com Email : srigangapublications5@gmail.com
Website : www.suryapublications.in
 www.nammakalvi.com

Kft[iu ....
thH;f epue;juk; thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thHpa thHpa nt-
md;g[ khztr; bry;t=;fns-
jha;bkhHpahd jkpH;g; ghlj;jpy; khzth;fs; kpf cah;e;j
kjpg;bgz;fs; bgw;wpl ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,e;j ,sikj; jkpnH
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khzth;fsplk; bghjpe;J fplf;Fk; jpwd;fis
btspf;bfhzh;e;J nkk;gLj;jpl cjt[k; tifapy; ,j;Jiztd;
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,j;Jiztdpy; jug;gl;Ls;s tpilfSk;/ gapw;rpfSk;
khzt khztpah; vspjhfg; goj;Jg; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khzth;fs; j=;fs; bkhHpahw;wy; jpwid
nkk;gLj;jpl ,j;Jiztd; cWJiz g[hpa[k;.
jkpH;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; njh;thizak; elj;Jk; nghl;oj;
njh;t[fSf;F Vw;w tifapYk; ,j;Jiztd; totikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bra;a[s;/ ciueil/ Jizg;ghlk;/ ,yf;fzk;/ bkhHpg;gapw;rpfspy;
TLjy; tpdhf;fSk; gapw;rpfSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
khzth;fspd; fw;wy; jpwid nkk;gLj;jpl jkpHhrphpah;fs;
,ize;J cUthf;fpa ,j;Jiztid th=;fpg; gad;gLj;Jk; eP=;fs;
mhpa rhjidfs; gilj;jpl thH;j;Jfpnwhk;.
thH;f jkpH;- tsh;f jkpH; czh;t[-
md;g[ld;/
Mrphpah; FGkk;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk;

jpuhtpl bkhHpf;FLk;gk; 1
jkpnHhtpak; 6
xd;W bkhHp jkpH;tpL J}J* 11
tsUk; bry;tk; 18
bjhlh; ,yf;fzk; 20
ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF 38
gl;lkuk; 44

,aw;if/ bghpag[uhzk;* 49
,uz;L Rw;Wr;NHy; g[wehD}W* 58
jz;zPh; 64
Jiztpidfs; 68
VWjGt[jy; 79
kzpnkfiy 85
@d;W gz;ghL mfHha;t[fs; 91
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,l=;fs; 97
jpUf;Fws;* 106
,ae;jpu=;fSk; ,izatHpg; gad;ghLk; 116
X/ vd; rkfhyj; njhHh;fns-* 122
mwptpay;/
ehd;F caph;tif* 126
bjhHpy;El;gk;
tpz;iza[k; rhLnthk; 130
ty;ypdk; kpfh ,l=;fs; 136
fy;tpapw; rpwe;j bgz;fs; 148
FLk;g tpsf;F 156
Ie;J fy;tp rpWg+;r@yk;* 166
tPl;ow;nfhh; g[j;jfrhiy 172
,ilr;brhy; ? chpr;brhy; 177
rpw;gf;fiy 189
,uhtz fhtpak;* 196
fiy/ mHfpay;/ ehr;rpahh; jpUbkhHp 210
MW g[Jikfs; bra;jp 217
g[zh;r;rp 221
jpUf;Fws; 230
 www.nammakalvi.com

vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk;

,e;jpa njrpa ,uhQtj;jpy; jkpHh; g=;F 236
rPtf rpe;jhkzp* 242
ehfhpfk;/
bjhHpy;/ tzpfk;/ Kj;bjhs;shapuk;* 252
VG ehL/ r@fk;/ kJiuf;fh+;rp 260
muR/ epUthfk;
re;ij 267
MFbgah; 273
bghpahhpd; rpe;jidfs; 284
xspapd; miHg;g[ 291

mwk;/ jj;Jtk;/ jhnth nj $p=; 298

vl;L rpe;jid anrhju fhtpak;* 303
kfDf;F vGjpa fojk; 307
ahg;gpyf;fzk; 310
tphpthFk; MSik 320
mf;fiw* 327

xd;gJ kdpjk;/ MSik FWe;bjhif 332

jha;ikf;F twl;rp ,y;iy 338
mzpapyf;fzk; 341
bghJf; fl;Liufs; 350
bjhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL ? jkpH; Kjy; jhs; 355
bjhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL ? jkpH; ,uz;lhk; jhs; 358


 www.nammakalvi.com

kdg;ghlg; gFjp
jkpH;tpL J}J: rPh;bgw;w bry;tk;
jpj;jpf;Fk; bjs;mKjha;j; bjs;mGjpd; nkyhd
Kj;jpf; fdpnavd; Kj;jkpnH ? g[j;jpf;Fs;
cz;zg; gLk;njnd cd;ndhL cte;J ciuf;Fk;
tpz;zg;gk; cz;L tpsk;gf;nfs; ? kz;zpy;
Fwk;vd;Wk; gs;Svd;Wk; bfhs;thh; bfhLg;gha;f;F
cwt[vd;W @d;W ,dj;Jk; cz;nlh ? jpwk;vy;yhk;
te;Jvd;Wk; rpe;jh kzpaha; ,Ue;jcidr;
rpe;J vd;W brhy;ypa ehr;rpe;Jnk

bghpag[uhzk;
fhbly;yhk; fiHf;fUk;g[ fhbty;yhk; FiHf;fUk;g[
khbly;yhk; fU=;Ftis tabyy;yhk; beU=;Ftis
nfhbly;yhk; klmd;dk; Fsbky;yhk; fly;md;d
ehbly;yhk; ePh;ehL jidxt;th eybky;yhk;. ? nrf;fpHhh;

g[wehD}W jpUf;Fws;
ePh; ,d;W mikah ahf;iff;F vy;yhk; kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk;
cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu- jFjpahd; btd;W tply;;.
cz;o Kjw;nw cztpd; gpz;lk;; vidj;jhDk; ey;yit nfl;f midj;jhDk;
czbtdg; gLtJ epyj;bjhL ePnu; Md;w bgUik jUk;.
ePUk; epyKk; g[zhpnahh;/ <z;L Xxjy; ntz;Lk; xspkhH;Fk; bra;tpid
clk;g[k; capUk; gilj;jprpndhnu- MmJk; vd;D kth;.
? Flg[ytpadhh; ? jpUts;Sth;

X/ vd; rkfhyj; njhHh;fns- caph; tif

mwptpay; vd;Dk; thfdk; kPjpy;
MSk; jkpiH epWj;J=;fs;
fhpfh yd;jd; bgUik vy;yhk;
fzpg;bghwp a[s;ns bghUj;J=;fs;
Vt[k; jpirapy; mk;igg; nghy
,Ue;j ,dj;ij khw;W=;fs;
Vt[ fizapYk; jkpiH vGjp
vy;yhf; nfhspYk; Vw;W=;fs;.
? ituKj;J
xd;wwp tJnt cw;wwp tJnt
,uz;lwp tJnt mjbdhL ehnt
@d;wwp tJnt mtw;bwhL @f;nf
ehd;fwp tJnt mtw;bwhL fz;nz
Ie;jwp tJnt mtw;bwhL brtpna
Mwwp tJnt mtw;bwhL kdnk
nehpjpd; czh;e;njhh; bewpg;gLj; jpdnu.
? bjhy;fhg;gpah;
 www.nammakalvi.com

rpWg+;r@yk;
g{thJ fha;f;Fk; kuk; cs" ed;W mwpthh;/
@thJ @j;jth;/ E}y; ty;yhh;" jhth/
tpijahik ehWt tpj;Jcs" nkijf;F
ciuahik bry;Yk; czh;t[.
? fhhpahrhd;

jpUf;Fws;
mLf;fpa nfho bgwpDk; Fog;gpwe;jhh;
Fd;Wt bra;jy; ,yh;.
md;g[ehz; xg;g[ut[ fz;nzhl;lk; tha;ikbah(L)
Ie;Jrhy;g[ Cd;wpa J}z;.
gpwh;ehzj; jf;fJ jhd;ehzhd; Mapd;
mwk;ehzj; jf;fJ cilj;J.
RHd;Wk; Vh;g; gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy;
cHe;Jk; cHnt jiy.
? jpUts;Sth;

,uhtz fhtpak;
fy;ypilg; gpwe;j MWk;
fiubghU FsDk; njha[k;
Ky;iymk; g[wtpy; njhd;W
KUFfhd; ahW gha[k;
bey;ypidf; fUk;g[ fhf;Fk;
ePhpidf; fhy;tha; njf;Fk;
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t+;rpa[k; kUjk; g{f;Fk;.
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ciueil cyfk;
Þò™
å¡Á jpuhtplbkhHpf; FLk;gk;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. eP=;fs; ngRk; bkhHp ve;j ,e;jpa bkhHpf; FLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;jJ>
ehd; ngRk; bkhHpahd jkpH;/ bjd; jpuhtpl bkhHpfSs; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ.

rpWtpdh
1. jpuhtpl
 bkhHpfspd; gphpt[fs; ahit> mtw;Ws; c=;fSf;Fj; bjhpe;j bkhHpfspd;
rpwg;gpay;g[fis tpsf;Ff.
zz jpuhtpl bkhHpf;FLk;gk;/ bkhHpfs; gutpa epy mog;gilapy; bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/
eLj; jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/ tljpuhtpl bkhHpfs; vd @d;W gphpt[fis cilaJ.
zz kiyahs bkhHpapy; jpiz/ ghy;/ vz; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; ghywp fpstpfs;
,y;iy. jdpr; brhw;fshnyna Mz;/ bgz; gFg;ig mwpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;.
zz jkpH;bkhHp/ jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; rpytw;wpd; jha;bkhHpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
bjhd;ikahd fy;btl;Lfspy; bgUk;ghyhdit jkpHpnyna mike;Js;sd.
2. @d;W vd;Dk; vz;Qg; bgah; gpwjpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; vt;thW ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; vz;Qg; bgah;fs; xd;Wnghynt mike;Js;sd. @d;W vd;Dk;
jkpH; vz;Qg; bgah; gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; gpd;tUkhW mika[k;.

jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; jkpH; kiyahsk; bjY=;F fd;dlk; JS

khw;wk; @d;W @Q @L @U @$p

beLtpdh
1. jpuhtpl
 bkhHpfspd; xg;gpay; Ma;tpw;Fj; jkpnH bgUe;Jizahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu :
jpuhtpl bkhHpfSs; Kjd;ikahf tps=;FtJ jkpH;. vj;jifa fhykhw;wj;jpYk;
khwptUk; g[JikfSf;Fk; <L bfhLj;J ,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; jkpGf;F cz;L. jkpHha;e;j
may;ehl;ltUk; brk;bkhHpj; jd;ikiaj; juzpba=;Fk; vLj;Jiuj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpay; Ma;tpw;Fj; jkpnH bgUe;Jizahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

2 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; bghJg;gz;g[fs; :

brhw;fspd; ,d;wpaikahg; gFjp nth;r;brhy; MFk;. ,jw;F mor;brhy; vd;Wk;
bgah;. jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; brhw;fis Muha;e;jhy;/ mit bghJthd mor;brhw;fisf;
fhzKofpwJ.
rhd;W :
mor;brhy; jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; mor;brhy; jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;
fz; jkpH; Bfd; Fqf;
fz;Q kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk; bfz; gh;$p
fd;D bjY=;F/ FlF bfhz; njhlh
jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; vz;Qg; bgah;fSk; xd;W nghynt mike;Js;sd.
rhd;W :
jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; jkpH; kiyahsk; bjY=;F fd;dlk; JS
khw;wk; xd;W xz;Q xfo xe;J x+;rp
jpuhtpl bkhHpfSs; gpwbkhHpj; jhf;fk; kpft[k; Fiwe;jjhff; fhzg;gLk; bkhHp
jkpnH MFk;. jkpH; bkhHp jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; rpytw;wpd; jha; bkhHpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jkpHpd; gy mor; brhw;fspd; xypad;fs;/ xyp ,lk; bgah;jy; vd;w tpjpg;go gpw jpuhtpl
bkhHpfspd; totk; khwpapUf;fpd;wd. Rl;Lg;bgah;fSk; @tplg; bgah;fSk; bgUk;ghYk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;w=;fisg; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
epiwt[iu :
jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;gj;jpd; @j;j bkhHpahfj; jpfH;fpd;w jkpH;/ gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfis
tpl xg;gpay; Ma;t[f;Fj; Jizahf mike;Js;sJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ,e;jpa bkhHpf; FLk;g tiffs; ............
m) 8 M) 18 ,) 6 <) 4
tpil: <) 4
2. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;e;bjL.
m) @d;W ? jkpH;
M) @Q ? kiyahsk;
,) @L ? bjY=;F
<) @U ? JS tpil: <) @U ? JS
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  3

3. bghUj;Jf.
m) bjY=;F ? i) ghujk;
M) kiyahsk; ? ii) ftpuh$ khh;f;fk;
,) jkpH; ? iii) r=;f,yf;fpak;
<) fd;dlk; ? iv) ,uhkrhpjk;
1) m. ii) M. i) ,. iv) <. iii) 2) m. i) M. iv) ,. iii) <. ii)
3) m. iv) M. ii) ,. i) <. iii) 4) m. iii) M. ii) ,. i) <. iv)
tpil: 2) m.i) M.iv) ,.iii) <.ii)
4. jkpH;/ bjY=;F/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk; nghd;w bkhHpfis xg;g[ikg;gLj;jp Ma;e;j Kjy;
mwp+h; ............
m) khf;RKy;yh; M) vkpndh ,) fhy;Lbty; <) gpuhd;rp!; vy;yp!;
tpil: <) gpuhd;rp!; vy;yp!;
5. ,e;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; bkhHpfspd; vz;zpf;if ............f;Fk; nkw;gl;lJ.
m) 1200 M) 1300 ,) 800 <) 1000
tpil: M) 1300
6. jkpH;/ bjY=;F/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk; nghd;w bkhHpfnshL khy;njh/ njhlh/ nfhz;o
Kjyhd bkhHpfs; gw;wpa Ma;it nkw;bfhz;lth; ............
m) fkpy;Rtygpy; M) fhy;Lbty; ,) n\hf;fd; <) Me;jpundht;
tpil: ,) n\hf;fd;
7. `jkpHpad;~ vd;W bjd;df bkhHpfis bgahpl;L miHj;jth; ............
m) fhy;Lbty; M) khf;!;Ky;yh; ,) !;bld;fndh <) n\hf;fd;
tpil: <) n\hf;fd;
epug;g[f
8. bkhHpf; FLk;gj;jpd; tiffs; vj;jid ............ > tpil : ehd;F
9. `,e;jpa ehL bkhHpfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy` ahfj; jpfH;fpwJ vd;wth; ............
tpil : mfj;jpayp=;fk;
10. `jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah; ............
tpil : fhy;Lbty;
11. `jpuhtplk;` vd;w brhy;iy Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lth; ............ tpil : Fkhpyg;gl;lh;
12. jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; bkhj;jk; ............ tpil : 28
13. jkpH;bkhHpapd; gHikahd ,yf;fz E}y; vJ> tpil : bjhy;fhg;gpak;
14. `yPyhjpyfk;~ ? vk;bkhHpapd; gHikahd ,yf;fz E}y;> tpil : kiyahsk;
 www.nammakalvi.com

4 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

FWtpdh
1. bkhHpf;FLk;gk; vt;thW gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ>
cyfj;jpYs;s bkhHpfspd; gpwg;g[/ bjhlh;g[/ mikg;g[/ cwt[ Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
bkhHpf;FLk;gk; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; bghJthd mor;brhy; bgw;wpUg;gij tpsf;F.
brhw;fspd; ,d;wpaikahg; gFjp mor;brhy; my;yJ nth;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;. jpuhtpl
bkhHpfs; bghJthd mor;brhy; bgw;Ws;sd.
jpuhtpl
jkpH; kiyahsk; bjY=;F/ FlF FUf; gh;$p njhlh
bkhHpfs;
mor;brhy; fz; fz;Q fd;D Bfd; bfz; bfhz;
3. bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; ahit>
jkpH;/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ FlF/ JS/ nfhj;jh/ njhlh/ bfhufh/ ,Ush Mfpait bjd;
jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHpd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; ahit>
zz bjhd;ika[k; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsKk; cilaJ jkpH;bkhHp.
zz ,y=;if/ knyrpah/ gh;kh/ rp=;fg;g{h;/ ,e;njhnd&pah nghd;w gy ehLfspy; ngrg;gLk;
bgUika[ilaJ jkpH;bkhHp.
zz jdf;bfdj; jdpj;j ,yf;fz tsj;ijg; bgw;Wj; jdpj;jpa=;Fk; bkhHp.
zz jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; gpwbkhHpj; jhf;fk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk; bkhHp jkpH;.
zz jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; rpytw;wpd; jha;bkhHpahfj; jpfH;fpwJ jkpH;.
zz xnu bghUisf; Fwpf;fg; gy brhw;fs; mike;j brhy;tsKk; brhy;yhl;rpa[k; epuk;gg;
bgw;w bkhHp jkpH;.
zz ,e;jpahtpd; bjhd;ikahd fy;btl;Lfspy; bgUk;ghyhdit jkpHpnyna
mike;Js;sd.
zz gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfistpl xg;gpay; Ma;t[f;Fg; bgUe;Jiz bra;tJ jkpH;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH 5

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 7

1. c=;
 fs; bgaUf;fhd tpsf;fk; bjhpa[kh> c=;fs; bgaUk; ez;gh; bgaUk; jdpj;jkpHpy;
mike;Js;sjh> fz;lwpf.
md;gurd; ? md;g[f;F murd;
g[fHpdpad; ? g[fGf;F ,dpad;
mUs;bry;tp ? mUs; epiw bry;tp
k=;ifah;f;furp ? k=;ifah;fspy; murp
mUs;tstd; ? mUSil tstd;
2. gad;
 ghl;oy; vt;thbwy;yhk; jkpH; bkhHpapd; nth;r;brhw;fs; totkhw;wk; bgWfpd;wd
vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
zz jkpH; bkhHpapy; xU brhy; tpistjw;F ntuhf ,Ug;gJ nth;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;.
zz xU brhy;/ njhd;Wtjw;F moahf ,Ug;gJ mor;brhy; vdg;gLk;.
zz xU brhy;ypd; Kjyhf miktJ Kjy; epiy vdg;gLk;. mjid ,yf;fz E}yhh;
gFjp vd;W TWth;.
v.fh:
bra; ? bra;jhs;/ bra;fpwhs;/ bra;ths;/ bra;J/ bra;j/ bra;tPh/; bra;fpnwhk;.
th ? te;jhd;/ tUfpwhd;/ tUthd;/ te;J/ te;j/ tUfpnwhk;/ tUnthk;.


 www.nammakalvi.com

6 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

ftpijg; ngiH
Þò™
å¡Á jkpnHhtpak; <nuhL jkpHd;gd;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[
jpU. jkpHd;gd; vd;wiHf;fg; bgw;w brfjPrd; <nuhLkhtl;lj;ijr;
nrh;e;jth;. g[Jf;ftpij rpWfij Kjyhd gy tot=;fspYk; jkJ
gilg;g[fis btspapl;Ls;shh;. i\f;T/ brd;hpa[/ ypkiuf;T vdg;
gd;dhl;L ftpij tot=;fisj; jkpHf;F mwpKfk; bra;jth;. ,tuJ
`tzf;fk; ts;St~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}Yf;F 2004 Mz;Lf;fhd
rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ tH=;fg;gl;lJ. jkpHd;gd; ftpijfs; vd;Dk;
bjhFg;gpw;F jkpHf murpd; ghpR fpilj;jJ. ,tuJ ftpijfs; ,e;jp/ cUJ/
jpU. jkpHd;gd; kiyahsk;/ M=;fpyk; cs;spl;l bkhHpfspy; bkhHp bgah;f;fg; gl;Ls;sd.

bjspt[iu :
jkpH;/ fhyk; njhd;Wk; Kd; gpwe;jJ. ve;jf; fhyKk; epiyaha; ,Ug;gJk; jkpnH- mfKk;
g[wKk; mike;j ,yf;fpa=;fSk; mtw;iw tpsf;fpr; brhy;Yk; ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;
vk;bkhHpf;Fk; epfhpy;yhf; fhg;gpa=;fSk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. mij epidj;J be+;rk;
kfpH;r;rpapy; Ch;tyk; elj;jl;Lk;.
,yf;fpa fhyg;gFjpapy; Vd; ,t;tpUz;l fhyk; vdf;nfl;L ePjpia Ve;jpa jPgkha; ghl;Lf;fs;
,lk; bgWk;. ,d;Dk; khdpl nkd;ikiar; rhjpj;Jf; fhl;lj; jpUf;Fws; kl;Lnk nghJk;.
mijg; goj;J mjw;Fj;jf epw;f ntz;Lk;.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; jkpH;r; rka=;fis tsh;j;J te;jJ. rka=;fSk; jkpiH tsh;f;fj;
jtwpajpy;iy. jha[k; nra[k; nghy jkpGk; rkaKk; ,Ue;jd.
rpj;jh; tHpj;njhd;wpath;fs; gFj;jwpt[ xspia epyj;jpy; gha;r;rpdh;.
tpuiy klf;fpf; bfhz;ltd; vHpy; tPizapy; ,ir njhd;wtpy;iy vdr; brhy;tJ nghy;
Fiwfisf; fise;J tpl;Lg; g[Jf;nfhyk; jGtl;Lk; jkpH;. ehSk; tsh;g;nghk; ew;wkpiH.
mU+;brhw;bghUs; :
mfkha; ? mf ,yf;fpa=;fs;
(ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif/ I=;FE}W/ mfehD}W/ fypj;bjhif)
g[wkha; ? g[w ,yf;fpak; (gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wehD}W)
mfkha; g[wkha; ? ghpghly;
,Ul;L ? mwpahik
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  7

rpj;jh; ? +hd rpj;jp bgw;wth;

epfhpyh ? <L ,izapy;yh
Xjp ? fw;W
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ : gf;fk;: 9
vj;jid vj;jid ? mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
Ve;jp ? tpidbar;rk;
epfhpyhf; fhg;gpak; ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
tpl;L tpl;L ? mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
fhyKk; ? Kw;Wk;ik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

1. tsh;j;jJ ? tsh; + j; + j; + m + J 2. tsh;g;gha; ? tsh; + g; + g; + Ma;

tsh; ? gFjp/ tsh; ? gFjp
j;; ? re;jp/ g; ? re;jp/
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ g; ? vjph;fhy ,ilepiy/
m ? rhhpia/ Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik
J ? xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. tpidKw;W tpFjp

3. gha;e;jd ? gha; + j;(e;) + j; + md; + m 4. g[ide;J ? g[id + j;(e;) + j; + c

gha; ? gFjp g[id ? gFjp/
j;(e;) ? MdJ tpfhuk; j;(e;) ? MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; ? rhhpia c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
m ? bgabur;rtpFjp

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. fhyk; gpwf;Fk; Kd; gpwe;jJ jkpnH-
fhyKk; epiyaha; ,Ug;gJk; jkpnH- ........
,t;tofspy; gapd;W tUk; ea=;fs;
m) Kuz;/ vJif/ ,ul;ilj; bjhil. M) ,iag[/ msbgil/ bre;bjhil..
,) vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[. <) nkhid/ Kuz;/ me;jhjp.
 tpil: ,) vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[.
 www.nammakalvi.com

8 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

FWtpdh
1. jkpnHhtpak; ftpijapy; Ek;ik kpft[k; <h;j;j mofs; Fwpj;J vGJf.
``khdpl nkd;ikiar; rhjpj;jplf; Fws;
kl;Lnk nghJnk Xjp el~~
khdplj;jpd; nkd;ikiar; rhjid bra;a Fws; kl;Lnk nghJk; mijg; goj;J elf;f
ntz;Lk;.
2. ``mfkha; g[wkha; ,yf;fpa=;fs; ? mit
mike;jijr; brhy;Yk; ,yf;fz=;fs;~~
,yf;fpa=;fspd; ghL bghUshf ,t;thpfs; czh;j;Jtd ahit>
gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ mfk; g[wk; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thpfs;/
jkpHh;fspd; ,y;yw thH;itr; brhy;Yk; mf ,yf;fpa=;fisa[k; nghh; thH;itr; brhy;Yk;
g[w ,yf;fpa=;fisa[k; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

rpWtpdh
1. fhye;njhWk; jkpH;bkhHp jd;id vt;thW g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ>
zz jkpH; bkhHp bjhd;ika[k; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsKk; cilaJ.
zz jkpH; bkhHp Vida jpuhtpl bkhHpfistpl jdf;bfdj; jdpj;j ,yf;fz tsj;ijg;
bgw;Wj; jdpj;jpa=;Fk; bkhHpahFk;.
zz gpw bkhHpj; jhf;fk; jkpHpy; Fiwt[.
zz xnu bghUisf; Fwpf;fg; gy brhw;fs; mike;j brhy;tsk; bgw;w bkhHp.
zz ,e;jpahtpy; bjhd;ikahd fy;btl;Lfspy; bgUk;ghyhdit jkpHpy; mike;Js;sd.
zz vz;zw;w nth;r;brhw;fisf; bfhz;L g[Jg;g[J brhw;fis cUthf;fp mwptpay;/
r@fk;/ gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwfspy; jd;id g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ jkpH;.
2. g[Jf;nfhyk; g[ide;J jkpH; tsh;g;gha; ? c=;fs; g=;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Kd;Diu :
jkpH;bkhHp/ ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsk; bgw;W brHpj;njh=;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpHhdJ
bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ gj;Jg;ghl;L/ vl;Lj;bjhif/ jpUf;Fws; Kjypa mwpt[f;fUt{yk;
epiwe;Js;s bjhd;ik rhd;w bkhHpahFk;. jkpH;bkhHpapd; rPh; ,sikj; jpwk; tpae;J nghw;w
ntz;Lk;. r=;f fhyk; Kjy; ,f;fhyk; tiu jkpH; g[Jf;nfhyk; bgw;Wg; g[Jg;bghypt[ld;
jpfH;fpwJ. mjd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd g=;fpid ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
mwptpay; jkpH; :
jkpH;/ jdpj;J ,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; bgw;w bkhHpahf ,Ue;J gpw JiwfnshL
,ize;J thGk; bkhHpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ``jkpHd; mwptpay; Kd;ndho~~ vd;W
bfhz;ly; R.kfhnjtd; epiy ehl;Lfpwhh;. e. Rg;g[bul;oahh;/ $p.Mh; jhnkhjud;/ vGj;jhsh;
R$hjh nghd;nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. vjph;tUk; fhy=;fspy; vd;g=;fspg;ig ,ijtplr;
rpwg;ghfr; bra;ntd;.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  9

Clfj;Jiw :
ek; ehl;oy; ghuhSkd;wk;/ eph;thfj;Jiw/ ePjpj;JiwnahL gj;jphpifj;Jiwa[k;
tsh;e;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jHpay; jkpHwp+h;fs; ghujpahh;/ jpU.tp.f/ rp.gh.Mjpj;jdhh; tHp
vd; g=;ifa[k; mspg;ngd;. thbdhyp/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ ,iza tiyj; bjhiyngrp
Mfpatw;wpw;fhd ,izaj; jkpH; mfuhjp fz;Lgpog;g[f;F Kaw;rp bra;ntd;.
fzpg;bghwp :
,d;W tsh;e;J epw;Fk; JiwfSs; xd;W fzpdpj;Jiw. Mdhy; ,jpy; ,d;W
tiu M=;fpynk Ml;rpbra;J tUfpwJ. kpd;dQ m+;ry;/ gy;nehf;F Clfk;/ kf;fis
Ml;rp bra;fpwJ. tsh;e;J te;Js;s capnuhl;l (Animation) tiugl=;fs;/ xspf;fhl;rpg;
gl=;fs; (Vidio Pictures)/ tiufiy (Graphies)/ vGj;J (Text)/ xyp (Sound) Mfpatw;iw
vLj;Jr; brhy;y jkpH;r; brhw;fisg; g[Jg;bghypt[ld; cUthf;Fntd;.
epiwt[iu :
``gpwehl;L ey;ywp+h; rhj;jpu=;fs;" jkpH; bkhHpapy; ,aw;wy; ntz;Lk;;~~ vDk;
ghujpahhpd; vz;z=;fSf;Fg; g[Jik totk; jUntd;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. jkpiH Ml;rp bkhHpahff; bfhz;l ehLfs; ............
m) ,y=;if/ rp=;fg;g{h; M) mbkhpf;fh/ fdlh
,) gpuhd;R/ ,=;fpyhe;J <) ehh;nt/ RtPld;
tpil: m) ,y=;if/ rp=;fg;g{h;
2. `ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp nghy; ,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk;~ vd;W ghoath; ............
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ehkf;fy; ftp+h; ,) ftpkzp <) ghujpahh;
tpil: <) ghujpahh;
3. `brd;hpa[~ vd;gJ jkpHpyf;fpaj;jpd; ............ totk;
m) fij M) rpWfij ,) ftpij <) ciueil
tpil: ,) ftpij
epug;g[f
4. `epfhpyhf; fhg;gpa g{td=;fs; cd; be+;rk; elj;jl;Lk; Ch;ty=;fs;~ vd;wth; ............
tpil: <nuhL jkpHd;gd;
5. 2004 k; Mz;L rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ bgw;w jkpHd;gd; E}y; ............
tpil : tzf;fk; ts;St
6. g[Jf;ftpij/ rpWfij vd gy gilg;g[fis btspapl;lth; ............
tpil : jkpHd;gd;
 www.nammakalvi.com

10 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH ,ay; 1

7. g[Jg;g[J tot=;fspy; ftpij E}y; ,aw;wpath; ............ tpil : jkpHd;gd;

8. `,dpika[k; ePh;ika[k; jkpbHdy; MFk;~ vd;W TWk; E}y; tpil : gp=;fy epfz;L
9. cyfj; jha;bkhHp ehs; ............ tpil : gpg;uthp 21
10. `xU g{tpd; kyh;r;rp/ xU FHe;ijapd; g[d;dif g[hpe;J bfhs;s mfuhjp njit ,y;iy~
vd;wth; ............ tpil : jkpHd;gd;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 9

1 gpwbkhHp fyg;gpd;wpj; jdpj;jkpHpy; ,uz;L kzpj;Jspfs; tFg;giwapy; ngRf. gpwbkhHpf;

fyg;gpd;wpj; jdpj;jkpHpy; ngRjy;:
mitnahh; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;-
vd; ciuiaf; nfl;f MtYld; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; v=;fs; jkpH; Iah- mth;fns- vd;
cld; gapYk; md;ghh;ej ; rnfhju/ rnfhjhpfns c=;fs; Kd; jdpj;jkpHpy; ciuahLtjpy;
bgUkfpH;bta;Jfpnwd;.
ehd; ciuahw;w vLj;Jf;bfhz;l jiyg;ng/ ``jdpj;jkpH;~~ vd;gJjhd;.
ehk;/ ek; md;whl thH;tpy; jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kwe;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
gpwbkhHpr;brhw;fisj; jkpH;bkhHp nghynt gad;gLj;jpf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
cz;gJ/ gs;spf;F tUtJ/ filf;Fr; bry;tJ vd midj;J epiyfspYk; ek;ik
mwpahkny gpwbkhHpf;F moikahfpf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;. ``bky;yj; jkpH; ,dp rhFk;~~
vd;W ftp+h; tUe;jpaJ nghynt vdf;Fk; tUj;jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
md;g[ ez;gh;fns- midj;Jj; Jiw rhh;ej ; brhw;fs;/ fiyr;brhw;fs; kl;Lk; my;y
midj;Jj; jut[fSk; ek; mKjj; jkpHpy; tyk;te;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; ehk;...... vg;goj; jkpiHg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd ja=;fhjPh.;
midj;J fzpdp rhh;ej ; M=;fpy thh;ji; jf;Fk; brayp/ tpuyp/ Rl;o/ cytp...... vd jkpHpy;
brhw;fs; cz;L.
vdnt/ jdpj;jkpH; gad;gLj;Jnthk;- ek; fd;dpj;jkpiH tsh;g;nghk;--

2. ftpijiaj; bjhlh;f.
md;id brhd;d bkhHp v=;Fk; epiwe;j bkhHp
Mjpapy; gpwe;j bkhHp VWeil gapd;w bkhHp
,izaj;jpy; ,a=;Fk; bkhHp xw;Wik tsh;f;Fk; bkhHp
<oyhj; bjhd;ik bkhHp X=;fp tsh;e;j bkhHp
cyfk; nghw;Wk; bkhHp
Ch;To tpaf;Fk; bkhHp


 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  11

ftpijg; ngiH
Þò™
å¡Á jkpH;tpL J}J
J}J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; xd;W. jiytd; xUtidf; fz;L/ fhjy; bfhz;l
jiytp xUj;jp/ jd; fhjiya[k/; gphpthw;whikiaa[k/; btspg;gLj;j jiytdplj;Jj;J}J
mDg;g[tjhf ghlg;gLtnj `J}J~ ,yf;fpak; MFk;.

J}jpd; ,yf;fzk;:
`gapwU=; fypbtz; ghtpdhny
cah;jpizg; bghUisa[k; mBwpizg; bghUisa[k;
re;jpapd; tpLj;jy; Ke;JW J}bjdg;
ghl;oaw; g[yth; ehl;odh; bjspe;nj~
vd;fpwJ ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;.
 md;dk;/ kapy;/ fpsp/ Fapy;/ tz;L/ be+;rk;/ Kfpy;/ bjd;wy;/ jkpH;/ khd; Mfpa
gj;jpDs; ahjhDk; xd;iwj; J}jhf mDg;gt [ h;. `thapy; ,yf;fpak;~/ `re;J ,yf;fpak;~ vd;Dk;
ntW bgah;fSk; ,jw;F cz;L. J}J ,yf;fpak; `fypbtz;gh~thy; ghlg;gLk;.
E}y; Fwpg;g[ :
jkpH;tpL J}J vd;Dk; ,e;E}y;/ kJiuapy; nfhapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; brhf;fehjiug;
ghl;Lilj; jiytuha;f; bfhz;l E}y;. brhf;fehjh; kPJ ikay; bfhz;l bgz; xUj;jp jkpiHj;
J}JtpLtjhf ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; 268 fz;zpfis cilaJ. ,e;E}iy 1930 y;
jkpH;j;jhj;jh c.nt.rh mth;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jhh;. Mrphpah; ahh; vdj; bjhpatpy;iy.
,uz;ouz;L mofs; bfhz;L vJifahy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ fz;zp MFk;.
bjspt[iu :
jkpH;/ bjspe;j mKjha; mkpH;jpDk; nkyhd tPLngw;iwj; jUk; fdpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpHha;r; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; vd; jkpnH- cd;dplk; kfpH;e;J nfl;Fk;
ntz;Lnfhs; xd;Ws;sJ/ eP mijf; nfl;ghahf.
jkpnH- cd;dplkpUe;J gs;S/ Fwt+;rp vDk; E}y;fisg; ghog; g[yth;fs;
rpwg;gile;jdh;. ePa[k; mtw;iw vy;yhk; gof;ff; bfhLg;gha; mjdhy;/ jhHpir/ Jiw/
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; @tpdg; ghtpd=;fspYk; cwt[ cz;nlh>
ghtpd; jpwk; bghUe;jp epd;W/ vd;Wnk rpe;jhkzpaha; ,Uf;Fk; cd;id “rpe;J”
vd;wiHg;gJ cd; bgUikf;Fj; jFnkh> xUntis mt;thW Twptpl;lhy; `eh~ ,w;W
tpGk;. thdj;jpy; trpf;Fk; njth;fs; Tl rj;Jtk;/ ,uhrrk;/ jhkrk; Mfpa Kf;Fz=;fisg;
bgw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ePnah gj;Jf;Fw;w=;fs; ,y;yhky; gj;Jf; Fz=;fisg; bgw;Ws;sha;.
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12 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

kdpjdpd; if tz;z=;fs; Ie;jpw;F nky; ,y;iy ePnah/ g[yth;fs; fz;lile;j Fwpy;/

mfty;/ J=;fpir tz;zk; Kjyhf ,il bky;ypir tz;zk; <whf E}W tz;z=;fisf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwha;.
ehtpy; njhd;Wk; Ritfs; MWf;F nky; ,y;iy. ePnah/ brtpfSf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk;
xd;gJ Ritfisg; bgw;Ws;sha;. jkpiH mwpahjth;f;F mHF xd;nw xd;W. ePnah
vz;tif tdg;g[fisg; bgw;Ws;sha;.
brhw;bghUs; :
Fwk;/ gs;S ? 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; ,uz;L
@d;wpdk; ? ghtiffspd; gphpt[fs; jhHpir/ Jiw/ tpUj;jk;
rpe;jhkzp ? 1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ 2. rpjwhj kzp
rpe;J ? xUtif ,irg;ghly;. ahg;g[ tiffSs; xd;W fhtor;rpe;J/ @d;W
rPhf
; spy; tUk; bre;jkpH; ehbld;Dk; nghjpdpny ? ,d;gj; njd;
te;J gha[J fhjpdpny ? ghujpahh; `rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij~ vd;gijj;
bjhpf.
Kf;Fzk; ? @d;W Fzk; rj;Jtk; (mikjp/ nkd;ik) ,uhrrk; (jPtpukhd
bray;/ nghh;) jhkrk; (nrhk;gy;/ jhH;ik)
tz;z=;fs; Ie;J ? bts;is/ rptg;g[/ fWg;g[/ k+;rs;/ gr;ir
tz;zk; E}W ? Fwpy;/ mfty;/ J}=;fpir Kjyhd ,il bky;ypir tz;zk; <whf
E}W
Cdurk; ? Fiwa[ila Rit.
eturk; ? tPuk;/ mr;rk;/ ,Hpg;g[/ tpag;g[/ fhkk;/ mtyk;/ nfhgk; eif/ rkepiy
tdg;g[ ? mHF (mk;ik/ bjhd;ik/ njhy;/ tpUe;J ,iag[/ g[yd;/ ,iHg[)
vd vl;lhFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ :
Kj;jpf;fdp ? cUtfk;
bjs;sKJ ? gz;g[j;bjhif
Fw;wkpyh ? <Wbfl;l vjph; kiwg;bgabur;rk;
brtpfs; czthd ? ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
bjs;sKJ ? gz;g[j;bjhif
eh ? xbuGj;J xUbkhHp
rpe;jh kzp/ mHpah tdg;g/[ xHpah ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH 13

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
1. bfhs;thh; ? bfhs; + t; + Mh; 2. czh;e;j ? czh; + j;(e;) + j; + m
bfhs; ? gFjp/ czh; ? gFjp
t;; ? vjph;fhy ,ilepiy/ j;(e;) ? re;jp `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/
Mh; ? gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp

3. brhy;ypa ? brhy; + ,(d;) + a; + m 5. cilaha; ? cil + a; + Ma;

brhy; ? gFjp/ cil ? gFjp
,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy a; ? cld;gL bka; re;jp/
a; ? clk;gL bka; re;jp/ Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. bgw;wha; ? bgW(bgw;W) + Ma;

bgW ? gFjp (bgw;W) vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;j fhyk; fhl;oaJ
Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. jkpH;tpL J}J _________ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
m) bjhlh;epiyr; bra;a[s; M) g[Jf;ftpij
,) rpw;wpyf;fpak; <) jdpg;ghly; tpil: ,) rpw;wpyf;fpak;
2. tpLgl;l ,lj;jpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
i) _____ ,dk; ii) tz;zk; _____
iii) _____ Fzk; iv) tdg;g[ _____
m) @d;W/ E}W/ gj;J/ vl;L M) vl;L/ E}W/ gj;J/ @d;W
,) gj;J/ E}W/ vl;L/ @d;W <) E}W/ gj;J/ vl;L/ @d;W
tpil: m) @d;W/ E}W/ gj;J/ vl;L
3. mHpah
 tdg;g[/ xHpah tdg;g[ rpe;jh kzp ? mof;nfhol;l brhw;fSf;fhd ,yf;fzf;
Fwpg;g[
m) ntw;Wikj;bjhif M) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
,) gz;g[j;bjhif <) tpidj;bjhif
tpil : M) <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
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14 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

FWtpdh
1. fz;zp vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; ahJ>
,uz;ouz;L g{f;fis itj;Jj; bjhLf;fg;gLk; khiyiag; nghy bra;a[spy;
,uz;ouz;L mofs; bfhz;l vJifahy; bjhLf;fg;gLk; bra;a[Sf;F fz;zp vd;W
bgah;;.
beLtpdh
1. `J}J mDg;gj; jkpnH rpwe;jJ~ - jkpH;tpL J}J fhl;Lk; fhuz=;fis tpsf;fp vGJf.
Kd;Diu :
bjhz;Q}w;W MW rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W J}J MFk;. thapy; ,yf;fpak;/
re;J ,yf;fpak; vd;Wk; ,jid miHg;gh;. jiyth; jiytpah;fSs; fhjy; bfhz;l xUth;
kw;bwhUth; ghy; md;g[ fhl;Lth;. mjw;F milahskhf khiy th=;fp tUkhW md;dk;
Kjy; tz;L <whfg; gj;ija[k; J}J tpLtjhfg; ghLtJ MFk;. ,J fypbtz;ghthy;
ghlg;gLtjhFk;. jkpH;tpL J}J/ kJiuapy; nfhapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; brhf;fehjh; kPJ fhjy;
bfhz;l bgz;/ jd; fhjiyf; TwptUkhW jkpiHj; J}J tpLtjhfg; ghlg;gLtjhFk;.
fypbtz;ghthy; ghlg;gLk;. ,e;E}y; 268 fz;zpfisf; bfhz;lJ.
tpz;zg;gk; cz;L tpsk;gf; nfs; :
bjspe;j mKjkha; me;j mkpH;jpDk; tPLngw;iwj; jUk; fdpna- ,ay;/ ,ir/
ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpHha; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; jkpnH- mwpthy; cz;zg;gLk; njnd- cd;dplk;
kfpH;e;J tpLf;Fk; tpz;zg;gk; xd;Ws;sJ mijf; nfl;ghahf.
@tifg; ghtpd=;fspYk; cwt[ cz;nlh>
jkpnH/ cd;dplkpUe;J Fwt+;rp/ gs;S vd;w E}y;fisg; ghog; g[yth;fs;
rpwg;g[g; bgw;wdh;. ePa[k; gof;ff; bfhLg;gha;. mjdhy; jhHpir/ Jiw/ tpUj;jk; vd;Dk;
ghtpd=;fspYk; cwt[ cz;nlh>
`rpe;J~ vd;wiHg;gJ jFnkh>
jkpH;g;ghtif midj;Jk; bghUe;jp epd;W vd;Wnk rpe;jhkzpaha; ,Uf;Fk;
cd;id/ rpe;J vd;wiHg;gJ cd; bgUikf;Fj; jFnkh> mt;thW Twpa eh ,w;W tpGk;.
gj;Jf; Fz=;fs; bghUe;jpa jkpnH-
thdj;jpy;; trpf;Fk; Kw;Wk; czh;e;j njth;fs; Tl rj;Jtk; (mikjp) ,uhrrk;
(jPtpukhd Fzk;) jhkrk; (nrhk;gy;) @d;W Fz=;fs; bgw;Ws;shh;fs;. Mdhy; ePnah
gj;Jf; Fw;w=;fs; ,y;yhky; brwpt[/ bjspt[/ rkepiy/ ,d;gk;/ xGfpir/ cjhuk;/ ca;j;jypy;
bghUz;ik/ fhe;jk;/ typ/ rkhjp vDk; gj;Jf; Fz=;fisg; bgw;Ws;sha;.
E}W tz;z=;fs; bfhz;l tz;lkpnH:
kdpjh;fshy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l tz;z=;fs; btz;ik/ brk;ik/ fUik/
bghd;ik (bghd; epwk;) gRik vd Ie;nj. ePnah/ g[yth;fs; bjspe;j Fwpy;/ mfty;/
J}=;fpir/ tz;zk; Kjyhf ,il bky;ypir tz;zk; <whf E}W tz;z=;fisf;
bfhz;Ls;sha;.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  15

vl;lHF bgw;w fl;lHFj; jkpnH :

ehtpdhy; mwpa[k; Ritfs; MW. ePnah/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif/
rkdpiy bgw;Ws;sha;. jkpiH mwpahjth;fSf;F mHF xd;nw xd;W vd;wpy;yhky; mjpfk;
cz;nlh> ePnah eP=f
; hj mk;ik Kjypa mHF vl;oidg; bgw;Ws;sha;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. kJiu brhf;fehjh; kPJ fhjy; bfhz;l bgz; xUj;jp ghLtjhf mike;j E}y; ............
m) jkpH;tpL J}J M) jkpnHhtpak;
,) jpUf;Fw;why Fwt+;rp <) Kf;Tlw;gs;S tpil : m) jkpH;tpL J}J
2. jkpHpd; tz;z=;fs; ............
m) 20 M) 96 ,) 18 <) 100
tpil : <) 100
3. jkpH;tpL J}J E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;jth; ............
m) bgU+;nruy; ,Uk;bghiw M) c.nt.rhkpehjh;
,) moahh;f;F ey;yhh; <) MWKfehtyh; tpil : M) c.nt.rhkpehjh;
4. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;e;bjL.
m) rj;Jtk; M) g[yk; ,) ,uhrrk; <) jhkrk;
tpil : M) g[yk;
5. jkpH;tpL J}J E}ypd; Mrphpah; ............
m) gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjh; M) vd;dapdhg; g[yth;
,) rj;jpKj;jg; g[yth; <) vtUkpy;iy tpil : <) vtUkpy;iy

epug;g[f
6. ,uz;ouz;L g{f;fis itj;Jj; bjhLf;fg;gLk; khiy ............
tpil : fz;zp
7. rpe;J vd;gJ xUtif ............ tpil : ,irg;ghly;
8. rpe;jhkzp vd;gjd; bghUs; ............ tpil : rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ rpjwhjkzp
9. brtpf;F tpUe;jspf;Fk; Ritfs; ............ tpil : xd;gJ
10. ghtpd=;fs; ............ tpil : @d;W
11. jhHpir/ Jiw/ tpUj;jk; vd;git ............ tpil : ghtpd=;fs;
12. thapy; ,yf;fpak;/ re;J ,yf;fpak; vd;Dk; bgah;fshy; miHf;fg;gLtJ ............
tpil : J}J ,yf;fpak;
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16 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

13. J}J ,yf;fpak; ghlg;gLk; ghtif ............ tpil : fyp btz;gh

14. jkpH;tpL J}J E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ............ tpil : kJiu brhf;fehjh;
15. jkpH;tpL J}J E}iy Kjd;Kjypy; gjpg;gpj;jth; ............ tpil : c.nt.rh
16. jkpH;tpL J}J E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;j Mz;L ............ tpil : 1930
17. jkpH;tpL J}J E}ypy; cs;s fz;zpfs; .......... tpil : 268
18. tdg;gpd; tiffs; .......... tpil : vl;L
19. brwpt[/ rkdpiy gj;Jk; .......... tpil : Fz mzpfs;
20. `jhkrk;~ vd;gJ .......... tpil : nrhk;gy;/ jhH;ik
21. Kw;Wk; czh;e;j njth;fs; bgw;Ws;s Fzk; .......... tpil : @d;W

FWtpdh
1. vitbay;yhk; J}jhf mDg;gg;gLk;>
md;dk;/ kapy;/ fpsp/ Fapy;/ tz;L/ be+;rk;/ Kfpy;/ bjd;wy;/ jkpH;/ khd; Mfpa gj;Jk;
J}jhf mDg;gg;gLk;.
2. tdg;g[ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tdg;g[ vl;L tifg;gLk;.
mit mk;ik mHF/ bjhd;ik/ njhy;/ tpUe;J/ ,iag[/ g[yd;/ ,iHg[ MFk;.
3. Fw;wkpyh gj;Jf; Fz=;fs; ahit>
gj;Jf; Fz=;fshtd: brwpt[/ bjspt[/ rkepiy/ ,d;gk;/ xGfpir/ cjhuk;/ bghUz;ik/
fhe;jk;/ typ/ rkhjp vd;git.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 12

1. ekJ vz;z=;fisa[k; fUj;Jfisa[k; vspjhf vLj;Jiuf;f cjt[tJ jkpH; bkhHp vd;w

jiyg;gpy; xU gf;f mstpy; ciu xd;W vGJf.
``ez;Q kpsitg; gUtj;jp nyKjy;
ehit airj;j bkhHp ? v=;fs;
fz;izj; jpwe;Jy fj;ij tpsf;fpf;
fUj;njh oirj;j bkhHp~~
vd;W tuj e+;ira gps;is jkpHpd; bgUikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
“,dpika[k; ePh;ika[k; jkpH; vdy;”MFk; vd;gJ g[fH;bkhHpahFk;. “ahkwpe;j
bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHpnghy; ,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk;” vd;W ghujpahh; ghodhh;.
jkpH; ek; vz;z=;fisa[k; fUj;Jfisa[k; vspjpy; vLj;Jiuf;fj; jf;fjhFk;.
jkpH; bkhHpapYs;s brhw;fl;likg;g[k; thf;fpaf; fl;Lf; nfhg;g[k; vspikahft[k;
jpwkhft[k; mike;Js;sd. ,yf;fzf; fl;Lg;ghL bkhHpf;F ntyp nghd;wJ MFk;.
brhw;fs; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F vd;Wk; ,yf;fzj;jpw;F vd;Wk; jdpj;jdpna mike;Js;sd.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  17

,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,aw;brhy;/ jphpbrhy;/ jpirr;brhy;/ tlbrhy; vd ehd;F brhw;fisa[k;

gad;gLj;Jfpnwhk;. ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fg; bgah;r;brhy;/ tpidr;brhy;/ ,ilr;brhy;/
chpr;brhy; vd;Dk; jdpaikg;g[g; gad;ghl;Lf;FhpaJ.
jkpH; bkhHpapd; ,dpika[k; vspika[k; rkak; gug;g jkpHfj;Jf;F te;j nkdhl;Lf;
fpwpj;Jt rkar; rhd;nwhh;fisf; fth;e;jJ. mth;fs; vz;z=;fisa[k; fUj;Jfisa[k;
,dpa vspa jkpHpy; vLj;Jiuf;fr; bra;jJ.
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpH; njrpaj;ij tsh;j;jJ. njrpak; jkpiH
vLj;Jf; bfhz;lJ. fUj;Jfisa[k; vz;z=;fisa[k; vLj;Jr; brhy;y Koe;jJ.
mwptpay; El;g=;fis vLj;Jr; brhy;y g[Jg;g[Jr; brhw;fisg; gilj;J mspj;jjdhy;
brhy;tsk; bgUfpaJ. jkpH; fzpdpg; gad;ghl;ow;F te;jt[ld; fzpdpj; jkpH; vd;w
Jiw KfpH;j;jJ.
ekJ vz;z=;fSf;F totk; bfhLf;f bkhHp gad;gl;lJ. mk;bkhHp tHpna
fUj;Jfisg; gpwUf;Fg; gfph;e;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.
2. goj;Jj; jpul;Lf.
``fhbjhspUk; Fz;lyKk; iff;F tisahgjpa[k; fUiz khh;gpd;
kPbjhsph; rpe;jhkzpa[k; bky;ypilapy; nkfiya[k; rpyk;ghh; ,d;gg;
nghbjhspUk; jpUtoa[k; bghd;Ko Nshkzpa[k; bghypar; No
ePjpbahsph; br=;nfhyha;j; jpUf;Fwisj; jh=;FjkpH; ePLthH;f~~
? ftpnahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;.
,g;ghly; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpa=;fspd; bgah;fis thpirg;gLj;Jf.
,g;ghly; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
Fz;lyKk; ? Fz;lynfrp
iff;F tisahgjp ? tisahgjp
rpe;jhkzp ? rPtf rpe;jhkzp
bghd;Ko Nshkzp ? Nshkzp
br=;nfhyha;j; jpUf;Fws; ? jpUf;Fws;

E}y; Fws; /fhg;gpak; rkak; Mrphpah;

Fz;lynfrp Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; bgsj;jk; ehjFj;jdhh;
tisahgjp Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; rkzk; bgah; bjhpe;jpyJ
rPtf rpe;jhkzp Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; rkzk; jpUj;jf;f njth;
Nshkzp I+;rpW fhg;gpak; rkzk; njhyhbkhHpj; njth;
jpUf;Fws; Fws; cyfg;bghJkiw jpUts;Sth;
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18 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

tphpthdk;
Þò™
å¡Á tsUk; bry;tk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. FGtpy; tpLgl;l thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.
FG 1 FG 2 FG 3 FG 4
ehtha; kuk; Jiw jd;tpid
????? ????? ????? ?????
njhzp ku tpUj;jk; fhuztpid
m) t=;fk;/ khD/ jhHpir/ gpwtpid M) jhHpir/ khD/ gpwtpid/ t=;fk;
,) gpwtpid/ jhHpir/ khD/ t=;fk; <) khD/ gpwtpid/ t=;fk;/ jhHpir
tpil: m) t=;fk;/ khD/ jhHpir/ gpwtpid
FWtpdh
1. fzpdp rhh;e;J eP=;fs; mwpe;j vitnaDk; Ie;J jkpH;r; brhw;fis jUf.
i) Moniter ? jpiu ii) Mouse ? efh;j;jp (my;yJ) Rl;o
iii) Keyboard ? tpirg;gyif iv) CD ? FWe;jl;L
v) Download ? gjptpwf;fk; vi) File ? nfhg;g[
vii) E-Mail ? kpd;d+;ry;
rpWtpdh
1. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; flw;fyDf;Fhpa brhy; fpnuf;f bkhHpapy; vt;thW khw;wk;
bgw;Ws;sJ>
r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; flw;fyDf;Fhpa brhw;fs; fpnuf;f bkhHpapYk; khw;wk;
bgw;Ws;sd.
jkpH; vwpjpiu fyd; ePh; ehtha; njhzp
fpnuf;fk; vWjpuhd; fya[nfha; ePhpnah!; /ePhpa eha[ njhzP!;
2. tsUk; bry;tk; ? ciuahlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; bjhFj;J mjw;F
,izahd jkpH;r; brhw;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs;; rhg;ln
; th; nyg;lhg; g;busrh; irgh;!;ng!; rh;th;
bkd; itaf tphpt[
jkpH;r; brhw;fs; kof;fzpdp cytp ,izabtsp
bghUs; tiy
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  19

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. flw;fyd;fSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgah;fs; ahit>
ehtha;/ t=;fk;/ njhzp/ fyk;.

rpWtpdh
1. jkpHpy; fzpdp bjhlh;ghd brhw;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
zz rhg;l;nth; ? bkd;bghUs;  fh;rh; ? Vtp my;yJ Rl;o
zz f;uhg; ? brJf;fp  nghy;lh; ? ciw
jkpH; vz;fs; mwpnthk;.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

f c U v m f0/ω
jkpH; vz;fspy; vGJf.
gd;dpuz;L – fc gjpd;@d;W – f
ehw;gj;J @d;W – r vGgj;bjl;L – vm
bjhz;Q}W – 0

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 17

1. e
 P=;fs; ehs;njhWk; tFg;giwapy; kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fisg; gl;oaypl;L/
mtw;wpy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;F epfuhd jkpH;; brhw;fis mwpe;J vGJf.
brhw;gl;;oay; gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs; epfuhd jkpH;r; brhw;fs;
tFg;g[/ g[j;jfk;/ gpshf; nghh;L/ gpshf; nghh;L (Blackboard) fUk;gyif
ngdh/ bgd;rpy;/ nehl;L.
tFg;g[ fpsh!;qk; (Classroom) tFg;giw
g[j;jfk; g[f; (Book) ghlE}y;
ngdh bgd; (Pen) J}ty;
bgd;rpy; g;bgd;rpy; (Pencil) fhpf;nfhy;
nehl;L nehl; (Note) Fwpg;ngL
ug;gh; vnu!h; (Eraser) bkd;kk;
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20 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

2. ciuahliy epiwt[ bra;f. mtw;Ws; ,lk;bgWk; gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;fk;

bra;f.
mUz; : \nyh- ez;gh-
esd; : tzf;fk; ez;gh..
mUz; : cd;idg; ghh;jJ
; g; gj;jhz;Lfs; Mfptpl;ld. ,y;iyah>
esd; : 
Mkhk;- gj;J Mz;Lfs; Mfptpl;ld eP vd;d bra;fpwha;. ,g;nghJ ehd;
gd;dhl;L epWtdk; xd;wpy; nkyhsuhf gzp g[hpfpnwd;/ eP.....
mUz; : 
ehd; ee;jdk; muRf; fy;Y}hpapy; nguhrphpauhfg; gzpg[hpfpnwd;.
esd; : me;jf; fy;Y}hpapy; jhd; vd; jk;gp tzpftpay; Kjyhkhz;L gof;fpwhd;.
mUz; : kpf;f ed;wp/ kPzL
; k; re;jpg;nghk;.
esd; : kPz;Lk; ghh;f;fyhk;.



fw;fz;L
Þò™
å¡Á bjhlh; ,yf;fzk;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. bra;tpidia/ brag;ghl;Ltpidahf khw;Wk; Jiz tpidfs; ,uz;oid rhd;Wld;
vGJf.
bra;tpidia/ brag;ghl;L tpidahf khw;w gad;gLk; Jiz tpidfs; gL/ bgW
MFk;.
2. tPiznahL te;jhs;/ fpspna ngR bjhlh; tifiar; Rl;Lf.
tPiznahL te;jhs; ? bra;jpj; bjhlh;" fpspna ngR ? fl;lisj; bjhlh;
rpWtpdh
1. jd;tpid/ gpwtpid/ fhuztpidfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
jd;tpid :
tpidapd; gad; vGthiar; nrUkhapd; mJ jd;tpid vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ge;J cUz;lJ.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  21

gpwtpid :
tpidapd; gad; vGthia ,y;yhky; milahf tUtJ gpwtpid vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. ge;ij cUl;odhd;
fhuztpid :
vGtha; jhnd tpidia epfH;j;jhky; tpid epfH;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ
fhuztpid
v.fh. ge;ij cUl;l itj;jhd;.
jd;tpid gpwtpid fhuztpid
el elj;J elj;jr; bra;jhh;
ml=;F jpUe;jpdhd; mlf;F jpUj;jpdhd; mlf;fr; bra;jhh; jpUe;jr; bra;jhd;
Modhd; Ml;odhd; Ml;Ltpj;jhd; ' Ml itj;jhd;
khWthh; khw;Wthh; khw;Wtpj;jhh; ' khwr;bra;jhh;
bra;jhd; bra;tpj;jhd; bra;a itj;jhd;
th tUtpj;jhh; tuitj;jhh;
fhz; fhl;L fhl;Ltp
ML Ml;L Ml;Ltp

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `ehd; te;njd;~ ,jpy; tUk; gadpiy ............
m) bgah;g; gadpiy M) tpidg; gadpiy
,) chpg; gadpiy <) tpdh gadpiy tpil: M) tpidg; gadpiy
2. `brhd;dts; fyh~ ,jpy; tUk; gadpiy ............
m) tpidg; gadpiy M) tpdhg; gadpiy
,) ,ilg; gadpiy <) bgah;g; gadpiy tpil: <) bgah;g; gadpiy
3. `mtd; jpUe;jpdhd;~ vt;tifj; bjhlh;>
m) brtpidj; bjhlh; M) tpdhj;bjhlh;
,) jd;tpidj; bjhlh; <) gpwtpidj; bjhlh;
 tpil: ,) jd;tpidj; bjhlh;
4. xU brhw;bwhlhpy; mika[k; tpidr;brhy; ............ MFk;. tpil: gadpiy
5. vGtha; xU tpidiar; bra;a mog;gilaha;j; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l bghUns ............
MFk;. tpil: brag;gLbghUs;
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22 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
zz gjk; (brhy;) ,U tifg;gLk;. mit gFgjk;/ gfhg;gjk; MFk;.
zz gphpf;ff;ToaJk;/ gphpj;jhy; bghUs; jUtJkhd brhy; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.
zz ,J bgah;g; gFgjk;/ tpidg; gFgjk; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
gFgj cWg;g[fs; MW tifg;gLk;.
gFjp brhy;ypd; Kjypy; epw;Fk;;" gfhg;gjkhf mika[k;" tpidr;brhy;ypy;
(Kjdpiy) Vtyhft[k;/ bgah;r;brhy;ypy; mWtifg; bgauhft[k; mika[k;.
tpFjp brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epd;W jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; fhl;Ltjhft[k;
(,Wjpepiy) mika[k;.
,ilepiy gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epd;W fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
re;jp gFjpiaa[k; gpwcWg;g[fisa[k; ,izf;Fk;" bgUk;ghYk; gFjpf;Fk;
,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
rhhpia gFjp/ tpFjp ,ilepiyfisr; rhh;e;J tUk;" bgUk;ghYk;
,ilepiyf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
tpfhuk; jdp cWg;g[ md;W" nkw;fz;l gFgj cWg;g[fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;.

gFjp
Cud; ? Ch; ghh;j;jhd; ? ghh; koj;jhh; ? ko
eofd; ? eo tiue;jhd; ? tiu kfpH;e;jhd; ? kfpH;

tpFjp
goj;jhd; Md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp md;/ Md;
ghLfpwhs; Ms; ? bgz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp ms;/ Ms;
bgw;whh; Mh; ? gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp mh;/ Mh;
ePe;jpaJ J ? xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp J/ W
Xod m ? gytpd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp m/ M
rphpf;fpnwd; Vd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp vd;/ Vd;
cz;nlhk; Xk; ? jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp mk;/ Mk;/ vk;/ Vk;/ Xk;
bra;jha; Ma; ? Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp I/ Ma;/ ,
ghhPh; <h; ? Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp ,h;/ <h;
mHfpa/ ngRk; m/ ck; ? bgabur;r tpFjpfs; m/ ck;
te;J/ njo c/ , ? tpidbar;r tpFjpfs; c/ ,
tsh;f f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp f/ ,a/ ,ah;
Kisj;jy; jy; ? bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp jy;/ my;/ I/ if/ rp/
g[...
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  23

,ilepiy
btd;whh; w; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d;
cah;fpwhd; fpW ? epfH;fhy ,ilepiy fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W
g[Fthd;/ bra;njd; t;/ f; ? vjph;fhy ,ilepiy g;/ t;/ f;
gwpf;fhjPh; M ? vjph;kiw ,ilepiy ,y;/ my;/ M
kfpH;r;rp/ mwp+d; r;/ +; ? bgah; ,ilepiyfs; +;/ e;/ t;/ r;/ j;

re;jp
cWj;Jk; j; ? re;jp j;/ g;/ f;
bghUe;jpa a; ? clk;gLbka; re;jp a;/ t;

rhhpia
ele;jdd; md; ? rhhpia md;/ Md;/ ,d;/ my;/ mw;W/ ,w;W/ mj;J/
mk;/ jk;/ ek;/ Ek;/ V/ m/ c/ I/ F/ d;

vGj;Jg;ngW
zz gFgj cWg;g[fSs; ml=;fhky; gFjp/ tpFjpf;F eLtpy; fhyj;ij czh;j;jhky; tUk;
bka;baGj;J vGj;Jg;ngW MFk;.
zz bgUk;ghYk; `j;~ kl;Lnk tUk;.
zz rhhpia tUk; ,lj;jpy; `j;~ te;jhy; mJ vGj;Jg;ngW.
v.fh:
1. te;jdd; ? th(t)+j;(e;)+j;+md;+md; 2. bra;ahnj ? bra;+a;+M+j;+V
th ? gFjp (`t~ MdJ tpfhuk;) bra; ? gFjp
j;(e;) ? re;jp (`e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) a; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy M ? vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
md; ? rhhpia j; ? vGj;Jg;ngW
md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp V ? Kd;dpiy xUik Vty;
tpidKw;W tpFjp

,d;wpaikahj ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fs;

1. bgabur;rk; :
tpid Kw;Wg; bgwhky; v+;rp epw;Fk; vr;rk; bgah;r; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L KotJ.
bgabur;rk;
(v.fh) goj;j khztd;/ goj;j ............ (m) ele;j (j; + m) m vd;w tpFjpa[ld; Koa[k;.
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24 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

2. <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; :

Xh; vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rj;jpd; filrpapy; `j~ bfl;L tpLtJ <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;
bgabur;rk;. ,J `M~ vd;w xira[ld; Koa[k;.
(mizahj tpsf;F) (mizah tpsf;F) mizah .............. (M) (ah = ah + M)
3. tpidbar;rk; :
tpid Kw;Wg; bgwhky; v+;rp epw;Fk; xU vr;rk; tpidr;brhy;yf; bfhz;L KotJ.
tpidbar;rk;. ,J ``c~~ ``,~~ tpFjpfSld; Koa[k;.
goj;J Koj;jhd; goj;J ............. (C) ele;J ................ Twp (j; + c)
4. tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W :
thH;j;Jjy;/ itjy;/ ntz;ly; bghUspy; tUtJ. fhyk; fhl;lhJ. ,J f/ ,a/ ,ah; ?
vd;w tpFjpfSld; Koa[k;
(v.fh) bry;f/ thH;f/ thHp/ thHpa/ thHpah;.
5. tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :
xU tpidKw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidiar; bra;j fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;
bgauha; tUtJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah;. vGjpdhd; ? vGjpatd; vd tUk;. mJ md;/
Md;/ mh;/ Mh;/ xh;/ eh; Mfpa XirfSld; Koa[k;
(v.fh) ,He;jtd;/ brd;wdh;/ mDg;g[eh;.
6. brhy;ypir msbgil :
@d;W khj;jpiu mstpy; tpidbar;rg;; bghUspy; tUk; msbgil ,J `,~ vd;W
vGj;Jld; Koa[k;.
(v.fh) XhP,/ ek;bgHP,/ cudir ,.
7. ,d;dpir msbgil :
@d;W khj;jpiu mstpy; @d;W mirr; brhw;fspy; miktJ ,d;dpir msbgil
(v.fh) cz;gJ}k; (cz;/gJ}/ck;) cLg;gJ}ck;.
8. bra;a[spir msbgil :
@d;W khj;jpiu mstpy; ,uz;L mir brhw;fspy; miktJ bra;a[spir msbgil
(v.fh) MmJk;/ fGckzp/ glhmgiw/ bjhHh mh;.
9. mLf;Fj; bjhlh; :
mh;j;jKs;s brhw;fs; gyKiw mLf;fp tUtJ
(v.fh) vz;z vz;z/ gyg;gy/ jP jP jP
10. ,ul;ilf; fpstp :
mh;j;jKs;s brhw;fs; tpidiar; rpwg;gpf;f ,ul;ilahf kl;Lk; miktJ.
(v.fh) klkl/ ryry.
11. xU bghUl; gd;bkhHp :
xnu bghUs; jUk; ,uz;L brhw;fSld; miktJ xU bghUl; gd;bkhHp.
(v.fh) jPaHy;/ eLikak;/ xU jdp.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  25

12. gz;g[j; bjhif :

,ize;j bjhifr; brhy;iy tphpj;jhy; ,ilapy; ik kiwe;jpUg;gJ.
(v.fh) rpw;wpy; (rpWik + ,y;) ige;jkpH; = (gHik + jkpH;)/; br=;nfhy; = (brk;ik + nfhy;).
13. tpidj; bjhif :
,ize;j bjhifr; brhy;iy tphpj;jhy; ,ilapy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiy fpd;w
kiwe;jpUg;gJ.
(v.fh) bjhLfly; (bjhLfpd;w fly;)
14. ctikj; bjhif :
,ize;j bjhifr; brhy;iy tphpj;jhy; ,ilapy; `nghd;w~ my;yJ `nghy~ ctkcUg[
kiwe;jpUg;gJ.
(v.fh) gtstha; (gtsk; nghd;w tha;)
15. ntw;Wikj; bjhif :
,ize;j bjhifr; brhy;iy tphpj;jhy; ,ilapy; ntw;Wik cUg[fspy; (I/ My;/ ,d;/
F/ mJ/ fz;) VnjDk; xd;W kiwe;jpUg;gJ.
(v.fh) Typ ntiy (Typf;F ntiy).
16. ck;ikj; bjhif :
,ize;j bjhifr; brhy;iy tphpj;jhy; ,ilapy; ``ck;~~ kiwe;jpUg;gJ
(v.fh) bro bfhofs; (brofSk;/ bfhofSk; vd;gjpy; ck; kiwe;jJ).
17. vz;Qk;ik :
ck;ikj; bjhifiag; nghy; ck; kiwahky; vz;zpf;if fhz;gjw;fhf btspg;gilahf
,Ug;gJ vz;Qk;ik
(v.fh) fw;g[k; fhjYk; (ck; ? btspg;gil)
18. md;bkhHpj; bjhif :
MFbgah; nghy; xU bjhifr; brhy; ntW my;yhj xd;iwf; Fwpg;gJ md;bkhHpj;
bjhif
(v.fh) bre;jhkiu (gz;g[j; bjhif) bre;jhkiu te;jhs; (md;bkhHpj; bjhif)
19. cUtfk; :
ck;ikj; bjhifia Kd; gpd;dhf khw;WtJ cUtfk;. ,J/ ctikiag; bghUs; nky;
Vw;W ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;w brhy; kiwe;J tUk;.
(v.fh) kjpKfk; (kjp nghd;w Kfk; ? ctikj; bjhif) Kfkjp (Kfkhfpa kjp cUtfk;)
20. jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W :
mk; Xk; vd;w tpFjpfSld; KotJ
(v.fh) nghw;WJk;.
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26 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

21. bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W :

bra;a[k; vd;w brhy;iyg; nghd;nw bjhdpg;gJ
(v.fh) gLk;.
22. brapd; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghL tpidKw;W :
brapd; vd;w brhy;iyg; nghd;nw bjhspg;gJ.
(v.fh) bgwpd;.
23. MFbgah; :
xd;wpd; ,aw;bgah; kw;bwhd;Wf;F Mfp tUtJ.
(v.fh) cyF (cyf kf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;) Ch; rphpj;jJ.
24. bjhHpw;bgah; :
xU bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah;/ fhyk; fhl;lhJ. ,J jy;/ my;/ if/ ik/ I/ rp/ g[ vd;w
tpFjpfSld; mika[k;.
(v.fh) ghLjy;/ ghly;/ Ml;lk;/ tPw;wpUf;if/ bfhy;yhik/ v+;rhik.
25. Kjy; epiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; :
xU bjhHpw;bgahpd; tpFjp bfl;L/ Kjy; vGj;Jk; khwp xypg;gJ
(v.fh) bfLjy;.
bfLjy; ® bfL ® nfL
bgWjy; ® bgW ® ngW
26. ,yf;fzg; nghyp :
Xh; ,yf;fz mikg;g[ila brhy;Yf;F nghypahf miktJ
(v.fh) jir (rij)
27. vGj;Jg; nghyp :
xU brhy;ypy; vGj;J khwpdhYk; bghUs; khwhJ. ,J Kjy;/ ,il/ filrpapy; mika[k;.
Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L mika[k;.
(v.fh) eyd; (eyk;) filg;nghyp/ m+;R (Ie;J) Kw;Wg;nghyp
28. chpr; brhy; bjhlh; :
jdpj;J ,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhj/ rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp/ Th;/ fHp/ thd;/ kh/ jl/ it/ kG/
fo nghd;w brhw;fs; ntW xU brhy;Yld; chpik bgw;Wj; bjhlh;e;J tUtJ ,J mjd;
gz;ig tpsf;Fk;.
(v.fh) khehL/ cWgrp/ rhyg; ngrpdhd;.
29. kUcr; brhy; :
fhyg;nghf;fpy; kUtp khwp tUgit
(v.fh) ve;ij (vd; je;ij) ngh; (bgah;)
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  27

30. ,ilf;Fiw tpfhuk; :

xU brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; Xh; vGj;J Fiwe;J khWgl;lhYk; mnj bghUisj; jUtJ
(v.fh) csk; (cs;sk;) fzPh; (fz;zPh;)/
31. ,U bgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j; bjhif :
,U brhw;fspy; Kjy; brhy; rpwg;g[g; bgauhft[k; mLj;Js;s brhy; bghJg; bgauhft[k;
,Ug;gJ.
(v.fh) jkpH;bkhHp/ ,kakiy.
32. jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W :
vd;/ Vd; vd;w tpFjpfSld; KotJ.
(v.fh) bfhs;ntd;.
33. Kw;bwr;rk; :
xU tpidKw;Wr; brhy; tpidbar;rg; bghUspy; te;J kw;bwhU tpidKw;iwf;
bfhz;L Koa[k;.
(v.fh) goj;jdd; njwpdhd;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 23

1. bjhlh;fis khw;wp cUthf;Ff.

m) gjtpia tpl;L ePf;fpdhd;. (,j;bjhliug; gpwtpidj; bjhluhf khw;Wf)
gjtpia tpl;L ePf;Ftpj;jhd;.
M) bkhHpapay; mwp+h;fs; jpuhtpl bkhHpfis Ma;t[ bra;jdh;. (,j;bjhliug; gpwtpidj;
bjhluhf khw;Wf)
bkhHpapay; mwp+h;fs; jpuhtpl bkhHpfis Ma;t[ bra;tpj;jdh;;.
,) cz;zg;gLk; jkpH;j;njnd. (,j;bjhliur; bra;tpidj; bjhluhf khw;Wf)
cz;Qk; jkpH;j;njnd.
<) jpuhtpl bkhHpfis @d;W bkhHpf; FLk;g=;fshf gFj;Js;sdh;. (,j;bjhliu
brag;ghl;L tpidj; bjhluhf khw;Wf)
jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; @d;W bkhHpf; FLk;g=;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
c) epytd; rpwe;j gs;spapy; goj;jhh;. (,j;bjhliug; gpwtpidj; bjhluhf khw;Wf)
epytd; rpwe;j gs;spapy; gog;gpj;jhd;.
2. brhw;fisj; bjhlh;fshf khw;Wf :
m) bkhHpbgah; (jd;tpid/ gpwtpid bjhlh;fshf khw;Wf)
bkhHp bgah;j;jhs; ? jd;tpid bkhHp bgah;g;gpj;jhs; ? gpwtpid
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28 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

M) gjpt[bra; (bra;tpid/ brag;ghl;Ltpidj; bjhlh;fshf khw;Wf)

gjpt[ bra;jhd; ? bra;tpid gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;lJ ? brag;ghl;Ltpid
,) gad;gLj;J (jd;tpid/ gpwtpidj; bjhlh;fshf khw;Wf)
gad;gLj;Jtpj;jhd; ?gpwtpid gad;gLj;jpdhd; ? jd;tpid
<) ,a=;F (bra;tpid/ brag;ghl;L tpid bjhlh;fshf khw;Wf)
,a=;fpdhs; ? bra;tpid ,af;fg;gl;lhs; ? brag;ghl;Ltpid
3. bghUj;jkhd brag;gLbghUs; brhw;fis vGJf.
(jkpHpyf;fpa E}y;fis/ brt;tpyf;fpa=;fisf;/ ek;ik/ thH;tpay; mwpit)
m) jkpH; brt;tpyf;fpa=;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
M) ehk; jkpHpyf;fpa E}y;fis th=;f ntz;Lk;
,) g[j;jf=;fs; thH;tpay; mwpitf; bfhLf;fpd;wd.
<) ey;y E}y;fs; ek;ik ey;tHpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
4. bghUj;jkhd bgauilfis vGJf.
(ey;y/ bghpa/ ,dpa/ bfhoa)
m) vy;nyhUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;.
M) mtd; ey;y ez;gdhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
,) bghpa Xtpakhf tiue;J th.
<) bfhoa tpy=;fplk; gHfhnj.
5. bghUj;jkhd tpidailfisj; njh;t[bra;f.
(mHfhf/ bghJthf/ ntfkhf/ bkJthf)
m) Ch;jp bkJthfr; brd;wJ.
M) fhyk; ntfkhf XLfpwJ.
,) r=;f ,yf;fpak; thH;f;ifia mHfhff; fhl;LfpwJ.
<) ,izaj;jsj;jpypUe;J gjptpwf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lij midtUf;Fk; bghJthff; fhl;L.
6. milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; nfl;Ls;sthW bjhlh;fis khw;wp vGJf.
m) ek; Kd;ndhh; ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;t[ elj;jpdh;. (tpdhj;bjhluhf vGJf)
ek; Kd;ndhh; ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;t[ elj;jpduh> (my;yJ)
,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;t[ elj;jpath; ahh;>
M) ,irapd;wp mikahJ ghly;. (cld;ghl;Lj; bjhluhf mikf;f)
,irnahL mika[k; ghly;
,) eP ,ijr; bra; vdf; Twpndd; my;yth> (fl;lisj; bjhluhf khw;Wf)
eP ,ijr; bra;.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  29

7. nth;r;brhy;iy itj;Jr; brhw;bwhlh;fis cUthf;Ff.

m) jh (cld;ghl;L tpidj;bjhlh;/ gpwtpidj; bjhlh; Mf;Ff)
je;njd; ? cld;ghl;L tpidj;bjhlh;
jUtpj;njd; ? gpwtpidj; bjhlh;
M) nfs; (tpdhj;bjhlh; Mf;Ff)
nfl;lhah> ? tpdhj; bjhlh;
,) bfhL (bra;jpj; bjhlh;/ fl;lisj; bjhlh; Mf;Ff)
eP mijf; bfhL ? bra;jpj; bjhlh;
eP bfhL ? fl;lisj; bjhlh;
<) ghh; (bra;tpidj; bjhlh;/ brag;ghl;L tpidj; bjhlh;/ gpwtpidj; bjhlh; Mf;Ff)
ghh;j;jhd; ? bra;tpidj; bjhlh;
ghh;f;fg;gl;lhd; ? brag;ghl;L tpidj; bjhlh;
ghh;f;fr; bra;jhd; ? gpwtpidj; bjhlh;
8. rpe;jid tpdh
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;bwhlh;fs; rhpahditah> tpsf;fk; jUf.
m)
mit aht[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd ? jtW (mit ? gd;ik" aht[k; ? xUik)
mit ahita[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ? rhp (mit ? gd;ik" ahita[k; ? gd;ik)
mit aht[k; vL=;fs; ? jtW (mit aht[k; vL vd;gnj rhp)
mit ? gd;ik/ aht[k; ? xUik/ vL ? xUik
mit ahita[k; vL=;fs; ? jtW (mit ahita[k; vL vd;gnj rhp)
mit ? gd;i ; k/ ahita[k; ? gd;ik/ vL ? xUik
mit ahtw;iwa[k; vL=;fs; ? rhp (mit ? gd;ik/ ahtw;iwa[k; ? gd;ik)
M) 
eP=;fs; xU ehspjHpy; gzpg[hpfpwPh;fs;. m=;Fg; g[jpa thu ,jH; xd;W bjhl=;f
tpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mjw;fhf me;ehspjHpy; tpsk;guk; jUtjw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd
brhw;bwhlh;fis totikj;J vGJf.
“bjd;wy;” g[jpa thu ,jH; btspaPL; ? ehspjH; tpsk;guk;

bjd;wy; ? thu ,jH;

jkpHf ,jHpay; tuyhw;wpy; g[Jj; jpUg;gk;
jkpH; ,yf;fpa Kd;ndhofspd;
fl;Liufs;/ ftpijfs;/ ngl;o/ tpisahl;Lr; bra;jpfs;/ tpsk;gu=;fs;.
Kfth;fs; mQft[k;: 94434 19040
brd;id/ kJiu/ nfhit/ jpUr;rp.
gjpg;g[fs;/ gilg;g[fs;/ JQf;Ffs; mDg;g ntz;oa Kfthp:
Mrphpah;/ bjd;wy; thu ,jH;/ 10/ thyh$h ngl;il/ brd;id 1.
 www.nammakalvi.com

30 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

,) brhw;bwhlh; tiffis mwpe;J/ mit vt;thW ngRtjw;Fk; vGJtjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd

vd;gijg; gjpt[ bra;f.
brhw;bwhlh; tiffis rhptu mwpe;jhy; jhy; jhd; gpiHapd;wpg; ngrt[k; kug[ khwhky;
vGJtjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
tiffs; gad;ghL
th ? xU brhy; bjhlh; th ? fl;lisj; bjhluhf
te;jhd; ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; te;j ? gs;spf;F te;j khztd;
tur;brhd;dhd; ? tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; te;J ? gs;spf;F te;J brd;w khztd;
thth ? mLf;Fj; bjhlh; tur;brhd;dhd; ? mtd; jhd; tur;brhd;dhd;
te;j khztd; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlh; tUf tUf vd tuntw;whd;

<) 
te;jpUg;gth;fs; midtUk; ,Uf;ifapy; mkUkhW nfl;Lf;bfhs;sg; gLfpwhh;fs;.
,j;bjhlh; M=;fpyj;jpypUe;J neuoahd jkpH; bkhHpbgah;g;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; bkhHp kuig
,j;bjhlhpy; ngQfpnwhkh>
te;jpUg;gth; midtUk; ,Uf;ifapy; mkUkhW nfl;Lf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,j;bjhlhpy;
``nfl;Lf;bfhs;sg;gLfpwhh;fs;~~ vd;gJ M=;fpyj;jpd; neuo bkhHp bgah;g;g[.
,ijf; nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwhk; – vd;w bjhlhpy; vGJtJjhd; rpwe;jJ. ,njnghd;W/
tUifiaj; juKoahJ. MdhYk; miHg;gpjH;fspYk; nkil ehfhpfk; fUjp ``tUif ju
ntz;Lfpnwhk;~~ vd;W vGJfpwhh;fs;/ ngRfpwhh;fs;. ek;bkhHp kuigg; ngztpy;iy.
bkhHp eil Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wfpnwhk;.

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 27

1. goj;Jr; Ritf;f :
tpwFehd;" tz;lkpnH- cd;dUs; tha;j;j
gpwFehd; tPizaha;g; nghndd;" ? rpwFehd;
rpd;djha;f; bfhz;lbjhU rpw;wPry;" bre;jkpnH-
epd;dhy; tpkhdkhndd; ehd;-
jUtha; epHy;jhd; jUtha;" epjk;vd;
tUtha; vdeP tUtha;" ? xUtha;
cztha; csjkpnH- xh;e;njd;" eP ghl;Lf;
fztha; tHptUk; fhw;W- ? ftp+h; thyp
2. bkhHp bgah;f;f :
1. Linguistics ? bkhHpapay; 2. Literature ? ,yf;fpak;
3. Philologist ? bkhHp Ma;twp+h; 4. Polyglot ? gd;bkhHp mwp+h;
5. Phonologist ? xypapay; Ma;twp+h; 6. Phonetics ? xypapay;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  31

3. milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s brhw;fisg; bghUj;jkhd tpidKw;whf khw;wp/ nfhol;l ,l=;fspy;

vGJf.
1. ,e;jpa bkhHpfspd; @yKk; ntUkhfj; jkpH; jpfH;fpd;wJ. (jpfH;)
2. itnjfp ehis eilbgWk; ftpau=;fpy; fye;J bfhs;ths;. (fye;Jbfhs;)
3. cyfpy; @thapuk; bkhHpfs; ngrg;gLfpd;wd. (ngR)
4. FHe;ijfs; midtUk; Rw;Wyh brd;whh;fs;. (bry;)
5. jtWfisj; jpUj;jpdhd;. (jpUj;J)
4. totk; khw;Wf.
gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; goj;Jg; ghh;j;J/ mr;bra;jpia c=;fs; gs;sp mwptpg;g[g; gyifapy;
,lk; bgWk; mwptpg;ghf khw;Wf.
kUJ}h; muR nkdpiyg; gs;sp ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfshfr; rpwe;j fy;tpg;gzpia
tH=;fp tUfpwJ. ,g;gs;sp/ rpwe;j ftp+uhfj; jpfGk; ,d;Rit Kjyhd gd;Kfg;
gilg;ghspfis cUthf;fpa bgUik bfhz;lJ. xU nrhw;Wg; gjkha; kUJ}h;g;
gs;sp khztp g{=;FHyp gilj;j `cs;s=;if cyfk;~ vd;w E}ypd; btspaPl;L tpHh 21
$^d; jp=;fs;/ gpw;gfy; 3:00 kzpastpy; eilbgw cs;sJ. mt;tpHhtpy; (fpd;d!;
rhjid gilj;j) Kd;dhs; khzth; ,d;Rit E}iy btspapl;L/ rpwg;g[iu Mw;Wthh;.
kUJ}h;g; gs;sp tpHh mu=;fj;jpy; epfGk; ,e;E}y; btspaPl;L tpHhtpy; fye;Jbfhs;s/
midtiua[k; miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
mwptpg;g[
E}y; btspaPl;L tpHh
,lk; : bts;sp tpHh mu=;fk;/ muR nkdpiyg; gs;sp/ kUJ}h;.
ehs; :jpUts;Sth; Mz;L 2049 Mdpkhjk; 7 Mk; ehs; (21.06.2018)
Kd;dpiy : bgw;nwhh; Mrphpah; fHfj; jiyth;/ jpUkpF. kyutd; mth;fs;
jiyik : gs;spj; jiyik Mrphpah; jpUkpF. K!;jgh/ M.A., M.Ed., mth;fs;/
tuntw;g[iu : ,yf;fpa kd;wr; brayh;
rpwg;g[iu : fpd;d!; rhjid gilj;j Kd;dhs; khzth; ftp+h;. ,d;Rit
E}y; btspaPL : g{=;FHyp gilj;j ``cs;s=;if cyfk;~~
ed;wpa[iu : uh. md;gurd;/ gs;sp khzth; jiyth;.
midtUk; tUf- mKjr; Rit gUf--
5. bjhliug; gHbkhHp bfhz;L epiwt[ bra;f. gf;fk;: 28
1. ,sikapy; fy;tp KJikapy; ,d;gk;
2. rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk; bre;jkpGk; ehg;gHf;fk;
3. fy;yhlk; goj;jtnuhL brhy;yhlhnj
4. fw;nwhh;f;Fr; brd;w ,lbky;yhk; rpwg;g[
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32 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

6. fojk; vGJf.
c=;fs; ez;gh;/ gpwe;j ehs; ghprhf mDg;gpa vGj;jhsh; v!;. ,uhk fpU[&;zdpd;/ `fhy;
Kisj;j fijfs;~ vd;Dk; E}y; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfisf; fojkhf vGJf.
tpUJefh;/
28.03.2018
md;g[s;s ez;gd; vHpyDf;F/
ghyd; vGjpf; bfhs;tJ. ,=;F ehd;/ vd; FLk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; eyk;/ mJnghy
ePa[k; cd; FLk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; ,iwaUshy; eyKld; ,Ug;gPh;fs;.
cd; gs;spapy; jpUg;gj [ y; njh;t/[ njh;tf
[ Sf;fhd gapw;rp vy;yhk; epiwt[ bgw;Wtpl;ljh>
vHpyd;...... ,e;j fojj;jpd; nehf;fk; vd;d bjhpa[kh> vd; gpwe;jehis fle;j
khjk; 7.2.18 md; W bfhz; l hLk; n ghJ eP vdf; F xU ghpRg; b ghUs; je; j ha;
my; y th> brd; w thuk; +hapw; W f;fpHik Xa;thf ,Ue;jnghJ ghpRg;bghUisg; gphpj;J
tpae;Jnghndd;.
v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; mth;fs;/ vGjpa ``fhy;Kisj;j fijfs;~~ g[j;jfk;
ghh;j;jt[ld; kpf;f kfpH;r;rpaile;njd;.
,e;E}iy fw;W ehd; mwpe;Jbfhz;l fUj;Jfs;/ cyfk; vg;goj; njhd;wpaJ
vd;w nfs;tpf;F ,f;fijfs; tpag;ghd gjpy;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,e;jf; fijfisr;
brhd;d kdpjh;fs; Fiffspy; trpj;jhh;fs;. ,Ul;ilf; fz;L gae;Jngha; mijbahU
fijahf;fpdhh;fs;. fijfs; ghiwfs; cUtj;jpDs; xspe;jpUg;gjhf ek;gpdhh;fs;.
gyE}W tUl=;fs; fle;Jtpl;lnghJk; ,e;jf; fijfs; THh=;fw;fisg;nghy
trPfukhfpapUf;fpd;wd.
rpWth;fSf;fhd fijfs;/ cyfbk=;Fk; cs;s Kg;gJ gH=;Foapdh;fs; brhd;d
fijfspypUe;J njh;t[ bra;J ,j;bjhFg;g[ cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xt;bthU fija[k; xU ePjpia vLj;Jf; TWtjha; mike;Js;sJ. goj;Jg; ngzpg;
ghJfhf;f ntz;oa mhpa bghf;fp&kha; jpfH;fpwJ me;E}y;. ed;wp ez;gh- ed;F go.
rpwg;ghf njh;t[fs; vGj thH;j;Jfs;.
md;g[ld;/
ghyd;.
Kfthp:
m. vHpyd;/ j‚bg kjpaurd;/
1‚3/ Tykhl tPjp/ nfhit.
7. eak; ghuhl;Lf :
tphpfpd;w beLthdpy;/ flw;gug;gpy;
tpz;nzh=;F bgUkiyapy;/ gs;sj; jhf;fpy;
bghHpfpd;w g[dyUtpg; bghHpypy;/ fhl;oy;
g[y;btspapy;/ ey;taypy;/ tpy=;fpy; g[s;spy;
bjhpfpd;w bghUspbyy;yhk; jpfH;e;J be+;rpy;
bjtpl;lhj Ez;ghl;nl/ J}a;ik Cw;nw/
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  33

mHF vd;Dk; ngbuhG=;nf/ bka;na/ kf;fs;

mfj;jpYk; eP FoapUf;f ntz;Lntnd- ? k.,by. j=;fg;gh

,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Ljy;

Mrphpah; Kd;Diu :
k.,by.j=;fg;gh Xh; ,aw;iff; ftp+h; ghujpahhpd; `Fapy;ghl;L~ nghy
ghoapUf;fpwhh;.ghl;L vd;gJ ,ira[ld; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;lJ. mg;nghJ jhd; ghl;L caph;
bgWfpwJ. mj;jifa caph;g;ig ,g;ghlypy; fhz KofpwJ.
jpuz;l fUj;J :
beLthdk;/ flw;gug;g[/ bgUkiy/ gs;sj;jhf;F/ bghHpfpd;w/ g[dyUtp
mHfpy;/ fhl;oy;/ g[y;btspapy;/ ey; taypy;/ tpy=;fpy;/ gwitfspy; ,d;Dk; bjhpfpd;w
bghUs;fspy;. vy;yhk; gapd;W vk; be+;rpy; bjtpl;lhj Ez;ghl;nl- kf;fs; kdj;jpYk; eP
FoapUf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a;ik Cw;nw/ mHF vd;Dk; bgUik bfhz;l xG=;nf kf;fs;
kdj;jpy; eP FoapUf;f ntz;Lntd;.
vJif eak; :
,g;ghlypy; vJif eak; mHFw mike;J tps=;FfpwJ vdyhk;. monjhWk;/
rPh;njhWk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ vJif eak; MFk;.
rPh; vJif :
bghHpfpd;w bghHpypy;
g[y;btspapy; ey;taypy;
nkhid eak; :
monjhWk;/ rPh;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid eak; MFk;.
tphpfpd;w ? tpz;nzh=;F
bghHpfpd;w ? g[dyUtp bghHpypy;
bjhpfpd;w ? jpfH;e;J
bjtpl;lhj ? J}a;ik
mHF ? mfj;jpYk;
brhy; eak; :
ftp+h;/ Ez;ghl;L vd;w brhy;ypy; `El;gkhd ghl;L~ vd;nw Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ghl;Lf;F/ `mHF vd;Dk; ngbuhG=;F~ vd;w mil bfhLj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;.
bghUs; eak; :
tpz;nzh=;F/ g[dyUtpg; bghHpy;/ bjtpl;lhj Ez;ghl;nl vd;W bghUs; eak;
g[yg;glg; ghLfpwhh;.
epiwt[iu :
,aw;ifia tUzpg;gjpy; jiy rpwe;J tps=;Fk; k.,by.j=;fg;ghit `mHfpay;
ftp+h;~ vd;W Twpdhy; mJ kpifahJ.
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34 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

8. epfH;r;rp epuy; totikf;f :

c=;fs; gs;sp ,yf;fpa kd;w tpHh rhh;gpy; eilbgwtpUf;Fk; cyfj; jha;bkhHp
ehs; (gpg;uthp 21) tpHhtpw;fhd epfH;r;rp epuy; xd;wpid totikf;f.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;
muR nkdpiyg; gs;sp/ jpUthqh; ? 5
cyfj; jha;bkhHp ehs; tpHh
epfH;r;rp epuy;
ehs; : jpUts;Sth; Mz;L/ n\tpsk;gp tUlk;/ khrp khjk; 9k; njjp (gpg;uthp 21)
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J :
tuntw;g[iu : r.g{=;Fd;wd;/ ,yf;fpa kd;wr; brayh;
jiyik : jpU. g. vHpy;Kjy;td;/ jiyik Mrphpah;.
Kd;dpiy : jpU. md;gurd;/ jiyth;/ Kd;dhs; khzth; fHfk;.
rpwg;g[iu : Kidth;. Rg. mz;zhkiy/
jkpH;g; nguhrphpah;/ jpahfuhrh; fy;Y}hp/ kJiu?7.;
ed;wpa[iu : br. g{tpHp/ 9Mk; tFg;g[ khztp.
ehl;Lg;gz;
midtUk; tUf- jkpHKJ gUf--

bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 28

1. me;jhjpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.

mj;jp/ FUtp/ tpUJ/ ,dpg;g[/ thpirahf
v.fh: m) FUtp M) tpUJ ,) ,dpg;g[ <) thpirahf
mj;jp    tpah;   it Jth;     
g;g[ g[f    
H;r;rp fy;tp
  jpifg;
   g[   
itfhrp g[DF
  tpUe;
rpfg;g[ J[
 g[   fH;rr; p     FUtp[
rpwg;g[       g[Jik[     JLf;F[
rphpg;
    
g[ g[
yik     
tpag; g[    ike;jh Fu=;F[
  g[    
d;dif      ikNq g[Fe;J jhtp Fj;J
            
ifngrp      
qghtjp[ Japy;... tpUg;g[ Jjp
          
rpwg;g[   jp=;fs; ... g[fH;[... jpj;jpg;g.[ ..
g[
  Jik
  
   ikdh...

2. mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
eathik ? tpUk;ghik fpsj;jy; ? vGg;gy;/ brhy;Yjy;/ ngRjy;
nfH;g[ ? ed;ik g[hpir ? kjpy;
brk;ky; ? murd;/ mUfd;/ jiykfd;/ gHk;g{/ g[jy;td;/ bgUikapw; rpwe;njhk;/
cs;sepiwt[/ ePh/; jUf;F.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  35

3. b
fhLf;fg;gl;l nth;rb
; rhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tpLgl;l fl;l=;fspy; fhyj;jpw;nfw;w
tpidKw;Wfis epiwt[ bra;f.
th
,we;j fhyk; epfH; fhyk; vjph; fhyk;
ehd; te;njd; tUfpd;nwd; tUntd;
eh=;fs; te;njhk; tUfpd;nwhk; tUnthk;
eP te;jha; tUfpwha; tUtha;
eP=;fs; te;jPh;fs; tUfpwPh;fs; tUthh;fs;
mtd; te;jhd; tUfpwhd; tUthd;
mts; te;jhs; tUfpwhs; tUths;
mJ te;jJ tUfpwJ tUk;
mth; te;jhh; tUfpwhh; tUthh;
mth;fs; te;jhh;fs; tUfpwhh;fs; tUthh;fs;
mit te;jit tUfpd;wd tUgit

4. jh/ fhz;/ bgW/ ePe;J/ ghL/ bfhL nghd;w nth;r;brhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp nkw;fz;l
fl;lj;jpidg; nghd;W fhyj;jpw;nfw;w tpidKw;Wfis mikj;J vGJf.
nth;r;brhy; ,we;j fhyk; epfH; fhyk; vjph; fhyk;
jh je;njd; jUfpnwd; jUntd;
fhz; fz;nld; fhz;fpnwd; fhz;ngd;
bgW bgw;nwd; bgWfpnwd; bgWntd;
ePe;J ePe;jpndd; ePe;Jfpnwd; ePe;Jntd;
ghL ghondd; ghLfpnwd; ghLntd;
bfhL bfhLj;njd; bfhLf;fpnwd; bfhLg;ngd;

5. milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s brhw;fisf; bfhz;L vGtha;/ tpid mo/ tpidf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd

bjhlh; mikf;f. (jplypy;/ nghl;oapy;/ kiHapy;/ ntfkhf/ kz;iz)
v.fh: ehd; jplypy; Xondd;. (jd;tpid)
ehd; jplypy; kpjptz;oia Xl;ondd;. (gpwtpid)

vGtha;'bgah; tpidmo jd; tpid gpwtpid

fhtpah tiu
ftpij eid
,iy mir
kiH nrh;
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36 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 1

fhtpah ? tiu
fhtpah nghl;oapy; tiue;jhs;. (jd;tpid)
fhtpah nghl;oapy; Xtpaj;ij tiutpj;;jhs;. (gpwtpid)
ftpij ? eid
ftpij kiHapy; eide;njd;. (jd;tpid)
,uF ftpij kiHapy; eidtpj;jhd;. (gpwtpid)
,iy ? mir
,iy ntfkhf mire;jJ. (jd;tpid)
fhw;W ,iyia ntfkhf mirtpj;jJ. (gpwtpid)
kiH ? nrh;
kiH kz;iz nrh;e;jJ. (jd;tpid)
kiHePiu kz;zpy; nrh;j;jhd;. (gpwtpid)
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.
kdpjh;fns/
gj;njhL gjpbdhd;whf thHhjPh;.......
,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir bad;W
ntjhe;jk; ngrp @r;R Kl;o thHhjPh;......
rthiy re;jpa[=;fs; Rje;jpuf; fhw;iw Rthrpa[=;fs;
``tha;g;g[fis eGt tplhjPh;~~

bray;jpl;lk;
eP=;fs; thGk; gFjpapy; kf;fs; ngRk; bkhHpfisg; gl;oaypl;L mk;bkhHp ngrg;gLfpd;w
,l=;fis epyg;glj;jpy; tz;zkpl;Lf; fhl;Lf.
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,ay; 1 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  37

c=;fSila ehl;Fwpg;gpy; ,lk; bgw;w xUthuj;jpw;Fhpa kfpH;r;rpahd bra;jpfisf; bjhFj;J

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jp=;fs; tUj;jk; bjhptpf;fpnwd;. bghWj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; Mfpa brhw;bwhlh;fis ,d;W
,uz;L Kiw tFg;gpy; gad;gLj;jpndd;. ,jdhy; g[jpa ez;gh; fpilj;jhh;.
brt;tha; eP njh;tpy; btw;wpbgw;wjw;F thH;j;J ? ez;gd; vd;idg; ghuhl;odhd;.

g[jd; tFg;gpy; nfl;ghuw;Wf; fple;j q 500I vLj;J chpathplk; bfhLj;njd; ?

jiyik Mrphpah; ghuhl;odhh;
tpahHd; bjUtpy; fple;j gzg;igiaf; fhty; epiyaj;jpy; xg;gilj;njd; ? chpath;
vd;ida[k; FLk;gj;ija[k; ghuhl;odhh;.
bts;sp tPl;ow;Fj; njitahd bghUs;fis ehdhf Kd;te;J th=;fpf; bfhLj;njd; ?
mk;kh ghuhl;odhh;.
rdp khw;Wj; jpwdhsp rhiyiaf; flf;f cjtpndd; ? bghJkf;fs; ghuhl;odh;.

+hapW E}yfj;jpy; goapy; js;shoa bghpatiu ifg;gpoj;J tHp elj;jpndd; ?

bghpath; ghuhl;odhh;.

fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
cUgd; ? Morpheme
xypad; ? Phoneme
xg;gpyf;fzk; ? Comparative Grammar
ngufuhjp ? Lexicon

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