Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistics
By
Dr. WafaaYousif
Contents
Definitions
Types of data
Sampling
Collection of data
Presentation of data
Normal distribution cure
Define
Data
Measurement with precise definition
Information
Translation of the measurement into meaningful know
.Ex
Ahmed temp is 37 (sublingual) data
Ahmed temp is normal information
Define
• Variable
Character with different measurement each
measure give different disease picture
Ex age is a variable has different measurements
sex is variable has 2 measurement M , F
Variable are better expressed as data
Types of data
Quantitative Qualitative
Measurements are
expressed in numbers Measures expressed as
description
A discrete variables (
variable expressed as a A nominal
whole number with no
fraction) No special arrangement
Ex: number of children in family examples
Number of pregnancies Blood group (ABO), sex, race
B continuous , there is B ordinal
continuous change in its
value , fraction may be Data can be arranged
present ex, grade of disease ( mild,
● Examples: height, weight, moderate
age
Sampling
● A sample is a part of a whole population selected in
order to gain information about the whole population.
● So sample should be representative to generalize
its result to the whole population
● A census is information gathered about an entire
population
Benefits to Sampling
● Saves money and time, efforts
● Testing every unit can be destructive
● Allows researcher to spend more time and
money on gathering reliable information from
fewer individuals
Steps to Sampling 3
● Identify the population
● Determine the required sample size
● Select the sample
Sampling techniques
● Random sample techniques
Random in statistics means
1 all units of population are known and available for
sampling
2 all units have an equal chance to be taken in the
sample (probability)
Unit : is the element of interest (person, house, place)
Representative sample
Samp
le 1
Sam
ple 2
1. Simple random sample
● It is the simplest type of random technique
that satisfy the two condition mentioned
before
methods
1 lottery methods
2 in large samples we give number and use
computer to draw random numbers
Cluster random sample 2
● Cluster Sample When the population falls into naturally
occurring subgroups, each having similar characteristics,
● a cluster sample may be the most appropriate.
● To select a cluster sample, divide the population into groups,
called clusters, and select all of the members in one or more
(but not all) of the clusters.
● Examples of clusters could be different sections of the same
course or different branches of a bank
West
North
East
South
Stratified Random Sample
When it is important for the sample to have
members from each segment of the population,
you should use a stratified sample.
Depending on the focus of the study, members
of the population are divided into two or more
different subsets , called strata, according to
certain character
EX. (sex classify population into males and females)
A sample is then randomly selected from each
of the strata.
,Stratified Sample. Cont
Using a stratified sample ensures that each segment of
the population is represented.
For example, to collect a stratified sample of the number of
people who live in fayoum governorate households, you
could divide the households into socioeconomic levels,
and then randomly select households from each level.
Systematic random Sample 4
a sample in which each member of the population is
assigned a number.
The members of the population are ordered in
some way,
a starting number is randomly selected, and then
sample members are selected at regular intervals
from the starting number.
● For instance, every 3rd, 5th, or 100th member is
selected.)
Steps of systematic random saomple
● Convenience sampling
● snowball sampling
● Purposive sampling
Sample size
Factor affecting sample size
● Importance of study
● Variable to study
● Magnitude of the problem
● Facilities
● Statistical analysis and power
Identifying Sampling Techniques
● You are doing a study to determine the
opinion of students at your school regarding
gun control. Identify the sampling techniques
you are using if you select the samples listed
Example
● You select a class at random and question each
student in the class.
● . You divide the student population with respect to
major and randomly select and question some
students in each major.
● You assign each student a number and generate
random numbers. You then question each student
whose number is randomly selected.
You want to determine the opinion of
students at your school regarding gun
control. Identify the sampling
technique you are using if you select
1.the samples listed.
You select students who are in your
statistics class.
2. You assign each student a number, and after
choosing a starting number, question every 25th
student.
Data collection methods & tools
Methods Tools
Data collection form
● records
Observation checklists
● Observation
Structured
● Selfadministered
Questionnaire
questionnaire
Structured &
● Interview
unstrutured
questionnaire
questionnaire
● Focus group
discussion
discussion
guidelineTapes ,
Data collection tools
Sources of data
Ex advantages disadvantages
Closed ended Open ended
questions