Building Materials Construction Guide

BUILDING
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION &
PLANNING
Prepared by
Divya Jangam
Assistant Professor (c)
JNTUH College of Engg. Hyd
Prepared by Divya. J, 1
Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH
INTRODUCTION
➢ A building is an enclosed construction with a roof.

➢ The most primitive housing used by humans
in stone age were caves .
➢ With the spread of civilization more complex
structures using new materials have developed.
2
Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH
• Indians – Old cave temples
• Egyptians – Pyramids
• Greeks- Building with proportions
• Romans- Arches, vaults, domes
• Period from 1750 A.D onwards is known as period of Modern Architecture
Definition of building as given by National Building Code (SP :7 2005)

" Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever material
constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or
not and include foundations ,walls ,floors etc ."
Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 3

CIVIL ENGINEERING
AIRPORTS
ROADS & BRIDGES
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE –
AESTHETICS &
INTERIOR DESIGN OF
BLDGS
RAILWAYS
PORTS &
HARBOURS

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

https://dreamcivil.com/building-substructure/
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
2.Masonary units :
1.Foundations 3.Floor structures 4.Roof structures
walls & columns
6.Vertical
5.Doors , windows & transportation
7.Building finishes
other openings structures – staircases
, lifts ,ramps etc

IMPORTANT TOPICS OF UNIT - 1
Building stones - Bricks – Wood - structure –

Classifications and Composition of types and GI / Fibre –
Quarrying – Brick earth – properties – Reinforced glass
properties – manufacture and Seasoning – bricks, Steel &
Structural structural Defects; alternate Aluminum,
requirements requirements, Fly materials for Plastics.
, Dressing. ash, Ceramics. Timber.

BUILDING MATERIALS
• All the building structures are composed of different types of materials.\
• These materials are either called building materials or materials of construction.
• It is very essential for a builder, may be an architecture or engineer or contractor,
to become conversant thoroughly with these building materials.
• The knowledge of different types of material, their properties and uses
for different purposes provides and important tool in the hands of the builders
in achieving economy in material cost.
• The material cost in a building ranges 30 to 50 percent cost of total
cost construction.
• In addition to material economy, the correct use of material results
in better structural strength, functional efficiency and esthetic appearance
8
STONE AS BUILDING MATERIAL
TOPICS
1. Classification
of Rocks
2.Properties of stones
3.Quarrying
4. Dressing
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Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH •www.tOrange.biz
12
GEOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION

FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Deep in the ground is molten rock
called Magma.
• Magma bursts through the
surface during volcanic eruptions
• Igneous rocks are formed when this
magma cools and solidifies
• Extrusive igneous rocks are
formed when the magma cools above
the surface
• Intrusive igneous rocks are
formed when the magma cools below
the surface

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or
deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation
of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at
the Earth's surface.
• The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called sediment and may be
composed of geological detritus (minerals) or biological detritus (organic matter).
• Before being deposited, the geological detritus was formed
by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place
of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movementor glaciers, which are called
agents of denudation.

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
18
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic rocks are

formed by the effect of heat
and pressure on existing rocks
.
• There is an alterartion in the
original structure due to heat
and excessive pressure.
• This effects the texture ,
hardness and layer patterns of
the rocks .
• Ex: shales are recrytallized as
schist , marble , slate , gneiss.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION

• 1.Stratified rocks – they possess planes of stratification or cleavage and can be easily split up along
these planes . Sedimentary rocks are distinctively stratified . Ex: sandstone , limestone , slate.
• 2.Non stratified rocks – the rocks do not show any signs of strata and cannot be easily split up into thin
layers. Their structure can be crystalline or granular .ex: granite , trap .
• 3.Foliated rocks - they have layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and
directed pressure. These are foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss , schist .
• Non –Foliated metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite do not have a layered appearance .

23
CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES WHEN CONSIDERING
THEM FOR CONSTRUCTION
3.Durability: A good building

2.Appearance: Good building
stone should be durable.
1.Crushing strength: For a good stone should be a
The factors like heat and cold
building stone, the uniform colour, and free from
alternative wet and dry,
crushing strength should be clay holes, spots of other colour
dissolved gases in rain, high
greater than l000kg per cm2. bands etc capable of preserving
wind velocity etc affect the
the colour for longtime.
durability.
5.Hardness: The hardness

greater than 17, treated as hard 6.Percentage wear: For a good
4.Fracture: For good building
used in road works. It is building stone, the
stone its fracture should
between 14 to 17, medium percentage wear should be
be sharp, even and clear.
hardness, less 14 said be poor equal to or less then 3 percent.
hardness.
9.Texture: A good building
7.Resistance to fire: A good
8.Specific gravity: For a good stone should have compact
building stone be fire
building stone the fine crystalline structure
proof. Sandstone,
specific gravity should be should be free from
Argillaceous stone resists fire
greater then 8.7 or so. cavities, cracks or patches of
quite well
stuff or loose material.
11.Seasoning: Stones should 12.Toughness Index: Impact

10.Water absorption: For a
be well seasoned before test, the value of toughness
good building stone, the
putting into use. A period of less than 13 – Not tough,
percentage absorption by
about 6 to 12 months is between 13 and 19 –
weight after 24 hours should
considered to be sufficient for Moderate, greater than 19-
not exceed 0.60.
proper seasoning. high
25
QUARRYING
• The process of extraction of stones from
natural rocks suitable for engineering
purposes .
• The major difficulty in this process is lifting &
hauling quarried stones.
• Quarrying is both an extensive & expensive
process
• The properties & quantity of rock required is
the basis for selecting the quarry procedure.
1.)Fully mechanised
2.)Manual
3.)Automated
QUARRYING WITH HAND TOOLS
• Soft stones are removed using
pickaxe , hammer , chisel etc...
• When fissures/cracks are noticed
on rock surface steel wedges are
inserted & hammered.
• Wedging is preferred to
blasting for soft stratified
stones such as laterite ,
marble , limestone etc.
27
Prepa red by Divya . J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH
TOOLS REQUIRED

QUARRYING BY CHANNELLING
MACHINES
• Channelling machine makes
vertical/inclined groves .Channels are
cut around the stone block
• Horizontal holes are drilled beneath the
block ,wedges are driven into the
holes to separate stone from bed.
• Mostly used for marbles , limestones
, & soft sandstones .
• Large single blocks 25m to 30m long
, 2.5m-3.00m width ,1.0m depth can be
conveniently quarried by this method.
30
QUARRYING BY BLASTING
Mostly used when rock mass is solid &
without fissures .
Hard & compact stones such as granite,
quartzite,basalt etc.
Blasting may be done using
1.Gunpowder
2. Cordite – sticks/cartridges used under
water
3. Gelinite – gelatine sticks
4. Dynamites- nitroglycerin cartridges
5.Guncotton -clean cotton saturated in nitric
acid & sulphuric acid.
31
BLASTING MATERIALS
32
PRECAUTIONS IN BLASTING:
• Blasting should not be carried out in late evening or early morning hours
• A siren should warn the work men and nearby public to maintain a safe distance.
• The danger zone, an area of about 200 mts radius should be marked with red flags.
• First aid should be available
• The number of charges exploded and the misfires should be recorded
• Explosives should be stored and handled carefully.
• Detonators and explosives should not be kept together

STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES:
• The explosives should be stored in a magazine

which should be away from residential areas,
petrol depots.
• The magazine should have ventilators at high
levels and should have concealed wiring.
• The Magazine should be protected from Click to add text
lightning.
• Smoke or fire should not be allowed in the
nearby area.
• Explosives should be protected from extreme
heat or cold and also from moisture.
• The magazine should be surrounded by a
barbed wire and the entry should be restricted.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalwolf.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fexplosive-magazines&psig=AOvVaw1wMBzMiD3q_UZz6- 34
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QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVES REQUIRED
• The quantity of explosives required depends upon several factors

a.) Strength of explosive
b.) Method of blasting
c.) Number of bore holes --- their size, position etc and the
d.)Type and mass of rock to be dislodged.
• A rough estimate can be made by A = L2 / 0.008 where

A = quantity of gun powder or dynamite (gm)
L = Length of Line of Least Resistance (mts )

DRESSING OF STONES
• The stones, after being quarried, are to be cut into suitable sizes and this
process is known as the dressing of stones.
• The dressing of stones is carried out for the following purposes:
1.)A quarried stone has rough surfaces, which are dressed to obtain a definite
and regular shape.
2.)To make the transport from quarry easy and economical.
3.) Provides pleasing appearance
4.)To suite to the requirements of stone masonry.

QUARRY DRESSING:
At the quarry place, the stones are roughly dressed to secure the following
advantages:
1.) At quarry site, it is possible to get cheap labor for the process of dressing of
stones.
2.) It is possible to sort out stones for different works
3.) The irregular and rough portions of the stones are removed which decrease
the weight of stones.

PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES:
1.Porosity,
2.Permeability,
3.Crushing Strength,
4.Appearance,
5. Durability;
6.Co-efficient of Hardness;
7.Specific gravity;
8.Texture;
9.Toughness Index;
10.Water Absorption;
11.Weathering;
12.Density;
13.Bulk Density;
14.Density Index;
15.Temperature Resistance
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QUALITIES/REQUIREMENTS/CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD BUILDING STONE:
• The following are the qualities or requirements of a good building stone.

1. Crushing strength: For a good building stone, the crushing strength should be greater than l000kg
per cm2.
2. Appearance: Good building stone should be of uniform color, and free from clay holes, spots of
other color bands etc.
3. Durability: A good building stone should be durable. The factors like heat and cold ,
alternative wet and dry, dissolved gases in rain, high wind velocity etc affect the durability.
4. Fracture: For good building stone its fracture should be sharp, even and clear.
5. Hardness: The hardness greater than 17, treated as hard used in road works , value
between 14 to 17, medium hardness, less 14 said be poor hardness.
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6. Percentage wear: For a good building stone, the percentage wear should be equal to
or less then 3 %
7.Resistance to fire: A good building stone should be fire proof. Sandstone,
Argillaceous stone resist fire quite well.
8. Specific gravity: For a good building stone the specific gravity should be greater
than 2.7 .
9. Texture: A good building stone should have compact fine crystalline structure , free
from cavities, cracks or patches of stuff or loose material.
10. Water absorption: For a good building stone, the percentage absorption by weight
after 24 hours should not exceed 10% .
11.Seasoning: Stones should be well seasoned before putting into use. A period of
about 6 to 12 months is considered to be sufficient for proper seasoning.
12. Toughness Index: Impact test, the value of toughness less than 13 – Not
tough, between 13 and 19 – Moderate, greater than 19- high.

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FLakshmiRaviChanduKolusu%2Fbuilding-stones-74097813&psig=AOvVaw0oC3aq- 41
vORu0I8q_zJbiw9&ust=1605676432940000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCKCE_eCdiu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fmohs-hardness- 42
Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH scale.htm&psig=AOvVaw0PQDIqvlvg_KYx9puWM9Y6&ust=1605676280031000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCJCS6Zediu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
DRESSING OF STONE
• Stones found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds.

• After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be
used in buildings.
• The Dressing of stone is defined as “The process of giving a proper size, shape and finish to the roughly
broken stones as obtained from the quarry.”
• This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines.
• This process is done manually or mechanically.

• Objectives:
• Stones obtained from the quarries are very rough and irregular in shape and quite bulky in size and
weight.
(a) To reduce the size of the big blocks of stones so that they are converted to easily lift-able pieces. This
reduction in size is generally carried out at the quarry itself because that saves a lot of transportation
costs.
(b) To give a proper shape to the stone. It is known that stones can be used at different places in the
building, e.g., in foundations, in walls, in arches, or for flooring, each situation will require a proper
shape. This can be given at the quarry and also at the site of construction.
(c) To obtain an appealing finish. In a residential building, stones are used not only because of their extra
strength, hardness, and durability but also because of their aesthetic value. Stone surfaces can be made
very decorative and of appealing appearance, which will last for a considerable time. A stone house has
its distinct individuality in a city of concrete structures.

• Stages in the Dressing of Stone.
• The different stages of dressing of stones are:
1. Sizing:
• It is the process of inducing the irregular blocks to the desired dimensions by removing extra portions. It is
done with the help of hand hammers and chisels.
2. Shaping:
• This follows sizing and involves removing the sharp projections. Many stones are used in common
construction after shaping.
3. Planing:
• This is rather an advanced type of dressing in which the stone is cleared off all the irregularities from the
surface.
4. Finishing:
• This is done only in case of specially dressed stones and consists of rubbing of the surface of stones with
suitable abrasive materials such as silicon carbide.
5. Polishing:
• This is the last stage in dressing and is only done on marbles, limestone, and granite.


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BUILDING

➢ A building is an enclosed construction with a roof.

Definition of building as given by National Building Code (SP :7 2005)

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 3

ROADS & BRIDGES

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 4

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 5

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 6

Building stones - Bricks – Wood - structure –

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 7

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• Metamorphic rocks are

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3.Durability: A good building

5.Hardness: The hardness

11.Seasoning: Stones should 12.Toughness Index: Impact

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Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 33

• The explosives should be stored in a magazine

• The quantity of explosives required depends upon several factors

• A rough estimate can be made by A = L2 / 0.008 where

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 35

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 36

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 37

• The following are the qualities or requirements of a good building stone.

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 40

• Stones found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds.

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 43

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 44

Prepared by Divya. J, Asst.Prof(c),JNTUHCEH 45

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