TERMS TO REMEMBER:

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98%- of tide is safe for the ships
40- number of sieve used in atternberg limits test of soil
2^n - no. of events associated with a sample space having n outcomes
10m- maximum spacing between centerlines when centreline horizontal curve radius is less tgan
or equal to 150 m.
3- line of legends that guide sign can carry
10kg- min. weight in preparation of thermoplastic material for sampling purposes
50x50- bracing stakes of the rough wood in tree planting along highways
6%- maximum permitted grade of curve
ABSOLUTE EXTREMA- points are the highest or lowest of all the relative extrema on a graph,
aka global extrema
ACCELERATION- time rate of change of velocity
ACCURACY- how close the measured value is to the actual value
ACTIVITY OF SOIL- the ratio of the plasticity index to the percentage of clay fraction finer than
0.002 mm.
ACTIVITY- index used to identify the swelling potential of clay soils
ALGEBRA- branch of mathematics in which the relations and properties of numbers are
investigated by means of general symbols
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION- mathematical phrase that can contain ordinary numbers, variables
and operators
ALTITUDE OF TRIANGLE- line segment through vertex and perpendicular to opposite side
AMORTIZATION- any method of repaying a debt, pricipal and interest included, by a series of
equal payments at equal interval of time
ANNUAL WORTH METHOD- equivalent to the cash inflows and outflows of an interest rate
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ANNUITY DUE- payments are made at beginning of each period
APPARENT COHESION- strength gain in granular soil due to partial saturation and surface
tension phenomenon
APPOLONIUS- He completed the solution of the locus of a circle
ARITHMETIC MEAN- sum of all measurements divided by the no. of observations in the data set
ATTERNBERG/CONSISTENCY LIMITS- water contents at which the soil changes from one
state to other
BANK NOTE- paper currency issued by Central Bank which forms part of the country's money
supply
BASE LINE MEASUREMENTS- straining device, thermometers, stakes
BENEFIT/COST RATIO- for analyzing the desirability of public projects
BERTHS AT 90- for harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to sing freely into a berth is
2 times the length of the ship
BESSEL'S CORRECTION- use of "N-1" instead of "N" in the formula for the sample standard
deviation, where N is the number of observations in a sample
BODY- system of particles w/c form an object of appreciable size
BOYLE’S LAW- for a given mass of gas, the temperature remaining constant the pressure varies
inversely with volume but directly with density
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS- capacity utilization, annual revenue and expenses, rate of return, a
no gain no loss condition
BREAKWATERS- massive structures that partially enclose a harbor, protecting it from waves and
currents
BREAKING WAVES- waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles
exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself
BROAD CRESTED WEIR- have a sufficient elevation above the channel bottom to choke the
flow and it is long enough so that the overflow streamlines become parallel resulting in a
hydrostatic pressure distribution.
BULKING- increase in volume of earth work after excavation
CAUCHY MEAN VALUE THEOREM- let f and g be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a, b)
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO- penetration test used to evaluate the subgrade strength of
roads and pavements.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CAPILLARY- rise of liquid in a small diameter tube inserted in water
CAPILLARY CONDUCTIVITY/PERMEABILITY- rate of capillary rise
CAPILLARY MOISTURE- water associated with capillary rise
CAPILLARY RISE- water rises above the ground table against the pull of gravity but is in contact
with the water table
CAPITALIZED COST- sum of first cost and present worth of all costs of replacement, etc. for a
long period of time
CENTER OF PERCUSSION- resultant of the applied forces intersects the normal axis
CENTROID (TRIANGLE) - intersection point of all medians in triangle
CIRCLE- cutting plane perpendicular to axis of cone
CIRCLE- locust of a point whose distance from fixed point is constant
COEFFICIENT OF VARIANCE- relative standard deviation
COMBINATION-grouping or arrangement of objects where the order does not make a difference
COMMON LOGARITHM- log of base 10 (Briggsian Logarithm)
COMPENSATORY MODELS- values for all attributes must be converted into common
measurement scales in every economic alternative
COMPOSITION FUNCTIONS- happens when functions are plugged within another function
COMPOUND INTEREST- interest per period computed on principal and what has been earned on
previous period
COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS- have two possible outcomes.
CONSISTENCY INDEX- the ratio of the difference the liquid limit and water content to the
difference the liquid limit and the plasticity index.
CONSTANT HEAD TEST- used to determine the coeff. of permeability of coarse-grained soil
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE- each member of population has an equal likely chance of being
selected
CONCAVITY- describes how a curve bends
CONDITIONAL (DEPENDENT) EVENTS- dependent on what occurred previously
CONIC SECTION- locus of a point which moves in such a way that the ratio of ots distance from
a fixed point and fixed line is constant.
CONTINOUS FUNCTION- simply a smooth function that can be drawn in a graph continously
without lifting your pencil. No holes, breaks, or jumps.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES- quantitative variables which can be measured arbitrarily
accurately
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE- can take any value within a range
CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR WEIRS- weir does not extend completely across the width of
the channel
CONTRACTION JOINT- sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that creates
weakened vertical plane
CORRELATION- describes relationship between the standardized versions of the two sets of data
COVARIANCE- measures linear relationship between two sets of data
COULOMB- He studied the effects of dry friction which occurs between the contacting surfaces
of bodies when there is no fabricating fluid.
CRACKING MOMENT- moment that produces tensile stress just equal to the modulus of rupture
CREOSOTE OIL- coated in sawed surface for protection of untreated timber trestile piles
CRITICAL DEPTH- depth of alternate stages where the energy is minimum at a maximum
discharge
CRITICAL NUMBER- an x-value that makes a function zero or undefined.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY- obtained by summing the frequencies of all classes up to the
specific class
CURVATURE- rate of change of direction of the curve
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
CURVATURE OF EARTH- horizontql line departs from a level surface
CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION- path of translating body is curved
D'ALEMBERT'S PRINCIPLE- The resultant of the external forces applied to a body (rigid or
non-rigid) composed of a system of particles is equivalent to the vector summation of the effective
forces acting on all particles.
DECLINING BALANCE METHOD- annual cost of depreciation is fixed percentage of the book
value at beginning of each year.
DEEP WATER WAVES- waves in which the ratio of water depth to wave length is greater than
0.5, when reaching shoaling waters, changes not only in its height but also in its length but the
period will remain constant
DEGREE- power of highest occurring derivative in differential equation after radicals have been
cleared
DEGREE OF SATURATION- ratio between volume of water and volume of voids in a soil mass
DESIGN LOW TIDE- 0.15-0.40
DEFERRED ANNUITY- first payment is made several periods after the beginning of the annuity
DETERMINISTIC EVENT- always has the same outcome and is predictable 100% of the time
DIOPHANTINE EQUATION- number of equations is less than the number of unknowns
DIRECTRIX- fixed line in conic section
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE- data which can only take certain values
DISCRETE VARIABLES- quantitative variables, which are results of counting
DISPLACEMENT- vector distance from an origin to the position occupied by the particle on its
path of travel
DISTEMPERS- cheaper variety of paints in which chalk is used as base and water is used as a
carrier
DOMAIN- set of appropriate inputs that a function accepts
DOUBLE-DECLINING BALANCE- same as DBM but uses value of k=2/n
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FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
DREDGING- process of widening, enlarging etc of channels harbors to maintain ideal of berthing
areas due to fast siltation
DYNAMICS- deals with the study of bodies in motion
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM- particle is at rest or is moving with constant velocity
DYNE- resulting unit of force
ECCENTRICITY- constant ratiom in conic section
ECONOMIC LIFE- period in time of years that results in minimum equivalent annuak cost
ELLIPSE- cutting plane ar an inclination less than that of slant height but not parallel to base of
cone
ELLIPSE- locus of a point which moves so that tge sum of its distance from 2 foci is constant and
is equal to the length of major axis
EMPIRICAL- determined by experimentation
EQUATION- statement that two mathematical expressions are equal
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE WITH ONE POINT DOWN- shape of yield signs
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINE- line along which the potential head at all points is equal
ERRORS- difference between true value and measured value of quantity
EVENT- subset of sample space
EVENTS- as any outcome that can occur
EXCIRCLE/ENSCRIBED CIRCLE- circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its side
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM- function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then
f(x) has an absolute minimum on [a, b].
EXPERIMENT- process that generates a set of data
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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
FAIRWAY- open water with navigable depth
FALLING HEAD TEST- used to determine the coeff. of permeability of fine-grained soil
FATIGUE- stresses much lower than the static breaking strength.
FERMAT SERIES- series of numbers which are perfect square numbers
FINENESS MODULUS- empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of sample of
aggregate retained on each specified series
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT- constructed with asphaltic cement and aggregates and usually consists
of several layers, has negligible flexural strength
FLOW CHANNEL- space between two adjacent flow lines
FLOW CURVE- moisture content of soil in percent and the corresponding number of blows
FLOW INDEX- the slope of the flow curve obtained when results from percussion cup method or
the cone penetration method are graphed.
FLOW LINE- line along which a water particle will travel from upstream to the downstream side
in the permeable soil medium.
FLOW NET- used to determine Seepage, exit gradient and uplift pressure, combination of flow
line and equipotential lines.
FUNCTION- specific kind of relation such that every input has only one matching output
FREE-HAUL DISTANCE- one point is fixed in excavation and the other in embankment
FREIGHT PLANNING- similar to passenger planning in that both may be used to satisfy policy
goals in transportation that includes forecast demand, economic competition, etc…
FREQUENCY- no. of observations that fall into particular class or category
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION- table listing all classes and their frequencies
GAP GRADED SOIL- type of soil that has a combination of two or more graded fractions.
GEOMETRIC MEAN- nth root of the product of the data values
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

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GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR- largest natural number that divides 2 or more numbers evenly
GULDINUS- He is a Swiss mathematician known for restating Pappus’ Theorems
HARMONIC MEAN- reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of data values
HEIGHTS- vertical distance of wave crest and wave through
HAZEN WILLIAMS- formula in pipes is most commonly used in waterworks.
HIPPARCHUS- father of trigonometry
HORIZON- great circle on the celestial sphere cut by a plane through the earth's list at right angles
to the vertical
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES- horizontal line that the graph of a function approaches, but never
touches as x approaches negative or positive infinity. Height of function when approaching limits
to infinity.
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY/COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY- factor that indicates if
volume of flow is to be great or small, relatives to the ease or difficulty with which water moves
through the soil
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT- line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of
vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure
HYDRAULIC JUMP- phenomenon in which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as
rivers and spillways
HYDRODYNAMICS- concerned with the forces acting on or exerted by fluids
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE- force develop on the surface that causes the change of momentum
of the liquid mass
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS- use to find particle size distibution of soils having sizes smaller
than 0.075mm in dia.
HYPERBOLA- cutting plane parallel to axis of cone
HYPERBOLA- locus of point which moves so that the difference of distances from two foci is
constant and equal to length of transverse axis
IDENTITY- relation or an equation that is true for all valuws of the unknown x
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION- involves differentiating variables with respect to other variable
INCENTER- intersection of all angle bisectors in triangle, center of inscribed circle
INDEPENDENT EVENTS- two or more events for which the outcome of one doea not affect the
other.
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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
INERTIA FORCE- particle accelerated by a resulrant force
INFINITE DISCONTINUITY- occurs when function doesnt have a limit and is not defined at that
particular x value (caused by vertical asymptote)
INFLECTION POINT- point where a graph changes concavity
INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM- if a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,
b], there exists a c between a and b such f(c)=d
INTERMEDIATE WATER WAVES- ratio less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40
INTERNAL FORCE- force that holds part of the rigid body together
INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)- difference between the first and third quartiles of the
variables
ISOGONIC- imaginary line passing through places having the same magnetic declination
JETTY- long, narrow structures that stretches from the shore into the water
JUMP DISCONTINUITY- occurs when no general limit exists at the given x value (caused by
piecewise-defined function)
KINEMATICS- geometry of motion
KINETICS- relates the force acting on a body to its mass and accelaration
KURTOSIS- degree of peakedness of a statistical distribution usually taken relative to normal
distribution
LATUS RECTUM- chord passing through the focus and parallel to the directrix of a conic section.
LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR- smallest integer exactly divisible by all denominators of
given fractions
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE- smallest integer exactly divisible by all of a given set of
numbers
L'HOPITAL'S RULE- used to solve indeterminate forms. Applied by differentiating the numerator
and denominator of the function until the function is no longer indeterminate. , rule permitting the
evaluation of an indeterminate quotient of functions as the quotient of the limits of their
derivatives
LEFT-HAND LIMIT- height a function intends to reach as you approach the given x value from
the left
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
LIMIT- height a function intends to reach at a given value, wheter or not it actually reaches it
LIMIT OF ECONOMIC HAUL- reached when the cost of haul and the cost of excavation become
equal
LINEAR EQUATION- of form Ax+B=0 with single variable x as the unknown
LINEAR REGRESSION- single straight line that comes closest to all data points in scatter plot
Y=A+BX
LINEAR SHRINKAGE- the decrease in one dimension, expressed as a percentage of the original
dimension of the soil mass, when the
moisture content is reduced from the liquid limit to an oven-dry state.
LIQUID LIMIT- water content at which the soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state
LIQUID LIMIT- moisture content at which standard form of apex 30° and weight of 0.78N
penetrate a d=20mm in 5 sec when allowed to drop from a position point contact with the soil
surface
LIQUIDITY INDEX- ratio which signifies the relative consistency of a cohesive soil in the
natural state. It is the ratio of the difference between the in situ moisture content of soil and its
plastic limit to the difference between liquid limit and the plastic limit.
LONGITUDINAL CRACKING- cracks approximately parallel to the pavement centerline
MARGINAL COST- additional cost of producing one more unit of a product
MASS- ratio of weight divided by the gravitational constant.
MASS HAUL- volume of materialmultiplied by the distance it is moved during construction
MASS HAUL DIAGRAM- incicates fill if the curve falls
MEAN DEVIATION- deviation of data from the average(mean) value
MEAN- also known as expected value
MEAN LOW WATER LEVEL- datum line for design of port facilities in accordance with charts
which is being used by the Phil. Ports Authority
MEAN VALUE THEOREM- if a function f(x) is continuous and differentiable on the closed
interval [a, b], then there exists a point c between a and b
MEDIAN- middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set
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MEDIAN- portion between the dual carriage way which separates traffic flow in opposite
direction
MEDIAN OF TRIANGLE- line segment from vertex to midpoint of opposite side
MENISCUS- resulting curved liquid surface in a capillary tube due to capillary rise
MERITS- long sights that can be taken with greater accuracy than using stadia methods.
MIDSEGMENT OF TRIANGLE- line segment joining midpoints of two sides of triangle
MISTAKES- inaccuracies in measurements which occur because of carelessness, poor judgement
and improper execution
MLLW- Mean Lower Low Water, lowest of two low tides per day
MHHW- Mean Higher High Water, average height of higher high waters over a 19 year period
MODE- most frequent value in the data set
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS- cannot occur at the same time.
NAPPE- refers to the overflowing stream in a weir.
NATURAL LOGARITHM- lof of base e (Napierian Logarithm)
NEAP TIDE- lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon forms a right angle, quarter
moon
NEWTON'S METHOD- iteration method for solving the zero of a function, where f is assumed to
have a continuous derivative f'
NOMINAL DATA- best displayed by pie chart
NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS- events with common outcome
NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY- Po is the maximum pressure that the soil was subjected
to in the past
OPEN CHANNELS- natural streams and artificial canals having surfaces exposed to atmospheric
pressure
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OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT- at which maximum dry unit weight is attained
ORDER- highest occuring derivative in differential equation
ORDINAL DATA- best displayed by horizontal or vertical bar graph
ORDINARY ANNUITY- where payments are made at the end of each period
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION- equation that contains derivatives.
ORTHOCENTER- intersection point of all altitudes of triangle
OVEN-DRYING METHOD- most accurate method for determination of water content in
laboratory
OVER CONSOLIDATED CLAY- Po is less than that which the soil experienced in the past
PARABOLA- cutting plane parallel to slant height of cone
PARABOLA- locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant from focus and
directrix
PARAMETER- unknown numerical summary of the population
PARKING ACCUMULATION- no. of park vehicles in a study area at any specified time
PARTICLE- denotes an object of point size
PAYBACK PERIOD METHOD- measure of a projects riskiness
PASCAL LAW- pressure exerted into a liquid is transmitted undiminished to all portions pf the
liquid
PASCAL'S TRIANGLE- array of numbers having a 1 at the top and at the ends of each line
PENTAGON- shape of school crossing signs
PERMUTATION-arrangement of things, objects or events where the order is important
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
PERMEABILITY- property of soil that permits the passage of water under a gradient of force
PERPETUITY- annuity which payments continue indefinitely
PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION- function defined by two functions sewed together
PIER- structure built in the sea but not parallel to coast line and includes any stage, stairlanding
place, etc.
PITCHING- tends to rotate the ship about its traverse axis caused by sea water waves
PLASTIC LIMIT- water content below which the soil stops behaving as a plastic material
PLASTICITY INDEX- difference between liquid limit and plastic limit. It is a measure of the
range of moisture content that encompasses the plastic state.
PLATONIC SOLIDS- only 5 solids known to be regular polyhedrons
PNEUMATIC HAMMERS- used for field riveting excluding hand tools to be permitted by the
engineer
POLYHEDRONS- solids whose faces are plane polygons
POORLY-GRADED SOIL- type of soil on the particle-size distribution curve in which most ofthe
soil grains are the same size.
POINT DISCONTINUITY- occurs when a general limit exists, but function value is not defined
at that particular x value (caused by a hole)
POPULATION- collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study
POROSITY- ratio between volume of voids and total volume of soil mass
PRECISION- how close the measured values are to each other
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE- maximum effective past pressure
PRIORI PROBABILITY- determined prior to any experimentation or trial
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
PRISMATOID- polyhedron whose bases are two parallel polygons and for lateral faces are
triangles etc.
PRISMS- polyhedrons whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are
parallelograms
PROBABILISTIC EVENT- exact outcome is not predictable 100% of the time
PROBABILITY- chance that an event will happen or the likelihood that an event will happen
PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST- used to obtain maximum dry unit weight of compaction
PROGRESSION- sequence of values in which each term is obtained from the preceding term in
the same way
PROPORTIONS- statement of equality between two ratios
RADICAL AXIS- locus of points at which tangents drawn to both circles have tge same length
RADICAL CENTER- center of unique circle that intersects three given circles at right angles
RAMP METER- regulates the flow of traffic enetering freeways according to the current traffic
conditions
RANDOM VARIABLE- rule of function that associates a real number to the outcome of an
experiment. Whole set of possible outcomes of an observation
RANGE- difference between max and min value
RANGE- set of possible outputs for the function with the given domain
RATE OF RETURN METHOD- measure of the effectiveness of an investments of capital
RATIO- comparison between two values
REACTION DISTANCE AND BREAKING DISTANCE- components in stopping sight distance
RECTANGLE- shape of regulatory signs used in traffic control
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS- specifying at any given instant the particle ’s position, velocity,
and acceleration
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION- motion of a translating body moving in a straight line
REFRACTION- slightly bends downwards having concavity towards earth
REGULAR POLYGRAM- generalization of a regular polygon and named according to no. of
sides and obtained by connecting kth vertex around circle
RELATION- collection of related numbers (ordered pairs)
RELATIVE DENISTY/DENSITY INDEX- indicates in-situ denseness or looseness of granular
soil
RELATIVE EXTREMA- point occurs when that point is higher or lower than all of the points
around it, aka local extrema
RELATIVE FREQUENCY- frequency divided by the total no. of observation
RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION- table listing all classes and their relative
frequencies
REGRESSION- way to predict the value of one variable based on the other.
RESIDUAL ERROR- difference between moat probable value and observed value
RICE DENSITY TEST- test to compute the maximum specific gravity of loose hot mix asphlat
RIGHT HAND LIMIT- height a function intends to reach as you approach the given x value from
the right
RIGID PAVEMENT- constructed with Portland cement concrete and aggregates
ROLLE'S THEOREM- if a function f(x) is continuous and differentiable on a closed interval [a,b]
and f(a)=f(b), then there exists a c between a and b such that f'(c) =0
SAMPLE- part of population from which information is collected
SAMPLE SPACE- set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
SANDY SOIL- bitumen stabilization is suitable when the soil is made up of it
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SECTOR OF CIRCLE- bounded by two radii and an arc
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE- bounded by arc and chord of the arc
SEICHE- very long standing wave on a large but limited body of water generated by occurring
when a storm dies down after producing a wind tide
SENSITIVITY- the ratio of the undisturbed strength to the remolded strength of clay soil at the
same water content
SEQUENCE- set of numbers in a definite/specific order and formed according to a definite rule.
SHALLOW WATER WAVES- ratio is less than 0.40
SHARP CRESTED WEIR- the jet or nappe springs free as it leaves the upstream face
SHEARING STRAIN- angular change between two perpendicular faces of a differential element.
SHELL METHOD- used in calculating volume generated by the function using the cylindrical
nature of the vertical lines of revolution.
SHRINKAGE INDEX- numerical difference between PL and SL
SHRINKAGE LIMIT- smallest water content at which the oil is saturated or the max water
content at which a reduction of water content will not cause a decrease in the volume of soil mass
SHRINKAGE RATIO- ratio of given volume change express as a percentage of dry volume to the
corresponding change in water content
SIGN GRAPH- segmented number line that describes tge direction of a function, aka wiggle
graph
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL- maximum probability which we would be willing to risk a type I error
SIMPLE INTEREST- interest changed per period is constant or linearly proportional
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION- two or more unknowns, two or more equations respectively.
SINKING FUND METHOD- funds will accumulate for replacement
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

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SLUG- resulting unit of mass
SLEEPERS- members laid transversely under the rails for supporting them
SOIL MOISTURE- water in soil located above water table
SOLID RED COLOR- color of curb markings for parking restrictions covering the face of the
curb
SPACE HEADWAY- distance between the front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle
SPACE MEAN SPEED- average speed of vehicles in a certain road length at any time
SPEED- magnitude of velocity
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE- triangle enclosed by arcs of three great circles of the sphere
SPIKES- fittings used to fix the rails to the wooden sleeper
SPLASH- wave caused by fallinf rocks or crashing icebergs
SPOT SPEED- instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location
SPRING TIDES- high waters reach their greatest height, low water reach least height, soon after
time of full and new moon
STANDARD DEVIATION- shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the average
STATISTIC- known numerical summary of the sample which can be used to make inference about
parameters.
STATISTICS- study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of
data.
STATISTICAL POPULATION- set of measurements corresponding yo the entire collection of
units for which inferences are to be made.
STATISTICAL SAMPLE- set of measurements that arr actually collected in the course of an
investigation.
STEEPNESS- ratio of wave height to its wave length
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RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
STOCK RAIL- fixed rail in a railway track which is part of a switch.
STRAIGHT LINE METHOD- assumes constant amount is depreciated each year over the
depreciable life
STORM SURGE- abnormal rise of sea level that occurs when a typhoon passes by
STRESS CONCENTRATION- occurs whenever there is a discontinuity or nonuniformity of a
material
SUBBASE- component of the road structure which receives the traffic load and transfer it to
subgrade
SUBGRADE- layer of pavement which finally carries the load from road
SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY- based on the best available knowledge/ maybe an educated guess
SUBSTENSE BAR- convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of
distances
SUPPRESSED WEIRS- length of weir is equal to the width of the channel
SUM OF THE YEAR METHOD- depreciation charges in the early years should be greater than
the later years
SURGING- horizontal motion of the ship along its longitudinal axis of the boat caused by sea
water waves
SWAYING- motion of ship which tends to move horizontally on its side caused by sea water
waves
SWELLS- waves generated by storms, which occur outside area of observation
TACHEOMETRY- procedure of obtaining horizontal distances and differences in elevation
TERMS- numbers of sequence
THEORY OF ERRORS- applied to minimize random errors
TIDE- waves caused by strong storms, or caused by the gravitational attraction of moon, earth and
sun
TIME HEADWAY- time interval between the passage of successive vehicles moving in the same
lane
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TIME MEAN SPEED- speed distribution of vehicles at point on the roadway
TOUGHNESS INDEX- a measure of shear strength of a soil at plastic limit
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING- phase of transportation engineering that deals with roads, etc and
relationships with other modes of transportation
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT- activities undertaken by highway transportation agency for
improvement of roadway
TRANSLATION- motion of a rigid body in w/c a straight line passing through any two of its
particles always remains parallel to its initial position.
TRANSMISSIBILITY- ability of an aquifer to transmit water through its entire thickness
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING- deals with any mode of transportation
TRANSVERSE CRACKING- cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement centerline
TRUNCATED PRISM- prism with lateral edges are of unequal lengths
TSUNAMIS- waves created by large, sudden impacts, like earthquakes that ends up in ocean,
caused by seafloor movement
UNITS OF PRODUCTION METHOD- decrease in value of property is mainly a function of time
VADOSE ZONE- soil region directly above the water table and wetted by capillary moisture
VARIABLE- characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another
VARIANCE- square of the standard deviation, measure of variability that indicated dispersion
around the mean
VARIATION- equation with one variable equal to a constant times an expression of variable(s)
VARIGNON'S THEOREM- moment of force is equivalent to the sum of the moments of its
components
VEIN- relatively thin deposit of mineral between definite boundaries
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VELOCITY- time rate of change of displacement
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES- vertical line that graph approaches, but never touches, where the
denominator goes to zero, given it is not a hole
VERTICAL LINE TEST- test to tell whether or not a given graph is
the graph of a function or not.
VOID RATIO- ratio of Ww to Ws in a given volume of soil
VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE- change in volume expressed as a percentage of the dry volume
when the water content is reduced from a given value of shrinkage limit
WAKE- waves caused by movement of ships
WATER CONTENT- ratio of weight of water to weight of solids
WATER HAMMER- resulting shock caused by sudden decrease in the velocity of fluid
WEARING SURFACE- soil stabilized roads with cement/lime cannot be used as wearing surface
WEB CRIPPLING- buckling of the web caused by compressive force delivered through flange
WEB YIELDING- compressive crushing of a beam web caused by the application of a
compressice force to the flange directly above or below the web
WELL-GRADED SOIL- type of soil which has a uniformity coefficient greater than 4 for gravels
and 6 for sands and a coefficient of graduation between 1 and 3 for gravel and sand
WEIGHTED MEAN- arithmetic mean that incorporates weighing to certain data elements.
WEIR- obstruction structure placed in an open channel that causes the water to back up behind it
and flow over it
WHARF- continuous structure built parallel to along the margin of sea, etc, where vessels may lie
alongside to receive or discharge cargo etc.
WIND SEICHING- created when local winds blow over the surface of the water near the shores
WORKING STRESS- determined merely by dividing either the stress at yield or the ultimate
stress by a number termed the safety factor.
Z-SCORE- statistical measurement of a score's relatoonshio to tge mean in a group of scores
called "standard score" or "sigma"
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SURD- contains irrational roots of numbers
TRANSCENDENTAL- not the root of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients
ARGAND DIAGRAM- diagram where complex numbers are represented in a Cartesian plane, the
coordinates of which are real and imaginary parts of a given number
AXIOM- if equals are added to equals, the results are equal, statement that is stipulated to be true
for the purpose of constructing a theory in which theorems may be derived by its rules of
inference
FALLACY- mathematical argument that appears to prove something that we know is incorrect
LEMMA- subsidiary result proved in order to simplify the proof of a required theorem
THEOREM- statement or formula that can be deduced from the axioms of a formal system by
recursive application of its rules of inference
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS- real numbers that cannot be expressed as quotient of two integers
EXPONENT- logarithm of a number to a given base
ABSOLUTE ERROR- magnitude of the deviation between an approximate value and true value
SOLUTION SET- two equations are equal if and only if they have the same solution set
TRIVIAL SOLUTIONS- when roots of an equations are zero
SIMPSON’S RULE- method of approximating to an integral as a sum of quadratic terms
RIEMANN SUM- a method for approximating the total area underneath a function used to define
the integration operation
LEBESGUE INTEGRATION- general theory of integration of a function with respect to a general
measure
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER- provides a strategy for finding the maxima and minima of a
function subject to multiple constraints
JACOBI POLYNOMIALS- polynomials occur in the study of rotation groups and in the solution
to the equations of motion of the symmetric top
GENERAL SOLUTION- set of all solutions
PARTICULAR SOLUTION- one solution with constants known at a fixed value
SINGULAR SOLUTION- not containing any arbitrary constant and is not deducable from general
solution by giving particular values
HEAT EQUATION- parabolic type of partial differential equation
DRIZZLE- In precipitation , these consist of tiny liquid droplets, usually with diameters between
0.1 and 0.5 mm, with such slow settling rates that they occasionally appear to float
SEWERAGE- first “S” in MWSS stands for:
BASE FLOW SEPARATION- Sraight Line, Fixed base length, Chow’s
VISCOUS SHEAR- factor that causes coefficient of friction
0.0740mm- largest grain size that passes no. 200 sieve
Penetrometer- It is a device by which a 60° cone that is used to allow independent determination
of the cone resistance and frictional resistance of the soil above the ground.
Porous probes- These are pushed or driven into the soil that can be used in permeability tests.
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY- ratio of change in pressure to the relative change in
density, and measures the compressibility of a material