A hot solution containing 5000 kg of Na2CO3 and water with a concentration of 25% by

weight Na2CO3 is cooled to 293 K and crystals of Na2CO3.10 H2O are precipitated. At 293 K
the solubility is 21.5 kg anhydrous Na2CO3 per 100 kg of water. Calculate the yield of
Na2CO3 crystals obtained if 5 % of the original water in the system evaporates on cooling.
The M.W. of Na2CO3 is 106.
Material Balances of crystallizer

Evaporated Solvent, E, xE

Feed, F, xf Crystallizer Mother Liquor,

M, xm

Crystals, C, xC

( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Generally xE = 0 ; because it is pure solvent
Xf = 0.25; xc = 106/(106+180) =0.3706; xm = 21.5/(21.5+100)=0.177
F = 5000
xf = 0.25
5000 = C+ M+ 250; C= 4,750-M
( )
( )

After crystallization, crystals of Na2SO4.10H2O are obtained. In a particular process, 2,000

kg of Na2SO4.10H2O are obtained and the mother liquor was found to contain 20 % Na2SO4
by weight. If the feed solution contained 30 % Na2SO4 by weight and 20% of original water
is lost by evaporation, Calculate the weight of feed solution, weight of mother liquor left and
weight of water evaporated. (M.W. Na2SO4 – 142.04).
Common salt solution contains 20 % sodium chloride and 80 % water by weight. To recover
90 % of dissolved salt, it is proposed to evaporate a part of water and then carry out the
crystallization at 303 K, the solubility of sodium chloride in water is 40 kg per 100 kg water.
Calculate (i) weight of water to be evaporated per 1,000 kg of original solution and (ii)
weight of mother liquor left after crystallization. (M.W. Sodium Chloride – 58.5)

A solution of 53.8 grams of magnesium sulphate per 100 grams of water is cooled from 353
K to 323 K. During this process 6 % of water is evaporated. For 100 kg of original feed
solution, calculate the amount of MgSO4.7H2O crystals obtained and the quantity of mother
liquor left. At 323 K, the solution should contain 0.3 mass fraction of magnesium sulfate.
(M.W. magnesium sulphate – 120.36)
A certain zinc sulphate solution contains 30% ZnSO4 by weight. Some of the water is evaporated and
then the solution is cooled to 10oC. This process concentrates ZnSO4 to 45% by weight. Crystals of
zinc sulphate hepta hydrate (ZnSO4. 7H2O) are formed. For 1000 kg of original solution, what is the
mass of water evaporated and weight of crystals obtained? Solubility of ZnSO4 at 10oC = 47.6 gm/100
gm H2O. (M.w. of ZnSO4 -161.47)
After a crystallization process of a solution of calcium chloride in water contains 62 parts of CaCl2 per
100 parts of water. Calculate the weight of this solution necessary to dissolve 250 kg of CaCl2.6H2O
crystals at a temperature of 25oC. Solubility of CaCl2 at 25oC is 7.38 kg mole of CaCl2 per 1000 kg of
water.
A