th

LL.B.(
3Yrs.
)VI Semest
er
Equi
ty,
Trust
,Fiduci
aryRel
ati
onship&Speci
fi
cRel
iefAct

Uni
t–I
Syl
labus
[TheOrigi
nandDev
elopmentofEquit
y,Equit
yandit
srelat
ionwit
hlaw,TheMaxim ofEqui
ty,
The
conceptofTr
ust
,Maxi
msofEquity,Doctr
ineofEqui
ty,
Electi
on,
Mortgageonceamor t
gagealway
sa
mortgage.Cl
ogonr
edempti
on,Forecl
osure.
Uni
tWi
sePr
evi
ousYearQuest
ionPaperofLucknowUni
ver
sit
y
(
LL.
B.3y
ear2012)
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Di scusst heor i
ginanddev el
opmentofequi t
y.
lkE;kds mn~
Hk
o, oaf
odkldhf oos
pukdhft;s
A
Q.2 Expl ai nthefollowingmaxi msdoequi ty:
(i)Hewhoseeksequi tymustdoequi ty
(ii
)Del aydef eatsequity.
lkE;kds f
u E
uf
yf[krvk/k
kj
&lw=ks
a
dhO;k[;kdhft;s
%
(i)lk E;kpkgusok
ysdkslkE
;dki k
yudj ukpkf
g,A
(ii
)fo yEclk E
;dk sf
oQydjn s
rkgS
A
Shor
tQuest ion
Q.1ConceptofEqui ty (i)lkE;kdhladY iuk
Q.2DivisionsofEqui t
yJur i
sdiction (
ii
)lk E
;kds vf/
kdk
j&{k
=dko
s xh
Z
dj.k
Q.3‘Equityf ollowst helaw’ (
ii
i)lk E
;kfof
/kdkvu q
lj
.kdjrhgS
*
(LL.B.Hon.2014)
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Expl ai ntheor i
ginandgr owthofequi t
yinI ndia.
Hk
kjre s
alkE
;kdhmR if
ÙkvkS
jfodkldk s
le >kb,
A
Q.2 Expl ai nthemaxi m, “Equityfoll
owst helaw. ”
^^
lk E
;f of/kdk^^
vuq
lj.kdjr hgS
*
*&b lvk /kk
jlw
=dk sle>kb,A
Shor
tQuest ion–
Q.1 Def initionofequi ty (i)lk E
;kdhi fjH
kk
’k
k
Q.2 Dev el opmentofequi tyinEngl and (ii)bX
ayS
.Me s
alkE
;kdkf odk
l
Q.3 ‘ Equal i
tyisequi t
y’ (iii
)^lerkg hlkE;gS
*
Q.4 ‘ Delaydef eatsequi ty
’ (iv)^foyEclkE;kdksfoQydjn s
rkgS
*
Q.5 Ki ngs’ Bench (
v)fdaX
lU ;k
;ky;
Q.6 CommonLaw (v i
)dk W
euyk
LL.B.3Yr s.(Semest erVI )-2015
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Doy ouagr eewi ththest atementt hatEqui tydoesnotembr acewhol eofnatur
alj
ust
ice?
D;kvk ib ldF k
uls lgerg S
af
dlk E;klEiw
.k
ZuS
lfxZ
dU ;k;dk sL
o h
dkju gh
adj
r k\
Q.2 Di scusst heor i
ginanddev el
opmentofEqui t
y.

1
 lk
E;kds mn~
Hk
o, oafodk
ldhf oopu
s kdhf
t, A
Shor
tQuestion–
Q.1 Def i
niti
onofequi ty
lk
E;kdhi fjH
k
k’k
k
Q.2 ‘Delaydef eat sequi t
y’
^
fo
yEclk E;kdksfoQydjn r
skgS
Q.3 ‘Equalitywi l
lnotsuf ferawr ongtobewi t
houtar
emedy .
^
lkE
;fdlhn k
’
sk.
w
kZdk;Zdks
mipkj
&foghuugh
ajgus
ns
xkA
Q.4 Equi t
yi ssy nony mt onaturaljust
ice.
lk
E;kiz
kdf̀
rdU ;k;dkI k
;kZ
;ok
phgS
A
LL.B.3Yrs.(Semest
erVI)-2016
LongQuestion–
Q.1 Itissai dthat, t
heemer genceofequi tywasduetot
hei ncompl
etenessoft
hecommonLaw,
Comment .
;gdF
kug
S
]fdlk
ek
U;f
of
/kdhvi
.
wkZ
r
kds
dkj
.klk
E
;kdki
z
knq
H
k
kZ
ogq
vk
Ale
h{k
kdh
f
t,A
Q.
2 Def
ineequi
tyanddi
scussi
tsnat
ureandscope?
lk
E
;kdk
sif
jH
kk
f
’k
rdh
f
t,r
Fkkmldhi
z
df̀
r,o
afo
Lrk
jdhf
oos
pukdh
f
t,A
Shor
tQuesti
on–
Q.1 Diff
erent
iat
ebet
weenEqui
tyandCommonLaw.
lk
E
;kr
Fkklk
ek
U;f
of
/ke
s
avU
rjdh
f
t,A
Q.
2 Equi
tyf
oll
owst
heLaw.
lk
E
;kf
of
/kdkvu
q
lj.
kdj
rhg
S
A
LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)-2018
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Expl aint heor iginandgr owthofequi tyinIndia.
Hk
kjre s
alkE;kdhmR if
Ùkvk S
jfodkldk s
le >k
b,A
Q.2 Expl iant hef oll
owi ngmaxi msofequi ty:
lkE;kds f
u Euf
yf[krvk /kk
j&lw
=k s
a
dhO;k[;kdhf
t, %
(a)Hewhoseeksequi t
ymustdoequi ty
lkE;kpk gu so
kysdk slkE
;kdki kyudj ukpkf
g,A
(b)Del aydef eat sequi ty
foyEclk E
;kdk sfoQydjn r
skgS
A
ShortQuest ion–
Q.1 Def initionofequi ty
lkE;kdhi fj
Hk
k’k
k
Q.2 Dev elopmentofEqui tyinEngl and
bX
ayS.Me s
a lkE
;kdkf odkl
Q.3 ‘ Ki ngs’ Bench
f
daXlU ;k;k y;
LL.B.3Yrs.(Semest erVI)-2019
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 " Thepr i
nci pal reasonofor i
ginofequi tyisdeficiencyorhardshipofEngl
ishCommonLaw.
"
Discuss.
Þ
lk E;kds mn~
Hkodki z
eq
[kdk j
.kb X
a
yS.
Mdhlk ekU
;f of
/kes
ade h;kmldhdBks
jr
kgS
AÞf
oos
pukdh
f
t,A
Q.2 " Equi tywi l
l notsuf ferawr ongt obewi t
houtar emedy .
"Discuss.
Þ
lk E;f dlhvi df̀
rdk smipkj&fogh
uu gh
ajgu
sns
xkAÞfoo
pu
s kdhft,A

2
Shor
tQuest i
on–
Q.1 Equi tyundert heRomanLaw
jk
s
euf o
f/kds vU
r xZ
rlk E;
Q.2 CommonLaw
dkW
euyk W
Q.3 Onceamor t
gageal way samor tgage
,dc k
jc U
/kdln S
oc U/k
dj gr kg S
A
Q.4 Equi tyf oll
owst heLaw
lk
E;kfof/kdkvu q
lj .kdj r
hg S
A
Assignment /
ModelPaper
LongQuest i
on–
Q.1 Expl ai ntheor iginandgr owt hofequi t
yinIndia.
H
kk
jre s
alkE;kdhmR ifRrvkS
jf odkldk sle>k
, A
Q.2 Expl aint hefollowi ngmaxi msofequi t
y
(i
)Itwhoseesequi t
ymustdoequi ty.
(i
i
)Hewhocomest oequi ty,mustcomewi thcl eanhands.
lk
E;kds fuEuf
yf[krvk /
kkjlw=ks
adhO;k
[;kdhft,A
(i
)lkE;kpk gusok
ys dkslkE
;dki k
yudj ukpkfg,
A
(i
i
)lk E;dh“ k
j.ke s
a
vku so
kys dksL
oPNg k
Fk
ks
alsvk
ukvko
” ;dg S
A
Q.3 Expl ai nthef oll
owi ngmaxi msofequi ty
(i
)Delaydef eatsequi ty
(i
i
)Equi tyfoll
owst hel aw
lk
E;kds fuEuf
yf[krvk /
kkjlw=ks
adhO;k
[;kdhft,A
(i
)foyEclk E;kdks f
oQydjn s
rkgS
A
(i
i
)lk E;kfof/
kdkvu q
lj.kdj r hgS
A
LongAnswer
s
Q.1 Expl
aint
heor
igi
nandgr
owt
hofequi
tyi
nIndi
a?
Ans.
Theanswershalli
ncl
udef ol
lowingpoint
s:
Ori
ginandgrowthofequityi
nI ndi
a.
Accordi
ngtoHinduLaw
Accordi
ngtoBri
haspati
Accordi
ngtoKauti
lay
a
Accordi
ngtoMohammdanLaw
Bri
ti
shRuleandadminist
rati
onofj ust
ice
- NatureofEquit
y
- Appli
cati
oninIndianLaw

I
nIndiatherehasbeennowor konequi t
yasani ndependentbranchofIndi
anlaw.Itis
therefor
e,notpossibl
etosaymuchont hi
stopi
c.Itishoweverobv i
ousthatequi
tyhashadit
sdue
placeandi mportanceint hedev el
opmentofl aw undertheIndianlegalsyst
em.Thisisclear
ly
noticeabl
enotonlyintheAnglo-
IndiaLawbutequal
lyintheMohammadanandHi nduLaws.
Insof
arasHindul
awisconcernedithasbeenl
aiddownthati
scaseofaconfli
ctbetweenthe
rul
esofSmrit
iesei
thermaybef ol
l
owed,asr easoni
ngont hepri
nci
pleofequit
yshalldecidethe
sol
uti
ons.Hi
dnulawhasneverbeenstati
candhasconsequentl
yintr
oducedequi
tabl
eprinci
plesto

3
meett
heexi
genci
esoft
het
ime.
ThelatterSmr i
ti
,Karas,namelyNr adaandBr ihaspatihavecategori
cal
l
yacknowledgedt he
i
mpor tanceofequitabl
eprinci
ples.Bri
haspatihassai
dt hat“Decisi
onshouldnotbebasedmer el
yon
Scri
ptures.Therewouldbef ail
ureofjusti
ceifthepri
nciplesbasedonreasonsarenotfol
lowed.The
YuktiVicharwasnecessar i
lythepr i
ncipl
esofequitywhi chwasbasedonj usti
ceandright
.These
pri
nciplesofreasonmaybecal ledpri
ncipl
esofequity
.
Jay
swal
hasal
socol
l
ect
edt
heaut
hor
it
iest
othesameef
fect
.Hesay
s-
“Wemayr ecallKauti
laya‘spr ovisionthatiftheDharmat extisfoundopposedt ojudici
alreasont he
Dharmat extfail
sandt heret heaut hor
ityofreasonprevai
lsYajnav alkyasayswherethereisaconf li
ct
betweent woSmr i
ti
est exts,Reasoni st herestronger
.Yajnavalkyadoesnotper mitapossi bil
it
yof
confl
ictbetweenr easonandt ext.Hel i
mi t
sthesuper i
ori
tyofReasonorEqui t
ytoaconf l
ictbetween
theshastrast hemselves.Wi t
hr egardt otheMohammdanl aw thei rLordshi
psoft hePr vyCouncil
haveobser ved:“Thechapt eront heDut i
es(Adap)oft heKaziint heprinci
pleworksonmussal man
l
awcl earl
yshowst hatther ulesofequi tyandequi t
ableconsiderat i
onscommonl yrecognizedint he
court
sofchancer yinEnglandar enotf oreigntotheMussul mansy stem butarei
nf actaft
err ef
erred
toandi nv
okedi ntheadj udicati
onofcases.I tmaybenot edt hatalltherulesofEngli
shequi t
yarenot
appli
cableinIndia.
TheMohammdanLaw al sopartl
yowesitsorigi
nt othepr i
nci
plesofequi
tythesepri
nci
ples
embodi edinMohammdanl aw areknownasistehsanorj ur
isti
cequit
yHanafisectofSunniswas
foundedbyAbuHani fawhoexpoundedthepri
ncipl
ethatther ul
eoflawbasedonanal ogycoul
dbe
setasideatt heopti
onoft hejudgeonaliber
alconstructi
onorj ur
isti
cpref
erence tomeett he
exigenciesofapar
ti
cul
arcase.
UndertheBr i
ti
shr ul
eandadmi ni
str
ationofjust
icetheLaw Commi ssi
onersforpreparinga
bodyofsubst
antiv
elawf orIndi
arecommended.Thatthejudgesshoulddeci
det hosecasesforwhich
ther
eisnoprovisi
oni nl
awi nt
hemannert heydeem mostconsistentwit
ht heprinci
plesofjusti
ce,
equi
tyandgoodconscience.
TheSupr emeCour tofj udicat urewhi ch wasest ablish byt heRegul ating Act1773 al so
constitutedaCour tofequi tyandt her uleofj usticeandgoodconsci encewasbysect i
on17expr essly
l
aiddownf ort hegui danceofj udgesf ort hedeci si
onofcasesnotcov eredbyanyr uleoflaw.Af ter
theabol it
ionoft heSupr emeCour tofj udicatur eatCal cutta,BombayandMadr asandwi ththe
establishmenti ntheirpl acesoft heHi ghCour tsi nt hr
eePr esidenci
est heequi tyjurisdicti
onwas,by
clause19oft heletterpat entpr eserv edt ot hoseHi ghCour t
s.Thesamer ulewasl aiddownf orthe
Muf assi lCour tsundercl ause9ofRegul ati
onVI Iof1832.Thesamepr ov i
sionhadbeencar ri
ed
forwar di nsubsequentAct sandcont inuedt ogov er
nt her ulesfil
lcodi f
icati
ont ookpl acei nthe
countrysoi nIndi awedonothav eandi ndeednev erhadasepar ateCour tofequi t
yaswasi nEngland
before1873f orexer cisingequi tabl ejurisdicti
ont heCour tswhi chwer ecourtsofequi tyaswel laslaw
asenj oy edt odeci det hosecasesf orwhi cht her ei snopr ov i
sionundert heexi sti
ngbodyofl aw
accordi ngt othepr i
nciplesofj ust ice,equi tyandgoodconsci ence.Eveni nplaceswher et herewasno
statutorypr ovisiont ot hatef f
ect ,judgescoul dconf orm andactaccor dingt othepr i
nciplesofjusti
ce
equityandgoodconsci encei ntheabsenceofspeci ficlawont hepoint.
Nat
ureofEqui
ty:
-
1.Equi
tyi
sbasedonNat
urej
ust
iceandConsci
ence.
2.Equi
tyi
sthesubj
ectmat
terofDi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
t.
3.Equi
tyi
sthebodyofr
ulest
oful
fi
ll
ther
equi
rementt
heci
vi
ll
aw.
4.Equi
tyf
oll
owst
hel
aw

4
 5.Equi
tybel
i
evesi
nequal
i
ty.
ScopeofEqui ty
-Si
ncet heemergenceofEqui
tyisli
keameantof ul
fi
llt
heobjectofl
aw.Its
emergenceequit
ypr
otect
stheshort
comingofci
vi
llaworcommonl
aw.Attheemer
genceofequi
ty
ther
ewerethreemai
ndrawbacksi
ncommonl aw.
1.AbsenceofRemedy
.
2.I
nadequat
eRemedy
.
3.Compl
i
cat
edandwr
ongf
ulpr
ocess.
Theroleofequit
yinIndial
egalsyst
em isv er
yancient.Ourrel
igiousworksli
keVedas.
PuranSmi r
it
iarebaseonpr i
ncipl
esofequit
yandj ust
ice.Ifwel ookatancientHindulaw.Thent he
i
mpor t
anceofequi tyhasbeencl ear
edinitsel
fwhereNar ada,Bri
haspati
,Kautil
yaandal lothers
acknowledt
edtheimportanceofequit
y.I
thasbeensaidthatincaseofaconf li
ctbetweentherul
esof
Smiri
tionl
yreasonabl
eprinci
pleshoul
dberecogni
zed.
InMuslimlaw,theequit
yal sohol
dst heimpor t
antplaceprophetMohammadhas
establ
ishedt
heequityi
ntheform ofr
easonsandconscience.ThefounderofSummitAbuHanifhas
propoundedthatr
uleofl
awcanbeexplainedonundergr
oundsaccor di
ngtotimeandci
rcumst
ances.
Thei
mpor
tanceofEqui
tycanbeseeni
ntheI
ndi
anl
egal
syst
em i
nfol
l
owi
ngAct
.
1.I
ndi
anTr
ustAct1882-I
tist
otal
l
ybasedonequi
tyj
ust
iceandgoodconsci
ence.
2.Specif
icReli
efAct1963-Speci
fi
cref
ormenceofcont
ractpr
ovi
sionr
elat
ivel
ytoI
njunct
ion,
cancel
lat
ionofdeedset
c.
3.I
ndi
anCont
ractAct1872-
Sec.64,
65ar
ebasedonpr
inci
pleofequi
ty.
4.Tr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyAct1882-
Sect
ion48,
51,
53-
9ar
ebasedonequi
ty.
5.I
ndi
anSuccessi
onAct1925-Sect177,
178,
179ar
ebasedonequi
ty.
__
___
___
___
____
_ _
____
____
___
___
____
___
___
___
_____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Q.2 Expl
ainthefol
lowi
ngmaximsofequi
ty.
1.Hewhoseeksequi
tymustdoequi
ty.
2.Hewhocomest
oequi
ty,
mustcomewi
thcl
eanhands.
Ans.
-

5
 Theanswershal
lcontai
nfol
lowingi
mport
antpoi
nts:
1.Hewhoseeksequi t
ymustdoequity.
a.Applicati
onofthi
smaxim

i
.Wi
feequi
tyt
oaset
tl
ement

i
i.Unconsci
onabl
eofbar
gai
ns

i
ii
.Thedoct
ri
neofmut
ual
it
yinspeci
fi
cper
for
mance.

i
v.Elect
ionandmortgage.
v
.Compensationfort
herepair
sandimprov
ement
s
v
i.Mort
gagesbydepositofti
tl
edeeds
- Appl
icat
ionoft
hisMaxi
minI
ndi
a:-
1.Cont ractAct,Sec.19- A,64and65
2.Tr ansf erofpr opertyAct,Sec.35and51
3.IndianTr ustAct ,Sec62and86
- Limitat
ion
o Fi rstLimitation
o SecondLi mitation
2.Hewhocomesi ntoequi t
ymustcomewi thcl
eanhands.
Appl
icat
ionoft hisMaxi mi nIndi
a
1.Indi
ant rustAct ,1882
2.Specifi
cRel i
efAct ,1963
3.Inj
unction
4.Reli
ef

Hewhoseeksequi tymustdoEqui ty-Thismaxi m expr essest hegov erni

ngprinci
plesthatevery
acti
onoft hecourtofEqui
tyindeterminingr i
ghtsandawar dingremedi esmustbei naccordancewith
goodf ait
handconsci ence.Themeani ngoft hemaxi m si mpl ystatedi sthati
fal i
ti
gantclai
ms
somethingbwayofequi tyhemustber eadyandwi l
li
ngt ogr anttootherpartywhichbelongstothat
otherpartyinequit
yequitableremediescr eatethediscret i
onoft heCour tandsot hatcourtwould
beforegranti
ngoneenqui r
ewhet hert heplainti
ffhi
msel fwoul dbepr eparedtoactasamanof
consciencetowar
dst hedefendants.
Themaximi nitsbroadestsensemayber egar
dedast hef
oundationofallequi
tybutasa
practi
calpr
inci
plegui
dingt
heequi t
ycourt
si nthei
radmini
str
ati
onofjust
ice.Themaximisonlyused
i
namuchnar rowerandmor especi
almeaning.Iti
sapri
nci
pleofmoreextensiv
eappli
cati
onnodoubt
butiti
sonlyappli
edtocert
ainparti
cul
arcases.
Appl
icat
ionoft
hemaxi
m
1.WifeEquit
yt oasettl
ement
-Whenbef or
ethepassi
ngofthev ari
ousmar r
iedwomen’ spropert
y
ActinEnglandahusbandsoughttheaddedoftheCourtofChancer ytoobtai
npossessionof
proper
tytowhichhehasenti
tl
esi nr
ightofhiswif
e.Thecourtrefusedtoassi
sthim exceptonthe
thecondi
ti
ont hathemadeafairset
tlementofthepar
tofthepr opert
yorhiswif
eandchi ldr
en.
2.Unconscionableofbar
gai
ns.Insett
ingasi
desuchbar gai
nst
heCourtwouldseethatthemoney
borr
owedi sr epai
dwithfai
rinter
est.Whereaper sonasksforther et
urnofthemor tgaged
secur
it
ies,heisassi
gni
ngforanequit
abl
erel
iefandhemustfi
rstpaybackthemoneyadvanced.

6
3.Thedoctri
neofmutual
it
yinspeci
fi
cperf
ormance-
Equi
tywil
lnotdecr
eespeci
fi
cperf
ormanceof
contr
actatthesui
tofonepart
yunlessi
tdecr
eesspeci
fi
cperfor
manceatthesuitoftheot
her
part
yaswell.
4.Elect
ionandMor t
gage-
Themaximi sal
soil
l
ustrat
edgeneral
l
yinthedoctr
inesofel
ecti
onand
mor t
gages.ThusEquit
ywouldall
owthemort
gageortoredeem t
heproper
tyevenaf
terexpi
ryof
thecontr
actualper
iodbutonl
yoncondi
ti
onwhichar
efai
rtothemort
gage.
5.Compensati
onfortherepair
sandi mprovements-Thi
smaxim al
sounderl
i
est her
ulewhi
ch
enj
oyspaymentofcompensati
onforrepair
sandi mpr
ovement
smadebyapersonwhoholdst
he
l
egalest
ate,
whenthepr
opertyissoughttoberecover
edbyper
sonent
it
ledi
nequi
ty.
6.Mortgagesydepositofti
tledeeds-Themax i
m alsounder
li
esequi
tabl
edoctri
neofmortgageby
deposi
ti
ngoft i
tl
edeeds.Ifamanpl edgeshistil
edeedsasasecuri
tyf
oraloanhemustpayt he
amountbeforehewantt ogetbackt hedeeds,thoughamor t
gageoflandcouldnotbecreat
ed
wit
houtwrit
ingbyreasonofthestat
uetteofFrauds.
I
nIndi
a-Appl
i
cat
ionoft
hemaxi
m-
1.ContractAct
,Section19-
A,64and65-Sect i
on19-A oftheI
ndi
anContr
actsayst
hat‘when
consenttoanagreementi
scausedbyunduei nfl
uence,t
heagr
eementi
sacontr
actv
oidabl
eat
theopini
onofthepart
ywhoseconsentwascaused.
Anysuchcontr
actmaybesetasideei
therabsol
utel
yori
fthepart
ywhowasenti
tl
edt
oavoi
dit
hasrecei
vedanybenef
itt
her
eunderuponsuchformsandcondit
ionsast
heCour
tmaydeem j
ust
.
Undersect
ion64and65oftheIndianContractActthepar
tyseeki
ngtoavoi
dav oi
dorv
oidabl
e
cont
racti
smadetorest
oreanybenefi
tthathehasreceiv
edfr
om theot
herpar
ty.
2.Transf
erofproper
tyAct(Secti
on35and51)-
Sect
ion35oft hetr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyActl
aysdown
thathewhotakesbenef
itunderani
nst
rumentmustacceptorrej
ectt
hei
nstr
umentasawhol
e.
Secti
on51oft hetransf
erofproper
tyActprovidesthatat
ransfer
ee,whomakesi mprovementa
anyi mmovablepropertybeli
evi
ng i
n good fait
hthathisabsolutel
yentit
led t
her
et o and i
s
subsequent
lyevi
ctedtheref
rom byapersonhav i
ngbett
ert
it
le,i
sentit
ledt
ocompensationfort
he
i
mpr ovementmadebyhi m.
3.Indi
anTr ustActSect
ion62and86-Secti
on62oftheTr ustsActi
mposest heequi
tablecondit
ion
ont hebenef i
ciar
ytorepayt
hetrusteethepur
chase-moneywi t
hinterestandotherlegi
ti
mat e
expenseswhenheseeksadecl ar
ationoftr
ustorr
etransferoftr
ustpropert
ywrongfull
ybrought
bythetrustee.
Sect
ion86si
mi l
arl
yimposestheequi
tablecondi
ti
onofr
epay
ingt
heconsi
der
ati
onpai
dint
ransf
er
ofpr
opert
ypursuantaresci
ndabl
econtract
.
Li
mitat
ions-
Ther
ear
ehowev
ert
woi
mpor
tantl
i
mit
ati
onbear
ingt
hescopeoft
hismaxi
m.Theyar
e
asunder-
Fir
stli
mi tat
ion-
Inorderthatthemaxi m mayappl yitisnecessar
yt hatt
heequi t
ysoughtbyor
grant
edt othedef endantiswithrespecttot hesubj
ectmat t
eroft hesui
torgr owsoutoft he
contr
ov er
sypendingbeforethecourtthemaxim doesnotapplytothecasewhent herel
i
efsought
byplainti
ffandtheequi t
ableri
ghtofr el
iefsecur
edt oorsought-
byt hedefendantbel
ongtoor
growoutoft woentirel
yseparat
eanddi st
inctmatt
ers.
SecondLimi
tati
on-Themaxim appl
iesonl
ywher eapar
tyi
sappeali
ngtothecourt
sinorderto
obtai
nsomeequitabler
eli
ef.I
tisnotappl
icabl
ewhenthepl
aint
if
fseekst
oenforcepur
elylegal
ri
ghtsev
enthoughaCourtofequit
y.
b.Hewhocomesi
ntoEqui
tymustcomewi
thcl
eanhands-
Thi
smaxi
missomet
hingexpr
essedi
n

7
 anot
herfrom as“hethathascommi tt
edi nequi
tyshallnothaveequit
y.I
tmeansthatsofarasthe
subj
ectmatteroftheliti
gati
onisconcernedtheclai
m mustnotbet ai
ntedwi
thil
l
egali
tyorfr
aud.
Theclai
m mustnotbej ustandfai
r.Themaxi m gui
dedandr egul
atestheact
ionofequit
yCourts
andthei
rint
erpreposi
tion.
Thi smaximismuchmor eeffi
cientbutrestr
ict
iveinit
soperat
ion.Itassumesthatthesui
tor
aski ngt heaidoft heCour tofEqui t
yhashi mselfbeenguilt
yofConducti nvi
olat
ionofthe
fundament alconcept i
onsofequi t
yandt heref
orerefusestohim allr
ecognit
ionandreli
efwith
refer encetothesubj ect-
matterortransacti
oninquest i
onunseenthesuitforcanshow thathis
conducthasbeenf airequi
tableandj ustal
lal
ong.
I
tsay st hatwhenev erapar t
yseekst osett hejudi ci
almachi neryinmut ati
onandt oobtain
someequi t
ableprinciplethenthedoor softheCour tsofEqui tywi l
lbeshutagai nsthim andt he
courtwillrefusetoi nterf
ereonhi sbehalftoacknowl edgehi sr ightsort oawar dhim anyr el
ief
.
Thismaxi mi sthusbasedonconsci enceandgoalf aithwhil
et heCour tofequitywoul dactot he
conscienceofdef endantandwoul dforcehimtodor ightandj usticeitwouldnev erthusinterf
ere
onbehal foftheplaintiffwhoseownconducti nreferencet othesubj ectmatteroftransacti
onhas
been mar ked bya wantt o good fai
th orhad v i
olated anyoft he pri
ncipl
es ofEqui t
yor
ri
ghteousnesswhi leaCour tofEquit
yt r
iestopromot eandenf or cej ust
icegoodf ai
thupr i
ghtness
andf ai
rnessont hepar tofthedefendantitnev
er t
helessst r
ingent lydemandst hesamef rom the
pl
aintif
f.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Q.
3Expl
aint
hemaxi
m—“
Equi
tyf
oll
owst
hel
aw”and“
Del
aydef
eat
sEqui
ty”
.
Ans.

Theanswershal lcont ai
nf ol
lowingpoints:
a.Equi t
yf ollowst helaw
a.Appl i
cationofMaxi m
i
.Al egalestate,r
ightorinter
est
ii
.Anequi t
ableestate,ri
ghtorinter
est
Li
mi t
ation–
Appli
cat i
oni nIndianLaw
b.Del aydef eat sequity
Delayfat alt oclai
m
Threecondi tions–
1.Dest ruct i
onorl ossofev i
dence.
2.Anagr eementt oabandonar el
easeofpl ai
nti
ff
’sri
ght
3.Pl ai
nt iffinducet hedefendanttoalterhisposit
ion.
Appl
icat
ioninI ndi anLaw

Themaxi m meanst hatequi

tyi snotabodyofj uri
sprudenceact i
ngcont r
arytolaw,butr athera
suppl ementt
ol aw.TheCour tofChancer ynev erclaimedt oov erri
detheCour t
sofCommonLaw.
Mai t
land,cor
rectl
yobservesthat“Everyjotandev erytit
leofthel awwast obeobey ed,butwhenall
thishadbeendone,somet hi
ngmi ghty etbeneedf ul,somethingt hatEquitywouldrequire.Stor
yin
elucidati
onoft heabov emaxim explainedthat“ Wher ear ul
eei theroft heCommonLaw ort he
StatuteLaw,isdir
ect,andgovernsthecasewi thallit
sci r
cumst ances,orthepart
icul
arpoi nt,
aCourt
ofEqui tyi
sasmuchboundbyi tasaCour tofLaw, andcan, aslit
tl
ej ust
if
yadeparturefrom it.
”

8
 Thi
smaxi
misunder
stoodi
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
owr
espect
s:-
(
1)Equi
tyadopt
sandf
oll
owst
her
uleofl
awi
nal
lcaseswher
eappl
i
cabl
e.
(
2)Equi
tyf
oll
owst
heanal
ogi
esofCommonLaw.
Appli
cat
ionofmaxi
m—t wo-
fol
d—Themaxi
m hadt
woappl
i
cat
ionsaccor
dingt
othesubj
ect
-mat
ter
.If
thesubj
ectmat
terwas-
(
1)Al
egal
est
ate,
rightori
nter
est
,or
(
2)Anequi
tabl
eest
ate,
rightori
nter
est
.
Asregardsal egalestat
e,r
ightorint
erest
.Equi
tyisstr
ict
lyboundbyther
ulesofl
awandthe
CourtofChancer yneverblamedtoov er
ri
detheCourtofCommonLaw.Equi t
yint
hesecasesobey
ed
thelaw evenifthel egalr
ulesinquesti
onwer ehardorunfai
rasi sil
l
ust
rat
edabovebytherul
eof
i
ntestatesuccession.
Asr egardsequi t
ableest ate,ri
ghtandi nter
est ,Equi t
yf oll
owst heLawi nthecaseofact i
ngin
analogywi t
hl egalr
ulesinsof arasanal ogyclearl
yexi sts, f
orexampl e, i
fBwast hebenefici
aryunder
atrust,hisi nt
eresti
nt hetrustpr operl
ywasmer elyequi tableandnotr ecogni zedbyt heCommonLaw,
buthi sinterestinEquitywashel dtodev olveaccordingt ot helegalrulef orthedev olut
ionofproperty.
Similarl
y,incaseofequi tableclaimswhi chwereanal ogoust ol egalcl ai
ms.Equi ty,asar ul
e,appli
ed
thetimebarundert heSt atutesofl imit
at i
on.Forexampl e,i nanact i
onbr oughtbyanebef ici
earyto
receivet r
ustmoneywr onglypai dbyt het r
usteetoanot herbenef i
ciaryunderaCommonLawact i
on
formoneypai dandr eceiv
edandananal ogyoft hest atutoryper i
odofl imitat
ionofsi xyearswas
appli
ed.Thi sshowst hatEqui tyr equir
edpr oceedingst obebr oughtwi t
hintheper iodprescri
bedfor
l
egal proceedi ngsofasi milarkind.
Themaxi mt hat“Equi
tyfol
lowsthelaw”hasanothermeaningal so.I
ndeali
ngwit
hitsown
equi
tableest
atesandr i
ght
s.Equit
yhasadoptedmostofthelegalr
ules.Equi
tyfol
l
owsthel
egalr
ules
wheretheyareconsist
entwit
hjusti
ce,
consci
enceandethi
cs.
Li
mi t
ati
ons-Themaxim appli
esinbot ht hecases“l
egalestat
e”and“equit
ableestate”generall
y,
buttherearecertai
ncasesofexcept i
ont ot hegeneralappl
icati
onofthemaxim.I nexceptioncases,
whereanexactl egalr
ulewasneitherdirectl
yappl i
cablenorcapabl
e,ofbeingextendedonpr inci
ples
ofanalogy,Equit
yproceededtoadmi nisterjusti
ceonpr i
ncipl
esandr ul
esofitsown.I tmayal sobe
notedthatthismaxi missubjecttot hepr evi
ousmaxi mthat“equit
ywillnotsufferawr ongt obe
wit
houtar emedy ”andwheretherewasawr ong,equit
yalway sext
endeditshel
pt oredressitandt o
enfor
cet heri
ghtifi
twascapableofbei ngjudicial
lyenf
orced.
I
nI ndi
a-Thedi sti
nctionbet weenl egalandequi tabl
ei nt
erestsdoesnotexi sti nIndia.Inal l
acti
ons,whetheritrelatestol egalrightsandi nter
ests,ort owhatar eknowni nEngl andasequi tabl
e
ri
ghtsandi nt
erests,i
ft herebeanyst atutoryprovi
sionr elat
ingtothesubj ect-
mat t
er, thatmustappl y
andequitableconsider at
ionwi llnotbeal l
owedt oov erridethepr ovisi
onoft heSt atute.Thusi nal l
acti
ons,thecourtistoappl yt helawofl i
mitati
onenact edi nIndi
aLi mi t
ati
onAct,1908, andthej udge
cannot,onequi tablegr ounds,enl arget het i
meal l
owedbyt hel aw,post ponei tsoper ationsor
i
ntroduceexcept i
onsnotr ecognizedbyi t.Simil
arly
,i ncaseoft hel aw ofregistrati
on,thePr iv
y
Councilobservedthat“ norcanEqui tyoverri
deaSt atuteandconf eruponaper sonar i
ghtwhicht he
Statueenactsshallbeconf erredonlybyar egi
steredinstrument .
”
DelaydefeatsEquit
y-Themaxi m hasalsobeenexpr essedinotherformi .e.Equit
yai dsthev igi
l
ant
andnott hedormant”.Thismaxim meanst hatwhilelegalclai
mi snotbar redbyanyl apseoft i
me
shortert
hantheperi
odpr escri
bedbyt heStatuteofLimitat
ion,andequitableclaim ontheot herhand
may ,insomecasesbebar redbyt heunreasonabledel ayoftheplaintif
finseeki ngt hereli
ef.The
CourtofEquitydi
scouragesthelaches,i.
e.unreasonabledelayofsuitinasser t
ingorconf orminghis
ri
ght,hol
dingthati
twoul dbeujusttoallowacl ai
mt obeasser tedafteranunduel apseoft i
me.The

9
CourtofEquit
yirr
especti
veofthestatut
eofLi mitat
ionisnottogi verel
i
efwhent hepar t
yseeking
rel
i
efhasdelayedforalongti
mewi t
houtattempti
ngtoenf or
cehisri
ghtLordCamdeni nSmi t
hv.Clay,
hassaidthat“
ACour tofEqui
tyhasalwaysr ef
usedit
sai dtost
atedemands,wher eapartyhasslept
uponhisr i
ght
sandacqui escedforagr eatlengt
hoft i
me.Not hi
ngcancal lf
orththisCourtinto
acti
vi
tybutconscience goodfai
thandr easonabl
edi l
i
gence;whent hesearewanting,theCourtis
passi
veanddoesnot hi
ng.”
Del
ayfat
altoclai
m—Thr eecondi
ti
ons—Del
aywi
l
lbef
atalt
ocl
aimf
orequi
tabl
erel
i
efonl
y
undert
hefol
l
owingt
hreecondi
ti
ons:
-
(
1)Whenithasresul
tedi
nthedest
ruct
ionorl
ossofev
idencebywhi
cht
hecl
aim mi
ghthav
ebeen
r
ebut
ted;or
(
2)Wheni
tisev
idencedofanagr
eementbyt
hepl
aint
if
ftoabandonar
eleaseofhi
sri
ght
;or
(
3)I
ftheplaint
iffhassoactedastoi nducethedefendantt
oalterhi
spositi
ononthereasonabl
e
f
ait
hthathehasr el
easedorabandonedhisclai
m.Butpartfr
om suchci
rcumst
ance,
delaywil
lbe
i
mmaterial.
InIndi
a—Appli
cat
ionofthemaxim—TheIndi
anLi
mitati
onActhasmadeprovi
sionsforal
lconcei
vabl
e
cases;andcasesnotspecial
l
yprovi
dedforint
heActar egover
nedbytheResiduaryAct.Butthi
s
doesnotmeant hatlachesarenotdef
enceatallincaseswherest
atutor
yperiodoflimit
ati
onis
prescr
ibed.

10
 UNI
T-I
I
Syll
abus
[TheConceptofTrust,Dist
inct
ionwi thagencyandcontr
act,Cl
assi
fi
cat
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ust,Const
ruct
ivetr
ust
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Reli
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tableTrustCommonpr opert
yresourcesandpubl
ictr
ustdoctri
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ght
andDut i
esandDisabil
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esofTr ustee,Di
schargeandappoint
mentofnewTrust
ee,Exti
ncti
onofTrust
,
Right
sandLiabil
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tiesofBenef i
ciary–
Uni
tWi
sePr
evi
ousYearQuest
ionPaperofLucknowUni
ver
sit
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.(Semest
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t-II
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Descr ibet heni ghtsandpower soft rust
ees.
U
;k;/kkf
j ;ksds vf/
kdk j
ks
,oa'k
fDr;ks
adko.kZ
udh f
t, A
Q.2 Di scusst her ightsofbenef iciar
ies.
f
gr xz
kfg;ks dsvf/k
dk jk
sdhfoopu
s kdh f
t;sA
Q.3 Descr ibet hedut i
esoft rustees
U
;kl/ kk
fj;ks
ads dÙkZ
O;ks
a
dko .k
Z
udh ft;s
A

12
 LongAnswer
s

Q.1- Descr
ibet
her
ight
sandpower
soft
rust
ees.
Ans.
-
Theanswershal lcontainthef oll
owingpoi nts:
Ri
ght softrustee( sec.31–35)–
1.Rightt ot itl
edeeds
2.Rightt or e-imbur sement
3.Rightt oi ndemni tyfrom agai nerbybr eachoft
rust
4.Rightt oset tl
ementofaccount s
Power softrustee–
1.Byt het rusti nstr
ument
2.Byst atut e
3.Undert hegener alpri
ncipleoflaworequi t
y
Statut
orypower soft r
ustee( Sec.37–43)
1.Powert osel ftr
ustpr operty
2.Powert ov aryinvestment s
3.Powert omai nt
ainani nfantbeneficiary
4.Powert ogi vereceiptsfortrustproperty
5. Powert ocompr omiseclaims.

Sect
ion31t
o35deal
wit
hther
ight
soft
rust
eesasgi
veni
ntheI
ndi
anTr
ust
sAct
.Theyar
easunder
:
1.Ri
ghttoti
tl
edeeds-
At r
ust
eeisent
itl
edtohavei
nhispossessi
ont
hei
nst
rumentoft
het
rustand
ot
herdocument
ssolel
yper
tai
ningt
otrust
-pr
oper
ty(
Sect
ion31).
2.Righttore-i
mbur sement -
Atrusteehasar i
ghttorei
mbursehimselforpayordi schar
geoutofthe
trustproper
ty,allex pensesproperlyincurredinoraboutt heexecut i
onoft hetrust
s,orthe
reali
zati
on,reservat
ion orbenef i
tt othet r
ustpropert
y,ort hepr ot
ect i
on orsuppor tofthe
benefici
ary(
Sect i
on32)Twocondi ti
onsmustbesat i
sfi
edinordertoentit
let hetrust
eetorecover
theexpensesi ncurr
edi nthefir
stplace,itmustbei ntheexecuti
on oft het rustandsecondly
,it
mustber easonableandpr operinthecircumstancesinwhichi
twasi ncurred.
3.Righttoi ndemnityfrom agai nerbybr eachoft r
ust -
Aper sonotherthanat r
usteewhohasgai ned
an advantagefr om abr eachoft rustmusti ndemnifythetrust
eetot heextentof
theamountact uall
yr eceiv
edbysuchper sonundert hebreach;andwher ehei sbenef i
ciar
y,the
trusteehasachangeonhi sinterestf orsuchamount( Secti
on33) .
totakedirect
ionsfrom Cour t
-A
trusteehasar ighttoappl ybypet i
tiont oapr i
ncipalCi vi
lCourtofor i
ginaljuri
sdi
ctionfori ts
opinion,adviceordirecti
ononanypr esentquest ionr especti
ngthemanagementoradmi ni
strati
on
oft hetr
ustpr opert
yot herthanquest i
onofdeal ,diff
icul
tyorimpor t
ance,notproperintheopi ni
on
oft heCour tforsummar ydisposal( Section34) .InDal i
pKumarv .Nandram,AI R1970Cal .292i t
washel dt hatSect i
on34oft heI ndianTr ust
sActi smer elyanenablingpr ov
isi
onandt hatthe
trusteei
snotobl igedtoappl yfort hedi r
ect i
onoft heCour tinever
ycase.
4.Rightt oset
tlementofaccounts-
Whent hedutiesofatrust
ee,assucharecompleted,hei
s
entit
ledtohav etheaccount
sofhisadmi ni
str
ationofthetr
ustproper
tyexaminedandsett
led;
and
wher enothi
ngi sduttothebenef
ici
aryunderthetrust
,toanacknowledgementinwrit
ingt
othat
effect.Sect
ion35).

13
 At
rust
eemayhav
ethr
eeki
ndsofpower
snamel
y-
1.Power
sgi
vent
othet
rust
eebyt
het
rusti
nst
rument
;
2.Power
sgi
venbyst
atut
e;and
3.Power
sav
ail
abl
eundert
hegener
alpr
inci
pleofl
aworequi
ty.
Stat
utorypowersoft
rust
ees-Thestat
utor
ypower
soft
het
rust
eesar
edeal
tinSect
ion37t
o43of
theI
ndianTrustAct.Theyareasunder:
-
1.Powert
osel
ltr
ustpr
oper
ty.
2.Powert
ovar
yinv
est
ment
s,
3.Powert
omai
ntai
nani
nfantbenef
ici
ary
,
4.Powert
ogi
venr
ecei
ptsf
ort
rustpr
oper
ty
5.Powert
ocompr
omi
secl
aims.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Q.2 Di
scusst
her
ight
sofbenef
ici
ari
es.

Ans.
-
Theanswershallcont ai
nf ollowi nggivenpoint
s:
Ri
ghtsofbenefi
ciary :
-
1.Righttorent sandpr ofits.
2.Righttospeci ficexecut ion
3.Righttotransf erofpossessi on
4.Righttoimpactandt akecopi esofinstr
ument
s
5.Righttotransf erbenef iciali
nterest
6.Righttosuef orexecut ionoft rust
7.Rightstopr opert r
ust ee
8.Righttocompelt het rust eetoanyactofduty.

1.Righttor entsandprofit
s-Thebenefi
ciar
yhas,subjecttotheprov
isionar
yoftheinstr
umentof
tr
ust ,
righttotherentsandpr of
itoftherustproperty
.(Secti
on55).Thebenefi
ciar
ieshavein
certai
ncases,notmer el
yt heri
ghtstorent
sandpr ofi
tsofthetrustproper
tybutalsotothe
corpusort he
2.Rightt
ospecif
icexecut
ion-
Thebenefi
ciar
yisent
it
ledtohavetheint
enti
onoftheaut
horoft
he
tr
ustspeci
fi
cal
lyexecut
edtotheext
entofhispar
ti
culari
nter
est.(
Secti
on55)
3.Righttotr
ansf
erofpossession-
Wher ethereisonlyonebenef i
ciar
yandhecompet entt o
contr
actorwher
ether
ear eseveralbenef
ici
ari
esandt heyarecompetentt ocontr
actandall
areofonemind,heortheymayr equi
ret
het r
ansfertotransf
erthetrust
-proper
tytohim or
them,ort
osuchper
sonasheort heymaydi r
ect.(
Secti
on56)
4.Rightt oimpactandt akecopi esofinstr
ument s-
Thebenef ici
ari
eshav ear ightagainstt
he
trusteesandallpersonsclaimingunderhim wi
thnoticeoft hetr
ust,toi
nspectandt akecopi
es
oft heinstr
umentoft rust,thedocumentsoft itl
er el
atingsolel
yt othet r
ustproper t
y,t
he
account softhetrustpropertyand thevouchers,bywhi chtheyare supportedandt hecase
submi tt
edandopi ni
ont akenbyt hetrusteeforhisgui danceint hedischargeoft heduty.
(Section57)

14
 5.Ri
ghtt otransf
erbenefi
ciali
nterest-
Thebenefici
ary,i
fcompetentt
ocontract
,maytr
ansferhi
s
i
nterestbutsubjectt
othelawf orti
mebei nginforceastoci
rcumstancesandext
entinandto
whichhemaydi sposeofsuchi nter
est.(
Secti
on58) .
6.Righttosuef orexecut i
onoft rust
-Whennot rusteesareappoi ntedorallthetrusteesdie,
discl
aim,oranydi scharge,orwher eforanyot herreason,theexecutionofat r
ustbyt he
tr
usteeisorbecomesi mpr act
icabl
e,thebenef
iciarymayi nsti
tut
easui tfortheexecutionofa
tr
ustbyt hetr
usteeisorbecomesi mpracti
cable,t hebenefi
ciar
ymayi nsti
tut
easui tf ort
he
executi
onofthetrust,andthet r
ustshal
l,soareasmaybepossi ble,beexecutedbytheCour t
until
theappoi
ntmentofat r
usteeormor etr
ust
ee.( Secti
on59).
7.Righttopropert
rustees-
Thebenefi
ciar
yhasar ightt
ot hepossessi
onsofthetrustdocument
thatthetrustpropertyshal
lbepr operl
ypr ot
ected and hel
d andadminist
ered byproper
personsandbyapr opernumberofsuchpersons(Secti
on60)
8.Rightt
ocompelt hetrusteet
oanyactofduty-
Thebenefi
ciar
yhasar i
ghtthathi
strust
eeshal
l
becompelledtoperf
orm anypar
ti
cul
aractofhisdut
yassuch, andr
estr
ainedfr
om committ
ing
anycontemplat
edorpr obabl
ebr
eachoftrust
.(Sect
ion61)
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Q.
3 Descr
ibet
hedut
iesoft
rust
ees

Ans.
-
Theanswershal lcontai
nt hefoll
owingpoi nts:
Duti
esoftrust ee-
1.Trust eet oexecut etrust
2.Trust eet oinform himselfoft hestateoftr
ustproper
ty.
3.Trust eet opr ot
ecttitl
etotrustproper ty
4.Trust eenott osetupt it
leadverset obenef
ici
ary
5.Caref uldeal i
ngwi thtrustpropert
y
6.Conv er sionofper i
shablepr opert
y
7.Tobei mpar ti
al
8.Topr eventwast e
9.Tomai ntainproperaccount s
10.Toinv estt r
ustfunds.

Theduti
esandli
abi
li
ti
esofatrust
eehavebeenexpl
ainedi
nSect
ion11t
o29oft
heI
ndi
an
Tr
ust
sAct.Theymaybebri
efl
yst
atedasunder
:-
1.Trust
eetoexecutet
rust—Thetrusteei
sboundtof
ulf
il
lthepur
poseofthetrust
,andtoobey
thedi
rect
ionsoft
heauthoroft
het r
ustgi
venatt
het
imeofitscr
eat
ions,
exceptwhere-
(
i) I
tisi
mpr
act
icabl
e,i
l
legal
ormani
fest
lyi
njur
ioust
othebenef
ici
ari
es.
(
ii
) Iti
smodif
iedbytheconsentofal
lthebenef
ici
ari
escol
l
ect
ivel
ypr
ovi
dedt
heyar
eal
l
compet
entincont
ract
,or
(
ii
i) Adepar
tur
efr
om suchdi
rect
ionsi
ssanct
ionedbyt
heCour
t(Sect
ion11)
.

2.Tr
ust
eest
oinf
orm hi
msel
foft
hest
ateoft
rustpr
oper
ty-A t
rust
eei
sboundt
oacquai
nt

15
 hi
msel f,assoonaspossi bl
ewi t
ht henatur
e,andcircumstancesofthetrustproperty;to
obtai
n,wher enecessary,a t
ransferoft het r
ustpropert
yt o hi
mself
;and subjectt othe
provi
sionsoft heinstr
umentoft r ust,t
o getintrustmoney sinvest
ed orinsuffi
cientor
hazardoussecuri
ty(Sect
ion12).
3.Trusteet oprotectti
tl
etotrustproper
ty-Atr
usteeisboundtomai nt
ainanddefendallsuch
suit
s( andsubjecttothepr
ovisi
onsoftheinst
rumentoftr
ust)t
otakesuchotherstepsasmay
bereasonableandnecessar yforthepreser
vati
on ofthetr
ustpropert
y,andt
heasser t
ionor
protecti
onofthet i
tl
ether
eti[
Secti
on13].
I
tisthedut yoft
het r
usteetoplacethetr
ustpropert
yinastateofsecur i
tyandforthat
purposetot akeallpossi
bleandr easonablest
epslit
igat
ionsorother
wi se.Thus,wheret he
tr
ustpropertyisimmov ablepropert
ywhi chhasbeengi v
ent otheauthoroft hetrustbyan
unregi
ster
edi nst
rument,i
tisthetr
ustee’
sdutytocausetheinst
rumentt
ober egi
ster
ed.
4.Trust
eenottosetupti
tl
eadversetobenefi
ciary-
Thetr
usteemustnotforhi
msel foranother
,
setuporai
danyti
tl
einthet
rustproper
tyadv
er setot
heint
erestoft
hebenefi
ciar
y( Sect
ion14)
5.Carefuldeal
ingwi
tht rustproperty-
At rustee isboundt odealwi ththet r
ustpropert
yas
caref
ull
yasamanofor dinaryprudencewoul ddeal wit
hsuchpropert
yifitwerehi
sown, andin
theabsenceofacontracttothecont rar
yat r
usteesodealingisnotresponsi
blefortheless,
destr
ucti
onordet
eri
orationofthattr
ustpr opert
y.(Secti
on15).
6.Conv er
sionofper ishabl
epr opert
y—Wher ethetrustiscr eat
edf orthebenefi
tofsev er
al
personsinsuccessionandt hetr
ustpr oper
tyisofperi
shablenatureorafut
ureorrev
ersi
onary
i
nterest,thetrust
eei sbound t o correctthepropert
yi nto proper
tyofa permanentand
i
mmedi at
elypr
ofit
ablecharacter
,unless-
(
i)t
hewi
l
lcont
ainsadi
rect
ionori
mpl
i
cat
iont
othecont
rar
y;or
(i
i
)Thewillconf
ersonthet r
ust
eediscret
iont
opost
ponesuchconv
ersi
onwhi
chhecani
n
bonaf
idewayandimpar
tial
l
yexerci
se(Secti
on16)
.
7.Tobeimparti
al-
Wherether
earemorebenef
ici
ari
est
hanone,t
hetrust
eemustbeimpar
ti
aland
mustnotexecut
ethetr
ustfort
headvant
ageofoneatt
heexpenseofanot
her(
Secti
on17)
.
8.Toprev
entwaste-Wher
ethet r
usti
scr eat
ed forthebenef i
tofseveralpersonsinsuccession
andoneofthem bei
nginpossessionoft hetrustpropert
ycommi tsort hreat
enstocommi t
,
anyactwhichdestr
uct
ive orinj
urioustot he trustpropert
y;t
het rusteeisboundt ot ake
measur
esinprev
entsuchact.(
Sect
ion18).
9.Tomai nt
ainproperaccounts-Atrusteei
sbound(a)t
okeepcl earandaccur
ateaccountsof
thetr
ustpropert
y,and (
b)atallreasonabl
eti
mesattherequestofthebenef
ici
ary
,tofurni
sh
him wi
thfullandaccur
ateinformationastoamountandstateofthetr
ustproper
ty(Secti
on
19).
10.
Toinvesttrustf unds-Wher ethet r
ustpropert
ycontainsofmoneyandcannotbeappl ied
immediat
elyorifanear l
ydat
et othepurposeofthetr
ust,t
het r
usteeisboundtoinvestmoney
onthesecurit
iesment i
onedinSection29oft heAct.Thetrusteeissoboundonl ysubj
ectt o
anydir
ecti
onscont ainedIthet r
ustinstr
ument.Exampleofsuchsecur it
iesar
epr omissory
not
es,debentures,stockorothersecuri
ti
esofanyStateGovernmentet c.

16
 UNI
T–I
II
Syl
labus
Meaning,Nat
ure&Scopeofequit
abler
eli
ef,
Hist
oryofSpecif
icRel
i
ef.Rel
i
evesregar
dingpossession
ofimmov abl
e& mov abl
epropert
y, Meaningofspecifi
cperfor
mance,enf
orcementofcont ract
,
def
ences,par
t-per
for
manceofcontr
act
.
Uni
tWi
sePr
evi
ousYearQuest
ionPaperofLucknowUni
ver
sit
y
LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)2012
LongQuest i
on
Q.1 St atethepr ov i
sionofSpeci ficRel i
efAct, 963r elatingt othespeci f
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on12.
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17
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2 Whatar
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heSpeci
fi
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i
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efAct ,
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on–
Q.1 Nar ratethepr ovisionsoft her ecov eryofspecifi
cimmov ablepropert
yundertheSpecif
icRelief
Act,1963.
f
o f
uf
nZ
"Vvu q
rks
"kvf/
kfu;e]1963ds vUrxZ
rfo f
'k
"VvpylE if
Ùkdsiz
R;q
)j.kdsmicU
/k
k
s
adko.
kZ
udhft,A
Q.2 " Normal l
yt heSpeci fi
cPer formanceofapar tofcontractisnotallowed.
"Explainandpointout
theexcept i
onst ot hisrule.
Þ
lkekU
;#ils la
fonkds f
dlhH k
kxdkf ofuf
nZ
"Vvu q
ik
yuu gh
adjk
;ktkldr k
AÞLi
"Vdhf
t,r F
kkblfu;edsviok
nks
a
dkmY ys
[kdhft, A
Shor
tQuest ion–
Q.1 Resci ssionofCont racts
Lk
f
aonk
vks
adkfo[ k
.Mu
Q.2 Speci ficPer formanceofCont r
act s
Lk
f
aonk
vks
adkfof'k
"Vi k
yu
Assi gnment/ ModelPaper
Unit-I
II

Q.1 Whatdoy oumeanbySpeci f

icReli
efAct?Descri
betheobject
sandhi st
oryofSpecifi
cRelief
Act.
f
of
uf
nZ
"
Vvu q
rk
s
"kvf
/k
fu;elsvk
iD;kle>rsgS
\f
a of
uf
nZ
"
Vvu q
rk
s
’kvf
/
kf
u;edsmn~
n'
s
;, oabf
rgk
ldkmYys[kdhf
t, A
Q.2 Descri
bethecircumstancesinwhichspecif
icperf
ormanceofcontractsmaybegr antedbyt he
cour
t.
f
tuifj
fL
Fk
fr
;ks
aes
a
U;k
;ky;}kj
kla
fo
nkvk
s
adsf
of'
k"
Vvuq
ikyudkvkn
s
'kiz
nk
ufd;ktkldr kgS
]mu
dko.kZ
udhft,
A
Q.3 Specif
icperfor
manceoft hepartofthecontr
act?

18
 la
f
onkds
Hk
kxdkf
of
'k
"Vi
kyu
A
LongAnswer
s
Q.1 Whatdoy
oumeanbySpeci
fi
cRel
i
efAct
?Descr
ibet
heobj
ect
sandhi
stor
yofSpeci
fi
cRel
ief
Act.

Ans.
Theanswershal lcont ainfollowi
ngpoi
nts:
Specif
icr
eli
efact
Meaning
Specif
icr
eli
efi sar eli
efinspeci e
Object
Modeofspeci fi
cr eli
ef
1.Bytakingpossessi on
2.Byorder i
ngapar t
yt odotheactwhi
chhei
sobl
igedt
o
3.Byinj
unct ion
4.Bydeclar atorydecr ees
5.Recti
fi
cat ionofi nstruments
6.Resci
ssi onofcont racts
7.Cancellationofi nstruments
8.Enfor
cementofpubl icdut
ies

Speci
fi
cReli
ef—It
smeaning—ThelawofSpecif
icRel
i
efseekstoi
mplementthei
deasofBenham
whosaid,
“Thelawoughtt
oassuremeev ery
thi
ngwhichismi
ne,wi
thoutf
orci
ngmetoaccept
equi
val
ents,
alt
houghIhavenopart
icul
arobj
ecti
onst
ot hem.
”
Speci
fi
cReli
efi
sar el
iefinspeci
e—I
tisaremedybywhi
chapar
tyt
oacont
racti
scompel
l
ed
t
odooromitthev
eryact
swhi chhehasundert
akent
odooromit.
Itsobj
ect—Theobj ectoftheSpecif
icReli
efActi sconf i
nedtothatcl
assofremedieswhichasui t
or
seekstoobtainandaCour tofJust
iceseekst ogivehimt heveryrel
i
eftowhichheisenti
tled.
AccordingtoSirEdwardFr y“Aperfectsystem ofjuri
sprudenceoughttoenfor
cetheactual
perfor
manceofcont r
actofeveryki
ndandcl ass,exceptonl
ywhent her
earecircumst
anceswhi ch
rendersuchenforcementunnecessaryori nexpedient.
”
I
nor dertopr ovi
der eli
efincasesr el
ati
ngt ocontracts,tor
tsandot hercasesSpeci f
icReli
efAct ,
1877 wasenact ed.Thi sl egislati
on had becomenecessar ybecauseI ndian ContractAct ,1872
providedonl yther eli
efofcompensat ionincaseofbr eachofcont ract.I
twasf oundt hattheremi ght
besi tuati
onswher einthegr antofcompensat i
onwoul dnotaf f
ordadequat er eli
efandonl yspeci f
ic
performanceoft hecont ractwoul dr enderjusti
ceandpr ov
ideadequat er eli
ef.Intheabsenceof
developmentofsepar ateequi t
yl awasi nEngland,thi
scr eateddiffi
cult
iesandhar dships.Inviewof
l
ongdr awnconf l
ictbetweenequi tycourtsandcommonl awcourts,theBr i
tishersdidnoti ntr
oduce
equityl aw inIndiaasasepar at ebranchofl aw wherev eritwasf oundnecessar yequi tylaw was
i
ntroducedi nt hef r
om ofst atutes.Thatiswhy ,t
oprovidecer tai
nreli
efsuchasspeci f
icperformance
ofcont ract
s, Specifi
cReliefAct ,1877wasenact ed.
Withaview t
oadoptthel
aw inaccor
dancewit
hthechangingt
imesandcircumstances,the
l
awwasamendedandanewAct ,namel
ySpecif
icRel
i
efAct,1963wasenactedbyt
heParli
ament.As
i
tiscl
earf
rom thePreambl
eoft
heAct,iti
s‘anActtodef
ineandamendt helawrel
ati
ngtocer t
ain

19
ki
ndsofspeci f
icr el
iefonthei
rsubj ectaBi l
lwasintr
oducedonDecember ,
23,1960inLokSabhabut
i
tlapsed.ThereafterasecondBi ll
wasi ntroducedandthisti
metheBillwaspassedandt husSpecifi
c
Reli
efAct,1963wasenact ed.ThisActcamei nt
oforceonMarch1,1964.Thi sactisnotexhaust
ive
anddoesnoti ncludethecompl etel aw ont hesubj
ect.Thi
sisclearfrom thePreambleoftheAct
whichhasbeennot edabove.But ,aspoi ntedoutbytheSupremeCour tinHungerf
ordInvestment
TrustLtd.v.HaridasMudr a,(1972)3SCR690 t heActiscomplet
eandexhaust i
veinrespectofthe
matteri
tdeals.
ModeofSpeci
fi
cRel
ief
Undert
heSpeci
fi
cRel
i
efAct
,1963,
thespeci
fi
crel
i
efmaybegi
veni
nanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:
1.Byt aki
ngpossession-Byt
akingpossessi
onofcert
ainpr
oper
tyanddel
i
ver
,ini
ttocl
aimant
,i.
e.
recoveryofpossessi
onofproper
ty.(
Secti
on5,6,7,8)
.
2.Byorder
ingapartyt
odotheactwhi
chhei sobli
gedt
o—Byorderi
ngapartyt
odothever
yact
whi
chhei sunderanyobl
i
gat
iontodo,i
.e.speci
fi
cperf
ormanceofcont
ract
s,(
Sect
ion10to
14)
.
3.Byi
njunct
ion—Byprevent
ingapart
yf rom doi
ngthatwhi
chheisunderanobl
i
gat
ionnott
odo.
Thi
siscal
ledprev
enti
vereli
ef,
i.
e.i
njuncti
on.(
Secti
ons36to42)
.
4.Bydecl
arat
orydecr
ees-Bydetermini
nganddeclari
ngt heri
ght
sofpart
iesot
her
wiset
hanby
anawar
dofcompensati
on,i
.e.decl
arat
orydecr
ees.(Secti
on34and35)
.
I
naddi
ti
ontot
hesecl
assesofcasesofanequi
tabl
erel
i
eft
heacti
ncl
udesandpr
ovi
des
f
ort
hefol
l
owi
ng:-
5.Rect
if
icat
ionofi
nst
rument
s.(
Sect
ion26)
.
6.Resci
ssi
onofcont
ract
s.(
Sect
ion28t
o30)
7.Cancel
l
ati
onofi
nst
rument
s(Sect
ion31t
o33)
8.Enf
orcementofpubl
i
cdut
ies.
Inaddi
ti
ontothese,twomor ecl
assesofr
eli
efswer
eknowni
nIndi
a,butt
heyar
enow
omi
tt
edbytheSpeci
fi
cReliefAct
,1963.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Q.
2 Descri
betheci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
chspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofcont
ract
smaybegr
ant
edby
thecourt
.
Ans.
Theanswershal
lconsistoffoll
owingpoint
s:
Speci
fi
cperf
ormanceofcont racts
1.Whenthestandardforascertai
ningact
ualdamageexist
s.
2.Whencompensat i
oninmoneywoul dnotprov
ideadequat
eel
ief
.
3.Case–Madhusoodhanv s.Keral
aKaumudiPv t.Lt
d.
4.Case–Ram Karanv s.Gov i
ndLal

Thespeci
fi
cper
for
manceofanycont
ractmayi
nthedi
scr
eti
onofcour
t-
1-Whennost
andar
dforascer
tai
ningact
ualdamageexi
sts-
Accordi
ngtoSect
ion10theCourthasdiscret
iontoenf
orcet hespeci
fi
cperfor
manceof
cont
ractwhent
her
eexi
stsnost
andar
dforascert
aini
ngt
heactualdamagecausedbythenon-

20
 perfor
manceoft heactagreedt
obedone.Forexample,Aagreest
obuyandBagr eestosel
la
pictur
ebyadeadpai nt
erandtworar
eChinav ases.AmaycompelBspeci f
ical
l
yt oper
for
m
thiscont
ractbecausether
eisnost
andar
df orascert
aini
ngt
heactualdamagewhichwouldbe
causedbyitsnon-per
formance.
2-Whencompensationinmoneywoul dnotprovideadequat
er el
ief
-Thecourtmayenfor
cethe
speci
fi
c perf
ormance ofthe contractwhen the actagreed to be done i
s such t
hat
compensati
oninmoneyfori
tsnon-perfor
mancewouldnotaff
ordadequaterel
i
ef.
Ithasbeenmadecl eart
hatunlessanduntilthecontraryispr ov
edt heCour tshall
presumet hatthebranchofcontracttotr
ansferi
mmov ablepr opert
ycannotbeadequat el
y
rel
ievedbycompensat i
oni nmoneyandt hatthebranchofacont racttotransf
ermov abl
e
propert
ycanbesor eli
eved.However,
eveni
ncaseofcontracttotransfermovablepropert
ythe
Courtshal lpr
esume thatcompensat i
on i
n moneywoul d and be adequat erel
iefint he
conditi
onsstat
edbelow-
(
a) Wher
etheproper
tyi
snotanor di
nar
yar
ti
cleofcommerceori
sofspecial
val
ueorint
erest
t
othepl
aint
if
forconsi
stsofgoodswhi
charenoteasi
l
yobtai
nabl
einthemarket
.
(
b) Wher
ethepr
oper
tyi
shel
dbyt
hedef
endantasagentort
rust
eeoft
hepl
aint
if
f.
Iti
stobenotedt
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
nthecondi
ti
onsst
ated abov
emayber
ebut
tedby
r
ovi
ngthecont
rar
ytoi
t.
nMadhusoodhanv
I .Keral
aKaumudiPvt.Ltd.AI
R2004S. C.909 theSupremeCourt
hasheldthatt
hesharesofapr i
vatecompanyaregoodsandeasil
yobtai
nableinmarketand
ther
eforethecont
ractr
elatingtosuchsharesmaybespeci f
ical
l
yenf or
gedi.e.t
hespecifi
c
perf
ormanceofsuchcontractshouldbegr
anted.
nRam Kar
I anvGovi ndLal,AI R1999Raj.167 t her
ewasanagr eementf orsaleof
agri
cult
urall
and.Thewholeconsi derat
ionwaspaidbythepurchasertot
hesell
erbutthesell
er
avoi
dedt heexecuti
onofthesal e-deed.TheCourtheldthatthepaymentofcompensationin
moneywasnotadequat erel
iefanddet ect
edthesell
ertoperfor
mt hecont
ractspeci
fi
call
yi.
e.
toexecutethesal
e-deed.
Eventhecauseofmov abl
eproper
tythespecif
icper
for
manceofthecont
ractmaybe
order
edbyt heCourt.ForexampleAcontr
actwithBtopaintapict
uref
orBandBagr eest
o
payRs. 1,
000ther
efore.Bisenti
tl
edtohaveitdeli
ver
edtohim onpaymentort
enderofRs.
1,
000.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Q.
3 Speci
fi
cper
for
manceoft
hepar
toft
hecont
ract?

Ans.
Theanswershal
lcontai
nf oll
owingpoints:
Speci
fi
cperf
ormanceofpar tofcontract–
Sec.6andsec.
12
Case–H.P.A.Internat
ionalvs.Bhagwandasandot
her
s
Case–Sundaram vs.Diravi
aNadar

Secti
on12pr
ovi
desf
orspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofapar
toft
hecont
ract
.Thepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion6as
fol
lows:

21
(
1)Exceptasot
herwi
seher
einaf
terprovi
dedi
nthi
ssect
ion,
thecour
tshal
lnotdi
rectt
hespeci
fi
c
perf
ormanceofapar
tofacontract.
(
2)Whenapar tytoacont r
acti
sunabletoper
for
mt hewholeofhispar
tofit,butt
hepartwhich
mustbel eftunper
formedbyonl yasmallpropor
ti
ontot hewholeinvalueandadmi tsof
compensati
on in money ,t
he courtmay atthe sui
tofei t
herparty dir
ectthe speci
fi
c
per
for
manceofsomuchoft hecontr
actascanbeper f
ormedandawar dcompensat i
onin
moneyforthedefi
ciency.
(
3)Whenapar t
ytoacont
racti
sunabl
etoper
for
mthewhol
ehi
spar
tofi
tandt
hepar
twhi
chmust
bel
eftunperf
ormedei
ther
:-
-
(
a)For
msaconsi
der
abl
epar
toft
hewhol
e,t
houghadmi
tt
ingofcompensat
ioni
nmoney
;or
(
b)Doesnotadmi tcompensat
ioninmoney ;heisnotentit
ledtoobtainadecr eef or speci
fi
c
perf
ormance;butt
heCourtmay,atthesui
tofotherpar
ty,
dir
ectthepart
yt odefaul
ttoperfor
m
speci
fi
cal
lysomuchofhispartofthecont
ractashecanperfor
m, i
ftheotherparty
:-
(
i) I
nacasef al
l
ingundercl
ause(a)pay sorhaspai dtheagreedconsi
der
ati
onf ort
he
wholeofthecontr
actreducedbyt heconsider
ati
onf ort
hepartwhichmustbel eft
unper
for
medandacasef all
ingunderclauseb)paysorhadpaidtheconsi
derat
ionfor
thewhol
eofthecontr
actwit
houtanyabatement;and
(
ii
) Inei
thercase,rel
inqui
shesal
lclai
mst otheperformanceofther emai
ningpar
tofthe
cont
ract andal lri
ghttocompensati
on,eitherforthedefi
ciencyorforthelossor
damagesustainedbyhimthoughthedefaul
tofthedefendant
.
(
4)Wher eapartofacont
ractwhich,t
akenbyitsel
f,canandoughttobespecifi
cal
lyperf
ormed,
standsonaseparateandindependentf
ooti
ngf r
om anotherpar
tofthesamecont r
actwhich
cannotoroughtnottobespecifi
call
yperf
ormed, theCour
tmaydirectspeci
fi
cperformanceof
theformerpart
.
Expl
anati
on-Fort
hepurposeofthi
ssecti
on,apart
ytoacontractshal
lbedeemedtobeunabl
e
toperf
ormt hewhol
eofhispartofi
tifaprot
ect
ionofthesubmitmatterexi
sti
ngatt
hedat
eof
thecontr
acthasceasedtoexi
statthet
imeofit
sperfor
mance.
InH.P.
A.Int
ernati
onalv.Bhagwandas&ot hersA.I
.R.2004,S.C.
3858 theSupreme
Cour
thasmadei tclearthatspecif
icperf
ormanceofapar tofcontr
actcannotbeorder
ed
whentenur
eofcont
ractevincei
ntenti
onagainstsegregat
ionofint
erest
.
InSundar am v.Di r
aviaNadarA. I
.R.2005,S. C.167 t helandi nquest i
onwasj ointl
y
i
nher i
tedbyt wobr othersandthreesisters.Theagr eementt osellwasexecut edbythet wo
brothersandt hesisterswerenotmadepar t
ies.TheCourthel dthatthepur chasercouldnot
i
nv okeSecti
on12t oobt ai
nsaleofundiv i
dedshar esofthet owbr other
swi thar ightt
of orce
parti
ti
onont hesi st
erswhower enotpar t
iestot heagreementofsal e.TheCour thasobser ved
thatsuchar el
iefundersect i
on12cannotbeobt ainedbav endor,onpur chaseofanundi vided
shareofthepr opertyofsomeoft heco-owner sagainstot
herco- ownerswhoar enotparti
est o
thesaleagreement .

22
 UNI
T–I
V
Syll
abus
[Condit
ionsofrecti
fi
cati
on,Cancell
ati
on,Par
ti
alcancell
ati
on,Powerofrest
orat
ionorcompensati
on,
Condit
ionsofRescission,GroundsofDeclar
ation,Theeffectofdecr
eeofdecl ar
ati
on,Meani
ngof
i
njuncti
on&itsKinds,Groundsofissui
ngofperpetual
inj
uncti
ons&theexcepti
on.]
Uni
tWi
sePr
evi
ousYearQuest
ionPaperofLucknowUni
ver
sit
y
LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)2012
LongQuesti
on
Q.1 Underwhatci r
cumst ancescanaper sonsuef orcancel l
ati
onofaninst
rument
?Discuss.
f
dui f
jfL
Fk
fr;k
s
aes
a,
dO ;fDrfdlhfoys
[kdsf
oyks
iu¼fuj
L=hdj.
k½dsfy;so
knn
k;jdjldrkgS
\fo
opu
s kdh
ft;s
A
Q.2 Discusst helawr elati
ngt ograntofperpetuali
njunctions.
'
kk
'orO;k
n'
skdksvuq
nÙkfd;stkus
lslEcf
U/
k
rfof/
kdhf o
os
pu kdhf
t;s
A
Shor
tQuestion
Q.1Recti
fi
cati
onofI nstrument s f
oys
[kk
s
adkifj'
kk
/
sk
u
Q.2Decl
aratoryDecrees ?
kk
"
sk
.k
kR
edvk KfI
r;k¡

LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)2014
LongQuesti
on
Q.1 Underwhatci rcumst ancescanaper sonsuef orcancel l
ati
onofaninst
rument
?Discuss.
f
dui f
jfL
Fkf
r;k
s
aes
a,dO ;fDrfdlhfoys
[kdsfoyk
s
iu¼fuj
L=h
dj .
k½dsfy;s
oknn
k;jdjldrkgS
\fo
opu
s kdh
ft;s
A
Q.2 Discusst helawr elat i
ngt ograntofperpetuali
njunctions.
'
kk
'orO;k
n '
s
kdksvu q
n
Ùkf d;stkus
lslEcf
U/
krfof
/kdhfo
os
pu kdhf
t;s
A
Shor
tQuesti
on
Q.1 Tempor ar
yinjunction vLF
kk
;hO;kn
s'
k
Q.1 Rescissionofcont racts. la
fo
n k
vks
a
dkfo[k
.MuA

LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)2015
LongQuesti
on
Q.1 Underwhatci rcumstancescanaper sonsuef orcancell
ationofaninstr
ument?Discuss.
f
dui f
jf
LF
kfr
;ks
aes
a
,dO;fDrfdlhfo
ys[
kds f
oyks
i u¼f
ujL
=hdj.k
½dsfy;soknnk
;jdjldr kg
S
\foo
pu
s kdh
ft;s
A
Q.2 ExplaintheGeneralPrinci
plesgoverninggr antofmandat or yinj
unct
ion.
lek
ns
”k
k
Redvk n
s
”kiz
nk
ufd;s tk
uslslE
cfU
/k
rlk ekU
;fl)kUrk
a
sdhfo
opu
s kdhf
t,A
Shor
tQuesti
on
Q.1 Rescissi
onofcont racts laf
onkvks
adkf
o[k.
Mu
Q.1 PerpetualInj
uncti
on fpjLF
kk;hvkn
”
sk

LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)-2016
LongQuesti
on–
Q.1 Defineper
pet
ual
inj
unct
ionanddi
sti
ngui
shwi
tht
empor
aryi
njunct
ion.
“
kk
”or¼
f
pjL
Fk
k;h
½O;k
ns
”kdk
sif
jH
kk
f
’k
rdh
f
t,r
FkkvL
Fk
k;hO
;k
ns
”kls
mlds
vUr
jdh
f
t,A
Q.
2 Expl
aint
her
esci
ssi
onofcont
ract
sandwhatar
ethei
rnecessar
ycondi
ti
ons?
L
f
aon
kvk
s
ads
fo[
k.Mudko
.kZ
udh
f
t,r
Fkkf
o[k
.Mudhvk
o”;d“
krs
Z
a
D;kg
S
a\

23
Shor
tQuest
ion–
Q.1 Reviv
aloft
rust
U
;k
ldki
q
u#R
Fk
ku
Q.
2 Rect
if
icat
ionofI
nst
rument
s
f
y[k
rk
s
adki
fj”
kk
s
/k
u
LL.
B.3Yr
s.(
Semest
erVI
)–2018
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Di scusst hel awr elati
ngt ogr antofPer petual I
njuncti
ons.
“k
k”o
rO ;kn”
skdk svu q
nÙ
kfd;stkusls lE
cfU
/k
rf of
/kdhfoos
pukdhf
t,A
Q.2 Expl aint heDecl aratoryDecr ees.
?k
k
s
’k.
kkRedvk KfIrdhO ;k[
;kdh f
t,A
Shor
tQuest i
on–
Q.1 Pr ev enti
v eRel i
ef
f
uokjdvu q
rk’
s
k
Q.2 Decl ar atoryDecr ees
?k
k
s
’k.
kkRedvk KfIr;k¡
Q.3 Mandat oryI njunctions
Lk
ekn”
skk
RedO ;kns
”k
LL. B.3Yrs.( Semest erVI)-2019
LongQuest ion–
Q.1 Underwhatci rcumst ancescanaper sonsuef orcancell
ationofani nstrument?Discuss.
f
dui fjf
LFk
fr;ks
aes
a,dO ;f
äf dlhfo ys
[kdsfoyks
iu¼fujL
rhdj.k
½dsf
y,o knn k
;jdjldr kgS
\fo
os
pukdhf
t,A
Q.2 Whati sani njuncti
on, it
skindsandgr oundsf orgranti
ngaper petuali
njuncti
on?
O
;kn'
sk, oaO
;kn '
skdsiz
dkjD ;kgS
a
vkS
j, d'kk
'orO;kns
'kdkstkj
hdjusdsvk/
kk
jD ;kgS
a
\
Shor
tQuest i
on–
Q.1 Tempor aryI njunction
vLFk
k;hO;kns
'k
Assignment /ModelPaper
Unit-IV
LongQuest ion
Q.1 Underwhatci rcumst ancescanaper sonsuef orcancell
ationofani nstrument?Discuss.
fdui f
jfL
Fkf
r ;ks
aes
a,dO;fDrfdlhf oys
[kdsfoyks
iu¼fujL
=hdj.
k½dsf
y;s o
knn k;jdjldr kgS
\fo
opu
s kdhf
t;s
A
Q.2 Di scusst hel awr elati
ngt ogr antofper petual i
njuncti
ons.
'k
k'o
rO ;kn'
skdk svu q
nÙ
kfd;stkusls lE
cfU
/k
rf of
/kdhfoos
pukdhf
t;sA
Q.3 Expl aint heDecl aratoryDecr ees
?k
k
s
"k.
kkRedvk KfIrdhO ;k[
;kdh f
t,A
LongAnswer
s
Q.
1- Underwhatci
rcumst
ancescanaper
sonsuef
orcancel
lat
ionofani
nst
rument
?Di
scuss.
Ans.
-
Theanswershal lcontainf
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts:
Cancell
ationofani nstr
ument
Conditi
onf ort
her eli
ef
I
ll
ustrat
ion
Otherpointstobenot ed

24
 Therel
iefofcancel
lati
onoftheinstr
umentisf oundedupont
headminist
rat
ionofpr
otect
ive
j
ust
iceforfeartechni
call
yknow as‘ quat i
nict
.Secti
on31ofSpeci f
icRel
iefActlaysdownthe
f
oll
owinggr
oundsofcancellat
ionofaninst
rumentinthefoll
owi
ngways:
1.Anyper sonagai nstwhom awr i
tteninstr
umentisv oi
dorvoidable,anadwhohasr easonabl
e
apprehensionthatsuchinstr
ument,i
fleftout
standi
ng,maycausehi m ser
iousi
njury
,maysuet o
haveitadjudgedv oi
dorv oi
dabl
e;andthecourtmay,init
sdi
scret
ion,soadjudgeitandorderitt
o
bedeliver
edandcancel l
ed.
2.Ift
heinst
rumenthasbeenregi
steredundert
heIndi
aRegi
strat
ionAct,1908,t
hecourtshallal
so
sendacopyofitsdecr
eet
otheof f
iceri
nwhoseoffi
cet
heinstr
umenthasbeensor egi
ster
ed,and
suchoffi
cershallnot
eonthecopyoft hei
nst
rumentcontainedi
nhi sbooksthef actofthe
cancel
l
ati
on.
Condi
ti
onsf
ort
her
eli
ef
Befor
eaper
soncancl
aimr
eli
eff
orcancel
l
ati
on,
hemustpr
ovet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
sbey
ond
doubt—
(
1)Thatt
hewr
it
teni
nst
rumenti
sei
therv
oidorv
oidabl
eagai
nsthi
m;
(
2)Thathehasr
easonabl
eappr
ehensi
onofi
njur
yfr
om t
hei
nst
rumenti
fiti
slef
tout
standi
ng;
(
3)Thatt
het
hreat
enedi
njur
yisser
ious;
(
4)Thatinv i
ewofallthecircumstancesoft
hecase,thecourtconsi
dersitreasonableandpropert
o
administerpr
otect
iveandpr ev
entivej
ust
iceaskedforandthatthecourtought,intheexer
ciseof
i
tsdiscreti
on—(a)adjudgetheinstr
umentvoi
dorv oi
dableinhisfav
our,and( b)orderi
ttobe
del
iveredupandcancel l
ed.
I
ll
ust
rat
ion
(
i) A,theownerofashipbyfr
audul
ent
lyrepr
esenti
nghert
obeseawort
hyinducesB,
an
under
wri
ter
,toinsur
eher,
Bemayobt ai
nthecancel
l
ati
onoft
hepoli
cy.
(
ii
)Aconv ey
slandtoBwhobequeat hsi
ttoCanddi es,Ther
euponDgetspossessi
onoft
he
l
andandproducesaf
orgedi
nstrumentstat
ingthattheconvey
ancewasmadet oBint
rust
f
orhi
m( D).Cmayobtai
nthecancell
ati
onoftheforgedinst
rument
.
(
ii
i)Adeedofsettl
ementpur
port
ingt
oconveyproper
tymaybecancel
l
edi
fthemarr
iagein
contempl
ati
onofwhichi
thadexecut
edcannotbeper
for
medonaccountoft
hedeathof
ei
therpar
ty.
Ot
herpoi
ntst
obenot
ed—
(1)“Theparti
sr el
ievedupont hepr i
nci
pleasi ti
stechni
cal
lycal
led,
quatini
ct,
thatis,f
orfear
thatsuchagreement ,securi
ti
es,deedsf orotheri
nstr
umentsmaybev exati
ouslyorinj
uri
ousl
y
usedagainsthim,whent heevidencetoimpeacht hem maybelost;
ortheynowt hr
owacl oud
orsuspici
onov erhistit
leorinterest(
Story)
.”
(2)Onadjudgi
ngthecancel
l
ati
onofani
nst
rument
,thecourtmayrequir
ethepar
tytowhom
suchrel
iefi
sgrant
edtomakeanycompensat
iont
ot heot
herwhichjust
icemayrequi
re
(Sect
ion33).
__
___
___
______
_____
_ _
____
____
___
___
___
_____
______
___
______
_ _
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Q.2 Discussthelawrel
ati
ngtogr
antofperpet
uali
njunct
ions.
Ans.

25
 Theanswershallcont
ainfollowi
ngpoints:
Per
petuali
nsunction(
sec.30)
(i
) Topr eventt
hebr eachofanobl i
gati
on.
(i
i) Pr eventingt
hebr eachofobli
gationsari
singf
rom contr
act
(i
ii
) Topr eventt
heinv asi
onorthreatofinv
asiontopl
ainti
ff
’sr
ightt
opr
oper
ty

Section38- Whentheplainti
ffhasest abli
shedhi sright,aperpetual i
njuncti
onisissuedaft
ert
het r
ial
.
Itholdsgoodsf orever,
restraintsthedef endantf orev er
y ,
andsi nceitconcludesar i
ghti
tisi
neffect
adecr ee.Itisgr
antedwher et hereisaquest i
onofsubst anti
aldamagewhi chcannotbe
compensat edbymoneyandwher eal egaldutyisbr oken.Ingrantingit,t
hecour twil
ll
ooktothe
plai
ntiff
’sconductandthebal anceofconv enienceandconsi derthequest i
onfrom thevi
ewpointof
preventingmul t
ipl
i
cit
yofj udicialproceedings.
Whengr
ant
ed
Aper
pet
ual
inj
unct
ionwi
l
lbegr
ant
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:
i
. t
opr
eventt
hebr
eachofanobl
i
gat
ion,
i
i
.incaseofpr
event
ingt
hebr
eachofobl
i
gat
ionsar
isi
ngf
rom cont
ract
,
i
i
i.t
opr
eventt
hei
nvasi
onort
hreatofi
nvasi
ont
opl
aint
if
f’
sri
ghtt
opr
oper
tyort
oit
senj
oyment
.
Thoughti ncaseofwasteoroutsteraninjuncti
onmaybegr antedagainstthemanagerofa
j
ointHinduFami l
yattheinst
anceoft
heCopar cener,butnonet
hel
essablanketinj
uncti
onr est
rai
ning
permanentl
yfrom ali
enat
ingthepr
opert
yoft heJointHinduFamil
y,evenincaseofal egalnecessit
y
cannotbegranted.
Forpermanentinj
uncti
ononehast oprovethathetheowneroft hepr opert
yinquesti
on,it
remainedinhi spossessionandt hedef
endanthadnor ight,ti
tl
eorinteresttherei
n;Permanent
i
njuncti
oni sadi scr
eti
onaryreli
efandisequitabl
einnat ure.I
tmustbegr anted i nt
eral
iaon
consider
ati
onsofequi t
yandj ust
iceandtheappell
antwhoi shimsel
fgui
ltyofinequitabl
econduct
cannotclai
m suchrel
ief.
Onceaperpet
uali
njuncti
oni
sgrant
edandbecomesfi
nal
,anyattemptt
ocir
cumv entt
hesame
cannotbepermitt
ed.I
tsnon-compl
i
ancewouldbeacont
inui
ngdisobedi
ence,
ent
ail
ingpenal
consequences.
Whil
egranti
ngthesame, thecourtwil
lconsi derthefoll
owingandsati
sfyit
sel
fastothe
condi
ti
onslai
ddowni nSection38(3).Wheret her
eexi stsnost andardforascer
taini
ngtheactual
damagecausedorli
kelyt
obecausedbyt heinvasi
on, wher etheinvasi
onissuchthatcompensati
on
i
nmoneywoul dnotaff
ordadequat
er el
ief
,andwher einjunctionisnecessaryt
opreventmul
tipl
i
cit
yof
j
udici
alpr
oceedi
ngs,aperpet
uali
njunct
ionwillbegranted.
__
_____
__ _
___
___
____
_____
____
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Q.3Explai
ntheDecl
arat
oryDecr
ees.
Ans.

26
 Theanswershal lcont ai
nf oll
owingpoints:
DeclaratoryDecr ees
Meani ng
Objectofdecl ar
at orydecrees
Circumst ancesunderwhi chcour tmaypassordeclarat
orydecr
ee.
Whomaysue?
Againstwhom sui tcanl i
e?
Whator derthecour tmaypass?
Whent hecour tmayr efuset oact?
Essent i
alelement sofsect ion–34
1.Legalchar acterofpl ai
ntif
f
2.Deni aloftitlebydef endant
3.Decl arati
onsui tforlegalcharacter
4.Ri ghttoseekf urt
herr el
iefrat
herconsequent
ialr
eli
ef.
Il
lustr
at i
on
Furtherpoi nt
st obenot ed.

Meaningof“declar
atorydecr ee”-Adeclar
atorydecr eeismodeofr eli
efwherethereisnospecifi
c
perf
ormanceandnoawar dofcompensat i
on.Ther ei sonlyadeclarationoftheri
ghtsoftheparti
es
wit
houtanyconsequentialrel
iefwhichcanbeenf orcedbyt heexecuti
onoft hedecree.I
notherwords,
decl
arat
orydecreesaret hosewher esomer i
ghtisdecl aredinfavouroft heplai
nti
ffbutnothi
ngis
soughttobepaidorper formedbyt hedefendant.Fur t
her,thedecl
ar ati
ondoesnotconferanynew
ri
ghtuponthepl
ainti
ff
,itmer elydeclar
eswhathehadbef ore.
Objectofdecl ar
ator
ydecrees-Theobjectofsuchdecr
eesisthatwhereaperson’sstat
usorlegal
characterhasbeendeniedorwhereacl oudhasbeencastuponhi sti
tl
estori
ghtsandinter
est
sin
somepr oper
ty,hemayhav ethecloudremovedbyhavinghi
sl egalst
atusorr
ightsdecl
aredbthe
court.
Ci
rcumstancesunderwhichcourtmaypassadecl
arat
orydecr
ee—Sect
ion34oft
heSpeci
fi
c
Reli
efAct,lay
sdownt heci
rcumstancesunderwhi
chi
adeclarat
orydecr
eemaybepassedbythe
court
.Itmaybest udi
edasfol
lows:
Whomaysue?—Anyper
sonent
it
ledt
o(i
)anyl
egalchar
act
er,
or(
ii
)anyr
ightast
oanypr
oper
ty,
may
i
nst
it
uteasui
t.
Agai
nstwhom sui
tcanl
ie?
—Agai
nstanyper
son,
(i)deny
ingor(
ii
)int
erest
edt
odeny
,hi
sti
tl
etosuch
char
act
erorr
ight.
Whator
derthecourtmaypass? —Andthecourtmayini
tsdiscr
eti
on,maketherei
nadecl
arat
iont
hat
hei
ssoenti
tledandthepl
aint
if
fneednotinsuchsui
taskforanyfur
therr
eli
ef.
Whent heCourtmayref
usetoact?—Providedthatnocour
tshallmakeanysuchdecl
arat
ionwhere
theplai
nti
ffbei
ngabl
etoseekf
urtherr
eli
ef,thanameredeclar
ati
onofti
tl
e,omit
stodoso( Sect
ion
34).
Expl
anat
ion—A t
rust
eeofpr oper
tyisa“ per
sonint
erest
edt odeny”ati
tl
eadversetot
het
it
leof
someonewhoisnotinexi
stence;
andforwhom,i
finexist
ence,hewoul
dbeatr
ustee.
Themeaningofthesecti
onist
hatanyper
son,
whohasar i
ghtt
oanystatusort
it
lemaybri
ng
adecl
arat
oryact
ionagai
nstanyonewhodeni
eshissuchst
atusorti
tl
e.AndtheCourtmay,i
nthe

27
exerciseofi
tssounddiscret
ion,makethedeclarati
onaskedfor
,andinsuchasuittheplai
nti
ffneed
notaskf oranyfurt
herrel
ief
.ButtheCourtshallrefusetomakethedecl
arat
ionaskedfor,i
fitfi
nds
thattheplai
nti
ffbei
ngabletoseekforf
urtherr
eli
efthatthemeredecl
arat
ionhasomitt
edtodoso.
Essent
ialEl
ement
sofSect
ion34
Thust
omai
ntai
nasui
tunderSect
ion34oft
heAct
,thef
oll
owi
ngel
ement
sar
eessent
ial
–
1.LegalChar
acterofPl
aint
if
f-Thatt
hepl
aint
if
fisaper
sonent
it
ledt
oanyl
egalchar
act
erorr
ight
astoanypropert
y;
2.DenialofTi
tlebyDefendant—Thatthedefendanti
saper
sondeny
ingori
nter
est
edt
odenyt
he
pl
ainti
ff’
sti
tl
etosuchlegalchar
acterorr
ight;
3.Declar
ati
onsuitforLegalChar
act
er-
Thatthedeclar
ati
onsuedf ori
sadecl
arat
iont
hatt
he
pl
ainti
ffi
sent
it
ledtoalegal
char
act
erortoari
ghttoanyproper
ty;
and
4.Righttoseekfurt
herr
eli
efratherconsequent
ialrel
ief
-Thatwher
etheplai
nti
ffi
sablet
oseek
furt
herrel
i
efthanameredeclarat
ion,
heisseekingsuchreli
ef(
consequent
ial
rel
i
ef)
.
I
ll
ust
rat
ion
(
i)Ai
slawful
lyinpossessi
onofcer
tai
nland.Theinhabi
tant
sofneighbor
ingvi
llagecl
aim ari
ght
ofwayacrosstheland.Amaysuef oradecl
arati
onthattheyarenotent
it
ledtotherightso
cl
aimed.
(
ii
)Worshipper
sofat emplecanmai nt
ainasuitforadeclar
ati
onthatapermanentleaseof
templepropert
ygrantedt
othedefendant
s;Possessi
oni
sinval
id[
Worshi
pper
shavingrightt
o
worshipintemplear
eenti
tl
edtosue]
(
ii
i)Wheni npri
orproceedingsthef at
herref
err
edthemattertoarbi
trat
ion,adecr eewaspassed
onthebasi
softheawar dandt hesonsubsequent
lysuedforamer edeclarat
iont hatt
hefat
her
hasnoauthori
tytorefer,hel
dt hatthesui
twasnotmai nt
ainabl
ewi thoutaf urt
herpray
erfor
cancel
l
ati
onofthedecree.[Sri
Ram v .Khawaj
iAI
R1934Lah.235]
Fur
therpoi
ntst
obenot
ed
1.Ther
eli
efbywayofdecl
arat
ioni
spur
elydi
scr
eti
onar
y.
Eveniftheplaint
if
fsati
sfi
esallt
hecondi
ti
ons,i
tisatthediscret
ionoft
heCour
ttogr
antt
he
rel
iefornot
;itcannotbecl
aimedasamatterofabsol
uter
ight.
2.Atrusteeofapropertyi
sapersoni
nter
estedt
odenyat i
tl
eadver
set
otheti
tl
eofsomeone
whoi snotinexi
stenceandf
orwhom ifinexi
stence,hewoul
dbeatrust
ee(Expl
anat
iont
o
Secti
on34).

28