xjfO{ gLlt, @)^#

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / e"–w/ftnLo :j?ksf sf/0f cfGtl/s
Pj+ jfXo ;Dks{sf] nflu xjfO{ oftfoft ;jf{lws e/kbf]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf
/x]sf]5 . :t/Lo xjfO{ ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? nufot
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L 5f]6f] / nfdf] b"/Lsf] xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]
ljdfg:ynx?sf] ljsf; u/L cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k p•og Pj+ xjfO{ ;'/Iff
(Flight Safety and Aviation Security) nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;'/lIft, ;'ne,
ldtJooL, ahf/d'vL, e/kbf]{, Pj+ k|efjsf/L xjfO{ oftfoftsf] dfWodaf6 ko{6g
/ Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;/sf/sf] :ki6 gLlt x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf
dxz'; u/L ……xjfO{ gLlt, @)^#ÚÚ NofOPsf] 5 .
xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf u/fpg] p2]Zon]
/fli6«o xjfO{ gLlt, @)%) hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZjsf] ab\lnbf] kl/l:ylt /
b]zsf] cfGtl/s cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L gful/s p•ogsf]
ljsf;åf/f b]zdf a9L eGbf a9L ko{6s leq\ofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
@)%# ;fndf pQm xjfO{ gLltdf klxnf]kN6 ;+zf]wg u/]sf] lyof] . gful/s
p•og If]qdf ljZjn] df/]sf] km8\sf], cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} / vf; u/L Pl;of
k|zfGt If]qdf xjfO{ 6«flkmsdf ePsf] pNn]vgLo j[l4, ljZj hgdfg;df
a9]sf] ko{6sLo dxTj, lghLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f ljZjdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;
Pj+ gful/s p•og If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf Pj+ jfo';]jfx? jLr a9\b}
uPsf] xft]dfnf] (Alliance) nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L tTsfn hf/L ul/Psf] xjfO{
gLltdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g' jfG5gLo ePsf] / k|:t't xjfO{ gLltn] /fli6«o p8fg
;'/Iff tyf xjfO{ ;'/Iffsf] ;'lgZrttf / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k ;]jf
;+rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
ljBdfg xjfO{ gLltdf plNnlvt sltko s'/fx? sfg"gdf ;dfj]z eO{
Jojxf/df ;d]t cfO;s]sf] . To:tf k|fjwfg tyf pknlAw x6fO{ xjfO{
oftfoftnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg], jfo';]jfnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{, lgoGq0f, lgodg
ug]{ ljifo nufot xjfO{ p8fg k|lzIf0f ;+:yf, dd{t tyf ;Def/ ;+:yfnfO{
Ohfht lbg] cfwf/x? ;d]t ;dfj]; u/L ljBdfg xjfO{ gLltnfO{ ;dofg's"n
kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 . ljdfg:yn, ljdfg:yndf cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf]
lgdf{0f, ljsf; tyf b'u{d If]qsf] nflu cTofjZos xjfO{ ;]jfsf]
;'lglZrttf ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o p8fg eg]{ jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfx?nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug{ rf6{/ p8fg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/L a9L eGbf a9L
ko{6sx? g]kfn leq\ofpg] bL3{sfnLg nIo xfl;n ug{ o; gLltn] ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] 5 . ;fy} oftfoftsf] cGo dfWod;Fu lgs6td ;dGjo sfod u/L
xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;åf/f ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / jfl0fHo nufot
d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] k|j4{gdf o;
gLltn] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 .
370
@= nIo
xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, :t/Lo, ;'ne, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'rof]Uo,
lbuf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L t'NofpFb} pbf/ cfsfz gLltsf] cjwf/0ffdf lghL If]qsf]
;d]t ;xeflutf clej[l4 u/L xjfO{ oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ o; gLltsf]
nIo /x]sf] 5 .

#= p2]Zo
k|s/0f @ df plNnlvt nIo xfl;n ug{ b]xfosf gLltut pb]Zox?
/x]sf 5g\ M
#=!= d'n'ssf] p•og pBf]u nfO{ ljZj p•og pBf]usf] ;dsIfdf
:yflkt x'g] u/L ljsf; ug]{ .
#=@= xjfO{ p8fg ;'/Iff (Flight Safety) tyf xjfO{ ;'/Iff
(Aviation Security) sf] pRrtd :t/ sfod ug]{ .
#=#= jfo';]jf ;+rfng, ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg
tyf xjfO{ oftfoft;Fu ;DjlGwt ;]jf / ;'ljwfx?sf] ljsf;,
lj:tf/ tyf ;+rfngdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgL
stf{nfO{ cfslif{t / k|f]T;flxt u/L :j:y Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds
xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=$= d'n'ssf] xjfO{ ;]jfsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ cTofw'lgs
;'ljwfo'Qm cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;lxt cGo pko'Qm
lsl;dsf ljdfg:ynx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; ug]{ .
#=%= gful/s p•og If]qdf bIf tyf Joj;flos hgzlQmsf]
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ gful/s p•og;Fu ;DjlGwt k|lzIf0f
;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
#=^= gful/s p•ognfO{ d'n'ssf] e/kbf]{ ;]jf pBf]u tyf xjfO{
dgf]/~hg / ;fxl;s ofqfsf] pko'Qm dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug]{ .
$= gLlt
$=!= xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}tf
$=!=!= ljBdfg pbf/ cfsf; gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}+ s|dzM v'Nnf
cfsf; gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$=!=@= ko{6g k|j4{gsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePsf d'n'sx?;Fu ;dfgtf
/ kf/:kl/stfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ clwstd kmfO{bf x'g]
u/L låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ug{ kxn
ul/g]5 .
$=!=#= g]kfnL jfo';]jfx?nfO{ cGo cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jfx?;Fu
;d"xsf] ;b:otf PnfoG; (Alliance) tyf sf]8 ;]ol/ª ug{
:jLs[lt lbg] ;/n k|s[ofsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .

371
$=@= xjfO{ If]qsf] pkof]u
$=@=!= ;'/lIft, ;Ifd Pj+ ldtJooL p8fg ;+rfngsf nflu cfw'lgs
k|ljlwx?sf] cjnDag ub}{ e"–pku|xdf cfwfl/t cGt/f{li6«o
;Lwf xjfO{ dfu{x?sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .
$=@=@= cGt/f{li6«o p8fgx?n] g]kfnsf] jfo'If]qsf] pRrtd pkof]u
ug{ / cGt/f{li6«o kf/jxg dfu{ -Transit Routes) sf]
;~hfnleq g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ cGt/f{li6«o gful/s
p•og ;+u7g -ICAO) Pj+ ;Da4 d'n'sx?;Fu cfjZos
kxn / ;dGjo ul/g]5 .
$=#= p8fg ;'/Iff (Flight Safety)
$=#=!= p8fg ;'/Iff clej[l4sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p•og
;+u7gåf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08 tyf l;kmfl/zx? nfu" ug{ pRr
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
$=#=@= k'/fgf jfo'ofgsf] cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ cfjZos
dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .
$=#=#= xjfO{ oftfoft ;DaGwL cWoog-cg';Gwfg, jfo'ofg b'3{6gf
hf+r, p8fg ;'/Iff lgu/fgL (Safety Oversight) ;d]tsf
sfo{x? cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ sfod ug{ ;+:yfut tyf
sfg"gL ;+/rgfut ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L lgu/fgL Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
$=#=$= e"–pku|xdf cfwfl/t ;~rf/, ky k|bz{g Pj+ lgu/fgL
;]jfo'Qm xjfO{ p8fg Joj:yfkg jf cGo pko'Qm k|0ffnL
cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$=#=%= g]kfnsf] jfo'If]qdf oflGqs p8fg k|0ffnLaf6 Po/ 6«flkms
sG6«f]n ;]jf k'¥ofpg xjfO{ dfu{x?sf] k'g;{+/rgf Pj+ ljsf;
ul/g]5 .
$=$= xjfO{ ;'/Iff (Aviation Security)
$=$=! gful/s p•ognfO{ cgflws[t x:tIf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg xjfO{
;'/Iff ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6|o dxf;lGwx?, k|f]6]fsn tyf
cGt/f{li6|o gful/s p8\8og ;+u7gJbf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08
cg'?k cem ;'b[9 tyf k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
$=$=@ ljBdfg xjfO{ ;'/Iff Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu cfjZos
sfg"gL / ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
$=%= cfGtl/s xjfO{ ;]jf
$=%=! cfGtl/s p8fgsf] cfjZostf, ljdfg:yn / ljdfg:yndf
hl8t pks/0f Pj+ cGo ;'ljwfx?, jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfsf]
Joj:yfkg, cfly{s, k|fljlws nufotsf kIfsf]
ljZjf;gLotfsf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df cfGtl/s
jfo';]jf ;+rfng ug{ Ohfht (Permission) tyf jfo'ofg
372
 ;+rfng k|df0fkq (Air Operater Certificate) lbg
;'Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
$=%=@ gof+ cfGtl/s jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfnfO{ Ohfht tyf
jfo'ofg ;+rfng k|df0fkq lb+bf / df}h'bf jfo';]jf ;+rfng
;+:yfx?nfO{ jfo'ofg yk (fleet expansion) ug{ Ohfht lb+bf
sf7df8f}+ aflx/sf xa ljdfg:ynx?df ;+rfng cfwf/
(operation base) /fvL b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t ;]jf k'/\ofpg'
kg]{ u/L Ohfht lbOg]5 .
$=^= cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ;]jf
$=^=!= cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu Ohfht tyf jfo'ofg
;+rfng k|df0fkq k|bfg ubf{ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfksLo, cfly{s
tyf k|fljlws kIfsf] ljZjf;gLotf / d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df
:j:y / k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf efu lng ;Sg] u/L kf/bzL{
Joj:yfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . To:tf ;+:yfx?sf]
;]jf ;+rfngdf /fi6«n] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ pQ/bfloTj, xjfO{ ;]jf
;Demf}tf Pj+ ;dembf/Lkq cg';f/ dfu{;fl/0fL, p8fg ;+Vof,
l;6 Ifdtf tyf 6«flkms clwsf/sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t
b[li6ut u/L ;f] clwsf/sf] kf/bzL{ ?kdf ljt/0f
ul/g]5 . t/ kfFr aif{;Dd ;kmntfk"j{s cfGtl/s xjfO{ ;]jf
k|bfg u/L ;]jf rfn" /fv]sf cfGtl/s jfo';]jf ;+rfng
;+:yfsf] k|fljlws, cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+Íg
ubf{ ;Ifd b]lvPsf cfGtl/s jfo';]jf ;+rfng
;+:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfngsf] nflu OHffht
tyf jfo'ofg ;+rfng k|df0fkq (AOC) lbg ;lsg]5 .
$=^=@= ljb]zL jfo';]jf ;+:yfx?nfO{ xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfg
leq /x]/ p8fg cg'dlt lbg] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
$=& ;fwf/0f xjfO{ oftfoft (General Aviation)
$=&=!= PlePzg :kf]6{; (Aviation Sports) tyf ;fxl;s Pj+
cg';GwfgfTds p•og lqmofsnfkx? h:t} dfOqmf] nfO{6 -
Micro Light), Xofª UnfOl8Ë (Hang Gliding), kf/f hlDkË
-Para-jumping), UnfOl8Ë (Gliding), x]lnl:sªu -
Heliskiing) / x6 Po/ a]n'lgË -Hot Air Ballooning) nfO{
Ohfht tyf jfo'ofg ;+rfng k|df0fkq lbg] k|lqmofnfO{
;/lns/0f ul/g]5 .
$=&=@= :jb]zL, ljb]zL jf ;+o'Qm nufgLstf{x?nfO{ xjfO{ p8fg
k|lzIf0f ;+:yf (Flying School) vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ul/g] /
To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ lglZrt ljdfg:yn k|of]u ug{ lbg] ;/n Pj+
kf/bzL{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

373
 $=&=#= jfo'ofgx?sf] dd{t tyf ;Def/ ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfksLo,
k|fljlws tyf cfly{s Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg u/L dd{t ;Def/
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t
k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
$=&=$ s'g} ;+:yf jf JolQmn] lghL ljdfg btf{ u/L /fVg rfx]df
Jofkfl/s p8fg ug{ gkfpg] u/L cfjZos zt{x? ;d]t
tf]sL cg'dlt lbg ;lsg]5 .
$=* g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud
$=*=! g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ ;Ifd, e/kbf]{, ljZj;gLo /
Jofkfl/s ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/L Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{ o;sf] ;+:yfut / sfg'gL ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
$=*=@ lgudsf] kx+'r a9fpg lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ ;d]t
k|f]T;flxt ub}{ jfo'ofg ;+Vofdf j[l4 u/L ;]jf lj:tf/
ul/g]5 .
$=(= xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lgodg tyf lgoGq0f
$=(=!= jfo'ofg pTkfbg ug]{ ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] OlGhg k/km/d]G;
l/nfoljln6L (Engine Performance Reliability),
cGt/f{li6«o k|rng, j}slNks jfo'ofgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/
/ g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0fn] hf/L u/]sf zt{ k"/f
u/]/ dfq Ps OlGhg l:y/ kv]6f (Fixed Wing) ePsf
jfo'ofgnfO{ lghL, rf6{/, tyf tflnd k|of]hgsf] nflu
cg'dlt lbg ;lsg]5 .
$=(=@= g]kfndf btf{ ePsf] jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfsf] d'Vo
Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ :yn g]kfndf /xg] / jfo'ofg ;~rfng
lgoGq0f (Operational Control) g]kfn jf g]kfnLdf /xg]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
$=(=#= jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yf, jfo'ofg dd{t ;+:yf / k|lzIf0f
;+:yfnfO{ Ohfht lbFbf ljz]iftM xjfO{ p8fg ;'/Iff (Flight
Safety) nfO{ b[li6ut u/L lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
cg'dlt tyf jfo'ofg ;+rfng k|df0fkq lbg] /
;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfOg]5 .
$=(=$= p8fg ;'/Iff lgu/fgLsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] Joj:yf u/L g]kfn;Fu
bf}To ;+jGw ePsf d'n'sx?df g]kfnL jfo';]jfx?nfO{ gg\
;]8\o"jn÷rf6{/ -ofq'÷sfuf]{ p8fg ;+rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g]5 .
$=(=%= jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfx?sf] bfloTj tyf aLdf ug]{ Joj:yf
kf/bzL{ jgfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f x'g] Joj:yf
ldnfO{g]5 .

374
 $=(=^ jfo'ofg ef8f (lease) df NofO{ ;+rfng ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{
kf/bzL{ tyf k|efjsf/L jgfpg sfg"gL ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
$=(=&= jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yf, dd{t ;+ef/;+:yf tyf xjfO{ p8fg
k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx?nfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L g]kfn
gful/s p•og k|flws/0faf6 cfjZos Ohfht tyf jfo'ofg
;+rfng k|df0fkq (Air Operator Certificate) lbg] Joj:Yff
ul/g]5 .
$=(=*= lzsfuf] dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ p8fg ;'/Iff lgu/fgLsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{Pdf ljb]zdf btf{ ePsf jfo'ofgx?
g]kfnL jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfn] ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] u/L
:jLs[lt k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
$=(=(= c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ Pj+ lgwf{l/t p8fg ;'/Iff :t/ k"/f gug]{
;+:yfx?sf] Ohfht / jfo'ofg ;+rfng k|df0fkq lgnDag jf
vf/]h ul/g]5 .
$=!)= k|ljlw ljsf; tyf x:tfGt/0f
xjfO{ p•og ljsf;sf lgldQ cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f (Research and Technology Transfer) h:tf
lqmofsnfkdf lghL nufgLstf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
$=!!= ljdfg:yn juL{s/0f tyf ;+rfng
$=!!=!= ljdfg:ynx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ juL{s/0f tyf ;+rfng
ul/g]5 M
s= cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
v= If]qLo xj (Hub) ljdfg:yn
u= ;8s oftfoftsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] If]qsf ljdfg:yn
3= b'u{d If]qsf ljdfg:yn
$=!!=@= d'n'ssf] b'/ufdL xjfO{ oftfoft ljsf;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L
g]kfnnfO{ Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]qs} 6«flGh6 xjsf] ?kdf
ljsf; ug]{ clek|fon] g]kfn ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf]
;xeflutfdf cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm gofF cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
$=!!=#= ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f, If]qLo ;Gt'ng,
ko{6g k|j4{g, cGo ljdfg:yn;Fusf] lgs6tf, nfut
k|ltkmnsf ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljdfg:ynx?nfO{
s|dz :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 .
$=!!=$= lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh / wgu9L
ljdfg:ynx?nfO{ If]qLo xj ljdfg:ynx?sf] ?kdf ljsf;
u/L lgs6jtL{ d'n'sx?df xjfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ul/g]5 . tL ljdfg:ynnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL b'u{d
If]qdf xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
375
 $=!!=%= ljdfg:yndf pko'Qm p•og ;xfo pks/0fx?sf] Joj:yf
u/L ljdfg:ynsf] pkof]u ;dodf j[l4 / xjfO{ 6«flkms
ljt/0faLrdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg ;xfos x'g] u/L :n6 (Slot)
k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 .
$=!!=^= ljdfg:ynsf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tof/ u/L :t/ j[l4
tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] sfo{ s|dz sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
$=!@= ljdfg:yn ;]jf ;'ljwfx?
$=!@=!= e"ld:y k|jGw ;]jf ljdfg:ynx?df e"ld:y k|jGw ;]jf
(Ground Handling Service) nfO{ a9L u'0ffTds tyf
k|lt:kwL{ ub}{ nlug]5 .
$=!@=@= XofË/ tyf jfo'ofg dd{t ;Def/ ;'ljwf lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn nufot cGo ljdfg:ynx?df pko'Qm XofË/
;'ljwfsf] ljsf; tyf jfo'ofg dd{t ;Def/ sfo{zfnf
:yfkgf Pj+ ;+rfng ug{ rfxg] lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{nfO{
;d]t k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
$=!@=#= Po/ sfuf]{ ;]jf lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn nufot cGo
ljdfg:ynx?df pko'Qm Po/ sfuf]{ sDKn]S;sf] ljsf; tyf
;+rfngdf lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{nfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt
ul/g]5 .
$=!@=$= xjfO{ OGwg cfk"lt{ pRr u'0f:t/sf] xjfO{ OGwg cfk"lt{sf]
e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
$=!@=%= cGo ;'ljwf ljdfg:yn xf]6n -Pc/kf]6{ xf]6n_, s/ d'Qm
k;n, sGkm]S;g/L ;k, p8fg efG5f3/, uNkm Snj,
Jofkfl/s tyf dgf]/~hgfTds s]Gb| cflbsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/ u/L ofq' ;'ljwfsf :t/ j[l4 u/L gg\–P/f]gl6sn cfo
>f]tsf ;Defjgfx? klxrfg / lj:tf/ ug{ lghL
nufgLstf{nfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
$=!#= hgzlQm ljsf;
$=!#=!= g]kfn gful/s p•og k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ ljZj ljBfno
tyf cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p•og ;+u7g (ICAO) sf] 6«]g Po/
sfo{qmd;Fu ;DaGwg u/L lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt tflnd tyf
z}lIfs ls|ofsnfksf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf lgu/fgL ug]{
Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;+:yfut tyf sfg'gL
;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
$=!#=@= xjfO{ ;]jfdf cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ tflnd ;+rfng ug{
k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

376
$=!$= lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf
$=!$=!= xjfO{ oftfoft ;+/rgfx? h:t} ljdfg:yn, ljdfg:yn If]q
leq kg]{ ;8s, /]ndfu{, 6ld{gn ejg, ;~rf/, kyk|bz{g
h:tf k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; cGo pBf]u tyf ;+:yf ;+rfng
ubf{ lgdf{0f–;+rfng–x:tfGt/0f (BOT); ;+rfng–x:tfGt/0f
(OT); lgdf{0f–:jfldTj–;+rfng–x:tfGt/0f (BOOT) jf cGo
pko'Qm k|lqmofåf/f :jb]zL÷ljb]zL lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{
v'Nnf ul/g]5 .
$=!$=@= jfo'ofg ;+rfng, k|lzIf0f, dd{t ;+ef/ tyf ofq' ;]jf ;'ljwf
k|bfos pBf]ux?df lgDg cg';f/ ljb]zL nufgL ug{ :jLs[lt
lbg ;lsg]5 ,
– cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jf – *) k|ltzt;Dd
– cfGtl/s jfo';]jf – $( k|ltzt;Dd
– k|lzIf0f ;+:yf – (% k|ltzt;Dd
– dd{t ;+ef/ ;+:yf – (% k|ltzt;Dd
$=!$=# ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] g]kfndf xjfO{ oftfoft If]qdf %) nfv
o'=P;=8n/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L nufgL u/]df To:tf xjfO{
oftfoft;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]u, Joj;fo, ;]jf tyf kl/of]hgf
k|of]hgsf nflu ;+nUg x'g] ljb]zL hgzlQm / lghsf] cfl>t
kl/jf/sf] lgldQ g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL /x];Dd cfjf;Lo
leiff lbg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
$=!%= xjfO{ ef8f
$=!%=!= g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df
clwstd / Go"gtd ;Ldf tf]sL k|To]s p8fg v08sf] xjfO{
ef8f ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
$=!%=@= ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] xjfO{ ef8f b/df ;]jf ;+rfng gu/L a9L
ef8f lng] tyf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ jfo';]jfx?nfO{ g]kfn
gful/s p•og k|flws/0fn] x:tIf]k u/L sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug{
;Sg]5 .
$=!^= cGt/f{li6«o rf6{/ p8fg
cGt/f{li6«o rf6{/ -ofq'÷sfuf]{ p8fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ u/L
cg'dlt k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f ul/g]5 .
$=!&= g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0f
$=!&=!= g]kfn gful/s k|flws/0fnfO{ gful/s p8\8og If]qsf]
lgodg, lgoGq0f, Pj+ lj:tf/sf sfo{x? k|efjsf/L ?kn]
;+rfng ug{ Pp6f ;Ifd gful/s p8\8og lgodgsf/L
lgsfo -P/f]gl6sn /]u'n]6/L a8L_ Pj+ Joj;flos ;+:yfsf]
?kdf ;'b[9 ub}{ nlug]5 .
377
 $=!&=@ hUuf hldgsf] :jfldTj ;'/lIft /xg] u/L k|flws/0fn] o;
gLltdf pNn]v ePsf sfo{x? ;+rfng tyf k|flws/0fsf]
cfly{s ljsf; tyf ljljwLs/0fsf nflu dGqfnosf] l:js[tL
lnO{ hUuf hldgnfO{ Joj;flos k|of]hgdf NofO{ cfo cfh{g
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%= sfo{gLlt
%=! Ohfht
;/sf/af6 :jLs[t gLltleq /xL xjfO{ oftfoft;Fu ;Da4
jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yf, jfo'ofg dd{t ;+ef/ ;+:yf, xjfO{
p8fg k|lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ cfjZos kg]{
cGo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] Ohfht, Ohfht
k|fKt ;+:yfnfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng k|df0fkq (AOC), cfwf/:yn
(Operation Base) lgwf{/0f, pks/0f yk36, ?6 kl/jt{g /
:t/j[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{ kf/bzL{ Pj+ Plss[t?kdf g]kfn
gful/s p•og k|flws/0faf6 ug]{ Psåf/ k|0fflnsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 .
%=@= p8fg ;'/Iff (Flight Safety)
%=@=!= k|];/fOH8 jfo'ofgsf] xsdf !% -kGw| jif{ eGbf k'/fgf] jf
Osf]gf]ld l8hfOg nfOkm -Economic Design Life) sf] &%
k|ltzt k"/f u/]sf] jf $%))) k|];/fOh]zg ;fOsn k"/f
u/]sf] h'g klxn] x'g cfpF5 To:tf jfo'ofgx?sf] cfoft ug{
lgif]w ul/g]5 .
%=@=@= k|];/fO{H8 gePsf jfo'ofgsf] xsdf cfoft ul/g] jfo'ofgsf]
s]z 6' s]z j]l;; -case to case basis) df / jfo'ofgsf]
/]s8{x?sf] k"0f{ hf+r u/L lg0f{o ul/g]5 . t/ @) jif{eGbf
k'/fgf jfo'ofgnfO{ cfoft ug{ ;fdfGotof cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/g] 5}g .
%=@=#= Osf]gf]lds l8hfOg nfO{km -Economic Design Life) sf]
cfwf eGbL a9L pd]/ -life) k'u]sf pko{'Qmfg';f/sf k|];/fOH8
tyf gg\ k|];/fOH8 b'j} k|sf/sf jfo'ofgx?sf] xsdf Oi6«r/n
OlG6lu|6L k|f]u|fd -structural integrity programme) tof/
u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df dfq p8fg ;+rfng ug{ lbOg]5 .
%=@=$= jfo'ofgsf] v/Lb u/L jf lnh kr]{h u/L k}7f/L u/]sf
jfo'ofgx?sf] k}7f/L ubf{sf] cj:yfdf % aif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd
pd]/ ePdf To:tf jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ul/g]5 .
%=#= Ifdtf tyf k"FhL nufgL
%=#=!= cfGtl/s lgoldt p8fg ;+rfng ug]{ jfo';]jf ;+rfng
;+:yf;Fu slDtdf # -tLg_ j6f jfo'ofgx? x'g'kg]{5 . tL dWo]
378
 sDtLdf Pp6f jfo'ofg b'u{d If]qsf ljdfg:yndf ;+rfng
ug{sf nflu pko'Qm x'g'kg]{ / Pp6f jfo'ofgsf] :jfdLTj
jfo';]jf ;+rfng ;+:yfdf x'g'kg]{5 .
%=#=@= lgDg ;+:yfsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Go'gtd r'Qmfk"FhL
x'g'kg]{5M
cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jf – krf; s/f]8 ?k}of
cfGtl/s jfo';]jf – kGw| s/f]8 ?k}of
xjfO{ p8fg k|lzIf0f ;+:yf
(Flying School) –bz s/f]8 ?k}of
jfo'ofg / jfo'ofgsf kf6{k"hf{ dd{t
;Def/ ;+:yf – kf+r s/f]8 ?k}of
PleP;g :kf]6{; (Aviation Sports) – Ps s/f]8 ?k}of
%=#=#= jfo';]jf ;+rfns ;+:yfsf ;+:yfks (Promotors) n] g]kfn
;/sf/, g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?nfO{ ltg{ afFsL jSof}tf g/x]sf] /
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] shf{ sfnf] ;"rLdf gk/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
%=$= xjfO{ oftfoft k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
%=$=! lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
%=$=!=! g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0f
tyf lghL nufgL ;d]t kl/rfng u/L lqe'jg
cGt/f{li6|o ljdfg:ynsf] bL3{sflng of]hgf
cg';f/ qmdz lj:tf/ tyf :t/j[l4 ul/g]5 .
%=$=!=@ lqe'jg cGt/f{li6|o ljdfg:ynsf] Joj:yfksLo
IfdtfnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L tyf ;'b[9
t'Nofpg ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
%=$=@= gof+ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
xjfO{ oftfoft lj:tf/sf nflu cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm
cGt/f{li6|o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf lgldQ cGt/f{li6|o gful/s
p8\8og ;+u7gJbf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L
gofF cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
%=$=@=!= ljutdf ePsf ;+efJotf cWoog / yk
cfjZos cWoogx?sf] d"Nof+sg tyf
bL3{sfnLg k|efjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L gof+
cGt/f{li6|o ljdfg:ynsf] u'? of]hgf tof/
ul/g]5 .
%=$=@=@= ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos hUuf
k|flKt tyf Joj:yfkg, ko{6sLo :yn,
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg, j;fO{ ;/fO{
of]hgfnfO{ Wofgdf /flvg] 5 .
379
 %=$=@=#= ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu /fi6«sf] d"Vo d'Vo
zx/df hf]8\g] 7"nf ;8sx?sf] u'? of]hgf /
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;d]tnfO{ d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 .
%=$=@=$= ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos
>f]t h'6fpg nufgLsf] ljleGg k|f?k
(Modality) cWoog u/L :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
lghL nufgLstf{nfO{ ;d]t cfslif{t ug]{ u/L
k|lqmof lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
%=%= If]qLo xj ljdfg:yn M
If]qLo ;Gt'ng tyf xjfO{ oftfoft ljsf;df b"/ufdL dxTj
/fVg] ljdfg:ynx?sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu -s"n lgdf{0f
nfutsf] &) k|ltzt g]kfn ;/sf/ -a}b]lzs ;xof]u ;d]t_, !%
k|ltzt k|flws/0f / afFsL !% k|ltzt :yfgLo lgsfo tyf_
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf h'6fOg]5 . lghL If]qsf] nufgL 36÷a9 ePdf
;f]xL cg'kftdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgL lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . To;/L x'g]
nufgLsf] c+z yk36 ePdf ;f]xL cg'kftdf nufgLstf{sf] nufgLnfO{
z]o/ jf C0f nufgL ug{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
%=^= ljBdfg kf]v/f ljdfg:yn M
l5Gg]8fF8f kf]v/f gofF ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f eO{ ;+rfngdf cfP
kl5 ljBdfg kf]v/f ljdfg:ynnfO{ Joj;flos cjwf/0ff cg';f/
ljleGg Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0fn]
cWoog u/L pko'Qm cjwf/0ff lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
%=&= ;fgf ljdfg:yn÷x]lnkf]6{÷x]lnKof8
b]zsf] cfjZostf, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f,
If]qLo ;Gt'ng, ko{6g k|j4{g cGo ljdfg:ynsf] lgs6tf, nfut
k|ltkmnsf ;Defjgf ;d]tsf] d"Nof+sg u/L hg;xeflutf jf :yfgLo
lgsfosf] jf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf ljdfg:yn tyf x]lnkf]6{ lgdf{0f Pj+
;+rfngsf] cg'dlt (Permission) lb+bf b]xfosf] sfo{gLlt clVtof/
ul/g]5 ;
%=&=!= lgs6:y ljdfg:ynaf6 k|:tfljt ladfg:ynsf] b"/L, lxdfnL
/ kxf8L If]qdf ;fwf/0ftof @) gl6sn dfOn / t/fO{ tyf
leqL dw]zdf sDtLdf $) g6Lsn dfOnsf] x'g'kg]{ . t/
x]lnkf]6÷
{ x]lnKof8 lgdf{0fsf] nflu b'/L u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
%=&=@= ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf] nflu nfUg] cfly{s nufgLsf] s]xL c+z
:yfgLo hg;xeflutf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]ubfgsf]
k|Tofe'lt eO{ gcfP;Dd gofF ;–;fgf ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
Ohfht lbOg] 5}g . ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutfjf6
nufgLsf] a9L eGbf a9L cfly{s of]ubfg h'6fpg] k|Tofe"ltsf]

380
 cfwf/df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
%=&=#= k|flws/0faf6 ljdfg:yn, x]lnkf]6{ tyf x]lnKof8 ;+rfngsf
nflu tf]s] adf]lhdsf] k|fljlws dfkb08 Pj+ k|lqmofx? k'/f
ug'{kg]{5 .
%=&=$= xjfO{ ;'/Iff sfo{qmd cg';f/sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug]{ k|Tofe"lt
ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
%=*= Po/ g]leu]zg ;]jf
g]kfnsf] Po/ g]leu];g ;]jf (Air Navigation Service) nfO{
;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L cem a9L k|efjsf/L jgfpg cfjZos cWoog
cg';Gwfg u/L k|ls|of (Modality) lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
%=(= b'u{d If]q xjfO{ ;]jf ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
kxf8L e]udf xjfO{ oftfoft g} Psdfq dfWod ePsf]n]
/fli6|o cjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L s]Gb|Lo /fhdfu{sf] ;~hfndf
hf]8\g] df]6/ af6f] k'Ug nfdf] ;do nfUg], ko{6sLo b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{
tyf If]qLo Pj+ cfly{s ;+t'ngdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg ;xfos x'g] b'u{d
If]qsf ljdfg:ynx?sf] :t/j[l4 tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
%=(=!= b'u{d If]qsf] xjfO{ ;]jf :t/ a[l4sf] nflu cfjZostf
cg';f/ hg;xeflutf h'6fO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ ;ls|o
t'NofO{ ;+ej eP;Dd ;f] ;ldlt dfkm{t lgdf{0f ljsf; sfo{
ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
%=(=@= cfjZos kg]{ hUuf :yfgLo lgsfo dfkm{t pknAw x'g'kg]{ .
%=(=#= xjfO{ ;'/Iff k|aGw :yfgLo k|zf;gåf/f lbg ;Sg] k|Tofe"lt
k|fKt x'g'kg]{ .
%=(=$= b'ud { If]qdf xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfngnfO{ ;'ne tyf lgoldt
t'Nofpg æb'u{d If]q xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng sf]ifÆ nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
%=!)= ljdfg:yn ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0fn] ljdfg:ynx?sf] ;+rfng
tyf Joj:yfkg :yfgLo lgsfo jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf
dfkb08 k'/f ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ s/f/df lbg ;Sg]5 .
%=!!= ljBdfg ljdfg:ynM
ljdfg:ynx?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf :t/a[l4sf nflu sfo{
of]hgf tof/ u/L r/0fj4 ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
%=!@= cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf k|efjsfl/tfsf]
d"Nof+sg ;/sf/af6 ul/g]5 .
^= /fli6«o xjfO{ gLlt, @)%) vf/]h ul/Psf]5 .
381