მე-2 ფრონტი

Teimuraz papasqiri
meore frontis momzadebisa da

gaxsnis problema aSS-inglisis
diplomatiaSi.
1941-1943
ÉÅÀÍÄ ãÀÅÀáÉÛÅÉËÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÏÁÉÓ ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï
ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÉ
ÈÄÉÌÖÒÀÆ ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ
ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔ ÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ

ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ
ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔ ÉÀÛÉ. 1941-1943
ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ
2002
ɍȾɄ 94-99(100-87)
p182
monografiaSi ganxilulia meore msoflio omis erT-erTi

kardinaluri problemis _ meore frontis diplomatiuri momza-
debis sakvanZo sakiTxebi, naCvenebia aSS-inglisis mTavrobaTa mi-
er gadadgmuli konkretuli nabijebis mniSvneloba meore fron-
tis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
wignSi danarTis saxiT Sesulia agreTve avtoris mier pe-
riodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli masalebi, romlebSic gaSu-
qebulia meore msoflio omis diplomatiuri istoriis calkeu-
li aspeqtebi, agreTve sparseTis yureSi XXs.-is 90-iani wlebis
damdegs ganviTarebuli movlenebi da kosovos gegmis saqarTve-
loSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi.
wigni gankuTvnilia rogorc specialistebis, aseve farTo
mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.
ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉ: ÉÓÔ. ÌÄÝÍ. ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ, ÐÒÏ×. ÊÏ Ô Ä ÀÍÈ ÀÞÄ
ÒÄÝÄÍÆÄÍÔÄÁÉ: ÉÓÔ. ÌÄÝÍ. ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ ÅÀ á Ô À ÍÂ Â Ö Ò Ö Ë É

ÉÓÔ. ÌÄÝÍ. ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ ÉÅÀ ÍÄ ÌÄÍÈ ÄÛ À Û ÅÉË É
© ÈÄÉÌÖÒÀÆ ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ
ISBN 99928-0-325-8
Ò Ä Ã À Ø Ô Ï Ò É Ó À Â À Í
ÈÄÉÌÖÒÀÆ ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ 27 wlis axalgazrda mecnieria.

is eweva uaRresad nayofier samecniero-kvleviT saqmiano-
bas. jer kidev studentobis wlebSi man momavali samecnie-
ro muSaobis sferod airCia dasavleT evropisa da amerikis
qveynebis axali da uaxlesi istoriis problemebi. misma sa-
diplomo naSromma, romelic bevrad scildeboda gaTvalis-
winebul normebs, specialistTa gansakuTrebuli interesi
gamoiwvia. is calke monografiad gamoica (ÓÔÀËÉÍÉ, ÒÖÆ-
ÅÄËÔÉ ÃÀ ÜÄÒÜÉËÉ äÉÔËÄÒÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ. 1941-1945. ÃÉÐ-
ËÏÌÀÔÉÖÒÉ ØÒÏÍÉÊÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÏÌÀÒÉ ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÄÁÉ, Tb., 1996). aR-
niSnuli naSromi safuZvlad daedo È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉÓ sakandida-
to disertacias _ „ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀáÓ-
ÍÉÓ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ“ (1941-1943ww.),
romelic man jer kidev aspiranturis dasrulebamde didi
xniT adre, 23 wlis asakSi (1998 wels) warmatebiT daicva
i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetSi. yuradRebas imsaxurebs È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉÓ kritikuli
werilebi cnobili amerikeli mkvlevarebis: Tomas d. peri-
Sisa da frederik u. marks III-is ukanasknel periodSi ga-
moqveynebul monografiebze, romlebic daibeWda qarTul
enaze gamomaval specialur samecniero JurnalebSi. sakan-
didato disertaciis dacvis Semdeg È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ agrZe-
lebs muSaobas meore msoflio omis diplomatiuri isto-
riis problemebze. am mimarTulebiT man nayofierad imuSava
aSS-Si kerZo vizitiT yofnisas (2000w.). gamoaqveyna ramde-
nime saintereso naSromi 1944-1945ww. diplomatiur fron-
tze ganviTarebul movlenebze. paralelurad, È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ
3
muSaobs evropa-amerikis qveynebis uaxlesi periodis isto-
riis sxva problemebzec, risi naTeli dadasturebaa mis mi-
er momzadebuli publikacia amerikeli avtorebis m. gor-
donisa da b. treinoris cnobil gamokvlevaze sparseTis
yuris omis Sesaxeb; agreTve publikacia kosovos samSvido-
bo gegmis saqarTveloSi (kerZod, afxazeTSi) gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
ÊÏÔÄ ÀÍÈÀÞÄ
ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉÓ ÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ, ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒÉ,

ÉÅÀÍÄ ãÀÅÀáÉÛÅÉËÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÏÁÉÓ ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ
ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÉÓ ÄÅÒÏÐÀ-ÀÌÄÒÉÊÉÓ
ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀ ÖÀáËÄÓÉ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉÓ
ÊÀÈÄÃÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÂÄ
4
Editor’s Foreword
Teimuraz Papaskiri is a 27 year-old young scholar.

He is a very prolific researcher. While studying at the univer-
sity he chose the problems of the modern history of the
Europe and America as a sphere of his future scientific work.
His diploma, which was far beyond the specified norms, pro-
voked the great interest among the specialists. It was pub-
lished under the title “Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill
Against Hitler. 1941-1945. The Diplomatic Chronicle and
Military Actions”. This study became a basis for his disserta-
tion for the degree of Candidate of Sciences _ “The Prob-
lems of Preparing and Opening of the Second Front in the
US-British Diplomacy” (1941-1943), which was successfully
defended in Tbilisi State University by I. Javakhishvili at the
age of 23 (in 1998). He has very interesting critical papers
published in Georgian historical journals on the recent re-
searches by American historians: Thomas D. Parrish (Roo-
sevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War. The Per-
sonal Story, New York, 1989) and Frederick W. Marks III
(Wind Over Sand. The Diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt, Ath-
ens, Georgia, 1988).
After defending his dissertation he has continued to re-
search the aspects of diplomacy during the Second World
War. He has done prolific work during the being in the
United States of America on a private visit (November 1999
_ August 2000). He has published some interesting papers
about this problem. At the same time he deepens his knowl-
edge of the Modern History of Europe and America. He has
published a paper on the research of the American authors _
5
Michael R. Gordon and Gen. Bernard E. Trainor (The
Generals’ War. The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf,
New York, Little, Brown and Company, 1995). He has also a
publication about the possibilities of using the “Kosovo Peace
Plan” in Georgia (Abkhazia).
Constantine Antadze
Professor, Dr.
Head of the Chair of
The Modern History of
Europe and America
of Tbilisi State University
by Ivane Javakhishvili
6
ß É Í À È Ø Ì À
winamdebare wignSi ucvleli saxiT ibeWdeba Cvens mi-

er 1998w. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetSi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad daculi sadisertacio
naSromi: `meore frontis momzadebisa da gaxsnis problema
aSS-inglisis diplomatiaSi (1941-1943ww.)~.
aRniSnuli problemis Seswavla-damuSavebas Cven jer
kidev studentobis periodSi (1995-1996ww.) SevudeqiT. am
mimarTulebiT Catarebuli pirveli Sedegebi Sejamda sadip-
lomo naSromSi, romelic calke wignad gamoqveynda 1996w.
(ix. È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ. ÓÔÀËÉÍÉ, ÒÖÆÅÄËÔÉ ÃÀ ÜÄÒÜÉËÉ äÉÔËÄ-
ÒÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ. 1941-1945. ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÖÒÉ ØÒÏÍÉÊÀ ÃÀ ÓÀ-
ÏÌÀÒÉ ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÄÁÉ. gam. àRmaSenebeli~, Tb., 1996.). ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu evropa-amerikis qveynebis axa-
li da uaxlesi istoriis kaTedraze aspiranturaSi swav-
lisas kaTedris gamgis, prof. ÊÏÔÄ ÀÍÈÀÞÉÓ xelmZRvane-
lobiT Cven gavagrZeleT mocemuli problemis Semdgomi,
gaRrmavebuli kvleva. pirvel rigSi, dakonkretda sakvlevi
Tema: aqcenti gadatanili iqna meore frontis momzadebis
sakiTxSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britane-
Tis mTavrobaTa mier gaweuli konkretuli diplomatiuri
saqmianobis analizze. qronologiuri CarCoebi ganisazRvra
1941-1943 wlebiT. Sedegad miviReT Tvisobrivad sruliad
gansxvavebuli naSromi (masSi gadamuSavebuli saxiT Sevida
adre gamoqveynebuli monografiis mxolod pirveli nawili
_ gv. 5-72), romelSic met-naklebi sisruliT gaSuqda da-
savleTis saxelmwifoebis roli meore frontis momzadebi-
sa da gaxsnis saqmeSi.
7
garda aRniSnuli naSromisa, saWirod CavTvaleT, wign-
Si Segvetana zogierTi Cveni adrindeli publikacia-recen-
zia, romlebSic kritikuladaa gaanalizebuli calkeul
amerikel mkvlevarTa meore frontis samxedro-politikuri
istoriis problemebisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi da, agreT-
ve, monografia sparseTis yureSi XXs. 90-iani wlebis dam-
degs ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. wignSi aseve ibeW-
deba Cvens mier IRE -is (International Research & Exchanges
Board) mier mowyobil seminarze: `saqarTvelo konfliqte-
bis gareSe~ _ wakiTxuli moxsenebis: `kosovos gegmis~ sa-
qarTveloSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi _ teqsti qarTul
da inglisur enebze.
da bolos, Tavs movaled vTvliT, didi madloba mo-
vaxsenoT Cvens mecnier-xelmZRvanels, am gamocemis redaq-
tors, gamoCenil mecniers, istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-
tors, prof. ÊÏÔÄ ÀÍÈÀÞÄÓ. aseve madlobas vuxdiT ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-
tis soxumis filialis inglisuri enis kaTedris gamges,
doc. ÄÌÀ ÊÉËÀÍÀÅÀÓ inglisuri teqstebis redaqtirebisas
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
8
Û Ä Ó À Å À Ë É
meore msoflio omi, Tavisi politikuri da samxedro

masStabebiT uprecedento movlena iyo kacobriobis isto-
riaSi. rogorc cnobilia, man moicva faqtobrivad mTeli
msoflio. saomari moqmedebebi erTdroulad mimdinareobda
evropaSi, afrikaSi, aziasa da wynari okeanis auzSi. rasak-
virvelia, meore msoflio omis mTavari movlenebi ganvi-
Tarda sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze, magram arcTu
ise umniSvnelo wvlili mesame raixis damarcxebaSi Seita-
nes dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma _ aSS-m da didma britaneT-
ma, romlebmac 1942-1945 wlebSi moamzades da ganaxorci-
eles sakmaod masStaburi samxedro operaciebi rogorc
CrdiloeT afrikaSi, ise dasavleT evropaSi.
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis monawileoba meore msof-
lio omSi farTodaa gaSuqebuli istoriografiaSi. sakmari-
sia iTqvas, rom oficialuri amerikuli gamocema àSS-s
armia meore msoflio omSi~ 96 toms iTvlis, xolo meore
msoflio omis oficialuri britanuli istoriografia 80
tomisagan Sedgeba. miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli problemis
mecnieruli Seswavla sulac ar aris dasrulebuli. jer
kidev vrcelia sakiTxTa wre, romelic mkvlevarTa Soris
davas iwvevs da romelTa Semdgomi damuSaveba-dazusteba
meore msoflio omis istoriografiis erT-erT gadaudebel
amocanas warmoadgens. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT did inte-
ress iwvevs dasavleT evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi, kerZod: misi diplomatiuri
momzadebis istoria. warmodgenili naSromi swored aRniS-
nuli problemis monografiul damuSavebas eZRvneba. masSi
konkretulad gaanalizebulia aSS-inglisis mTavrobaTa
diplomatiuri saqmianoba 1941-1943 wlebSi dasavleT ev-
ropaSi srulfasovani meore frontis momzadebisa da gan-
xorcielebisaTvis.
naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebia 1941-1943 wlebi:
1941 wlis ivnisidan, rodesac daiwyo aqtiuri diplomati-
9
uri konsultaciebi, erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da did britaneTs,
xolo, meore mxriv, ssr kavSirs Soris _ 1943 wlis
noember-dekembris didi sameulis Teiranis samitis CaTv-
liT, romelmac sabolood gadawyvita dasavleT evropaSi
srulfasovani meore frontis gaxsnis sakiTxi da gansazRv-
ra saomari operaciebis dawyebis dro da adgili.
sakvlevi problema, iseve rogorc meore msoflio
omis samxedro-politikuri istoriis nebismieri sxva sa-
kiTxi, yovelTvis iyo moqceuli istorikosTa gansakuTre-
buli yuradRebis centrSi. amasTan, meore frontis gaxsnis
sakiTxi udavod unda CaiTvalos erT-erT yvelaze proble-
maturad, romlis irgvliv ager ukve naxevari saukunea, ar
wydeba mecnieruli kamaTi.
meore frontis diplomatiuri momzadebisa da ganxor-
cielebis problemis mecnieruli damuSaveba daiwyo meore
msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave. TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari,
romelic Seexo meore msoflio omis istorias zogadad,
ar uvlida gverds aRniSnul problemas. pirvelebi, vinc
guldasmiT gaanalizes meore frontTan dakavSirebuli
calkeuli sakiTxebi da mogvces TavianTi Sefasebebi, iyvnen
politikuri da samxedro moRvaweni, romlebic uSualod
monawileobdnen meore frontis momzadebasa da ganxorcie-
lebaSi: u. CerCili,1 d. eizenhaueri,2 r. Servudi,3 a. ide-
ni,4 h. stimsoni,5 u. legi6 da sxv.
meore frontis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis sakiTxs
sagangebo yuradReba eqceoda meore msoflio omis istori-
isadmi miZRvnil ganmazogadebel gamokvlevebSi, romelTagan
1
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, in 6 vols, New ork, 1961-1962
ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɜ 3-ɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ, Ɇ., 1991.
2
D. Eisenho er. Crusade in Europe, New ork, 19 8 Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, Ɇ., 1980.
3
R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins. An Intimate History, New ork, 19 8
Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ. Ƚɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɚ, ɜ 2-ɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ, Ɇ., 1958.
The Memoirs o Sir Anthon Eden, vol. 3, The eckoning, ., 1965.
5
H. Stimson, M. Bund . n Active Service in Peace and War, New ork, 1971.
6
W. eah . I Was There, New ork, 1950.
10
gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyoT m. metlofisa da e. snelis;1
j. fuleris;2 b. lidel hartis;3 j. guaieris,4 j. batle-
ris,5 m. houardis,6 j. ermanis;7 a. teiloris8 da sxv. naS-
romebi. problema ganxilulia meore msoflio omisa da di-
di samamulo omisadmi miZRvnil zogadi xasiaTis sabWour
gamocemebSi.9
paralelurad mimdinareobda konkretulad meore fron-
tis diplomatiuri da samxedro momzadebis istoriis sa-
gangebo kvleva. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyoT g.
harisonis, u. makneilis, h. feisis, r. beitcelis da sxv.
naSromebi.
amerikeli istorikosis gordon harisonis wigni `Se-
teva arxze~ (gamoica 1951w.)10 faqtobrivad iyo pirveli
srulfasovani mecnieruli gamokvleva, romelic mieZRvna
uSualod meore frontis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis
sakiTxs. masSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili CrdiloeT saf-
rangeTSi SeWris detalebi, magram am naSroms erTi friad
mniSvnelovani nakli mainc gaaCnia. g. harisons yuradReba
ara aqvs gamaxvilebuli meore frontis momzadebis diplo-
1
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɟ, 19 1-19 2, Ɇ., 1955.
2
Ⱦɠ. Ɏɭɥɥɟɪ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ. 1939-19 5 ɝɝ. Ɇ., 195 .
3
B. H. iddell Hart. History of the Second World War, New ork, 1971 Ȼ.
Ʌɢɞɞɟɥ Ƚɚɪɬ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, Ɇ., 1975.
. G er. Grand Strategy. June 19 1 August 19 2, vol. 3, part 1, ., 196 .
5
. Butler. Grand Strategy. June 19 1 August 19 2, vol. 3, part 2, ., 196 .
6
M. Ho ard. Grand Strategy. August 19 2 September 19 3, vol. , .,
1971 Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 2 ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 3, Ɇ.,
1980.
7
. Ehrman. Grand Strategy. August 19 3 September 19 , vol. 5, ., 1956
Ⱦɠ. ɗɪɦɚɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 3 ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 , Ɇ., 1958 .
Ehrman. Grand Strategy. ctober 19 August 19 5, vol. 6, ., 1956 Ⱦɠ.
ɗɪɦɚɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶ 19 Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 5, Ɇ., 1958.
8
A. Ta lor. The Second World War, ., 1975.
9
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜ 12-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇ., 1973-1982 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜ 6-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇ., 1960-1965 Ƚ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɛɨ-
ɪɢɧ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, Ɇ., 1958 Ⱥ. ɋ. ɋɚɦɫɨɧɨɜ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ
ɜɨɣɧɚ, 1939-19 5, Ɇ., 1985 da a.S.
10
G. Harrison. ɋross-Channel Attack, Wash., 1951.
11
matiur aspeqtebze da mxolod mokled ixilavs maT.
rac Seexeba u. makneilis,1 h. feisisa2 da r. beitcelis3
naSromebs, romlebSic didi adgili eTmoba swored meore
frontis diplomatiur momzadebas, maT yvelas gaaCnia erTi
saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSani. meore frontis problema
aq ZiriTadad ganxilulia, rogorc, erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da
did britaneTs, xolo, meore mxriv, ssr kavSirs Soris
urTierTobebis erT-erTi aspeqti. garda amisa, am mkvleva-
rebze, gansakuTrebiT r. beitcelze, Tavisi gavlena moaxdi-
na civi omis koniunqturamac. Tavis mxriv, meore frontis
momzadebis problemaze muSaobdnen sabWoTa mkvlevarebic,
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom isini imTaviTve moqceuli iyv-
nen mkacr ideologiur marwuxebSi, rac maT, bunebrivia,
xels uSlida sakiTxis obieqtur gaSuqebaSi. amis naTeli
dadasturebaa ukve 1947w. gamosuli m. tolConovis wigni:
`meore frontis momzadebis kulisebs miRma~.4 SemdgomSi
meore msoflio omSi inglisisa da aSS-s monawileobis sa-
kiTxebze muSaobdnen n. iakovlevi,5 i. undasinovi,6 l. poz-
deeva,7 v. kuliSi,8 v. israeliani,9 o. rJeSevski,10 i. zems-
kovi,11 v. sekistovi12 da sxv. unda aRiniSnos, rom arc er-
Ti es naSromi raime gansakuTrebuli originalurobiT ar
1
W. Mc eill. America, ritain and ussia. Their Cooperation and Conflict,
New ork, 1953.
2
H. Feis. Churchill, oosevelt and Stalin. The War They Waged and the Peace
They Sought, Princeton, 1957.
3
R. Beitzell. The Uneasy Alliance: America, ritain and ussia, 19 1-19 3,
New ork, 1972.
Ɇ. ɉ. Ɍɨɥɱɺɧɨɜ. Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɢɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 19 7.
5
ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, Ɇ., 1961.
6
ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, Ɇ., 1965.
7
Ʌ. ȼ. ɉɨɡɞɟɟɜɚ. Ⱥɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ. 19 1-19 5ɝɝ., Ɇ., 1969.
8
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1971.
9
ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ. 19 1-19 5, Ɇ., 1985.
10
Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1988.
11
ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ɇ., 1982.
12
ȼ. Ⱥ. ɋɟɤɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, Ɇ., 1989.
12
gamoirCeva, rac arc aris gasakviri, radganac mkvlevarebi
iZulebulni iyvnen, dayrdnobodnen sabWoTa informbiuros
mier 1948w. gamocemul cnobars: ìstoriis falsifikato-
rebi~,1 romelSic, marTalia, droTa ganmavlobaSi uamravi
faqtobrivi Secdoma iqna àRmoCenili~, magram am proble-
mis diplomatiuri mxaris gaSuqebis TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis
unaklod iqna miCneuli.2 am naSromebidan sagangebod gvinda
SevCerdeT i. undasinovis, v. kuliSisa da i. zemskovis mo-
nografiebze, romlebic swored meore frontis diploma-
tiuri momzadebis istorias eZRvneba da uSualod exmianeba
Cvens mier arCeul sakvlev problemas.
i. undasinovis naSromi `ruzvelti, CerCili da meore
fronti~ 1941-1943 wlebs moicavs. ZiriTadi aqcenti masSi
gakeTebulia 1942-1943 wlebSi meore frontis gaxsnis Se-
saZleblobaze. avtori yovelmxriv cdilobs, daamtkicos,
rom aSS-sa da didi britaneTis meTaurebi Segnebulad aWia-
nurebdnen safrangeTSi SeWras. amisaTvis is arafers ar
erideba, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ubralod yalb informacias
iZleva, magaliTad: d. eizenhaueris sityvebi: ès aris yve-
laze Savi dRe istoriaSi~3 _ 22 ivlisidan 24 ivlisze
aqvs gadatanili,4 xolo f. ruzveltisa da misi vaJis _
eliotis dialogi, romelsac adgili hqonda 1943w. seq-
temberSi5, ratomRac 1943w. maisSi mimdinare movlenebis
konteqstSia moyvanili.6 yovelive es, bunebrivia, mis naS-
roms mniSvnelovnad aufasurebs.
msgavsi miznebiTaa gamsWvaluli v. kuliSis `meore
frontis istoriac~, romelic 1971w. gamoica da romelSic
gaerTianebulia avtoris ori ufro adrindeli naSromi
(`meore fronti. operaciebi dasavleT evropaSi. 1944-1945~
1
Ɏɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ (ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ), Ɇ., 19 8.
2
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, gv. 8.
3
H. C. Butcher. My Three ears With Eisenhower, New ork, 19 6, gv. 29.
ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, gv. 69.
5
ɗ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, Ɇ., 19 7, gv. 135.
6
ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ.., gv. 85.
13
da `gaxsnili saidumlo. evropaSi meore frontis winais-
toria~).1 iseve rogorc i. undasinovi, v. kuliSic Zal-Ro-
nes ar iSurebs, rom daadanaSaulos f. ruzvelti da u.
CerCili meore frontis gaxsnis gaWianurebaSi. ufro me-
tic, man Tavis winamorbedebsac ki gadaaWarba da ganacxada,
rom ingliss la-manSis srutis forsireba jer kidev 1941
wels SeeZlo da am operaciis uaryofa mxolod britane-
Tis premieris strategiuli mosazrebebiT axsna.2 Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am `novaciiT~ amoiwureba v. kuliSis
`wvlili~ meore frontis diplomatiuri momzadebis Ses-
wavlis sakiTxSi.
rac Seexeba i. zemskovs, man 1982w. gamosul wignSi:
èvropaSi meore frontis diplomatiuri istoria~3 _ praq-
tikulad mTlianad gaiziara v. kuliSis daskvnebi, Tumca
raime axali argumentebi maT gansamtkiceblad ar moutania.
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc britanul-
amerikul, ise sabWour istoriografiaSi sakmaod farTod
aris Seswavlili dasavleT evropaSi meore frontis dip-
lomatiuri momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis problema, aR-
niSnuli Temis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis SesaZleblobebi sulac
ar aris amowuruli. warmodgenili naSromi miznad isaxavs
aRniSnul problemaze kidev erTxel yuradRebis gamaxvile-
bas da calkeuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi meti sicxadis Se-
tanas. masSi Cven SevecadeT monografiulad Segveswavla
dasavleT evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnis problema aSS-
inglisis diplomatiaSi, kerZod: ramdenadme srulad gavaa-
nalizeT aSS-sa da didi britaneTis mTavrobaTa mier meore
frontis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis mizniT gaweuli
konkretuli diplomatiuri saqmianoba 1941-1943 wlebSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli istorikosebi praqtikulad
1
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ 19 -
19 5ɝɝ., Ɇ., 1960 ÌÉÓÉÅÄ Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ. ɉɪɟɞɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ɇ., 1965.
2
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, gv. 67.
3
ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.
1
gamoTiSuli iyvnen meore msoflio omis globaluri prob-
lemebis Seswavla-damuSavebas1 da iZulebuli iyvnen, Ziri-
Tadad saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis sxva xalxebis did sama-
mulo omSi monawileobis sakiTxebze muSaobas dasjerebod-
nen.2 amdenad, Cveni naSromi warmoadgens faqtobrivad pir-
vel cdas uSualod meore msoflio omis samxedro-poli-
tikuri istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemis
mecnieruli Seswavlisa saqarTveloSi.
garda amisa, naSromSi gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi sakvle-
vi problemis calkeul sakiTxebze, kerZod: àtlantikur~
konferenciaze iaponiis sakiTxze CerCilis mier dakavebul
provokaciul poziciasTan dakavSirebiT; naSromSi gadasin-
julia sabWour istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli azri, rom
àtlantikuri qartiis~ me-3 muxli `bundovan~ xasiaTs
atarebs da gamoTqmulia mosazreba, Tu ratom igebdnen
`bundovnad~ am punqts sabWoTa mkvlevarebi; gakeTebulia
aqcenti aSS-s prezidentis poziciis cvlaze meore fron-
1
am mxriv, erTgvar gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Å. ÂÖ-
ÒÖËÉÓ naSromebi: `germaniis federaciuli respublikis isto-
riografia militarizmisa da revanSizmis samsaxurSi~; àme-
rikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriografia hegemonisturi
politikis samsaxurSi~; da `partizanuli moZraobis istori-
is falsifikatorebi~, _ meore msoflio omis burJuaziuli
istoriografiis kritika, 3 nakveTad, Tb., 1985.
2
À. ÉÏÓÄËÉÀÍÉ. saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris did samamulo
omSi (1941-1945), Tb., 1958; É. ÁÀÁÀËÀÛÅÉËÉ. saqarTvelos wvlili
kavkasiis dacvaSi (1942 weli), Tb., 1975; ÌÉÓÉÅÄ, Ƚɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɋɋɊ ɜ
ɝɨɞɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ., Ɍɛ., 1977 Ʉ. ȼ. ɐɤɢ-
ɬɢɲɜɢɥɢ. Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ.,
Ɍɛ., 1969 da sxva. aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom saqarT-
veloSi mainc Seiqmna dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis (gansakuT-
rebiT didi britaneTis) politikuri istoriis mecnieruli
kvlevis garkveuli tradicia, romlis dadasturebas warmo-
adgens l. svanaZisa da a. CikvaiZis gamokvlevebi: Ë. ÓÅÀÍÀÞÄ.
uinston CerCili da konservatorebi, Tb., 1989; ÌÉÓÉÅÄ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ: ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. 19 5-1955,
Ɇ., 198 Ⱥ. ɑɢɤɜɚɢɞɡɟ. Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ,
Ɍɛ., 1976.
15
tis gaxsnis adgilis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; xazgasmulia
CrdiloeT afrikaSi mokavSireTa mier 1942 wlis Semodgo-
maze Catarebuli operaciis ganxorcielebis samxedro mniS-
vneloba da gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom `torCis~ warmate-
biT dasrulebis Semdeg ingliselebs da amerikelebs meti
SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT brZolis gasagrZeleblad sabWoTa
kavSiris damarcxebis SemTxvevaSic; SedarebiT vrclad aris
gaSuqebuli kasablankas konferencia, romelsac sabWoTa
mkvlevarebi jerovan yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen; mocemulia
dasavlur istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis
kritika imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos ùpirobo kapitulaciis~
principis gamocxadeba ruzveltisa da CerCilis mxridan
iyo Secdoma da aman gamoiwvia omis vadebis gaWianureba;
yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli stalinis damokidebulebaze Tur-
qeTis omSi Cabmisadmi Teiranis konferenciaze da gamoTqmu-
lia mosazreba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi orWofuli
damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi; meore frontis gaxsnis
gaWianureba axsnilia aSS-inglisis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi
arsebuli problemebiT, kerZod: maTi samxedro momzadebis
dabali doniT.
naSromi agebulia problemis irgvliv arsebul doku-
mentur masalaze. pirvel rigSi, esaa mimowera ssrk-s, aSS-s
da didi britaneTis liderebs Soris,1 meore msoflio
omis periodis konferenciebis masalebi,2 sabWoTa kavSir-
1
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɫ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ
ɢ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪ-ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɦɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ., ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇ., 1957.
2
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ, ÉÀËÔÀ, ÐÏÔÓÃÀÌÉ. dokumentebis krebuli, Tb., 1969; ɋɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ Cɨɸɡ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ., ɜ 6-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. I. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɢ-
ɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (19-30 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ
19 3 ɝ.), Ɇ., 1978 ɬ. II. Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɨ-
ɸɡɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (28 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 19 3
ɝ.), Ɇ., 1978 Foreign Relations o the nited States (SemdgomSi FR S),
The Conferences at Washington, 19 1-19 3, and Casablanca, 19 3, Wash., 1968
FR S, The Conferences at Washington and uebec, 19 3, Wash., 1970.
16
aSS-s da ssrk-inglisis urTierTobebis amsaxveli sxva do-
kumentebi da a. S.1 saistorio wyaros saxiT, agreTve, far-
Tod aris gamoyenebuli memuaruli literatura.2
1
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ȼ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. I-II, Ɇ., 19 6, ɬ. III, Ɇ., 19 7 ɋɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣ-
ɧɵ, 19 1-19 5. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇ., 1983 ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, 19 1-
19 5. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ɇ., 198 The Annals o Ame-
rica. ol. 16. 19 0-19 9. The Second World War and After, by Encyclopaedia
ritannica, inc., 1976.
2
Ì. ãÉËÀÓÉ. saubrebi stalinTan, Tb., 1991; H. H. Arnold. Global
Mission, New ork, 19 8 Ch. Bohlen. Witness to History. 1929-1969, New
ork, 1973 . Bradle . A Soldier s Story, New ork, 1951 Ɉ. Ȼɪɷɞɥɢ.
Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɚ, Ɇ., 1957 H. C. Butcher. My Three ears With Eisenhower
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ
ɜɨɣɧɚ M. W. Clarc. Calculated isk, New ork, 1950 D. Eisenho er.
Crusade in Europe Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ The Me-
moirs o Sir Anthon Eden, vol. 3. The eckoning, ., 1965 W. D. eah . I
Was There The Memoirs o Field-Marshal the iscount Montgomer o
Alamein, ., 1958 B. Montgomer . 21-st Army Group. Normandy to the al-
tic Germany, ., 196 R. Murph . iplomat Among the Warriors, New ork,
1963 G. S. Pɚtton. War As I Knew It, oston, 19 6 H. . Stimson, M. Bun-
d . n Active Service in Peace and War, New ork, 1971 R. Sher ood.
oosevelt and Hopkins Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ
ɜɨɣɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɍɢɧɫɬɨɧɚ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ, ɒɚɪɥɹ ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɹ, Ʉɨɪɞɷɥɥɚ
ɏɷɥɥɚ, ɍɢɥɶɹɦɚ Ʌɟɝɢ, Ⱦɭɚɣɬɚ ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪɚ, ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɫɨɫɬ. ȿ. ə. Ɍɪɨɹ-
ɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɇ., 1990 ȼ. Ɇ. Ȼɟɪɟɠɤɨɜ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ,
Ɇ., 1987 ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ. I, Ɇ., 1957, ɬ. II, Ɇ., 1960 Ɋ.
ɂɧɝɟɪɫɨɥɥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ, Ɇ., 19 7 ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ. ȼɨɣɧɚ 1939-19 3, Ɇ., 1965 Ʌ. Ɇɨɣɡɢɲ, ɗ. Ȼɚɡɧɚ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧ . ə ɛɵɥ ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧɨɦ, Ɇ., 1965 Ɋɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɫ-
ɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ), ɪɟɞ. ɉ. Ⱥ. ɀɢɥɢɧ, Ɇ., 1958 Ɇ. Ɋɢɞ-
ɠɭɷɣ. ɋɨɥɞɚɬ, Ɇ., 1958 ɗ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ da sxv.
2. È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ
17
ÈÀÅÉ I
ÂÄÒÌÀÍÉÉÓ ÈÀÅÃÀÓáÌÀ ÓÀÁàÏÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÆÄ ÃÀ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ
ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÖÒÉ ÍÀÁÉãÄÁÉ ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ
ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓ ÂÆÀÆÄ
1941w. 22 ivniss germania Seudga „barbarosas~ gegmis

ganxorcielebas da omis gamoucxadeblad Tavs daesxa sab-
WoTa kavSirs. es iyo meore msoflio omis yvelaze sisx-
lismRvreli etapis dasawyisi. sabWoTa kavSiri moumzadebe-
li aRmoCnda da pirvelsave dReebSi teritoriis didi na-
wili dahkarga. samxedro TvalsazrisiT germanelebs Zalian
didi upiratesoba gaaCndaT da isini ramdenime kviraSi api-
rebdnen omis damTavrebas.1 da ai, am umZimes, TiTqmis uime-
do viTarebaSi sabWoTa kavSirs daxmarebis xeli gauwoda
da mokavSireoba SesTavaza inglisma. 22 ivniss saRamos di-
di britaneTis premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma radio-
Ti warmosTqva sityva, romelSic man Tavis erTaderT miz-
nad gamoacxada hitlerisa da nacisturi reJimis mospoba
da dahpirda mTel SesaZlo daxmarebas sabWoTa kavSirs.2
erTi SexedviT, es moulodneli iyo: CerCils xom mTeli
msoflio icnobda, rogorc komunizmis yvelaze dauZinebel
mters,3 magram Tu ufro Rrmad gavaanalizebT 1941w. zaf-
xulisaTvis evropaSi Seqmnil situacias, inglisis premie-
ris moqmedeba uTuod kanonzomieri iyo. is mTlianad jde-
boda XIX s. Suaxanebis britaneli politikuri moRvawis _
1
Ɏ. Ƚɚɥɶɞɟɪ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ: ȿɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɛɚ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ. 1939-19 2ɝɝ. Ɇ., 1971, ɬ. 3, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 79-80.
2
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, ol. 3. The Grand Alliance, New ork,
1962, gv. 314-315; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 170-171.
3
am mxriv, niSandoblivia Tavad CerCilis mier 1941w. 22 iv-
niss warmoTqmuli sityvis nawyveti: „ukanaskneli 25 wlis
ganmavlobaSi aravin ibrZoda komunizmis winaaRmdeg Cemze
ufro Seupovrad da me ukan ar waviReb am Temaze Cems mier
naTqvam arc erT sityvas.., magram axla Cveni erTaderTi miza-
nia, movspoT hitleri da nacisturi reJimis yovelgvari nasa-
xi~ (W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol 3, gv. 314.).
18
lord palmerstonis cnobil formulaSi: „Cven ar gvyavs
mudmivi mtrebi da mudmivi mokavSireebi. Cven gvaqvs mudmivi
interesebi~.1 CerCilic swored Tavisi qveynis interesebiT
moqmedebda, rodesac stalinTan kavSirze midioda. ufro
metic, 22 ivnisis sityva sulac ar iyo pirveli nabiji am
mimarTulebiT.
CerCilma jer kidev 1940w. 25 ivniss miswera sta-
lins werili da SesTavaza samokavSireo urTierTobebis
damyareba,2 magram maSin sabWoTa liderma upasuxod datova
es winadadeba. rusi mkvlevari a. orlovi amas stalinis
Secdomad Tvlis,3 magram, Cveni azriT, es ase ar unda
iyos. diunkerkis katastrofis Semdeg inglisi faqtobrivad
ganiaraRebuli aRmoCnda. qveyanas darCa mxolod 500-mde
sxvadasxva tipis tanki da amdenive saartilerio erTeu-
li.4 amas Tan daerTo safrangeTis kapitulaciac. amgvar
situaciaSi stalins, romelmac kargad icoda, rom sabWoTa
kavSiri sulac ar iyo mzad germaniasTan omisTvis, rasac
aucileblad gamoiwvevda inglisTan kavSiris dadeba, ar Se-
eZlo aseTi saxifaTo nabijis gadadgma. garda amisa, mas Se-
saZloa SeeSinda, rom britaneTis premieri ssrk-s provoka-
ciulad Caabamda germaniasTan omSi, TviTon ki hitlers da-
uzavdeboda.
stalinis amgvar sifrTxiles sxva, ufro safuZvliani
mizezic hqonda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CerCili komu-
nizmis dauZinebeli mteri iyo. stalins ar SeiZleboda ar
gaeTvaliswinebina es garemoeba da ase erTbaSad erwmuna
britaneTis lideris gulwrfeloba. swored amitom datova
man upasuxod inglisis premieris winadadeba. analogiuri
1
ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, Ɇ., 1961, gv. 7.
2
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War. ol. 2. Their inest Hour, New ork,
1962, gv. 116-117; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 366-367.
3
ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 157, _ redaqtoris
SeniSvna.
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. 2, gv. 124-125; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 368.
19
situacia ganmeorda 1941w. aprilSic, rodesac CerCilma
acnoba stalins rumineTidan poloneTSi sami satanko divi-
ziis gadasrolisa da belgradSi revoluciis dawyebis Sem-
deg maTi ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb.1 stalinma arc am weril-
ze moaxdina raime reagireba. is darwmunebuli iyo, hit-
leri inglisTan omis damTavrebamde ar daesxmoda Tavs
sabWoTa kavSirs da imedovnebda, rom es 1942 wlamde mainc
ar moxdeboda, magram Secda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom stalinma arc 1941w. 22 ivnisis
Semdeg gadadga raime konkretuli nabiji da CerCili iZu-
lebuli gaxda, piradad miewera sabWoTa liderisaTvis 7
ivliss.2 mxolod amis Semdeg darwmunda stalini CerCilis
gulwrfelobaSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi didi britaneTis el-
Cis staford kripsis piriT SeuTvala mas, rom gaekeTebi-
naT erToblivi deklaracia, romelSic ori punqti unda
yofiliyo: 1) urTierTdaxmareba misi xasiaTisa da sididis
ganusazRvrelad; da 2) orive mxares unda ganecxadebina,
rom ar dadebda separatul zavs.3 amiT orive mxare prin-
cipSi SeTanxmda momaval TanamSromlobaze da sul male
gadaidga kidec konkretuli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT.
ukve 1941w. 12 ivliss daido xelSekruleba did britaneT-
sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris germaniis winaaRmdeg erTob-
livi brZolis warmoebis Sesaxeb.4 sabWoTa kavSiris xel-
mZRvanelobam es faqti miiCnia meore frontis gaxsnis wina-
pirobad. 18 ivliss CerCilisadmi gagzavnil werilSi sta-
lini gamoTqvamda Txovnas, gaxsniliyo meore fronti saf-
rangeTSi an arqtikaSi. sainteresoa, rom, misi TqmiT, Crdi-
loeTSi operaciis Catarebisas inglisuri desanti saWiro
arc iqneboda. maTgan stalini iTxovda mxolod sazRvao da
1
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. 3, gv. 303; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨ-
ɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 160.
2
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 9.
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol.3, gv. 323; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ.
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 82.
20
sahaero Zalebis moSvelebas.1
ingliselebma marTlac Caatares erTi amgvari opera-
cia. 30 ivliss maT dabombes germanuli bazebi kirkenessa
da petsamoSi. efeqti am operaciisa umniSvnelo iyo, dana-
kargebi ki _ didi, rac germanelTa haersawinaaRmdego Tav-
dacvis siZlierem gamoiwvia.2 sabWoTa mTavrobam ki seqtem-
berSi ukve moiTxova meore frontis gaxsna balkaneTSi an
safrangeTSi aRmosavleTis frontidan 30-40 germanuli
diviziis mosaxsnelad. garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSiri iTxov-
da daxmarebas: 30 aT. tona alumins oqtombrisaTvis da yo-
velTviurad 40 TviTmfrinavsa da 500 tanks.3 inglisisa da
aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas ar gamouCeniaT didi iniciativa am
moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad da es arc iyo gasakviri. va-
SingtonSi da londonSi ar sjerodaT, rom sabWoTa kav-
Siri didxans gaZlebda omSi da ar surdaT gaegzavnaT ia-
raRi, romelic SeiZleboda germanelTa xelSi moxvedrili-
yo. rac Seexeba safrangeTSi meore frontis gaxsnas, ing-
liselebs 1941w. amis gakeTeba arc ufiqriaT, radganac es
maTi azriT avantiura iqneboda.4 CerCilma Tavisi pozicia
moraluri argumentebiTac gaamagra. seqtembris dasawyisSi
inglisSi sabWoTa kavSiris elCma i. maiskim gamoTqva wyena
gaerTianebuli samefos umoqmedobis gamo da Seaxsena premi-
ers, rom ssr kavSiri ukve 11 kviris ganmavlobaSi martod-
marto ebrZoda saerTo mters. amis pasuxad CerCilma elCs
yovelgvari mobodiSebis gareSe ganucxada, rom sabWoTa
mxares ar hqonda moraluri ufleba raime sayvedurisa,
vinaidan sul oTxi Tvis win, rodesac ingliselebi dasaS-
vebad miiCnevdnen sabWoTa kavSiris Cabmas omSi germaniis
1
2
ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ɇ., 1985, gv. 23; ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɬ. I , Ɇ., 1975, gv. 115, 124
3
. G er. Grand Strategy. June 19 1 _ August 19 2, vol. 3, part I, ., 196 , gv.
94-95; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. ɂɸɧɶ 19 1 _ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
19 2, Ɇ., 1967, gv. 89.
21
mxareze, maT far-xmali ar dauyriaT da mainc darwmune-
bulni iyvnen saboloo gamarjvebaSi.1
gaaqtiurda aSS-s diplomatiac. 1941 wlis ivlisis
bolos moskovSi Camovida ruzveltis piradi warmomadgene-
li hari hopkinsi. oficialurad mas evaleboda imis garkve-
va, Tu risi miwodeba sWirdeboda sabWoTa kavSirs omis
warmatebiT sawarmoeblad, Tumca sinamdvileSi hopkinsis
misiis mTavari mizani iyo, darwmunebuliyo ssrk-s Semdgom
brZolisunarianobaSi.2 30 da 31 ivliss mas ori xangrZli-
vi saubari hqonda stalinTan, romelic dahpirda amerikel
diplomats, rom frontis stabilizireba moxdeboda ara
ugvianes 1 oqtombrisa da rom frontis xazi im droisa-
Tvis gadmoiwevda aRmosavleTisaken ara umetes 100 km-iT.3
Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ramdenad gulwrfeli iyo am SemTxve-
vaSi stalini, magram erTi ram udavoa: man savsebiT daarw-
muna hopkinsi, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gauZlebda germanelTa
Setevebs. amerikel emisarze garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdi-
na sabWoTa lideris mier aSS-s mxarisaTvis wardgenilma
nusxam, romelSic CamoTvlili iyo yovelive is, rac sWir-
deboda ssrk-s germanelTa Setevis SesaCereblad. es Camo-
naTvali sruliad aSkaras xdida, rom stalins sulac ar
hqonda damarcxebis SiSi.4 saboloo jamSi hopkinsma savse-
1
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol.3, gv. 386. i. maiskis mtki-
cebiT, britaneTis premieris am gancxadebis sapasuxod man Se-
niSna, rom yovelive es n. Cemberlenis brali iyo (ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫ-
ɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ. gv. 171-172.).
2
R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 327; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 511.
3
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 82; R. Sher ood. oose-
velt and Hopkins, gv. 339.
mainc ras iTxovda stalini aSS-sagan: 1) sazenito danadga-
rebs; 2) TviTmfrinavebis dasamzadeblad saWiro alumins; 3)
tyviamfrqvevebs; 4) SaSxanebs (Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ..,
ɬ. I, gv. 81; R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 339). hopkinsze gan-
sakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina im faqtma, rom sabWoTa
lideri iTxovda ara mza TviTmfrinavebs, aramed alumins maT
22
biT kmayofilma dastova moskovi da dabrunda inglisSi,
sadac SeuerTda ruzveltTan Sesaxvedrad mimaval CerCils.
1941w. 9 agvistos arjentiaSi daiwyo aSS-s preziden-
tis franklin ruzveltisa da didi britaneTis premier-mi-
nistris uinston CerCilis pirveli Sexvedra meore msof-
lio omis dawyebidan.1 aRniSnuli Sexvedra, romelic isto-
riaSi „atlantikuri konferenciis~ saxeliT Sevida, sakma-
od xanmokle gamodga. misi erTaderTi faseuli Sedegi iyo
„atlantikuri qartiis~ miReba. am dokumentSi Camoyali-
bebul iqna zogierTi principi, romelTa mixedviTac unda
momxdariyo msoflios mowyoba omis Semdeg, rodesac „mos-
pobili iqneboda nacisturi tirania~. amis misaRwevad
saWiro konkretuli nabijebi qartiaSi ar iyo deklarire-
buli da es arc iyo mosalodneli, radganac aSS ar war-
moadgenda meomar mxares da formalurad neitralitets
icavda. sxvaTa Soris, CerCili mainc imedovnebda, rom es
Sexvedra raime praqtikul Sedegebs gamoiRebda da aSS om-
Si ufro aqtiurad Caebmeboda, magram yvela misi mcdeloba
fuWi gamodga. ruzvelti safuZvlianad SiSobda, rom yove-
dasamzadeblad, ramac kidev ufro daarwmuna amerikeli emi-

sari ssrk-s brZolisunarianobaSi (R. Sher ood. oosevelt and
Hopkins, gv. 344; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 549).
1 CerCilma da ruzveltma erTmaneTi gaicnes jer kidev pirve-
li msoflio omis dros, rodesac maSindeli sazRvao minist-
ris moadgile franklin ruzvelti londonSi Cavida da ban-
ketze Sexvda uinston CerCils (ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɥɢɧ Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ
_ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ, Ɇ., 1969, gv. 79). rogorc Cans, CerCilma, ro-
melsac im drosac mniSvnelovani posti ekava inglisis mTav-
robaSi da cnobil saxelmwifo moRvawedac iTvleboda, arc
miaqcia yuradReba axalgazrda amerikel Cinovniks da swra-
fad daiviwya es Sexvedra. yovel SemTxvevaSi, „atlantikuri
konferenciis~ win man britaneTis dominionebis premier-mi-
nistrebs acnoba, rom arasodes Sexvedria ruzvelts piradad.
aSS-s prezidentisaTvis es sakmaod gulsatkeni aRmoCnda, rad-
ganac mas aRniSnuli Sexvedra kargad axsovda (R. Sher ood.
oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 350-351; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1,
gv. 556).
23
li nabiji, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda aSS-s omSi Cabmi-
saken, waawydeboda gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas kongresis
mxridan, sadac (iseve, rogorc qveynis mosaxleobaSi) jer
kidev sakmaod Zlieri iyo izolacionisturi tendenciebi.1
amasTan, SesaZloa, mas imis imedic ki hqonda, rom saWiro
ar gaxdeboda omSi aSS-s samxedro Careva da germania da-
marcxebuli iqneboda uSualod didi britaneTisa da sabWo-
Ta kavSiris mier. garda amisa, ruzvelts unda gaeTvalis-
winebina kidev erTi garemoeba _ aSS-s armiis katastro-
fuli mdgomareoba. warmoudgenelic kia, magram faqtia,
rom meore msoflio omis dawyebisaTvis aSS-s armia (igu-
lisxmeba saxmeleTo Zalebi) mxolod 174 aTas kacs iTvli-
da da specialistebis TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi me-17 iyo.2
gansakuTrebiT mZimed idga SeiaraRebis sakiTxi. 1940w. Cata-
rebuli samxedro manevrebis dros jariskacebs aRWurvi-
lobis magivrobas ludis qilebi uwevdnen, tyviamfrqvevebi-
sas _ cocxebi, naRmmtyorcnebisas _ morebi, tankebis nacv-
lad ki gamoyenebul iqna satvirTo manqanebi warweriT „tan-
ki~.3 marTalia, 1941 wlisaTvis mdgomareoba odnav gamos-
worda da kanoni SerCeviTi samxedro begaris Sesaxeb ufle-
bas iZleoda armiaSi gawveuliyo yovelwliurad 900 aTa-
samde kaci, magram is krZalavda samxedro samsaxuris vadis
gagrZelebas, Tu kongresi ar gamoacxadebda, rom Seiqmna
erovnuli uSiSroebis xelyofis safrTxe.4 warmomadgenelTa
palataSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva daemTxva swored
atlantikur konferencias da prezidentis winadadeba sam-
1
R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 367-368; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 569. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: R. Divine.
The eluctant elligerent. American Entry into World War II, New ork, 1979.
2
Th. Parrish. oosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War. The Perso-
nal Story, New ork, 1989, gv. 114.
3
W. euchten erg. ranklin oosevelt and the New eal. 1932-19 0, New
ork, 1963, gv. 306-307.
2
xedro samsaxuris vadis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb gavida mxolod
erTi xmiT. ase rom, ruzveltma, romelmac kargad icoda
kongresis wevrebis damokidebuleba aSS-s omSi Cabmis sakiT-
xisadmi, ver gariska arjentiaSi britanelebTan raime xel-
Sekrulebis dadeba, romlis ZalaSi Sesasvlelad savaldebu-
lo iqneboda sakanonmdeblo organos ratifikacia da Semo-
ifargla qartiiT, romelic deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebda
da aranairi damowmeba kongresis mxridan ar sWirdeboda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis garda, iyo kidev erTi mi-
zezi, romlis gamoc ruzvelti ar Cqarobda raime praqti-
kuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas: mas jer kidev hqonda ime-
di, rom SesZlebda RerZis qveynebis gaTiSvas da maTTvis
iaponiis Camocilebas. aSS-s samTavrobo wreebSi savsebiT
SesaZleblad miaCndaT movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba,1 Tum-
ca, Cveni azriT, amgvari perspeqtiva praqtikulad gamoric-
xuli iyo. marTalia, jer kidev 1940w. dasawyisidan mimdi-
nareobda molaparakebebi aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivan kordel
halsa da aSS-Si iaponiis elC kiCisaburo nomuras Soris,2
magram, Cveni azriT, iaponelebs ubralod dro gahyavdaT da
xelsayrel moments ucdidnen Tavisi eqspansionisturi
zraxvebis gansaxorcieleblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom iapo-
niis xelmZRvanelobas jer kidev ar hqonda sabolood ga-
dawyvetili, Tu sad da vis winaaRmdeg ganaxorcielebda
pirvel dartymas, winaswari SeTanxmebiT (1941 wlis gazaf-
xulze) aseT samizned aSS iqna arCeuli.3 iaponiis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrma ioSike macuokam hitlers berlinSi Sex-
vedrisas oficialurad daudastura, rom omi aSS-sTan gar-
dauvali iyo.4 ori kviris Semdeg ki man moskovSi stalin-
1
H. Stimson, M. Bund . n Active Service in Peace and War, New ork,
1971, gv. 386.
2
Fr. Marks III. Wind ver Sand: The iplomacy of ranklin oosevelt,
Athens, Georgia, 1988, gv. 96.
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. 3, gv. 153.
25
Tan dado paqti neitralitetis Sesaxeb.1 am ukanasknel
faqts unda daefiqrebina TeTri saxli, magram, rogorc
Cans, aSS-s diplomatiam sruliad sapirispirod Seafasa es
movlena da gamoitana araswori daskvna, rom aSS-s araviTa-
ri safrTxe ar emuqreboda. praqtikulad aravin ar fiq-
robda, rom iaponia Tavs daesxmoda amerikis bazebs wynar
okeaneSi.2 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1941 wlis 7 dekembramde
vaSingtoni fuWi iluziebiT iyo Sepyrobili, ramac ganapi-
roba kidec iaponelTa warmatebebi wynar okeaneSi omis
pirvel etapze.
„atlantikuri qartiis~ saboloo varianti 8 punqti-
sagan Sedgeboda. masSi praqtikulad Camoyalibebuli iyo
aSS-sa da didi britaneTis miznebi meore msoflio omSi.
qartia cxadyofda, rom es qveynebi izrunebdnen Tavisufa-
li, Tanasworuflebiani msofliosaTvis. ruzvelti da Cer-
Cili dokumentis pirvelsave punqtSi saqveynod acxadebd-
nen, rom maT ar hqondaT agresiuli zraxvebi, ar eswraf-
vodnen teritoriul Tu sxva saxis monapovrebs.3 gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovani iyo mesame muxli, romelSic gamoTqmu-
li iyo survili, aRmdgariyo yvela im eris suverenuli
uflebebi da TviTmmarTveloba, romlebsac ZaliT waarTves
yovelive es.4 garda amisa, mxareebi scnobdnen yvela xalxis
uflebas, TviTon aerCia sakuTari qveynis mmarTvelobis
forma.5 danarCeni punqtebidan, Cveni azriT, aRsaniSnavia me-
oTxe _ vaWrobisa da msoflio nedleulis moxmarebis Ta-
nabari pirobebis Seqmna yvela qveynisaTvis (ganurCevlad ga-
marjvebul-damarcxebulisa);6 meeqvse _ nacisturi tiraniis
1
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ, ɬ. I , Ɇ., 1975, gv. 174-175.
2
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 640-641.
3
The Annals o America. ol. 16. 19 0-19 9. The Second World War and
After, by Encyclopaedia ritannica, inc., 1976, gv. 89; ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ..,
ɬ. I, gv. 168.
The Annals o America. ol. 16. gv. 89; ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 168.
5
6
The Annals o America. ol. 16. gv. 89-90; ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 168.
26
mospobis Semdeg yvela erisaTvis Tavis miwa-wyalze usafr-
Txo cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa;1 da merve _ uaris Tqma Za-
lis gamoyenebaze da ganiaraReba im qveynebisa, romlebic
safrTxes uqmnidnen an Seuqmnidnen momavalSi sxva erebs.2
da mainc, ramdenad didi iyo „atlantikuri qartiis~
mniSvneloba? dasavlur istoriografiaSi arsebobs mosaz-
reba, rom es iyo ubralod deklaracia, romelic arafers
axals da gansakuTrebuls ar warmoadgenda.3 Cveni azriT,
es ar Seefereba sinamdviles. upirveles yovlisa, es doku-
menti mniSvnelovania imiT, rom aSS-m _ formalurad neit-
ralurma saxelmwifom _ meomar qveyanasTan erTad Camoaya-
liba Tavisi miznebi meore msoflio omSi. amasTan, dokumen-
tis meeqvse punqtSi Cawerili fraza „nacisturi tiraniis
saboloo mospobis~ Sesaxeb naTels xdida, rom saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi aSS ufro aqtiur monawileobas miiRebda
germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi. es iyo imis maCvenebeli, rom
SeerTebuli Statebi ar gadgeboda ganze evropaSi mimdina-
re movlenebisagan da ar Semoifargleboda mxolod sakuTa-
ri interesebisa da teritoriis dacviT. es ki seriozuli
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo antihitleruli koaliciis Ca-
moyalibebis gzaze. da bolos, 1942 wlis 1 ianvars gamo-
qveynebulma „gaerTianebuli erebis~ deklaraciam „atlanti-
kuri qartia~ faqtobrivad saerTaSoriso samarTlis doku-
mentad scno.
„atlantikuri qartia~, Tavis mxriv, aRiara sabWoTa
mxaremac da SeuerTda mis ZiriTad principebs 1941w. 24
seqtembris deklaraciiT.4 sxvaTa Soris, sabWouri isto-
riografia am ori dokumentis Sedarebisas yovelmxriv
cdilobda, upiratesoba sabWoTa gancxadebisaTvis mieniWe-
bina. ase, magaliTad: cnobili mkvlevari v. israeliani „at-
1
2
3
. M. A. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 124; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ.
Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 108.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 163-167.
27
lantikuri qartiis~ naklad Tvlis, rom masSi ar iyo da-
saxuli konkretuli gzebi qartiaSi mocemuli principebis
realizaciisaTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, deklarirebuli iyo
sabWoTa dokumentSi.1 magram ar SeiZleba im garemoebis ugu-
lebelyofa, rom ssrk samkvdro-sasicocxlo omSi iyo Cab-
muli germaniasTan da stalinisTvis bevrad ufro ioli iyo
aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba, vidre aSS-s prezidentisaTvis.
Cven aseve ver daveTanxmebiT v. israelianis daskvnas,
rom sabWoTa deklaraciaSi msoflios omis Semdgomi mow-
yobis umTavresi principebi ufro sruli saxiT aris moce-
muli, vidre „atlantikuri qartiis~ Sesabamis muxlebSi.2
misi TqmiT, sabWoTa gancxadebaSi mkafiod aris Camoyalibe-
buli, rom ssrk Tavis sagareo politikaSi yovelTvis
cnobda xalxTa suverenul uflebebs, xelmZRvanelobda er-
Ta TviTgamorkvevis principiT da aqedan gamomdinare icavda
yvela xalxis uflebas saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobi-
sa da Tavisi qveynis teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobis Sesa-
xeb.3 garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSiri cnobda yvela eris uf-
lebas, Tavis saxelmwifoSi daemyarebina iseTi sazogadoeb-
rivi wyobileba da aerCia iseTi mmarTvelobis forma, ro-
gorsac TviTon CaTvlida saWirod. da yovelive es maSin,
rodesac, v. israelianis azriT, atlantikuri qartiis mesa-
me punqti atarebs „bundovan xasiaTs~.4
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mkvlevari
ar xsnis, Tu ra aris am muxlSi bundovani. SesaZloa, is
ubralod iziarebs poloneli mkvlevaris s. boratinskis
azrs, rom es punqti exeboda mxolod germaniis eqspansiis
Sedegad dazaralebul qveynebs da ar vrceldeboda brita-
neTis imperiaze.5 marTlac, inglisis mmarTveli wreebi da,
1
ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 36.
2
iqve, gv. 37.
3 iqve.
4 iqve, gv. 36.
5
ɋ. Ȼɨɪɚɬɵɧɫɤɢɣ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ-
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ 19 1-19 5 ɝɨɞɨɜ, Ɇ., 1953, gv. 99.
28
pirvel rigSi, CerCili swored ase udgebodnen am muxls,1
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom aSS-s xelmZRvanelo-
ba sruliad sxvagvarad fiqrobda da am princips mTel
msoflioze avrcelebda.2 rasakvirvelia, am muxlis ornair
gaazrebaSi did rols TamaSobda is, rom didi britaneTi
kolonialuri saxelmwifo iyo, aSS ki _ ara. amitom ameri-
kelebi arafers kargavdnen am principis gamocxadebiT, ro-
melic daasamarebda britaneTis imperias. Cveni azriT, qar-
tiis mesame punqtis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mieqces
ara imas, rom aSS da didi britaneTi sxvadasxvanairad
igebdnen masSi Caqsovil azrs, aramed im faqts, rom mTel-
ma msofliom es punqti aRiqva ise, rogorc is esmodaT
amerikelebs. e. i. aRniSnuli debuleba sulac ar iyo bun-
dovnad Camoyalibebuli, ubralod ingliselebi ikavebdnen
„siraqlemas pozas~. Cveni azriT, qartiis mesame muxli uf-
ro imitom iyo „bundovani~ sabWouri istoriografiisaTvis
saerTod da v. israelianisaTvis kerZod, rom masSi Camoya-
libebuli principis erT-erTi yvelaze didi damrRvevi iyo
sabWoTa kavSiri. ufro metic, CerCilisa da ruzveltis
mimowera cxadyofs, rom isini am muxls ssrk-zec avrce-
lebdnen. magaliTisTvis kmara Tundac britaneTis premieris
werili (1942w. 7 marti) aSS-s prezidentisadmi, romel-
Sic man wamoayena winadadeba, saidumlod ecnoT sabWoTa
kavSiris omamdeli (igulisxmeba 1941w.) sazRvrebi, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT mokavSire.3 sagulisxmoa, rom ruzveltma
CerCils uari SeuTvala swored im motiviT, rom es moax-
denda atlantikuri qartiis mesame muxlis anulirebas.4
1
ɋ. Ȼɨɪɚɬɵɧɫɤɢɣ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ.., gv. 99; R. Sher ood. oosevelt and
Hopkins, gv. 363; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 573.
2
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I . The Hinge of ate, New
ork, 1962, gv. 285.
Ed Gre . General of the Army. George C. Marshall: Soldier and Statesman,
New ork, 1990, gv. 316.
29
rogorc Cans, stalinic grZnobda am muxlSi Cadebul naRms
da amitomac aRmoCnda sabWoTa deklaraciaSi fraza, rom
atlantikuri qartiis principebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
unda momxdariyo ama Tu im qveynis istoriuli Tavisebure-
bebis, garemoebebisa da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.1 amiT
sabWoTa mxares minimumamde dahyavda qartiis principebis
ssrk-s winaaRmdeg gamoyenebis safrTxe.
„atlantikuri qartiis~ garda arjentiaSi inglis-
aSS-s diplomatiis erT-erT umTavres sazrunavs warmoad-
genda iaponiis sakiTxic, romlis garSemoc sakmaod xan-
grZlivi kamaTi gaimarTa. CerCili dabejiTebiT umtkicebda
ruzvelts, rom saWiro iyo iaponiis gafrTxileba, raTa am
ukanasknels Seewyvita agresiuli politikis gatareba. bri-
taneTis premieri moiTxovda aSS-s prezidentisagan gancxa-
debis gakeTebas, romelSic naTlad iqneboda naTqvami, rom
iaponiis mxridan wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleT raionSi
nebismier winsvlas mohyveboda kontrzomebi im SemTxveva-
Sic ki, Tu es gamoiwvevda oms iaponiasa da aSS-s Soris.
CerCilma aRuTqva ruzvelts, rom aseTive gancxadeba ga-
keTdeboda didi britaneTisa da niderlandebis mTavrobebis
saxeliTac.2 aSS-s prezidentma Tavdapirvelad uaryo es wi-
nadadeba, radganac amgvari gancxadebiT is iZleoda piro-
bas, rom saWiro momentSi kongresisagan miiRebda omis ga-
mocxadebis uflebas, es ki Zalze Zneli misaRwevi iqneboda.
garda amisa, mas sulac ar surda omi iaponiasTan.3 da ma-
inc CerCilma SesZlo ruzveltis darwmuneba, rom sami
qveynis erToblivi pozicia aiZulebda iaponias, ukan daexia
da ar daerRvia status-qvo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
magram am SemTxvevaSi iqmneboda saSiSroeba, rom iaponia
1
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 166.
2
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 135; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ.
Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 115-116.
3
30
Tavis eqspansionistur zraxvebs mimarTavda sabWoTa kavSi-
ris winaaRmdeg. aseTi perspeqtivis Tavidan asacileblad
gadawyda, gancxadebaSi SeetanaT punqti, romliTac aSS-s
mTavroba agrZnobinebda iaponias, rom ssrk iyo amerikis Se-
erTebuli Statebis megobari qveyana da aSS-s xelmZRvane-
loba gulgrili ar darCeboda, Tu raime msgavs konfliqts
(igulisxmeboda iaponiis eqspansia _ T. p.) adgili eqneboda
wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi.1
unda iTqvas, rom CerCilis pozicia iaponiis sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT atlantikur konferenciaze sulac ar
iyo calsaxa. erTi mxriv, is umtkicebda ruzvelts, rom
mkveTri gancxadeba aiZulebda iaponiis mTavrobas, saerTod
Seewyvita yovelgvari agresiuli moqmedebani,2 magram, meore
mxriv, arjentiidan sagareo saqmeTa saministrosaTvis gag-
zavnil baraTSi mas Camoyalibebuli aqvs iaponelTa sava-
raudo reaqciis 2 varianti, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor aRiqvamda is gancxadebis SesaZlo efeqts. bri-
taneTis premieris azriT, iaponelebi an saerTod uaryofd-
nen aSS-s prezidentis mier wamoyenebul pirobebs, an mainc
ganagrZobdnen TavianT samxedro aqciebs da erTdroulad
awarmoebdnen molaparakebebsac.3 CerCili Tvlida, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi amoqmeddeboda paralelur deklaraciebSi Cade-
buli Sinaarsi da gaerTianebuli ZalebiT moxerxdeboda ia-
ponelTa agresiis aRkveTa.4 rogorc am werilidan Cans,
britaneTis premieri arc ki uSvebda im azrs, rom iaponia
uars ityoda Tavis eqspansionistur zraxvebze. yovelive es
CvenSi garkveul eWvebs badebs: xom ar surda CerCils ia-
poniasa da aSS-s Soris samxedro konfliqtis provocire-
ba, rac aiZulebda, bolosdabolos, amerikis SeerTebul
1
2
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 135-136; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭ-
ɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 116.
3
iqve.
31
Statebs, aqtiurad Cabmuliyo meore msoflio omSi. man
kargad icoda, da amas arc malavda kidec, rom es praqti-
kulad omis mogebas niSnavda.1 ase rom, sulac ar aris ga-
moricxuli, rom CerCilis orWoful pozicias arjentiaSi
swored es mosazreba edo safuZvlad, Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi mas kovzi nacarSi Cauvar-
da, radganac vaSingtonSi dabrunebisTanave ruzveltma, k.
halis rCeviT, Secvala gancxadebis teqsti da amoiRo yo-
velgvari xseneba omis Sesaxeb.2 axali da saboloo varian-
ti iTvaliswinebda mxolod imas, rom aSS-s mTavroba, iapo-
niis mxridan romelime mezobeli saxelmwifos mimarT agre-
siis SemTxvevaSi, daicavda Tavisi qveynisa da moqalaqeebis
interesebs da uzrunvelyofda amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis usafrTxoebas.3
CerCilisa da ruzveltis diplomatiuri molaparake-
bebis paralelurad arjentiaSi mimdinareobda aSS-sa da
didi britaneTis Stabebis ufrosebis konsultaciebi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom mxareebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTs acnobdnen
TavianT mosazrebebs, Tu rogor unda warmarTuliyo omi
evropaSi. amerikelebi saerTod Tavs ikavebdnen am Temaze
zedmeti laparakisagan da mxolod imis konstatacias
sjerdebodnen, rom maTi movaleoba iyo dasavleT naxevar-
sferos dacva. amavdroulad isini skeptikurad uyurebdnen
ingliselTa strategias, moegoT omi ZiriTadad sahaero
dabombvebiTa da sazRvao blokadiT, xolo kontinentze
SeWriliyvnen (da isic mcire ZalebiT) mxolod mas Semdeg,
rodesac miaRwevdnen mowinaaRmdegis am gziT welSi gatex-
vas.4 amasTan, amerikeli samxedroebi savsebiT seriozulad
1
2
3
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɟ. 19 1-19 2, Ɇ., 1955, gv. 75.
32
sTavazobdnen britanelebs, uari eTqvaT Sua aRmosavleTis
dacvaze da ZiriTadi yuradReba gadaetanaT atlantikaSi
germanuli wyalqveSa navebisa da calkeuli reiderebis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolis mogebaze.1 maTi azriT, swored atlanti-
kisaTvis brZola gadawyvetda omis saboloo Sedegs.2 ra-
sakvirvelia, Sua aRmosavleTis dacvis sakiTxisadmi amgvar-
ma midgomam ingliselebis winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, rasac
mohyva seriozuli kamaTi. saboloo jamSi, britanelebma
daamtkices aRniSnul regionSi Tavisi politikis marTebu-
loba, magram, amave dros, isini darwmundnen, rom amerikis
armias sakuTari problemebi kidev didxans ar miscemda ra-
ime realur operaciaSi monawileobis miRebis saSualebas.3
ase rom, erTaderTi sakiTxi, romelzec arjentiaSi samxed-
roebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas, iyo aSS-s samxedro-sazRvao
Zalebis mier atlantikaSi patrulirebis zonis gafarToe-
bis gegma.4
12 agvistos, atlantikuri konferenciis bolo dRes,
CerCilma da ruzveltma ganixiles sabWoTa kavSirisadmi
daxmarebis sakiTxi. maT moismines hopkinsis moxseneba mos-
kovSi vizitis Sesaxeb da gaugzavnes stalins erToblivi
depeSa. CerCilma da ruzveltma SesTavazes sabWoTa li-
ders, moskovSi moewyoT konferencia, romelSic monawile-
obas miiRebdnen maRali Cinis britaneli da amerikeli mo-
xeleebi. maT uSualod stalinTan erTad unda ganexilaT
sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis saWiro nedleulisa da sabrZolo
masalebis raodenobisa da miwodebis vadebis sakiTxi.5 sab-
WoTa mxarem, rasakvirvelia, miiRo es winadadeba. dasazus-
tebeli iyo mxolod konferenciis mowvevis TariRi. sta-
1
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 125-126; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ.
2
3
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 128.
iqve, gv. 125; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 108-109.
5
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 16; ɬ. II, gv. 9-10.
33
lins surda, amgvari Sexvedra Semdgariyo rac SeiZleba ma-
le, magram britanelebi da amerikelebi amjobinebdnen dac-
das oqtombris Sua ricxvebamde, rodesac mosalodneli
iyo aRmosavleTis frontis stabilizacia. saboloo jamSi,
gadawyda rom inglis-aSS-s misiebi, romelTac Sesabamisad
saTaveSi Caudgebodnen lordi biverbruki da averel hari-
mani, moskovSi Cavidodnen seqtembris bolos. amiT atlan-
tikurma konferenciam muSaoba daasrula.
1941w. 29 seqtembers, arjentiis konferenciis dam-
Tavrebidan Tvenaxevris Semdeg, muSaoba daiwyo moskovis
konferenciam.1 sami dRis ganmavlobaSi harimani da biverb-
ruki stalinTan erTad ixilavdnen sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis
daxmarebis aRmoCenis sakiTxs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT
evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnis sakiTxze maincdamainc sa-
ubari ar yofila. samagierod, stalinma SesaZleblad CaT-
vala, eTxova britanelebisaTvis damxmare nawilebi, romle-
bic sabWoTa jarebs SeuerTdebodnen ukrainaSi.2 biverbruk-
ma pasuxad ganacxada, rom inglisis diviziebi iranSi iy-
ridnen Tavs3 da savsebiT misaRebad miiCnia maTi gadasrola
sabWoTa kavSirSi, oRond kavkasiaSi da ara ukrainaSi.4
1
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ, ɬ. I , gv. 212.
2
R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 387; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 1, gv. 607. sxvaTa Soris, es sakiTxi stalinma manamdec
wamoWra mokavSireebTan mimoweraSi da 13 seqtembers SesTava-
za CerCils arxangelskis an iranis gavliT gadmoesrola 25-
30 inglisuri divizia ssrk-s samxreT raionebSi, Tumca aq ar
iyo konkretulad miTiTebuli maTi SesaZlo gamoyenebis ad-
gili (ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 22).
3
1941w. agvisto-seqtemberSi sabWoTa da britaneTis jarebma
moaxdines iranis okupacia, rasac mohyva progermanulad gan-
wyobili reza Sahis gadadgoma. iranis taxti daikava misma
vaJma _ muhamed reza fehlevim, romelmac mzadyofna gamoTqva,
eTanamSromla mokavSireebTan. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa da
britanuli nawilebi darCnen iranis teritoriaze maTTvis ga-
moyofil saokupacio zonebSi meore msoflio omis damTavre-
bamde ( . G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 187-191.).
3
stalins, rogorc Cans, ar moewona aseTi varianti da mok-
led mouWra britanel diplomats, rom saomari moqmedebebi
mimdinareobda ukrainaSi da ara kavkasiaSi1 da amis Semdeg
ukve ar dabrunebia am sakiTxs. rac Seexeba sakuTriv eko-
nomikur sakiTxebs, Tavdapirvelad maTi ganxilvac mZimed
mimdinareobda, radganac stalini aSkarad ar daakmayofila
SemoTavazebulma winadadebebma. britanelebs da amerikelebs
imisic ki SeeSindaT, rom konferencia CaiSleboda, magram
30 seqtembers, biverbrukisa da harimanis sabWoTa
liderTan mesame Sexvedrisas viTareba erTbaSad Seicvala.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebma da britanelebma praq-
tikulad gaanaxevres sabWoTa moTxovnebi mza produqciaze
_ TviTmfrinavebze, tankebze, sazenito danadgarebze,
satvirTo avtomanqanebze da a. S., stalini maincdamainc ar
gaRizianebula da savsebiT dakmayofilda mokavSireTa dapi-
rebiT, rom nedleuli mas miewodeboda srulad da zogi-
erT SemTxvevaSi gadaWarbebiTac ki.2 gadawyda, rom aRniSnu-
li masalebis miwodeba moxdeboda 1942w. 1 ivlisamde. yo-
velive es 1941w. 1 oqtombers gaformda oqmiT, romelic
iqca omis periodSi xelmoweril pirvel sammxriv xelSek-
rulebad aSS-s, did britaneTsa da ssrk-s Soris.3 30 oq-
tombers ruzveltma moaxdina am oqmis vizireba da gasca
gankarguleba, rom 1 mlrd dolaramde saqonlis miwodeba
sabWoTa kavSirisadmi momxdariyo lend-lizis safuZvelze,
ris Sesaxeb acnoba kidec stalins.4 7 noembers ki aSS-s
prezidentma oficialurad Seitana ssrk lend-lizis mim-
RebTa siaSi.5
1
2
3
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 140-146; Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 121-126.
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 12.
5
35
1941w. 7 dekembers iaponuri aviacia Tavs daesxa aSS-s
wynari okeanis flots perl-harborSi da gaanadgura is.
daiwyo axali etapi meore msoflio omis msvlelobaSi.
amieridan formalurad neitraluri aSS iqca erT-erT meo-
mar mxared, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa Tanafar-
doba. marTalia, wynari okeanis flotis ganadgurebiT iapo-
nelebma didi xniT igdes xelT iniciativa am regionSi,
magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom gadamwyveti warmatebis
miRweva, e. i. aSS-s damarcxeba maT Zalebs aRemateboda. uf-
ro metic, rogorc acxadeben ingliseli istorikosebi s.
kirbi da j. guaieri, es arc warmoadgenda maT mizans.1 aR-
niSnul mkvlevarTa azriT, iaponelebs ubralod surdaT
swrafi dartymebiT daekavebinaT filipinebi, holandiis in-
doeTi (dR. indonezia), siami (dR. tailandi), malaizia da
mTeli rigi k-bisa wynari okeanis auzSi, riTac isini Seqm-
nidnen dacviT rkals, romelSic SeRweva amerikelebisaTvis
da britanelebisaTvis praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda.2
garda amisa, es mouxsnida iaponias nedleulTan dakavSire-
bul problemebs, rasac is ganicdida 1941w. ivlisSi aSS-s
mier ekonomikuri embargos SemoRebis Semdeg.3 mTeli am
programis ganxorcieleba moxerxdeboda mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu iaponuri floti gabatondeboda wynari okeanis
auzSi. amis miRwevis erTaderTi saSualeba ki aSS-s wynari
okeanis flotis ganadgureba iyo,4 rac iaponelebma warma-
1
S. W. ir . The War Against Japan, vol. I, ., 1958, chap. 5 . G er.
Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 293; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 226.
2
S. W. ir . The War Against Japan, vol. I, chap. 5 . G er. Grand Strate-
gy, vol. III, part I, gv. 294; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ,
gv. 226-227.
3
gv. 226-227.
gv. 228-229.
36
tebiT ganaxorcieles kidec 1941w. 7 dekembers.
britanel istorikosTa es msjeloba Zneli gasaziare-
belia. kerZod, Cven ver daveTanxmebiT s. kirbis da j. gua-
iers imaSi, rom iaponiis mizani ar iyo sruli gamarjvebis
miRweva am omSi. ra Tqma unda, iaponiis mTavrobas kargad
esmoda, rom mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT aSS-s ver daamarc-
xebda, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu germania moigebda oms ev-
ropaSi, ueWvelia, amerikelebi mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn-
debodnen, miT umetes, rom 1941w. 11 dekembers germaniam da
italiam omi gamoucxades aSS-s. unda aRiniSnos, rom sab-
Wour istoriografiaSi am movlenas jerovani yuradReba
ar eqceoda da umniSvnelo faqtad iyo CaTvlili. magali-
Tad, v. israelianis azriT, hitlers romc ar gamoecxade-
bina omi aSS-sTvis, samxedro dapirispireba am or qveyanas
Soris mainc gardauvali iyo.1 Cveni azriT, es problemis
erTgvari gamartivebaa. savsebiT sworia amerikeli mkvleva-
ri j. grigi, rodesac acxadebs, rom iaponiis Tavdasxma
perl-harborze sulac ar ganapirobebda aSS-s Cabmas germa-
niis winaaRmdeg omSi.2 marTalia, rogorc prezidenti ruz-
velti, ise aSS-s umaRlesi samxedro sardloba armiis
Stabis ufrosis general jorj marSalis meTaurobiT,
Tvlidnen, rom omis bedi gadawydeboda evropaSi da SesaZ-
leblad miiCnevda amerikelTa samxedro Carevas iq mimdina-
re brZolebSi,3 germaniisTvis omis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb
rezoluciis kongresSi gatana ar iqneboda ioli saqme.4 aq
1
ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 61-62.
2
. Grigg. 19 3. The ictory That Never Was, New ork, 1980, gv. 19.
3
sxvaTa Soris, ruzvelts urCevdnen kidec perl-harborze
Tavdasxmis dRes, rom eTxova kongresisaTvis omis gamocxade-
ba ara marto iaponiisaTvis, aramed germania-italiisTvisac,
magram aSS-s prezidentma uari Tqva amaze. man amjobina moc-
da, sanam hitleri da musolini TviTon gamoucxadebdnen oms
aSS-s (R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 441; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ
ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 10).
37
gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo isic, rom aSS-s mosaxleobis udi-
desi nawili nomer pirvel mtrad Tvlida swored iaponias
da ara germanias.1 ase rom, hitleris mxridan aSS-sTvis
omis gamocxadebam xel-fexi gauxsna ruzvelts da mis
gunds im strategiis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic, maTi az-
riT, iyo gadamwyveti piroba meore msoflio omSi gamarj-
vebis misaRwevad.
aSS-s oficialurad CarTvam meore msoflio omSi axa-
li impulsi misca vaSingtonisa da londonis koordinire-
bul diplomatiur saqmianobas. 1941w. 22 dekembers
vaSingtonSi daiwyo konferencia umaRles doneze (koduri
saxelwodeba „arkadia~). aRniSnuli samitis muSaobaSi fr.
ruzveltsa da u. CerCilTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen:
aSS-s mxridan prezidentis mrCeveli h. hopkinsi, Tavdacvis
ministri h. stimsoni, armiis Stabis ufrosi j. marSali
da flotis Stabis ufrosi admirali harold starki, bri-
taneTis mxridan imperiuli Stabis ufrosi a. bruki, misi
moadgile j. dili, lordi biverbruki. konferencias unda
ganesazRvra mokavSireTa strategia meore msoflio omSi.
marTalia, jer kidev 1941w. TebervalSi amerikelebisa da
ingliselebis saStabo molaparakebebze gadawyvetili iqna,
ZiriTad sabrZolo Teatrad mieCniaT atlantika da evro-
pa,2 britanelebi SiSobdnen, rom iaponiis Tavdasxmas SeeZ-
lo Seecvala amerikelTa strategiuli gegmebi da am ukanas-
knelT mTeli yuradReba miepyroT wynari okeanisTvis. mag-
ram ingliselTa SiSi Stabebis ufrosTa pirvelsave sxdo-
maze gaifanta, rodesac j. marSalma da admiralma starkma
ganacxades, rom iaponiis omSi Cabmis miuxedavad, germania
rCeboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavar mowinaaRm-
deged, romlis damarcxebac gadawyvetda omis beds.3 ameri-
1
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 145.
2
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.., gv. 58-59.
3
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 15-16.
38
kelTa es daskvna eyrdnoboda wminda samxedro mosazrebebs,
romlebic cxadyofdnen, rom germaniis potenciali bevrad
sWarbobda iaponiisas da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mokavSireebi
wlebis ganmavlobaSi umoqmedod iqnebodnen evropaSi, maSin
germaniis damarcxeba bevrad ufro Zneli, an saerTod SeuZ-
lebeli iqneboda.1 rasakvirvelia, ingliselebi daamSvida
amerikelTa amgvarma poziciam.
mTavari strategiuli miznis gansazRvris Semdeg kon-
ferenciis monawileebma daiwyes am miznis misaRwevad saWi-
ro RonisZiebebis ganxilva. unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuT-
rebul debatebs am sakiTxis garSemo adgili ar hqonia,
radganac amerikelebs raime Camoyalibebuli gegma ar gaaCn-
daT. praqtikulad maT yovelgvari cvlilebebis Setanis ga-
reSe daamtkices ingliselTa mier warmodgenili varianti,
romelic iTvaliswinebda 1942w. germaniisa da misi evro-
peli satelitebis srul blokirebas. britanelebis azriT,
saWiro iyo mowinaaRmdegis momwyvdeva Semdeg rkalSi:
arxangelski, Savi zRva, anatolia, xmelTaSua zRvis Crdi-
loeTi sanapiro, evropis dasavleTis sanapiro, _ risi miR-
wevac SesaZlebeli iqneboda sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis samxed-
ro daxmarebis aRmoCeniT, TurqeTis mxardaWeriT, Sua aR-
mosavleTSi Zalebis gazrdiTa da mTeli CrdiloeT afri-
kis dakavebiT.2 sakuTriv evropaSi raime aqtiuri SeteviTi
operaciis Catarebas ingliselebi ar gegmavdnen, Tumca,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seiqmneboda sabWoTa kavSiris da-
marcxebis safrTxe, ar gamoiricxeboda la-manSis mcire Za-
lebiT forsireba, rasac „msxverplSewirva~ ewoda.3 zemoCa-
moTvlili RonisZiebebis garda gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxo-
1
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 16-17.
2
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 347; . R. M. Butler. Grand
Strategy, vol. III, part II, ., 196 , gv. 671; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶ-
ɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 263, 508.
3
Foreign Relations o the nited States (SemdgomSi FR S), The Confe-
rences at Washington, 19 1-19 3, and Casablanca, 19 3, Wash., 1968, gv. 62.
39
lod germaniis dabombva da okupirebul qveynebSi arsebuli
antigermanuli ganwyobilebebis mxardaWera.1 uSualod evro-
paSi SeWra 1943 wlamde ararealurad iqna miCneuli. sama-
gierod, britanelebi 1943w. kontinentze dabrunebis ramde-
nime variants Tvlidnen SesaZleblad: 1) xmelTaSua zRviT;
2) TurqeTis gavliT balkaneTSi SeWra; 3) Crdilo-dasav-
leT evropis ramdenime okupirebul qveyanaSi erTdrouli
gadasxma.2
saerTo strategiuli gegmis miRebis Semdeg mokavSi-
reebma daiwyes 1942 wlisTvis dagegmili samxedro moqme-
debebis ganxilva. aq wamoWrili sakiTxebidan umniSvnelova-
nesi aRmoCnda CerCilis mier warmodgenili gegma ukve
1942w. martSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeWris Sesaxeb. am ope-
raciam (koduri saxelwodeba „gimnasti~) umal miipyro
ruzveltis yuradReba,3 Tumca amerikel samxedroebs is ma-
incdamainc ar moewonaT. j. marSalis mTavarma mrCevelma
strategiis sakiTxebSi gen.-maiorma stenli embikma ganacxa-
da, rom am gegmas strategiul miznebze metad politikuri
mosazrebebi edo safuZvlad.4 misi azriT, aseTi operaciis
damtkiceba im dros didi Secdoma iqneboda.5 rac Seexeba
1
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 347; . Butler. Grand Strategy,
vol. III, part II, gv. 671; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv.
264, 508.
2
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 348; . Butler. Grand Strategy,
vol. III, part II, gv. 671; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv.
264, 508-509.
3
unda aRiniSnos, rom mokavSireTa moqmedebis aseT variants
vaSingtonSic swavlobdnen. konferenciamde ramodenime dRiT
adre informaciis samsaxuris ufrosma donovanma ruzvelts
warudgina memorandumi, romelSic Seswavlili iyo CrdiloeT
afrikis dakavebis sakiTxi. kvleviTi jgufis daskvniT, am re-
gionis okupaciis Sedegad miRebuli samxedro Tu politiku-
ri dividendebi germaniisTvis am teritoriis ubralod warT-
mevaze bevrad meti iqneboda da motanili iyo saTanado dasa-
buTebac (FR S, The Conferences at Washington, 19 1-19 3.., gv. 54-55).
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.., gv. 123.
5
iqve, gv. 124.
0
marSals, man frTxili pozicia daikava, radganac SeamCnia
prezidentis daintereseba am gegmiT da Tavi Seikava am
sakiTxze Tavisi azris gamoTqmisagan.1 kamaTi gamoiwvia
„gimnastis~ ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro Zalebis raodeno-
bamac. ingliselebi Tvlidnen, rom operaciis warmatebiT
CatarebisaTvis sakmarisi iqneboda 100 aT. meomari, amerike-
lebis azriT ki, mTeli franguli CrdiloeT afrikis oku-
pireba moiTxovda, rogorc minimum, 300 aT. kacs.2 sabolo-
od mxareebma miaRwies kompromiss, rom CrdiloeT afrikaSi
erTdroulad ganexorcielebinaT 3 britanuli diviziis
(alJirSi) da 3 amerikuli diviziis (kasablankaSi) gadasx-
ma,3 Tumca isini umal waawydnen problemebs transportire-
bis sakiTxSi, ramac saeWvo gaxada „gimnastis~ dadgenil va-
debSi Catareba.
12 ianvars CrdiloeT afrikis dakavebis gegmam kidev
erTi dartyma miiRo. cnobili gaxda, rom faqtobrivad Ca-
iSala ingliselTa Seteva libiaSi.4 arada „gimnastis~ gan-
xorcieleba mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli am operaciis
warmatebaze, radganac dagegmili iyo, rom frangul afri-
kaSi SeWra moxdeboda mas Semdeg, rac gen. k. okinlekis
(ingliselTa mTavarsardali afrikisa da Sua aRmosavleT-
Si) Zalebi gavidodnen libia-tunisis sazRvarze.5 axla ki
naTeli gaxda, rom „gimnastis~ Catareba SeuZlebeli iqne-
boda 1942w. zafxulamde, ramac azri daukarga vaSingtonSi
am sakiTxis ganxilvas. ufro metic, iqmneboda STabeWdile-
ba, rom is saerTod amovardeboda mokavSireTa samoqmedo
1
2
. G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I, gv. 362; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 276.
3
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 277-278.
5
1
programidan, Tumca CerCili mainc optimisturad iyo gan-
wyobili „gimnastis~ perspeqtivebisadmi.1 da mas hqonda ki-
dec amis safuZveli, radganac ruzvelti ar faravda Tavis
simpaTias aRniSnuli operaciis mimarT da 1942w. Teber-
valSi aSS-Si ssrk-s elC m. litvinovTan saubrisas aRniS-
na, rom piradad is meore frontad swored Crdiloafri-
kul fronts miiCnevda.2
vaSingtonSi ganxilul iqna mokavSireTa erTiani Sta-
bis Seqmnis sakiTxic. gadawyda, CamoeyalibebinaT inglis-
amerikis gaerTianebuli Stabi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga
j. marSali. am organos adgilsamyofelad damtkicebul iq-
na vaSingtoni. aRsaniSnavia, rom CerCilma vaSintonis kon-
ferenciaze samxedro sakiTxebze miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa
Soris umniSvnelovanesad swored gaerTianebuli Stabis
Seqmna miiCnia.3 Cveni azriT, britaneTis premieri sulac ar
aZlevda am movlenas gadaWarbebul Sefasebas. Tu ar CavTv-
liT germaniis umTavres mowinaaRmdeged miCnevis principis
aRiarebas, konferenciaze daigegma mxolod meorexarisxova-
ni operaciebi, xolo wynari okeanis auzSi mimdinare sabr-
Zolo moqmedebebis irgvliv miRebuli praqtikulad yvela
gadawyvetileba ubralod faratina qaRaldi gamodga.
samxedro sakiTxebis garda vaSingtonis konferenciaze
ruzveltma da CerCilma ganixiles politikuri probleme-
bic. upirveles amocanad, am TvalsazrisiT, miCneul iqna
mokavSireTa koaliciis saboloo gaformeba. aSS-s prezi-
dentma da britaneTis premierma daiwyes muSaoba erTobli-
vi deklaraciis proeqtze. mogvianebiT am dokumentis mom-
zadebaSi CaerTo ssrk-s elCi aSS-Si m. litvinovi. erTkvi-
riani damuSavebisa da daxvewis Sedegad 1942w. 1 ianvars
1
2
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 152; ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ɇ., 1982, gv. 48.
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. III, gv. 577-578.
2
gamoqveynebul iqna dokumenti, romelsac xels awerda 26
saxelmwifo da romelic istoriaSi cnobilia „gaerTiane-
buli erebis deklaraciis~ saxeliT.1 deklaraciis xelis-
momwer saxelmwifoTa sias saTaveSi edgnen aSS, didi bri-
taneTi, ssrk da CineTi, ris Semdegac anbanis mixedviT mo-
diodnen okupirebuli qveynebi, britaneTis dominionebi da
laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi. es ukanasknelni nomina-
lur monawileobas iRebdnen meore msoflio omSi da maTi
Seyvana xelismomwerTa siaSi ganapiroba amerikelTa sur-
vilma, gaezardaT mokavSireTa mxardamWeri mcire qveynebis
ricxvi, rac, maTi azriT, sasargeblo iqneboda.2 samagie-
rod, am siidan, aseve amerikelTa moTxovniT, amoRebul iqna
safrangeTi, kerZod, safrangeTis erovnuli komiteti, ro-
melsac saTaveSi edga generali Sarl de goli. es ganpi-
robebuli iyo imiT, rom aSS-s saxelmwifo departaments
jer kidev ar hqonda gawyvetili diplomatiuri urTier-
Toba viSis marionetul mTavrobasTan. garda amisa, swored
vaSingtonis konferenciis win golistebma Tavisi kontro-
li daamyares kanadis maxloblad mdebare patara frangul
k-bze: sen-piersa da miqelonze. aman pirdapir gaacofa aSS-s
saxelmwifo mdivani k. hali, romelic aqtiurad TanamSrom-
lobda am k-bis viSist gubernator JorJ roberTan. swo-
red halma moaxdina zemoqmedeba prezident ruzveltze3 da
aTqmevina mas uari xelismomwerTa siaSi safrangeTis Seyva-
naze. garda amisa, rogorc Cans, swored aqedan daedo saTa-
ve sakuTriv ruzveltis uaryofiT damokidebulebas Sarl
de golis pirovnebisadmi.
gaerTianebuli erebis deklaraciaSi Camoyalibebuli
1
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 194; . G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part
I, gv. 400.
2
3
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 68-69.
3
iyo mokavSire saxelmwifoTa miznebi omSi da valdebulebe-
bi, romelsac isini iRebdnen Tavis Tavze am miznebis misaR-
wevad. deklaraciis teqsti Sedgeboda Sesavali nawilisa
da 2 punqtisagan. preambulaSi xelismomweri qveynebi uerT-
debodnen „atlantikur qartias~.1 aqve isini gamoTqvamdnen
rwmenas, rom sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobisa
Tu religiuri Semwynareblobis2 dasacavad da yvela sa-
xelmwifoSi pirovnebis uflebebisa Tu samarTlianobis Se-
sanarCuneblad aucilebeli iyo mterze sruli gamarjvebis
mopoveba.3 deklaraciis pirveli punqtiT yoveli qveynis
mTavroba iZleoda garantias, rom gamoiyenebda mTel Tavis
resursebs sammxrivi paqtis im wevrebis winaaRmdeg, romel-
Tanac is awarmoebda saomar moqmedebebs.4 meore muxliT xe-
lismomweri saxelmwifoebi iRebdnen valdebulebas erTma-
neTs Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb da acxadebdnen uars
mterTan separatuli molaparakebebis warmoebaze.5 da bo-
los, deklaraciis daskvniT nawilSi naTqvami iyo, rom mas-
1
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 194; . G er. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part I,
gv. 400.
2
sityvebi religiuri Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb deklaraciaSi
Setanili iqna sakmaod xangrZlivi debatebis Semdeg, radga-
nac sabWoTa mxare kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amas. uki-
dures SemTxvevaSi, m. litvinovi Tanxmdeboda mxolod „sindi-
sis Tavisuflebaze~. saboloo jamSi, ruzveltma sabWoTa elCs
auxsna, rom tradiciuli, T. jefersoniseuli gageba religi-
uri Semwynareblobisa Seicavda uflebas, saerTod ar gewama
RmerTi. rogorc Cans, litvinovma moaxerxa am informaciis
gadacema moskovSi, radganac swored amis Semdeg misca sta-
linma Tavis elCs ufleba, Seetana es sityvebi deklaraciis
teqstSi (R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 448-449; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ.
Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 21).
3
gv. 400.
gv. 400.
5
gv. 400.
Tan SeerTeba SeeZlo nebismier qveyanas, romelic Seitanda
Tavis wvlils hitlerizmze gamarjvebaSi.1 mTlianobaSi aR-
niSnuli deklaracia uaRresad mniSvnelovani gamodga. man
xeli Seuwyo mokavSireTa Soris urTierTobebis ganmtkice-
bas da misi miRebiT praqtikulad dasrulda antihitleru-
li koaliciis formireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis damfuZnebel konferenciaze (1945w.
aprili) san-franciskoSi moiwvies swored is saxelmwifo-
ebi, romlebmac xeli moaweres am deklaracias, an Semdgom-
Si (1945w. 1 martamde) SeuerTdnen mas.2
vaSingtonis konferenciam muSaoba daasrula 1942
wlis 14 ianvars. ra SeiZleba iTqvas misi Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb? pirvel rigSi, da amas xazs usvams praqtikulad yve-
la mkvlevari, konferenciam xeli Seuwyo antihitleruli
koaliciis ganmtkicebas. miRebul iqna samxedro-politiku-
ri TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba _
germania gamocxadda mTavar mowinaaRmdeged. aman udavod
didi gavlena iqonia omis msvlelobaze da, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom aSS-s samxedro Tu politikuri wreebis garkveul
nawils periodulad gamouCndeboda xolme misi gadasinjvis
survili, mokavSireebs arasodes SeucvliaT is. rac Seexeba
konkretul samxedro sakiTxebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT
ganxilvas raime praqtikuli Sedegi ar mohyolia, Tu ar
CavTvliT inglis-amerikis gaerTianebuli Stabis Seqmnas.
marTalia, konferenciaze damtkicebul iqna germaniis wina-
1
pirvandel variantSi aq naxsenebi iyo „sami saxelmwifos paq-
tis wevrebis an momxreebis ganadgureba~, magram sabWoTa mxa-
ris moTxovniT es sityvebi Seicvala „hitlerizmiT~, radga-
nac stalins am etapze ar surda iaponiasTan omSi Cabma. Ta-
vis mxriv, m. litvinovma auxsna amerikelebs da ingliselebs,
rom sabWoTa kavSirSi termin „hitlerizmis~ qveS igulisxme-
boda „nacizmi, faSizmi da iaponizmi~. ruzvelti da CerCili
daakmayofila aseTma ganmartebam, ris Semdegac deklaraciis
teqstSi Setanil iqna saTanado Sesworeba (R. Sher ood. oose-
velt and Hopkins, gv. 451; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 22).
2
5
aRmdeg omis warmoebis britanuli strategia,1 magram raime
konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisagan Tavi Seikaves.
sakuTriv inglisuri gegma ki imdenad zogadi iyo evropaSi
SeWris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rom masSi mocemuli iyo
erTmaneTis gamomricxavi ramdenime varianti. ase rom, am
problemis gadawyveta momavlisTvis iqna gadadebuli.
vaSingtonis konferenciis damTavrebis Semdeg amerike-
lebma daiwyes evropaSi omis warmoebis Sesaxeb sakuTari
strategiis SemuSaveba. am samuSaos saTaveSi Caudga aSS-s
armiis Stabis samxedro dagegmvis sammarTvelo, romlis
xelmZRvaneladac 1942 wlis 16 Tebervals dainiSna genera-
li duait eizenhaueri.2 ukve 28 Tebervals man warudgina
j. marSals moxseneba, romelSic mizanSewonilad iyo CaT-
vlili wynari okeanis auzSi strategiul Tavdacvaze
gadasvla da mTeli Zalebis mokreba evropaSi SeteviTi
operaciebis sawarmoeblad.3 martis dasawyisSi strategiu-
li dagegmvis gaerTianebulma komisiam daadgina, rom ver-
maxtze mZlavri Setevis mitana SeiZleboda mxolod brita-
neTis k-bidan.4 Tavis mxriv, ruzveltic dainteresda evro-
paSi sakuTriv 1942 wels SeWris ideiT, Tumca is dasaSve-
bad Tvlida mxolod sahaero operaciebsa da reidebs.5 25
marts eizenhauerma marSals warudgina memorandumi, ro-
melSic xazgasmuli iyo la-manSis forsirebis aucileblo-
ba.6 amave dRes prezidentTan mowveul TaTbirze es idea
mowonebul iqna da general marSals daevala kviris bolo-
saTvis gegmis Sedgena. aseTi gegma, romelsac „marSalis
1
amerikelma mkvlevarma t. higinsma amas CerCilis xanmokle
triumfi uwoda. ix.: T. Higgins. Winston Churchill and the Second ront,
New ork, 1957, gv. 91.
2
D. D. Eisenho er. Crusade in Europe, gv. 31; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 60-61.
3
iqve, gv. 206-207.
5
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 172.
6
6
memorandumi~ ewoda, SemuSavebul iqna aSS-s armiis Stabis
operatiul ganyofilebaSi da d. eizenhaueris, polkovnik
hendisa da polkovnik halis mier da 1 aprils waredgina
ruzvelts. amerikeli samxedroebi evropaSi SeWris savara-
udo vadad miiCnevdnen 1943 wlis aprils (koduri saxel-
wodeba „raundapi~).1 maTi gamoTvlebiT, operaciaSi monawi-
leoba unda mieRo 30 amerikul da 18 britanul divizias.
garda amisa, gegmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo la-manSis for-
sireba ukve 1942 wlis Semodgomaze (koduri saxelwodeba
„slejhameri~), Tu Seiqmneboda sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxe-
bis realuri safrTxe.2 am SemTxvevaSi operacia ZiriTadad
ingliselebis ZalebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo da mas
praqtikulad msxverplSewirvis saxe unda mieRo.3 ruzvel-
tma moiwona es gegma da 8 aprils marSalma da hopkinsma
Caitanes is londonSi ingliselebTan SesaTanxmeblad. TiT-
qmis amavdroulad, 12 aprils aSS-s prezidentma acnoba
stalins, rom mas hqonda mniSvnelovani samxedro winadade-
ba, romlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi gaumjobesdeboda
sabWoTa jarebis mdgomareoba frontze.4 ruzveltma SesTa-
vaza sabWoTa liders, vaSingtonSi gamoegzavna v. moloto-
vi da ndobiT aRWurvili generali aRniSnuli sakiTxis
1
2 meore variantiT, es unda momxdariyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ger-
maniis mdgomareoba dasavleT evropaSi gaxdeboda kritikuli
(Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.., gv. 216). Cven-
Tvis gaugebaria, Tu ris safuZvelze gamoTqvamdnen amerikeli
samxedroebi aseT varauds, radganac, erTi mxriv, maT eeWvebo-
daT, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gauZlebda germaniis dawolas (Ɇ.
Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.., gv. 210), xolo,
meore mxriv, arsebobda daskvna, rom safrangeTSi adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobis ajanyeba mosalodneli iyo mxolod mokav-
Sireebis mier la-manSis warmatebuli forsirebis SemTxvevaSi
( . Butler. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part II, gv. 569; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 434).
3
. Butler. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part II, gv. 569; Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪ.
7
gansaxilvelad.1
molaparakebebi londonSi 8-dan 14 aprilamde gagr-
Zelda. situacia aRniSnul Sexvedraze sakmaod daZabuli
iyo, pirvel rigSi, wynari okeanis auzSi Seqmnili umZimesi
mdgomareobis gamo, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi sxdomebis
msvleloba komikur elfersac ki iZenda. magaliTad, sakma-
risi iyo amerikelebs saubari daewyoT la-manSis forsire-
baze, rom ingliselebi umalve usvamdnen xazs iaponiasTan
omSi gamarjvebis miRwevis mniSvnelobas.2 saboloo jamSi,
hopkinsma da marSalma miaRwies britanelebis Tanxmobas
1943 wels evropaSi farTomasStabiani SeWris Taobaze, ris
Sesaxeb acnobes kidec vaSingtons.3 CerCili daTanxmda ima-
sac, rom dawyebuliyo mzadeba operacia „slejhameris~ gan-
xorcielebisaTvis, magram raime garkveuli valdebuleba
mis Catarebaze ar auRia, rac aRniSna kidec 1942 wlis 29
aprils samxedro kabinetis mier damtkicebul moxsenebaSi.
ufro metic, britaneTis premierma memuarebSi xazi
gausva, rom is am gegmas ganixilavda, rogorc mokavSireTa
moqmedebis erT-erT (Tanac yvelaze uares) SesaZlo vari-
ants.4 amasTan, CerCilma ganacxada, rom Tavad is CrdiloeT
afrikaSi da norvegiaSi erTdroul operacias aniWebda upi-
ratesobas, magram iZulebuli iyo, diplomatiurad emoq-
meda, raTa ar gaenawyenebina Tavisi mokavSire (igulisxmeba
aSS _ È.Ð.), romlis daxmarebis gareSec verafers gaxde-
boda.5 rogorc Cans, is informirebuli iyo, rom
„slejhamerze~ britanelebis uaris SemTxvevaSi amerikelebs
gadawyvetili hqondaT mTeli Tavisi yuradRebis wynari
1
2
3
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 145-146.
5
iqve.
8
okeanis auzSi gadatana.1 rac Seexeba inglisel samxedro-
ebs, maT saerTod arasodes ufiqriaT seriozulad safran-
geTSi 1942 wels SeWraze.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 12 aprils ruzveltma sta-
lins acnoba mniSvnelovani samxedro winadadebis Sesaxeb.
sabWoTa liderma daavala m. litvinovs daezustebina, Tu
konkretulad ras gulisxmobda aSS-s prezidenti am fra-
zis qveS.2 ruzveltmac ganumarta sabWoTa elCs, rom man
aucileblad CaTvala meore frontis safrangeTSi gaxsna,
magram es gadawyvetileba jer ar iyo damtkicebuli ingli-
selebis mier. amitom aSS-s prezidents surda sabWoTa
mTavrobis mxardaWeris miReba am sakiTxSi.3 rasakvirvelia,
stalini daTanxmda ruzveltis winadadebas da aRuTqva mas,
rom molotovi vaSingtonSi Cavidoda ara ugvianes 10-15
maisisa.4 sabWoTa liders, rogorc Cans, afiqrebda brita-
nelTa orWofuli pozicia meore frontis gaxsnis sakiTx-
Si, ris Sesaxebac mas garkveuli informacia hqonda ro-
gorc sakuTriv ruzveltisagan, ise lord biverbrukisagan.5
amitom stalinma gadawyvita, gaegzavna molotovi jer
londonSi, xolo Semdgom vaSingtonSi, radganac safran-
geTSi SeWra unda momxdariyo inglisidan ZiriTadad brita-
nuli ZalebiT da aucilebeli iyo swored CerCilis azris
gageba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, sabWoTa li-
ders surda, daesrulebina gaWianurebuli molaparakebebi
ssrk-didi britaneTis xelSekrulebis garSemo.6
1
2
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 160.
3
iqve, gv. 162-163.
5
ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 68.
6
iqve. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis dadeba navaraudevi iyo jer
kidev 1941w. dekemberSi, magram maSin ingliselebi ar daTanxm-
dnen sabWoTa kavSiris omamdeli (e. i. 1941w. 22 ivnisamde) saz-
Rvrebis de-iure aRiarebaze (W. S. Churchill. The Second World War,
vol. III, gv. 531-532), ramac gamoiwvia molaparakebebis gaWianureba.
9
molotovis inglisur-amerikuli turne daiwyo 1942
wlis 26 maiss, rodesac is Cavida londonSi samxedro
warmomadgenel general-maior isaevTan erTad.1 molaparake-
bebis dros CerCilma xazi gausva sirTuleebs, romlebsac
awydebodnen mokavSireebi meore frontis gaxsnis momzade-
bisas. man aRniSna, rom 1943 wels SesaZlebeli iqneboda
farTomasStabiani operaciis ganxorcieleba safrangeTSi,
magram 1942 wlis Semodgomaze la-manSis forsireba, bri-
taneTis premieris TqmiT, Seswavlis stadiaSi imyofeboda.2
molotovma, albaT stalinis miTiTebiT, Tavi Seikava aRniS-
nuli problemis ganxilvisagan, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom
molaparakebas am Temaze ganagrZobdnen sabWoTa diplomatis
vaSingtonidan dabrunebis Semdeg.3 samagierod, 1942 wlis
26 maiss xelmoweril iqna samokavSireo xelSekruleba
sabWoTa kavSirsa da did britaneTs Soris.4 aRniSnuli
1
ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 69.
2
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 225-226; W. S. Churchill. The
Second World War, vol. I , gv. 290.
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 292; ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩ-
ɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 72.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 270-273; unda aRiniSnos, rom arc am
sakiTxis ganxilva mimdinareobda uproblemod. wina molapa-
rakebebis msgavsad, mxareebi verc amjerad morigdnen sabWoTa
kavSiris sazRvrebis cnobis sakiTxSi. bolos da bolos, di-
di britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma antoni idenma war-
moadgina xelSekrulebis axali proeqti, romelSic sazRvre-
bis Sesaxeb erTi sityvac ar iyo naxsenebi (ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫ-
ɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ, gv. 247; ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ
ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 82). sabWoTa delegaciis pirveli reaqcia inglisel-
Ta variantze uaryofiTi gamodga, magram Semdeg moskovidan
movida moulodneli miTiTeba, rom moewonebinaT aRniSnuli
proeqti (ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ, gv. 247).
rogorc Cans, stalinis Tanxmoba gamowveuli iyo amerikelTa
poziciiT. 24 maiss aSS-s elCma did britaneTSi vainantma
acnoba molotovs, rom ruzvelti mxars uWerda ingliselTa
variants, radganac sabWoTa sazRvrebis cnoba (Tundac mxo-
lod britanelebis mxridan) sirTuleebs Seuqmnida mas sabWo-
Ta kavSiris daxmarebis saqmeSi (ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫ-
50
dokumenti 2 nawilisagan Sedgeboda. xelSekrulebis
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad mxareebi iRebdnen valdebulebas
omis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenasa da
mowinaaRmdegesTan mxolod erToblivi molaparakebebis
warmoebaze. meore nawili exeboda ssrk-sa da didi brita-
neTis omisSemdgom TanamSromlobas. xelSekrulebis moqme-
debis vada 20 wliT ganisazRvra.1
londonidan molotovi gaemgzavra vaSingtons, sadac
ramdenimejer esaubra ruzvelts. aSS-s prezidentma aRuTq-
va sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo uwyebis xelmZRvanels, rom
yovelnairad ecdeboda 1942 wels evropaSi meore frontis
gaxsnas.2 marTalia, ruzveltma iqve aRniSna, rom mxolod
mas ar SeeZlo am sakiTxis gadawyveta. aSS-s prezidentma
Tqva, rom ramdenadac es damokidebuli iqneboda amerike-
lebze, meore fronti gaixsneboda 1942 wels, magram is
ver miscemda amgvari saxis dapirebas ingliselebis magiv-
rad. man agreTve ganacxada, rom es sulac ar iyo ioli
operacia da ar gamoricxa axali diunkerkis SesaZleblo-
ba.3 da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, ruzvelti daTanxmda, Se-
ɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 73). garda amisa, amerikelma diplomatma

xazi gausva, rom aSS-s prezidenti iyo safrangeTSi SeWris
Tavgamodebuli momxre da rom ar iyo sasurveli misi mdgoma-
reobis garTuleba, radganac meore fronti ufro mniSvnelo-
vani iyo, vidre ssrk-s omamdeli sazRvrebis sakiTxi (ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫ-
ɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 73). etyoba, sta-
linma es miniSneba aRiqva meore frontis gaxsnis pirdapir
dapirebad da daTanxmda xelSekrulebis inglisur variants.
1
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 273.
2
aq, Cveni azriT, xazi unda gaesvas erT garemoebas: ruzvel-
ti meore frontis qveS gulisxmobda SezRuduli saxis (6-10
diviziis ZalebiT) operacias (Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ..,
ɬ. I, gv. 179). ase rom, safrangeTSi farTomasStabian SeWraze,
romelic aiZulebda germanelebs 40-mde diviziis gadasrolas
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTSi, rogorc amas moiTxovda sabWo-
Ta mxare, mas molotovisTvis dapireba ar miucia.
3
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 179. aRsaniSnavia rom
molotovma es sityvebi gadasca CerCils da misgan pasuxad
51
etana erToblivi sabWoTa-amerikuli komunikes teqstSi mo-
lotovis mier SeTavazebuli fraza, „rom molaparakebebis
dros miRweul iqna sruli SeTanxmeba 1942 wels evropaSi
meore frontis Seqmnis gadaudebeli amocanebis Sesaxeb~.1
amiT aSS-s prezidentma sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena
CerCili, radganac londonsa da vaSingtonSi erTsa da ima-
ve dRes unda gamoqveynebuliyo erTnairi Sinaarsis mqone
ori komunike: sabWoTa kavSir-inglisisa da sabWoTa kavSir-
aSS-s.2 rasakvirvelia, molotovma, romelic vaSingtonidan
londonSi dabrunda, gamoiyena ruzveltTan SeTanxmebuli
teqsti da aiZula ingliselebi, SeetanaT analogiuri
xasiaTis Sesworeba Tavis dokumentSi. mogvianebiT antoni
idenma Tavis memuarebSi ganacxada, rom maT ukve sxva gza
arc darCenoda, radganac sawinaaRmdego Sinaarsis doku-
mentis gamoqveynebiT isini mxolod germanelebis wisqvilze
daasxamdnen wyals.3 miuxedavad amisa, CerCilma mainc
moaxerxa aRniSnuli situaciidan Tavis daZvrena. 1942 wlis
10 ivniss man molotovs gadasca samaxsovro baraTi, ro-
melSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom mokavSireebi yovelnairad ec-
miiRo, rom is araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidoda axal diun-

kerkze, visac ar unda gaewia rekomendacia am azrisaTvis (Cɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 244; ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 86).
1
2
komunikes teqstis garda vaSingtonSi SeTanxmebul iqna sab-
WoTa kavSirsa da aSS-s Soris lend-lizis Sesaxeb xelSek-
rulebis ZiriTadi debulebebi. sabolood ki am xelSekru-
lebas mxareebma xeli moaweres 1942w. 11 ivniss (teqsti ix.:
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 198-202; E. R. Stettinius.
end- ease: Weapon for ictory, New ork, 19 , gv. 275-277).
3
The Memoirs o Sir Anthon Eden. 3 vols. ol. 3. The eckoning, 1965, gv.
382-383. orive komunike gamoqveynebul iqna 1942w. 11 ivniss (sab-
WoTa kavSirSi maTi gamoqveyneba erTi dRiT gvian, moloto-
vis dabrunebis Semdeg moxda). komunikeTa teqsti ix.: ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 283-285.
52
debodnen 1942 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi evropaSi meore
frontis gaxsnas, magram iqve britaneTis premieri afrTxi-
lebda sabWoTa mxares, rom winaswar SeuZlebeli iyo imis
Tqma, iqneboda Tu ara im dros Sesaferisi mdgomareoba am
operaciis Casatareblad. amitom CerCili raime garkveuli
dapirebebis micemisagan Tavs ikavebda.1 am memorandumidan
erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom britane-
Tis premieri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidoda 1942 wels
la-manSis forsirebaze. amas asabuTebs isic, rom ukve 17
ivniss CerCili gafrinda vaSingtons, raTa daerwmunebina
ruzvelti, rom evropaSi 1942w. SeteviTi operaciis gan-
xorcieleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo.2 swored aSS-sa
da didi britaneTis meTaurebis am Sexvedraze Sedga Ziri-
Tadi brZola meore frontis gaxsnis sakiTxis garSemo.
vaSingtonis meore konferencia mimdinareobda 1942
wlis 19-dan 25 ivnisamde. CerCilma pirvelive sxdomebidan
Seutia 1942 wels la-manSis forsirebis strategias da
xazi gausva, rom ingliselma specialistebma ver SeimuSa-
ves iseTi gegma, romelic am operacias warmatebis raime
Sanss miscemda, Tu germanelebi sruliad demoralizebuli
ar iqnebodnen.3 Tavis mxriv, verc amerikis mxarem warudgi-
na did britaneTs dasavleT evropaSi meore frontis 1942
wels ganxorcielebis konkretuli gegma. amiT gaTamamebul-
ma CerCilma pirdapir ganacxada, rom raki dasavleT evro-
paSi operaciebis Catareba SeuZlebeli iyo, mTeli yurad-
Reba unda gadaetanaT CrdiloeT afrikaze.4 unda aRiniSnos,
rom britaneTis premieris am winadadebas amerikeli samxed-
roebis uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyva, radganac, maTi azriT, es
eWvs qveS daayenebda 1943 wels evropaSi farTomasStabian
1
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 247-248; W. S. Churchill.
The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 297-298.
2
The Diaries o Sir Ale ander Cadogan. 1938-19 5. Ed. y Dilks, New
ork, 1971, gv. 466.
3
iqve, gv. 331-332.
53
SeWras.1 Sedegad, Stabebis ufrosTa gaerTianebulma komi-
tetma 20 ivniss daadgina, rom „gimnastis~ Catareba mizan-
Sewonili ar iyo. TviT „slejhameric~ ki ukeTes variantad
iqna miCneuli.2 garda amisa, gadawyda, SeeswavlaT 1942
wels evropaSi SeteviTi operaciebis Catarebis sakiTxi,
Tumca xazgasmuli iyo, rom maTi ganxorcieleba unda mom-
xdariyo mxolod aucileblobis an Zalzed xelsayreli pi-
robebis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi.3
erTi sityviT, CerCilis Crdiloafrikuli proeqti
dawunebul iqna. amerikel samxedroebs 1942 wels saerTod
umoqmedod yofna erCivnaT, oRond SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo
1943 wels evropaSi farTomasStabiani SeWra, magram gaer-
Tianebuli komitetis gadawyvetilebebi gadasinjul iqna
meore dRes ruzveltisa da CerCilis mier. unda aRiniSnos,
rom britaneTis premiers Zalian daexmara amaSi inglisuri
jarebis mier libiaSi gancdili katastrofa.4 cnoba cixe-
simagre tobrukis dacemis Sesaxeb movida swored
mTavrobaTa meTaurebis sxdomis dros da mniSvnelovnad
Secvala amerikelTa damokidebuleba CrdiloeT afrikis sa-
kiTxis mimarT, radganac Seiqmna saSiSroeba, rom germanele-
bi daikavebdnen egviptesac. konferenciis monawileni umal
gadaerTvnen afrikul problemebze da amis Semdeg CerCils
ukve ar gasWirvebia cvlilebebis Setana gaerTianebuli
Stabis dadgenilebaSi, romelsac daemata punqti, rom
saWiro iyo „gimnastis~ detaluri gegmis umokles droSi
1
2
3
FR S, The Conferences at Washington, 19 1-19 3.., gv. 467.
1942w. 26 maiss e. romelma wamoiwyo farTomasStabiani Seteva
libiaSi da erTTviani brZolebis Semdeg sastiki marcxi age-
ma ingliselebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan warmatebas man
miaRwia 20 ivniss, rodesac praqtikulad ubrZolvelad aiRo
tobruki (ix.: B. H. iddell Hart. History of the Second World War, New
ork, 1971, gv. 269-273).
5
SemuSaveba.1 garda amisa, gadawyda rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
samxedro moqmedebebi safrangeTsa da niderlandebSi 1942
wels ganwiruli iqneboda marcxisaTvis, isini unda Sec-
vliliyo sxva operaciebiT.2 ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
vaSingtonis konferencia principSi CerCilis diplomati-
uri gamarjvebiT dasrulda. marTalia, aq ar iqna miRebuli
saboloo gadawyvetileba meore frontis afrikaSi gaxsnis
Taobaze, magram britaneTis premierma SeZlo saTanado
winapirobebis Seqmna aseTi operaciis CatarebisaTvis. garda
amisa, yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo, rom CerCils ar gauWir-
deboda „slejhameris~ CaSla, radganac misi ganxorcieleba,
saTanado amerikuli nawilebis uqonlobis gamo, ZiriTadad
ingliselTa ZalebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan
dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos erTi faqti: TviT sabWoTa
mkvlevari i. undasinovi iZulebulia aRiaros, rom brita-
nelebs mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT ar SeeZloT
CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiros dapyroba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom iq mxolod 4 germanuli da 11 italiuri divizia iyo
ganlagebuli.3 aseT SemTxvevaSi daismis kiTxva, Tu warma-
tebis ra Sansi SeiZleboda hqonoda faqtobrivad ingli-
selTa ZalebiT Casatarebel operacias safrangeTSi, rode-
sac hitlers dasavleT evropaSi hyavda 52 qveiTi da sa-
tanko divizia?!
saboloo gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad gaexs-
naT mokavSireebs meore fronti 1942 wels, miRebul iqna
londonSi ivlisis bolos, rodesac am sakiTxis gansaxil-
velad ruzveltma iq gaagzavna misia h. hopkinsis, j. marSa-
lisa da e. kingis SemadgenlobiT. ingliselebi kargad mo-
emzadnen am SexvedrisaTvis. jer kidev 7 ivliss, samxedro
kabinetis sxdomaze aRiniSna, rom Seqmnili viTarebidan ga-
momdinare ar iyo savaraudo „slejhameris~ ganxorcielebi-
1
FR S, The Conferences at Washington, 19 1-19 3.., gv. 479.
2
iqve.
3
ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, Ɇ., 1965, gv. 63-64.
55
saTvis Sesaferisi pirobebis Seqmna. aqedan gamomdinare, mi-
Rebul iqna dadgenileba, rom saWiro iyo amerikelTa dar-
wmuneba „gimnastis~ Catarebis aucileblobaSi. sasurvelad
iqna CaTvlili agreTve CrdiloeT norvegiaSi SeWra (ope-
racia „iupiteri~), Tu moxerxdeboda misaRebi gegmis Semu-
Saveba.1 yovelive es CerCilma meore dRes acnoba ruz-
velts da ganucxada aSS-s prezidents, rom TviTon is sab-
WoTa frontisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis saukeTeso saSua-
lebad Tvlida „gimnastis~ ganxorcielebas.2 14 ivliss
britaneTis premierma kidev erTxel miswera ruzvelts mas-
ze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniT. amjerad CerCili xazs
usvamda im garemoebas, rom safrangeTSi 1942w. SeWras yve-
la SeuZleblad Tvlida da sTxovda prezidents, rac SeiZ-
leba male Caetarebina „gimnasti~.3
da mainc, miuxedavad aseTi momzadebisa, britaneTis
premieri ar iyo bolomde darwmunebuli, rom SesZlebda
Tavisi strategiis gatanas londonis Sexvedraze. 12 iv-
liss man acnoba feldmarSal j. dils, britanelTa warmo-
madgenels mokavSireTa gaerTianebul StabSi, rom Tu ruz-
velti uaryofda „gimnasts~, is (e. i. CerCili _ T. p.)
iZulebuli iqneboda, dasTanxmeboda amerikul gegmas.4 ase
rom, mokavSireebi saerTod umoqmedod iqnebodnen 1942w.,
magram, samagierod, 1943 wlis gazafxul-zafxulSi gana-
xorcielebdnen saomar operaciebs safrangeTSi. unda aRi-
niSnos, rom CerCilis SiSi sulac ar iyo safuZvels mok-
lebuli. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli samxedro-
ebic swavlobdnen aRniSnul sakiTxs. 10 ivliss j. marSal-
ma Stabebis ufrosTa komitetis wevrebs gaacno britaneTis
samxedro kabinetis 8 ivlisis dadgenileba da warmoadgina
mTeli Zalebis iaponiis winaaRmdeg koncentrirebis gegma.5
1
ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 102-103.
2
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 377-378.
3
iqve.
5
56
moqmedebis aseTma variantma amerikeli samxedroebis udide-
si nawilis mowoneba hpova da maT prezidents warudgines
kidec memorandumi, romelsac marSalTan erTad xeli mo-
awera e. kingmac. am dokumentSi aRiniSna, rom „gimnastis~
ganxorcieleba xels SeuSlida „raundaps~.1 aqve memorandu-
mis avtorebi acxadebdnen, rom Tu aSS safrangeTis nacv-
lad romelime sxva sabrZolo Teatrze moqmedebebs miani-
Webda upiratesobas, maSin saukeTeso gamosavali iqneboda
mTeli Zalisxmevis gadatana wynari okeanis auzze.2 ruz-
veltma ganixila aRniSnuli gegma da daiwuna is. garda
amisa, man aukrZala aSS-s delegaciis wevrebs „slejhame-
ris~ Catarebis ultimatumis formiT moTxovna londonis
Sexvedris dros. amasTan, ruzveltma 15 ivliss hopkinsTan
saubarSi aRniSna, rom Tu ingliselebi uars ityodnen
1942 wlis la-manSis forsirebaze, maSin saWiro iqneboda
sxva adgilis moZebna, sadac amerikelebi SesZlebdnen ger-
manelebis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebebis warmoebas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi mas saukeTeso variantad swored „gimnasti~ mi-
aCnda.3 analogiuri xasiaTis direqtiva mieca marSalsac.4
ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom londonis Sexvedrisas Sede-
gi winaswar iyo garkveuli.
aSS-s delegacia londonSi 18 ivliss Cavida. Tavda-
pirvelad misi wevrebi cdilobdnen, rogorme mieRoT ing-
liselebisagan Tanxmoba „slejhameris~ ganxorcielebaze,
magram amaod. britanelTa pozicia uryevi iyo. 22 ivliss
molaparakebebi droebiT Sewyda, raTa amerikelebs Seetyo-
binebinaT ruzveltisaTvis, rom inglisis samxedro kabinet-
ma sabolood miiCnia SeuZleblad „slejhameris~ ganxor-
cieleba da rekomendacia gauwia „gimnasts~.5 aSS-s prezi-
1
2
iqve.
3
5
57
dentisaTvis sulac ar yofila moulodneli movlenebis
amgvari ganviTareba da ubrZana hopkinss, marSals da kings,
emoqmedaT Sexvedris win miRebuli instruqciebis Tanax-
mad.1 amasTan, maT saswrafod unda mieRwiaT ingliselebTan
SeTanxmebisaTvis.2 ruzveltis brZaneba Sesrulebul iqna.
ukve 24 ivliss amerikis delegaciam britanelebs SesTavaza
mokavSireTa moqmedebis axali varianti. aRniSnuli gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo operacia „raundapis~ mzadebis
gagrZeleba, sanam iqneboda misi ganxorcielebis imedi, xo-
lo Tu sabWoTa kavSiris mdgomareoba mkveTrad gauaresde-
boda, unda momxdariyo desantis gadasxma CrdiloeT afri-
kaSi ara ugvianes 1942 wlis 1 dekembrisa.3 rasakvirvelia,
yovelive es misaRebi iyo CerCilisaTvis, Tumca erTi punq-
ti mainc moiTxovda dazustebas. kerZod, es exeboda Crdi-
loeT afrikaSi operaciis Catarebis saboloo vadebs. ruz-
velti dainteresebuli iyo, rom operacia „torCi~ (aseTi
saxelwodeba miiRo „gimnastma~) ganxorcielebuliyo 1942
wlis 30 oqtombramde, radganac noemberSi aSS-Si tardebo-
da arCevnebi kongresSi da mas surda demokratTa pozici-
ebis ganmtkiceba sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis Sesaxeb man
hopkinsis meSveobiT acnoba kidec CerCils, romelmac moi-
wona aSS-s prezidentis winadadeba.4 ruzvelti amiTac ar
dakmayofilda da 30 ivliss ubrZana aSS-s armiis Stabs
„torCis~ momzadeba da ganxorcieleba imis miuxedavad, Tu
ra mdgomareoba iqneboda aRmosavleTis frontze.5
sabWoTa mTavroba jer kidev aRniSnul samitamde iyo
ramdenadme pesimisturad ganwyobili mosalodneli Sedege-

1
R. Sher ood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 610. Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 241.
2
3
. Butler. Grand Strategy, vol. III, part II, gv. 635.
5
T. Higgins. Winston Churchill and the Second ront, gv. 157.
58
bisadmi, radgan kremlisaTvis met-naklebad cnobili iyo
inglisis pozicia londonis Sexvedris dawyebis win. ssrk-s
elCma did britaneTSi i. maiskim 16 ivliss acnoba stalins
CerCilTan, idenTan da biverbrukTan misi saubrebis Sesaxeb
da gamoitana daskvna, rom 1942 wels la-manSis forsireba
ar moxdeboda.1 stalini mainc Seecada, moexdina erTgvari
diplomatiuri zewola londonis molaparakebebze. man, ro-
gorc Cans, swored i. maiskis mier mowodebul informacia-
ze dayrdnobiT,2 1942 wlis 23 ivliss gagzavnil werilSi
yovelgvari mobodiSebis gareSe ganucxada britaneTis pre-
miers, rom 1942 wels evropaSi meore frontis organize-
bis sakiTxi araseriozul xasiaTs iRebda da pirdapir ga-
ilaSqra safrangeTSi SeWris 1943 welze gadatanis winaaR-
mdeg.3 SesaZloa, stalins marTlac sjeroda, rom misi
demarSi raime gavlenas moaxdenda londonSi mimdinare mo-
laparakebebis msvlelobaze, magram es ase ar moxda. samagi-
erod, savaraudoa, rom sabWoTa lideris werilma mainc
daafiqra CerCili da aiZula is, saswrafod Casuliyo mos-
kovSi, raTa ramdenadme daemSvidebina Tavisi kolega da pi-
rispir Sexvedris dros daemtkicebina stalinisaTvis meore
frontis 1942 wels gaxsnis SeuZlebloba. ar aris gamo-
ricxuli, britaneTis premieri SiSobda, rom msgavsi in-
formaciis werilobiTi miwodeba gamoiwvevda sabWoTa li-
deris aRSfoTebas, rasac, SesaZloa, misi mxridan mohyo-
loda germaniasTan separatuli zavis dadeba.4 garda amisa,
1
ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ, gv. 261.
2
sabWouri istoriografia ratomRac acxadebda, rom stali-
nis es demarSi gamoiwvia CerCilis 1942w. 18 ivlisis werilma
(ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 50-53), romelic naTels xdida, rom 1942w.
meore fronti ar iqneboda gaxsnili (ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ, ɬ. I ,
gv. 269). magram britaneTis premieris am werilSi safrangeTSi
1942w. SeWraze uaris Tqma saerTod ar aris naxsenebi, ase
rom, Cveni azriT, sabWoTa lideri eyrdnoboda swored Tavi-
si elCis monacemebs.
3
rogorc Cans, aseTi azri sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo ing-
59
mas ainteresebda, SeZlebda Tu ara sabWoTa armia kavkasiis
SenarCunebas.1 ivlisis bolos CerCilma sTxova stalins
sabWoTa kavSirSi miwveva kremlis xelmZRvanelobisTvis
1942 wels dagegmili mokavSireTa SeteviTi operaciebis
gandobis mizniT.2 rasakvirvelia, britaneTis premieris
Txovna dakmayofilebul iqna da gadawyda, rom amgvari Sex-
vedra Sedgeboda moskovSi agvistos Sua ricxvebSi. Tavis
mxriv, CerCilma saWirod CaTvala amerikeli warmomadgen-
lis daswreba samitze da SesTavaza ruzvelts a. harimanis
moskovSi gagzavna. britaneTis premiers surda, eCvenebina
stalinisaTvis, rom aSS da didi britaneTi erT poziciaze
idgnen meore frontis sakiTxSi.3 aSS-s prezidentma moiwo-
na es winadadeba da amerikeli diplomatic SeuerTda kai-
roSi myof CerCils.
britaneTis premieri moskovSi 12 agvistos Camovida
da imave saRamos Sexvda stalins. CerCilis molodini ga-
marTlda. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba marTlac uaryofiTad
Sexvda cnobas evropaSi SeWris 1943 wlisTvis gadadebis
Sesaxeb, Tumca pirveli Sexvedrisas stalinma aSkara dain-
tereseba gamoamJRavna „torCisadmi~. ufro metic, man sam-
xedro TvalsazrisiT marTebulad Seafasa es operacia 4
savaraudo Sedegis gamo: 1) dartymis qveS aRmoCndeboda
feldmarSal ervin fon romelis (germanelTa mTavarsarda-
li libiaSi) zurgi; 2) es daaSinebda espaneTs; 3) gamoiw-
vevda germanelebisa da frangebis dapirispirebas sakuTriv
safrangeTSi; da 4) italia aRmoCndeboda uSualo dartymis
lis-aSS-s diplomatiur wreebSi, radganac CerCili samxedro

kabinetisadmi 14 agvistos gakeTebul moxsenebaSi acxadebda,
rom moskovis Sexvedris dros misTvis aranairad ar ugrZno-
binebiaT brZolis SesaZlo Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (W. S. Churchill.
The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 427). etyoba, es warmoadgenda pa-
suxs maTTvis, vinc fiqrobda, rom ssrk ver SeZlebda omis
gagrZelebas.
1
2
3
60
qveS.1 CerCilze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina iman, rom
stalini ramdenime wuTSi Cawvda problemas, romelic mis-
Tvis ucnobi iyo da elviseburad Camoayaliba mosazrebebi,
romlebzec mokavSireebi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen.2
samagierod, sabWoTa liderma protesti ganucxada bri-
taneTis premiers evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnis gada-
vadebis gamo. man uTxra CerCils, rom Tavisuflad SeiZle-
boda SerburTan 6-8 diviziis ZalebiT desantis gadasxma
da ingliselebs brali dasdo silaCreSi.3 CerCilma sapasu-
xod ganacxada, rom stalinis winadadeba ar iTvaliswineb-
da mxolod erT garemoebas _ la-manSis srutis arsebo-
bas.4 msgavsi epizodebi kidev ramdenimejer ganmeorda mos-
kovis Sexvedris dros, magram sabolood sabWoTa lideri
Seurigda mokavSireTa gadawyvetilebas da ganacxada, rom
am sakiTxis Semdgom ganxilvas azri ar hqonda.5 is iZule-
buli gaxda, dasjereboda CerCilis dapirebas meore fron-
1
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 270; W. S. Churchill. The
Second World War, vol. I , gv. 420. mogvianebiT stalinma ganacxa-
da, rom, misi azriT, am problemis politikuri mxare met da-
fiqrebas moiTxovda (Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 272;
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 425).
2
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 420. Cveni azriT,
es sulac ar iyo SemTxveviTi. safiqrebelia, rom stalinisa-
Tvis Crdiloafrikuli proeqti ucnobi ar unda yofiliyo,
vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1942w. dasawyisSi ruzvel-
tma m. litvinovTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom meore frontis
gaxsnis savaraudo adgilad mas swored CrdiloeT afrika mi-
aCnda.
3
Cɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.., ɬ. I, gv. 267-268; W. S. Churchill.
The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 417.
5
sainteresoa, ra reaqcia eqneboda stalins, CerCils rom eT-
qva misTvis, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebi miiRes ingliselma da
amerikelma samxedroebma 1942w. ivnisSi vaSingtonis meore kon-
ferenciaze. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maSin maT daaskvnes,
rom operacia afrikaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebels gaxdida
1943w. „raundapis~ warmatebiT ganxorcielebas, magram brita-
neTis premierma daumala es sabWoTa liders.
61
tis 1943 wels gaxsnis Sesaxeb. britaneTis premieris vi-
ziti moskovSi dasrulda stalinis mier stumris pativsa-
cemad mowyobili vaxSmiT, romelic 6 saaTs gagrZelda1 da
romelzec mxareebma sabolood SeaTanxmes maTi Sexvedris
amsaxveli komunikes teqsti.2 aRniSnuli dokumenti zogad
xasiaTs atarebda da, rogorc Cans, misi mTavari daniSnu-
leba iyo mTeli msoflios, da, pirvel rigSi, mowinaaRmde-
gis darwmuneba, rom mokavSireTa erTianoba uryevi iyo.
amrigad, 1942 wlis zafxulSi sabolood gadawyda,
rom dasavleTeli mokavSireebi Tavis pirvel erTobliv
operacias germaniis winaaRmdeg Caatarebdnen ara evropaSi,
aramed CrdiloeT afrikaSi. es, pirvel rigSi, ganpirobebu-
li iyo obieqturi mizezebiT, magram, amasTan, aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba udavod warmoadgenda CerCilis diplomati-
ur gamarjvebas. es iyo pirveli nabiji misi „xmelTaSua-
zRvispira strategiis~ ganxorcielebis gzaze. miuxedavad
amisa, gadawyvetilebis miReba germaniis winaaRmdeg Crdi-
loeT afrikaSi saomari moqmedebebis gaSlis Sesaxeb zoga-
dad udavod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. es iyo pirveli re-
aluri Sedegi aSS-inglisis koordinirebuli diplomatiu-
ri moqmedebebisa evropaSi srulfasovani meore frontis
momzadebis gzaze.
1
rogorc Cans, sapatio stumrebisaTvis msgavsi wveulebebis
mowyoba stalinisaTvis Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. ix.: Ì. ãÉËÀÓÉ.
saubrebi stalinTan, Tb., 1991, gv. 78.
2
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 309-310; W. S. Churchill. The Second World
War, vol. III, gv. 436.
62
ÈÀÅÉ II
ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂÏÁÀÍÉ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ ÌÄÏÒÄ
×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÂÀáÓÍÉÓ ÃÒÏÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ.
ÊÀÓÀÁËÀÍÊÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÀ
CerCilis moskovSi vizitis Semdeg operacia `torCis~

momzadeba swrafi tempiTYwavida da seqtember-oqtombris
ganmavlobaSi dasrulda kidec. CrdiloeT afrikaSi mokav-
SireTa SeiaraRebuli nawilebis gadasxmis saboloo vadad
dadgenil iqna 1942w. 7 noemberi. operacias win uZRoda
ingliselTa gadasvla Setevaze egvipteSi. 1942w. 23 oq-
tombers gen. bernard montgomeris me-8 armiam daiwyo ger-
manuli poziciebis ieriSi el-alameinTan da orkviriani
brZolebis Semdeg gaarRvia fronti. germanulma nawilebma
feldmarSal ervin fon romelis sardlobiT daiwyes ukan-
daxeva dasavleTisaken.1 es iyo mokavSireTa pirveli didi
gamarjveba germanelebze. 1942w. 7-8 noembris Rames ki ka-
sablankis, alJirisa da oranis maxloblad gadasxmul iqna
inglis-amerikis desanti da operacia `torCic~ daiwyo.2 iyo
Tu ara CrdiloeT afrikaSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyeba
srulfasovani meore frontis gaxsna? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ara, radganac aq orive mxridan Cabmuli iyo meore msof-
lio omis masStabebisaTvis SedarebiT umniSvnelo Zalebi.
magram, miuxedavad amisa, man didi gavlena iqonia omis
mTel msvlelobaze. operacia `torCis~ mniSvnelobis Sesa-
faseblad saWiroa, gaanalizebul iqnas misi ganxorcielebis
droisaTvis Seqmnili samxedro da politikuri viTareba.
1942w. pirveli naxevris ganmavlobaSi germanelebma da
italielebma sastiki marcxi agemes ingliselebs libiaSi
da daemuqrnen aleqsandrias. ingliselebi dadgnen egviptis
dakargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe, es ki saSiSroebas
1
amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: B. H. Liddell Hart. History of the
Second World War, gv. 301-308.
2
R. De Belot. The Struggle for Mediterranean. 1939-19 5. Princeton, 1951, gv. 183.
63
Seuqmnida mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTs. amasTan iaponiac
ganagrZobda winsvlas wynar okeaneSi. am droisaTvis ia-
poniis xelSi gadavida filipinebi, indonezia, singapuri da
birma. iaponelebi gavidnen indoeTis sazRvarze, magram
Semdgomi ganmtkiceba Tavisi warmatebebisa ukve veRar SeZ-
les. aseT situaciaSi saWiro iyo inglis-amerikis gaerTia-
nebuli ZalebiT germaniisaTvis masirebuli dartymis miye-
neba. rasakvirvelia, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze efeq-
turi iqneboda didi ZalebiT SeWra CrdiloeT safrangeT-
Si, magram 1942w. amis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli iyo. erTader-
Ti, rac moxerxdeboda, es iyo SezRuduli saxiT operaciis
Catareba (`slejhameri~) placdarmis saxiT romelime fran-
guli portis dasakaveblad, Semdgom ki am placdarmis Tan-
daTanobiT gafarToeba. magram 1942w. 19 agvistos diepis
reidis marcxma1 aCvena aseTi ideis uperspeqtivoba. aRsaniS-
navia, rom TviT d. eizenhaueric, romelic erT-erTi yve-
laze didi momxre iyo CrdiloeT safrangeTSi operaciis
ganxorcielebisa da romelmac 1942w. 22 ivliss, rodesac
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba evropaSi operaciis gadava-
debis Sesaxeb, ìstoriis yvelaze Savi dRe~ uwoda,2 iZu-
1
1942w. 19 agvistos q. diepis maxloblad gadasxmul iqna mokav-
SireTa desanti, romelic Sedgeboda daaxloebiT 6 aT. ingli-
seli da kanadeli jariskacisagan. medesanteebma daikaves qa-
laqi da 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi SeZles misi SenarCuneba, ris
Semdegac isini isev inglisSi daabrunes. operaciis Sedegad
daiRupa masSi monawile piradi Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti.
2
H. C. Butcher. My Three ears With Eisenhower, New ork, 19 6, gv. 29.
sabWoTa mkvlevarma i. undasinovma ratomRac ganacxada, rom
eizenhaueris es sityvebi exeboda 24 ivliss, afrikaSi SeWra-
ze gadawyvetilebis miRebis dRes (ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ,
ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, gv. 69.), riTac mniSvnelovnad Secvala
amerikeli generlis sityvebis konteqsti. arada, d. eizenhaue-
ri ubralod winaaRmdegi iyo la-manSis forsirebis gadade-
bis, radganac es gamoiwvevda, misi azriT, omis gaWianurebas.
rac Seexeba `torCs~, eizenhauers arasodes ar miuCnevia is
usargeblo operaciad, piriqiT, aRniSna kidec misi udavo
plusebi, razec qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba.
6
lebuli iqna eRiarebina misi oponentebis simarTle am sa-
kiTxis SefasebaSi.1 ufro metic, misi cnobiT, amerikelTa
StabSi TandaTan gamoikveTa azri, rom sakuTriv did ope-
raciasac (dasavleT evropaSi) warmatebis Sansi ar eqnebo-
da 1943w. bolomde da radganac wlis bolos la-manSis
forsireba Zalian did riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli, amitom
misi Catareba unda gadadebuliyo 1944w. gazafxulisaTvis.2
amave dros umoqmedobac ar SeiZleba. arsebul situaciaSi
SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo mokavSireTa SesaZlo moqmedebis
5 varianti: 1) mokavSireTa gaerTianebuli Zalebis gadasxma
safrangeTis CrdiloeT afrikaSi; 2) mxolod amerikuli
ZalebiT SeWra marokoSi; 3) inglisur-amerikuli sa-
desanto operaciis Catareba norvegiaSi; 4) egviptis Tav-
dacvisunarianobis gaZliereba; 5) iranis Tavdacvisunaria-
nobis ganmtkiceba.3 am variantebidan yvelaze mimzidveli,
ra Tqma unda, pirveli iyo.
samxedro TvalsazrisiT, `torCis~ Catareba gamarT-
lebuli iyo, radganac CrdiloeT afrikaSi RerZis qveynebs
SedarebiT mcirericxovani Zalebi hyavdaT, romlebic me-8
britanuli armiis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. CrdiloeT afri-
kis aRebis SemTxvevaSi mokavSireebi faqtobrivad Seqmnidnen
placdarms samxreT evropaSi SesaWrelad, ris Sedegadac
italia uSualo dartymis qveS aRmoCndeboda. amasTan, es
yvelanair safrTxes mouxsnida maxlobel aRmosavleTs.
xmelTaSua zRvaSi mokavSireTa erTaderTi dasayrdenis _ k.
maltis mdgomareobac mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdeboda. amas-
Tan, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda xmelTaSua zRvis, rogorc
satransporto arteriis gamoyeneba, rac mokavSireebs Seum-
cirebda tonaJTan dakavSirebul problemebs.4 garda amisa,
1
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 71; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨ-
ɯɨɞ.., gv. 106.
2
ɯɨɞ.., gv. 104.
3
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ, ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ..., gv. 323.
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 72.
65
`torCis~ ganxorcielebis sasargeblod arsebobda kidev
erTi, friad mniSvnelovani argumenti, romlis Sesaxebac
inglis-aSS-s diplomatia dumils amjobinebda. am operaciis
warmatebiT Catarebis Semdeg mokavSireebi SesZlebdnen
brZolis gagrZelebas da saboloo gamarjvebaze fiqrs ger-
maniis mier sabWoTa kavSiris ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSic.
Cveni azriT, swored es momenti iyo CerCilisaTvis yvela-
ze mniSvnelovani. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas arsad Riad ar
ganucxadebia amis Sesaxeb, is, ueWvelia, iTvaliswinebda
movlenebis aseTi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. ase rom, su-
lac ar aris gamoricxuli, am faqtorma mniSvnelovanwi-
lad ganapiroba CerCilis esoden didi daintereseba Crdi-
loafrikuli operaciiT.
`torCis~ dagegmvisas, garda sakuTriv samxedro mo-
mentebisa, gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo politikuri aspeqtebic:
pirvel rigSi, rogori damokidebuleba eqnebodaT mokavSi-
reTa mimarT frangebs, romelTa pozicias am SemTxvevaSi
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vinaidan gadasxma unda
momxdariyo franguli koloniebis teritoriaze. kerZod,
gaurkveveli iyo, Tu rogor moiqceodnen iq ganlagebuli
franguli nawilebi, romlebic viSis mTavrobas emorCile-
bodnen. maT sakmaod seriozuli problemebis Seqmna SeeZ-
loT mokavSireebisaTvis, miT umetes, rom frangebSi sakmaod
Zlieri iyo antiinglisuri ganwyobilebebi, rac mars-el-qa-
birsa da daqarSi franguli flotis winaaRmdeg 1940w. iv-
lissa da seqtemberSi inglisuri eskadrebis mier ganxor-
cielebuli aqciebiT iyo gamowveuli.1 amitom gadawyda, rom
1
1940w. 3 ivliss inglisuri floti Tavs daesxa mars-el-qa-
birTan reidze mdgar frangul xomaldebs da gaanadgura ma-
Ti didi nawili, 9 ivliss igive ganmeorda daqarSi. am aqcie-
bis mizani iyo, Tavidan aecilebinaT franguli flotis ger-
manelTa xelSi moxvedra. arada, viSis mTavrobis Tavdacvis
ministrma da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardalma admiral-
ma J. darlanma aRuTqva britanelebs, rom ar dauSvebda Tavi-
si xomaldebis gadasvlas germanelebis xelSi. bunebrivia, am
66
operacia Catarebuliyo amerikuli droSis qveS da sard-
lobac pirvel etapze amerikelebisagan yofiliyo dakomp-
leqtebuli.
mokavSireebs imedi hqondaT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
frangebi maT mxolod moCvenebiT winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen.
amas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda mokavSireebisaTvis,
radganac afrikaSi ganlagebul frangul Zalebs SeeZloT,
SeeferxebinaT operaciis msvleloba. adgilobrivi frangi
meTaurebis umravlesoba marSal petens emorCileboda da
mxolod mcire nawili gadavida mokavSireTa mxares opera-
ciis dawyebisTanave. uaryofiTi iyo maTi damokidebuleba
gen. Sarl de golis mimarTac. amerikelebma gadawyvites,
moeZebnaT iseTi pirovneba, romelic SeZlebda franguli na-
wilebis mokavSireTa banakSi gadmoyvanas. aseTad miCneul
iqna generali anri Jiro, magram maTi prognozebi mcdari
aRmoCnda. 8 noembers, operaciis dawyebis dRes, frangebma
mxolod alJiris maxloblad ar gauwies winaaRmdegoba mo-
kavSireebs, sxvagan ki gaafTrebuli brZolebi gaCaRda.1 gen.
Jirom 9 noembers radioTi ubrZana frangul nawilebs Se-
ewyvitaT cecxli, magram amas Sedegi ar mohyolia.2 yove-
live amas Tan daerTo isic, rom viSis mTavrobis erovnu-
li Tavdacvis da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali, pe-
tenis memkvidred aRiarebuli J. darlani operaciis dawye-
bis momentSi alJirSi aRmoCnda.3 gen. m. klarkma, romelic
aqciis Semdeg viSistebSi gaZlierda antiinglisuri ganwyo-

bilebebi. garda amisa, 23-25 seqtembers generalma Sarl de
golma _ moZraoba `Tavisufali safrangeTis~ liderma ingli-
suri eskadris daxmarebiT scada daqaris aReba, magram uSe-
degod (ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ. I, Ɇ., 1957, gv. 118, 149-154).
1
ɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 143-144.
2
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 10 Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨ-
ɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 145.
3
darlanis alJirSi aRmoCenis mizezi iyo misi Svilis mZime
avadmyofoba (Ɉɬɪɵɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɚ Ʌɟɝɢ, _ wgn.: ȼɬɨɪɚɹ
67
awarmoebda molaparakebebs frang samxedroebTan, daadgina,
rom isini winaaRmdegobas Sewyvetdnen da mokavSireTa mxa-
res gadavidodnen mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiRebdnen
darlanis brZanebas. am garemoebam da kidev mokavSireTa
survilma, xelT egdoT franguli flotis darCenili na-
wili, romelic ganlagebuli iyo tulonsa da daqarSi, ai-
Zula eizenhaueri, daewyo molaparakebebi darlanTan.1
10 noembers mokavSireebma aiRes orani da amave dRes
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɍɢɧɫɬɨɧɚ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ, ɒɚɪɥɹ Ⱦɟ Ƚɨɥɥɹ,

Ʉɨɪɞɟɥɥɚ ɏɷɥɥɚ, ɍɢɥɶɹɦɚ Ʌɟɝɢ, Ⱦɭɚɣɬɚ ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬ. ȿ. Ɍɪɨɹɧɨɜɫ-
ɤɚɹ, Ɇ., 1990, gv. 408), magram aris erTi aspeqti, romelic ipy-
robs yuradRebas: 1940-1942 wlebis ganmavlobaSi darlani iyo
viSis mTavrobis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli, romelTanac jer
ingliselebi, xolo mars-el-qabirisa da daqaris movlenebis
Semdeg amerikelebi, awarmoebdnen molaparakebebs da romelic
aqtiurad midioda maTTan kontaqtze (darlanis erT-erTi me-
kavSire iyo swored misi vaJi aleni. ix: M. Howard. Grand strate-
gy. August 19 2 September 19 3, ., 1971, gv. 152-153; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 2 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 3, Ɇ., 1980, gv. 120). uf-
ro metic, 1942w. oqtomberSi man ganucxada amerikelebs, rom
germanelebisagan mosalodneli iyo franguli CrdiloeT af-
rikis okupireba da dahpirda maT, saTanado daxmarebis SemT-
xvevaSi, flotis gadarCenas. 17 oqtombers ki r. merfim miiRo
nebarTva, molaparakeboda darlans da SeeTavazebina misTvis
JirosTan TanamSromloba (R. Murphy. iplomat Among the Warriors,
New ork, 196 , gv. 118). marTalia, ar arsebobs damadasturebeli
sabuTebi, rom aRniSnuli Sexvedra marTlac Sedga, magram yo-
velive es iZleva seriozuli daeWvebis safuZvels. yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi, erTi ram cxadia: darlanma icoda mokavSireTa ope-
raciis ganxorcielebis vadebis moaxloebis Sesaxeb da, SesaZ-
loa, SeuTanxmda kidec amerikelebs maT mxareze gadasvlis Se-
saxeb franguli administraciis meTauris postis sanacvlod.
1
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 104-105; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 145-146. CerCilis daintereseba franguli flo-
tiT imdenad didi iyo, rom man SesaZleblad CaTvala dar-
lanTan morigeba da ganacxada: `gaakeTeT yvelaferi.., oRond
xelT igdeT franguli floti~ (P. Tomkins. The Murder of Admiral
arlan, New ork, 1965, gv. 59; ɑ. Ɇɚɤɞɨɧɚɥɶɞ. Ɍɹɠɺɥɨɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ, Ɇ.,
1979, gv. 86).
68
darlanma ubrZana frang meTaurebs, SeewyvitaT cecxli. pe-
tenma es brZaneba Zaladakargulad gamoacxada da gadaayena
darlani.1 amasobaSi movida cnoba, rom germanelebi Sevidnen
samxreT safrangeTSi. maSin darlanma ganacxada, rom raki
germanelebma daarRvies 1940w. dazavebis pirobebi, is mzad
iyo eTanamSromla amerikelebTan. 13 noembers darlansa da
mokavSireebs Soris daido SeTanxmeba samxedro TanamSrom-
lobis Sesaxeb.2 darlani daTanxmda, rom CrdiloeT da da-
savleT afrikaSi ganlagebuli franguli Zalebis mTavar-
sardlad daniSnuliyo gen. a. Jiro, xolo sakuTriv es na-
wilebi ingliselTa da amerikelTa mxareze gadasuliyvnen.
miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, mokavSireebma miiRes franguli te-
ritoriebis gamoyenebisa da Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uf-
leba. amis sanacvlod darlani xdeboda CrdiloeT da da-
savleT afrikaSi franguli administraciis meTauri.3 viSis
mTavrobis warmomadgenelTan molaparakebebis warmoebam ga-
moiwvia ukmayofileba rogorc inglisSi, ise aSS-Si da gen.
eizenhaueri iZulebuli gaxda, axsna-ganmartebiTi baraTi
gaegzavna londonsa da vaSingtonSi.4 orive qveynis xel-
mZRvanelobam yurad iRo d. eizenhaueris argumentebi da
ganacxada, rom daicavdnen am SeTanxmebebs, sanam frangebi
Seasrulebdnen iq mocemul pirobebs da ar dasruldeboda
saomari moqmedebebi afrikaSi.5
amrigad, 13 noembris SeTanxmebiT dasrulda operacia
`torCis~ pirveli etapi. mokavSireebi gamagrdnen TiTqmis
1
2
3
5
69
mTel CrdiloeT afrikaSi, garda tunisisa. amiT maT minima-
luri amocana Seasrules: daikaves portebi kasablankasa da
alJiris Soris da moaxerxes franguli nawilebis momxro-
ba.1 amieridan mokavSireebs uSualod germanelTa da itali-
elTa mTlianad afrikis kontinentidan gandevnisaTvis unda
ezrunaT. amisaTvis eizenhaueris jarebs unda emoqmedaT
SeTanxmebulad gen. harold aleqsanderis nawilebTan er-
Tad. gen. d. eizenhauerma gadawyvita, miemarTa mTeli Zale-
bi CrdiloeT tunisis dasakaveblad. am mizniT man gaaZli-
era gen. andersonis 1-li inglisuri armia, romelsac eva-
leboda qalaqebis tunisisa da bizertas aReba. am operaci-
is warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi romelis armia
libiaSi aRmoCndeboda momwyvdeuli da Zalian swrafad
ganadgurdeboda. mokavSireebma aiRes kidec ramdenime qalaqi
da miadgnen q. tunisis gareubans, magram amasobaSi germa-
nelebma moikribes Zalebi da SeaCeres isini. mokavSireebi
iZulebuli gaxdnen, daetovebinaT ramdenime punqti.2 eizen-
hauers imedi hqonda, rom dekembris bolos ganaaxlebda Se-
tevas Crdilo-aRmosavleT tunisis dasakaveblad, magram
uamindobam SeuZlebeli gaxada Semdgomi winsvla da man
operaciebis Catareba gadado gazafxulamde.3
CrdiloeT afrikaSi mokavSireTa warmatebuli gadasx-
mis Semdeg vaSingtonisa da londonis diplomatiuri saqmi-
anoba mTlianad samxedro operaciebis ZiriTadi mimarTule-
bis gansazRvrisaken iyo mipyrobili. swored am sakiTxs mi-
eZRvna CerCilisa da ruzveltis morigi Sexvedra, romelic
1943w. 14 ianvars daiwyo kasablankaSi. am samitis mowvevis
idea jer kidev 1942w. noemberSi gaCnda, Tumca Tavdapirve-
lad ruzvelts surda sami mokavSire qveynis _ aSS, didi
1
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 115 Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 158.
2
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 122-123 Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
3
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 123 Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
70
britaneTi da ssrk _ samxedro delegaciebis Sexvedris mo-
wyoba da amisaTvis sasurvel adgilad mas kairo an mo-
skovi miaCnda. amis Sesaxeb aSS-s prezidentma CerCils 26
noembers depeSiT acnoba.1 inglisis premiers sakuTriv Sex-
vedris mowyobis idea moewona, magram is ar daakmayofila
delegaciebis savaraudo Semadgenlobis donem. mas miaCnda,
rom Sexvedraze sabWoTa mxare aucileblad daayenebda iseT
sakiTxebs (1943w. evropaSi meore frontis gaxsna; rac Se-
iZleba meti germanuli diviziis dakaveba dasavleTSi da
a.S.), romlebzec amomwuravi pasuxis gacema Stabebis ufro-
sebs gauWirdebodaT.2 garda amisa, CerCilma acnoba ruzve-
lts, rom yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs sabWoTa kavSirSi
wyvetda piradad stalini (amaSi is darwmunda moskovSi vi-
zitis dros _ 1942w. agvistoSi), romelic maSin TiTqos
Tanaxma iyo islandiaSi `didi sameulis~ liderebis Sexved-
ris mowyobaze.3 Tavis sapasuxo werilSi ruzveltma moi-
wona CerCilis winadadeba da daasaxela konferenciis mow-
vevis savaraudo vada _ ianvris Sua ricxvebi, oRond misi
Catarebis sasurvel adgilad man miiCnia alJiri an suda-
ni.4 aSS-s prezidentma sabWoTa lidersac gaugzavna daax-
loebiT amave Sinaarsis werili,5 magram stalinma uari ga-
nacxada SexvedraSi monawileobis miRebaze im motiviT, rom
brZola stalingradTan gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida da amde-
nad samxedro mdgomareoba ar aZlevda mas qveynis datove-
bis saSualebas.6 stalinis uarma erTgvarad gauadvila ruz-
velts da CerCils konferenciisaTvis adgilis SerCeva. isini
SeTanxmdnen, rom Sexvedra moewyoT marokoSi, q. kasablan-
kis Semogaren anfaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, konferenciis mTavari miza-
1 W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 576.

2 iqve.
3 iqve.
4 iqve, gv. 577.
5 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 40-41.
6 iqve, gv. 41-42.
71
ni iyo dasavleTel mokavSireTa Semdgomi sabrZolo moqme-
debebis mimarTulebis gansazRvra. swored am sakiTxs daeT-
mo konferenciis udidesi nawili. misi ganxilva mokavSire-
Ta Stabebis ufrosebma jer kidev 11 ianvars daiwyes,1 Tum-
ca gaerTianebuli inglisur-amerikuli Stabis pirveli ofi-
cialuri sxdoma mxolod 14 ianvars Sedga.2 sxdoma gaxsna
gaerTianebuli Stabis ufrosma gen. jorj marSalma, rome-
lmac gansaxilvelad daayena admiral ernest kingis winada-
deba, sabolood gansazRvruliyo, Tu mokavSireTa ra re-
sursebi iqneboda gamoyofili wynari okeanisa da evropis
sabrZolo TeatrebisaTvis. kings surda, rom resursebis
70% moxmareboda evropas, xolo danarCeni 30% _ wynari
okeanis auzSi moqmed Zalebs, romlebic manamde mxolod
15%-s iRebdnen. es winadadeba praqtikulad ganxilvis ga-
reSe iqna miRebuli da ingliselebs masSi faqtobrivad ara-
viTari koreqtivi ar SeutaniaT, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar mivi-
RebT aviaciis marSal Carlz portalis Txovnas kingisad-
mi, gansazRvruli yofiliyo iaponelebis winaaRmdeg saomar
operaciebSi (1943w.) saWiro Zalebis raodenoba, rac moka-
vSireebs saSualebas miscemda, daezustebinaT, Tu ra Zalebis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT maT sxva frontebze.3
amis Semdeg dilis sxdoma ZiriTadad daeTmo germani-
is winaaRmdeg gansaxorcielebeli saomari moqmedebebis mi-
marTulebaTa Sesaxeb mokavSireTa Tvalsazrisis ganxilvas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ingliselebi am sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT debatebisTvis bevrad ukeTesad aRmoCndnen momzadebu-
li, vidre amerikelebi. britanuli Stabi mTeli Semodgo-
1 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 674; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-

ɤɢɧɫ. Ƚɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɚ, ɬ. II, gv. 326.
2 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 244; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ,
gv. 176. sakuTriv CerCili da ruzvelti Stabis sxdomebs ar es-
wrebodnen, magram iRebdnen srul informacias maTi mimdina-
reobis Sesaxeb (W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 589.).
3 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 244; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 176.
72
mis manZilze muSaobda am problemis garSemo da sabolod
Camoayaliba kidec e.w. `xmelTaSuazRvispireTis strategia.~
ingliseli samxedroebi Tvlidnen, rom bevrad ukeTesi iq-
neboda, Tu mokavSireebi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi saboloo ga-
marjvebis miRwevis Semdeg, ZiriTad saomar operaciebs war-
marTavdnen xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, xolo la-manSis for-
sirebas moaxdendnen mxolod 1944w., isic im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu germanelTa samxedro Zliereba mniSvnelovnad iqneboda
Seryeuli.1 britanelebs bolomde SeTanxmebuli ar hqondaT
mxolod erTi sakiTxi: konkretulad romel punqtze mie-
tanaT pirveli dartyma xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi _ k. sar-
diniaze Tu k. siciliaze.2 unda aRiniSnos, rom mTel am
koncefcias samxedroze metad politikuri mosazrebebi edo
safuZvlad. `xmelTaSuazRvispira strategia~ iTvaliswineb-
da meore frontis balkaneTSi gaxsnas. CerCils miaCnda,
rom mokavSireebs sakmao dro hqondaT samxreTi da samx-
reT-aRmosavleTi evropis dasakaveblad, Semdeg ki, rodesac
germania ukve ganadgurebis piras iqneboda misuli, isini
ganaxorcielebdnen Setevas safrangeTSi da triumfiT aiReb-
dnen dasavleT evropas. amavdroulad balkaneTSi ganlage-
buli Zalebi waiwevdnen CrdiloeTisaken da ar miscemdnen
sabWoTa armiebs centraluri evropis dakavebis SesaZleb-
lobas. yovelive amis Sedegad mTeli evropa inglisisa da
aSS-s sruli kontrolis qveS aRmoCndeboda. rogorc vxe-
davT, CerCili sakmaod kargad xvdeboda, rom germaniis da-
marcxebis Semdeg daiwyeboda brZola sabWoTa kavSirTan gav-
lenis sferoebisaTvis, magram misi strategiis samxedro
uzrunvelyofa bevrad ufro Zneli saqme iyo, vidre la-man-
Sis forsireba, es ukanaskneli operacia ki gacilebiT uf-
ro met sirTules Seuqmnida germanias samxedro Tvalsaz-
risiT, vidre balkaneTis okupacia.
1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 233.

2 iqve. am ori obieqtis garda dasaxelebuli iyo k. kreta, dodeka-
nesis k-bi (kerZod, rodosi) da kontinenturi saberZneTic ki,
magram upiratesoba swored sicilias an sardinias eniWeboda.
73
ingliselebisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikelebi praqtiku-
lad moumzadebelni Camovidnen konferenciaze. ufro metic,
dagegmvis komitets erTiani azric ki ar gaaCnda mokavSire-
Ta Semdgom strategiasTan dakavSirebiT, rac aRiara kidec
j. marSalma 7 ianvars TeTr saxlSi mowyobil TaTbirze.1
miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon j. marSali, sazRvao Zalebis
sardali e. kingi da sahaero Zalebis sardali h. arnoldi
CrdiloeT safrangeTSi SeWris variants miiCnevdnen sauke-
Tesod, ukanasknel ors mainc xiblavda `xmelTaSuazRvispira
strategia~. e. kings gansakuTrebiT moswonda, rom es gegma
mokavSireebs gamouTavisuflebda didi raodenobiT sazRvao
transports, romlis nakleboba gansakuTrebiT igrZnoboda
am periodisaTvis,2 xolo h. arnoldisaTvis uaRresad mom-
xibvleli iyo perspeqtiva, rom mokavSireTa xelSi aRmoCn-
deboda fojas (italia) samxedro-sahaero baza.3 yovelive
amis Sedegad j. marSali Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoC-
nda. is savsebiT darwmunebuli iyo, rom omis uswrafesad
dasrulebis saukeTeso gegmas warmoadgenda la-manSis for-
sireba. misi azriT, SeteviTi operaciebis warmoebisas saWi-
ro iyo iseTi punqtebis SerCeva, sadac TviTon mokavSire-
ebi SesZlebdnen maqsimalurad didi raodenobis samxedro
1 G. Harrison. Cross-Channel Attack, ., 1951, gv. 38.

2 1942 wels mokavSireebma saerTo jamSi 7790697 t. moculo-
bis mqone gemebi dakarges, maSin rodesac maT mxolod 7 mln
t. moculobis mqone xomaldebis ageba moaxerxes, ramac kidev
ufro gazarda wina wlebis deficiti. garda amisa, 1942 wlis
ganmavlobaSi moqmedi germanuli wyalqveSa navebis ricxvi 91-
dan 212-mde gaizarda da maTi agebis tempebi bevrad sWarbobda
CaZiruli navebis raodenobas (S. W. Roskill. The War at Sea, vol. II, .,
195 , gv. 218). 1943w. martSi maTi ricxvi ukve 250-mde avida (ix.:
J. Ehrman. Grand Strategy. August 19 3-September 19 , ., 1956, gv. 3; Ⱦɠ.
ɗɪɦɚɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 3-ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 , Ɇ., 1958, gv. 36).
yovelive es marTlac seriozul problemas warmoadgenda mo-
kavSireTaTvis da sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom isini 1944w. me-
ore naxevramde ganicdidnen sadesanto xomaldebis naklebobas.
3 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 674-675; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ.II, gv. 327.
7
nawilebis ganlagebas. arada, ingliselebi sruliad sawina-
aRmdego principiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. maTi azriT, Setevis
ganxorcieleba jobda iq, sadac germanelebs gauWirdebodaT
didi Zalebis Tavmoyra.1 swored am paTosiT iyo gamsWva-
luli britaneTis imperiuli Stabis ufrosis, gen. alan
brukis moxseneba, romelSic is amtkicebda, rom operaciebi
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi ufro efeqturad Seasustebda ger-
manelTa zewolas aRmosavleTis frontze, vidre konkretu-
li Seteva CrdiloeT safrangeTSi. misi azriT, amgvari ope-
raciebis Sedegad RerZis qveynebi mudmivi zewolis qveS aR-
moCndebodnen. bruks miaCnda, rom maTi Catareba aiZulebda
italias, gamosuliyo omidan, xolo TurqeTs mokavSireTa
mxares dadgomisaken ubiZgebda. garda amisa, aSS da didi
britaneTi maqsimalurad unda daxmarebodnen sabWoTa kav-
Sirs.2 yovelive amis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, bruki ar
gamoricxavda imis SesaZleblobas, rom germania ukve 1943w.
Semodgomaze aRmoCndeboda samxedro kraxis winaSe, ris Sem-
degac ukve mokavSireebi didi winaaRmdegobis gareSe gada-
laxavdnen la-manSs da SeiWrebodnen safrangeTSi. ufro me-
tic, misi TqmiT, sulac ar iyo SeuZlebeli evropaSi sru-
li gamarjvebis ukve 1943 wels miRweva.3
unda iTqvas, rom alan bruks Tavadac kargad esmoda am
SesaZleblobis ararealuroba. Tavis dRiurebSi is werda,
rom aRniSnuli gancxadeba iyo mxolod formaluri daTmoba
j. marSalisadmi, radganac londonSi darwmunebuli iyvnen,
rom germaniis samxedro kraxi 1944w-mde ar moxdeboda.4
Cveni azriT, brukis am gancxadebas konferenciis amerikel
monawileebze raime gavlena ar mouxdenia, radganac yvela
1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 245 Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 177.
2 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 244-245 Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 177.
3 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 245 Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 177.
4 A. Bryant. The Turn of the Tide. 1939-19 3, ., 1957, gv. 559-560.
75
kargad grZnobda, rom germaniisTvis ukve 1943w. bolos
moReba ufro fantastikis sferos ganekuTvneboda. j. mar-
Sals mSvenivrad esmoda isic, rom xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
operaciebis warmoeba SeuZlebels gaxdida 1943 wels `ra-
undapis~ (CrdiloeT safrangeTSi SeWris koduri saxelwo-
deba) ganxorcielebas. ufro metic, saeWvo xdeboda la-man-
Sis forsireba 1944w. gazafxulzec ki. marSalis azriT,
umjobesi iqneboda, rom mokavSireebi umoqmedod yofiliyv-
nen xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi (aq is mxolod erT daTmo-
baze midioda, kerZod: dasaSvebad Tvlida siciliis aRebas,
rac, misi azriT, mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebda mokavSireTa
mdgomareobas sazRvao transportis mxriv.), ris sanacvlo-
dac daeCqarebinaT mokavSireTa Zalebis Tavmoyra britaneTis
k-bze, raTa ukve 1943w. Semodgomaze SeWriliyvnen Crdi-
loeT safrangeTSi. is sulac ar apirebda poziciebis ubr-
Zolvelad daTmobas. Tavisi mosazrebis dasacavad man agrZ-
nobina ingliselebs, rom Tu 1943w. ar moxdeboda la-man-
Sis forsireba, maSin amerikelebi mTel yuradRebas gadai-
tandnen wynari okeanis auzSi Casatarebel operaciebze.1
admiral kingis mier warmodgenil moxsenebaSi pirdapir iyo
gakeTebuli aqcenti amaze da aRniSnuli iyo iaponelebze
mudmivi zewolis aucilebloba, raTa maT ar miscemodaT
iniciativis kvlav xelSi Cagdebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis
ki saWiro iyo mniSvnelovani damatebiTi Zalebis gagzavna
wynari okeanis auzSi.2 Tavis mxriv, marSalma, amave mizniT,
moiTxova birmaSi operaciis Catareba (koduri saxelwodeba
ànakimi~). yovelive es, ingliselTa azriT, niSnavda tota-
lur oms wynari okeanis auzSi, ris Sesaxebac brukma da
portalma umal ganacxades kidec.3 maSin kingma pirdapir
hkiTxa maT, apirebdnen Tu ara ingliselebi evropaSi omis
1 Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ “Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ”, Ɇ., 196 , gv. 66.
ɝɢɹ, gv. 178.
ɝɢɹ, gv. 178.
76
damTavrebis Semdeg mTeli Tavisi resursebis iaponiis wina-
aRmdeg gamoyenebas. brukma da portalma dadebiTad upasuxes
am kiTxvas,1 magram, rogorc Cans, bolomde ver daarwmunes
amerikelebi, ris gamoc, mogvianebiT, ukve TviTon CerCils
mouwia analogiuri gancxadebis gakeTeba.2 samagierod, ame-
rikelebs, sulac ar CauTvliaT saWirod, SeemcirebinaT
wynari okeanis auzSi sawarmoebeli operaciebis areali. am
sakiTxis irgvliv gaimarTa mwvave diskusia, romelic mTeli
oTxi dRe gagrZelda. miuxedavad amisa, mxareebma erToblivi
gadawyvetilebis miReba mainc ver moaxerxes.
Seqmnili situaciidan Tavis dasaRwevad orive moka-
vSiris dagegmvis komitetebma warmoadgines TavianTi doku-
mentebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan, radikalurad gansxvave-
buli aRmoCnda. xolo rodesac 18 ianvars mokavSireTa ga-
erTianebuli Stabi kidev erTxel Seikriba, amerikelebma
saerTod ganacxades, rom birmis ganTavisuflebis operacias
isini mTlianad Tavis Tavze aiRebdnen.3 ingliselebi iZule-
bulni gaxdnen, daTanxmebodnen am operaciis Catarebas, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom es, maTi azriT, iyo ugulebelyofa Ta-
vad amerikelebis mier wamoyenebuli principisa, romelic
gulisxmobda, upirveles yovlisa, germaniis ganadgurebas.4
am SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva: Tu yovelive es marTlac ase
iyo, maSin ratom uWerda mxars am operacias jorj marSa-
li, zemoaRniSnuli principis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli?! ro-
gorc ukve zemoT iTqva, gen. marSalis amgvari pozicia gan-
pirobebuli iyo misi survili, zewola moexdina inglise-
lebze da iZulebuli gaexada isini, ganexorcielebinaT la-
1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 246-247; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚ-

ɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 178.
3 iqve, gv. 249. Tavdapirvelad igulisxmeboda, rom am opera-
ciis uzrunvelyofa piradi SemadgenlobiTa da sabrZolo
xomaldebiT unda momxdariyo ingliselebis mxridan.
ɝɢɹ, gv. 180.
77
manSis forsireba ukve 1943 wels. Tavdapirvelad yovelive
es marTlac ase iyo, magram konferenciis msvlelobisas ga-
irkva, rom ingliselTa strategiam amerikelTa banakSic Se-
iZina erTi uaRresad gavleniani, Tu yvelaze gavleniani
ara, momxre. es gaxldaT prezidenti ruzvelti, romelic
moxibla xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi ioli da swrafi gamarj-
vebisa da italiis omidan SesaZlo gamosvlis perspeqtiveb-
ma.1 marSalisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom is ver gauZlebda am-
gvar dawolas. garda amisa, man miiRo d. eizenhaueris cnoba,
rom la-manSis forsirebisaTvis saWiro iqneboda, rogorc
minimum, 12 divizia, rac dagegmilze 2-jer meti iyo.2 ga-
saTvaliswinebeli iyo is garemoebac, rom CrdiloeT afri-
kaSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis dasruleba mxolod maisisaT-
vis iyo navaraudebi.3 marSali sabolood darwmunda, rom
CrdiloeT safrangeTSi farTomasStabiani SeWra 1943 wels
gamoricxuli iyo. iqmneboda saSiSroeba, rom ingliselebi
SeZlebdnen TavianTi miznis miRwevas da meore fronti saf-
rangeTis nacvlad balkaneTSi gaixsneboda. amitom, rogorc
Cans, man gadawyvita, marTlac Caetarebina operaciebi wynar
okeaneSi, rac iqneboda imis garantia, rom mokavSireebi ub-
ralod ver moaxerxebdnen didi Zalebisa da gansakuTrebiT
sadesanto saSualebebis Tavmoyras xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
sabrZolo moqmedebebis gasafarToveblad. ase rom, Cveni az-
riT, saboloo jamSi, marSals amoZravebda ara imdenad is,
rom daeTanxmebina ingliselebi 1943 wlis ganmavlobaSi
la-manSis forsirebaze, aramed amiT is cdilobda, rogorme
mieRwia, rom operaciis Catareba CrdiloeT safrangeTSi
1 Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 49.

2 iqve.
3 kiTxvaze, Tu rodis dasruldeboda operaciebi afrikaSi, mo-
kavSireTa mTavarsardalma d. eizenhauerma savaraudo Tari-
Rad 15 maisi daasaxela, misma moadgilem _ gen. h. aleqsan-
derma ki sruli gamarjvebis miRweva mxolod maisis bolos-
Tvis CaTvala SesaZleblad (D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv.
137; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 179.).
78
1944w. pirvel naxevarSi mainc yofiliyo SesaZlebeli.
19 ianvars, gaerTianebulma Stabma, rogorc iqna, Sea-
Tanxma poziciebi da ruzvelts da CerCils warudgina sama-
xsovro baraTi, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo rekomenda-
ciebi, Tu rogor warmarTuliyo operaciebi 1943 wels.1 am
dokumentiT, romelic safuZvlad daedo gaerTianebuli
Stabis 23 ianvris moxsenebas, saWirod iqna CaTvlili si-
ciliis dakaveba da birmis ganTavisuflebis dawyeba. Crdi-
loeT safrangeTSi SeWra aq erTi sityviTac ki ar iyo nax-
senebi. rogorc vxedavT, marSali wavida daTmobaze 1943w.
la-manSis forsirebis sakiTxSi, magram, samagierod, miaRwia
wynar okeaneSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis arealis gafarToe-
bas. yovelive es ki ganapirobebda imas, rom mokavSireebs
siciliis dakavebis Semdeg kidev erTxel mouwevdaT Semd-
gomi operaciebis mimarTulebis gansazRvra. etyoba, marSa-
li imedovnebda, rom momavalSi SesZlebda xmelTaSuazRvis-
pira strategiaze sruli gamarjvebis mopovebas.
19 ianvars konferenciis muSaobaSi axali etapi daiw-
yo. Tu aqamde ZiriTadad mimdinareobda mokavSireTa stra-
tegiis zogadi konturebis gansazRvra, axla ukve daiwyo
sakiTxebis detaluri ganxilva. seriozuli kamaTi aq gamo-
iwvia mxolod punqtma, romelic siciliis dakavebas iTva-
liswinebda. ingliseli samxedroebis did nawils miaCnda,
rom ufro upriani iqneboda ara siciliaze Setevis mitana,
aramed k. sardiniis dapyroba, radganac amis gasakeTeblad
bevrad ufro naklebi Zalebi iqneboda saWiro, xolo stra-
tegiuli efeqti, maTi azriT, TiTqmis igive eqneboda, rac
siciliis dakavebas.2 Cveni azriT, safiqrebelia, rom am das-
kvnis gakeTebisas isini ufro xelmZRvanelobdnen xmelTa-
SuazRvispira strategiiT, romliTac navaraudebi iyo sabr-
1 am dokumentis sruli teqsti ix.: M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol.

I , gv. 621-622; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 421.
ɝɢɹ, gv. 192.
79
Zolo operaciebis gadatana apeninis n-k-ze, italiis konti-
nentur nawilSi. am SemTxvevaSi mokavSireebisaTvis marTlac
umjobesi iqneboda sardiniis da ara siciliis dakaveba, rad-
ganac es maT centralur italiaze pirdapiri dartymis mi-
yenebis saSualebas miscemda, magram, aRniSnul situaciaSi,
rodesac mokavSireTa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amerikelTa mainc)
mTavar mizans warmoadgenda ara apeninis n-k-ze SeWra, ara-
med ubralod xmelTaSua zRvis gaxsna, bevrad ufro logi-
kuri da misaRebi swored siciliis varianti iyo. sabolo-
od, es kamaTi mainc siciliis sasargeblod gadawyda, rac,
erTi mxriv, ganapiroba marSalis gancxadebam, rom amerike-
lebi mzad iqnebodnen am operaciis 1943w. ivlisSi ganxor-
cielebisaTvis,1 xolo, meore mxriv _ CerCilis Carevam.
britaneTis premierma mxari dauWira siciliis variants da
gaamagra Tavisi pozicia im argumentiT, rom is dapirda sta-
lins 1943w. meore frontis gaxsnas da rom Zneli iqne-
boda vinmes darwmuneba imaSi, TiTqos sardiniis dakaveba
iyo saukeTeso, risi gakeTebac SeeZloT mokavSireebs erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi.2 unda aRiniSnos, rom es argumenti vera-
nair kritikas ver uZlebs, radganac gaugebaria, Tu ra princi-
puli gansxvaveba iyo am TvalsazrisiT siciliasa da sardinias
Soris. Cveni azriT, CerCilis mier siciliuri variantis mxar-
daWera ufro imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom es, misi azriT, ufro
saimedo gza iyo xmelTaSuazRvispira strategiis gansaxorcie-
leblad, radganac sardiniis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi Cndeboda
aranaklebi cduneba samxreT safrangeTSi SesaWreladac.
sabolood, 10-dRiani debatebis Semdgom gaerTianebu-
li Stabis wevrebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas yvela sadavo sa-
kiTxze da 23 ianvars ruzvelts da CerCils warudgines 8
punqtisagan Sedgenili moxseneba,3 romelSic Setanili iyo

3 moxsenebis sruli teqsti ix.: M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I ,
gv. 625-631; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 422-425.
80
yvela is RonisZieba, romelTa ganxorcielebac, samxedroTa
azriT, mizanSewonili iyo 1943 wels. aRsaniSnavia, rom
pirvel punqts (e. i. umTavres amocanas) am moxsenebaSi war-
moadgenda atlantikis okeaneSi germanuli wyalqveSa nave-
bis winaaRmdeg efeqturi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catareba.
me-2 punqti iyo sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis 1943 wels omis sa-
warmoeblad saWiro resursebis miwodebaze micemuli val-
debulebis Sesruleba1 da mxolod me-3 punqti iyo daTmo-
bili xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi mokavSireTa mier Casatarebe-
li operaciebisaTvis. aq saubari iyo operacia `haskis~ (si-
ciliis dakavebis koduri saxelwodeba) ganxorcielebis va-
debze _ 1943w. ivlisi; xelmZRvanelobaze _ mTavarsard-
lad dainiSna d. eizenhaueri, xolo mis moadgiled _ h.
aleqsanderi; da amisTvis saWiro Zalebze.
moxsenebis me-4 punqtSi CamoTvlili iyo operaciebi,
romlebic unda ganxorcielebuliyo uSualod didi brita-
neTis teritoriidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom konferenciaze
es sakiTxi maincdamainc detalurad ar damuSavebula. Ziri-
Tadad mimdinareobda misi zogadi ganxilva. saboloo jam-
Si, gadawyda, rom britaneTis teritoriidan SesaZlebeli
iyo 3 tipis operaciis Catareba: 1) reidebi, romelTa mTa-
vari daniSnuleba iqneboda mowinaaRmdegesTan sahaero or-
TabrZolebis gamarTva da misTvis zianis miyeneba; 2) saf-
rangeTis teritoriaze (kerZod, igulisxmeboda kotantenis
n-k-i) placdarmebis dakaveba, maTi SenarCuneba da mowina-
aRmdegeze mZlavri Setevis mitana, Tu misi moraluri su-
liskveTeba daecemoda da is saTanado resursebis gareSe
aRmoCndeboda; da 3) kontinentze gadasxma germanelTa sru-
li kraxis SemTxvevaSi. sainteresoa, rom raime konkretuli
gegma am operaciebis ganxorcielebisa mokavSireebs ar hqon-
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom es daxmareba unda Sewyvetiliyo im SemT-

xvevaSi, Tu mokavSireTa gemebis danakargi gadaaWarbebda
2,4% TveSi (M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 625; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 422.).
81
daT. praqtikulad kasablankaSi miRebul iqna zogadi xasia-
Tis gadawyvetilebebi, rom gagrZelebuliyo dagegmva aRniS-
nuli mimarTulebiT. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom ga-
erTianebulma Stabma daadgina kotantenis n-k-ze gadasxmis
savaraudo vada _ 1943w. 1 agvisto, marSalma da brukma
Tavi Seikaves mTavarsardlis daniSvnisagan. arada, dagegmvis
gaerTianebuli komiteti amas saswrafo saqmed Tvlida.1
ar iqna dadgenili, agreTve, Tu ra Zalebi iqneboda sa-
Wiro operaciis Casatareblad. gadawyda mxolod, rom dae-
wesebinaT mokavSireTa jarebis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis
Stabis ufrosis posti. aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze dainiSna ge-
neral-leitenanti morgani, romelsac unda exelmZRvanela
operaciis dagegmvisa da momzadebisaTvis.2 Cveni azriT, yo-
velive es amtkicebs, rom kasablankaSi am sakiTxis garSemo
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi formalur xasiaTs atarebda. Se-
saZloa, mokavSireebs surdaT, aecilebinaT sabWoTa mxaris
mwvave reaqcia, rasac aucileblad eqneboda adgili, Tu
isini oficialurad ityodnen uars 1943w. safrangeTSi Se-
Wraze, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom stalini amgvarma gada-
wyvetilebamac ar daakmayofila da man protestiT mimarTa
CerCilsa da ruzvelts, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
gaerTianebuli Stabis moxsenebis me-5 punqti daeTmo
iaponiis winaaRmdeg gansaxorcielebeli operaciebis nusxas,
kerZod gadawyda: wynari okeanis auzSi mTeli rigi kunZu-
lebis dakaveba, birmis ganTavisufleba, CineTisaTvis daxma-
rebis gazrda da iaponiaze sahaero Setevis mitana.3
moxsenebis darCenil 3 punqtSi naklebmniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxebze iyo gamaxvilebuli yuradReba: me-6 muxli exeboda
rumineTis navTobsamrewvelo raionebis dabombvas, raTa
ɝɢɹ, gv. 198.
ɝɢɹ, gv. 198-199.
3 am programis srulad Sesruleba mokavSireebma ver SeZles
_ È.Ð.
82
RerZis qveynebis isedac gauaresebuli momarageba navTobis
mxriv kidev ufro Semcirebuliyo; me-7 punqtSi Camoyalibe-
buli iyo dasavleT afrikaSi ganlagebul mokavSireTa saz-
Rvao da sahaero Zalebis organizaciis ZiriTadi principebi,
xolo me-8 muxliT ki gansazRvruli iyo, rom TurqeTTan
dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita inglisis
xelmZRvanelobas.
ai, aseTi saxis moxseneba warudgines samxedroebma
ruzvelts da CerCils, romlebmac yovelgari cvlilebebis
gareSe daamtkices is. amave dros maT kasablankaSi miRebu-
li gadawyvetilebebis Sinaarsi gaacnes stalinsac,1 Tumca
inglis-aSS-s xelmZRvanelTa mier kremlisaTvis miwodebu-
li masala imdenad zogadi iyo, rom man stalinis erTgvari
gaRizianebac ki gamoiwvia da sabWoTa liderma mosTxova
mokavSireebs, SeetyobinebinaT misTvis, Tu konkretulad ra
iyo dasaxuli 1943w. evropaSi meore frontis gasaxsne-
lad.2 stalinis aRniSnul mimarTvaze pasuxis gacema Cer-
Cilma iTava. man 9 Tebervals acnoba kremls, rom la-man-
Sis forsireba dagegmili iyo agvistoSi, ukidures SemTx-
vevaSi, seqtemberSi.3 mocemuli baraTis Sedgenisas britane-
Tis premieri, rasakvirvelia, daeyrdno kasablankaSi miRe-
buli dokumentis me-4 punqts, romelic, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, formalur xasiaTs atarebda. yovelive es Cer-
Cilmac SesaniSnavad icoda, magram man daumala sruli sima-
rTle stalins imis Sesaxeb, rom safrangeTSi SeWra praqti-
kulad 1944 w-mde gadaido.
sabWoTa lideris reaqcia miRebul cnobaze uaryofiTi
gamodga. man maSinve protestebiT mimarTa ruzvelts da Cer-
Cils imis gamo, rom la-manSis forsireba moxdeboda mxo-
lod 1943 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi4 da ara gazafxulze,
1 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 8 -86 ɬ. II, gv. 50-51.

2 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 87; ɬ. II, gv. 52.
3 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 92.
4 iqve, gv. 93; ɬ. II, gv. 55.
83
rasac mas 1942w. agvistodan hpirdebodnen.1 ra Tqma unda,
stalinis reaqcia bevrad ufro mkacri iqneboda, mas rom
sruli simarTle scodnoda, Tumca sabWoTa liders raRac
winaTgrZnoba mainc awuxebda. is eWvobda, rom mokavSireebi
mas atyuebdnen. SesaZloa, stalins hqonda kidec raime
informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu realurad ra gadawyvetile-
bebi iqna miRebuli kasablankaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ar
dakmayofilda ruzveltisa da CerCilis pasuxebiT, rom meo-
re frontis gaxsnis agvisto-seqtembramde gadavadeba gamow-
veuli iyo obieqturi mizezebiT, kerZod: CrdiloeT afrika-
Si sabrZolo moqmedebebis gaWianurebiTa da saeskorto geme-
bis naklebobiT.2 stalinma mokavSireebs xelmeored gaugzav-
na protestebi,3 Tumca amas garkveuli Sedegi ar mohyolia
da am Temis ganxilva maT mimoweraSi droebiT Sewyda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom konferencias mxolod samxedro
sakiTxebi unda ganexila, ruzvelts da CerCils didi yu-
radRebis daTmoba mouxdaT politikuri problemebisaTvis,
romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCnda e.w. `frangebis
sakiTxi~, romelic gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac
1942w. 24 dekembers alJirSi Tavis oficialur rezidenci-
aSi mokles admirali darlani.4 CrdiloeT da dasavleT
afrikaSi franguli administraciis meTauris posti sasw-
rafod daikava amerikelTa kreaturam gen. a. Jirom, Tumca
ingliselebi S. de gols aniWebdnen upiratesobas. amas zed
daerTo skandali, romelic gamoiwvia alJiris general-gu-
bernatorad marsel peirutonis (viSis mTavrobis yofili
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris) daniSvnam.5 kasablankaSi ruzvel-
1 W.S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 418.
2 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 98-100; ɬ. II, gv. 56.
3 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 104-105; ɬ. II, gv. 58-59.
4 darlanis mkvleli fernan bonie de la Sapeli meore dResve
daxvrites. 1945w. aRmoCenil iqna am saqmesTan dakavSirebuli
axali sabuTebi, romelTa safuZvelzec is sikvdilis Semdgom
gaamarTles (ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 3, gv. 91-92 _ ru-
suli gamocemis redaqtoris SeniSvna.).
5 aRniSnuli sakiTxi daisva jer kidev darlanis mkvlelobam-
8
tma da CerCilma scades, SeeTanxmebinaT franguli administ-
raciis reorganizebis sakiTxi. am mizniT marokoSi miwveul
iqnen Jiro da de goli. Jirom umal miiRo mowveva da 17
ianvars ukve kasablankaSi iyo. de golma ki Tavdapirvelad
sastiki uari ganacxada Sexvedroda Jiros mokavSireTa fo-
rumze, radganac es, misi azriT, yvelasaTvis naTels gaxdi-
da, rom orive frangi lideri zewolis qveS imyofeboda.1
amasobaSi Jiro ukve Sexvda ruzvelts, romelsac ga-
dawyvetili hqonda franguli administraciis saTaveSi swo-
red Jiros Cayeneba, xolo de goli unda yofiliyo mxo-
lod meore TanaTavmjdomare. magram JirosTan SexvedriT
aSS-s prezidenti aSkarad ukmayofilo darCa. misi vaJis
eliotis cnobiT, ruzveltma Zalze uaryofiTad Seafasa
Jiros unari, gamxdariyo frangi xalxis beladi.2 miuxeda-
vad amisa, aSS-s prezidents ar surda ukan daexia da de
golis kandidaturisaTvis mieniWebina upiratesoba. mas aS-
karad aRizianebda de golis sijiute da misi uari kasab-
lankaSi Camosvlaze. aranakleb awuxebda es sakiTxi CerCil-
sac, romelsac eSinoda, rom Tu de goli da Jiro ar Se-
Tanxmdebodnen, franguli administracia mTlianad amerikel-
Ta gavlenis qveS myofi pirebisagan iqneboda dakompleqte-
buli. amitom man kidev erTxel moiwvia `Tavisufali saf-
rangeTis~ lideri marokoSi da, amasTan, acnoba mas, rom
de, magram sabolood gadawyda mxolod 1943 wlis 19 ianvars

(R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 675-679; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 328-333.). 1943 wlis bolos de golis brZanebiT pe-
irutoni daapatimres saxelmwifo Ralatis braldebiT, magram
1948w. is gaamarTles (ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 3, gv.
318, _ red. Sen.).
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 334. aRsaniSnavia, rom de golma manamde araerT-

xel SesTavaza Jiros “erTi erTze” Sexvedris mowyoba, mag-
ram ukanasknelma yovelTvis uaryo “Tavisufali safrangeTis”
lideris winadadebebi (ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ. II, Ɇ., 1960,
gv. 85-91.).
2 ɗ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, Ɇ., 19 7, gv. 103.
85
uaris SemTxvevaSi is Sewyvetda am moZraobis mxardaWeras,
sanam de goli iqneboda organizaciis meTauri.1 gen. de go-
li iZulebuli gaxda, daTanxmebuliyo marokoSi gamgzavre-
bas da 22 ianvars is Cavida kasablankaSi. imave dRes is Sex-
vda Jiros, magram araviTari Sedegi maT pirvel Sexvedras
ar mohyolia. Jiro yovelnairad cdilobda, Tavi aeridebina
politikur problemebze msjelobisaTvis da acxadebda, rom
mas mxolod samxedro sakiTxebi ainteresebda.2 amis Semdeg
de goli Sexvda CerCils, romelmac warmoadgina ruzvel-
tis gegmis modernizebuli varianti, romlis mixedviTac
orive frangi lideri unda gamxdariyo axali administra-
ciis TanaTavmjdomare, romelTac Tanabari uflebebi eqne-
bodaT, magram umaRlesi samxedro sardali unda yofiliyo
Jiro.3 CerCilis TqmiT, amis mizezi iyo is, rom franguli
nawilebis SeiaraReba amerikelTa movaleobas warmoadgenda,
maT ki samxedro sakiTxebze mxolod JirosTan surdaT mo-
laparakeba. am gegmis mixedviT komitets unda hyoloda ki-
dev erTi TanaTavmjdomare _ gen. JorJi, xolo mis wevrebs
Soris aucileblad iqnebodnen peirutoni, g. nogesi (maro-
kos general-gubernatori), p. buasoni (dasavleT afrikis
general-gubernatori) da berJere.4 de gols ar moewona
aseTi perspeqtiva da uari ganacxada masze.
imave dRes, CerCilTan Sexvedris Semdeg, de goli mii-
Ro ruzveltmac, magram arc amas mohyolia raime konkretu-
li Sedegi. amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs erTi ga-
remoeba, kerZod is, Tu ra viTarebaSi Sedga aRniSnuli Sex-
vedra. miRebis adgili garSemortymuli iyo aSS-s saidumlo
1 W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 592; ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ.

ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ. II, gv. 90.
2 unda iTqvas, rom Jiro am SemTxvevaSi sulac ar TvalTmaq-
cobda. is marTlac yovelTvis uars ambobda politikuri sa-
kiTxebis ganxilvisas araTu Tavisi azris gamoTqmaze, aramed
maT mosmenazec ki (ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ, II, gv. 92.).
3 ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɬ. II, gv. 93.
4 iqve.
86
samsaxuris SeiaraRebuli agentebiT.1 hopkinsis TqmiT, yove-
live es moxda sakuTriv saidumlo samsaxuris iniciativiT
da gamowveuli iyo aSS-s prezidentisaTvis yovelgvari xi-
faTis acilebis surviliT.2 arada, ruzveltisa da Jiros
Sexvedrisas amerikelebs amgvari sifrTxile sulac ar ga-
mouCeniaT.3 yovelive es naTlad metyvelebs imaze, Tu ra
damokidebuleba hqondaT aSS-s prezidents da mis administ-
racias de golis mimarT da ramdenad endoboda am ukanask-
nels TeTri saxli.
saboloo jamSi, de golis mtkice poziciam aiZula
ruzvelti da CerCili ukan daexiaT da uari eTqvaT raime
konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. miRweul iqna mxo-
lod zogadi SeTanxmeba momavalSi erToblivi franguli
komitetis Seqmnaze, magram misi xelmZRvanelobisa da Semad-
genlobis sakiTxi Riad darCa. erTaderTi daTmoba, romel-
zec de goli wavida, iyo is, rom daTanxmda fotorepor-
tiorebis winaSe JirosTvis xelis CamorTmevaze. es moxda
24 ianvars mowyobil pres-konferenciaze, romelzec CerCil-
ma da ruzveltma gaacnes korespondentebs kasablankis kon-
ferenciis Sedegebi.
aRniSnuli pres-konferencia, Tamamad SeiZleba kasab-
lankis samitis erTgvar kulminaciad miviCnioT, vinaidan
swored masze ruzveltis mier pirvelad iqna deklarire-
buli RerZis qveynebis ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ formula.
aSS-s prezidents albaT arc warmoedgina, rom misi es sit-
yvebi gaxdeboda didi politikuri da istoriografiuli
debatebis sagani. amasTan, ruzvelts TviTonac kargad esmo-
da mis mier Camoyalibebuli formulis mniSvneloba. swo-
red amitom urCia mas korespondentebs kasablankis konfe-
ɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 342-343.
ɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 343.
3 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 675; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 343.
87
renciis ùpirobo kapitulaciis konferenciad~ moxsenieba.1
marTlac, rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena,
upirobo kapitulaciis principis miReba iyo kasablankis
konferenciis yvelaze didi miRweva.
aq saWirod vTvliT, gavamaxviloT yuradReba im sakiT-
xze, Tu rogor gaCnda saerTod termini ùpirobo kapitu-
lacia~ mokavSireTa strategiaSi da vin unda miviCnioT mis
avtorad. unda iTqvas, rom erTgvari gaurkvevloba am sakiTx-
Si gamowveulia TviT ruzveltisa da CerCilis arcTu Tan-
mimdevruli ganmartebebiT. kerZod, aSS-s prezidentma ra-
tomRac ganacxada, rom mas sruliad SemTxveviT wamoscda
es fraza pres-konferenciaze. ruzveltis TqmiT, mas, Jirosa
da de golis Sexvedris gavleniT, gaaxsenda generali gran-
ti, romlis metsaxelic iyo ùpirobo kapitulacia~2 da
meqanikurad warmoTqva es sityvebi.3 Tavis mxriv, CerCilmac
ganacxada, rom man pirvelad termini ùpirobo kapitula-
cia~ gaigona mxolod pres-konferenciis dros.4 arada, do-
kumentebi cxadyofen, rom aRniSnuli principi aSS-s Stabe-
bis ufrosebis komitets ruzveltma jer kidev 7 ianvars
gaacno,5 kasablankis konferenciamde erTi kviriT adre. uf-
ro metic, saxelmwifo departamentis uSiSroebis qvekomi-
tetma 1942 wlis bolos ganixila kidec es sakiTxi da mi-
zanSewonilad CaTvala aRniSnuli formulis gamoyeneba mxo-
lod germaniisa da iaponiis mimarT, xolo italiasTan sa-
survelad CaTvala molaparakebebis warmoeba. es gadawyveti-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 203.
2 generali ulis granti iyo CrdiloeTis jarebis mTavar-
sardali aSS-Si samoqalaqo omis dros da misi inicialebi U.
S. Ulysses Simpson xSirad iSifreboda, rogorc upirobo ka-
pitulacia _ Unconditional Surrender.
4 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 696; W.S. Churchill. The Second
World War, vol. I , gv. 598.
88
leba qvekomitetis Tavmjdomare norman devisma araoficia-
luri rekomendaciis saxiT amcno kidec aSS-s prezidents.1
Tavis mxriv, ruzveltma da CerCilma es sakiTxi kasab-
lankaSi ganixiles, rasac adasturebs britaneTis premieris
1943w. 20 ianvris moxsenebiTi baraTi samxedro kabinetisad-
mi. aRniSnul werilSi CerCili sTxovs samxedro kabinetis
wevrebs, gamoTqvan Tavisi azri aSS-sa da didi britaneTis
erTobliv deklaraciaze, rom es qveynebi iomeben manam, sa-
nam germania da iaponia ar gamoacxadeben ùpirobo kapitu-
lacias~.2 samxedro kabinetma moiwona es idea da sapasuxo
baraTSi (1943w. 21 ianvari) moiTxova am principis gavrce-
leba italiazec.3 da bolos, arsebobs kidev erTi sabuTi
imisa, rom ruzveltis moqmedeba ar iyo spontanuri. misi
uaxloesi mrCeveli _ hari hopkinsi Tavis CanawerebSi aR-
niSnavs, rom pres-konferenciis dros prezidents xelSi
eWira winaswar momzadebuli teqsti, romelSic naTlad iyo
Camoyalibebuli mokavSireTa mizani meore msoflio omSi:
germaniis, iaponiisa da italiis upirobo kapitulacia da
aqve ganmartebuli iyo, rom es niSnavda ara am qveynebis
mosaxleobis ganadgurebas, aramed sxva xalxebis damonebis
filosofiuri koncefciis mospobas.4 ase rom, savsebiT na-
Telia, rom ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ principi SeTanxmebu-
li iyo mokavSireTa Soris da is ar warmoadgenda SemTxve-
viT da moulodnelad wamosrolil frazas, rogorc amas
amtkicebdnen ruzvelti da CerCili5.

2 W.S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 595.
3 iqve.

5 Tavis memuarebSi CerCilma aRiara, rom am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT is ubralod mexsierebam daaRalata, Tumca iqve aR-
niSnavs, rom aseTi ram sxvasac SeemTxva. kerZod, mas mohyavs
faqti, rom 1949 wlis 21 ivliss TemTa palatis sxdomaze, bri-
taneTis imdroindelma sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ernest be-
89
da mainc, riT iyo esoden mniSvnelovani ùpirobo ka-
pitulaciis~ formula? mkvlevarTa didi umravlesoba
Tvlis, rom am principis gamocxadebam didi gavlena moax-
dina omis Semdgom msvlelobaze. ruzveltma da CerCilma
mTel msoflios uCvenes, rom mowinaaRmdeges ar unda hqo-
noda aranairi SeTanxmebis, araviTari kompromisebis imedi.
rasakvirvelia, maTi mxridan aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba
udavod swori da mizanSewonili iyo _ hitlerTan da mis
damqaSebTan nebismieri saxis molaparakebis warmoeba ubra-
lod mkrexeloba iqneboda, _ magram, miuxedavad amisa, am
princips gamocxadebis dRidanve gamouCnda mravali oponen-
ti, romelTa azriT, aRniSnuli formulis gamocxadeba mxo-
lod gaaZlierebda germanelebis, italielebisa da iapone-
lebis winaaRmdegobas da gamoiwvevda omis gaWianurebas. mar-
Talia, kritikosebis did umravlesoba Secdomad Tvlida
ara TviTon am princips, aramed mxolod mis saqveynod ga-
momzeurebas. amitom Cven ar gamovricxavT imis SesaZleb-
lobas, rom swored am kritikulma damokidebulebam gamo-
iwvia ruzveltis mxridan aRniSnuli frazis SemTxveviT
warmoTqmis versiis gavrceleba. arada, ruzvelts da Cer-
Cils sakmaod bevri safuZveli hqondaT ùpirobo kapitula-
ciis~ Sesaxeb gancxadebis gasakeTeblad: pirvel rigSi, sa-
Wiro iyo stalinis darwmuneba imaSi, rom mokavSireebi ar
dadebdnen separatul zavs hitlerTan da marto ar dasto-
vinma (meore msoflio omis dros britaneTis samxedro kabi-

netis wevri) gaakeTa vrceli CamonaTvali problemebisa, rome-
lic mas Seeqmna ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ politikis gamo omis
Semdgom germaniis aRdgenis saqmeSi da iqve ganacxada, rom,
Tavis droze, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aranairi konsultacia
arc masTan da arc samxedro kabinetTan ar momxdara. CerCili
ixsenebs, rom maSin, savsebiT darwmunebulma Tavis siswore-
Si, upasuxa bevins, rom TviTonac mxolod pres-konferenciaze
gaigo aRniSnuli sityvebi, magram saxlSi misvlis Semdeg man
Tavis arqivSi aRmoaCina kasablankis konferenciis droindeli
mimowera da darwmunda rogorc sakuTar, ise bevinis Secdo-
maSi (W.S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 597-598.).
90
vebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs germaniis winaaRmdeg.1 garda amisa,
mokavSireebs unda daemtkicebinaT Tavisi oponentebisaTvis,
rom `darlanis saqmis~ msgavsi kazusebi ar ganmeordeboda
da isini ar wavidodnen SeTanxmebaze geringTan, himlerTan,
Tu romelime sxva nacist liderTan.
yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo,
magram, Cveni azriT, SesaZloa, rom ruzvelts da CerCils
amoZravebda kidev erTi garemoeba. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom maT, Tavis mxriv, eSinodaT, rom mokavSireebis umoqme-
dobiT imedgacruebuli stalini TviTon dadebda separa-
tul zavs germaniasTan. rasakvirvelia, Cven warmoudgenlad
migvaCnia, rom sabWoTa lideri marTlac gadadgamda aseT
nabijs, magram ar gamovricxavT, rom man politikuri Tval-
sazrisiT gamarTlebulad CaTvala, raTa egrZnobinebina mo-
kavSireebisaTvis aseTi perspeqtivis SesaZlebloba. imas, rom
stalins marTlac SeeZlo amgvari `SantaJis politikis~
warmoeba, adasturebs CerCilisa da stalinis saubari Te-
iranSi, 1943 wlis noemberSi. maSin sabWoTa liderma ganu-
cxada britaneTis premiers, rom Tu 1944 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi ar moxdeboda Zireuli cvlilebebi evropaSi, maSin
rusebs Zalian gauWirdebodaT omis gagrZeleba. aqve man da-
umata, rom wiTeli armia germanelebs Seutevda mxolod
mokavSireebisagan daxmarebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.2 SesaZ-
loa, raime amgvar miniSnebas adgili hqonda ufro adrec,
kerZod: kasablankis konferenciamde ramdenime xniT adre.
ase rom, namdvilad ar aris gamoricxuli ruzveltisa da
1 sabWour istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT “upi-

robo kapitulaciis” Sesaxeb gancxadebis gakeTebis mizani swo-
red moskovis damSvideba iyo. ix.: ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ɇ., 1982, gv. 161; ɇ. ɋ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟ-
ɦɚ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, _ krebulSi: Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ɇ., 1985, gv. 265 da sxv.
2 W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. . Closing the ing, New
ork, 1962, gv. 325; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 3, gv. 216.
91
CerCilis mxridan amgvari garemoebis gaTvaliswineba esoden
mniSvnelovani gancxadebis momzadebis periodSi.
axla rac Seexeba mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ar iyo
mizanSewonili ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ principis gamocxa-
deba, rac ase popularulia dasavlur istoriografiaSi.
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, am formulis miRebam ara
marto gaaWianura omis msvleloba, aramed didi problemebi
Seuqmna inglissa da aSS-s omis Semdgom.1 maTi erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _ m. houardis TqmiT,
dasanani iyo, rom kasablankaSi aravin aRmoCnda iseTi, vinc
urCevda ruzvelts da CerCils mowinaaRmdegisaTvis ukan
dasaxevi gzis datovebas. misi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi mokavSi-
reTa liderebi ukeT dafiqrdebodnen, Seqmnida da Tu ara
totaluri gamarjveba myar safuZvels xangrZlivi mSvido-
bisaTvis.2 Cven amjerad ar SevudgebiT ùpirobo kapitula-
ciis~ principsa da `civ oms~ Soris kavSiris Ziebas da mi-
gvaCnia, rom `civ oms~ bevrad ufro Rrma mizezebi hqonda,
vidre ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ zemoxsenebuli principi.
dasavlur istoriografiaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia,
agreTve, Sexeduleba rom ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ formu-
lis miRebam gaaWianura omis msvleloba. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, es Tvalsazrisi zemoxsenebuli principis gamoc-
xadebis dRidanve gaCnda. sxvaTa Soris, Tavis droze es sa-
kiTxi awuxebda sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobasac, romelsac, ro-
1 ix.: H. W. Baldwin. The Great Mistakes of War, New ork, 19 9, gv. 13-15;
Perpetual ar for Perpetual Peace Ed. H. Barnes, Caldwell, 1953, gv. 510-
511; Ch. Beard. President oosevelt and Coming of the War 19 1, ale, 19 8,
gv. 573-580; Ch. Tansill. ack oor to War: oosevelt oreign Policy. 1933-
19 1, Chi., 1952, gv. 18-20; W. H. Chamberlin. America s Second Crusade,
Chi., 1950, gv. 224; B. H. Liddell Hart. efense of the West, ., 1950, gv. 45-
52; M. Hankey. Politics, Trials and Errors, ford, 195 , gv. 126-127; F. O.
Mikshe. Unconditional Surrender: The oots of World War III, ., 1952, gv.
254; Ch. Wilmot. The Struggle for Europe, ., 197 , gv. 121-123, 570; Ʉ.
Ɍɢɩɩɟɥɶɫɤɢɪɯ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ɇ., 1956, gv. 571 da a.S.
2 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 284-285; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ
92
gorc Cans, erTiani azri ar gaaCnda amis Sesaxeb.1 ase, maga-
liTad: mokavSireTa sagareo saqmeTa uwyebebis xelmZRvane-
lebis moskovis konferenciaze (1943w. 19-30 oqtomberi) v.
molotovma moiTxova ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ principis
gavrceleba germaniis satelitebzec (kerZod, man daasaxela
rumineTi, fineTi da ungreTi)2, magram mogvianebiT stalin-
ma (Teiranis konferenciaze) sul sxva ram ganacxada. ruz-
veltTan saubrisas man aRniSna, rom ùpirobo kapitulaci-
is~ principi xels uwyobda germanelebis SekavSirebas, ma-
Sin rodesac konkretuli, Tundac umkacresi pirobebis Se-
muSaveba daaCqarebda germaniis kapitulacias.3 da mainc, Cveni
azriT, ùpirobo kapitulaciis~ princips praqtikulad ara-
viTari gavlena ar mouxdenia omis dasrulebis vadebze, rad-
gan, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom hitleri wasuliyo raime ka-
pitulaciaze saerTod. piriqiT, is udavod gaagrZelebda
brZolas ukanasknel jariskacamde. italia da iaponia ki
daTanxmdnen upirobo kapitulacias, Tumca maTi resursebi,
gansakuTrebiT iaponiis, sulac ar iyo amowuruli. marTa-
lia, am qveynebs Zlieri dartymebi hqondaT miRebuli, mag-
ram maT jer kidev SeeZloT mokavSireebisaTvis winaaRmdego-
bis gaweva. ase rom, aRniSnuli principis arsebobas sulac
ar miucia impulsi maTi mxridan brZolis gagrZelebisaTvis.
kasablankis konferenciam muSaoba daasrula 1943w. 24
ianvars, TebervalSi ki mokavSireebs mZime brZolebis war-
moeba mouwiaT tunisSi. germanelebma Zlieri kontrSeteva
1 unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli oficialuri sabWoTa dokumen-
ti, romelSic gaCnda sityvebi ùpirobo kapitulacia~, daTari-
Rebulia 1943w. 1 maisiT, am principis gamocxadebidan 4 Tvis
Semdeg. ix.: ɇ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɚ, Ⱥ. Ɏɢɥɢɬɨɜ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ɍɪɨɣɤɢ , - Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɀɢɡɧɶ , ʋ , 1996, gv. 84.
2 ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5ɝɝ. Ɍ. I. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ

ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (19-30 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 19 3ɝ.),
Ɇ., 1978, gv. 173-174.
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 476-477.
93
wamoiwyes da droebiT warmatebebsac miaRwies, magram ing-
liselebisa da amerikelebis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis Sede-
gad maT Tvis bolosaTvis Zvel poziciebze mouwiaT ukan-
daxeva. 20 marts ki gen. bernard montgomeris me-8 armia
gadavida ieriSze, gaarRvia mowinaaRmdegis Tavdacva mare-
tis xazze da SeuerTda gen. jorj patonis me-2 korpuss.
amieridan mokavSireTa yvela Zalebi erTian frontad iyo
Sekruli. 23 aprils isini mTeli frontiT gadavidnen Se-
tevaze da 7 maisisaTvis aiRes tunisi da bizerta.1 12 ma-
iss germanelebma (gen. fon arnimis meTaurobiT) da 13 maiss
italielebma (mTavarsardali _ feldmarSali mese) xeli
moaweres kapitulacias da danebdnen mokavSireebs.2 20 ma-
iss tunisSi Sedga aRlumi, romliTac sazeimod aRiniSna
afrikidan RerZis qveynebis jarebis gandevna.3
amrigad, tunisis aRebiT dasrulda mokavSireTa pir-
veli farTomasStabiani SeteviTi operacia germanelebis wi-
naaRmdeg meore msoflio omSi. am gamarjvebam mniSvnelovnad
Secvala ZalTa Tanafardoba dapirispirebul mxareebs So-
ris. Tu adre germanelebs mxolod sabWoTa kavSirTan ux-
debodaT farTo masStabis saxmeleTo brZolebis warmoeba
da sakuTari zurgis SiSi aRar hqondaT, axla maT ukve
seriozulad unda efiqraT dasavleT da samxreT evropis
dacvis gaZlierebaze, radganac aSkara iyo, rom miRweuli
warmatebiT mokavSireebi ar dakmayofildebodnen da inicia-
tivas xelidan ar gauSvebdnen. sul ufro naTeli xdeboda,
rom germanelebs axla dapyrobili teritoriebis SenarCu-
nebaze unda ezrunaT da ara maT gafarToebaze.4 garda ami-
1
ɯɨɞ.., gv. 199.
2
ɯɨɞ.., gv. 199-200.
3
ɯɨɞ.., gv. 201; G. S. Patton. War As I Knew It, oston, 19 7, gv. 41-45.
ɩɨɯɨɞ.., gv. 201.
9
sa, uaRresad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda evropaSi germa-
niis mTavari mokavSire _ italia. gancdili marcxis Sede-
gad italiam dahkarga yvela Tavisi samflobelo afrikaSi.
italiis armiis saukeTesi nawilebi ganadgurdnen an mokav-
Sireebs danebdnen. darCenili SenaerTebis moraluri done
Zalze dabali iyo. garTulda mdgomareoba qveynis SigniTac.
gaCnda safrTxe, rom italia saerTod Sewyvetda brZolas.
berlinSi ukve daiwyes fiqri imaze, Tu ra zomebi mieRoT
italiis omidan gamosvlis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa,
vermaxtis xelmZRvanelobaSi sakmaod didi gavrceleba hpo-
va im azrma, rom mokavSireebi apirebdnen sadesanto opera-
ciis ganxorcielebas balkaneTSi.1 amasTan, jer kidev rCe-
boda imis saSiSroeba, rom ingliselebi da amerikelebi ga-
dalaxavdnen la-manSs 1943w. yovelive es aiZulebda germa-
niis sardlobas, efiqra damatebiTi Zalebis gadasrolaze
evropis samxreTsa da dasavleTSi.
1
F. W. Deakin. The rutal riendship, ., 1962, gv. 353.
95
ÈÀÅÉ III
ÅÀÛÉÍÂÔÏÍÉÃÀÍ ÈÄÉÒÀÍÀÌÃÄ.
ÄÒÈÉÀÍÉ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÖËÉ ÊÖÒÓÉÓ ÛÄÌÖÛÀÅÄÁÉÓ
ÝÃÄÁÉ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ
afrikuli kampaniis warmatebiT dasrulebisa da am re-

gionze mokavSireTa sruli kontrolis damyarebis Semdeg
dRis wesrigSi dadga saomari moqmedebebis evropis konti-
nentze gadatanis sakiTxi. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia,
aSS-inglisis diplomatiuri saqmianoba ZiriTadad am mimar-
TulebiT warimarTa. 1943w. 12 maiss vaSingtonSi daiwyo
ruzveltisa da CerCilis morigi Sexvedra, romelzec unda
ganxiluliyo mokavSireTa moqmedebis strategia siciliis
aRebis Semdeg. am konferenciisTvis (koduri saxelwodeba
„traidenti~) orive mxare saguldagulod moemzada. gansx-
vavebiT wina Sexvedrebisagan, amerikelebs vaSingtonSi gaaC-
ndaT moqmedebis kargad Camoyalibebuli gegma. isini mtkiced
iyvnen ganwyobili, raTa gamoeglijaT ingliselebisaTvis
Tanxmoba 1944w. gazafxulze la-manSis forsirebis Taoba-
ze.1 aRsaniSnavia, rom ruzvelti pirdapir dahpirda Tavis
samxedroebs 1944w. gazafxulze safrangeTSi SeWris proeq-
tis mtkice dacvas.2 Tavis mxriv, arc ingliselebi apireb-
dnen daTmobaze wasvlas. maT surdaT xmelTaSuazRvispireT-
Si mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis gafarToeba. konferenciis
win britanelma samxedroebma Camoayalibes am regionSi mo-
kavSireTa SesaZlo operaciebis sami varianti: 1) italiaSi
SeWra; 2) sardiniisa da korsikis dakaveba; da 3) operacie-
bis Catareba xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi.3
unda aRiniSnos, rom CerCils gansakuTrebiT izidavda
1
W. Leahy. I Was There, New ork, 1950, gv. 157-158.
2
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 172.
3
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 411; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 289.
96
pirveli da mesame variantebi. amasTan, is ar gamoricxavda
maT erTdroul ganxorcielebasac. sardinias ki britaneTis
premieri Tvlida mxolod kidev erT saWiro kunZulad,
romlis dakavebac, sxva mxriv, aranair perspeqtivebTan ar
iyo dakavSirebuli.1 rac Seexeba amerikelebs, maT sxva
variantebze metad swored sardinia-korsikis xelSi Cag-
deba izidavda. general jorj marSals eSinoda, rom ope-
raciebi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi moiTxovda sul ufro met
resursebs da saboloo jamSi SeuZlebels gaxdida la-
manSis forsirebas.2 amitom is prioritets aniWebda sar-
dinia-korsikis variants, radganac am kunZulebis dakaveba
ar moiTxovda didi Zalebis mobilizebas. garda amisa, am
SemTxvevaSi mokavSireebi xelT igdebdnen saWiro aerod-
romebs da ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom moxerxdeboda itali-
is neitralizeba apeninis n-k-ze SeWris gareSec.3 aqve xazi
unda gaesvas kidev erT garemoebas: sardiniisa da korsikis
dakavebis SemTxvevaSi Seiqmneboda uaRresad xelsayreli si-
tuacia samxreT safrangeTSi SesaWrelad. Cveni azriT,
swored amitom ar moswonda es varianti CerCils, romelic
ukve ar malavda, rom surda balkaneTis n-k-is dakaveba.
magram britaneTis premiers vaSingtonSi garkveuli imed-
gacrueba eloda. ruzveltma, romelmac pirvelsave sxdoma-
ze moiwona CerCilis winadadeba la-manSis forsirebis 1944
wlamde gadadebis Sesaxeb, winaaRmdegoba gauwia balkanur
strategias. ufro metic, is SiSobda, rom sakuTriv apeni-
nis n-k-ze SeWrac xels Seuwyobda germanuli diviziebis
gamoTavisuflebas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom konfe-
renciis win, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruzvelti dahpirda
samxedroebs 1944w. safrangeTSi SeWris proeqtis mtkiced
1
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 43 ; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɹ, gv. 309.
2
ɝɢɹ, gv. 297.
3
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 411.
97
dacvas,1 rogorc Cans, aSS-s prezidentma gadasinja Tavisi
damokidebuleba xmelTaSuazRvispira strategiisadmi da
uaryo is. unda iTqvas, rom istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva ra-
mdenime mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram ganapiroba ruz-
veltis poziciis aseTi mkveTri Secvla. magaliTad, sabWo-
Ta mkvlevari i. undasinovi Tvlis, rom es ZiriTadad gan-
pirobebuli iyo aRmosavleTis frontze zamTris kampaniaSi
germanelebis mier gancdili seriozuli marcxiT. kerZod,
mas mohyavs ruzveltis vaJis _ eliotis cnoba, romlis
Tanaxmadac Turme mamamisi (e. i. _ fr. ruzvelti) sabWoTa
jarebis warmatebebis fonze misula im daskvnamde, rom omi
evropaSi SeiZleboda dasrulebuliyo ukve 1944w. amitom
ruzvelti aucileblad Tvlida saomari operaciebis dawye-
bas dasavleT evropaSi 1944w. gazafxulze, raTa inglis-
amerikis SeiaraRebul Zalebs moeswroT aq sakvanZo pozi-
ciebis dakaveba.2 meore mizezad mkvlevari asaxelebs Tur-
qeTis uars mokavSireTa winadadebaze, Cabmuliyo omSi ger-
maniis winaaRmdeg.3
Cven ar migvaCnia damajereblad i. undasinovis argu-
mentacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi, unda
aRiniSnos, rom ruzveltma es sityvebi Tavis vaJs ufro
gvian, 1943w. seqtemberSi uTxra,4 rodesac kurskis brZo-
lis mogebis Semdeg sabWoTa mxarem ukve sabolood xelT
1
rogorc vxedavT, la-manSis forsirebaze uaris Tqma mokav-
Sireebs jer kidev konferenciis dawyebamde hqondaT gadawy-
vetili. amasTan, aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos erTi sainte-
reso faqti: „traidentis~ win gamarTul TaTbirze ruzvelt-
ma ratomRac axsena „slejhameri~, rogorc 1944w. SesaZlod
gansaxorcielebeli operacia („ganisazRvros „slejhameri~ an
„raundapi~, rogorc 1944w. gazafxulze Casatarebeli opera-
cia~, _ ix.: FRUS. The Conferences at Washington and uebec, 19 3,
Wash., 1970, gv. 30), riTac gaaogna marSali, romelic yovelTvis
moiTxovda „raundaps~ (Th. Parrish. oosevelt and Marshall, gv. 348).
2
3
iqve, gv. 85.
ɗ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, gv. 135.
98
igdo iniciativa frontze. amasTan, is movlenebis amgvar
ganviTarebas (e. i. 1944w. evropaSi omis dasrulebas) Se-
saZleblad Tvlida mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTe-
li mokavSireebi ganaxorcielebdnen mZlavr dartymas saf-
rangeTSi (ruzvelti ar gamoricxavda holandiis, norvegi-
is da sakuTriv germaniis variantebsac).1 ase rom, i. unda-
sinovis mier aSS-s prezidentis am gamonaTqvamis, Tanac
arasruli saxiT gadatana 1943w. maisze ubralod faqtebis
gayalbebas warmoadgens. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev
erTi momentic: e. ruzveltis mier mowodebuli informacia
Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aris swori, ris gamoc is ar
iTvleba sando wyarod dasavlur istoriografiaSi.2 ami-
tom, Cven migvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTis
frontze sabWoTa armiis warmatebebs gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba ar unda mieniWos. rac Seexeba TurqeTis armiis omSi
Cabmas, es udavod gaaZlierebda mokavSireTa poziciebs bal-
kaneTis frontze, magram amis aucilebloba mxolod maSin
dgeboda, Tu inglis-amerikelTa sardloba dagegmavda
saomar operaciebs balkaneTsa da dasavleT evropaSi erT-
droulad. am SemTxvevaSi TurqeTis armia marTlac iqceoda
mokavSireTa mTavar damrtymel Zalad balkaneTSi. prezi-
dent ruzveltsa da aSS-s armiis Stabs ki es varianti sa-
erTod ar ganuxilavT, vinaidan aseTi erTdrouli opera-
cia evropaSi gamoiwvevda wynar okeaneSi iaponiasTan meoma-
ri amerikuli Zalebis Sesustebas.
Cveni azriT, ruzvelti, ra Tqma unda, iTvaliswinebda
am faqtorebs, magram misi poziciis Secvla ZiriTadad gan-
pirobebuli unda yofiliyo inglisisa da aSS-s strategi-
uli interesebis SejaxebiT. am droisaTvis ukve naTeli
gaxda, rom germaniis marcxi gardauvali iyo. mokavSireebma
ukve omisSemdgomi msoflios gadanawilebaze daiwyes fiq-
ri. swored es edo safuZvlad CerCilis balkanur strate-
1
ɗ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ȿɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, gv. 135.
2
99
gias. rogorc savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs akad. v. truxanov-
ski, balkaneTi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda didi
britaneTis interesebis sferos da axla aSkara iyo, rom
CerCilis gegmebis ganxorcielebas samxreT-aRmosavleT ev-
ropaze inglisuri gavlenis damyareba mohyveboda. es ki
namdvilad ver iqneboda mosawoni TeTri saxlisaTvis. am
SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi momentic _ 1943w.
II naxevrisaTvis mokavSireTa Soris ZalTa Tanafardoba
ukve Seicvala. Tu adrindeli gegmiT sadesanto operacia
evropaSi ZiriTadad inglisuri SenaerTebiT unda Catarebu-
liyo (igulisxmeba „slejhameri~ da „raundapi~, romlebic
ar ganxorcielda), axla ukve mokavSireTa SeiaraRebul Za-
lebSi amerikelebi sWarbobdnen. amitom, bunebrivia, ruz-
velti sulac ar apirebda ingliselTa sasargeblod moqme-
debas.1 miT umetes, rom aSS-s Tavisi interesebi hqonda
swored dasavleT evropaSi da ara balkaneTSi.
vaSingtonis konferenciaze CerCilma verc imas miaR-
wia, rom daeTanxmebina amerikelebi samxreT italiaSi ope-
raciis Catarebaze. ruzveltze ar iqonia gavlena britane-
Tis premieris gancxadebamac, rom ar SeiZleboda siciliis
aRebis Semdeg mokavSireTa jarebis 7-8 TviT umoqmedod da-
toveba.2 aSS-s prezidenti kategoriulad SeewinaaRmdega
italiaSi mokavSireTa mniSvnelovani Zalebis gagzavnas da
xazi gausva, rom germaniis winaaRmdeg brZolis warmoebis
yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba iyo la-manSis forsireba.3
uaRresad daZabul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda gaerTia-
nebuli Stabis sxdomebic. ingliselTa mier warmodgenili
gegma xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis gafar-
Toebis Sesaxeb amerikelebisaTvis absoluturad miuRebeli
aRmoCnda. marSalis azriT, yovelive es praqtikulad niS-
1
ȼ. Ƚ. Ɍɪɭɯɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ. ɍɢɧɫɬɨɧ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. _ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, Ɇ.,
1968, gv. 367.
2
FRUS. The Conferences at Washington and uebec, 19 3, gv. 25.
3
iqve, gv. 30-32.
100
navda, rom 1943 da, SesaZloa, 1944 welsac mokavSireebi
iZulebuli iqnebodnen, gaetarebinaT xmelTaSuazRvispira
strategia, rac, misi TqmiT, mniSvnelovnad gaauaresebda
aSS-s mdgomareobas wynari okeanis frontze.1 kamaTi samxed-
roebs Soris 10 dRes gagrZelda da saboloo jamSi, das-
rulda kompromisiT. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom mokavSireTa
mTavar SeteviT operaciad CaeTvalaT la-manSis forsireba,
romelic unda ganexorcielebinaT ara ugvianes 1944w. 1 ma-
isisa.2 mokavSireTa nebismieri sxva samxedro aqciis Cata-
reba SesaZleblad iqna CaTvlili mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu isini xels ar SeuSlida safrangeTSi SeWras.3 gadawy-
da, rom la-manSis forsireba unda momxdariyo 29 diviziis
ZalebiT, ase rom, es iqneboda „slejhamerze~ ufro didi,
magram „raundapze~ ufro mcire masStabis operacia da
amitom mas pirobiTad uwodes „raundhameri~.4
yovelive amis sanacvlod ingliselebma amerikelebisagan
miiRes dapireba italiis omidan gamoTiSvis Sesaxeb, Tumca
amisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi konferenciaze ar iqna dakonk-
retebuli.5 detalebi unda ganesazRvra eizenhauers, romelsac
mieca kidec Sesabamisi miTiTeba.6 amasTan, marSalis moTxov-
niT, konferenciis monawileebma saWirod CaTvales sicili-
is dakavebis Semdeg mokavSireTa 7 diviziis xmelTaSua-
zRvispireTidan britaneTis k-bze gadasrola.7 yovelive es,
aSS-s armiis Stabis ufrosis azriT, sagrZnoblad Seamci-
1
ɝɢɹ, gv. 302.
2
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 432, 662; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 307, 430.
3
sul male am operaciam miiRo koduri saxelwodeba „over-
lordi~ (Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 182).
5
6
iqve.
7
ɝɢɹ, gv. 430.
101
rebda italiis winaaRmdeg SesaZlo operaciis masStabebs.1
miuxedavad amisa, amgvari gadawyvetileba ingliselebisaT-
vis damakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda. maT imedi hqondaT, rom
SemdgomSi daiyoliebdnen amerikelebs apeninis n-k-ze far-
TomasStabiani sadesanto operaciis Catarebaze, miT umetes,
rom am regionSi bevrad meti britanuli nawili iyo gan-
lagebuli.2 maTi azriT, yovelive amas mohyveboda italiis
kapitulacia da TurqeTis omSi Cabma, ris Semdegac ingli-
selebs ukve ar gauWirdebodaT balkanuri variantis gatana.3
swored am mizans isaxavda CerCili, rodesac vaSing-
tonis konferenciis dasrulebisTanave gaemgzavra alJirSi,
eizenhaueris StabSi, sadac 29 maisidan 3 ivnisamde ramde-
nimejer esaubra mokavSireTa mTavarsardals. britaneTis
premierTan erTad alJirs gafrindnen a. bruki da j. mar-
Sali. jorj marSalis alJirSi gagzavna ruzvelts TviTon
CerCilma sTxova. rogorc Cans, is imedovnebda, rom moa-
xerxebda erTdroulad ori yvelaze gavleniani amerikeli
samxedro piris darwmunebas, rac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda
xels misi gegmebis realizebas.4 aSS-s prezidentic umal
daeTanxma am winadadebas, Tumca, vfiqrob, misi dasturi
sruliad sapirispiro mosazrebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. ker-
Zod, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ruzvelts erTgvari SiSi
hqonda, rom CerCili SesZlebda, ase vTqvaT, eizenhaueris
gadmobirebas da swored movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis
1
Th. Parrish. oosevelt and Marshall, gv. 350.
2
inglisSi 7 diviziis gadasrolis Semdegac ki xmelTaSua-
zRvispireTSi 27 divizia darCeboda, romelTagan 19 iqneboda
britanuli da mxolod 4 _ amerikuli (M. Howard. Grand
Strategy, vol. I , gv. 433, 663; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 309,
430). unda aRiniSnos, rom CerCils kidev ufro maRali
raodenobrivi maCveneblebi mohyavs. misi TqmiT, 1943w. 31
maisisaTvis am sabrZolo Teatrze imyofeboda 40 divizia: 27
2/3 britanuli, 9 amerikuli da 3 1/3 franguli (W. S. Churchill.
The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 714).
3
102
aRkveTis mizniT daamgzavra inglisis premiers j. marSali.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ruzveltis SiSi namdvilad ar iyo
safuZvels moklebuli. d. eizenhauers _ mokavSireTa Zale-
bis mTavarsardals, marTlac ar hqonda gadawyvetili, Tu
rogor moqceuliyo: erTi mxriv, mas surda, SeenarCunebina
Zalebi dasavleT evropaSi ZiriTadi operaciis gansaxorci-
eleblad, magram, meore mxriv, eSinoda, rom saomari moqme-
debebis Sewyveta 1944 wlis maisamde germanelebs xel-fexs
gauxsnida. amasTan, mokavSireebs sWirdebodaT samxreT
italiaSi ganlagebuli aerodromebi. garda amisa, saWiro
iyo zewola italiaze misi omidan gamoTiSvis mizniT, ra-
sac, bunebrivia, mohyveboda italiuri nawilebis gamoyvana
balkaneTidan, rac germanias aiZulebda, kidev ufro daefan-
ta Tavisi Zalebi.1
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, eizenhaueri SesaZloa
marTlac dasTanxmeboda CerCilis gegmas, miT umetes, rom
britaneTis premieri sagangebod xazs usvamda, rom mas su-
lac ar hqonda survili, xeli SeeSala „overlordis~ mom-
zadebisaTvis, magram amas win aRudga marSali. aSS-s armiisa
da mokavSireTa gaerTianebuli Stabis ufrosi Tvlida, rom
konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miReba siciliis aRebamde na-
adrevi iyo. mas imedi hqonda, rom italiis omidan gamoTiSva
sahaero dabombvebiTac moxerxdeboda.2 amasobaSi ki inglise-
lebma ori Secdoma dauSves: molaparakebebis msvlelobisas
jer a. idens (is aseve imyofeboda alJirSi) wamoscda misi
mTavrobis namdvili gegmebi, rodesac xazi gausva, rom Tur-
qeTTan urTierToba ufro megobruli gaxdeboda, rogorc ki
mokavSireTa armiebi balkaneTs miadgebodnen,3 Semdeg ki brukma
eizenhauerTan saubarSi aRniSna, rom premier-ministrs surda
mokavSireTa strategiidan saerTod amoeRo la-manSis for-
1
2
3
103
sirebis idea.1 amis gamo CerCili iZulebuli gaxda, ukan
daexia da ganecxadebina, rom didi britaneTis mTavrobas
arc axla hqonda ganzraxuli balkaneTSi jarebis gagzavna
da arc axlo momavalSi apirebda amas.2 saboloo jamSi,
TaTbiri konkretuli Sedegebis gareSe dasrulda da ape-
ninebze SeWris sakiTxi siciliis aRebamde gadaido, ro-
gorc amas iTxovda marSali.
vaSingtonis konferenciis Semdeg ruzvelti da CerCi-
li kidev erTi dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen. maT unda ecno-
bebinaT stalinisaTvis, rom la-manSis forsireba gadaido
1944w. gazafxulamde. sabWoTa liderisaTvis am arasasia-
movno informaciis miwodeba Tavis Tavze aiRo ruzveltma.
misi werili stalinma 1943w. 4 ivniss miiRo3 da am droi-
dan daiwyo krizisi mokavSireTa urTierTobaSi. sabWoTa
liderma 11 ivniss protesti ganucxada aSS-s prezidents
da britaneTis premiers, rom maT calmxrivad gadawyvites
es umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelsac didi gavlena SeeZ-
lo moexdina omis Semdgom msvlelobaze.4 stalinis Seda-
rebiT TavSekavebuli pasuxi sulac ar niSnavda, rom misi
rwmena mokavSireebisadmi Seryeuli ar iyo. swored amis Se-
saxeb acnoba 14 ivniss CerCils arCibald k. kerma _ didi
britaneTis elCma moskovSi. misi TqmiT, sabWoTa lideri
ukiduresad aRSfoTebuli iyo mokavSireTa moqmedebiT.5
magram britaneTis premiers, rogorc Cans, odnavadac ar
awuxebda yovelive es. gansxvavebiT 1942 wlisagan, rode-
sac man saWirod CaTvala, TviTon Casuliyo moskovSi, raTa
aecilebina krizisi mokavSireTa urTierTobaSi, amjerad is
sulac ar apirebda ukan daxevas.6 piriqiT, CerCilma acnoba
1
2
3
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 66-68.
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 131; ɬ. II, gv. 70.
5
Ll. Woodward. ritish oreign Policy in the Second World War, vol. II, .,
1971, gv. 555.
6
rogorc Cans, mas ukve ar eSinoda omis wagebis.
10
elCs, aranairi bodiSebi ar moexada da Sesaferis momentSi
eTqva stalinisaTvis, rom ar Rirda dasavleTis saxelmwi-
foebis gaRizianeba maSin, rodesac maTi samxedro Zliereba
dRiTidRe izrdeboda da maT SeeZloT momavalSi didi sar-
gebloba moetanaT sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. ufro metic,
britaneTis premierma ganacxada, rom mis moTminebasac hqon-
da sazRvari.1
unda aRiniSnos, rom CerCilis es gancxadeba ubralod
gaocebas iwvevs. Tu vinmes moTminebas SeiZleba ewodos
usazRvro, swored rom stalinisas. miuxedavad mravalgzi-
si dapirebisa, dasavleTelma mokavSireebma 1943w. ar gaxs-
nes meore fronti safrangeTSi da maT srulebiTac ar
amarTlebs aranairi obieqturi mizezebi. CerCils da ruz-
velts Tavisuflad SeeZloT, ar miecaT piroba sabWoTa
liderisadmi meore frontis safrangeTSi gaxsnis Sesaxeb.
maTi prerogativa iyo, daegegmaT da ewarmoebinaT saomari
operaciebi germaniis winaaRmdeg iq, sadac maT moesurvebo-
daT. magram mas Semdeg, rac aSS-s prezidentma da britane-
Tis premierma aRuTqves stalins, rom moaxdendnen la-man-
Sis forsirebas 1943 wlis ganmavlobaSi, maT an unda Sees-
rulebinaT es piroba, anac pirdapir eTqvaT sabWoTa lide-
risaTvis, rom sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo isini ver mo-
axerxebdnen operaciis droulad Catarebas. da es unda
momxdariyo ara 1943 wlis ivnisSi, aramed TebervalSi, ka-
sablankis konferenciis Semdeg. es bevrad ufro patiosani
saqcieli iqneboda maTi mxridan. magram CerCili arc amiT
dakmayofilda da 19 ivniss stalins gaugzavna werili, ro-
melSic demagogiurad acxadebda, rom sabWoTa kavSirs ara-
nair daxmarebas ar aRmouCenda mokavSireTa Seteva la-
manSze asi aTasi meomriT, romelsac mohyveboda gardauvali
marcxi.2 misi TqmiT, daxmarebis saukeTeso gza iyo brZo-
lebis mogeba da ara maTi wageba.3 Tavis mxriv, ruzveltmac
1
Ll. Woodward. ritish oreign Policy.., vol II, gv. 556.
2
3
iqve.
105
acnoba stalins, rom savsebiT iziarebda CerCilis werilSi
gamoTqmul azrebs.1 yovelive aman aRavso stalinis
moTminebis fiala da 24 ivniss man britaneTis premiers
gaugzavna kidev erTi, amjerad ukve bevrad mkacri toniT
dawerili saprotesto baraTi.2 am werilis asli ruz-
veltmac miiRo sabWoTa liderisagan.3
stalinma gaaxsena mokavSireebs, rom isini jer kidev
1942w. dahpirdnen mas la-manSis forsirebas 1943w. ara asi
aTasi meomriT, rogorc amas axla acxadebda CerCili, ara-
med 1 milioni jariskacis gamoyenebiT. sabWoTa liders ar
daaviwyda isic, rom 1943w. TebervalSi mas acnobes saf-
rangeTSi agvisto-seqtemberSi savaraudo SeWris Sesaxeb.
aqve stalinma ganacxada, rom mTeli es cru dapirebebi se-
riozulad aryevda sabWoTa kavSiris rwmenas mokavSireebi-
sadmi da rom saWiro iyo am rwmenis SenarCuneba.4 miuxeda-
vad aseTi mkacri pasuxisa, CerCilma mainc ar daixia ukan
da stalinisadmi 27 ivnisis werilSi ganacxada, rom is yo-
velTvis gulwrfeli iyo sabWoTa liderTan urTierTobaSi
da rom mokavSireTa mxridan pirobis Seusruleblobis
mizezi iyo ubralod movlenebis ganviTareba, ris gamoc Se-
icvala samxedro gegmebi.5 rogorc Cans, stalins mobezrda
es usargeblo kamaTi da upasuxod datova inglisis premie-
ris es baraTi. samagierod, man sakmaod mkacr diplomatiur
demarSs mimarTa. kremlma ivlisis dasawyisSi „konsulta-
ciisaTvis~ gaiwvia ssrk-s elCebi londonsa da vaSingto-
nidan.6 garda amisa, stalinma TvenaxevriT saerTod Sewy-
1
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 71. r. Servudi wers, rom werilis teqsti
CerCils ruzveltTan winaswar ar SeuTanxmebia (R. Sherwood.
oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 734; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv.
411.), magram, gaugebaria, aseT SemTxvevaSi raSi dasWirda ruz-
velts stalinisaTvis am baraTis gagzavna.
2
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 135-138.
3
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 72-75.
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 135; ɬ. II, gv. 75.
5
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 139-140.
6
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1971, gv. 244.
106
vita mimowera CerCilsa da ruzveltTan da mxolod kurs-
kis brZolis mogebis Semdeg ganaaxla is.
mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi ingliselebi da amerike-
lebi azustebdnen gegmas siciliaSi SeWrisaTvis. erT-erTi
bolo etapi am momzadebaSi iyo k. panteleriis aReba. am
kunZuls strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda Tavisi adgil-
mdebareobisa da masze ganlagebuli aerodromebis gamo.1 mo-
kavSireebma praqtikulad ubrZolvelad aiRes panteleria.
isini 6 dRis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv bombavdnen
kunZuls, xolo Semdeg daiwyes desantis gadasxma. mokavSi-
reTa Zalebi saieriSo navebSi sxdebodnen, rodesac itali-
urma garnizonma kapitulacia gamoacxada.2
1943w. 10 ivliss mokavSireebma moaxdines gadasxma si-
ciliaze. germanelebisaTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda movlenebis
amgvari ganviTareba. maT egonaT, rom mokavSireTa mTavari
dartyma (operacia „haski~) mimarTuli iqneboda saberZneTis,
xolo meore dartyma ki _ sardiniis winaaRmdeg. siciliaze
Seteva, maTi azriT, mitanili unda yofiliyo mxolod Tva-
lis asaxvevad. yovelive es gaxldaT Sedegi ingliselTa mier
brwyinvaled Catarebuli sadezinformacio operaciisa. maT
moaxdines espaneTis napirebTan Tavisi kurieris daRupvis in-
scenireba. germanelebmac e.w. kurieris gvamTan erTad aRmoa-
Cines mokavSireTa gegmebi, ramac isini SecdomaSi Seiyvana.
Sedegad, maT gaaZlieres peloponesis n-k-i da sardinia,3 mo-
1
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 164-165; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ.
Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 210-211.
2
ɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 211. aRsaniSnavia, rom panteleriaze mokavSire-
Ta mxridan erTaderTi dazaralebuli aRmoCnda amerikeli
jariskaci, romelsac ukbina virma. italielTa moraluri
donis dacemaze naTlad metyvelebs kidev erTi faqti: patara
kunZul lampeduzas italiuri garnizoni danebda mfrinavs,
romelic iZulebiT dajda am k-ze sawvavis naklebobis gamo
(ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, gv. 165).
3
amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: ɂ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɝɸ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɨ, Ɇ., 1960.
107
kavSireebma ki sicilias Seuties. maT kunZulze gadasxes
general j. patonis me-7 amerikuli armia da general b.
montgomeris me-8 britanuli armia. garda amisa, maT gamo-
iyenes sahaero desantic.1 italielebs arc aq gauweviaT
didi winaaRmdegoba. mokavSireebma 38 dReSi aiRes kunZuli,
maSin rodesac gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 3 Tve.2 ufro
metic, nawili samxedroebisa umtkicebda eizenhauers, rom
italiuri garnizonis brZolisunarianobis sworad Sefase-
bis SemTxvevaSi operaciis dasruleba 10-15 dReSic iyo Se-
saZlebeli, Tanac germanelTa ZiriTadi nawilebi tyved Ca-
vardebodnen. mTavarsardali aseT moqmedebas sariskod Tvli-
da. is Tavis pozicias amagrebda imiT, rom misi oponente-
bis gegma, romelic mowinaaRmdegis jarebis alyaSi moqceva-
ze iyo agebuli, gaamarTlebda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
italielebi araviTar winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevdnen mokav-
Sireebs, risi garantiac ar iyo.3
mokavSireTa siciliaSi gadasxmis Semdeg musolini
iZulebuli gaxda, germanelebisaTvis saswrafod eTxova
daxmareba, magram amis nacvlad miiRo hitleris direqtiva,
rac SeiZleboda gaeWianurebinaT kunZulis Cabareba.4 es
TiTqos gasagebicaa: aRmosavleTis frontze dawyebuli sab-
WoTa jarebis kontrSetevis gamo mas ar SeeZlo damatebi-
Ti nawilebis gamogzavna mokavSirisaTvis, Tumca hitlerma
italiis sazRvrebTan mainc gadmoisrola eseselTa Senaer-
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTma germanelma generalma _ karl
Studentma mokavSireTa operaciis sruli warmatebiT dasru-
lebis mTavar mizezad daasaxela swored sahaero-sadesanto
Zalebi, romlebmac gza gadauRobes satanko divizia `german
gerings~. misi TqmiT, rom ara es faqti, germanelebi gaanad-
gurebdnen sazRvao desantis pirvel eSelons (Ɇ. Ɋɢɞɠɭɷɣ. ɋɨɥ-
ɞɚɬ, Ɇ., 1958, gv. 89).
2
Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 209.
3
D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe, gv. 164; Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
108
Tebi, ramdenime saparaSuto divizia da a.S.1 sakuTriv sici-
liaSi ki gagzavnil iqna mxolod 2 divizia.2 berlinis po-
zicia imiT aixsneba, rom siciliaSi Tavdacvis organizeba
uperspeqtivo saqme iyo, xolo apeninebze dawyebul proce-
sebs SeiZleboda mohyoloda italiis omidan gamosvla. ami-
tom germanelebma daiwyes Zalebis Tavmoyra, raTa saWiro-
ebis SemTxvevaSi daekavebinaT italiis sasicocxlo cent-
rebi.3 garda amisa, aqve xazi unda gaesvas kidev erT gare-
moebas: hitlers jer kidev ar hqonda gadawyvetili, daec-
va Tu ara apeninis n-k-is samxreTi nawili mokavSireTa Se-
moWris SemTxvevaSi. vermaxtis mTavarsardlobaSi am sakiT-
xze erTiani azri ar arsebobda. magaliTad, feldmarSali
ervin fon romeli moiTxovda mxolod CrdiloeT italiis
dacvas, xolo feldmarSali albert keselringi mxars
uWerda TavdacviTi zRudis mowyobas romis samxreTiT. sa-
boloo jamSi, hitlerma keselringis azri gaiziara da
swored is daniSna italiaSi germanuli nawilebis umaRles
mTavarsardlad.4
ivlisis bolosaTvis italiurma garnizonma siciliaSi
mTlianad dayara iaraRi, xolo germanelebma daixies port
mesinas midamoebSi, saidanac moaxdines Tavisi nawilebis
evakuacia. 16 agvistos amerikelebma daikaves mesina da amiT
sicilia mTlianad gadavida mokavSireTa xelSi.5 amasobaSi
1
2
ɝɢɹ, gv. 331.
3
ix.: Ralph S. Ma ro ordoto. Hitler s ecision to efend Italy, _ wignSi:
Command Decisions, Wash., 1960, gv. 303-322; Ɋ. Ɇɚɜɪɨɝɨɪɞɨɬɨ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɹɬɶ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ (19 3-19 ɝɨɞɵ), _ wignSi:
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, Ɇ., 196 , gv. 150-168; Ɂ. ȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, _ wignSi: Ɋɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, Ɇ., 1958, gv. 214.
5
aRsaniSnavia, rom me-7 amerikuli armiis sardalma j. paton-
ma arc ki daucada inglisuri nawilebis mosvlas mesinaSi
(me-8 britanuli armiis SenaerTebi 17 agvistos Sevidnen qa-
laqSi) da martom miiRo germanelTa kapitulacia (Ɉ. . Brad
109
ki apeninis n-k-ze movlenebi elviseburi siswrafiT
ganviTarda. mokavSireTa imedebi da germanelTa SiSi
gamarTlda. 24 ivliss „didma faSisturma sabWom~ undob-
loba gamoucxada musolinis, xolo 25 ivliss mefe viq-
tor-emanuil III-m gadaayena duCe, romelic am audienciis
Semdeg daapatimres kidec. Camoyalibda axali mTavroba, ro-
melsac saTaveSi Caudga feldmarSali pietro badolio.1 am
faqtma hitleris gacofeba gamoiwvia. misi pirveli reaqcia
iyo, gaegzavna specialuri SenaerTi romSi, raTa daepa-
timrebina mefe, badolio da yvela is piri, vinc ki muso-
linis gadayenebaSi miiRo monawileoba.2 romSi es kargad
esmodaT da axalma mTavrobam saswrafod gaakeTa gancxadeba
germaniasTan TanamSromlobisa da omSi monawileobis gagr-
Zelebis Sesaxeb.3 badolios mxridan es iZulebiTi nabiji
iyo, radganac musolinis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi
germanelebs sakmaod mravlad hyavdaT TavianTi xalxi sam-
Tavrobo struqturebSi da iq sakvanZo adgilebi ekavaT.
amitom germaniasTan kavSiris gawyvetis pirvelive mcdelo-
bisTanave isini Tavis kontrols daamyarebdnen qveyanaSi.4
6 agvistos tarvisSi Sedga molaparakeba, romelzec
mesame raixs warmoadgendnen sagareo saqmeTa ministri i.
ribentropi da vermaxtis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis Sta-
bis ufrosi feldmarSali v. kaiteli, italias ki _ saga-
reo saqmeTa ministri r. guarilia da SeiaraRebuli Zale-
bis Stabis ufrosi ambrozio.5 miuxedavad italielTa
mtkicebisa, rom isini Tavisi mokavSiris erTguli darCe-
ley. A Soldier s Story, New ork, 1951, gv. 164; Ɉ. Ȼɪɷɞɥɢ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɫɨɥɞɚ-
ɬɚ, Ɇ., 1957, gv. 149.).
1
Ɉ. ȼ. ɋɟɪɨɜɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ. 19 3-19 5, Ɇ., 1973,
gv. 73.
2
3
Ɉ. ȼ. ɋɟɪɨɜɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ.., gv. 75.
5
Ɉ. ȼ. ɋɟɪɨɜɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ.., gv. 81-82.
110
bodnen, germanelebi mainc ar endobodnen maT. aman aiZula
badolio, eZebna gzebi inglis-amerikasTan separatuli xel-
Sekrulebis dasadebad. 4 agvistos lisabonSi italiis dip-
lomatiuri misiis mrCeveli d’aieta Sexvda britaneTis
elCs portugaliaSi r. kempbels da amcno mas italiis
mTavrobis survili germaniasTan kavSiris gawyvetisa da
omidan gamosvlis Sesaxeb.1 amis Semdeg molaparakeba mad-
ridSi gagrZelda, sadac Cavida badolios mTavrobis axali
warmomadgeneli gen. kastelano. 18 agvistos is Sexvda ei-
zenhaueris Stabis wevrebs, romlebmac ganucxades mas, rom
italiis kapitulacia moxdeboda dazavebis e.w. „Semoklebu-
li~ pirobebis mixedviT.2 31 agvistos, axali Sexvedrisas,
romelic siciliaSi Sedga, kastelanom italiis mTavrobis
saxeliT Tanxmoba misca mokavSireTa sardlobis warmo-
madgenlebs, magram amasTan gadasca maT badolios Txovna
dazavebis gamocxadebis gadadebis Sesaxeb, manam, sanam
inglis-amerikis jarebi ar miadgebodnen roms, an ufro
CrdiloeTiT ar aRmoCndebodnen. mokavSireebma italiis pre-
mieris es winadadeba ar miiRes da mas mxolod is aRuT-
qves, rom kapitulaciis gamocxadebas italiaSi inglisele-
bisa da amerikelebis ZiriTadi Zalebis gadasxmamde gadadeb-
dnen.3 am droisaTvis ukve miRebuli iyo gadawyvetileba sam-
xreT italiaSi sadesanto operaciis ganxorcielebis Sesa-
xeb. gaerTianebulma inglisur-amerikulma Stabma jer kidev
1943w. 20 ivliss darTo neba eizenhauers samxreT italia-
Si SeWraze,4 magram sabolood es operacia damtkicebul
iqna kvebekSi, ruzveltisa da CerCilis morig Sexvedraze.
kvebekis konferenciam (koduri saxelwodeba „kvadran-
ti~) muSaoba daiwyo 14 agvistos.5 aqac, iseve rogorc va-
1
H. Feis. Churchill, oosevelt, Stalin. The War They Waged and the Peace
They Sought, Princeton, 1957, gv. 160.
2
Ɉ. ȼ. ɋɟɪɨɜɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ.., gv. 92-93.
3
iqve, gv. 98-99.
5
ruzvelti kvebekSi mxolod 17 agvistos Cavida (Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ.
111
SingtonSi, ZiriTadi adgili ekava kamaTs evropaSi srul-
fasovani meore frontis gaxsnis adgilis gansazRvris sa-
kiTxze. CerCilma, ukve musolinis gadayenebis Semdeg, kidev
erTxel scada, Tavs moexvia ruzveltisaTvis balkanuri va-
rianti, romelsac aSS-s samxedro wreebSic gamouCnda mom-
xreebi.1 1943w. ivnisSi strategiuli dagegmvis gaerTiane-
bulma komisiam mTlianad moiwona inglisuri proeqti omis
daskvniT etapze mcire ZalebiT la-manSis forsirebisa da
urCia prezidents, uari eTqva operacia „overlordze~.
komisia win aRudga agreTve xmelTaSua zRvidan inglisSi 7
diviziis gadayvanasac.2 sul sxva azrze idga aSS-s armiis
Stabis operatiuli ganyofileba, romelic rekomendacias
iZleoda, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi sabrZolo moqmedebebi
samxreT italiis aRebiT SemoefarglaT, xolo 1944w.
gazafxulze ZiriTadi brZolebi dasavleT evropaSi ga-
emarTaT.3 aSS-s Stabebis ufrosebis komitetma swored ope-
ratiuli ganyofilebis Tvalsazrisi gaiziara da preziden-
tTan erTad ganixila es gegmebi. ruzveltic dahpirda
Tavis samxedro mrCevlebs, rom mtkiced gailaSqrebda bal-
kanuri variantis winaaRmdeg da daicavda „overlords~,4
rac Seasrula kidec.
konferencia daiwyo j. marSalis gamosvliT. man xazi
gausva, rom la-manSis forsireba unda qceuliyo evropaSi
mokavSireTa umTavres operaciad. amisaTvis unda momxda-
riyo mTeli Zalebis mobilizeba. marSali Tvlida, rom
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi operaciebi unda Catarebuliyo
mxolod im jarebiT, romlebic safrangeTSi SeWrisaTvis
ar iyo saWiro da amitom aq ganlagebuli 7 divizia ing-
lisSi unda gadaesrolaT ZiriTadi armiis gasaZliereb-
Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 282).

1
M. Matlo . Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 19 3-19 , New ork,
1959, gv. 176-178.
2
iqve, gv. 178.
3
iqve, gv. 177-178.
iqve, gv. 215.
112
lad.1 miuxedavad amerikelTa aseTi mtkice poziciisa, ing-
liselebma mainc scades Tavisi variantis gatana. a. bruki,
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos daeTanxma azrs, rom „overlordi~
yofiliyo mokavSireTa mTavari operacia evropaSi, magram
aqve man ganacxada, rom la-manSis forsireba SesaZlebeli
iqneboda mxolod dasavleT evropaSi ganlagebuli germanu-
li Zalebis mniSvnelovani Semcirebis Semdeg. es ki, brukis
TqmiT, savaraudo iyo mxolod samxreT evropaSi sabrZolo
moqmedebebis gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom is winaaRm-
degi iyo britaneTis kunZulebze 7 diviziis gadasrolisa,
radganac es, misi azriT, safrTxis qveS daayenebda italia-
Si SeWras.2 analogiuri gancxadebebi gaakeTa umaRles do-
neze Sexvedrisas CerCilmac, magram ruzveltis pozicia
ucvleli darCa.3 aSS-s prezidenti upirveles amocanad
kvlav safrangeTSi SeWras miiCnevda. rac Seexeba italias,
iq operaciebi qveynis samxreTi nawilis okupaciiT unda
dasrulebuliyo.4 erT-erT sxdomaze ruzveltma pirdapir
ganacxada, rom aSS-s da didi britaneTis armiebs unda mi-
eRwiaT berlinamde manam, sanam sabWoTa jarebi aiRebdnen
germaniis dedaqalaqs.5 yovelive aman aiZula CerCili, ecno
„overlordi~ mokavSireTa ZiriTad operaciad, magram, amas-
Tan, inglisis premierma mTeli rigi pirobebis gaTvaliswi-
neba moiTxova, kerZod: desantis gadasxmis momentSi ar un-
da yofiliyo qari; mTvare unda yofiliyo saWiro fazaSi;
unda yofiliyo Sesaferisi moqceva; germanelTa Tavdacva
ar unda gaZlierebuliyo; mowinaaRmdeges ar unda hyoloda
rezervSi 12 diviziaze meti; mas ar unda SeZleboda pir-
vel 2 TveSi (desantis gadmosxmis Semdeg) aRmosavleTis
1
M. Matlo . Strategic Planning.., gv. 220.
2
iqve, gv. 220-221.
3
R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 747; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 429.
5
113
frontidan 15 diviziaze metis gadmosrola da a.S.1 amri-
gad, ingliselebs surdaT, daetovebinaT ufleba, uari eTq-
vaT „overlordze~, Tu misi ganxorcielebis droisaTvis
yvela es piroba Sesrulebuli ar iqneboda.2
CerCilis strategiam kvebekSi kidev erTi dartyma mi-
iRo: konferenciaze daadgines, rom ZiriTad operacias dax-
marebodnen samxreT safrangeTSi, kerZod: tulonsa da mar-
sels Soris, _ desantis gadasxmiT (koduri saxelwodeba
am operaciisa iyo „envili~, SemdgomSi is Seicvala „dra-
guniT~).3 am desantis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo xmel-
TaSuazRvispireTSi ganlagebuli nawilebi, romelTa gamo-
yenebac CerCils CrdiloeT italiasa da balkaneTSi surda.
„envilis~ warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad mokavSireebma saWi-
rod CaTvales sardiniisa da korsikis dakaveba, riTac isi-
ni miiRebdnen xelsayrel placdarms samxreT safrangeTSi
SesaWrelad. britaneTis premieri am operaciis winaaRmdeg
misi ganxorcielebis dRemde ibrZoda, radganac Tvlida,
rom es gamoiwvevda xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT raionSi
samxedro moqmedebebis Sesustebas, magram araferi gamouvi-
da.4 erTi sityviT, kvebekis konferencia dasrulda trans-
lamanSuri strategiis momxreTa gamarjvebiT. erTaderTi,
rasac miaRwia CerCilma kvebekSi, iyo is, rom konferenciis
monawileebma daadgines, gadaesxaT desanti samxreT italia-
1
Ɋ. ɂɧɝɟɪɫɨɥɥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ, Ɇ., 19 7, gv. 43-44.
2
3
saxelwodebis Secvla CerCilis iniciativiT moxda. amiT
britaneTis premierma xazi gausva, rom is aiZules, Caetarebi-
na aRniSnuli operacia (sityvaTa TamaSi: a dra oon _ draguni,
to dra oon _ iZuleba). ix.: C. ɗ. Ɇɨɪɢɫɨɧ. ȼɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɸ ɢ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ. 19 -19 5, Ɇ., 1963, gv. 244.
CerCils aqtiurad uWerda mxars b. montgomeric, romelic
Tvlida, rom “envili” daasustebda italiur fronts, maSin,
rodesac iq miRweuli warmatebebi SesaZlebels gaxdida sab-
WoTa jarebze adre venis aRebas (The Memoirs o Field Marshal
the iscount Mont omery o Alamein, ., 1958, gv. 221).
11
Si, uzrunveleyoT italiis gamosvla omidan, daekavebinaT
apeninis n-k-i romis CaTvliT da mudmivi zewola ewarmoe-
binaT CrdiloeT italiaSi ganlagebul germanelTa jareb-
ze.1 da mainc, swored es gadawyvetilebebi aZlevda imeds
britaneTis premiers, rom mogvianebiT is mainc SesZlebda
Tavisi survilis ganxorcielebas da meore fronts saf-
rangeTis nacvlad balkaneTSi gaxsnida. ase rom, brZola am
sakiTxis garSemo jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli.
1943w. 3 seqtembers erTbaSad ori didi mniSvnelobis
movlena moxda: siciliaSi xeli moewera italiasTan da-
zavebas (italiis mxridan es gaakeTa gen. kastelanom, xo-
lo mokavSireTa saxeliT _ gen. b. smitma) da daiwyo mo-
kavSireTa jarebis gadasxma samxreT italiaSi _ kalabri-
aSi. dazaveba ZalaSi unda Sesuliyo 8 seqtembers, rodesac
eizenhauersa da badolios erTdroulad unda gaekeTebinaT
gancxadeba italiis kapitulaciis Sesaxeb, magram bolo
momentSi italiis mTavrobam, germanelebis mxridan mosa-
lodneli aqciis SiSiT, scada, gadaevadebina gancxadebis
gamoqveyneba. badoliom acnoba mokavSireTa jarebis mTavar-
sardals, rom dazavebis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi germane-
lebi daikavebdnen roms da mTavrobis mimarT Zalismier aq-
cias gaatarebdnen. amaze eizenhauerma upasuxa, rom is yve-
la variantSi gaakeTebda gancxadebas italiis kapitulaci-
is Sesaxeb 18 saaTsa da 30 wuTze da Tu amas ar mohyvebo-
da analogiuri aqcia italiis mTavrobis mxridan, maSin am
ukanasknelT omSi mokavSire ukve aRar eyolebodaT. marT-
lac, mokavSireTa jarebis mTavarsardalma aRniSnul dros
radioTi gamoacxada italiis kapitulaciis Sesaxeb. SiSiTa
da yoymaniT Sepyrobilma badoliom saaTnaxevris Semdeg,
rogorc iqna, mibaZa eizenhaueris magaliTs.2
1
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 684-685; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ
2
115
germanelebs sruli informacia hqondaT mimdinare mo-
laparakebebis Sesaxeb, risi wyalobiTac maT saswrafod ga-
naxorcieles sapasuxo zomebi: daikaves CrdiloeTi da cen-
traluri italia, samxreT italiis didi nawili da gana-
iaraRes italiuri armiis ZiriTadi Zalebi.1 badolios
mTavrobam da mefem gaqceviT uSveles Tavs da brindiziSi
daides bina.2 germanelebma gadawyvites, aRedginaT faSiste-
bis Zalaufleba italiaSi da gaaTavisuflebines musolini,
romelmac gamoacxada e.w. „italiis socialuri respubli-
ka~ da saTaveSi Caudga mis mTavrobas.3 amasobaSi mokavSire-
ebma 8 seqtembers gadasxes desanti salernos yureSi, rac
saWiro iyo neapolze Setevis ganxorcielebisaTvis, xolo
9 seqtembers maT daikaves porti taranto, saidanac daiw-
yes winsvla fojasaken.4 swored neapolis portisa da fo-
jaSi ganlagebuli aerodromebis aReba iyo mokavSireTa um-
Tavresi amocana am etapze.
8-14 seqtembris ganmavlobaSi salernos yureSi gaafT-
rebuli brZolebi mimdinareobda. germanelebi cdilobdnen,
gaenadgurebinaT desanti, magram ver SeZles es. Seqmnili
mdgomareobiT isargebla kalabriaSi myofma gen. montgome-
rim da swrafad waiwia win. 16 seqtembers misi Zalebi mar-
cxena flangze SeuerTdnen salernosTan mebrZol nawilebs.
marjvena flangze montgomeri ganagrZobda winsvlas foja-
saken brZolebiT mimaval sahaero-sadesanto diviziasTan Se-
saerTeblad. ramdenime dRis Semdeg mokavSireebma aiRes
kidec foja da mTeli yuradReba neapolisaken gadaitanes.
aqac sakmaod swrafad miaRwies maT sawadels da 1 oqtom-
bers gen. m. klarkis nawilebi Sevidnen qalaqSi.5 amave pe-
1
B. H. Liddell Hart. History of the Second World War, gv. 451-455.
2
3
Ɉ. ȼ. ɋɟɪɨɜɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ.., gv. 106.
Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 233, 236.
5
116
riodSi, kerZod 29 seqtembers, k. maltaze badoliom xeli
moawera kapitulaciis „gaSlil~ variants, xolo 13 oq-
tombers ki misma mTavrobam omi gamoucxada germanias, ris
Semdegac mokavSireebma _ aSS, didi britaneTi da ssrk _
italia TanamebrZol mxared scnes.1 amrigad, evropaSi hit-
leris mTavari mokavSire _ italia _ ukve misi mtrebis
banakSi aRmoCnda. rasakvirvelia, italiis faSisturi blo-
kidan gamosvlas didi politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. am
faqts didi gavlena unda moexdina hitleris danarCen sa-
telitebze, romlebic unda mimxvdariyvnen, rom germaniis
marcxi am omSi gardauvali iyo. garda amisa, germania iZu-
lebuli gaxda 20-mde divizia ganelagebina apeninebze, raTa
SeeCerebina mokavSireTa winsvla am regionSi.2 unda iTqvas,
rom germanelebma aq marTlac miaRwies Tavis mizans da in-
glis-amerikis jarebi romidan 120 kilometrze Seakaves,
magram aman mniSvnelovnad daasusta maTi poziciebi sxva
regionebSi.
mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi CerCili Zal-Rones ar
iSurebda mokavSireTa strategiis Sesacvlelad. amjerad
is pirdapir ar iTxovda „overlordis~ uaryofas da cdi-
lobda balkaneTSi SesaWrelad xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gan-
lagebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas. mas imedi hqonda, rom bal-
kaneTSi ganlagebuli 24 italiuri diviziis mier sabrZo-
lo moqmedebebis Sewyveta aiZulebda germanelebs, daetove-
binaT naxevarkunZuli da SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mcire Za-
lebiT misi okupacia.3
seqtembris dasawyisSi inglisis premier-ministri va-
1
dokumenti ix.: ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 406-407.
2
ɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 233. sxvaTa Soris, ingliselTa mtkiceba, rom
italiaSi operaciebis warmoeba xels Seuwyobda “overlords”,
nawilobriv gamarTlda, radganac 1943w. seqtemberSi germane-
lebma safrangeTidan italiaSi gadaisroles 7 saukeTeso divi-
zia (Ⱦɠ. Ⱦɨɥɝɥɟɣɲ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, Ɇ., 19 6, gv. 91.).
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 111.
117
SingtonSi Cavida da SesTavaza ruzvelts italiis kapitu-
laciis gamoyeneba apeninisa da balkaneTis n-k-ebze axali
operaciebis sawarmoeblad. amavdroulad man wamoayena do-
dekanesis k-bis (rodosi, kosi, lerosi, samosi da sxv.) da-
kavebis varianti.1 ruzvelti aSkarad miizida balkaneTis
mcire ZalebiT aRebis gegmam da es sakiTxi Stabebis uf-
rosTa gaerTianebuli komitetis sxdomaze daayena. misi ze-
woliT komitetma nawilobriv miiRo CerCilis proeqti da
daamtkica dodekanesis arqipelagis dakavebis gegma.2 am ope-
raciis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi mokavSiree-
bi daamyarebdnen kontrols egeosis zRvaze da miiRebdnen
brwyinvale sazRvao da sahaero bazebs. amasTan, es mouxsni-
da TurqeTs germaniis mxridan sahaero Tavdasxmis safrT-
xes, Tu is Caebmeboda omSi mesame raixis winaaRmdeg.3 ami-
tom CerCili, romlis gegmebSi TurqeTis pozicias axla
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda, aucileblad miiCnevda
am k-bis, gansakuTrebiT ki rodosis okupacias. garda amisa,
ingliseli samxedroebi Tvlidnen, rom dodekanesis arqipe-
lagis dakargva aiZulebda germanelebs, daetovebinaT saber-
ZneTi, rac gaxsnida gzas balkaneTSi.4 ase rom, am Sedare-
biT mcire masStabis operacias, maTi azriT, SeeZlo didi
Sedegebi moetana da mokavSireTa strategiac ki Seecvala.
dodekanesis k-bisaTvis brZola daiwyo 10 seqtembers,
rodesac ingliselebma sahaero desanti gadasxes rodosze,
magram germanelebma daatovebines maT kunZuli.5 13-18 seq-
tembers kidev erTi Seteva iqna mitanili arqipelagze. mo-
kavSireebma xelT igdes mTeli rigi kunZulebisa: kosi, le-
rosi, samosi da a. S., _ magram rodosis asaRebad maT Za-
1
2
iqve, gv. 118.
3
iqve.
5
J. Ehrman. Grand Strategy, vol. , gv. 93; Ⱦɠ. ɗɪɦɚɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 3-ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 , gv. 123.
118
lebi ar eyoT. 25 seqtembers CerCilma eizenhauers sTxova
damatebiTi Zalebis gamoyofa operaciis warmatebiT dasas-
ruleblad. oqtombris dasawyisSi man analogiuri saxis mi-
marTva gaugzavna ruzvelts, magram italiaSi mdgomareobis
gauaresebam aiZula Stabebis ufrosTa gaerTianebuli komi-
teti, romis aRebamde uari eTqva rodosis Sturmze. yove-
live amis Sedegad, germanelebma dodekanesis arqipelagis
sxva kunZulebic daatovebines mokavSireebs.1 am marcxma se-
riozuli dartyma miayena CerCilis gegmebs. swored egeo-
sis zRvaSi mokavSireTa damarcxebiT axsna inglisis premi-
erma TurqeTis uari 1943w. Semodgomaze germaniasTan omSi
Cabmaze.2 CerCils imedebi gaucrua italiis armiamac, ro-
melmac ar daiwyo sabrZolo moqmedebebi germanelTa wina-
aRmdeg, am ukanasknelebma ki balkaneTis n-k-i ar dacales.
amis Semdeg inglisis premiers TiTqos xeli unda Caeqnia
Tavisi proeqtis ganxorcielebaze, magram is mainc jiutad
ganagrZobda dinebis winaaRmdeg curvas da Tavs ar anebebda
balkanur variants. CerCilis gegmebis saboloo uaryofa
moxda mxolod ssrk-s, aSS-sa da didi britaneTis mTavro-
baTa meTaurebis Teiranis konferenciaze, romlis mosamza-
debel etaps warmoadgenda 1943w. 13-30 oqtombers moskov-
Si gamarTuli am qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa uwyebebis xel-
mZRvanelTa Sexvedra.
moskovis konferenciaze, romelSic monawileobdnen
ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari viaCeslav
molotovi, didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri an-
toni ideni da aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivani kordel hali,
ganxilul iqna sakiTxebis farTo speqtri, romelTa Soris
ZiriTadi adgili ekava germaniisa da misi evropeli mokav-
Sireebis winaaRmdeg omis umokles vadaSi damTavrebisaTvis
saWiro RonisZiebebis dazustebas. konferenciis gaxsnis
1
J. Ehrman. Grand Strategy, vol. , gv. 102-103; Ⱦɠ. ɗɪɦɚɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɬɟɝɢɹ. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ 19 3-ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 19 , gv. 131.
2
119
pirvelsave dRes sabWoTa delegaciam mosTxova inglisisa
da aSS-s mxares, daedasturebinaT maTi ganzraxva 1944w.
gazafxulze safrangeTSi SeWris Taobaze.1 sapasuxod gen.
h. ismeim (didi britaneTi) da gen. j. dinma (aSS), romle-
bic samxedro mrCevlebis rangiT eswrebodnen sxdomebs, ga-
acnes sabWoTa delegacias kvebekis konferenciis gadawyve-
tileba am sakiTxis garSemo.2 am gancxadebam sabWoTa mxare
mainc ar daakmayofila, radganac masSi moyvanili iyo uam-
ravi piroba, romelTa Sesrulebis gareSe operacia „over-
lordis~ ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ukmayofile-
bam kidev ufro imata mas Semdeg, rac idenma, CerCilis in-
struqciiT, acnoba stalins, rom didi britaneTi ver mis-
cemda ssrk-s mtkice garantiebs meore frontis 1944w. ma-
isSi gaxsnis Sesaxeb.3 inglisis premieri swerda Tavis sa-
gareo saqmeTa ministrs, rom is ver gaswiravda marcxisa-
Tvis operaciebs italiaSi mxolod imitom, rom daecva
„overlordis~ dawyebis TariRi.4 garda amisa, idenma sasw-
rafod gadasca stalins gen. h. aleqsanderis cnoba, rom
mokavSireTa warumatebloba italiaSi albaT Seaferxebda
la-manSis forsirebas.5
inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma (aseve CerCilis
davalebiT) moskovSi scada, agreTve, gaego, Tu ras fiq-
robda sabWoTa mxare balkanuri variantis Sesaxeb da daa-
interesebda Tu ara es gegma stalins,6 magram uaryofiT
reaqcias waawyda. ufro metic, sabWoTa mTavrobis mtkice
poziciam aiZula ideni da hali, daedasturebinaT kvebekis
konferenciis gadawyvetileba 1944w. la-manSis forsirebis
Sesaxeb. maT agreTve ganacxades, rom am operaciis momzade-
1
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 97.
2
iqve, gv. 99-109.
3
iqve, gv. 213-214.
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 247-248.
5
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 221-222.
6
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 245-246.
120
ba mimdinareobda imdenad swrafad, ramdenadac es SesaZle-
beli iyo.1 saerTod am Sexvedraze operacia „overlordis~
ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT amerikelebma sruli mxar-
daWera aRmouCines sabWoTa mxares, riTac stalini Zalian
kmayofili darCa, magram mTlianobaSi isini mainc pasiurob-
dnen da faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelovani molaparakeba in-
glisisa da sabWoTa delegaciebs Soris mimdinareobda, ha-
li ki Semdeg ecnoboda misi ori kolegis mier miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis arss.2 unda aRiniSnos, rom es bolo
Sexvedra iyo, rodesac swored ingliselebi, da ara ameri-
kelebi, asrulebdnen wamyvan rols sabWoTa mxaresTan mo-
laparakebebis dros.
saboloo jamSi, moskovis konferenciis SedegebiT mas-
Si monawile samive mxarem kmayofileba gamoTqva. aq miRe-
bulma gadawyvetilebebma kidev ufro ganamtkices kavSiri
samive qveyanas Soris da Seqmnes kargi pirobebi am saxel-
mwifoTa meTaurebis Sexvedris CatarebisaTvis. stalini,
ruzvelti da CerCili SeTanxmdnen, rom aseTi konferencia
Catarebuliyo 1943w. noemberSi TeiranSi.
Teiranis konferenciis momzadebis periodSi kvlav ga-
aqtiurda inglisis premier-ministri, romelmac erTxel ki-
dev scada Tavs moexvia mokavSireebisaTvis balkanuri pro-
eqti. am mizniT man SesTavaza ruzvelts, Sexvedrodnen
erTmaneTs da SeemuSavebinaT saerTo strategia TeiranSi
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis garSemo.3 aSS-s prezidenti erT-
xans uarze idga, magram CerCilis daJinebuli moTxovnis
Semdeg daTmo da daTanxmda TeiranSi Casvlamde gzad kai-
roSi SeCerebuliyo da iq Sexvedroda inglisis premiers.4
ruzvelti kargad xvdeboda CerCilis ganzraxvas da radga-
1
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 366.
2
. Mastny. ussia s oad to the Cold War: iplomacy, Warfare and the Poli-
tics of Communism, New ork, 1979, gv. 112.
3
iqve, gv. 270.
121
nac ar surda, moskovSi CaeTvalaT, rom aSS da inglisi
ssrk-s zurgs ukan raime SeTanxmebaze wavidodnen, miiwvia
kairoSi molotovi da Can kai-Si.1 CerCili, romelic sa-
guldagulod moemzada am SexvedrisaTvis da Camoitana sa-
gangebo gegma xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi mokavSireTa SesaZlo
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, Zalian ukmayofilo darCa aSS-s pre-
zidentis gadawyvetilebiT. is Tvlida, rom ingliselebs
da amerikelebs hqondaT ufleba, TviTon ganexilaT sakuTa-
ri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis operaciebi. garda amisa, mas eSi-
noda, rom CineTis sakiTxi did dros waiRebda da xels
SeuSlida evropuli strategiis ganxilvas. CerCili ime-
dovnebda, rom uSualo molaparakebebis dros is, iseve ro-
gorc adre, daiyoliebda ruzvelts Tavis gegmaze.2
kairoSi inglisis premieri sakmaod frTxilad apireb-
da moqmedebas. is „overlordis~ pirdapir uaryofas ki ar
moiTxovda, aramed ubralod misi dawyebis zusti vadis
dadgenis winaaRmdegi iyo. CerCili da ingliseli samxedro-
ebi acxadebdnen, rom saWiro iyo xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
Seqmnili SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba. premier-ministrs
surda, rom mokavSireebs italiaSi piza-riminis xazze mo-
exerxebinaT gasvla; ufro intensiurad moemaragebinaT par-
tizanebi iugoslaviaSi, saberZneTSi, rumineTsa da albaneT-
Si; SeeqmnaT placdarmi dalmaciaSi an albaneTSi; mieRwiaT,
rom TurqeTi Cabmuliyo omSi, gaexsnaT dardanelis srute
da SeeryiaT germanelTa poziciebi balkaneTSi.3 CerCils
imedi hqonda, rom yovelive amas mohyveboda balkaneTSi
frontis gaxsna. inglisis premiers swamda, rom is miaRwev-
da sawadels, radganac Sexvedramde mcire xniT adre, ker-
Zod 1943w. 4 noembers, ruzvelti daTanxmda, moexdina
zewola TurqeTze am ukanasknelis germaniis winaaRmdeg om-
1
2
W. Mc eill. America, ritain and ussia. Their Co-operation and Conflict,
., 1953, gv. 342.
3
W. Mc eill. America, ritain and ussia.., gv. 342.
122
Si Cabmis mizniT, rac faqtobrivad balkaneTSi frontis
gaxsnas niSnavda.1 yovelive amas CerCili Tavisi gegmebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoiyenebda, magram misi prognozebi
da realoba erTmaneTisagan Zalian Sors aRmoCnda. kairoSi
Casvlis dRidanve CerCili waawyda amerikelTa mtkice ga-
dawyvetilebas, ar gadaedoT la-manSis forsireba. is did-
xans esaubra eizenhauers, gauziara mas Tavisi gegmebi da
scada misi momxroba, magram, amerikeli generlis TqmiT,
araferi gamouvida.2 amerikeli samxedroebi, pirvel rigSi,
marSali kategoriulad winaaRmdegi iyvnen, ganexorcielebi-
naT nebismieri operacia, romelic xels SeuSlida „over-
lords~.
1943w. 22 noembers kairoSi gaixsna konferencia, ro-
melSic monawileobas iRebdnen aSS-s prezidenti franklin
ruzvelti, didi britaneTis premier-ministri uinston
CerCili da CineTis lideri generalisimusi Can kaiSi. avad-
myofobis mizezebiT kairoSi ar Cavida v. molotovi, magram
es ufro „diplomatiuri avadmyofoba~ iyo. rogorc cnobi-
lia, stalinma ruzveltisadmi 10 noembris werilSi Tanx-
moba misca kairoSi molotovis Casvlaze,3 magram ukve 12
noembers man gadaifiqra da acnoba aSS-s prezidents, rom
ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa uwyebis xelmZRvaneli, zogi-
erTi mizezis gamo, romelTac seriozuli xasiaTi hqonda,
ver miiRebda monawileobas konferenciis muSaobaSi.4 sabWo-
Ta meTauris poziciis Secvla ganapiroba 12 noembers miRe-
1
W. Mc eill. America, ritain and ussia.., gv. 342-343.
2
ɯɨɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, gv. 246. unda aRiniSnos, rom eizenhaueris es mtki-
ceba erTgvar eWvs iwvevs, rameTu kairoSi man mxari dauWira
ingliselTa winadadebas, daetovebinaT italiaSi la-manSis
forsirebisaTvis gamoyofili 7 divizia, radganac, misi az-
riT, mokavSireebi yvelaze did safrTxes germanelebs swo-
red apeninebze (da ara safrangeTSi) Seuqmnidnen (ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, gv. 300).
3
iqve, gv. 105-106.
123
bulma CerCilis werilma, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom kai-
roSi savaraudo iyo Can kai-Sis Camosvla da iaponiis wina-
aRmdeg omis warmobis gegmebis ganxilva.1
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CineTis delegaciis miwveva
egviptis dedaqalaqSi ruzveltis surviliT moxda. sava-
raudoa, rom aSS-s prezidents undoda kairoSi gadaewyvita
amerikis mxarisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani erTi sakiTxi,
kerZod: mas surda mieRo sabWoTa kavSirisagan Tanxmoba
iaponiasTan omSi Cabmaze. SesaZloa, swored amitom ar ac-
noba man stalins konferenciaze Can kai-Sis mowvevis ambavi,
radganac es daafrTxobda sabWoTa liders, magram Cer-
Cilis werilis Semdeg stalini mixvda ruzveltis Cana-
fiqrs da radganac ar iyo dainteresebuli iaponiasTan ise-
dac daZabuli urTierTobebis kidev ufro gamwvavebiT, ua-
ri Tqva kairoSi sabWoTa delegaciis gagzavnaze.2 misi ga-
dawyvetileba savsebiT swori aRmoCnda. kairoSi marTlac
miiRes komunike, romelSic aSS-s, inglisisa da CineTis me-
Taurebi acxadebdnen, rom isini awarmoebdnen oms iaponiis
winaaRmdeg, raTa SeeCerebinaT da daesajaT agresori da
rom maT mizans am omSi warmoadgenda iaponiisaTvis 1914
wlis Semdeg wynar okeaneSi dapyrobili yvela kunZulis
warTmeva da CineTis respublikisaTvis iaponelTa mier da-
kavebuli yvela Cinuri miwis dabruneba. es komunike gamoq-
veynda 1943w. 1 dekembers, Teiranis konferenciis dasrule-
bis Semdeg da man `kairos deklaraciis~ saxelwodeba mi-
1
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 175. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CerCils ar
surda, rom kairos konferenciis msvlelobaSi monawileoba
mieRo sabWoTa delegacias da, SesaZloa, swored amitomac
acnoba stalins Can kai-Sis mowvevis ambavi.
2
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa mkvlevari v. israeliani aseve
Tvlis, rom molotovis arCasvla kairoSi marTlac gamowveu-
li iyo iaponiasTan urTierTobebis gauaresebis SiSiT (ȼ. Ʌ.
ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 214), magram is arafers am-
bobs konkretulad ruzveltis dainteresebaze, daeyoliebina
stalini iaponiis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaze.
12
iRo. rasakvirvelia, molotovi kairoSi rom Casuliyo, mas
mouwevda am komunikeze xelis mowera, rac, SesaZloa, gax-
deboda sabWoTa kavSirsa da iaponias Soris omis dawyebis
mizezi. stalinisTvis ki es miuRebeli iyo. mas esmoda, rom
aseT SemTxvevaSi Soreul aRmosavleTSi omis mTeli sim-
Zime isev sabWoTa jarebs daawveboda, germaniis damarcxeba
ki gacilebiT ufro Zneli gaxdeboda. ase rom, molotovis
kairoSi gamgzavrebaze sabWoTa lideris mier uaris Tqma
savsebiT gamarTlebuli iyo,1 rac, sxvaTa Soris, CerCilmac
aRniSna Tavis memuarebSi.2
sakuTriv konferencias rac Seexeba, misi pirveli na-
wili 26 noembramde gagrZelda3, magram evropuli strate-
giis ganxilva mxolod 24-Si daiwyo, pirveli dReebi ki
daikava CineTis sakiTxma. darCenil sxdomebze CerCili Za-
lian cdilobda Tavisi proeqtis gatanas, magram amerike-
lebma Tavi aarides Teiranis Sexvedris win raime gadawyve-
tilebis miRebas. isini saWirod Tvlidnen sabWoTa Tval-
sazrisis gagebas aRniSnul sakiTxebze.4 ase rom, molapara-
kebebi uSedegod damTavrda da inglisisa da aSS-s delega-
ciebi kairodan Teirans gaemgzavrnen.
1
ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 215. aRsaniSnavia,
rom kairoSi am dros imyofeboda v. molotovis moadgile a.
viSinski, magram mas ar miuRia monawileoba konferenciis im
nawilSi, romelic iaponiasTan oms exeboda (R. Sherwood. oose-
velt and Hopkins, gv. 771; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 461).
2
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 272; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɢɧɚ, ɤɧ. 3, gv. 182.
3
kairos konferencia droebiT Sewyda 26 noembers, rodesac
ruzvelti da CerCili gaemgzavrnen Teirans stalinTan Sesax-
vedrad, da ganaxlda 2 dekembers, maTi egvipteSi dabrunebis
Semdeg.
125
ÈÀÅÉ IV
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÀ.
ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÉÓ ÔÒÉÖÌ×É
1943w. 28 noembers daiwyo `didi sameulis~ _ ioseb

stalinis‚ franklin ruzveltisa da uinston CerCilis pir-
veli Sexvedra. sami mokavSire qveynis liderTa konferen-
ciis mowyobis idea jer kidev 1943 wlis gazafxulze gaC-
nda‚ rodesac (1943w. maisi) ruzveltma SesTavaza stalins‚
pirispir Sexvedrodnen erTmaneTs beringis srutis sanapi-
roze1‚ magram maSin stalinma rTuli samxedro situaciis
gamo uari Tqva ivlisťagvistomde aSSťs prezidentis inicia-
tivis ganxorcielebaze2. 1943w. zafxulSi sakiTxi sammxri-
vi konferenciis Catarebis Sesaxeb kvlav dadga dRis wes-
rigSi. CerCils da ruzvelts surdaT Sexvedris mowyoba
ferbenqsSi (alaska)3. stalins‚ romelsac kargad esmoda
aseTi forumis mniSvneloba‚ arc amjerad misca frontebze
Seqmnilma mdgomareobam aseT Soreul punqtSi wasvlis sa-
Sualeba‚ Tumca molaparakeba am sakiTxis garSemo kvlav
gagrZelda. ZiriTad problemas isev adgilis SerCeva warmo-
adgenda. ruzveltma amjerad wamoayena konferenciis kairoSi
an baRdadSi mowvevis idea4. ukidures SemTxvevaSi is Tanaxma
iyo asmeraze an basraze5. stalini winaaRmdegi iyo yvela
am dasaxelebuli qalaqisa. mas mxolod Teirani awyobda6.
CerCilma Tavdapirvelad ki SesTavaza maT skapa-flou‚ kvip-
1
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 62ť63.
2
iqve‚ gv. 65.
3
iqve, gv. 82.
iqve‚ gv. 98ť99.
5
iqve.
6
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 100. misi aseTi arCevani ganpirobebuli iyo
imiT‚ rom TeiranSi idga sabWoTa jarebi da Sexvedris monawi-
leTa usafrTxoebac swored maT da sabWoTa uSiSroebis sam-
saxurs unda uzrunveleyoT (ȼ. Ɇ. Ȼeɪɟɠɤɨɜ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, gv. 218ť219).
126
rosi an xarTumi‚ magram Semdeg ganacxada‚ rom misTvis ar
hqonda mniSvneloba‚ Tu sad da rodis Sedgeboda es Sex-
vedra. amitom is daTanxmda Teiranze1. rac Seexeba aSSťs
prezidents‚ man mxolod noembris dasawyisSi gadawyvita
TeiranSi Casvla2. manamde is uars acxadebda am variantze.
ruzveltma Teirani miiRo mxolod maSin‚ rodesac stalin-
ma acnoba‚ rom sxva SemTxvevaSi is konferenciaSi monawi-
leobas ver miiRebda da mas molotovi Secvlida3. amgvarad
gadawyda‚ rom sami qveynis meTaurTa Sexvedra Semdgariyo
TeiranSi 1943 wlis noembris bolos.
mokavSireTa delegaciebi TeiranSi 27 noembers Cavid-
nen. qalaqSi axalCamosul ruzvelts da CerCils molo-
tovma acnoba‚ rom sabWoTa dazvervam gaxsna SeTqmuleba‚
romelic miznad isaxavda `konferenciis monawile erTi an
meti lideris mokvlas~.4 am informaciis miRebis Semdeg
CerCilma da stalinma SesTavazes ruzvelts‚ rom dabinave-
buliyo didi britaneTis an sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgen-
lobaSi‚ radganac es Senobebi erTimeoris gverdigverd id-
ga Teiranis centrSi‚ xolo amerikis misia ki maTgan sakma-
od daSorebuli iyo da qalaqis viwro quCebSi yoveldRe
aqeTťiqiT siaruli marTlac zedmet da arasasurvel risk-
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. aSSťs prezidentmac gaiTvaliswina
es da sabWoTa warmomadgenlobaSi daido bina5.
Teiranis konferencias uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weboda. aq unda SemuSavebuliyo mokavSireTa Semdgomi stra-
tegia. 1943 wlis bolosaTvis naTeli gaxda‚ rom germaniis
damarcxeba gardauvali iyo da mis winaaRmdeg mebrZol
1
ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 161; SeniSvna 42‚ gv. 393.
2
3
iqve‚ gv. 103.
dawvrilebiT am SeTqmulebis (operacia `grZeli naxtomi“) Se-
saxeb ix.: ȼ. Ɇ. Ȼeɪɟɠɤɨɜ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, gv.
226ť230.
5
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 293; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ.
127
qveynebs unda gadaewyvitaT‚ Tu rogor mieRwiaT gamarjve-
bisaTvis umokles vadebSi. TeiranSi unda gadaWriliyo
amasTan dakavSirebuli samxedro sakiTxebi‚ kerZod: sabo-
lood dadgeniliyo ingliselebisa da amerikelebis mier
evropaSi realuri meore frontis gaxsnis dro da adgili.
swored dasavleTel mokavSireTa samxedroťstrategiuli
gegmebis ganxilvas daeTmo konferenciis udidesi nawili.
28 noembers pirvelsave sxdomaze ruzveltma ganacxa-
da‚ rom amerikelebi da ingliselebi didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si adgendnen arxis _ e. i. la-manSis srutis _ forsirebis
gegmas. man aRniSna‚ rom operaciis Catarebis vada damoki-
debuli iyo sadesanto saSualebebis raodenobasa da amin-
dis mdgomareobaze‚ ris gamoc òverlordis~ ganxorciele-
bis TariRad kvebekSi miRebul iqna 1944w. 1 maisi1. ruz-
veltma Tqva‚ rom sadesanto operaciebis Catareba SeiZle-
boda xmelTaSua zRvaSic‚ magram es gamoiwvevda laťmanSis
forsirebis gadadebas 2ť3 TviT‚ maSin rodesac piradad pre-
zidents ivniss iqiT vadis gadaweva ar surda. amitom‚ rad-
ganac inglisťamerikis jarebis gamoyeneba bevr adgilas SeiZ-
leboda‚ ruzveltma rCeva hkiTxa stalins‚ Tu romeli va-
rianti ufro Seamsubuqebda sabWoTa kavSiris mdgomareobas2.
prezidentis sityvam TviT amerikeli samxedroebis ga-
oceba gamoiwvia3. CerCilTan bolo Sexvedrebis dros ruz-
veltis moqmedebidan gamomdinare mosalodneli iyo‚ rom
is mtkiced daicavda òverlords~‚ magram man laťmanSis
forsirebis paralelurad gansaxilvelad wamoayena xmelTa-
Sua zRvis auzSi alternatiuli operaciebis Catarebis sa-
1
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ, ÉÀËÔÀ, ÐÏÔÓÃÀÌÉ. _ dokumentebis krebuli‚ Tb.‚ 1969‚
gv. 7; ɋɨɜeɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ. T. II. Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ _ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (28
ɧɨɹɛɪɹ _ 1 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 19 3 ɝ.), Ɇ., 1978 (SemdgomSi Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧ
ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ)‚ gv. 94.
2
Teirani..‚ gv. 7; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 94ť95.
3
128
kiTxi1. da es maSin‚ rodesac Teiranis konferenciis win
gamarTul TaTbirze jorj marSalma pirdapir moaxsena pre-
zidents‚ rom balkaneTSi SeWra gamoiwvevda saomari moqme-
debebis gaWianurebas rogorc evropaSi‚ ise wynar okeaneSi2.
ram ganapiroba ruzveltis mxridan aseTi gancxadebis
gakeTeba? sabWoTa mkvlevari i. undasinovi ZiriTad mizezad
Tvlis ssrkťSi aSSťs saelCos mier prezidentisaTvis miwo-
debul araswor informacias‚ TiTqos sabWoTa mTavroba uf-
ro dainteresebuli iyo 1943w. xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
sabrZolo moqmedebebis gafarToebiT‚ vidre 1944w. safran-
geTSi meore frontis gaxsniT3. garda amisa‚ is miiCnevs‚
rom ruzvelti Tavis droze did dainteresebas iCenda
balkanuri proeqtebis mimarT da arc axla ityoda uars
maT gamo òverlordis~ gadadebaze‚ Tu sabWoTa mTavrobis
winaaRmdegoba ar iqneboda. is agreTve ar gamoricxavs imis
SesaZleblobas‚ rom prezidents surda winaswar mieRo
sabWoTa kavSirisagan Tanxmoba germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg
iaponiasTan omSi Cabmaze. sapasuxod is mxars dauWerda
òverlords~.4 Cveni azriT‚ swored es ukanaskneli momen-
ti iyo misi yoymanis mTavari mizezi. ruzvelti‚ pirvel
1
sxvaTa Soris‚ ruzveltma aq wamoayena istriaťvenis mimarTu-
lebiT SeteviTi operaciis ganxorcielebis idea (ix.: W. S.
Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 301; ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 3, gv. 199)‚ ramac hopkinsis gaoceba da SeSfo-
Teba gamoiwvia. man baraTic ki gaugzavna e. kings da hkiTxa‚
Tu `vin idga am adriatikuli biznesis ukan“. kingis pasuxmac
ar daayovna: `ramdenadac me vici‚ es misi (e. i. prezidentis)
sakuTari ideaa“ (R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 780; Ɋ.
ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 473; ȼ. Ʌ. Ɇɚɥɶɤɨɜ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɥɢɧ
Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ, Ɇ., 1988, gv.
259). sainteresoa‚ rom mogvianebiT es gegma CerCilma aitaca
da `draguns~ daupirispira‚ magram maSin ukve TviTon ruz-
veltma Tqva uari am operaciaze.
2
3
9. È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ 129
rigSi‚ Tavisi qveynis interesebiT xelmZRvanelobda. mas
kargad esmoda‚ rom omis Semdeg ssrk iqneboda evropaSi
uZlieresi saxelmwifo da surda‚ kargi urTierToba hqo-
noda masTan1. amasTan arc wynar okeaneSi mimdinare sabrZo-
lo moqmedebebSi sabWoTa jarebis daxmareba iqneboda ameri-
kelTaTvis zedmeti. prezidenti ubralod cdilobda sta-
linisagan garantiis miRebas‚ rom sabWoTa kavSiri iaponias-
Tan omSi Caebmeboda.
stalini‚ rogorc Cans‚ mixvda ruzveltis survils
da Tavisi sityvis pirveli nawili swored wynar okeaneSi
mimdinare saomar moqmedebebs dauTmo. man sinanuliT aRniSna‚
rom ssrk mokavSireebs am frontze jerjerobiT ver Seu-
erTdeboda da aRuTqva samxedro daxmareba germaniis damar-
cxebis Semdeg2. stalinis es dapireba CerCilis mier Sefa-
sebuli iqna‚ rogorc konferenciaze gakeTebuli yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gancxadeba,3 ruzveltma ki amis Semdeg sru-
li mxardaWera aRmouCina sabWoTa liders òverlordis~
mokavSireTa ZiriTad operaciad damtkicebaSi.
amis Semdeg stalinma mokled mimoixila mdgomareoba
aRmosavleTis frontze da gadavida mTavar sakiTxze _ me-
ore frontis gaxsnis adgilze. man ganacxada‚ rom kampania
italiaSi saWiro iyo mxolod xmelTaSua zRvaSi Tavisufa-
li curvisaTvis‚ radgan apeninebidan uSualod germaniaze
Setevas xels SeuSlida alpebi. amitom is saukeTeso vari-
antad sTavazobda mokavSireebs CrdiloeT an Crdiloťda-
savleT safrangeTs. stalinma Tqva‚ rom es Zneli operacia
iqneboda da germanelebi gaafTrebiT daicavdnen Tavs saf-
rangeTSi‚ magram mas mainc mocemuli proeqti miaCnda prob-
lemis saukeTeso gadawyvetad4. amasTan‚ stalinma miuTiTa
1
R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 748ť749 Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 431ť432.
2
Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 95.
3
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 346-347; J. Ehrman.
Grand Strategy, vol. , gv. 173.
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 9ť10; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 97.
130
kidev erT momentze‚ kerZod: man aRniSna‚ rom balkaneTidan
ufro axlos iyo germaniis guli da aq arc alpebi ketav-
da gzas da arc arxi‚ amitom kargi iqneboda‚ Tu TurqeTi
gzas gauxsnida mokavSireebs1. miuxedavad amisa‚ stalini
translamanSur strategias aniWebda upiratesobas‚ radga-
nac safrangeTs Tvlida germaniis yvelaze sust adgilad2.
da mainc‚ iyo Tu ara misi es pozicia mxolod samxed-
roťstrategiuli interesebiT ganpirobebuli? Cveni azriT‚
savaraudoa‚ rom stalinis moqmedebebs politikuri sarCu-
lic edo safuZvlad. faqtobrivad ukve dawyebuli iyo
brZola gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebisaTvis. stalini da-
interesebuli iyo centraluri evropis qveynebiT da‚ ra-
sakvirvelia‚ sulac ar surda‚ rom es saxelmwifoebi ing-
lisis an aSSťs gavlenis qveS aRmoCeniliyvnen. ase rom‚
araa gamoricxuli‚ stalini upiratesobas swored politi-
kur momentebs aniWebda.
stalinis gamosvlis Semdeg sityva aiRo CerCilma. man
isev is taqtika airCia‚ romelsac iyenebda ruzveltTan
bolo Sexvedrebis dros da pirdapir ar gailaSqra òver-
lordis~ winaaRmdeg. ufro metic‚ inglisis premierma Tavi-
si sityva daiwyo gancxadebiT‚ rom did britaneTsa da aSSťs
didi xania miRweuli hqondaT SeTanxmeba‚ germaniaze Seteva
mietanaT CrdiloeTi an CrdiloťdasavleTi safrangeTidan
1
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 10; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 97; stalinis es
sityvebi (`C Ȼɚɥɤaɧ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɞɰɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ,~ _ ix.: Ɍɟɝɟ
ɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 97) erTgvarad ucnaurad JRers‚ rad-
ganac isini absoluturad ar Seesabameboda im miznebs, ro-
melsac isaxavda sabWoTa lideri. yovelive es CvenSi erTgvar
eWvs badebs‚ xom ar iqna daSvebuli Secdoma sabWoTa steno-
gramis momzadebisas. daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva isic‚ rom
CerCils da ruzvelts absoluturad sapirispirod uTargm-
nes es fraza: `balkaneTidan Soria germaniis guli“ (Ìt was a
long way from the heart of ermany,~ _ W. S. Churchill. The Second World
War, vol. , gv. 299; `The Balkans were far from the heart of ermany~, _
R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 780).
2
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 10; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 97.
131
da ukve farTo mzadebac mimdinareobda amisaTvis. CerCilma
Tqva‚ rom operaciaSi monawileobas miiRebda 16 britanuli
da 19 amerikuli divizia1. mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo ing-
lisis premierma Zalian frTxilad gadasvla Tavis ideebze
da argumentad moitana is garemoeba‚ rom òverlordis~
dawyebamde kidev 6 Tve iyo‚ am xnis ganmavlobaSi ki mokav-
Sireebi umoqmedod ar unda yofiliyvnen. CerCils miaCnda‚
rom inglissa da aSSťs unda gamoeyenebinaT Tavisi Zalebi
xmelTaSua zRvaSi da amiT rac SeiZleboda daxmarebodnen
sabWoTa kavSirs. am mizniT maT unda daewyoT Seteva ita-
liaSi‚ aeRoT romi da gasuliyvnen pizaťriminis xazze. es‚
inglisis premieris azriT‚ xels Seuwyobda samxreT saf-
rangeTSi sadesanto operaciis ganxorcielebas2.
CerCili Semdeg gadavida TurqeTis sakiTxze. man ga-
nacxada‚ rom aucilebeli iyo TurqeTze zewola am qveynis
germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi Casabmelad. CerCilis TqmiT‚ es
saSualebas miscemda mokavSireebs‚ mcire ZalebiT aeRoT
dodekanesis kťbi. garda amisa‚ gaixsneboda samxreTis gza‚
rac saSualebas miscemda inglissa da aSSťs‚ regularulad
miewodebinaT daxmareba sabWoTa kavSirisadmi Savi zRvis
gavliT3. unda aRiniSnos‚ rom am ukanaskneli garemoebisadmi
stalins iotisodena dainteresebac ki ar gamouCenia. verc
TurqeTis omSi Cabmis perspeqtivas gamouwvevia sabWoTa
lideris aRfrTovaneba. man skeptikurad SeniSna‚ rom Tur-
qeTi omSi ar Caebmeboda‚ ra zewolac ar moexdinaT masze
mokavSireebs4. aman CerCilis gaoceba gamoiwvia. man ganacxa-
da‚ rom egona‚ sabWoTa mTavroba dainteresebuli iyo Tur-
qeTis omSi CabmiT5. stalini mixvda‚ rom erTgvarad Sors
Setopa da daeTanxma inglisis premiers TurqeTze zegavle-
1
2
3
5
132
nis moxdenis aucileblobaSi.
ratom moiqca stalini ase ucnaurad? SesaZloa‚ mas
ar undoda TurqeTis `xsna~ da ankaris `neitralitets~
Tavis droze iseve gamoiyenebda mis winaaRmdeg‚ rogorc es
gakeTda iaponiis mimarT‚ im gansxvavebiT‚ rom amjerad is
apirebda TurqeTs TviTon‚ mokavSireebis gareSe gamklave-
boda. araa gamosaricxi, rom CerCilma es varianti gaTvala
da momavalSi bosforsa da dardanelze sabWoTa kavSiris
SesaZlo diqtatis damyarebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT im-
TaviTve gadawyvita TurqeTis CarTva antihitlerul koa-
liciaSi. garda amisa‚ TurqeTi Seasrulebda sabWoTa jare-
bis erTgvari Semakaveblis rols balkaneTSi. yovel SemTx-
vevaSi‚ stalinma Tavi aarida amjerad misTvis arasasurvel
polemikas am sakiTxze da mxolod ikiTxa‚ Tu risi gakeTe-
ba iyo ganzraxuli TurqeTis omSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi1. Cer-
Cilmac upasuxa‚ rom TurqeTis dasaxmareblad gamoyofili
iqneboda 20 aviaeskadrilia‚ romlebic ganlagebuli iyo
egvipteSi da‚ agreTve‚ dodekanesis kťbis asaRebad 3ť4 divi-
zia italiuri frontidan. amitom es‚ misi TqmiT, xels ar
SeuSlida òverlordis~ momzadebas2.
stalini ar gamosula italiaSi operaciebis princi-
pulad winaaRmdeg‚ magram SesTavaza CerCilsa da ruz-
velts‚ uari eTqvaT romis aRebaze da òverlordis~ daw-
yebamde 2ť3 TviT adre ganexorcielebinaT sadesanto opera-
cia samxreT safrangeTSi3. CerCils ar moewona italiaSi
sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyveta. man ganacxada‚ rom romi-
saTvis brZola ukve midioda da sadRac ianvarSi qalaqis
aRebiT dasruldeboda,4 xolo pizaťriminis xazze gasvlis
aucilebloba axsna germaniaze sahaero Setevebis ganxorci-
1
2
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 15‚ 49; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 101‚ 153.
3
CerCilis prognozebis sawinaaRmdegod‚ mokavSireebma romi
mxolod 1944 wlis 4 ivniss aiRes.
133
elebis saWiroebiT1. ruzveltma mxari auba stalins da
Tqva‚ rom operaciebis Catareba xmelTaSua zRvaSi auci-
leblad gamoiwvevda laťmanSis forsirebis vadis gadawevas‚
xolo mas ki òverlordis~ gadadeba ar surda2. CerCilma
axla ukve gailaSqra safrangeTSi SeWris zusti TariRis
dadgenis winaaRmdeg. man ganacxada‚ rom ar SeeZlo gaewira
operaciebi xmelTaSua zRvaSi mxolod vadis _ 1 maisis
dacvis gamo da SesTavaza stalinsa da ruzvelts‚ gadae-
caT es sakiTxi gansaxilvelad samxedro specialistebisaT-
vis. isinic daeTanxmnen premieris winadadebas3. SeTanxmdnen
agreTve TurqeTis sakiTxze. gadawyda‚ rom ganexilaT is
rogorc samxedro warmomadgenlebis TaTbirze‚ ise mTavro-
baTa meTaurebis Semdeg sxdomaze4. amis Semdeg pirveli
sxdoma daxurulad gamocxadda.
samxedro warmomadgenelTa TaTbirze‚ romelic gai-
marTa 29 noembers diliT‚ britaneTis imperiuli Stabis
ufrosma generalma a. brukma yvela saSualeba ixmara‚ rom
ZiriTadi yuradReba xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Casatarebel
samxedro operaciebze gadaetana. man Zalian mimzidvelad
daxata perspeqtivebi‚ romlebic Seiqmneboda TurqeTis om-
Si Cabmis Sedegad da ganaviTara is ideebi‚ romlebSic Cer-
Cilma mokled Camoayaliba mTavrobaTa meTaurebis sxdomaze.
kerZod‚ brukis mtkicebiT‚ TurqeTis omSi Cabmas mohyvebo-
da dardanelisa da Savi zRvis gaxsna‚ radganac maSin do-
dekanesis kťbis aReba did siZneles ar warmoadgenda. am
operaciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis is apirebda xmelTaSua
zRvaSi myofi sadesanto karWapebis gamoyenebas5. marTalia‚
es gamoiwvevda òverlordis~ gadadebas im vadiT‚ romelic
saWiro iqneboda am gemebis xmelTaSua zRvaSi gamosayeneb-
1
2
3
5
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 18ť19; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 104ť105.
13
lad‚ magram es bruks sulac ar aRelvebda. piriqiT‚ yove-
live es‚ misi azriT‚ gamoiwvevda germaniis Zalebis dafan-
tvas‚ rac xels Seuwyobda òverlordis~ warmatebiT Ca-
tarebas. garda amisa‚ brukma moiTxova apeninis nťkťze Sete-
vis dawyeba‚ radganac‚ misi TqmiT‚ mocemul poziciebze
Tavdacvaze gadasvla aiZulebda mokavSireebs aq didi Zale-
bi hyolodaT, rac SezRudavda samxreT safrangeTSi gada-
sasxmeli nawilebis raodenobas. am ukanaskneli operaciis
Catareba brukma aucileblad CaTvala‚ Tumca aRniSna‚ rom
stalinis winadadeba misi òverlordamde~ 2ť3 TviT adre
dawyebis Sesaxeb mcdari iyo. man Tqva‚ rom orive operacia
erTmaneTTan maqsimalurad axlo droSi unda ganxorciele-
buliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi samxreT safrangeTSi gadas-
xmul desants marcxi eloda1.
a. brukis Semdeg sityva aiRo aSSťs armiis Stabis
ufrosma generalma j. marSalma‚ romelmac ganacxada‚ rom
amerikelebs mokavSireTa ZiriTad operaciad miaCndaT òver-
lordi~ da rom erTaderTi damabrkolebeli mizezi misi
droze ganxorcielebisaTvis SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod
sadesanto saSualebebis arasakmarisi raodenoba. rac Seexe-
boda operacia ènvils~‚ aq is daeTanxma bruks da Tqva‚
rom saukeTeso efeqts moitanda desantis gadasxma samxreT
safrangeTSi òverlordis~ dawyebamde 2ť3 kviriT adre2.
sabWoTa warmomadgeneli marSali k. voroSilovi Se-
darebiT kmayofili darCa j. marSalis moxsenebiT‚ bruks
ki dausva kiTxva‚ Tvlida Tu ara is òverlords~ mokav-
SireTa mTavar operaciad da xom ar miaCnda‚ rom saWiro
iyo misi Secvla romelime sxva operaciiT3. britaneTis im-
periuli Stabebis ufrosma pirdapiri pasuxi ar gasca am
kiTxvas. brukma aRniSna‚ rom ingliselebi òverlords~
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda‚ magram‚ misi azriT‚ zogierT
1
2
3
135
SemTxvevaSi operaciebi rogorc CrdiloeT‚ ise samxreT
safrangeTSi ganwiruli iqneboda warumateblobisaTvis. mar-
Talia‚ brukma aRiara‚ rom operaciebs xmelTaSua zRvaSi
meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba hqonda‚ magram maTi Catareba
mainc mizanSewonilad miaCnda Tundac ZiriTadi operaciisa-
Tvis daxmarebis mizniT1.
unda aRvniSnoT‚ rom brukis mtkiceba‚ TiTqos yvela
es operacia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli CrdiloeT saf-
rangeTSi SeWris warmatebiT ganxorcielebasTan‚ ramdenadme
saeWvod gveCveneba. òverlords~ egeosis zRvis kťbis dapy-
roba xelis SeSlis mets arafers moutanda2. es TviTon
bruksac kargad esmoda‚ magram balkanuri strategiis gasa-
tanad yvelanair xerxs xmarobda. rac Seexeba apeninebis
centralur nawilSi Setevis dawyebas, aq ingliselebi mar-
Talni iyvnen. romis aRebisa da pizaťriminis xazze drou-
lad gasvlis Semdeg mokavSireTa mdgomareoba italiaSi ga-
cilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda. garda amisa‚ es marTlac ufro
gaaiolebda samxreT safrangeTSi desantis gadasxmas. sxva
saqmea‚ Tu ra miznebisTvis surda amis gamoyeneba CerCils
da rogor axda misi da italiur frontze mokavSireTa
mTavarsardlis generali h. aleqsanderis prognozebi. rac
Seexeba TaTbirs‚ misma monawileebma gadawyvites‚ meore
dRes ganegrZoT samxedro sakiTxebis ganxilva‚ magram meti
sxdoma maT ar gaumarTavT. stalinma‚ ruzveltma da Cer-
Cilma samxedro warmomadgenlebis kidev erTi TaTbiris
mowyoba mizanSewonilad ar CaTvales da Tavis Tavze aiRes
gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
29 noembers dRis meore naxevarSi Sedga mTavrobis
meTaurTa meore sxdoma. Tavdapirvelad maT moismines sam-
xedro warmomadgenlebis angariSi Catarebuli TaTbiris
Sesaxeb‚ Semdeg ki isev daiwyo laťmanSis forsirebis sakiT-
xis ganxilva. stalinma ikiTxa‚ Tu vis niSnavdnen òver-
1
2
136
lordis~ sardlad. ruzveltma upasuxa‚ rom es sakiTxi
gadaWrili ar iyo,1 ramac sabWoTa lideris gaoceba gamoiw-
via2. stalini arc iman daamSvida‚ rom daniSnuli iyo ope-
raciis momzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli piri _ generali
morgani. man gamoTqva SiSi‚ rom general morgans ki SeiZle-
boda CaeTvala operacia momzadebulad‚ magram Semdeg axal
sardals ar gaeziarebina es azri. man moiTxova‚ rom ing-
liselebsa da amerikelebs rac SeiZleboda male daeniSnaT
mTavarsardali‚ romelsac daekisreboda òverlordis~ ro-
gorc momzadeba‚ ise ganxorcieleba3. CerCilic dahpirda sta-
lins‚ rom is da prezidenti ori kviris ganmavlobaSi da-
niSnavdnen am postze amerikel generals.4
1
unda aRiniSnos‚ rom diskusia am sakiTxis garSemo didi xnis
dawyebuli iyo. Tavdapirvelad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo am Ta-
namdebobaze ingliseli samxedro piris daniSvna da CerCi-
lic dahpirda alan bruks mokavSireTa mTavarsardlis posts
(W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 73). magram kvebekis
konferenciaze gairkva‚ rom evropaSi mokavSireTa Zalebis
udidesi nawili amerikuli iqneboda da britaneTis premieric
daTanxmda‚ rom òverlordis“ sardali amerikeli yofiliyo
(W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 73). mas arc eeWve-
boda‚ rom am posts daikavebda j. marSali. ruzveltis Tav-
dapirveli gadawyvetilebac swored aseTi iyo‚ magram is wa-
awyda wamyvani amerikeli samxedroebis winaaRmdegobas. u. le-
gi‚ e. kingi da h. arnoldi Tvlidnen‚ rom j. marSals ubra-
lod veravin Secvlida aSSťs armiis Stabisa da mokavSireTa
gaerTianebuli Stabis ufrosis postebze (R. Sherwood. oosevelt
and Hopkins, gv. 759; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 446ť447).
isini imazec ki Tanaxmani iyvnen‚ rom òverlordis“ sardali
yofiliyo ingliseli‚ oRond im pirobiT‚ Tu am Tanamdeboba-
ze dainiSneboda feldmarSali jon dili (R. Sherwood. oosevelt
and Hopkins, gv. 767; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 457). yo-
velive aman gadaafiqrebina ruzvelts saboloo gadawyveti-
lebis miReba da manac mxolod Teiranis konferenciis Sem-
deg CaTvala saWirod òverlordis“ sardlis daniSvna. es
posti ergo duait eizenhauers.
2
3
137
òverlordis~ mTavarsardlis daniSvnis garSemo ga-
marTuli diskusiis dasrulebis Semdeg CerCilma daiwyo
saubari‚ Tu rogor SeiZleboda xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gan-
lagebuli mokavSireTa jarebis gamoyeneba _ man aRniSna‚
rom‚ rasakvirvelia‚ Zalian didi mniSvneloba eqneboda sam-
xreT safrangeTSi òverlordis~ mxardamWeri SemovliTi
operaciis ganxorcielebas. CerCils mxolod vadis ambavi
afiqrebda‚ radganac Tu ènvili~ laťmanSis forsirebamde
daiwyeboda‚ is ganwiruli iqneboda marcxisaTvis. amitom
es operaciebi erTdroulad an TiTqmis erTdroulad unda
Catarebuliyo1. CerCilma, xelze daixvia ra is faqti‚ rom
xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi ganlagebuli jarebis umoqme-
dod yofna sasurveli ar iyo‚ SesTavaza stalins da ruz-
velts daetovebinaT xmelTaSua zRvaSi ori diviziis gada-
sayvanad sakmarisi sadesanto saSualebebi da Tu saWiro
Zalebi gamoTavisufldeboda‚ gamoeyenebinaT isini an apeni-
nis nťkťis gayolebiT desantis gansaxorcieleblad da ger-
manelebis Zalebis gasanadgureblad‚ an‚ TurqeTis omSi Cab-
mis SemTxvevaSi‚ rodosis asaRebad. CerCilma miuTiTa ag-
reTve‚ rom mogvianebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda am Zalebis
(rasakvirvelia‚ danaklisis gamoklebiT) gamoiyeneba ènvi-
lis~ Casatareblad2. inglisis premierťministris mier wa-
moyenebul winadadebebs hqonda erTi nakli‚ romlis aRia-
rebac mas mouxda: yvela zemoCamoTvlili operacia gamoiw-
vevda òverlordis~ ganxorcielebis gadavadebas.
amis Semdeg CerCili Seexo balkaneTis sakiTxs. man
sagangebod aRniSna‚ rom aq mxolod umniSvnelo Zalebis
gamoyofas iTxovda,3 Tumca is‚ rac Semdeg moaxsena ruz-
velts da stalins‚ winaaRmdegobaSi modioda misive adrin-
del gancxadebasTan. CerCilma Tqva‚ rom balkaneTSi ganla-
gebuli iyo mowinaaRmdegis 42 divizia‚ aqedan 21 germanu-
1
2
3
138
li da 12 bulgaruli. premiers imedi hqonda‚ rom Turqe-
Ti Caebmeboda omSi da amis sapasuxod bulgareTi Tavis
jarebs gadaisroda TrakiaSi, rasac mohyveboda germanele-
bis mdgomareobis gauareseba balkaneTSi. amiT mokavSireebs
miecemodaT saSualeba mcire ZalebiT SeeboWaT mowinaaRm-
dege da gaenadgurebinaT is1. swored es aris bundovani da
gaugebari premieris sityvaSi. sainteresoa‚ rogor apirebda
is 2ť3 diviziis ZalebiT SeeboWa da moespo 21 divizia?!
aSkaraa‚ rom CerCili ubralod cdilobda‚ mieRo balkaneT-
Si saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis nebarTva‚ magram amis miR-
weva SeuZlebeli iqneboda‚ Tu TurqeTi ar Caebmeboda omSi.
swored amitom moiTxovda CerCili‚ moexdinaT zewola
TurqeTze‚ rom mas Sobamde gamoecxadebina omi germaniisa-
Tvis. es‚ misi TqmiT‚ gaaneitralebda bulgareTs‚ xels Se-
uwyobda rumineTisa da ungreTis kapitulacias da‚ garda
amisa‚ uzrunvelyofda overlordis warmatebas2.
da mainc‚ Cveni azriT‚ mTeli am gegmis ukan idga mxo-
lod erTi ram: CerCilis swrafva daemyarebina Tavisi kon-
troli balkaneTze. amas adasturebs inglisis sagareo saq-
meTa saministros mier Sedgenili dokumenti‚ romlis Ta-
naxmadac TurqeTis omSi Cabma iyo saukeTeso saSualeba‚ Tu
erTaderTi ara‚ Tavidan aecilebinaT am regionis sabWoTa
gavlenis sferoSi moxvedra. am sabuTis SemdgenelTa az-
riT‚ Tu TurqeTi ganagrZobda neitralitetis politikas‚
maSin britanelebi ver moaxerxebdnen balkaneTSi SeRwevas‚
sanam iqidan ar wavidodnen germanelebi‚ an iq ar damkvidr-
debodnen rusebi3.
CerCilis es winadadebebi stalinisaTvis‚ rasakvirve-
lia, miuRebeli iyo. man faqtobrivad upasuxod datova
isini. marTalia‚ stalins uari ar uTqvams ori diviziis
gamoyofaze‚ oRond ara imdenad TurqeTis‚ ramdenadac iu-
1 ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 35; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 126.

2 ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 36ť37; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 127.
3 Ll. Woodward. ritish oreign Policy.., vol. I , ., 1975, gv. 147.
139
goslaveli partizanebis dasaxmareblad. samagierod‚ man xa-
zi gausva‚ rom ZiriTad da gadamwyvet samxedro sakiTxs
warmoadgenda òverlordis~ ganxilva1. sabWoTa liderma
SesTavaza CerCils da ruzvelts‚ miecaT samxedro komisii-
saTvis sami direqtiva. pirvelSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda
yofiliyo‚ rom òverlordis~ vada ar gadadebuliyo da
is 1944w. maisSi ganxorcielebuliyo. meore direqtivaSi
stalinma moiTxova‚ rom CaeweraT misi survili òver-
lordisaTvis~ mxardaWeris mizniT samxreT safrangeTSi
desantis gadasxmis Sesaxeb. aq sabWoTa liderma yuradReba
gaamaxvila imaze‚ rom Tuki òverlordamde~ 2ť3 TviT ad-
re ènvilis~ ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda‚ maSin
daewyoT igi laťmanSis forsirebasTan erTad an ufro gvi-
an. amave dros‚ is kvlav Tvlida‚ rom romis aReba macTu-
nebeli operacia iyo da masze uaris Tqma sjobda. mesame
direqtiviT ki stalini iTxovda samxedro komisiisagan
òverlordis~ mTavarsardlis daniSvnis daCqarebas2.
ruzveltma‚ miiCnia ra CerCilisa da stalinis winada-
debebi uaRresad sainteresod‚ Tavis mxriv‚ gamoTqva mosaz-
reba‚ Stabebs òverlordisaTvis~ zianis miuyeneblad Se-
emuSavebinaT balkaneTSi germaniis diviziebis SeboWvis geg-
mebi3. stalini daeTanxma am azrs‚ oRond sasurvelad CaT-
vala laťmanSis forsirebis ganxorcieleba 10ť20 maisis
farglebSi,4 magram amis winaaRmdeg gamovida britaneTis
premieri‚ romelmac ganacxada‚ rom aseT valdebulebas ver
ikisrebda5. orive mxarem daiwyo argumentebis moyvana Tavi-
si poziciebis gasamagreblad. stalinma aRniSna‚ rom òver-
lordisaTvis~ yvelaze Sesaferisi Tveebi iyo aprili da
maisi‚ xolo agvistoSi araxelsayreli amindis gamo arafe-
1
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 37; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 127ť128.
2
3
5
1 0
ri gamovidoda1. CerCili ki moiTxovda xmelTaSua zRvaSi
arsebuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas‚ miuxedavad imisa‚
rom es laťmanSis forsirebas 2ť3 TviT gadadebda. pasuxad
stalinma xmelTaSua zRvaSi dagegmil operaciebs diversi-
ebi uwoda.2 maSin CerCilma ganacxada‚ rom britanuli ar-
miebi umoqmedod ar unda darCeniliyvnen‚ radganac es arc
sabWoTa kavSirs daexmareboda da italiaSic mTel kampani-
as gaafuWebda. garda amisa‚ apeninis nťkťze pasiuroba‚ misi
azriT‚ gamoiwvevda imas‚ rom germanelebi kvlav gadaiyvand-
nen Tavis diviziebs safrangeTSi‚ rac òverlordisaTvis~
saziano iqneboda. amitom is momxre iyo italiaSi aqtiuri
saomari moqmedebebis warmoebisa.3
CerCili amis Semdeg isev miubrunda TurqeTis omSi
Cabmis sakiTxs. misi TqmiT‚ TurqeTis uari didad saziano
iqneboda‚ radganac germania SeinarCunebda gabatonebul
mdgomareobas balkaneTSi. is acxadebda‚ rom aseT SemTxve-
vaSi ar moiTxovda jarebis gamoyofas rodosisa da egeo-
sis zRvis sxva kunZulebis asaRebad. TurqeTis omSi Cabma
ki‚ misi mtkicebiT‚ Zalian did pliusebs moutanda mokav-
Sireebs‚ radgan maT xelSi aRmoCndeboda Turquli aviaba-
zebi anatoliaSi‚ rodosis dasakaveblad ki maSin erTi mo-
ieriSe diviziac iqneboda sakmarisi‚ dardanelis srutec
gaixsneboda da germaniis batonobasac am regionSi bolo
moeReboda. garda amisa‚ es gamoaTavisuflebda egvipteSi
ganlagebul nawilebsac4.
yvelaferi es albaT stalinisTvisac misaRebi iqnebo-
da‚ rom ara erTi garemoeba‚ romlis aRiareba TviT Cer-
Cilsac mouxda: aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneboda sadesanto
1
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 39; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 129. sainteresoa‚
ratom ar aqcevda yuradRebas am garemoebas stalini 1941ť1943
wlebis Semodgomaze‚ rodesac moiTxovda meore frontis sas-
wrafod gaxsnas?!
2
3
1 1
saSualebebis datoveba xmelTaSua zRvaSi‚ rac eWvs qveS
daayenebda rogorc òverlordis~‚ ise ènvilis~ warmate-
biT ganxorcielebas1. yovel SemTxvevaSi‚ rogorc Cans‚ Cer-
Cils imedi hqonda‚ rom TurqeTis omSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi
is moaxerxebda ruzveltisagan Tanxmobis miRebas balkaneT-
Si sakmaod mniSvnelovani Zalebis gadasrolaze. SesaZloa‚
britaneTis premiers amiT òverlordis~ gadadebisaTvis
ver mieRwia‚ magram samxreT safrangeTSi dagegmili opera-
ciis Catareba namdvilad saeWvo gaxdeboda. bolos CerCili
daTanxmda samxedro komisiisaTvis direqtivebis micemaze,2
oRond axla ukve stalini ar iyo darwmunebuli amis saWi-
roebaSi. man ganacxada‚ rom araviTari samxedro komisia ar
iyo saWiro da mTavrobaTa meTaurebs TviTon SeeZloT yve-
la gadawyvetilebis miReba òverlordTan~ dakavSirebiT:
ganesazRvraT laťmanSis forsirebis vada‚ operaciis mTa-
varsardlis vinaoba da‚ agreTve‚ ènvilis~ saWiroebis sa-
kiTxi3. rogorc Cans‚ stalins SeeSinda‚ rom samxedro ko-
misiaSi am problemis ganxilva gaWianurdeboda da konfe-
renciaze saboloo gadawyvetileba ar iqneboda miRebuli.
ruzvelti ki principSi ar iyo winaaRmdegi‚ gaecaT es sa-
kiTxebi samxedroebisaTvis‚ romelTac‚ misi azriT‚ safuZv-
lad unda mieRoT òverlordi~ da warmoedginaT TavianTi
winadadebebi xmelTaSua zRvis raionSi damxmare operaciebis
Sesaxeb‚ Tumca aqve gamoTqvamda erTgvar SiSs‚ rom am ope-
raciebs SeeZloT laťmanSis forsirebisaTvis xelis SeSla4.
CerCilis winaaRmdegobiT gaRizianebulma stalinma mo-
iTxova òverlordis~ ganxorcielebis zusti vada5. ruz-
veltma aRniSna‚ rom TariRi gansazRvruli iyo kvebekSi da
mxolod viTarebis uaRresad seriozul cvlilebas SeeZlo
1
2
3
5
1 2
misi Secvla1. CerCilma ki ramdenadme orWofuli pozicia
daikava da winadadeba Semoitana‚ samxedro komisias am sa-
kiTxze specialuri mokvleva moewyo2. ruzveltic daeTanx-
ma mas‚ magram stalinma kategoriulad gailaSqra am wina-
dadebis winaaRmdeg. man aRniSna‚ rom samxedro komisiaze
meti uflebebi mTavrobaTa meTaurebs hqondaT‚ amitom maT
TviTon unda gadaeWraT es sakiTxebi3. ufro metic‚ sta-
linma pirdapir hkiTxa CerCils‚ sjeroda Tu ara mas
òverlordisa~‚ Tu mxolod sabWoTa mxaris dasamSvideb-
lad laparakobda am Temaze4. premierma arc am kiTxvas gasca
pirdapiri pasuxi. man ganacxada‚ rom ingliselebi valde-
bulni iqnebodnen gadaesrolaT mTeli Tavisi Zalebi germa-
nelebis winaaRmdeg‚ rogorc ki daiwyeboda òverlordi~‚
magram aqve aRniSna‚ rom sakuTriv operaciis Catareba da-
mokidebuli iyo pirobebze‚ romlebic Camoyalibebul iqna
moskovis konferenciaze5.
ruzveltma‚ igrZno ra‚ rom CerCilis aseT pasuxs
SesaZlebeli iyo‚ mohyoloda situaciis daZabva‚ winadadeba
Semoitana‚ sxdoma meore dRisaTvis gadaedoT‚ rasac danar-
Cenebic daeTanxmnen. gadawyda agreTve‚ rom samxedro komi-
siis Seqmna ar iyo saWiro6. samagierod‚ mTavrobaTa meTau-
rebi SeTanxmdnen‚ rom meore dRes Semdgariyo molotovis‚
idenisa da hopkinsis TaTbiri. aseve miiRes CerCilis wina-
dadeba‚ rom mas da ruzvelts SeeTanxmebinaT TavianTi
Tvalsazrisebi da saerTo pozicia SeemuSavebinaT Semdegi
sxdomisaTvis. es‚ stalinis azriT‚ mniSvnelovnad Seuwyob-
da xels konferenciis muSaobis daCqarebas7. amiT mTavroba-
1
2
3
5
6
7
1 3
Ta meTaurebis meore sxdoma dasrulda da‚ rogorc Semd-
gomSi gairkva‚ es faqtobrivad aRmoCnda CerCilis bolo
gabrZoleba òverlordis~ winaaRmdeg.
30 noembers dilis Sedga Stabebis ufrosTa gaerTia-
nebuli komitetis sxdoma. misma monawileebma urCies prezi-
dentsa da premiers‚ ecnobebinaT stalinisaTvis‚ rom òver-
lordis~ dawyeba moxdeboda 1944w. maisis ganmavlobaSi da
amis paralelurad ganxorcieldeboda operacia samxreT
safrangeTSi‚ romlis masStabi damokidebuli iqneboda im
droisaTvis mokavSireTa xelT arsebul sadesanto gemebis
raodenobaze1. ruzveltma da CerCilma miiRes rekomendacia.
es gadawyvetileba jer prezidentma gaacno stalins sauz-
mis dros‚ xolo saRamos‚ mTavrobaTa meTaurebis mesame
sxdomaze a. brukma ganavrco igi Tavis gamosvlaSi2. sta-
lini‚ rasakvirvelia‚ kmayofili darCa miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebiT da‚ Tavis mxriv‚ dahpirda mokavSireebs‚ rom ma-
isisaTvis sabWoTa jarebi ramdenime adgilas did Setevas
wamoiwyebdnen germanelTa winaaRmdeg‚ raTa maTi diviziebi
mijaWvuli yofiliyo aRmosavleTis frontze da òverlor-
disaTvis~ raime siZneleebis Seqmnis saSualeba ar miscemo-
daT3. sabWoTa meTauris am gancxadebiT Tavisi kmayofileba
gamoTqva ruzveltma. garda amisa‚ man aRniSna‚ rom 3ť4 dRe-
Si‚ kairoSi dabrunebisTanave‚ daniSnavda òverlordis~ mTa-
varsardals4.
amiT praqtikulad dasrulda konferenciaze am prob-
lemis ganxilva. bolo or sxdomaze saubari iyo isev Tur-
qeTis omSi Cabmis Sesaxeb‚ poloneTis sakiTxze da germani-
is omisSemdgom mowyobaze. TurqeTis problemis ganxilvisas
stalini erTgvar daTmobaze wavida. miaRwia ra sawadels
safrangeTSi SeWrasTan dakavSirebiT‚ is win ar aRudga
1
Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 140‚ 150.
2
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 46; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 140‚ 150.
3
ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 47; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 150ť151.
1
prezident ismeT inenius kairoSi miwvevas‚ Tumca arc gan-
sakuTrebuli aRfrTovaneba gamouTqvams amis gamo.1 sta-
lins kargad esmoda‚ rom mokavSireTa ZiriTad operaciebad
òverlordisa~ da ènvilis~ damtkicebis Semdeg inglise-
lebi ukve ver gamoyofdnen mniSvnelovan Zalebs balkaneTSi
Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad‚ xolo sakuTriv Tur-
qeTis armia‚ romelsac ar hqonda aviacia‚ tankebi da tank-
sawinaaRmdego artileria‚ am regionSi sabWoTa kavSiris
gavlenis damyarebas xels ver SeuSlida. garda amisa‚ man
icoda‚ rom TurqeTs‚ romelsac kargi urTierToba hqonda
germaniasTan‚ sulac ar surda omSi Cabma. stalinis
prognozi am mxriv gamarTlda. TurqeTis mTavrobam marT-
lac ganacxada uari germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebaze. da-
narCen or sakiTxze ki konferenciis monawileebs gadawyve-
tileba ar miuRiaT2.
konferenciis bolo dRes Sedga ruzveltisa da sta-
linis Sexvedra pirispir. aRniSnuli saubari albaT arc
miiqcevda Cvens yuradRebas‚ rameTu masze ganxilul iqna
mxolod msoflios omisSemdgomi mowyobisa da germaniis
daqucmacebis sakiTxebi‚ rom ara erTi garemoeba: aSSťs pre-
zidentma ratomRac ganucxada sabWoTa liders‚ rom is
dainteresebuli iyo poloneTis sakiTxiT imdenad‚ ramde-
nadac ar surda daekarga polonuri warmoSobis 6ť7 mili-
oni amomrCevlis xmebi. amitom is jerjerobiT ver SeZleb-
da aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis miRe-
bas3. garda amisa‚ man faqtobrivad aRiara baltiispireTis
respublikebi sabWoTa kavSiris nawilad. ruzveltma mxo-
1
2
aRsaniSnavia‚ rom Teiranis konferenciaze mokavSireTa mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi‚ maT Soris òverlordis“ ganxor-
cielebis vadebic‚ xelSi CauvardaT germanelebs (dawvrile-
biT amis Sesaxeb ix.: Ʌ. Ɇɨɣɡɢɲ. ɗ. Ȼɚɡɧɚ. ɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧ . ə
ɛɵɥ ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧɨɦ, Ɇ., 1965.)‚ Tumca‚ rogorc Cans‚ maT yovelive es
ingliselTa dezinformaciad CaTvales.
3
Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 168.
10. È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ 1 5
lod plebiscitis Catareba sTxova stalins da isic imisa-
Tvis‚ raTa daerwmunebina aSSťs sazogadoebrioba‚ rom aR-
niSnuli saxelmwifoebi Tavisi nebiT Sevidnen ssrkťs Se-
madgenlobaSi1. amiT ruzveltma faqtobrivad agrZnobina
stalins‚ rom poloneTis da baltiispireTis qveynebis
omisSemdgomi bedi mas sruliadac ar anaRvlebda‚ rac‚ ra-
sakvirvelia‚ uxeSi politikuri Secdoma iyo aSSťs prezi-
dentis mxridan.
1943 wlis 1 dekembers Teiranis konferenciam muSao-
ba daasrula. samive liderma kmayofileba gamoTqva misi Se-
degebiT. ruzvelti konferencias uaRresad warmatebulad
Tvlida da istoriul movlenad miiCnevda mas2. stalini
kmayofili darCa TeiranSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT da
ganacxada‚ rom didi sameulis liderTa am Sexvedram ganam-
tkica antihitleruli koalicia3. CerCilmac kmayofileba
gamoTqva konferenciis SedegebiT‚ gansakuTrebiT samxedro
sferoSi,4 Tumca politikur aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT is
garkveul eWvebs gamoTqvamda. misi azriT‚ bevri ram iqnebo-
da damokidebuli jer kidev mosagebi didi brZolebis Se-
degebze da yoveli mokavSiris gunebaťganwyobilebaze mopo-
vebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg5. mkvlevarTa umravlesobac ma-
Ral Sefasebas aZlevs Teiranis konferenciis muSaobas da
xazs usvams im garemoebas‚ rom is dasrulda guliTad at-
mosferoSi‚ Tumca misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azrebi
1
Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 168ť169.
2
3
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.., ɬ. II, gv. 47.
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 346. Cveni azriT‚
britaneTis premieri arcTu gulwrfeli iyo am SemTxvevaSi.
amis dasturad Cven SegviZlia moviyvanoT CerCilis erTi ga-
monaTqvami Teiranis konferenciis Sesaxeb: `me erT mxares mej-
da didi rusi daTvi gaSlili TaTebiT da meore mxares didi
amerikeli bizoni‚ xolo SuaSi ki iyo sawyali ingliseli
viri, erTaderTi..‚ romelmac icoda swori gza Sinisaken“ (The
Diaries o Sir Ale ander Cado an, gv. 582).
5
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. , gv. 346ť347.
1 6
aris gamoTqmuli. magaliTad: aSSťs istoriografiaSi praq-
tikulad gabatonebuli iyo Sexeduleba‚ rom Teiranis kon-
ferencia iyo piradad ruzveltis da saerTod amerikuli
delegaciis triumfi,1 Tumca aSSťs prezidentis Tarjimani
TeiranSi C. boleni aSkarad ukmayofilo iyo Tavisi qveynis
meTauris moqmedebiT. misi TqmiT‚ ruzvelti ver Cawvda
sabWoTa mxaris WeSmarit miznebs da Secdoma dauSva‚ ro-
desac mxari ar dauWira CerCils2. am bolo dros ki sul
ufro xSirad gaismis ruzveltis kritika‚ rom man Teiran-
Si faqtobrivad yvelaferi dauTmo stalins3.
britaneli istorikosebi aseve gamoTqvamen eWvs‚ rom
zedmeti fasi iqna gadaxdili im guliTad atmosferoSi‚
romelic Seiqmna konferenciis bolo dReebSi. kerZod‚ l.
vuduordi acxadebs‚ rom aSSťs prezidenti ufro usmenda
Tavis samxedro mrCevlebs da ugulebelyofda politikur
mrCevlebs‚ romlebic isedac xSirad ver idgnen Tavis do-
neze da ver sazRvravdnen‚ Tu ra politikuri Sedegebi
mohyveboda amerikeli samxedroebis mier miRebul gadawyve-
tilebebs4. Tavis mxriv‚ sabWouri istoriografia savsebiT
samarTlianad Tvlida‚ rom konferencia dasrulda sabWoTa
diplomatiis gamarjvebiT,5 Tumca sabWoTa mkvlevarebi
ifarglebodnen mxolod meore frontis safrangeTSi gaxs-
nis sakiTxiT da savsebiT ugulebelyofdnen stalinis da-
interesebas centraluri evropis qveynebiT.
da mainc‚ rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes Teiranis konfe-
renciis Sedegebi? pirvel rigSi‚ unda aRiniSnos‚ rom masze
1
R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 799; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-
ɤɢɧɫ, ɤɧ. 2, gv. 494; Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 431.
2
Ch. E. Bohlen. Witness to History. 1929-1969, New ork, gv. 138‚ 146.
3
Fr. Marks . Wind ver Sand, gv. 169ť173; J. Flynn. The oosevel Myth,
New ork, 1956, book 3, Ch. 9.
Ll. Woodward. ritish oreign Policy.., vol II, gv. 603.
5
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, gv. 319ť320; ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 246ť247; ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩ-
ɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 233 da sxv.
1 7
sabolood gairkva mokavSireTa Semdgomi moqmedebis stra-
tegia. diplomatiuri brZola‚ romelic faqtobrivad jer
kidev 1941 wels daiwyo‚ dasrulda da dasrulda is la-
manSis forsirebis momxreTa sruli gamarjvebiT. gadamwy-
vet momentSi CerCilma ver SeZlo ruzveltis momxroba.
arada‚ swored aSSťs prezidentis pozicias hqonda am dip-
lomatiuri brZolis msvlelobisas gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-
ba. ruzveltis mxardaWeram stalinisadmi ganapiroba kidec
konferenciaze safrangeTSi SeWris Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miReba. òverlordis~ damtkicebas mokavSireTa ZiriTad
operaciad evropaSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda. gene-
rali j. marSalis gancxadebiT‚ es iyo saukeTeso gegma
germaniis umokles droSi dasamarcxeblad,1 magram aq ara
marto samxedro aspeqtebi iyo gasaTvaliswinebeli. stali-
nisaTvis es didi diplomatiuri gamarjveba iyo‚ radganac
axla ukve veraviTari Zala ver SeuSlida mas xels cent-
raluri evropis qveynebis dakavebasa da iq misTvis sasur-
veli reJimis damyarebaSi. CerCili grZnobda‚ Tu ra mohyve-
boda rumineTis‚ bulgareTis‚ ungreTisa da iugoslaviis
sabWoTa jarebis mier ganTavisuflebas‚ magram ruzvelts
es imdenad ar awuxebda. erTi mxriv‚ aSSťs prezidents ar
surda am qveynebis omisSemdgomi politikuri orientaciis
gamo stalinTan urTierTobebis gafuWeba‚ miT umetes‚ ro-
ca is dainteresebuli iyo iaponiasTan omSi ssr kavSiris
CabmiT‚ xolo‚ meore mxriv‚ mas eSinoda‚ rom sabWoTa ja-
rebi dasavleTel mokavSireebze adre aiRebdnen germaniis
samrewvelo centrebs _ rurisa da saaris olqebs‚ romel-
Ta dakavebac amerikelTa strategiul miznebSi Sedioda‚ ma-
Sin rodesac balkaneTis regioni britanuli politikis in-
teresebis sferos warmoadgenda. amitom ruzvelts mainc-
damainc ar aSfoTebda centraluri evropis qveynebis mosa-
lodneli `gawiTleba~ da amitom ar amoudga mxarSi Cer-
Cils am safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. britaneTis premi-
1
ɘ. Ʌ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰ. Ɉɬ ɉɟɪɥ-ɏɚɪɛɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦɚ, Ɇ., 1970, gv. 146.
1 8
eris SiSi omis Semdgom gamarTlda kidec da mniSvnelovani
roli amaSi swored Teiranis konferenciaze miRebulma ga-
dawyvetilebebma iTamaSes‚ Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos‚ rom
maTi damtkicebis dros _ 1943 wlis miwuruls‚ umTavresi
mainc germaniis swrafad damarcxeba iyo. saukeTeso saSua-
lebas amisaTvis ki warmoadgenda òverlordi~‚ romelic
warmatebiT iqna ganxorcielebuli 1944w. 6 ivniss.
da bolos‚ iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli mokavSireTa SeW-
ra safrangeTSi 1944 wlis gazafxulamde? unda aRiniSnos‚
rom es aris meore msoflio omis yvelaze sakamaTo poli-
tikuri Tu samxedro problema. istorikosTa sul axali
da axali Taobebi ubrundeba am sakiTxs‚ romelic‚ inglise-
li mecnieris j. briusis moswrebuli TqmiT‚ ùsasrulo
Temas~ warmoadgens1. mocemuli problemis irgvliv imTa-
viTve gaCnda ramdenime erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxva-
vebuli Tvalsazrisi. gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi aRniS-
nuli sakiTxis ganxilvam miiRo amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi. rogorc Tavis droze SeniSna m. stolerma‚ aSSťs
diplomatia meore msoflio omSi amerikuli istoriogra-
fiis erTťerT ZiriTad sabrZolo velad iqca2. dReisaTvis
meore frontis gaxsnis problemasTan dakavSirebiT ramde-
nime ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisi Camoyalibda: 1) e.w. `tradiciu-
li~‚ romelic meore frontis gaxsnis gaWianurebas xsnis
obieqturi mizezebiT (sadesanto saSualebebis nakleboba‚
mokavSireTa Zalebis dafantva sxvadasxva sabrZolo Teat-
rebze da a. S) da romelsac hyavs Tavisi mimdevrebi ro-
gorc aSS-Si‚ ise did britaneTSi (u. CerCili; d. eizenhau-
eri; h. arnoldi; u. legi; m. klarki; b. lidel harti; a.
normani; r. Servudi; u. makneili; m. metlofi; h. feisi; k.
grinfildi; m. houardi; j. bomoni; k. robinsi; a. braianti;
1
G. Bruce. Second ront Now: The oad to - ay, ., 1979, gv. 13.
2
M. Stoler. World War II iplomacy in Historical Writing: Prelude to Cold
War. _ wignSi: American Foreign elations A Historiographical eview
Ed. G. Haines, J. Walker, Westport, Conn., 1981, gv. 187.
1 9
s. morisoni da a. S)1; 2) e.w. òptimaluri~ _ mkvlevarTa
es nawili (ZiriTadad amerikelebi) Tvlis‚ rom meore
frontis gaxsnis gaWianureba‚ ra mizezic ar unda hqonoda
amas safuZvlad‚ iyo gamarTlebuli rogorc samxedro‚ ise
politikuri TvalsazrisiT (m. stoleri; j. findlingi; r.
daleki; j. gedisi da a. S.)2; 3) e.w. ìnglisuri opozici-
is~ _ sakmaod mravalricxovani dajgufeba‚ romelic yve-
lafers britanelebs abralebs (rasakvirvelia‚ am mkvle-
varTa absoluturi umravlesoba amerikelia)3; 4) e.w. `re-
1
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ
ɜɨɣɧɚ D. Eisenhower. Crusade in Europe Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ
ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ H. H. Arnold. Global Mission W. D. Leahy. I Was Here M.
Clark. Calculated isk B. H. Liddell Hart. The ther Side of the Hill, .,
1956 A. ormann. peration verlord . esign and eality, Harrisburg,
Penn., 1952 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ
Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ W. Mc eill. America, ritain and ussia. Their Co-operation and
Conflict M. Matlo . Strategic Planning for Coaliation Warfare Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ.
Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ H. Feis. Churcill, oosevelt and Stalin. The
War They Waged and the Peace They Sought . Green ield. American Strategy
in World War II: A econsideration, altimore, 1963 M. Howard. Grand Stra-
tegy, vol. I Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ A. Bryant. The Turn of the Ti-
de ÌÉÓÉÅÄ, Triumph in the West. 19 3-19 6, ., 1959 J. Beaumont. Comra-
des in Arms: ritish Aid to ussia, 19 1-19 5, ., 1980 . Robbins. The Ec-
lipse of a Great Power: Modern ritain, 1870-1975, ., 1983 S. E. Morison.
American ɋontributions to the Strategy of World War II, ., 1958 da a.S.
2
M. Stoler. The Politics of the Second ront, Westport, Conn., 1977 J. Find
lin . ictionary of American iplomatic History. _ Westport, Conn., 1980 R.
Dallek. ranklin oosevelt and World War II, New ork,1978 J. Gaddis. us-
sia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretive History, New ork,
1978 ÌÉÓÉÅÄ, The United States and the rigins of Cold War, 19 1-19 7, New
ork, 1972 da a.S.
3
Ɋ. ɂɧɝɟɪɫɨɥɥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ, Ɇ., 19 7 ɑ. Ɇɚɤɞɨɧɚɥɞ. Ɍɹɠɟɥɨɟ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ Ɏ. ɉɨɝɶɸ. ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Ɇ., 1959 R. Coackley, R.
Lei hton. Global ogistics and Strategy. 19 3-19 5, Wash., 1955 T. Hi ins.
Winston Churchill and the Second ront. 19 0-19 3 . Green ield. American
Strategy in World War II R. Le erin . American pinion and ussian allian-
ce, 1939-19 5, Chapel Hill, 1976 R. Current, H. T. Williams. The Essentials
of American History, New ork, 1976 J. athan, J. Oli er. United States o-
reign Policy and World rder, oston, 1976 da a.S.
150
vizionistebi~ _ dajgufeba‚ romlis ZiriTad kredos war-
moadgens ruzveltis kritika‚ misi dadanaSauleba strate-
giuli azrovnebis arqonaSi (h. bolduini; h. barnsi; r.
hobsi; f. marqsi; j. flini da a. S.)1; 5) e.w. `negativiste-
bi~ _ anu istorikosebi‚ romlebic ukmayofiloni arian me-
ore msoflio omis SedegebiT‚ radganac centraluri da
samxreTťaRmosavleTi evropis qveynebi aRmoCndnen sabWoTa
gavlenis qveS. mkvlevarTa am jgufSi Sedian rogorc ame-
rikelebi2‚ ise britanelebi3. maTi azriT‚ es iyo `waxdeni-
li gamarjveba~4; 6) `kritikuli~ _ mkvlevarni‚ romlebic
adanaSauleben aSSťs da inglisis liderebs meore frontis
Segnebul gaWianurebaSi da mokavSiruli valis darRvevaSi
(ZiriTadad sabWouri istoriografia)5.
1
H. Baldwin. The Great Mistakes of War, New ork, 19 9 Perpetual ar for
Perpetual Peace Ed. H. Barnes R. Hobbs. The Myth of ictory: What is
ictory in War oulder, Colorado Fr. W. Marks . Wind ver Sand. The
iplomacy of ranklin oosevelt J. Flynn. The oosevelt Myth da a.S.
2
Th. Halper. Power Politics and American emocracy, Santa Monica, Cal.,
1981 S. Ambrose. ise to Globalism. American oreign Policy since 1938,
New ork, 1983 R. Leckie. The Wars of America, evised and Update, New
ork, 1981 W. Taubman. Stalin s American Policy: rom Entente to etente
to Cold War, New ork, 1982 R. Current, J. Goodwin. A History of The
United States, New ork, 1980 da a.S.
3
J. Gri . 19 3. The ictory that Never Was D. Reynolds. The Creation of
Anglo-American Alliance, 1937-19 1: A Study in Competetive Cooperation, .,
1981 . Rothwell. ritain and the Cold War, 19 1-19 7, ., 1982 Ch. Wil
mot. The Struggle or Europe, ., 197 da a.S.
J. Gilbert. Another Chance: Postwar America, 19 5-1968, Philadelphia, 1981,
gv. 33.
5
Ƚ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɛɨɪɢɧ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɢɧɚ, Ɇ., 1958 ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡ-
ɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, Ɇ., 1965 ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, Ɇ., 1961 ɇ. ɂɧɨɡɟɦɰɟɜ. ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɋɒȺ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, Ɇ., 1960 Ʌ. ȼ. ɉɨɡɞɟɟɜɚ. Ⱥɧɝɥɨ-Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫ-
ɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ., Ɇ.. 1969 ɘ.
Ʌ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰ. Ɉɬ ɉɟɪɥ-ɏɚɪɛɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦɚ, Ɇ., 1970 ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1971 Ⱥ. ɇ. Ɇɟɪɰɚɥɨɜ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɛɭɪɠɭ-
ɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ɇ., 1978 ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1982 Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɣɧɚ
ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ: Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, Ɇ.,
151
am diskusias saTave daudo omis periodSi evropaSi
mokavSireTa jarebis Stabis oficerma amerikelma ralf in-
gersolma‚ romelmac omis damTavrebisTanave gamocemul wig-
nSi `sruliad saidumlod~ brali dasdo ingliselebs meore
frontis sakiTxis gadawyvetis gaWianurebaSi1. aRniSnulma
Tezisma mokle xanSi aRiareba hpova moris metlofisa da
edvin snelis naSromSi `strategiuli dagegmva koaliciur
omSi~‚ romelic warmoadgens oficialuri amerikuli gamo-
cemis erTťerT toms2. r. kouklim da r. leitonma Tavis
wignSi `globaluri zurgi da strategia. 1943-1945~ (pir-
veli nawili am Sromisa moicavs 1940ť1943 wlebs) aseve
CerCili daadanaSaules meore frontis gaxsnis gaWianure-
baSi da ganacxades‚ rom ruzvelti mxolod paiki iyo bri-
taneTis premieris xelSi3. rasakvirvelia‚ britanelebi val-
Si ar darCnen da maikl houardma oficialuri inglisuri
gamocemis `didi strategia~4 mis mier daweril tomSi gaa-
marTla ingliseli politikosebis moqmedeba da scada pasu-
xismgeblobis Tanabrad ganawileba orive mokavSires Soris5.
1988 Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜ-

ɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇ., 1985 ȿ. ɇ. Ʉɭɥɶ
ɤɨɜ, Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɂ. Ⱥ. ɑɟɥɵɲɟɜ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ ɢ ɥɨɠɶ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, Ɇ., 1988 ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ɇ., 1985
ȼ. Ƚ. Ɍɪɭɯɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢ ɂɞɟɧ, Ɇ., 1983.
1
Ɋ. ɂɧɝɟɪɫɨɥɥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ, gv. 463.
2
Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.., gv.114ť124.
3
R. Coackley, R. Lei hton. Global ogistics and Strategy, gv. 272.
es gamocema (Sedgeba 6 tomisagan‚ redaqtori ã. ÁÀÔËÄÒÉ) sa-
gangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia. es aris praqtikulad saukeTeso
gamokvleva‚ romelic ki Seqmnilia meore msoflio omze. is
eyrdnoba uamrav dokumentur masalas da masSi Zalze dawvri-
lebiT aris aRwerili diplomatiuri istoria Tu saomari
moqmedebebi meore msoflio omis dros‚ Tumca zogierT SemT-
xvevaSi avtorebi ZalťRones ar iSureben‚ raTa rac SeiZleba
metad warmoaCinon britanuli strategiis siswore amerikul-
Tan SedarebiT.
5
M. Howard. Grand Strategy, gv. XXV; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv.
XVIII.
152
aqve unda aRiniSnos‚ rom ingliselebs gauWirdaT ame-
rikelebisaTvis meore frontis gaxsnis gaWianurebis dab-
raleba da isini iZulebulni Seiqnen‚ taqtika SeecvalaT.
maT daiwyes amerikuli strategiuli azrovnebis kritika.
yvelaze adre es gaakeTa bernard montgomerim Tavisi omis-
Semdgomi gamonaTqvamebiTa da wigniT àrmiaTa 21ťe jgufi.
normandiidan baltiispira germaniamde~.1 Semdeg es gakeTda
jorj fuleris wignSi `meore msoflio omi 1939-1945~2
da bolos Tavis apogeas am procesma miaRwia avstralieli
avtoris Cester uilmotis wignSi `brZola evropisaTvis~.
am ukanasknelma pirdapir dasdo brali amerikelebs‚ rom
omis mogebis miuxedavad‚ `dasavleTma... waago mSvidoba~.3
britanelTa am Semotevis mogerieba iTava moris met-
lofma‚ romelmac maTi kritikis gamomwvev mizezad miiCnia
CerCilis periferiuli strategiis sisworis yovelgvari
dasabuTebis gareSe gamarTlebis survili4. meore frontis
gaxsnis gaWianureba ki man axsna mokavSireTa Zalebis sxva-
dasxva frontebze dafantviTa da sadesanto saSualebebis
arqoniT5. unda aRiniSnos‚ rom am sakiTxs metlofamdec aq-
cevdnen yuradRebas. kerZod‚ es gaakeTa CerCilma Tavis me-
muarebSi6. igive ganacxada b. lidel hartmac wignSi `maR-
lobis iqiTa mxares~.7 saboloo jamSi am Tezisma mcire
xniT gabatonebuli mdgomareobac ki moipova‚ Tumca ruz-
veltis pozicias sakuTriv amerikelTa Sorisac gamouCndnen
kritikosebi. aSSťs prezidents strategiuli azrovnebis
deficitSi pirvelma brali dasdo h. bolduinma8. mas mxari
1
B. Mont omery. 21-st Army Group. Normandy to the altic Germany, ., 19 6.
2
Ⱦɠ. Ɏɭɥɥɟɪ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ. 1939-19 5, Ɇ., 1956.
3
Ch. Wilmot. The Struggle for Europe, gv. 146.
Command Decisions, gv. 522; ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, gv. 227.
5
6
W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , The Hinge of ate ɍ.
ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɤɧ. 2.
7
B. H. Liddell Hart. The ther Side of the Hill, ., 1956, gv. 279.
8
H. Baldwin. Great Mistakes of the War, New ork, 19 9.
153
aubes e.w. `revizionistuli~ skolis warmomadgenlebma1: h.
barnsma‚ C. tenzilma‚ f. senbornma da sxv.,2 romlebmac ruz-
velts brali dasdes prokomunisturi politikis gatare-
baSi. mogvianebiT‚ XX s. 70ťian wlebSi ruzvelti pirda-
pir jvars acves `neorevizionistebma~ _ k. houvma‚ C. Sel-
donma da r. hobsma‚ radganac‚ maTi azriT‚ misi politikis
Sedegad Seiqmna kidev erTi zesaxelmwifo _ sabWoTa kavSi-
ri3. ukanasknel xanebSi maT SeuerTdnen f. marqsi da j.
flini‚ romlebmac ruzvelti diplomatiur unars saerTod
moklebulad gamoacxades4.
XX saukunis 70ťiani wlebidan dasavlur istorio-
grafiaSi kidev erTi tendencia gaCnda‚ kerZod: mkvlevarTa
erTma nawilma teqnikurad SesaZlod CaTvala meore fron-
tis 1943 wels gaxsna im SemTxvevaSi‚ Tu iqneboda miRebu-
li saTanado gadawyvetileba politikuri liderebis mxri-
dan. magaliTad‚ r. beitcelma wignSi: ùCveulo aliansi:
amerika‚ britaneTi da ruseTi. 1941ť1943~ _ aRniSna‚ rom
1
unda aRiniSnos‚ rom zogjer `revizionistebs“ ratomRac aT-
vlian `negativistebs“ (ix.: Ȼ. ɇ. ɇɨɜɨɫɟɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɋ. Ɉɪɥɨɜ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦeɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ), _ wignSi: Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ, Ɇ., 1985‚ gv.
193)‚ rac Cven gaumarTleblad migvaCnia. miuxedavad imisa‚ rom
orive am dajgufebas erTnairi interesebi amoZravebT‚ ker-
Zod: isini Tvlian‚ rom aSS da didi britaneTi win unda aRs-
dgomodnen sabWoTa eqspansias evropaSi‚ maT amis miRweva sru-
liad sxvadasxvanairi meTodebiT miaCniaT SesaZleblad. maga-
liTad: `revizionistebi“ akritikeben ruzvelts‚ rom man mxa-
ri ar dauWira CerCilis balkanur strategias‚ maSin rode-
sac `negativistebi“ brals sdeben mokavSireTa orive liders
meore frontis safrangeTSi gaxsnis gaWianurebaSi.
2
Perpetual ar for Perpetual Peace Ed. H. Barnes, Caldwell, 1953.
3
. Howe. Ashes of ictory: World War II and Its Aftermath, New ork,
1972, gv. 294; Ch. Sheldon. The olshevisation of the USA, New ork, 1978
R. Hobbs. The Myth of ictory: What is ictory in War oulder, Colorado,
1979, gv. 231‚ 239.
Fr. Marks . Wind ver Sand J. lynn. The oosevel Myth.
15
la-manSis forsirebis gadadeba ganapiroba politikaSi ing-
lisurťamerikuli winaaRmdegobebis arsebobam1. l. rouzma
ki ganacxada‚ rom gaWianureba moxda‚ radganac jerovnad
ar iqna daculi Tavdapirvelad germaniis‚ xolo Semdeg ia-
poniis damarcxebis principi2. j. grigma saerTod dasdo
brali ruzvelts‚ CerCils da bruks imaSi‚ rom meore
fronti 1943 wels ar iqna gaxsnili. amaze naTlad metyve-
lebs TviT wignis saTauri: `1943. gamarjveba‚ romelic
arasodes ar yofila~.3 j. grigis azriT‚ xelidan iqna gaS-
vebuli SesaZlebloba‚ SeeCerebinaT rusebi ara elbaze‚
aramed vislaze an kidev ufro aRmosavleTiT4. arc m. sto-
leri Tvlis SeuZleblad evropaSi 1943 wels SeWras‚ mag-
ram isic im azrze dgas‚ rom inglisťamerikis xelmZRvane-
loba meore fronts ixilavda‚ rogorc omisSemdgom evro-
paSi ssrkťs gavlenis asaridebel saSualebas da amarTlebs
maT pozicias5.
sainteresoa‚ rom m. stolerisa da j. grigis gancxa-
debebi sabWourma istoriografiam Zalze kargad gamoiyena.
magaliTad, o. rJeSevskim kategoriulad ganacxada‚ rom maT
mTlianad gaabaTiles Zalebisa da teqnikuri saSualebebis
naklebobis gamo meore frontis 1944 wlamde gaxsnis Se-
uZleblobis Teoria6. unda aRiniSnos‚ rom sabWoTa isto-
rikosebma am mtkicebebis dasasabuTeblad kargad gamoiyenes
ingliseli istorikosis l. elisis monacemebic omis peri-
odSi gamoSvebuli sadesanto gemebis raodenobis Sesaxeb,7
romlebic TiTqos cxadyofen‚ rom mokavSireebs am mxriv
araviTari sirTule ar unda hqonodaT. da mainc‚ rogorc
1
R. Beit ell. The Uneasy Alliance: America, ritain and ussia, gv. 369.
2
L. Rose. After alta, New ork, 1973, gv. 11ť12.
3
J. Gri . 19 3. The ictory that Never Was.
iqve, gv. 180.
5
M. Stoler. The Politics of the Second ront, gv. 121.
6
Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ.., gv. 145.
7
L. F. Ellis with G. R. G. Allen, A. E. Warhurst, J. Robb. ictory in the
West, vol. I, 1962. gv. 514.
155
Cans‚ mokavSireebs hqondaT garkveuli problemebi am Tval-
sazrisiT‚ vinaidan 1944 wlis ivnisSi mokavSireebma ver
SeZles òverlordisa~ da ènvilis~ erTdroulad ganxor-
cieleba mxolod imis gamo‚ rom maT ar gaaCndaT xmelTaSua
zRvaSi sadesanto xomaldebis sakmarisi raodenoba. ismis
kiTxva: Tu ingliselebs 1944 wels ase uWirdaT sadesanto
gemebi‚ rogor unda ganexorcielebinaT maT la-manSis for-
sireba 1943 wels? am kiTxvas mxolod erTi pasuxi aqvs:
amisaTvis maT uari unda eTqvaT mTeli am wlis ganmavloba-
Si wynar okeaneSi raime SeteviTi operaciis warmoebaze‚
rac‚ rasakvirvelia‚ aSSťs interesebSi sulac ar Sedioda.
rac Seexeba sabWour istoriografias‚ aq yvelaferi
gacilebiT ufro martivadaa gadawyvetili. faqtobrivad
yvela sabWoTa mkvlevars aqvs erTi gamokveTili azri‚ rom
meore frontis gaxsna Tavisuflad SeiZleboda jer kidev
1942-1943 wlebSi. ufro metic‚ zogierTi avtori SeniR-
bulad im azris gatarebasac ki cdilobs‚ rom laťmanSis
forsireba ingliselebs 1941 welsac ki SeeZloT. marTa-
lia‚ es mkvlevarebi ZiriTadad pirdapiri gancxadebebis ga-
keTebas amis Taobaze Tavs arideben‚ magram maT mohyavT da-
maxinjebuli cifrebi dapirispirebul ZalTa (e. i. inglisi-
sa da germaniis) raodenobis Sesaxeb da saTanado daskvnebis
gakeTebas mkiTxvels andoben1. ukanasknel xanebamde gamo-
nakliss warmoadgenda mxolod v. kuliSi‚ romelic amtki-
cebda‚ rom ingliss SeeZlo 1941w. Semodgomaze safrangeT-
Si meore frontis gaxsna da rom ZiriTadi mizezi am ideis
uaryofisa iyo didi britaneTis politika da strategia2.
saerTod sabWouri istoriografia meore frontis sa-
1
ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ, gv. 26; ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫ
ɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ, gv. 24ť25 da sxv.
2
ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, gv. 67. XX s. 80ťian wlebSi
es Tvalsazrisi gaiziares i. zemskovma da a. samsonovma (ɂ.
Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 36ť37; Ⱥ. ɋ. ɋɚɦ
ɫɨɧɨɜ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ. Ɇ., 1985, gv. 158).
156
kiTxSi‚ dawyebuli pirveli gamokvlevidan1 da uaxlesi
naSromebiT damTavrebuli,2 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT‚ ar ga-
moirCeva didi originalurobiT. erTaderTi evolucia‚ ro-
melic ganicada sabWourma istoriografiam 40 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi‚ iyo is‚ rom Tu Tavdapirvelad meore frontis
gaWianurebaSi brali edeboda mxolod CerCils,3 SemdgomSi
ukve sabWoTa mkvlevarebi arc aSSťs mTavrobas indobdnen,4
Tumca am problemis ganxilvisas isini mainc xazs usvamen‚
rom amerikelebi principSi tranlamanSuri strategiis mom-
xreni iyvnen‚ xolo ingliselebi ki _ balkanurisa‚ riTac
uxsnian ruzvelts pasuxismgeblobis nawils.
amrigad‚ rogorc vxedavT‚ istoriografiaSi dRemde
ar arsebobs erTi azri imis Sesaxeb‚ hqonda Tu ara adgi-
li meore frontis gaxsnis gaWianurebas da Tu hqonda‚ vin
iyo amaSi damnaSave. Cveni azriT‚ yvelaze adreuli vada
aseTi operaciisaTvis iyo 1943 wlis pirveli naxevari‚
magram afrikaSi saomari moqmedebebis gaWianurebis Semdeg
naTeli gaxda‚ rom misi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli xde-
boda 1943 wlis miwurulamde‚ es ki Zalze araxelsayreli
dro iyo laťmanSis forsirebisaTvis meteorologiuri pi-
robebis gamo. ase rom‚ meore frontis gaxsnis gadavadebas
marTlac hqonda obieqturi mizezebi da es iyo ara mxo-
lod sadesanto saSualebebis nakleboba‚ rasac ase xazs
1
Ɇ. ɉ. Ɍɨɥɱɺɧɨɜ. Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɢɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 19 7.
2
Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, Ɇ., 1988 ȼ. Ⱥ. ɋɟɤɢɫɬɨɜ.
ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, Ɇ., 1989.
3
ɂ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɣɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɚ, gv. 146ť147.
ɇ. ɂɧɨɡɟɦɰɟɜ. ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ, Ɇ., 1960
ɇ. ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ. ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɂ. ɇ. ɍɧɞɚɫɵ
ɧɨɜ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ, ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ Ʌ. ȼ. ɉɨɡɞɟɟɜɚ. Ⱥɧɝɥɨ-Ⱥɦɟɪɢ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. 19 1-19 5 ɝɝ., Ɇ.. 1969
ɘ. Ʌ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰ. Ɉɬ ɉɟɪɥ- ɚɪɛɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɬɫɞɚɦɚ, Ɇ., 1970 ȼ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɂ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ȼ. Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ⱥ. ɋɟɤɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼɨɣɧɚ
ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ Ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɣɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ȼ. ɇ. ɇɨɜɨɫɟɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɋ.
Ɉɪɥɨɜ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ... da a.S.
157
usvamen dasavleTeli istorikosebi. Cveni azriT‚ ufro di-
di mniSvneloba hqonda imas‚ rom 1941ť1943 wlebSi didi
britaneTisa da gansakuTrebiT aSSťs armiebi Tavisi momza-
debis doniT mniSvnelovnad CamorCebodnen vermaxtis Za-
lebs. amis gamo iyo swored‚ rom mokavSireebma bevrad me-
ti dro daaxarjes CrdiloeT afrikisa da italiis germa-
nelebisagan gawmendas. erTi sityviT‚ Cven ufro iqiTken
vixrebiT‚ rom srulfasovani meore frontis gaxsna dasav-
leT evropaSi ufro aSSťinglisis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi
arsebulma problemebma daagvianes da ara vaSingtonisa da
londonis winaswargamiznuli Segnebuli lodinis taqtikam.
158
Ã À Ó Ê Å Í À
amrigad, Cven ganvixileT meore msoflio omis erT-

erTi yvelaze rTuli problema: meore frontis momzadebi-
sa da gaxsnis sakiTxi aSS-inglisis diplomatiaSi. Sesabami-
si dokumenturi masalebis, agreTve memuaruli literatu-
risa da problemis irgvliv arsebuli samecniero gamokv-
levebis kritikuli gaazrebis Sedegad SesaZleblad migvaC-
nia Semdeg daskvnebis gakeTeba:
1) 1941 wlis 22 ivniss ssr kavSirze germaniis Tavdasxmi-

sa da sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis dawyebisTanave didi
britaneTisa da aSS-s xelmZRvanelobis mier dakavebulma
calsaxa poziciam _ yovelmxriv daxmarebodnen mrisxane
mtris winaaRmdeg mebrZol sabWoTa kavSirs, Seqmna uaRre-
sad xelsayreli pirobebi momavali TanamSromlobisa da
mZlavri antihitleruli koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis. am mxriv,
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia didi britaneTis mTavro-
bis saqmianoba 1941 wlis zafxulSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
londons yvela safuZveli hqonda, ganawyenebuli yofiliyo
kremlis xelmZRvanelobaze 1939w. 23 agvistos hitlerTan
dadebuli paqtisa da momdevno periodSi mis mier gatare-
buli antibritanuli politikis gamo, inglisis mTavroba
ar ahyva emociebs da TviTon gamovida moskovTan samxedro-
politikuri kavSiris damyarebis iniciativiT.
2) antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmnis gzaze erT-er-

Ti mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo àtlantikuri qartia~, rome-
lic miRebul iqna arjentiaSi ruzveltisa da CerCilis
Sexvedraze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cvens mier usafuZvlod
aris miCneuli sabWour istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli
mtkiceba, TiTqos am dokumentis me-3 muxli `bundovan~
xasiaTs atarebdes. Cveni azriT, sabWoTa mkvlevarebi am
159
punqts `bundovnad~ imitom Tvlidnen, rom misi erT-erTi
udidesi damrRvevi iyo ssr kavSiri. garda amisa, Cveni yu-
radReba miipyro àtlantikur konferenciaze~ iaponiis sa-
kiTxSi CerCilis mier dakavebulma orazrovanma poziciam.
Cveni azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom britaneTis premi-
ers surda, rac SeiZleba male Caeba omSi aSS da amitom is
ubiZgebda ruzvelts, mieRo mtkice zomebi iaponiis eqspan-
siis SesaCereblad.
3) 1942 wlis noemberSi aSS-sa da didi britaneTis

mier CrdiloeT afrikaSi RerZis qveynebis winaaRmdeg wamo-
wyebuli farTo masStabis samxedro kampania iyo axali
etapis dasawyisi meore msoflio omis msvlelobaSi, ro-
melmac sagrZnoblad Secvala ZalTa Tanafardoba antihit-
leruli koaliciis sasargeblod. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
Cven yuradReba mivaqcieT erT aspeqts, romlis gamoc am
operaciis Catareba samxedro TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonili
iyo. `torCis~ warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi dasav-
leTel mokavSireebs meti SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT brZo-
lis gasagrZeleblad sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxebis SemTx-
vevaSic. Cveni azriT, didi britaneTisa da aSS-s mmarTveli
wreebi iTvaliswinebdnen am garemoebasac, Tumca sajarod
am Temaze saubars Tavs aridebdnen.
4) RerZis qveynebze gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi mniS-

vnelovani wvlili Seitana kasablankis konferenciam, ro-
melsac sabWour istoriografiaSi jerovani yuradReba ar
eqceoda. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia ruzveltisa da
CerCilis mier am Sexvedraze ùpirobo kapitulaciis~
principis gamocxadeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gakritikebu-
lia dasavlur istoriografiaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Se-
xeduleba, TiTqosda am principis saaSkaraoze gamotana iyo
Secdoma, radganac aman gamoiwvia omis vadebis gaWianureba.
Cven ver gaviziarebT am Sexedulebas da migvaCnia, rom
160
hitleri araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidoda aranair ka-
pitulaciaze, xolo italiisa da iaponiis poziciaze ùpi-
robo kapitulaciis~ principis gamocxadebas faqtobrivad
araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia. maT Tavi damarcxebulad
cnes, miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveyanas jer kidev
SeeZlo omis gagrZeleba.
5) usafuZvlod migvaCnia sabWoTa mkvlevarTa mtkice-

bebi imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifoebs SeeZloT
da valdebulnic iyvnen, gaexsnaT srulfasovani meore
fronti evropaSi 1941-1942 wlebSi. saTanado masalebis
analizma dagvarwmuna, rom 1943w. bolomde dasavleTeli
mokavSireebi ver moaxdendnen la-manSis didi ZalebiT war-
matebul forsirebas. amis umTavresi mizezi, Cveni azriT,
iyo ara sadesanto saSualebebis nakleboba da mokavSireTa
Zalebis sxvadasxva frontze dafantva, rogorc amas Tvlis
dasavleTel istorikosTa didi nawili, aramed is, rom
1941-1943 wlebSi didi britaneTisa da gansakuTrebiT aSS-s
armiebi samxedro momzadebis doniT aSkarad Camouvardebod-
nen vermaxts. amitom Cven im daskvnisaken vixrebiT, rom
srulfasovani meore frontis gaxsna ufro aSS-inglisis
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi arsebulma problemebma daagvianes da
ara vaSingtonisa da londonis winaswargamiznuli Segnebu-
li lodinis taqtikam.
6) 1943 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-inglisis mTavrobebi

eweodnen aqtiur diplomatiur samzadiss evropaSi meore
frontis gaxsnisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT principuli gada-
wyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli vaSingtonis (1943w. maisi) da
kvebekis (1943w. agvisto) konferenciebze, romlebic sabWo-
Ta kavSiris warmomadgenlebis gareSe Catarda. ssr kavSi-
ris oficialuri delegacia ar Cavida arc kairoSi ruz-
veltisa da CerCilis Sexvedraze, romelic win uZRoda Te-
iranis konferencias. es, Cveni azriT, konkretuli mizeze-
161
biT iyo gamowveuli, kerZod: stalinis surviliT, ar gaem-
wvavebina urTierTobebi iaponiasTan, rac aucileblad moh-
yveboda kairoSi v. molotovis Casvlas, radganac aq miwve-
uli iyo CineTis lideri Can kai-Si da ZiriTadi yuradRe-
bac swored iaponiasTan omis sakiTxebis ganxilvas daeTmo.
7) evropaSi meore frontis diplomatiuri momzadebis

gzaze saetapo mniSvnelobis movlena iyo Teiranis konfe-
rencia, romelic dasrulda translamanSuri strategiis
momxreTa sruli gamarjvebiT. yovelgvari gadaWarbebis ga-
reSe SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom yvelaze meti dividendi Te-
iranSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan stalinma miiRo. amasTan,
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa lideris es war-
mateba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba ruzveltis poziciam,
rac, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli iyo aSS-s strategiuli in-
teresebiT, kerZod imiT, rom TeTri saxli did rols ani-
Webda evropaSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis damTavrebis Semdeg
sabWoTa kavSiris Cabmas iaponiasTan omSi. garda amisa, aSS-s
interesebSi Sedioda rurisa da saaris olqebis aReba da
ara centraluri da samxreT evropis qveynebis dakaveba.
Teiranis konferenciaze wamoWrili sxva problemebi-
dan Cveni yuradReba miipyro germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi
TurqeTis Cabmis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamarTulma deba-
tebma. istoriografiaSi am sakiTxze ar aris gamokveTili
pozicia, kerZod: ar aris axsnili, Tu ratom moekida ase
gulgrilad stalini TurqeTis sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Car-
Tvis perspeqtivebs. vfiqrobT, es gamowveuli iyo stalinis
surviliT, germaniasTan omis dasrulebis Semdeg TurqeTis
neitraliteti gamoeyenebina sababad momavalSi ankaris
mimarT mkacri zomebis gasatareblad.
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ɉȺɉȺɋɄɂɊɂ Ɍɟɣɦɭɪɚɡ Ɂɭɪɚɛɨɜɢɱ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ

ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ.
.
Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ

ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟ-
ɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɢ ɜ ȿɜ-
ɪɨɩɟ, Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ Ɍɢɯɨɝɨ Ɉɤɟɚɧɚ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦ
Ɍɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ Ɋɟɣɯɚ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɵ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ 19 2-19 5ɝɝ. ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢ-
ɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɮɢɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ “Ⱥɪɦɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɜɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ” ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 96 ɬɨɦɨɜ, ɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫ-
ɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 80 ɬɨ-
ɦɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ. ȼɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɜɨɩɪɨ-
ɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ-
ɲɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ-ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵ-
ɬɢɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ-
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɢɦ. ɂɜɚɧɷ Ⱦɠɚɜɚɯɢɲɜɢɥɢ ɜ 1998ɝ.
163
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 19 1-
19 3ɝɝ.: ɫ ɢɸɧɹ 19 1ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɟɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɋɨɸɡɨɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 19 3ɝ.,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɝɥɚɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ “Ȼɨɥɶ-
ɲɨɣ Ɍɪɨɣɤɢ”, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɪɟɲɟɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢ-
ɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɨɛ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɜɨɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɜɟɤɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɚ.
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ-
ɧɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ: ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ, Ⱦ. ɗɣɡɟɧɯɚɭɷɪ,
Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ, Ⱥ. ɂɞɟɧ, Ƚ. ɋɬɢɦɫɨɧ, ɍ. Ʌɟɝɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɡɚ-
ɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣ-
ɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮɚ ɢ ɗ. ɋɧɟɥɥɚ Ⱦɠ. Ɏɭɥɥɟ-
ɪɚ Ȼ. Ʌɢɞɞɟɥ Ƚɚɪɬɚ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɬɥɟɪɚ, Ⱦɠ. Ƚɭɚɣɟɪɚ, Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞɚ,
Ⱦɠ. ɗɪɦɚɧɚ Ⱥ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɚɜɬɨ-
ɪɵ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ-
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɵ Ƚ. ɏɚɪɪɢɫɨɧɚ, ɍ. Ɇɚɤɧɟɣɥ, Ƚ. Ɏɟɣɫɚ, Ɋ. Ȼɟɣɬ-
ɰɟɥɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ
16
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɯɨɬɹ,
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɠɟɫ-
ɬɤɢɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɨ
ɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. əɪɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ 19 7ɝ. ɤɧɢɝɚ Ɇ.ɉ. Ɍɨɥɱɺ-
ɧɨɜɚ: “Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɢɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ”. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ-
ɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɇ.ɇ. əɤɨɜɥɟɜ, ɂ.ɇ. ɍɧ-
ɞɚɫɵɧɨɜ, Ʌ.ȼ. ɉɨɡɞɟɟɜɚ, ȼ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɢɲ, ȼ.Ʌ. ɂɫɪɚɷɥɹɧ, ɂ.
Ɂɟɦɫɤɨɜ, Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɋɠɟɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɤɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟ-
ɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɪɢɝɢ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɛɸɪɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ 19 8ɝ. ɋɩɪɚ-
ɜɨɱɧɢɤ: “Ɏɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ”. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɛɵɥɨ “ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ” ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨ-
ɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ.
ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɛɵɥɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛ-
ɥɟɦɚɦɢ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ (ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɹ) ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ
ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɡɚ
ɩɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɤɚ-
ɡɚɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɚ-
ɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫɦɵɫ-
ɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨ “ɬɭɦɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ 3-ɝɨ
ɩɭɧɤɬɚ “Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɏɚɪɬɢɢ” ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ.
Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ
ɋɒȺ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤ-
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ɧɭɬɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, “Ɍɨɪɱ” ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɟ ɢ ɚɦɟ-
ɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ, ɫ ɛ ɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ-
ɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ
ɭɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɛɟɡɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠ-
ɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ Ɏ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬɨɦ ɢ ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥ-
ɥɟɦ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ “ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɹɰɢɢ” ɹɜ-
ɥɹɥɫɹ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ɉɨ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ, ɩɨɛɭɞɢɜɲɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ. Ɂɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɤ-
ɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ȼɟɪɦɚɯɬɨɦ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸ
ɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɫ-
ɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɢ-
ɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ “ɇɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɋɨ-
ɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝ-
ɥɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ” ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨ-
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ɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ “ ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ ”
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ (ɧɨɹɛɪɶ
19 2ɝ. ɦɚɣ 19 3ɝ.) ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧ-
ɰɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ (1 -2 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 19 3ɝ.).
ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ “Ɉɬ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ ɞɨ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɚ. ɒɚɝɢ
ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨ-
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ” ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɩɨɞɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ
ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɫɤɚɹ (12-25 ɦɚɹ 19 3ɝ.) ɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ Ʉɜɟɛɟɤɫɤɚɹ (1 -2
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ) ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ (19-30 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 19 3ɝ.).
ȼ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ “Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫ-
ɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ. Ɍɪɢɭɦɮ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ”
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ “Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ɍɪɨɣ-
ɤɢ” ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɢɡ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ:
1. Ɂɚɧɹɬɚɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ

ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟ-
ɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜɨɸ-
ɸɳɟɦɭ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɜɪɚɝɨɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɫɨɡɞɚɥɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ Ʌɨɧ-
ɞɨɧ ɢɦɟɥ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
Ʉɪɟɦɥɸ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɤɬɚ ɫ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪɨɦ 23 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1939ɝ.,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɧɬɢɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞ-
167
ɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɫ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ.
2. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ

ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɬ.ɧ. “Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɏɚɪɬɢɢ” ɜ ɚɜ-
ɝɭɫɬɟ 19 1ɝ. ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ Ɏ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬɚ ɢ ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ ɜ Ⱥɪɞɠɟɧ-
ɬɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫ-
ɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ
3-ɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ “ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ” ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ “ɬɭɦɚɧ-
ɧɨɣ” ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞ-
ɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɫ-
ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ
əɩɨɧɢɢ ɧɚ “Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ” ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɭɫ-
ɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ
ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ.
3. ɇɚɱɚɬɵɟ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 19 2ɝ. ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɟɣ ɤɪɭɩ-

ɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɪɚɧ “Ɉɫɢ” ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪ-
ɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɜɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥ ɜ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɰɟ-
ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ. ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɪ-
ɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ “Ɍɨɪɱ” ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɟɣ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɪɚɧ “Ɉɫɢ” ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. ɉɪɚɜɹɳɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɒȺ,
ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɜɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ.
. ȼɟɫɨɦɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ “Ɉɫɢ” ɜɧɟɫɥɚ

ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ-
168
ɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬɨɦ ɢ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ “ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɹɰɢɢ”. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɛɟɡɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɬɹɝɢ-
ɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɟɥ
ɛɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɹɰɢɸ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɧɚ
ɧɢɯ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ “ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚ-
ɩɢɬɭɥɹɰɢɢ” ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫ-
ɬɜɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ, ɟɳɟ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ.
5. ȼ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ

ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ 19 1-19 2ɝɝ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ-
ɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢ
ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ Ʌɚ-Ɇɚɧɲ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ 19 3ɝ.
ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ-
ɧɵɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ
ɞɟɫɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ 19 1-19 3ɝɝ. ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɨɪɭ-
ɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ ȼɟɪɦɚɯɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɹɤɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ
Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɨɦ ɢ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɨɦ.
6. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 19 3ɝ. ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜɟ-

ɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩ-
ɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɫɤɨɣ (ɦɚɣ 19 3ɝ.) ɢ
Ʉɜɟɛɟɤɫɤɨɣ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 19 3ɝ.) ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʉɚɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟ-
169
ɪɟɧɰɢɢ (ɧɨɹɛɪɶ 19 3ɝ.), ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ
Ʉɪɟɦɥɹ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ əɩɨɧɢɟɣ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ,
ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɢɦɟɥɨ ɛɵ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ȼ.Ɇɨɥɨɬɨɜ ɩɨɟɯɚɥ ɜ
Ʉɚɢɪ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɭɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧ ɑɚɧ Ʉɚɣɲɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ.
7. Ɋɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɯɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ

ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɝɥɚɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ “Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ɍɪɨɣɤɢ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ-
ɛɟɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ “ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɦɚɧɲɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ”. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜɫɟɯ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ
ɋɬɚɥɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ
ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ Ɏ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬɚ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɥɵɣ Ⱦɨɦ
ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɜ
ɜɨɣɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɋɚɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ.
ɂɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɋɬɚ-
ɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɛ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪ-
ɰɢɸ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɫɹ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦ
ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɚ-
ɥɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
“ɪɚɜɧɨɞɭɲɢɟ” ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɬɟɬ Ⱥɧɤɚɪɵ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ
ɫ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɣ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ.
170
TE MURA . PAPAS R
The Problems o Preparin and Openin the

Second Front in the US British Diplomacy.
ar
World War II by its political and military scales has no
precedents in the history of mankind. It was a global war. The hos-
tilities took place in Europe, Africa, Asia and in the Pacific cean
at the same time. The main events were developing on the Soviet-
German front, but the Western Powers the USA and Great rit-
ain, which prepared and carried out rather big military operations
both in Northern Africa and Europe contributed considerably in
the defeat of the Third eich. In our book we have e amined par-
ticipation of the USA and Great ritain in the war against Ger-
many in 19 2-19 3 and the importance of the Second ront in Hit-
ler s defeating.
The participation of the Western countries is broadly studied
in historiography. Suffice it to say that the official American edi-
tion “The US Army in the Second World War” contains 96
volumes, while the official ritish historiography of World War II
consists of 80 volumes. espite this, there are many uestions that
cause controversy among the scholars and their further research is
an urgent task of the Second World War historiography. The spe-
cial interest in this case present the uestions connected with the
diplomatic preparation of the Second ront. This work is dedicated
to this problem. We have analysed the diplomatic activities of the
US and ritish governments in 19 1-19 3 from June, 19 1,
when there began the diplomatic consultations between Great rit-
ain and the USA on the one side and the Soviet Union on the other
side, till ecember, 19 3, including the conference at Tehran,
where it was finally decided to open the Second ront in rance.
This problem always interested historians but even nowa-
171
days it remains one of the most disputable uestions in historiog-
raphy. The investigation of this problem began shortly after the
end of the Second World War. The political and military leaders:
W. S. Churchill, . . Eisenhower, A. Eden, H. Stimson, W.
eahy, etc thoroughly analysed certain uestions and gave us
their appraisals.
The Western authors, who wrote general works about the
Second World War, of course, gave particular attention to the
problem of preparing and opening the Second ront. We can mark
out the fundamental researches by M. Matloff and E. Snell . H.
iddell Hart J. utler, J. Gwyer, M. Howard, J. Ehrman A. Tay-
lor, etc. The Soviet historians, who were studying the Second
World War, also showed a definite interest in this problem.
At the same time many of the Western historians (H. Harri-
son, W. McNeill, H. eis, . eitzell, etc.) were working directly
at the problems of the diplomatic and military preparation of the
Second ront. Some of the Soviet researchers also were interested
in this uestion, but they were under the ideological pressure
which uite naturally didn t allow them to give a really unbiased
assessment. The obvious confirmation of this is a book by M. Tol-
chonov: “ ehind the Scenes of Preparing the Second ront”. After
Tolchonov N. akovlev, I. Undasinov, . Pozdeeva, . Kulish, .
Israelyan, . zheshevsky, . Sekistov, I. emskov, were inter-
ested with this problem, but it should be mentioned that their
works are mostly based on the reference book: “The alsifiers of
History”, which was published in 19 8 by the Soviet Inform bu-
reau. In spite of the fact, that the Soviet historians gradually had
“found” many mistakes in their guide, the review of the diplomatic
side was declared as nearly perfect.
The Georgian historians were practically deprived of an op-
portunity to work at this problem and had to limit their research to
the elaboration of uestions connected with the participation of
Georgians (and other peoples of Transcaucasus) in the Great Patri-
otic War. The basic novelty of our work is that it is the first at-
tempt in Georgia to study one of the most important problems of
the Second World War. At the same time we made some observa-
172
tions on some issues. We pointed out Churchill s ambiguous posi-
tion about Japan at the Atlantic conference. We criticised the
statement of the Soviet historians that the 3-rd paragraph of the
“Atlantic Charter” has a hazy meaning and gave analysis why they
had arrived to such a conclusion. We emphasised the e pediency
of “Torch” in the military respect and mentioned that the success-
ful end of “Torch” would guarantee the Western Allies the possi-
bility to continue hostilities against the “A is” countries even after
the defeat of the Soviet Union. We made a detailed account of the
conference at Casablanca, to which the Soviet researchers didn t
give proper attention. We think that the Western historians state-
ment that the principle of “Unconditional Surrender” was errone-
ous is groundless. We observed Stalin s position about the Turkey
uestion at Tehran Conference and e plained the reasons that
made the Soviet leader be a little bit careful in this case. We also
drew a conclusion that the basic reason why the opening of the
Second ront was delayed until 19 , was that German forces
were much better trained than the ritish and, especially, the
American armies in 19 2-19 3.
As a source base for our work we used the correspondence
among the leaders of the “ ig Three”, the materials of the wartime
conferences and other documents concerning the relations between
the Soviet Union, the USA and Great ritain during the Second
World War. As a historical source we broadly used memoirs.
ur work consists of a preface, chapters and a conclusion.
In the pre ace there is shown the actuality of the problem
and the novelties of our work are accentuated.
In the first chapter The German Assault on the So iet
Union and the First Diplomatic Steps o Great Britain and the
USA on the Way o Preparin the Second Front we e amined
the origins of the problem of opening the Second ront in ritish-
American diplomacy and the foundation of Anti-Hitler coalition.
In the second chapter The Opposition in British Ameri
can Diplomacy about the Place and Time o openin o the
Second Front. The Con erence at Casablanca we investi-
gated the hostilities in Northern Africa (November 19 2 May
173
19 3) and the summit conference of Churchill and oosevelt at
Casablanca (1 -2 January, 19 3).
In the 3-rd chapter From Washin ton to Tehran. The
Steps on the Way o Elaboration o Common Strate ic Course
on British American Diplomacy we e amined the diplomatic
activities of the ritish and the American governments in the ues-
tion of preparing and opening the Second ront. We e amined the
Third Washington Conference (15-25 May, 19 3), the irst ue-
bec Conference (1 -2 August, 19 3), the Moscow Conference of
the ministers of oreign Affairs (19-30 ctober, 19 3) and the
conference at Cairo (22-26 November, 19 3).
In the -th chapter The Con erence at Tehran. The Tri
umph o Diplomacy o Co operation we have given a detailed
account of the first summit conference of “ ig Three” and have
analysed the decisions adopted at Tehran.
In Conclusion we sum up the results of our work:
1) The firm position of the US and ritish troops to help

the Soviet Union in fighting against the dangerous enemy after the
German offensive on June 22, 19 1 and the beginning of the So-
viet-German war had created a good condition for the future co-
operation among these three countries. Especially we must men-
tion the activity of the ritish Government in the summer of 19 1.
espite ondon had all reasons to be angry with the Kremlin Tops
for their August 23, 1939 Pact with Hitler and Stalin s Anti- ritish
policy, Churchill didn t give way to emotions and proposed the
Soviet- ritish political and military alliance.
2) The adoption of the “Atlantic Charter” at the meeting of

Churchill and oosevelt at Placentia ay became an important
step on the way of organising the Anti-Hitler coalition. According
to the Soviet historians the 3-rd paragraph of the “Atlantic Char-
ter” has a hazy meaning. We think that their statement is ground-
less. To our mind, the main reason why the Soviet historians con-
sidered this item vague is that the Soviet Union was among the
violators of this point of Charter. esides, we have given attention
17
to the ritish Prime Minister s ambiguous position about Japan at
the conference. It is possible that such duality was caused by his
aim to hasten the US enter in the Second World War.
3) The opening of hostilities of a large scale by the US and

ritish troops against the A is countries in Northern Africa (No-
vember of 19 2) meant the beginning of a new stage in the course
of World War II. It had considerably changed the balance of the
forces in favour of Anti-Hitler coalition. In connection with this
we mentioned another reason that made this operation more advis-
able. The successful finish of “Torch” would have guaranteed the
Western Allies the possibility to continue hostilities against the
“A is” countries even after the defeat of the Soviet Union. The
ruling circles of the USA and Great ritain, of course, thought
about that but abstained from the public discussion of this subject.
) An important stage of the diplomatic relations during the

Second World War was a conference at Casablanca, which was
nearly ignored by the Soviet historians. Especially there should be
mentioned the adoption of the principle of “Unconditional Surren-
der” at this conference. Some Western historians think that when
announcing this principle oosevelt and Churchill made a mistake
because it delayed the end of war. To our mind, this statement is
not correct, as Hitler would have never signed any surrender. As
regards Italy and Japan, this principle didn t make any influence on
them, because these states surrendered when they, especially Ja-
pan, could continue fighting against the Allies.
5) We think that the Soviet historians statement, that the

western countries could open the full-value Second ront in
Europe in 19 1-19 2 and they had to do it by no means, isn t well-
grounded. The Analysis of the corresponding materials has con-
firmed us, that it was impossible for the USA and Great ritain to
begin offensive operations on a large scale in Western Europe till
the end of 19 3, and not only because of the lack of landing crafts
and dissipation of forces at different fronts. We think that the main
175
reason of the delay with the landing in Europe was that the Ger-
man armies were prepared much better than the ritish and espe-
cially the American ones.
6) An intensive diplomatic preparations to open the Second

ront in Western Europe took place in 19 3. The principal deci-
sions were adopted at the Washington (May 19 3) and uebec
(August 19 3) Conferences, which were held without Soviet rep-
resentatives. Soviet government also ignored the meeting of Chur-
chill and oosevelt in Cairo. That meeting preceded the Tehran
conference and Stalin s forbiddance of Molotov s voyage to Cairo
had definite reasons. We think that Stalin didn t want to strain re-
lations with Japan, which would be inevitable after Molotov s ar-
rival in Cairo, because the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek had
been invited there and the operations against Japan would become
the main item of the meeting.
7) The Conference at Tehran had the most diplomatic impor-

tance in the course of opening the Second ront in Europe. Stalin
achieved a real diplomatic triumph at that meeting. It should be
noted that the Soviet leader s success considerably depended on
oosevelt s position. We think that the US president s support of
Stalin s plan was caused by the US strategic interests. Washington
wanted to involve the Soviet Union into the war against Japan af-
ter the end of the military operations in Europe. esides that the
US government wanted to take under its control the uhr and Saar
regions and not the Central and South-European countries.
Among other problems, which were observed at the Tehran
conference, a special importance is attached to the discussions of
the uestion on the entry of Turkey into the war on the Allies
side. There is no distinct e planation of this uestion in historiog-
raphy. No e planation is given to Stalin s indifference to such an
opportunity. We think that the Soviet leader wanted to use Tur-
key s neutrality as a pretence to carry tough policy against Ankara
after the end of the war against Germany.
176
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XXs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi aris

saxelebi, romelTac gansakuTrebuli kvali daaCnies ara
mxolod sakuTriv amerikis, aramed mTlianad msoflio po-
litikas. maT ricxvSi, pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT
prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti da gamoCenili
samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, generali jorj ketlet
marSali. am ori didi moRvawis bedi erTmaneTs mWidrod
daukavSirda meore msoflio omis periodSi, rodesac mo-
maval saxelmwifo mdivans j. marSals ekava umaRlesi sam-
xedro Tanamdeboba _ aSS-s armiis Stabis ufrosi _ da
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda qveynis samxedro-politikur
cxovrebaSi.
meore msoflio omi da masSi amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis monawileobis sakiTxi yovelTvis warmoadgenda
amerikel Tu araamerikel istorikosTa sagangebo daintere-
sebis sagans. am problemis irgvliv arsebobs uamravi samec-
niero Tu samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis literatura.
aRniSnul problemas dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtu-
aloba, miT ufro, rom jer kidev mravladaa sakiTxebi,
romlebic arcTu srulyofilad, an naklebadaa Seswavlili.
erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic ukanasknel periodamde mkvle-
* naSromi daibeWda evropisa da amerikis samecniero kvleviTi

institutis JurnalSi `ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ, ÄÅÒÏÐÀ-ÀÌÄÒÉÊÀ~ (#2, 1997).
177
varTa yuradRebis miRma rCeboda, iyo urTierToba fran-
klin ruzveltsa da jorj marSals Soris. swored am
xarvezis Sevseba iTava amerikelma istorikosma ÈÏÌÀÓ ÐÄ-
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tis urTierTobas. sakiTxis mniSvnelobas erTi-orad zrdis
is faqti, romelic gansazRvravda aSS-s administraciis
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saswavlad. naSromis mraval RirsebaTagan, pirvel rigSi,
unda aRiniSnos misi farTo wyaroTmcodneobiTi da isto-
riografiuli baza. naSromSi uxvadaa gamoyenebuli mraval-
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aqvs franklin d. ruzveltisa da jorj k. marSalis bib-
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disertaciebi. avtoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas isic, rom
man moaxerxa am ori gamoCenili, TiTqmis legendad qceuli
moRvawis urTierTdamokidebuleba ganexila zogadad ameri-
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principulad ganasxvavebs am wigns calke fr. ruzveltisa
da calke j. marSalis Sesaxeb dawerili yvela sxva naSro-
misagan. am TvalsazrisiT, avtorma gamohyo ramdenime sakiT-
xi (gadaecemoda Tu ara armiis Stabis axal ufross wina-
morbedis uflebebi avtomaturad; iyo Tu ara uflebebi,
romlebic gaaCnda marSals, konstituciuri; ras niSnavs
prezidentisTvis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis wodebis miniWeba
da a.S.), romelTa irgvliv yuradRebis gamaxvilebam misca
mas saSualeba, ufro srulad warmoeCina urTierToba aSS-s
umaRles politikur da samxedro eSelonebs Soris.
T. periSis wigni Sedgeba prologis, 22 Tavisa da
epilogisagan. pirveli oTxi Tavi daTmobilia ruzveltisa
da marSalis biografiebisaTvis 1939 wlis gazafxulamde,
rodesac prezidentma aSS-s armiebis Stabis ufrosis uf-
178
rosis postze daniSna farTo sazogadoebriobisaTvis da
sakuTriv misTvisac manamde praqtikulad ucnobi generali
j. marSali. swored aqedan iwyeba urTierToba am ori ada-
mianisa, romelTac bedma arguna aSS-s politikuri da sam-
xedro lideroba meore msoflio omSi. Semdegi 4 Tavi T.
periSs miZRvnili aqvs aSS-s armiis reorganizaciis prob-
lemebis ganxilvisaTvis, romlis iniciatoric marSali iyo.
aqve is mimoixilavs aSS-s sagareo politikas meore msof-
lio omis pirvel etapze, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi formalurad neitralitets icavdnen. danarCeni 14
Tavi ki moicavs periods aSS-s omSi Cabmidan prezident
ruzveltis gardacvalebamde (1941w. 7 dekemberi _ 1945w.
12 aprili). swored es nawili iqcevs gansakuTrebul inte-
ress, rameTu T. periSs Zalze vrclad da dawvrilebiT
aqvs gadmocemuli zogierTi konferenciis (vaSingtonis I,
kasablankis, ialtis) da meore frontis sakiTxze 1942w.
gamarTuli diskusiebis mimdinareoba. mecnieruli Tvalsaz-
risiT, swored am sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili Tavebi aris
yvelaze faseuli winamdebare wignSi.
miuxedavad mravali Rirsebisa, T. periSis wigns gaaC-
nia calkeuli naklovanebebic. pirvel rigSi, unda gamov-
yoT is faqti, rom avtors ara aqvs Sefasebuli Teiranis
konferenciis Sedegebi. Cven migvaCnia, rom mas unda aRe-
niSna, Tu visTvis iyo xelsayreli aq miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebebi da ratom. aseve gaugebaria, Tu ratom ar aZlevs T.
periSi safuZvlian dasabuTebas mtkicebas, rom 1942w. iv-
lisSi londonSi gamarTul molaparakebebze miRebuli ga-
dawyvetileba afrikaSi (da ara evropaSi) SeWris Sesaxeb,
iyo araswori da ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu mokavSireebi daamt-
kicebdnen amerikelTa gegmas. es erT-erTi yvelaze sadavo
sakiTxia meore msoflio omis istoriografiaSi da migvaC-
nia, rom aseTi mtkicebis dasasabuTeblad mxolod j. mar-
Salis azris motana, TiTqos 1942w. Semodgomaze afrikaSi
SeWra SeuZlebels gaxdida 1943w. la-manSis gadalaxvas,
srulebiTac ar aris sakmarisi.
179
ver gaviziarebT, agreTve, avtoris mier ialtis kon-
ferenciis Sedegebisadmi micemul Sefasebebs. kerZod, ar
migvaCnia sworad mosazreba, rom stalinma raime dauTmo
ruzvelts iaponiasTan omSi ssrk-s Cabmis sakiTxSi. rasak-
virvelia, amerikelTaTvis sulac ar iqneboda zedmeti sab-
WoTa jarebis daxmareba iaponelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
saomar moqmedebebSi, magram, vfiqrobT, maT unda gaeTvalis-
winebinaT, rom es stalinis wisqvilzec asxamda wyals.
Cven mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom es iyo ara ruzveltis
diplomatiuri gamarjveba, aramed, piriqiT, sabWoTa lider-
ma miiRo yvelaferi imis sanacvlod, risi gakeTebac mas
mokavSireebis gareSe gadawyvetili hqonda (amis Sesaxeb
dawvr. ix.: È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ. ÓÔÀËÉÍÉ, ÒÖÆÅÄËÔÉ ÃÀ ÜÄÒÜÉËÉ
äÉÔËÄÒÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ. 1941-1945, Tb., 1996, gv. 117-118.).
Cveni azriT, aseve mcdaria T. periSis Sefaseba CerCi-
lis 1945w. 6 ianvris werilisa stalinisadmi. mkvlevari
erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnevs am werils mxolod daxmarebis
Txovnad. misi azriT, britaneTis premieri arakeTilgoniv-
rulad moiqca. periSi Tvlis, rom CerCils ar unda da-
ewera aseTi werili. rodesac mdgomareoba frontze sulac
ar iyo sagangaSo. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRvniSno, rom
britaneTis premieris moqmedeba sulac ar iyo imdenad ara-
keTilgonivruli, rogorc es amerikel istorikoss hgonia.
Cveni azriT, CerCils surda, daeCqarebina sabWoTa jarebis
Seteva poloneTSi, radganac es aiZulebda germanelebs, ga-
daesrolaT mniSvnelovani Zalebi aRmosavleTis frontze.
rogorc Cans, britaneTis premieri fiqrobda, rom germane-
lebi ar miscemdnen sabWoTa armiebs mniSvnelovnad win wa-
wevis saSualebas da am mizniT seriozulad Seasustebdnen
dasavleTis fronts, rac ingliselebs da amerikelebs gzas
gauxsnida berlinisaken. vfiqrobT, swored es mosazreba
daedo safuZvlad zemoaRniSnul werils, radganac CerCi-
lis mTavari sazrunavi am periodSi sabWoTa jarebisaTvis
berlinis aRebis daswreba iyo (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT
ix.: È. ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ. dasax. naSr., gv. 106-109.).
180
Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT e.w. `bernis incidentis~ pe-
riSiseul Sefasebebs. kerZod, mis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom, SesaZloa, v. molotovis 1945w. 12 martis werilis
mizani iyo bernSi mimdinare winaswari molaparakebebis CaS-
la apeninebze ganlagebuli germanuli nawilebis kapitula-
ciis Sesaxeb da italiaSi saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebis
gadavadeba.
da bolos, sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT T. periSis
stili da weris manera. avtori axerxebs sakmaod rTuli
mecnieruli problemebis gadmocemas Tavisuflad, TiTqmis
Jurnalistur stilSi, amerikelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iu-
moriT. yovelive amis wyalobiT wigni saintereso da io-
lad sakiTxavia, risi miRwevac arcTu ise advilia samecni-
ero xasiaTis naSromebSi.
amrigad, È. ÐÄÒÉÛÉÓ gamokvleva: `ÒÖÆÅÄËÔÉ ÃÀ ÌÀÒ-
ÛÀËÉ. ÐÀÒÔÍÉÏÒÄÁÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÀÓÀ ÃÀ ÏÌÛÉ. ÐÄÒÓÏÍÀËÖÒÉ
ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀ ~ udavod kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabijia meore
msoflio omis samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri is-
toriis mecnieruli kvlevis saqmeSi, romelic didad waad-
geba am problemebze momuSave mkvlevarebs.
181
TE MURA . PAPAS R
An nterestin Book about the Two Titans

o the US Politics
Roose elt nd arshall artners In olitics nd ar
he ersonal tor B ho as arrish
e or
ar
In this paper there is given a critical analysis of the Ameri-

can scientist s book about the two titans of the USA. The author
shows that Th. . Parrish s statement about the concessions made
by Stalin at the alta Conference is not correct. It is also said, that
Churchill s letter to Stalin written on January 6, 19 5 was
motivated by the ritish Prime Minister s desire to capture erlin
before it would be seized by the Soviet troops, and it wasn t “ill-
wise” as thinks Th. . Parrish.
182
Ò À ÌÃ ÄÍÉÌÄ Û ÄÍÉÛ ÅÍÀ À ÌÄÒ ÉÊÄË É ÉÓ Ô Ï Ò ÉÊÏ Ó ÉÓ
× Ò ÄÃ ÄÒ ÉÊ Ö . ÌÀ Ò ÊÓ III-É Ó ß É Â ÍÆ Ä:
„ ØÀÒ É ØÅÉÛ ÀÆ Ä. × Ò ÀÍÊË ÉÍ Ò Ö Æ ÅÄË Ô ÉÓ
Ã ÉÐË Ï ÌÀÔ ÉÀ“ *
franklin delano ruzvelti gamorCeuli figuraa ame-

rikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi. interesi misi pi-
rovnebisadmi dRemde ar klebulobs. es arc aris gasakviri.
f. ruzvelti xom oTxjer iqna arCeuli aSS-s preziden-
tad, rac dRemde uprecedento movlenas warmoadgens am
qveynis istoriaSi. mas wilad xvda msoflios erT-erTi
wamyvani saxelmwifos lideroba umZimes periodSi, rodesac
saWiro iyo urTulesi ekonomikuri Tu politikuri prob-
lemebis gadaWra. gansakuTrebul interess, rogorc aSS-Si,
ise mis gareT, iwvevs f. ruzveltis saqmianoba meore
msoflio omis periodSi. istorikosTa axali da axali Ta-
obebi ubrundeba am Temas. maTi umravlesoba dadebiTad afa-
sebs aSS-s prezidentis omisdroindel moRvaweobas, Tumca
aris mTeli rigi mkvlevarebisa, romlebic kritikis qar-
cecxlSi atareben f. ruzvelts daSvebuli Secdomebis ga-
mo. gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas am TvalsazrisiT iCenen e.w.
`revizionistebi~, romelTa axali talRis erT-erTi yvela-
ze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli gaxlavT frederik u. marks
III, franklin ruzveltis diplomatiaze sakmaod sqeltania-
ni monografiis _ `qari qviSaze~ _ avtori (gamoica 1988w.
jorjiis Statis qalaq aTenSi).
wignis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgens misi
farTo wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriografiuli baza. naS-
romSi uxvadaa gamoyenebuli mravalferovani saarqivo, maT
* naSromi daibeWda humanitarul mecnierebaTa JurnalSi `ÓÀ-

ØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ~ (#1, 1998).
183
Soris dRemde gamouqveynebeli masala, romelic avtors
mopovebuli aqvs aSS-s, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, kana-
disa da taivanis biblioTekebSi. amas emateba aSS-s sxvada-
sxva universitetebSi daculi disertaciebi. uaRresad
vrcelia gamoyenebuli samecniero literaturis sia.
f. marksis wigni Sedgeba winasityvaobis, 7 Tavisa da
daskvnisagan. pirveli Tavi eTmoba àsi dRis~ periodis
ruzveltis diplomatiuri saqmianobis mimoxilvas. me-2 da
me-3 TavebSi gaSuqebulia aSS-iaponiis urTierTobebi 1933-
1941 wlebSi. me-4 TavSi avtori ixilavs amave periodSi
evropaSi mimdinare movlenebs, f. ruzveltis sagareo-po-
litikur moRvaweobas. me-5 Tavi moicavs meore msoflio
omis periods aSS-s omSi CarTvidan ialtis konferenciamde.
me-6 TavSi Seswavlilia aSS-s politika centraluri da
samxreT amerikis qveynebSi, daskvniTi me-7 Tavi ki warmo-
adgens f. ruzveltis sagareo-politikuri da diplomati-
uri moRvaweobis erTgvar Sejamebas.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, frederik marksi `revizio-
nist~ istorikosTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. amrigad, misi kri-
tikuli damokidebuleba f. ruzveltis diplomatiuri saq-
mianobisadmi sulac ar aris moulodneli. gakvirvebas iw-
vevs mxolod is antipaTia, romelsac avtori amJRavnebs
aSS-s 32-e prezidentisadmi. avtori yovelmxriv cdilobs,
dagvixatos iseTi suraTi, rom f. ruzvelts araferi esmo-
da sagareo politikaSi. ufro metic, is acxadebs, rom
omis Semdgom aSS-s avtoriteti msoflioSi Zalian dabali
iyo, rac, misi azriT, ganapiroba ruzveltis diplomatiur-
ma sibecem. f. markss amis dasasabuTeblad mohyavs Tanamed-
roveTa mier aSS-s prezidentisaTvis micemuli Sefasebebi,
Tumca ver vityviT, rom am SemTxvevaSi is eyrdnoba gansa-
kuTrebul avtoritetebs. ara gvgonia, rom hitleris, n.
Cemberlenisa da lord halifaqsis mier ruzveltis dip-
lomatiuri saqmianobis negatiurad Sefaseba didad faseu-
li iyos. rac Seexeba danarCen politikosebs (u. CerCili,
18
S. de goli, a. ideni da a.S.), isini SeiZleba akritikebdnen
aSS-s prezidents ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi miseuli midgomis
gamo, magram arasdros ar SeutaniaT eWvi ruzveltis dip-
lomatiur kompetenturobaSi.
f. marksi imdenadaa gatacebuli f. ruzveltis dip-
lomatiuri moRvaweobis kritikiT, rom calkeul SemTxve-
vebSi verc ki amCnevs, Tu rogor vardeba winaaRmdegobaSi.
kerZod, Tavisi naSromis pirvel TavSi is adanaSaulebs
ruzvelts jer kidev 1933w. oTxi qveynis paqtis Sesaxeb
musolinis winadadebis uaryofaSi. es idea iTvaliswinebda
germaniisTvis daTmobebs dancigis, polonuri derefnisa da
koloniebis sakiTxSi da masze uaris Tqmas avtori ratom-
Rac uwodebs `konstruqciuli saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweo-
bis SesaZleblobis dakargvas~. amave dros, Tavisi naSromis
sxva adgilas (meoTxe Tavi), igi akritikebs prezidents
imisaTvis, rom es ukanaskneli praqtikulad daeTanxma miun-
xenis kurss. gaugebaria, Tu ra principul gansxvavebas xe-
davs f. marksi musolinis winadadebasa da miunxenis gada-
wyvetilebebs Soris. unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, avtoris uc-
nauri pozicia poloneTTan da CexoslovakiasTan dakavSire-
biT. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom avtori yovelnairad cdi-
lobs germaniis agresiis gamarTlebas am mimarTulebiT,
radgan amiT, misi azriT, moxda samarTlianobis erTgvari
aRdgena, rameTu es teritoriebi ZiriTadad germanelebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli. yvelaze saocari ki gaxlavT is, rom
slovakebisaTvis germania lamis samSoblod aris gamocxa-
debuli, rac Turme imiT yofila gamowveuli, rom slova-
kebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Sediodnen romis saRvTo im-
periis, 1815-1866 wlebSi _ germaniis konfederaciis (ter-
mini avtoriseulia _ T.p.), da bolos _ 1918 wlamde _ avs-
triis SemadgenlobaSi (rogorc Cans, f. marksisTvis ucno-
bia, rom 1867-1918ww. am saxelmwifos ewodeboda avstria-
ungreTi, da ara ubralod avstria, da rom amasTan slovake-
Ti Sedioda translaitaniaSi, anu dualisturi imperiis un-
185
grul nawilSi da aranairi kavSiri avstriasTan ar hqonda).
aranakleb ucnauria avtoris pozicia iaponia-CineTis
konfliqtisadmi. misi TqmiT, erTaderTi miswrafeba, rom-
liTac xelmZRvanelobda iaponiis mTavroba manjuriis dapy-
robisas, iyo is, rom ar daeSva CineTze sabWoTa gavlenis
damyareba. amavdroulad is acxadebs, rom miuxedavad eTni-
kuri erTgvarovnebisa, `manjuria da CineTi arasdros ar
iyvnen imaze ufro axlos, vidre inglisi da irlandia, im
gansxvavebiT, rom aranair irlandiel dampyroblebs araso-
des umarTavT inglisi~, xolo manjuriuli dinastia 300
weli marTavda CineTs. rac Seexeba iaponiis intervencias
manjuriaSi, ris Sedegadac iq Seiqmna marionetuli saxel-
mwifo, avtori am faqts adarebs safrangeTis daxmarebas
amerikeli kolonistebisadmi damoukideblobisaTvis omis pe-
riodSi. unda iTqvas, rom aq moyvanili f. marksiseuli Se-
darebebi veranair kritikas ver uZlebs, rameTu arsebobs
cnobili `tanakas memorandumi~, romelSic calsaxadaa Camo-
yalibebuli iaponiis saboloo mizani _ msoflio batonoba
da romlis pirveli punqtic manjuriis dapyroba gaxlavT.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gansaxilvel naSromSi ipy-
robs aSS-iaponiis omamdeli urTierTobebis avtoriseuli
analizi. pirvel rigSi, es exeba briuselis konferenciisa
(1937w. 3-24 noemberi) da aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivnis kor-
del halisa da aSS-Si iaponiis elCis kiCisaburo nomuras
oTxraundiani molaparakebis (1940-1941ww.) amsaxvel epi-
zodebs. Cven SemTxveviT ar gamogviyvia es sakiTxebi. saqme
imaSi gaxlavT, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebi istorikosTa
TvalTaxedvis areSi ar xvdeboda da praqtikulad Seuswav-
leli iyo. ase rom, f. marksi am SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba pi-
oneris rolSi, rac, udavod, misasalmebelia, magram isev
da isev xazi unda gaesvas mis ucnaur pozicias. is yovel-
nairad cdilobs daxatos iseTi suraTi, TiTqos f. ruz-
veltma aiZula iaponia, Tavs dasxmoda aSS-s. swored ruz-
velts adanaSaulebs f. marksi briuselis konferenciis
186
CaSlaSi. aRniSnuli samiti moewyo mas Semdeg, rac iaponia
Tavs daesxa kontinentur CineTs da daiwyo `tanakas memo-
randumis~ meore punqtis _ `CineTis dapyroba~ _ sisrule-
Si moyvana. konferenciis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda swo-
red iaponia-CineTis urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, romelic
uSedegod damTavrda. amis mizezi ki, f. marksis azriT, iyo
ruzveltis mier gakeTebuli araswori gancxadeba: `tokio
ar unda elodos, rom vaSingtoni legitimurad cnobs ia-
ponelTa agresias~. sainteresoa, maS rogor unda moqceuli-
yo aSS-s prezidenti? rogorc avtoris msjelobidan Cans,
sasurveli iyo, ruzvelts gaeTanabrebina agresorica da
msxverplic da orive erTnairad damnaSaved gamoecxadebina.
analogiur situacias vxvdebiT hal-nomuras molapa-
rakebebis analizisas. avtori iaponiasTan urTierTobebis
gamwvavebaSi amjeradac ruzvelts adanaSaulebs. misi TqmiT,
1941w. Semodgomaze iaponia mzad iyo, daedo aSS-sTan Se-
Tanxmeba, romlis ZaliTac is gamoiyvanda CineTidan Tavisi
jarebis 90%-s or weliwadSi, danarCen 10%-s ki _ gan-
sazRvruli vadis ganmavlobaSi da dauSvebda Crd. CineTSi
Cinuri policiis Seqmnas iaponeli oficrebis xelmZRvane-
lobis qveS. yovelive es, avtoris azriT, misaRebi iyo,
magram ruzveltma da halma yvelafers xazi gadausves da
mosTxoves iaponelebs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi CineTidan
yvela jariskacis gamoyvana. f. marksi ruzveltis Secdomad
Tvlis, agreTve, iaponiisaTvis navTobis miwodebis akrZal-
vas da iaponiis ekonomikur blokadaSi moqcevas. yovelive
aman, avtoris azriT, iaponias dautova mxolod erTi gamo-
savali: Tavs dasxmoda aSS-s. sxvaTa Soris, am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT igi svams erT metad sagulisxmo kiTxvas: ra-
tom midioda iaponia aseT daTmobebze, rodesac situacia
msoflioSi misTvis esoden xelsayreli iyo (igulisxmeba,
rom iaponiis mokavSire germanias am droisaTvis dapyrobi-
li hqonda praqtikulad mTeli evropa, ssr kavSiris didi
nawili, italiis daxmarebiT _ mTeli Crd. afrika egvipti-
187
sa da tobrukis (cixe-simagre libiaSi) garda) da ratom-
Rac upasuxod tovebs am kiTxvas. arada, iaponiis moqmedeba
advilad aixsneba swored im droisaTvis Seqmnili saerTa-
Soriso situaciiT. aSS-sTan xelSekrulebis dadeba iaponi-
as saSualebas miscemda, Tavs dasxmoda sabWoTa kavSirs.
praqtikulad aSS-iaponiis xelSekruleba iqneboda analogi-
uri ssr kavSir-germaniis 1939w. 23 agvistos paqtisa, ris
Semdegac hitlerma daiwyo meore msoflio omi. ase rom,
molaparakebebis CaSlis Semdeg iaponelebma Secvales maTi
dartymis mizani da ara gadawyvetileba, Cabmuliyvnen meore
msoflio omSi. es gadawyvetileba iaponiis umaRles sam-
xedro xelmZRvanelobas ukve miRebuli hqonda da ubralod
ucdida xelsayrel moments mis gansaxorcieleblad.
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos erTi kanonzomiereba, rome-
lic sistematurad gvxvdeba f. marksis msjelobebSi: is
cdilobs, gamarTleba mouZebnos agresoris moqmedebebs.
amis kidev erT damadasturebel sabuTad Cven SegviZlia mo-
vitanoT italia-eTiopiis konfliqtis avtoriseuli aRqma.
f. marksis TqmiT, `monaTmflobeluri~, `monaTvaWruli~ eTi-
opia sistematurad arRvevda yvelanair SeTanxmebas da Tavs
esxmoda italiur eriTreasa da somalis. avtoris msjelo-
bis mixedviT gamodis, rom italia ubralod Tavs icavda
da swored Tavdacvis mizniT daipyro eTiopiis teritoriis
naxevarze meti. ufro metic, f. marksi brals sdebs ruz-
velts, rom es ukanaskneli arc arasdros cdila, Caswvdo-
moda germaniisa Tu italiis mamoZravebel miznebs, e. i. ga-
modis, rom f. ruzveltma, da masTan erTad mTelma demokra-
tiulma msofliom, ubralod ver gaugo germanias, italias,
iaponias da meore msoflio omic swored am fatalur gau-
gebrobas mohyva. rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia!
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom f. marksis naSromis me-5
Tavi eTmoba f. ruzveltis saqmianobas meore msoflio omSi
aSS-s Cabmidan yirimis konferenciamde, Tumca avtori yu-
radRebas ZiriTadad amaxvilebs mxolod or sakiTxze: aSS-s
188
prezidentis urTierTobebze stalinTan da Can kaiSisTan.
aanalizebs ra ruzveltis urTierTobas stalinTan, f. mar-
ksi askvnis, rom aSS-s prezidenti mTeli omis ganmavloba-
Si zedmet daTmobebze midioda sabWoTa lideris mimarT. am
TvalsazrisiT, is gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs Teiranisa da
ialtis konferenciebs. avtori acxadebs, rom TeiranSi ruz-
velts mxardaWera unda aRmoeCina CerCilis balkanuri
strategisaTvis Tundac mxolod imisaTvis, rom mieRo meti
daTmoba stalinisagan. arada, Teiranis konferenciis amsax-
veli dokumentebi cxadyofen, rom aSS-s prezidentma Ta-
vidan sakmaod frTxili da diplomatiuri gancxadeba gaa-
keTa meore frontis gaxsnis savaraudo adgilis Taobaze
da mxolod mas Semdeg gamokveTa Tavisi pozicia safrange-
Tis variantis sasargeblod, roca stalinisagan miiRo da-
pireba germaniasTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg iaponiis wina-
aRmdeg saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb. aqve ar SeiZ-
leba yuradReba ar mieqces erT friad mniSvnelovan gare-
moebasac: frontebze Seqmnili mdgomareoba sabWoTa liders
iseT upiratesobas aZlevda molaparakebebis dros, rom Zne-
li warmosadgenia, is wasuliyo raime mniSvnelovan daTmo-
baze dasavleTeli mokavSireebis mimarT. ufro metic, waaw-
yda ra CerCilis winaaRmdegobas safrangeTSi meore fron-
tis gaxsnis sakiTxSi, man lamis saerTod datova konferen-
cia da situaciis ganmuxtva mxolod ruzveltis drouli
Carevis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac TavisTavad, uda-
vod, metyvelebs aSS-s prezidentis diplomatiur alRoze.
rasakvirvelia, avtori marTalia, rodesac acxadebs,
rom stalinma praqtikulad yvelaferi miiRo am konferen-
ciaze, rac surda, magram es exeboda samxedro, da ara po-
litikur, sakiTxebs. TeiranSi praqtikulad arcerT poli-
tikur problemaze gadawyvetileba ar miRebula. rac Seexe-
ba samxedro sakiTxebs, Teiranis konferenciis gadawyveti-
lebebi, pirvel rigSi, nakarnaxevi iyo samxedro logikiT
da emsaxureboda umTavres mizans: germaniis damarcxebas
189
umokles vadaSi. ase rom, ruzveltis dadanaSauleba, rom
is TeiranSi gaumarTlebel daTmobebze wavida, cota ar
iyos, Zneli dasajerebelia. samagierod, Cven savsebiT vizia-
rebT f. marksis Sexedulebas, rom ruzvelts ar hqonda
ufleba, eTqva stalinisaTvis, rom mas poloneTi da bal-
tiispireTis qveynebi ainteresebda mxolod imitom, rom eT-
nikurad polonel, litvel, latviel da estonel aSS-s
moqalaqeebs SeeZloT didi gavlena moexdinaT 1944w. sap-
rezidento arCevnebze. es, ra Tqma unda, uxeSi politikuri
Secdoma iyo, radganac ruzveltma amiT agrZnobina sta-
lins, rom poloneTisa da baltiispireTis qveynebis omis-
Semdgomi bedi mas sruliadac ar anaRvlebda.
ialtis konferencias rac Seexeba, is yovelTvis war-
moadgenda `revizionistebis~ kritikis mTavar obieqts. ase
rom, f. marksis kritikuli damokidebuleba aq miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebisadmi iolad prognozirebadi iyo. Cven ab-
soluturad veTanxmebiT avtoriseul mtkicebas, rom ruz-
velts unda gaeTvaliswinebina sabWoTa lideris udavo da-
intereseba iaponiasTan omSi ssrk-s CabmiT da bevrad ufro
mcire kompensacia SeeTavazebina amis sanacvlod. esec, ra-
sakvirvelia, Secdoma iyo ruzveltis mxridan, magram yove-
live es ar unda gvaZlevdes safuZvels, vilaparakoT ruz-
veltis diplomatiur arakompetenturobaze, rogorc amas
akeTebs avtori.
aseve gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia avtoris kritika ruz-
veltis midgomisa poloneTis sakiTxis mimarT. aRniSnul
problemaze msjelobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am dro-
isaTvis (1945w. Tebervali) poloneTis praqtikulad mTeli
teritoria sabWoTa armiis xelT iyo. ase rom, ruzveltis
Tanxmoba ssrk-poloneTis sazRvrad `kerzonis xazis~ daka-
nonebaze, garkveulwilad, iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebda.
Cven ver daveTanxmebiT avtors imaSic, rom aSS-s pre-
zidentis mxridan Sedoma iyo Tanxmobis micema berlinisa
da praRis sabWoTa saokupacio zonaSi moxvedraze. yirimis
190
konferenciis msvlelobis momentisaTvis (1945w. 4-11 Te-
bervali), frontebze Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
Znelad Tu warmoidgenda vinme, rom amerikelebsa da ingli-
selebs berlinisa da praRis aRebis SesaZlebloba miecemo-
daT. ase rom, es gadawyvetileba absoluturad gamarTle-
buli iyo samxedro TvalsazrisiT, miT umetes, rom is su-
lac ar ukrZalavda romelime mxares operaciebis Catarebas
partniori qveynis saokupacio zonis teritoriaze. dasav-
leTel mokavSireebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT aeRoT germaniis
dedaqalaqi, Tu isini sabWoTa jarebze adre miadgebodnen
mas.
da bolos, ar SegviZlia gverdi avuaroT f. marksis
mtkicebas, rom ruzvelti sagareo politikaSi moqmedebda
ama Tu im qveynis mimarT Tavisi subieqturi Sexedulebis
mixedviT. magaliTad, is acxadebs, rom aSS-s prezidentis
negatiuri damokidebuleba germaniisadmi ganapiroba im ara-
sasiamovno Tavgadasavlebma, romlebic mas gadaxda Tavs
axalgazrdobaSi am qveyanaSi mogzaurobis dros. kerZod, f.
marksi ixsenebs im faqts, rom ruzvelti erTi dRis gan-
mavlobaSi oTxjer daupatimrebia germaniis policias sru-
liad umniSvnelo darRvevebis gamo (man unebarTvod dak-
rifa da SeWama alubali, rkinigzis sadguris mosacdelSi
Seiyvana velosipedi, gaitana bati da mzis Casvlis Semdeg
velosipediT gaiseirna straburgSi.). rasakvirvelia, yove-
live aman marTlac SeiZleba didi simpaTiiT ar gangawyos
im qveynisadmi, sadac aseTi wesrigia gamefebuli, magram
araseriozulad migvaCnia f. ruzveltis antigermanuli
kursis am mizezebiT axsna. Tu aSS-s prezidents hqonda
raime winaswar akviatebuli uaryofiTi azri vinmes mimarT,
pirvel rigSi, es iyo Sarl de goli, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, is, 1944 wlidan mainc, aqtiurad TanamSromlobda
`Tavisufali safrangeTis~ liderTan.
aseTia zogadi STabeWdilebebi, romelsac tovebs f.
marksis `qari qviSaze~. naSromis gacnobisas Cndeba calke-
191
ul problemebze kidev erTxel Cafiqrebisa da maTi kriti-
kuli gaazrebis survili, rac aucilebeli pirobaa mecnie-
ruli WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis. swored aRniSnulma ga-
remoebam gvibiZga, gamoovxmaurebodiT f. marksis wignSi aR-
Zrul zogierT, Cveni azriT, sadavo sakiTxs da gamogvexa-
ta maTdami Cveni damokidebuleba.
TE MURA . PAPAS R
Few Remarks on the Book

Wind O er Sand. Diplomacy o Franklin Roose elt
By Frederick W. Marks the American Historian
ar
In this article there is given a critical analysis of the Ameri-

can scientist s statement that r. . oosevelt had no diplomatic
talent. The author shows that r. W. Marks incriminations to oo-
sevelt are mostly groundless. In the time of his presidency and es-
pecially during the whole Second World War the diplomacy of
ranklin oosevelt was wise and there were only few unimportant
mistakes in his foreign policy.
192
ÌÍÉÛ ÅÍÄË Ï ÅÀ ÍÉ Â À ÌÏ ÊÅË ÄÅÀ Ó ÐÀ Ò Ó ÄÈ ÉÓ
Ú Ö Ò ÉÓ Ï ÌÆ Ä *
sparseTis yuris omis msoflios uaxlesi istoriis

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa. erayis mier quveiTis
okupaciam imTaviTve miipyro mTeli msoflio Tanamegobro-
bis yuradReba da aiZula gaero, mieRo gadawyvetileba ag-
resoris mkacrad dasjis Sesaxeb. praqtikulad yvela sa-
xelmwifom mxari dauWira samxedro operaciebis Catarebam
quveiTis gasaTavisufleblad. amgvarma Zalisxmevam saWiro
Sedegic gamoiRo. ZiriTadad aSS-s samxedro SenaerTebisagan
dakompleqtebulma koleqtiurma Zalebma warmatebiT Seas-
rules dasaxuli amocana da mokle xanSi aiZules erayis
armia, daetovebina quveiTis teritoria. bunebrivia, aseTi
masStabis movlena ar darCa mimomxilvelTa Tu mecnier-is-
torikosTa saTanado analizis gareSe. sparseTis yuris
omis damTavrebisTanave iwyo gamosvla mravalricxovanma me-
muarebma, xolo mokle xanSi gamoCnda am TemisaTvis miZRv-
nili pirveli mecnieruli gamokvlevebic. maT Sorisaa ga-
zeT `The New ork Times~-is samxedro korespondentis ÌÀ-
ÉÊË Ò. ÂÏÒÃÏÍÉÓÀ da samxedro eqpertis, general ÁÄÒ-
ÍÀÒÃ Ä. ÔÒÄÉÍÏÒÉÓ wigni: `ÂÄÍÄÒËÄÁÉÓ ÏÌÉ. ÓÐÀÒÓÄÈÉÓ
ÚÖÒÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ËÉØÔÉÓ ÛÉÍÀÂÀÍÉ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀ ~, _ romelic 1995
wels gamoica da romelmac uaRresad maRali Sefaseba mi-
iRo aSS-Si.
naSromis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgens misi
farTo wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza. wignis avtorebma mraval-
* aRniSnuli naSromi pirvelad daibeWda e. TayaiSvilis saxe-

lobis saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis re-
gionaluri organizaciis periodul samecniero gamocemaSi
„ÓÀÉÓÔÏÒÉÏ ÞÉÄÁÀÍÉ“ (I, 1999).

ricxovan dokumentur masalebTan erTad gamoiyenes sparse-
Tis yuris omis monawileTa interviuebi, Canawerebi, ukve
gamocemuli Tu jer kidev gamouqveynebeli memuarebi. wig-
nis Rirebulebas udavod zrdis isic, rom mas darTuli
aqvs rukebi.
`generlebis omi~ Sedgeba Sesavlis, 20 Tavis (romle-
bic dayofilia 2 nawilad) da epilogisagan. pirveli nawi-
li _ òmisaTvis mzadeba~ (Sedgeba 9 Tavisagan) _ moicavs
periods erayis mier quveiTis dapyrobis wina dReebidan
uSualod saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde, xolo meore na-
wilSi _ òmi~ (10-20-e Tavebi) _ ganxilulia sakuTriv
erayis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciis
mimdinareoba da Sedegebi.
m. gordonisa da b. treinoris naSromis erT-erTi um-
Tavresi Rirsebaa is, rom avtorebma pirvelad scades, Se-
eswavlaT sparseTis yuris omis Sinagani istoria. isini
xazs usvamen, rom surdaT daenaxaT konfliqti yvela im
samsaxuris TvaliT, vinc dagegma da ganaxorciela quveiTis
ganTavisuflebis operacia. ufro metic, avtorebi ar das-
jerdnen erTi calke aRebuli konfliqtis Sinagani mxaris
_ misi warmoSobis mizezebis, saomari moqmedebebis, calke-
ul samxedro moRvaweTa saqmianobisa da a.S. _ gaSuqebas da
mogvces 90-ian wlebSi omis warmoebis amerikuli wesis
zogadi analizi.
`generlebis omis~ pirveli nawili, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, eTmoba erayis mier quveiTis okupaciisa da
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis, upirveles yovlisa,
aSS-s mxridan sapasuxo zomebis momzadebis istorias. av-
torebma sagangebod miuTiTes im Secdomaze, romelic, maTi
azriT, dauSva prezident jorj buSis administraciam qu-
veiTze Tavdasxmis wina dReebSi. m. gordoni da b. treino-
ri Tvlian, rom aSS-s prezidents ufro mkveTrad unda eg-
rZnobinebina sadam huseinisaTvis quveiTis dapyrobis mosa-
lodneli Sedegebi, raTa erayis diqtators Tavi Seekavebina
19
msgavsi aqciisagan. garda amisa, avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom j.
buSis pozicia, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebuli iyo araswori
informaciiT, romelic mas miawodes css-dan (centraluri
sadazvervo saagento) da romlis Tanaxmadac erayis
samxedro mzadeba sruli blefi iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
m. gordoni da b. treinori yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze,
rom aSS-s sxvadasxva sadazvervo samsaxurebi (kerZod, css
da Tss _ Tavdacvis sadazvervo saagento) erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul cnobebs iZleodnen erayis SesaZlo moqmedebe-
bis Sesaxeb. maTi azriT, prezidentis administracia Tss-s
mier mowodebul informacias rom dayrdnoboda, maSin is
albaT sxva pozicias daikavebda, rasac, SesaZloa, 1979
wlis msgavsad, mohyoloda erayis mxridan quveiTze zewo-
lis Sesusteba. miuxedavad amisa, avtorebma sulac ar miiC-
nies fatalurad aSS-s prezidentis amgvari Secdoma, rad-
gan oficialurma baRdadmac, Tavis mxriv, arasworad gaTva-
la aSS-s sapasuxo reaqcia da miiRo sabediswero gadawyve-
tileba, Tavs dasxmoda quveiTs. m. gordoni da b. treinori
Tvlian, rom miuxedavad TeTri saxlis mier gatarebuli
metad araefeqturi politikisa, movlenebi mainc aSS-s in-
teresebis Sesabamisad ganviTarda, vinaidan samxedro dapi-
rispireba moxda im momentSi, rodesac erays jer kidev ar
gaaCnda birTvuli iaraRi (avtorebis TqmiT, rom ara omi,
erayi sakmaod swrafad daasrulebda Tavis birTvul prog-
ramas da, SesaZloa, dRes ukve atomuri bombic hqonoda),
xolo amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ki xel-fexi hqonda
gaxsnili civi omis damTavrebis gamo.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevniSnoT, rom amerikeli
avtorebis amgvari daskvna Cven maincdamainc mTlad damaje-
reblad ar migvaCnia. Cveni azriT, Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom sadam huseins ar gaeTvala aSS-s mosalodneli reaqcia
quveiTze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa, mas imis imedi
hqonda, rom nebismieri aqcia erayis winaaRmdeg unda gan-
xorcielebuliyo gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciiT. aq
195
ki erayis liders uTuod eqneboda Tavisi Zveli mokavSiri-
sa da mfarvelis _ sabWoTa kavSiris imedi. eraySi albaT
verc warmoedginaT, rom moskovi ar gamoiyenebda vetos
uflebas uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze da ase erTbaSad gas-
wiravda Tavis megobar saxelmwifos. magram kremlis xel-
mZRvanelobam amjerad, baRdadisaTvis sruliad moulodne-
lad, samarTliani pozicia daikava da ar gauwia winaaRmde-
goba erayis agresiis samxedro gziT aRkveTas. ase gaxda
SesaZlebeli erayis winaaRmdeg damsjeli samxedro opera-
ciebis _ ùdabnos fari~ da `qariSxali udabnoSi~ _ gan-
xorcieleba.
m. gordoni da b. treinori yuradRebas amaxvileben
agreTve sadam huseinis xasiaTis impulsurobaze, rac aZne-
lebs misi SesaZlo qmedebebis winaswar ganWvretas. aqedan
gamomdinare, Cven migvaCnia, rom Zneli iyo imis gansazRvra,
Tu ras moimoqmedebda erayis diqtatori aSS-s mxridan sam-
xedro muqaris SemTxvevaSi, Tumca cnobilia, rom jer
kidev 1990 wlis ivlisSi sadam huseinma pirdapir uTxra
aSS-s elCs eraySi eipril glaspis, ar aeZulebinaT is, rom
Rirsebis dacvis erTaderT saSualebad mxolod omis daw-
yeba mieCnia.
sarecenzio naSromis pirvel nawilSi sainteresodaa
gaSuqebuli sparseTis yuris regionSi Casatarebeli opera-
ciebis momzadeba. aRniSnulia, rom amerikel samxedroebSi,
kerZod, sami sxvadasxva uwyebis _ samxedro-sahaero Zale-
bis, saxmeleTo jarebisa da flotis _ xelmZRvanelobas
Soris ar iyo erTsulovneba imis Taobaze, Tu rogori ti-
pis operacia unda ganexorcielebinaT erayis winaaRmdeg.
aSS-s samxedro wreebi karga xnis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobdnen,
rom isini mxolod saudis arabeTis dacviT unda Semofarg-
luliyvnen, Semdeg gadawyda erayisaTvis sahaero dartyme-
bis miyeneba, bolos ki daigegma farTomasStabiani operacia
quveiTis gasaTavisufleblad, romelSic saxmeleTo jareb-
Tan erTad monawileoba unda mieRoT sazRvao fexosanTa
196
nawilebsac. arc amis Semdeg Semwydara kamaTi amerikel
generlebs Soris da samxedro-sahaero Zalebis warmomadgen-
lebi kidev didxans arwmunebdnen TavianT oponentebs sax-
meleTo jarebis xelmZRvanelobidan, rom erayis damarcxe-
bisaTvis mxolod saaviacio dartymebic iqneboda sakmarisi.
aranakleb sainteresoa wignis meore nawili _ òmi~,
romelSic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganxilulia uSualod
sparseTis yuris omis msvleloba da Sedegebi. upirveles
yovlisa, xazi unda gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom avtorebma
mogvces saomari moqmedebebis uaRresad dawvrilebiTi, de-
taluri aRwera. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT,
xafjis (saudis arabeTi) brZola (1991w. 29-31 ianvari),
romelsac m. gordonma da b. treinorma wignis me-13 Tavi
dauTmes. maTi TqmiT, es iyo umniSvnelovanesi brZola, ro-
melmac naTlad aCvena erayis armiis sabrZolo mzadyofnis
dabali done da samwuxarod miiCneven im faqts, rom gene-
ralma norman Svarckopfma _ aSS-s Zalebis mTavarsardalma
erayis winaaRmdeg omSi, ar gaiTvaliswina misi Sedegebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, Cveni azriT, avtorebi gadaWarbebul
Sefasebas aZleven am brZolas. jer erTi, yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani, rac aCvena am brZolam, iyo is, rom mokavSireTa,
pirvel rigSi, amerikelTa, dazverva praqtikulad arafers
akeTebda. erayis armiis arcTu mravalricxovanma SenaerTeb-
ma _ daaxloebiT 800 kacamde _ faqtobrivad ubrZolve-
lad daikava quveiTis sazRvris maxloblad mdebare saudis
arabeTis saporto qalaqi xafji. amave dros, qalaqis max-
loblad da sakuTriv qalaqSi ganlagebulma Zalebma ki
arc icodnen, rom mowinaaRmdegem gadmolaxa sazRvari da
mxolod maSin Seityves amis Sesaxeb, rodesac erayelTa
mowinave Zalebi xafjiSi Sevidnen. qalaqis ganTavisufleba
daevalaT saudis arabeTis jarebs, romlebic gaaZlieres
yataris armiis satanko nawiliT. ordRiani brZolebis Sem-
deg erayelebi xafjidan gandevnes. msxverpli orive mxares
umniSvnelo iyo: mokavSireebs daeRupaT 10 da daeWraT 45
197
meomari, xolo erayelTa mxridan mokluli iqna 100-mde
jariskaci da kidev 100 tyved Cavarda. marTalia, avtore-
bis gamoTvliT, erayelebma TiTqmis 2000 kaci dakarges da-
Rupulebis, daWrilebisa da tyveebis saxiT, magram unda
aRiniSnos, rom lomis wili am msxverplidan modis erayis
armiis SenaerTze, romelic ukandaxevisas SecdomiT saku-
Tar naRmebis velze moxvda da TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgur-
da. ase rom, am brZolas arc ise didi mniSvneloba hqonda,
rogorc amas avtorebi amtkiceben. amasTan, wignidan gauge-
baria, Tu ras isaxavdnen miznad erayelebi am Setevis or-
ganizebisas.
aris kidev erTi garemoeba, romelzec Cven gvsurs yu-
radRebis gamaxvileba. xafjis brZolis aRwerisas avtorebi
yovelmxriv cdiloben daakninon arabebis wvlili qalaqis
dabrunebaSi da mTeli damsaxureba amerikul aviacias miawe-
ron. isini xazs usvamen, rom pirveli dRis warumatebeli
brZolebis Semdeg saudelebi Zalian dabneulni iyvnen da
ar icodnen, ra eqnaT. maTi TqmiT, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
aSS-s TviTmfrinavebma gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayenes
erayelTa poziciebs da sruli demoralizeba gamoiwvies am
SenaerTebSi, SeZles saudelebma qalaqis dabruneba. amave
dros, isini araviTar komentars ar ukeTeben panikas, ro-
melic Seiqmna sakuTriv amerikul nawilebSi xafjidan gaq-
cevis periodSi. arada, amerikelebma adgilze datoves yve-
la Sifri Tu radiokodi da mxolod erayel jariskacTa
uyuradRebobiT ar Cauvarda es monacemebi baRdadis reJims.
m. gordoni da b. treinori ukomentarod toveben ki-
dev erT faqts, romelic maT mohyavT Tavis wignSi. saqme
exeba amerikelebis mier mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebuli jav-
Santeqnikis raodenobas, romelic moaxsenes aSS-s prezi-
dents 1991 wlis 23 Tebervals _ saxmeleTo Setevis daw-
yebis winadRiT. arada, pirdapir gaocebas iwvevs is gan-
sxvaveba ricxvebSi, romelic gvxvdeba am patakSi. magali-
Tad, sardlobis warmomadgenlis monacemebiT, aSS-s sahaero
198
Zalebis mier mowyobili aviareidebis Sedegad ganadgure-
bul iqna 1688 tanki, 929 javSanmanqana da 1452 saartile-
rio qvemexi, maSin rodesac css-s mohyavda Sesabamisad 524,
245 da 255 erTeuli, xolo Tss-s maCveneblebi iyo _ 685,
373 da 622. rac mTavaria, avtorebi arc akonkreteben, Tu
romeli monacemebi aris swori da rogori iyo erayelTa
realuri danakargebi.
avtorebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sparseTis yuris
omis daskvniT etaps miaqcies. maT uaryves gavrcelebuli
Sexeduleba, rom `qariSxali udabnoSi~ dasrulda sruli
triumfiT. m. gordonisa da b. treinoris TqmiT, es iyo
àrasruli gamarjveba~. maT xazi gausves, rom miRweuli
iqna mxolod erTi mizani: quveiTi mTlianad gaiwminda dam-
pyroblebisagan. rac Seexeba sxva dasaxul amocanebs _ era-
yis armiis satanko nawilebisa da sadam huseinis respubli-
kuri gvardiis sruli ganadgureba momavalSi erayis mxri-
dan mezoblebis Tavdasxmis ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileb-
lad, maTi Sesruleba mxolod nawilobriv moxerxda. amis
mTavar mizezad avtorebs miaCniaT j. buSis administraciis
mier miRebuli mcdari gadawyvetileba, rac SeiZleba swra-
fad daesrulebinaT omi. m. gordonsa da b. treinors moh-
yavT masalebi, romlebic adastureben, rom aSS-s umaRlesi
samxedro da politikuri wreebi moxibla saxmeleTo ope-
raciis 100 saaTSi damTavrebis perspeqtivam da amitom ga-
ica brZaneba, SeewyvitaT cecxli 1991w. 28 Tebervals di-
lis 8 saaTze. aRniSnulma gankargulebam, avtorebis azriT,
SeuZlebeli gaxada sruli warmatebis miRweva, radgan erT-
erTma amerikulma SenaerTma 10 saaTiT daagviana dagegmil
mijnebze gasvla da sadam huseinis respublikurma gvardiam,
Tavisi tankebis umetesi nawiliT, moaswro Tavis daRweva
xafangidan. marTalia, ukandaxevisas maTi ganadgureba Zneli
ar iyo, magram brZanebam cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb es ga-
moricxa. garda amisa, m. gordoni da b. treinori askvnian,
rom swored am naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad SeZlo
199
sadam huseinma aramarto eraySi Zalauflebis SenarCuneba,
aramed maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis, da SesaZ-
loa, mTeli msofliosaTvis, axali omis kerad darCena.
aseTia, ZiriTadad, m. gordonisa da b. treinoris wig-
ni `ÂÄÍÄÒËÄÁÉÓ ÏÌÉ. ÓÐÀÒÓÄÈÉÓ ÚÖÒÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ËÉØÔÉÓ ÛÉÍÀ-
ÂÀÍÉ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀ ~. miuxedavad calkeuli xarvezebisa, romleb-
zedac zemoT nawilobriv gavamaxvileT kidec yuradReba,
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli gamokvle-
va iZleva sparseTis yureSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis sak-
maod srul da obieqtur suraTs, gansakuTrebiT samxedro
TvalsazrisiT, da is aucileblad waadgeba am problemebze
momuSave mkvlevarebs.
TE MURA . PAPAS R
A Si ni icant Research about the Gul War

he enerals ar
he Inside tor o the on lict in the l
B ichael R ordon and en Bernard E rainor
Boston ittle Bro n and o an
ar
In this paper there is given a critical analysis of an

interesting research about the Gulf War. The author shows that this
book gives full and just picture of the war. There are also some
remarks about the dubious situation caused by the different
numbers of destroyed Ira i tanks and artillery given to the
president of the USA by the representatives of the different special
services.
200
„ ÊÏ Ó Ï ÅÏ Ó Â ÄÂ ÌÉÓ “ Ó À ØÀ Ò È ÅÄË Ï Û É Â À ÌÏ Ú ÄÍÄÁ ÉÓ
Û ÄÓ À ÞË ÄÁ Ë Ï Á ÄÁ É *
ukve xuT welze meti gavida mas Semdeg, rac afxazeT-

Si daiwyo `samSvidobo~ operacia. aRniSnul operacias, ro-
melic xorcieldeba ruseTis federaciis samxedro Senaer-
TebiT gaero-s egidis qveS, dRemde araviTari dadebiTi Se-
degi ar moutania da Zneli dasajerebelia, rom msgavsi ti-
pis operaciam uzrunvelyos yvela devnilisa da iZulebiT
gadaadgilebuli piris sakuTar saxlebSi usafrTxo dab-
runeba. Seqmnili viTarebidan erTaderTi gamosavali, ro-
melic saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan aviciloT axali omi,
aris samSvidobo operaciis xasiaTis Secvla. samoqmedo
principad aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqna e.w.
`kosovos samSvidobo gegma~.
miuxedavad garkveuli gansxvavebebisa, am or konf-
liqts (afxazeTi da kosovo) aseve sakmaod bevri damaxasi-
aTebeli niSani gaaCnia: 1) iseve rogorc kosovoSi, afxa-
zeTSic adgili hqonda eTnikur wmendas; 2) orive konf-
liqtis Sedegad gaCndnen Zalze didi raodenobiT devnili
pirebi (800 000 kosovodan da 300 000 afxazeTidan); 3)
slobodan miloSeviCis msgavsad, vladislav arZinbac gamo-
dis devnilebis saxlebSi dabrunebis winaaRmdeg (arZinbas
gancxadeba, rom nebismier devnils, romelic iaraRiT xel-
Si ar ibrZoda mis winaaRmdeg, SeuZlia dabrundes _ sru-
li fiqciaa, iseve rogorc miloSeviCis gancxadeba, rom ko-
sovoSi adgili ar hqonia represiebs eTnikuri albanelebis
mimarT) da a.S.
*naSromi daibeWda krebulSi `PO T CA MED TERRA EA~ (#1,

Tb., 1999).
201
aRniSnuli detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cveni azriT,
kosovos samSvidobo gegma SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas af-
xazeTisTvisac. gegmis analizi gviCvenebs, rom es aris mar-
Tlac mZlavri meqanizmi regionSi namdvili mSvidobis da-
samyareblad. dokumentis pirvel punqtSi Cven vkiTxulobT,
rom dauyovnebliv unda Sewydes Zaladoba da represiebi
kosovoSi. albaT, afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi aravin gamova amis
winaaRmdeg.
meore muxls, romelic exeba kosovodan yvela iugos-
lavuri SenaerTis: SeiaraRebuli, sapolicio Tu gasamxed-
roebuli Zalebis _ gayvanas, afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi Tavisi
aqtualoba dakarguli aqvs, radganac saqarTvelos am mxa-
reSi qarTuli nawilebi ar dgas.
samSvidobo gegmis me-3 muxlSi gancxadebulia: `gan-
lagdes kosovoSi, gaero-s egidiT, efeqturi saerTaSoriso
samoqalaqo da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, romlebic imoqmedeben
gaero-s wesdebis VII Tavis Tanaxmad da SeZleben saerTo
miznebis miRwevas.~ aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos
xelisufleba ukve 1994 wlidan iyo Tanaxma samSvidobo
operaciisaTvis formis Secvlaze, magram saerTaSoriso Ta-
namegobroba maSin mzad ar iyo msgavsi nabijebis gadasadg-
melad. amjerad, kosovos precedentis Semdeg, vfiqrobT,
rom dadga aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dro.
punqti me-4: ùsafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso Zalebi,
NAT -s gadamwyveti monawileobiT, unda ganlagdes erTia-
ni xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis qveS, daevalos maT
kosovos yvela xalxebisaTvis cxovrebis usafrTxo pirobe-
bis Seqmna da yvela devnilisa Tu iZulebiT gadaadgilebu-
li pirisaTvis sakuTar saxlebSi dabrunebis gaadvileba~.
me-5 adgili exeba kosovoSi droebiTi administraciis
Camoyalibebas, romlis mmarTvelobis qveSac kosovom unda
miiRos avtonomia iugoslaviis federaciuli respublikis
farglebSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos xeli-
sufleba yovelTvis acxadebda, rom afxazeTs eqneba farTo
202
avtonomia saqarTvelos farglebSi. ase rom, am muxlis mi-
marT qarTul mxares araferi eqneba sawinaaRmdego.
gegmis me-6 punqti, romelic exeba kosovoSi iugos-
lavuri samxedro personalis garkveuli nawilis ukan dab-
runebas da maTi funqciebis gansazRvras, aseve savsebiT mi-
saRebia saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis.
muxli me-7: `gaero-s warmomadgenelTa meTvalyureo-
bis qveS unda moxdes yvela devnilisa Tu iZulebiT gada-
adgilebuli piris dabruneba da kosovoSi humanitaruli
daxmarebis organizaciebs SeeqmnaT Tavisufali funqcioni-
rebis pirobebi~.
me-8 punqti acxadebs kosovoSi TviTmmarTvelobis da-
samyareblad politikuri SeTanxmebis aucileblobas, rome-
lic srul SesabamisobaSi iqneba rambuies molaparakebebis
Sedegebsa da iugoslaviisa Tu regionis sxva qveynebis su-
verenitetsa da teritoriuli mTlianobis principebTan. aq-
ve aucileblad aris miCneuli kosovos ganmaTavisuflebeli
armiis ganiaraReba. yovelive es savsebiT Seesabameba saqar-
Tvelos saxelmwifo interesebsac.
gegmis me-9 da me-10 muxlebi zogadi xasiaTisaa. me-9
punqti exeba regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleb-
lobebs, me-10 muxli ki gansazRvravs baziss, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec dadebuli iqneba samxedro-teqnikuri SeTanxmeba
ukan dabrunebuli iugoslavuri samxedro SenaerTebis fun-
qciebis Sesaxeb.
ai, aseTia kosovos samSvidobo gegmis ZiriTadi arsi.
Cveni azriT, es dokumenti mTlianad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnas (me-2 punqtis gamoklebiT), rogorc safuZveli afxa-
zeTSi samSvidobo operaciis CatarebisaTvis. SesaZloa, rom
Cvens regionSi misi ganxorcieleba ufro gaioldes kidec,
radganac saqarTvelos xelisufleba srulad eTanxmeba am
dokumentis yvela muxls. v. arZinbas, bunebrivia, gauWirde-
ba am dokumentis miReba, magram mainc savaraudoa, rom is
iZulebuli gaxdes, daeTanxmos aRniSnul gegmas mosalodne-
203
li dabombvis SiSiT. Cveni azriT, samxedro operacia (msgav-
si imisa, romelic ganxorcielda iugoslaviis mimarT) se-
paratistuli reJimis winaaRmdeg, albaT, saWiro arc iqne-
ba. erTaderTi mxare, romlisTvisac namdvilad miuRebeli
iqneba es gegma, aris ruseTi, romelic postsabWoTa sivr-
ces Tavisi interesebis sferod Tvlis. magram savaraudoa,
rom ruseTs Zalian gauWirdeba msgavsi gegmis gaero-s
uSiSroebis sabWoSi blokireba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxve-
vaSi, Tu rusuli SenaerTebi monawileobas miiReben opera-
ciaSi, da eqnebaT sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis zona. Tu mov-
lenebi amgvarad ganviTardeba, maSin winaswar unda iqnas
SeTanxmebuli, rom rusul zonaSi ar Sevides gagris raio-
ni, romelzec gadis saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari.
amrigad, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
vfiqrobT, savsebiT realuria, rom kosovos samSvidobo
gegmam imuSavos afxazeTis pirobebSic.
20
THE POSS B L T ES OF US G THE OSO O
PLA GEORG A
More than 5 years have elapsed since the “peace-keeping”

operation began in Abkhazeti. The operation conducted by the
ussian troops under UN auspices, has had no positive results so
far and it is hardly believed that the operation of the scale can
guarantee safe return of all displaced persons and refugees to their
homes. The only way out that will avoid us a new war is to change
the form of peace-keeping operation. Kosovo Peace Agreement
can serve as a guiding document in this respect.
espite some distinctions, these two conflicts (that of
Abkhazeti and Kosovo) have many common characteristics:
1) There was an ethnic cleansing in Abkhazeti too
2) As a result of both conflicts we have a huge amount of
refugees (800 000 in Kosovo and 300 000 in Abkhazeti)
3) ike S. Milo eviü, . Ardzinba is against return of all dis-
placed persons to their homes (Ardzinba s statement that any refu-
gee not fighting against him can return is a fiction, like
Milo eviü s statement that there was no repression against ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo, etc.).
In accordance with these details, we think that the peace
document for Kosovo can well be used for Abkhazeti too. The
Analysis into the plan shows that it can really be a strong instru-
ment to establish real peace in the region. The first paragraph of
the document has it that the violence in Kosovo must be done
away with immediately. It seems that nobody will have objections
to such a statement with regard to Abkhazeti.
The second item, which concerns the withdrawal of all
ugoslavian military, police and paramilitary forces, is not trou-
The Paper was published in journal “PO T CA MED TERRA EA” (ʋ1,
Tbilisi, 1999).
205
blesome for Abkhazeti, because there are no Georgian forces in
this region of Georgia.
P. 3 of the peace plan states: “ eployment in Kosovo under
UN auspices of effective international civil and security presences,
acting as may be decided under Chapter II of the Charter, capa-
ble of guaranteeing the achievement of common objectives is in-
dispensable ”. It has to be noted that since 199 Georgian gov-
ernment has repeatedly declared of its willingness to transform the
peace-keeping operation pursuant to this very sample, but interna-
tional community was not ready to take such steps at the time.
Now, after Kosovo, we think that the time has come to make the
decision.
P. states: “The international security presence, with sub-
stantial NAT participation, must be deployed under unified
command and control, and authorised to establish a safe environ-
ment for all people in Kosovo and to facilitate the safe return to
their homes of all displaced persons and refugees”.
P. 5 concerns the establishment of an interim administration
for Kosovo, under which the peoples of Kosovo can enjoy a sub-
stantial autonomy within the ederal epublic of ugoslavia. It
has to be noted that Georgian government has repeatedly declared
that Abkhazeti will have an e tensive autonomy within Georgia,
so there are no objections to this item on the part of the Georgian
side.
P. 6 which concerns the presence of an agreed number of
ugoslav personnel in Kosovo is also acceptable for the Georgian
government.
P. 7 “Safe and free return of all refugees and displaced per-
sons under supervision of the UNHC and unimpeded access to
Kosovo by humanitarian aid organisations”.
P. 8 declares the necessity to achieve political agreement on
substantial self-governance in Kosovo, which will completely
comply with ambouillet accord and the principles of sovereignty
and territorial integrity of the ederal epublic of ugoslavia and
other countries of the region. The necessity of the demilitarisation
of the K A is also dealt with in the item. All these statements ab-
206
solutely correspond with the state interests of Georgia.
P. 9 and P. 10 are general tenets. P. 9 concerns the possibili-
ties of economic development in the region and P. 10 identifies the
basis which the military-technical agreement about the functions
of ugoslavian personnel should draw on.
We attempted an analysis into the peace document for Kos-
ovo. We think this document can well be used (e cept for P. 2) as
a basis for the peace-making operation in Abkhazeti. It would
probably be even easier to use such a plan in Georgia as Georgian
government will fully e cept he provisions of the document. Sup-
posedly, Ardzinba will not agree to this document, but it is most
likely that he will accept the plan amidst the fears of bombing. We
think that there will be no need to conduct military operations
against him, the way it was done against Milo eviü. The only side
which will really have objections to the plan, will be ussia, still
regarding the post-soviet space to be within the area of its inter-
ests. ut it would be very difficult for ussia to block such a plan
in the UN Security Council, especially if the ussian troops take
part in the operation and have their own zone of responsibility. If
so, then their zone should not include frontier district of Gagra be-
tween Georgia and ussia.
Thus, in accordance with the principles set above the peace
document for Kosovo can well be viable for Abkhazeti too.
207
Û É Í À À Ò Ó É
ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉÓÀÂÀÍ ....................................................................................... 3
Editor s Foreword ....................................................................................... 5
ßÉÍÀÈØÌÀ .......................................................................................................... 7
ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÉÓ

ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ.
1941-1943
ÛÄÓÀÅÀËÉ ......................................................................................................... 9
ÈÀÅÉ I. ÂÄÒÌÀÍÉÉÓ ÈÀÅÃÀÓáÌÀ ÓÀÁàÏÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÆÄ ÃÀ

ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÖÒÉ ÍÀÁÉãÄÁÉ
ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓ ÂÆÀÆÄ .......................................... 18
ÈÀÅÉ II. ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂÏÁÀÍÉ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ

ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÂÀáÓÍÉÓ ÃÒÏÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ.
ÊÀÓÀÁËÀÍÊÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÀ ............................................................... 63
ÈÀÅÉ III. ÅÀÛÉÍÂÔÏÍÉÃÀÍ ÈÄÉÒÀÍÀÌÃÄ. ÄÒÈÉÀÍÉ ÓÔÒÀ-

ÔÄÂÉÖËÉ ÊÖÒÓÉÓ ÛÄÌÖÛÀÅÄÁÉÓ ÝÃÄÁÉ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ
ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ ........................................................................................ 96
ÈÀÅÉ IV. ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉÓ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÀ. ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓ

ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÉÓ ÔÒÉÖÌ×É .................................................................. 126
ÃÀÓÊÅÍÀ ........................................................................................................ 159
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɧɝ

ɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ. .
(Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ) .......................................................................................................................... 163
208
The Problems o Preparin and Openin the Second Front
in the US British Diplomacy. .( ar ) ...... 171
ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉ
ÐÖÁËÉÊÀÝÉÄÁÉ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÖË
ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÄÁÛÉ
ÓÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÏ ßÉÂÍÉ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÖËÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÉÓ ÏÒ

ÔÉÔÀÍÆÄ .................................................................................................... 177
ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÛÄÍÉÛÅÍÀ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÄËÉ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÊÏÓÉÓ

×ÒÄÃÄÒÉÊ Ö. ÌÀÒÊÓ III-ÉÓ ßÉÂÍÆÄ: „ØÀÒÉ ØÅÉÛÀÆÄ.
×ÒÀÍÊËÉÍ ÒÖÆÅÄËÔÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀ“ .................................... 183
ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ÂÀÌÏÊÅËÄÅÀ ÓÐÀÒÓÄÈÉÓ ÚÖÒÉÓ

ÏÌÆÄ ............................................................................................................ 193
„ÊÏÓÏÅÏÓ ÂÄÂÌÉÓ“ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÉÓ

ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÄÁÉ ............................................................................... 201
The Possibilities o Usin the oso o Plan in

Geor ia .................................................................................................... 205

C O T E T S
Editor s Foreword In eorgian ......................................................... 3
Editor s Foreword ....................................................................................... 5
ntroduction ................................................................................................... 7
The Problems of Preparing and Opening of the

Second Front in the US-British Diplomacy.
1941-1943
Pre ace .............................................................................................................. 9
Chapter . The German Assault on the Soviet Union and the

irst iplomatic Steps of Great ritain and the USA on the
Way of Preparing the Second ront ................................................ 18
Chapter . The pposition in ritish-American iplomacy

about the Place and Time of opening of the Second ront.
The Conference at Casablanca .......................................................... 63
Chapter . rom Washington to Tehran. The Steps on the

Way of Elaboration of Common Strategic Course on
ritish-American iplomacy ............................................................ 96
Chapter . The Conference at Tehran. The Triumph of

iplomacy of Co-operation ............................................................. 126
Conclusion .................................................................................................. 159
The Problems o Preparin and Openin the Second

Front in the US British Diplomacy. .
( ar in R ssian) ......................................................................... 163
210
The Problems o Preparin and Openin the Second
Front in the US British Diplomacy. .
( ar ) ................................................................................................ 171
APPE D
Publications in Periodical
Editions
An nterestin Book about the Two Titans o the

US Politics Roose elt nd arshall
artners In olitics nd ar he ersonal tor
B ho as arrish ........................................................................ 177
Few Remarks on the Book ind er and

i lo ac o ran lin Roose elt B rederic
ar s III the erican istorian ............................................. 183
A Si ni icant Research about the Gul War.

he enerals ar he Inside tor o the on lict
in the l ichael R ordon and en Bernard E
rainor ....................................................................................................... 193
The Possibilities o Usin the oso o Plan in Geor ia

In eorgian .......................................................................................... 201
The Possibilities o Usin the oso o Plan in

Geor ia .................................................................................................... 205
211
È Ä É ÌÖÒÀ Æ ÐÀ ÐÀ Ó ØÉ ÒÉ
ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÉÓ

ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀ ÀÛÛ-ÉÍÂËÉÓÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÀÔÉÀÛÉ.
1941-1943
TE MURA . PAPAS R
The Problems o Preparin and Openin o the

Second Front in the US British Diplomacy.
ɉȺɉȺɋɄɂɊɂ Ɍɟɣɦɭɪɚɡ Ɂɭɪɚɛɨɜɢɱ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ

ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɢ.
sabeWdi qaRaldi 60×841/16

pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 13,25
saaRricxvo sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 8,8
fasi saxelSekrulebo
stamba àni-XXI~
Tbilisi, sandro eulis q. #7

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Teimuraz papasqiri

meore frontis momzadebisa da

ÌÄÏÒÄ ×ÒÏÍÔ ÉÓ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ

monografiaSi ganxilulia meore msoflio omis erT-erTi

ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉ: ÉÓÔ. ÌÄÝÍ. ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ, ÐÒÏ×. ÊÏ Ô Ä ÀÍÈ ÀÞÄ

ÒÄÝÄÍÆÄÍÔÄÁÉ: ÉÓÔ. ÌÄÝÍ. ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ ÅÀ á Ô À ÍÂ Â Ö Ò Ö Ë É

ÈÄÉÌÖÒÀÆ ÐÀÐÀÓØÉÒÉ 27 wlis axalgazrda mecnieria.

ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉÓ ÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ, ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒÉ,

Teimuraz Papaskiri is a 27 year-old young scholar.

winamdebare wignSi ucvleli saxiT ibeWdeba Cvens mi-

meore msoflio omi, Tavisi politikuri da samxedro

1941w. 22 ivniss germania Seudga „barbarosas~ gegmis

dasamzadeblad, ramac kidev ufro daarwmuna amerikeli emi-

ɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ.., gv. 73). garda amisa, amerikelma diplomatma

miiRo, rom is araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidoda axal diun-

Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 485.

lis-aSS-s diplomatiur wreebSi, radganac CerCili samxedro

CerCilis moskovSi vizitis Semdeg operacia `torCis~

aqciis Semdeg viSistebSi gaZlierda antiinglisuri ganwyo-

ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɍɢɧɫɬɨɧɚ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ, ɒɚɪɥɹ Ⱦɟ Ƚɨɥɥɹ,

1 W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 576.

1 R. Sherwood. oosevelt and Hopkins, gv. 674; Ɋ. ɒɟɪɜɭɞ. Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɶɬ ɢ Ƚɨɩ-

ɝɢɹ, gv. 176.

1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 233.

1 G. Harrison. Cross-Channel Attack, ., 1951, gv. 38.

Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ.II, gv. 327.

1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 246-247; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚ-

ɝɢɹ, gv. 180.

1 Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 49.

1 am dokumentis sruli teqsti ix.: M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol.

ɝɢɹ, gv. 192.

1 M. Howard. Grand Strategy, vol. I , gv. 267.

gv. 625-631; Ɇ. Ƚɨɜɚɪɞ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, gv. 422-425.

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom es daxmareba unda Sewyvetiliyo im SemT-

1 ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ.., ɬ. I, gv. 8 -86 ɬ. II, gv. 50-51.

de, magram sabolood gadawyda mxolod 1943 wlis 19 ianvars

Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 334. aRsaniSnavia, rom de golma manamde araerT-

1 W. S. Churchill. The Second World War, vol. I , gv. 592; ɒ. ɞɟ Ƚɨɥɥɶ.

1 Ɇ. Ɇɷɬɥɨɮɮ. Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 71.

Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 358.

vinma (meore msoflio omis dros britaneTis samxedro kabi-

1 sabWour istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT “upi-

ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 19 1-19 5ɝɝ. Ɍ. I. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ

Ƚɨɩɤɢɧɫ, ɬ. II, gv. 476-477.

afrikuli kampaniis warmatebiT dasrulebisa da am re-

Ɉɬ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨ Ɉɜɟɪɥɨɪɞɚ , gv. 282).

1943w. 28 noembers daiwyo `didi sameulis~ _ ioseb

1 ÈÄÉÒÀÍÉ.., gv. 35; Ɍɟɝɟɪɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ.., gv. 126.

1988 Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɜ-

amrigad, Cven ganvixileT meore msoflio omis erT-

1) 1941 wlis 22 ivniss ssr kavSirze germaniis Tavdasxmi-

2) antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmnis gzaze erT-er-

3) 1942 wlis noemberSi aSS-sa da didi britaneTis

4) RerZis qveynebze gamarjvebis mopovebis saqmeSi mniS-

5) usafuZvlod migvaCnia sabWoTa mkvlevarTa mtkice-

6) 1943 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-inglisis mTavrobebi

7) evropaSi meore frontis diplomatiuri momzadebis

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ-

1. Ɂɚɧɹɬɚɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ

2. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɝɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ

3. ɇɚɱɚɬɵɟ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 19 2ɝ. ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɟɣ ɤɪɭɩ-

. ȼɟɫɨɦɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ “Ɉɫɢ” ɜɧɟɫɥɚ