Fluids Kinematics (Acceleration) and

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

9. 28. 2016

Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.

Associate Research Scientist

IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
 Lagrangian vs. Eulerian Viewpoint

• Lagrangian: Keeps track of individual fluid particles,

𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 = �
= 𝑢𝑢𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑣𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑤𝑤𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝒌𝒌
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑤𝑤𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡

𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 = = 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝒋𝒋̂ + �
𝒌𝒌
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• � in space,
Eulerian: Focuses on a fixed point 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑦𝑦𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑧𝑧𝒌𝒌

�
𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒌𝒌

�
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒋𝒋̂ + 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝒌𝒌

9/28/2016 2
 Acceleration in the Eulerian Approach
• For a simple 1D flow,
𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 + Δ𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = lim
Δ𝑡𝑡→0 Δ𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 + Δ𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡) − 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)
= lim
Δ𝑡𝑡→0 Δ𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 + Δ𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + Δ𝑡𝑡) Δ𝑥𝑥
= lim + lim ⋅
Δ𝑡𝑡→0 Δ𝑡𝑡 Δ𝑡𝑡→0 Δ𝑥𝑥 Δ𝑡𝑡
(Δ𝑥𝑥→0)

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)

∴ 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = + 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 ⋅
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
• For a general 3D flow,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Note:
𝜕𝜕𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕𝑤𝑤 𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕
𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 = + 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝛻𝛻
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
where,
or, 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝛻𝛻 = 𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑘𝑘�
𝐷𝐷𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑎𝑎 = = + 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝛻𝛻𝑉𝑉
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
local acc.
convective acc. Referred to as the material derivative or
total derivative or substantial derivative.
9/28/2016 3
 Example: Acceleration

• An incompressible 2D flow has the velocity components u = 2y and v = 8x. Find (a) the
acceleration and (b) the pressure distribution along a streamline that passes through
the origin (x,y) = (0,0) where the pressure is p0. Assume incompressible and
irrotational flow.

(a)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 = 0 + 2𝑦𝑦 0 + 8𝑥𝑥 2 = 16𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 = 0 + 2𝑦𝑦 8 + 8𝑥𝑥 0 = 16𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

∴ 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊̂ + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝒋𝒋̂ = 16𝑥𝑥 𝒊𝒊̂ + 16𝑦𝑦𝒋𝒋̂

Note:
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 = 16𝑥𝑥 2 + 16𝑦𝑦 2

∴ 𝑎𝑎 = 16 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
Velocity vector field 𝑉𝑉 = 2𝑦𝑦𝒊𝒊̂ + 8𝑥𝑥 𝒋𝒋.̂

9/28/2016 4
 Example: Acceleration – Contd.
• Euler equation*
𝛻𝛻𝑝𝑝 = −𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎
or
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = −16𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (1)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 = −16𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (2)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Integrate (1) w.r.t 𝑥𝑥,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(−16𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −8𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑝𝑝 (3)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Differentiate (3) w.r.t 𝑦𝑦, then by using (2),

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑦𝑦)
=0+ = −16𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
or
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = � −16𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −8𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝐶 (4)

*In the horizontal plane without gravity 9/28/2016 5

 Example: Acceleration – Contd.
Combining (3) and (4),
𝑝𝑝 = −8𝜌𝜌𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝐶

Since 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 at 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = (0,0),

𝑝𝑝0 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶𝐶
or
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑝𝑝0
Finally,
∴ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 − 8𝜌𝜌 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 (5)

9/28/2016 6
 Example: Acceleration – Contd.
Streamline equation
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=
𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣
or
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= (6)
2𝑦𝑦 8𝑥𝑥

Integrate (6) by using separation of variables, then

�2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �8𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

or
𝑦𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
Streamlines for the velocity field
𝑉𝑉 = 2𝑦𝑦𝒊𝒊̂ + 8𝑥𝑥 𝒋𝒋.̂
For the streamline through the origin (𝑥𝑥,𝑦𝑦) = (0,0), 𝐶𝐶 = 0. Thus,

∴ 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑥 2 (7)
By plugging (7) into (5),
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 − 8𝜌𝜌 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2
Thus,
∴ 𝒑𝒑 = 𝒑𝒑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
9/28/2016 7
 Example: Acceleration – Contd.
Alternatively, by applying the Bernoulli equation,
1 1
𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 = 𝑝𝑝0 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉02
2 2
or
1
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 + 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉02 − 𝑉𝑉 2
2
where,
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 = 4𝑦𝑦 2 + 64𝑥𝑥 2

Along the streamline 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑥,

𝑉𝑉 = 4 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 64𝑥𝑥 2 = 80𝑥𝑥 2
and
𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑉)𝑥𝑥=0,𝑦𝑦=0 = 4 0 2 + 64 0 2 =0
Thus,
1 2
2
∴ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 + 𝜌𝜌 0 − 80𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝒑𝒑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
2

9/28/2016 8
 Laws of Mechanics
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. Conservation of mass: =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
2. Conservation of linear momentum: 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎 = 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻
3. Conservation of angular momentum: 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4. Conservation of Energy: = 𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• The laws apply to either solid or fluid systems

• Ideal for solid mechanics, where we follow the same system
• For fluids, the laws need to be rewritten to apply to a specific region in
the neighborhood of our product (i.e., CV)

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 9

 Extensive vs. Intensive Property
Governing Differential Equations (GDE’s):
𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉, 𝐸𝐸 = 0, 𝐹𝐹, 𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵

• 𝐵𝐵 = The amount of 𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉, or 𝐸𝐸 contained in the

total mass 𝑚𝑚; Extensive property – Dependent on
mass
• 𝛽𝛽 (or 𝑏𝑏) = The amount of 𝐵𝐵 per unit mass;
Intensive property – Independent on mass
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽 ≡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵 = � 𝛽𝛽 𝜌𝜌
� 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑉𝑉 =𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If homogeneous, 𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒
𝐵𝐵
𝛽𝛽 = and 𝐵𝐵 = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
𝑚𝑚
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 10
 System vs. Control Volume
• System: A collection of matter of fixed identity
– Always the same atoms or fluid particles
– A specific, identifiable quantity of matter

• Control Volume (CV): A volume in space

through which fluid may flow
– A geometric entity
– Independent of mass

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 11

 Examples of CV
Fixed CV Moving CV Deforming CV

CV fixed at a nozzle CV moving with ship CV deforming within cylinder

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 12

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
• An analytical tool to shift from describing the
laws governing fluid motion using the system
concept to using the control volume concept

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 13

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV

Variable area duct

At time 𝑡𝑡:

SYS = CV

𝐵𝐵sys 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐵𝐵CV (𝑡𝑡)

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 14

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV

At time 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:

SYS = (CV – I) + II

𝐵𝐵sys 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 + 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 15

 RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
- Time Rate of Change of 𝐵𝐵sys
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝐵𝐵sys 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵sys (𝑡𝑡)
= lim
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

Since 𝐵𝐵sys 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐵𝐵CV (𝑡𝑡) and 𝐵𝐵sys 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 + 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 + 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡

= lim
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵CV 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼

∴ = lim + lim − lim
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
Time rate of 1) Change of 𝐵𝐵 2) Amount of 𝐵𝐵 3) Amountt of 𝐵𝐵 Eq. (1)
change of 𝐵𝐵 within CV over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 flowing out flowing in
within the through CS through CS
system
over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 16

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
- The first term of RHS of Eq.(1)

𝐵𝐵CV 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵CV (𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵CV

lim =
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡

In a general form,
𝐵𝐵CV = � 𝛽𝛽 𝜌𝜌
� 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
CV =𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Thus,
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵CV 𝜕𝜕
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 CV

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 17

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉2 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
and
𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚II = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

The amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing out of CV through 𝐴𝐴2 over a short

time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵II = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚II = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
Thus,
𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
lim = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇ out
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

In a general form (see Appendix),

𝐵𝐵̇ out = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 18

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉1 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
and
𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚I = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

The amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing in to CV through 𝐴𝐴1 over a short

time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵I = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚I = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
Thus,
𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼
lim = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇ in
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

In a general form (see Appendix),

𝐵𝐵̇ in = − � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 19
RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
Consequently, the relationship between the time rate of change of 𝐵𝐵 for
the system and that for the CV is given by,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝜕𝜕
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽V + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − − � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 CV 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in
𝐵𝐵̇ out 𝐵𝐵̇ in

With the fact that 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out + 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in ,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝜕𝜕
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 CV CS
Time rate of Time rate of
Net flux of 𝐵𝐵
change of 𝐵𝐵 = change of 𝐵𝐵 + through CS =
within a system within CV
𝐵𝐵̇ out − 𝐵𝐵̇ in

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 20

Appendix: RTT for a Fixed CV
RTT for a Fixed CV

At time 𝑡𝑡: SYS = CV

𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝑡𝑡)

At time 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿: SYS = (CV – I) + II

𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
= 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 + 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 22

 RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- Time Rate of Change of 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡)
= lim
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 + 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡

= lim
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼

∴ = lim + lim − lim Eq. (1)
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
Time rate of 1) Change of 𝐵𝐵 2) Amount of 𝐵𝐵 3) Amountt of 𝐵𝐵
change of 𝐵𝐵 within CV over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 flowing out flowing in
within the through CS through CS
system
over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 23

RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- The first term of RHS of Eq.(1)

𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 − 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕

lim = = � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
Time rate of change of
𝐵𝐵 within CV

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 24

 RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚out = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉
and
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿ℓ𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿
�𝛿 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ (𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃)
=𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

Thus, the amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing out of CV through 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over a short time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵out = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚out = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 25

 RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1) – Contd.
By integrating 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 over the entire outflow portion of CS,

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out
Thus,

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
lim =� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇ out
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛
i.e., Out flux of 𝐵𝐵 through CS

Note that 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

�,

∴ 𝐵𝐵̇ out = � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 26

 RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉
and
𝛿𝛿𝑉𝑉 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿ℓ𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ 𝛿𝛿
�𝛿 − cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ⋅ (−𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃)
=𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 <0

Thus, the amount of 𝐵𝐵 flowing out of CV through 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 over a short time 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿:
∴ 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵in = 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚in = −𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 27

 RTT for a Fixed CV – Contd.
- The 3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1) – Contd.
By integrating 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 over the entire outflow portion of CS,

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼 = −𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in
Thus,

𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼
lim = −� 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≡ 𝐵𝐵̇ in
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿→0 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in
i.e., influx of 𝐵𝐵 through CS

Note that 𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

�,

∴ 𝐵𝐵̇ in = − � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 28

RTT for a Simple Fixed CV – Contd.
Consequently, the relationship between the time rate of change of 𝐵𝐵 for
the system and that for the CV is given by,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝜕𝜕
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽V + � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − − � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 CV 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in
𝐵𝐵̇ out 𝐵𝐵̇ in

With the fact that 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆out + 𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆in ,

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵sys 𝜕𝜕
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 CV CS
Time rate of Time rate of
Net flux of 𝐵𝐵
change of 𝐵𝐵 = change of 𝐵𝐵 + through CS =
within a system within CV
𝐵𝐵̇ out − 𝐵𝐵̇ in

57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 29