OCC
➔ TOPIC CONTROL
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
● These are ​plans, ways or means of sharing information​ which are
adopted to achieve successful communication.
● Cohen (1990)​ states that ​strategies must be used to start and
maintain a conversation​. Knowing and applying grammar
appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a
conversation.
7 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
➔ NOMINATION
❏ Suggesting or agreeing​ on topic is called nomination
❏ Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully and
saying what is only relevant
❏ A speaker ​carriers out a nomination to collaboratively
and productively establish a topic
➔ RESTRICTION
❏ Restriction in communication ​refers to any limitation
you may have as a speaker
❏ These ​confine you ​as a speaker and ​limit what you
can say
➔ TURN – TAKING
❏ Turn – taking pertains to the ​process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor.
❏ The primary idea is to ​give all communication a
chance to speak.
❏ Topic control c​overs how procedural formality or
informality affects the development of topic in
conversations.
❏ Remember that regardless of the formality of the
context, topic control is achieved cooperatively. This
only means that when a topic is initiated, ​it should be
collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary
interruptions and topic shifts.
➔ TOPIC SHIFTING
❏ involves ​moving from one topic to another
❏ It is where ​one part of a conversation ends and where
another begins
➔ REPAIR
❏ Communication breakdown happens ​when the
speaker is not understood by the receiver.
❏ It also refers to ​how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation.
➔ TERMINATION
❏ Refers to the ​conversation participants close-initiating
expressions that end a topic in a conversational
❏ Utilizing a ​verbal or nonverbal signals to end the
interaction
SPEECH WRITING
● It is an ​art of conveying a message to your audience. either through
oral communication or through ​other means, such as powerpoint
slides.
● Speech writing has ​the same function as normal writing
● It can be writing to inform, to persuade or to explain
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
❏ CHOOSING THE TOPIC
❏ Purpose of the chosen topic to the ​speaker and
audience
❏ timely
❏ controversial
❏ it ​depends largely to the audience, their age, sex,
educational, attainment, religion, culture, race, gender.
❏ KNOWING THE AUDIENCE
❏ Get the ​demographic data of the audience
❏ Know the groups​ which your audience belongs
❏ Find out ​how your audience feels​ about the topic
❏ Know how ​they feel about you as a speaker
❏ SOURCING THE INFORMATION
❏ Information may be gathered from casual or formal
interviews, reading of books, studies, magazines and
newspaper, reports and other publications including
the internet, or published and non-published research
journals.
❏ OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING
❏ speeches usually have three parts: ​introduction,
body and conclusion
❏ a theme is ​clearly maintained throughout the parts​.
❏ Grammatical correct, word choice, diction, punctuation
contribute to the clarity of expressions and variety in
rhythm
❏ the duration of delivery ​does not exceed twenty
minutes.
SPEECH DELIVERY
● delivery refers to ​the presentation of the speech that you have
researched, organized, outlined and practiced.
● Speech delivery is ​important, of course​, because it is what is most
immediate to the audience.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
❏ ARTICULATORS
❏ articulators are ​body organs used speech production
❏ MODULATION
❏ refers to ​changing of the tone, pitch and volume of
your voice
❏ FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES AND BODY MOVEMENT
❏ refers to the ​use of actions to communicate
something
❏ RAPPORT WITH AUDIENCE
❏ connection with listeners that makes them pay
attention to the speaker