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ECA Lab Project Report
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Submitted to: Madam Asma Jadoon
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Group Members:
Muhammad Souban Javed (BEE-2C-146)
Muhammad Noman (BEE-2C-241)
Muhamad Ahmed Minhas (BEE-2C-112)
 Project title: Water level indicator.

Objectives:
• To learn the working of a water indicator.
• Measure the water level when the circuits indicate when the tank its half and full.
• To learn how to build simple circuits.

Summary:
In this project, we would be making a water level indicator circuit. The circuit is constructed using simple
electronic components. The circuit is used to determine the level of water in a water tank.

Apparatus:
• 12-volt battery.
• 4 LEDs, preferably of different colors.
• Connecting wires.
• 580 Ohms resistor.

Industry-Based Applications:
The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical plants, and electrical substations and in other
liquid storage systems. There are many possible uses for this simple system, examples include monitoring a
sump pit (to control pump activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection. Electronic water level circuits
have the capability of alerting if there is a water leak somewhere in the factory. When the water level is too high
or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the water level easily by hearing an alarm sound or from
different colors of a light bulb. We can also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles and the liquid level
containers which are huge in the companies.

Project theory and methodology:

The water level indicator works in a way that the water inside the tank shorts the circuit connecting the LED
and the LED light up indicating the level of water.
When no LEDs are shining, it means that there is no water in the tank.
When all LEDs are shining, it means that the water tank is full.
The lights are arranged is such manner:
• Green: water level is sufficient.
• Yellow: water level is close to half the tank.
• Orange: water should be refilled.
• Red: water level is critically low.
A 580 Ohms resistor is attached before the LEDs such that current is limited to around 19mA-20mA. This is
done so that the LEDs don’t take too much current and burn.

Circuit Diagram using Lt.spice:

Simulation:
When Water tank is empty:
There is little to no current flowing through any of the LEDs (LEDs are off), indicating that the water tank is
empty.

When water tank is ‘Critically low’:

The wires connecting LED 1 to the negative terminal of the battery is shorted out, hence Current should flow
through the LED, turning it on.
 About 19.4mA of current is flowing through LED 1. whereas in LED 2, 3 and 4:

Almost no current is flowing through LED 2, 3 and 4.

When water tank is ‘Low’:

Both the wire of LED 1 and LED 2 are shorted.

 About 9.8mA of Current is flowing through LED 1 and LED 2. Whereas in LED 3 and LED 4:

Almost no current is flowing through LED 3 and LED 4.

When Water tank is ‘Adequate’:

The wires of LED 1, 2 and 3 are shorted.

 About 6.6mA of current is flowing through LED 1, 2 and 3. Whereas in LED 4:

Almost no current is flowing through LED 4.

When water tank is ‘full’:

The wire of LED 1, 2, 3, and 4 are shorted.

 About 4.8mA of current is flowing through LED 1, 2, 3 and 4. this means that all the LEDs are on.

Conclusion:
This simple water level indicator can be useful in many situations where a certain level of water is needed to
ensure proper working of a machine.
The layout of the LEDs can be inverted so that the circuit may be used as an overflow indicator. Where red
LED would indicate that the water is about to overflow.
A buzzer can also be attached to the circuit to ensure safety.

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