DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICALAND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Register Number:
MODEL EXAMINATION – OCTOMBER 2019
7th Semester – EEE
EE8701-HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
Duration: 90 Minutes Date: 5/10/2019Maximum marks: 100
Course Outcomes ,Question Number, Marks:
COs CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
3,4,12(a) & 5,6,13(a) &
Ques. No. 1,2,11(a),11(b) 7,8,14(a),14(b) 9,10,15(a) & 15(b)
12(b) 13(b)
Max. Marks 45 30 30 45 30
COs & K-Level:
CO1: Students can be able to understand the various types of over voltages in power system and
protection methods

CO2: Studenst will be able to discuss the nature of Breakdown mechanism in solid, liquid and gaseous
dielectrics.
CO3: Students can be able to understand the different method of generation of over voltages
CO4: Students can be able to Compare the different measurement techniques of over voltages.
CO5: Students can be able to understand the different methods of testing of various power system
equipments.
K-Levels K1: Remember K2: Understand K3:Apply K4:Analyse K5:Evaluate K6:Create

Bloom’s
Q.No Answer All Questions Taxonomy
K-level
PART – A (10x 2 = 20 marks)
1. List the causes of power frequency over voltages in power system? K2
2. Define the term Isokeraunic level K2
3. What are electronegative gases K1
4. List the break down mechanisms occurred in liquid di-electrics? K1
5. List the merits and demerits of Van de Graff generator? K1
6. What are the specifications for standard impulse voltage K1
7. Write the advantages and disadvantages of CVT. K5
8. State the type of measuring devices preferred for K1

measurement of high frequency impulse current

9. Define Creepage Distance K3
10. What is the difference between type and routine test K1
PART – B (5 x 13 = 65 marks)
11.(a) Explain in detail the protection of power system equipment’s using protective K5
 devices.
OR
11.(b) Explain the different theories of charge formation in the cloud. K3

12.(a) Explain about the breakdown mechanisms in solid dielectrics with neat sketches K4
OR
12.(b) Discuss the important properties of composite dielectrics K6

13.(a) Explain the construction and operation of Van de Graaff generator. K4

OR
13.(b) Discuss elaborately the principle and operation of Cascaded transformers for
K2
generating high AC voltages.

14.(a) Explain the measurement of high power frequency alternating current using CT
K2
with electro optical signal converter
OR
14.(b) Explain briefly the Electrostatic Voltmeter. Also list the advantages and
K1
disadvantages.

15.(a) What are the tests conducted on isolators and circuit breakers? Explain in detail. K2
OR
15.(b) Briefly discuss the various tests carried out on the bushings K6

FACULTY IN-CHARGE HoD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 MODEL EXAMINATION – OCTOMBER 2019
EE6701-High voltage engineering
ANSWER KEY
Part-A
1.  List the causes of power frequency over voltages in power system?
Lightning over voltages
Switching overvoltages
Define the term Isokeraunic level.
2. Isokeraunic level is defined as the number of days in a year when thunder is heard or
recorded in particular location.
What are electronegative gases
3. The gases in which attachment plays an active role are called electronegative gases. E.g.
SF6.
List the break down mechanisms occurred in liquid di-electrics?
The various mechanisms are: (i) Intrinsic Breakdown, (ii) Electromechanical Breakdown,
4.
(iii) Breakdown Due to Treeing and Tracking, (iv) Thermal Breakdown, (v)
Electrochemical Breakdown.
5. List the merits and demerits of Van de Graff generator?
The merits of the generator are: Very high voltages can be easily generated Ripple free output
Precision and flexibility of control
The demerits are: Low current output Limitations on belt velocity due to its tendency for
vibration. The vibrations may make it difficult to have an accurate grading of electric fields. These
generators are used in nuclear physics laboratories for particle acceleration and other processes in
research work
6. What are the specifications for standard impulse voltage ?
The impulse waveform can be specified by, Rise or front time.Fall or tail time to 50% peak value
Peak value. Delay time
7. Write the advantages and disadvantages of CVT..
Advantages:
Design is simple Installation is easy. CVT can be used as a voltage measuring device for meters.
In power line carrier communications, CVT can be used. It provides isolation between H.V.
terminal and low voltage metering. So it can be used for relaying purpose. Voltage distribution is
independent of frequency
Disadvantages:
Voltage ratio is susceptible to temperature variations. In the presence of capacitance and choke,
the problem of ferro-resonance occurs in power systems.
8. State the type of measuring devices preferred for measurement of high frequency
impulse current
Resistive shunts Magnetic potentiometers or probes Magnetic links Hall generator Faraday
generator
9. Define Creepage Distance
It is the shortest distance on the contour of the external surface of the insulator that is
between the two metal fittings on the insulator
10. What is the difference between type and routine test

Type test: These tests are intended to prove or check the design features and the quality.
Type tests are done on samples when new design or design changes are introduced.
Routine test: The routine tests are intended to check the quality of the individual test piece.
The routine tests are done to ensure the reliability of the individual test objects and quality
 and consistency of the materials used in their manufacture

PART-B
11.(a) Explain in detail the protection of power system equipment’s using protective
devices.
Types of faults that may occur in power lines

Symmetrical faults

 Three phase fault(LLLG)

Unsymmetrical faults

 L-G fault
 L-L fault
 L-L-G fault
Protection of equipments in th epowersystem from overvoltages dueto lightning can
done by:

 Using ground wires above the phase wires.

 Using ground rods.
 Using counter-poise wires.
 Using protective edevices likerodgap, expulsiontype andvalve typesurge
arrester,etc.

Ground wires:

Ground wire is a conductor run parallel to the main conductor of the transmission line,
supported on the same tower and earthed at every equally and regularly spaced towers.
Thedifferent arrangement of ground wires is as shown in below fig.

Important considerations of ground wires are:

 Groundwireselectionshouldbebasedonmechanicalconsiderationsratherthanelectri
calconsiderations.
 It should have high strength andnon –corrosive.
  Groundresistance,insulationandclearancesbetweenthegroundwireandthelinesarei
mportantin the design.

Shielding angleor Protectionangleθs:

The angle between the vertical line drawn through the vertical of tower and a line
through theground wire and the shielded conductor is as shown below.

Protectionof Line Using Ground Wire

Assuming positively charged cloud is present above the line , it induces a negative
charge near the line conductors and ground wire. Ground Wire is earthed at regular
intervals , so that the negative charges drained to the Earth. As the ground wire is nearer to
the line conductor ,thei nduced charged on it will be much less and the potential rise is
small.

Asinglegroundwirereducestheinducedvoltagetoonehalfofthatwithoutgroundwire.Fortwogr
oundwires, the reduction is one third of hat without ground wire.

Effective protection dependson:

 h(height)
 θs(shieldingangle)= 30⁰
Materialused:Galvanized stranded steelc onductors.
Uses
 Itisused fordirect strokeprotectionoflinesforvoltageof110KVandabove.
 Toprotectlinesfrom attenuationoftravellingwavessetup inthelines.
Usinggroundrods

Groundrods areused toreducethe tower footingresistance.These

areburiedintothegroundsurroundingthetower structure.
Groundrodsareanumberofrodsabout15mmdiameterand3mlongdrivenintotheground.Theto
wer footingresistancecan bevaried by:

 Varying the space of therod.

 Varying the numbe rof rods.
 Varying the depth to which they aredriven.

Materialused:Galvanizedironorcopperbearingsteel.

UsingCounter – Poise Wires

 Counter- Poise Wires are buried in the ground at a depth of 0.5 to 1m, running parallel to
the transmission line conductors and connected to the tower legs. Wire length may be 50
to 100 mlong.The arrangement of counter – poise is as shown.

 When the lightning stroke, incident on the tower, discharges first through the
tower totheground and dischargesthrough thecounter–poise.
Forproperoperation.
 Leakageresistanceof counterpoise<Surgeimpedance
 If lightning strikes a tower, current is injected and potential rises and flash over of
insulator disc takes which results in a L.G faults. So the tower footing resistance
values hould below.
Materialused:Galvanizedsteel wire
(OR)
Explain the different theories of charge formation in the cloud.
Lightning Phenomenon:
Lightning phenomenon is a peak discharge in which charge accumulated in the clouds
discharge in to a neighboring cloud or to the ground.
Charge formation in the clouds:
During thunderstorms, positive and negative charges become separated by the heavy air
currents with ice crystals in the upper part and rain in the lower part of the cloud. this charge
separation depends on the height of the clouds which range from 0.2 to 10 k.m with their
charge centers probably at a distance of about 0.35 to 2 K.m .
Charge inside the clouds - 1 to 100 coulomb
Potential of the cloud – 107 to108 Volt
Energy associated with the cloud - 250kwhr
The upper region of the clouds are usually positively charged where as lower region of the
clouds are negative charged except the local region near the base and head which is positive
as shown in fig.
Fair weather conditions - Max.gradient=1V/Cm.
Bad weather conditions - Maximum gradient reached.
At the ground level due to charged cloud - 300V/Cm.
Charge Distribution Theory:
 Willson‘s theory of charge separations
 Simpson‘s theory
 Reynold and mason theory
i) Will son’s theory:
Willson‘s theory based on the following assumption
 Large Number of ions present in the atmosphere.
 Many of the these ions attach themselves to small dust particles and water particles
 Electric field exists in the earth atmosphere during fair weather which is directed
downwards towards the earth.
 Subsequently the lower part of the drop attracts negative charges from the atmosphere
and leaving positive charges in the air.
Thus this theory says since large negatively charged drops settle on the base of the cloud and
smaller positively charged settle on the upper direction of the clouds.

ii)Simpson’s Theory:

Below Region A:
Air current travels above 800Cm/Sec and no rain drops fall through.
In Region A:
Air velocity is high enough to break the falling rain drops causing a positive charge sprays
in the cloud and negative charge in the air.
The spray is blown upwards but as the velocity of air decreases, the positively charged water
drops recombine with the large drops and fall again.
In Region B:
It becomes negatively charged by the air current.
In Region C:
The temperature is low (below freezing point) and only ice crystals exist. the impact of air
on these crystals makes them negatively charged

12(a) Explain about the breakdown mechanisms in solid dielectrics with neat sketches
The various mechanisms are:
(i) Intrinsic Breakdown,
(ii) Electromechanical Breakdown,
(iii) Breakdown Due to Treeing and Tracking,
(iv) Thermal Breakdown,
(v) Electrochemical Breakdown
Intrinsic Breakdown
1.Electronic breakdown
If the dielectric material is pure and homogeneous, the temperature and environmental conditions
suitably controlled and if the voltage is applied for a very short time of the order of 10 –8 second,
the dielectric strength of the specimen increases rapidly to an upper limit known as intrinsic
dielectric strength. The intrinsic strength, therefore, depends mainly upon the structural design of
the material i.e.,the material itself and is affected by the ambient temperature as the structure
itself might change slightly by temperature condition. In order to obtain the intrinsic dielectric
strength of a material, the samples are so prepared that there is high stress in the centre of the
specimen and much low stress at the corners as shown in Figure

The intrinsic breakdown is obtained in times of the order of 10 –8 sec. and, therefore, has been
considered to be electronic in nature. The stresses required are of the order of one million
volt/cm.
The intrinsic strength is generally assumed to have been reached when electrons in the valance
band gain sufficient energy from the electric field to cross the forbidden energy band to the
conduction band.
In pure and homogenous materials, the valence and the conduction bands are separated by a large
energy gap at room temperature, no electron can jump from valance band to the conduction band.
2.Avalanche or streamer breakdown
The conductivity of pure dielectrics at room temperature is, therefore, zero. However, in
practice, no insulating material is pure and, therefore, has some impurities and/or
imperfections in their structural designs. The impurity atoms may act as traps for free
electrons in energy levels that lie just below the conduction band is small.
An amorphous crystal will, therefore, always have some free electrons in the conduction
band. At room temperature some of the trapped electrons will be excited thermally into the
conduction band as the energy gap between the trapping band and the conduction band is
small. As an electric field is applied, the electrons gain energy and due to collisions between
them the energy is shared by all electrons.
In an amorphous dielectric the energy gained by electrons from the electric field is much
more than they can transfer it to the lattice. Therefore, the temperature of electrons will
exceed the lattice temperature and this will result into increase in the number of trapped
electrons reaching the conduction band and finally leading to complete breakdown.
When an electrode embedded in a solid specimen is subjected to a uniform electric field,
breakdown may occur. An electron entering the conduction band of the dielectric at the
cathode will move towards the anode under the effect of the electric field. During its
movement, it gains energy and on collision it loses a part of the energy.
If the mean free path is long, the energy gained due to motion is more than lost during
collision. The process continues and finally may lead to formation of an electron avalanche
similar to gases and will lead finally to breakdown if the avalanche exceeds a certain critical
size.
3.Electrochemical Breakdown
Whenever cavities are formed in solid dielectrics, the dielectric strength in these solid specimen
decreases. When the gas in the cavity breaks down, the surfaces of the specimen provide
instantaneous anode and cathode.
Some of the electrons dashing against the anode with sufficient energy shall break the chemical
bonds of the insulation surface. Similarly, positive ions bombarding against the cathode may
increase the surface temperature and produce local thermal instability. Similarly, chemical
degradation may also occur from the active discharge products e.g.,O 3, NO2 etc. formed in air.
The net effect of all these processes is a slow erosion of the material and a consequent reduction
in the thickness of the specimen.
Normally, it is desired that with ageing, the dielectric strength of the specimen should not
decrease. However, because of defects in manufacturing processes and/or design, the dielectric
strength decreases with time of voltage application or even without voltage application and in
many cases, the decrease in dielectric strength (E b) with time follows the following empirical
relation.
tEbn= constant
where the exponent n depends upon the dielectric material

(or)
12 (b) Discuss the important properties and break down mechanism of composite dielectrics
Different dielectric materials can be in parallel with each other (air or SF6 gas in parallel with
solid insulation) or in series with one another. Such insulating systems are called as
composite dielectrics.
Properties of composite Dielectric
Effect of multiple layer:
 Different layers of dielectric have a higher dielectric strength than a single dielectric.
 Significant in having a wide variations of dielectric strength measured at different
points on its surface.
Effect of Layer Thickness:
 Breakdown voltage increases with increase in layer thickness. Breakdown occurs at the
interfaces and note at other layer in case of layered constructions.
In case of insulating paper with layered construction, the thickness varies from point to
point and the dielectric strength varies. Variation of thickness gives a rough surface
which helps for better impregnation. Low thickness of paper causes breakdown.
Investigations on composite Dielectrics:
 Thickness of the solid dielectric.
 Dielectric constant of liquid and solid dielectric
Effect of interfaces:
 Pre-breakdown
 Breakdown strength.
Breakdown mechanism in composite Dielectric
They are two types of breakdown mechanism in composite dielectric they are.
 Short-term Breakdown.
 Long-term Breakdown.
Short-Term Breakdown:
When the applied electric field is high, failure may occur in seconds or even faster without
damaging the insulating surface prior to breakdown is called as short-term breakdown.
When the applied voltage is very close to the breakdown voltage, breakdown of composite
dielectric occurs due to discharges.
The discharges of given magnitude can enter the insulation from the surface and propagate
rapidly into its volume under critical stress to cause breakdown.
Breakdown strength increases due to
 The presence of more electrons (bombarding particles) than positive ions.
 Local field intensifications due to
 The presence of impurities.

 Variations in the thickness of solid insulations

Long-Term Breakdown:
Long term breakdown occurs due to aging of insulations from thermal process and partial
discharges. Long term breakdown arise due to the following.
 Ageing and breakdown due to partial discharges.
 Ageing and breakdown due to accumulation of charges on insulator surfaces.
13. Explain the construction and operation of Van de Graaff generator.
 Charge is sprayed on to an insulating moving belt from corona points at a potential of 10
to 100 kV above earth and is removed and collected from the belt connected to the inside of
an insulated metal electrode through which the belt moves.
The belt is driven by an electric motor at a speed of 1000 to 2000 metres per minute. The
potential of the high voltage electrode above the earth at any instant is V = Q/C whereQ is
the charge stored and C is the capacitance of the high voltage electrode to earth. The potential
of the high voltage electrode rises at a rate.
The charging of the belt is done by the lower spray points which are sharp needles and
connected to a d.c. source of about 10 to 100 kV, so that the corona is maintained between
the moving belt and the needles.
The charging of the belt is done by the lower spray points which are sharp needles and
connected to a d.c. source of about 10 to 100 kV, so that the corona is maintained between
the moving belt and the needles. The charge from the corona points is collected by the
collecting needles from the belt and is transferred on to the high voltage electrode as the belt
enters into the high voltage electrode. The belt returns with the charge dropped, and fresh
charge is sprayed on to it as it passes through the lower corona point.

Fig.3.7. Van De Graff Generator

Limitations:
 Low current output
 Limitations on belt velocity due to vibration
 It is difficult to have an accurate grading of electric fields
 Maintenance necessary due to mechanically stressed parts.
Advantages:
 Very high DC voltages can be generated
 Ripple free output
 Precision and flexibility of control
Stability of voltage can be acheived with suitable stabilizing devices
(b) Discuss elaborately the principle and operation of Cascaded transformers for
generating high AC voltages.
For voltages higher than 400 KV, it is desired to cascade two or more transformers
depending upon the voltage requirements.With this, the weight of the whole unit is
subdivided into single units and, therefore, transport and erection becomes easier.
 Also, with this, the transformer cost for a given voltage may be reduced, since cascaded
units need not individually possess the expensive and heavy insulation required in
single stage transformers for high voltages exceeding 345 kV.
 It is found that the cost of insulation for such voltages for a single unit becomes
proportional to square of operating voltage.Fig shows a basic scheme for cascading
three transformers. The primary of the first stage transformer is connected to a low
voltage supply.
 A voltage is available across the secondary of this transformer. The tertiary winding
(excitation winding) of first stage has the same number of turns as the primary winding,
and feeds the primary of the second stage transformer.
 The potential of the tertiary is fixed to the potential V of the secondary winding as
shown in Fig below.The secondary winding of the second stage transformer isconnected in
series with the secondary winding of the first stage transformer, so that a
voltage of 2V is available between the ground and the terminal of secondary of the
second stage transformer.
 Similarly, the stage-III transformer is connected in series with the second stage
transformer. With this the output voltage between ground and the third stage
transformer, secondary is 3V.
 it is to be noted that the individual stages except the upper most must have threewinding
transformers. The upper most, however, will be a two winding transformer.
 Fig below shows metal tank construction of transformers and the secondary winding is
not divided. Here the low voltage terminal of the secondary winding is connected to the
tank. The tank of stage-I transformer is earthed.

14.(a) Explain the measurement of high power frequency alternating current using CT
with electro optical signal converter
Measurement of high power frequency current using current transformer:
Current transformers are normally used to measure high power frequency current, but it has
some disadvantages.
Disadvantages of using only current transformers:
 Current shunts involve unnecessary power loss.
 C.T. provides electrical isolation between H.V. and L.V. side of current transformers
in power systems.
 Current transformers used for extra high voltage systems are kept at very high voltages
with respect to the ground.
 So, we are using current transformer with electro-optical technique for measuring high
alternating currents.
Current transformer with electro-optical signal converter for EHV system:
Current transformer with electro-optical signal converter for EHV system consists of current
sensing transformer, power supply current transformer, potential transformer, analog-digital
signal converter, and electro optical glass fiber, digital to analog converter as shown
Operation:
 A voltage signal proportional to the measuring current is passed though the EHV
conductor.Current transformer is used in the power circuit to stop down the current to a
very low value.
 Potential transformer is used in the power circuit to step down the voltage to a very low
value (measurable value).EHV conductor acts as primary side of current transformer.
Potential transformer primary is connected between the EHV conductor and the ground
through high series resistance.
 The secondary side of current transformers and potential transformers (power to signal
converter) are given to the analog to digital converter which converts the analog signal
into digital signal.
 This digital signal is given to the digital to analog converter converts the digital signal
into analog signal. This analog signal is given to the recording unit.
 Accuracy = ±5% at rated current
15.(a) Discuss the various test conducted on circuit breaker and isolator.Explain any
one method for each?
An Equipment when designed to certain specification and is fabricated, needs testing for its
performance. The general design is tried and the results of such tests conducted on one
selected
breaker and are thus applicable to all others of identical construction. These tests are called
the
type tests. These tests are classified as follows:
1.Short circuit tests:
 Making capacity test.
 Breaking capacity test.
 Short time current test.
 Operating duty test
2. Dielectric tests:
(i) Power frequency test:
 One minute dry withstand test.
 One minute wet withstand test.
(ii) Impulse voltage dry withstand test.
3. Thermal test:
4. Mechanical test:
 Once a particular design is found satisfactory, a large number of similar C.Bs. are
manufactured for marketing. Every piece of C.B. is then tested before putting into
service. These tests are known as routine tests.
 With these tests it is possible to find out if incorrect assembly or inferior quality
material has been used for a proven design equipment. These tests are classified as
 operation tests,
 Millivoltdrop tests,
 (iii)power frequency voltage tests at manufacturer‘s premises, and
 power
Frequency voltage tests after erection on site. We will discuss first the type tests.
Thermal Tests:
 These tests are made to check the thermal behaviour of the breakers. In this test the
rated current through all three phases of the switchgear is passed continuously for a
period long enough to achieve steady state conditions.
 Temperature readings are obtained by means of thermocouples whose hot junctions are
placed in appropriate positions. The temperature rise above ambient, of conductors,
must normally not exceed 40°C when the rated normal current is less than 800 amps
and 50°C if it is 800 amps and above.
 An additional requirement in the type test is the measurement of the contact resistances
between the isolating contacts and between the moving and fixed contacts.
 These points are generally the main sources of excessive heat generation. The voltage
drop across the breaker pole is measured for different
 values of d.c. current which is a measure of the resistance of current carrying parts and
hence that of contacts.

(b) With neat diagram explain the power frequency and impulse voltage tests carried
out on bushings?
POWER FREQUENCY TESTS
(a) Power Factor—Voltage Test: In this test, the bushing is set up as in service or
immersed in oil. It is connected such that the line conductor goes to the high voltage
side and the tank or earth portion goes to the detector side of the high voltage
Schcringbridge. Voltage is applied up to the line value in increasing steps and then
reduced. The capacitance and power factor are recorded at each step. Thecharacteristic of
power factor or tan 8 versus applied voltage is drawn. This is a normal
routine test but sometimes may be conducted on percentage basis.
(b) Internal or Partial Discharge Test: This test is intended to find the deterioration or
failure due to internal discharges caused in the composite insulation of the bushing.
This is done by using internal or partial discharge arrangement. The voltage versus
discharge magnitude as well as the quadratic rate gives an excellent record of the
performance of the bushing in service. This is now a routine test for high voltage
bushings.
(c) Momentary Withstand Test at Power Frequency:
This is done as per the Indian Standard Specifications, IS: 2099, applied to bushings. The test
voltage is specified inthe specifications. The bushing has to withstand without flashover or
puncture for a
minimum time (~ 3Os) to measure the voltage. At present this test is replaced by the
impulse withstand test.
(d) One Minute Wet Withstand Test at Power Frequency:
The most common and routinetests used for all electrical apparatuses are the one minute wet,
and dry voltagewithstand tests. In wet test, voltage specified is applied to the bushing
mounted as in
service with the rain arrangement as described earlier. A properly designed bushing has to
withstand the voltage without flashover for one minute. This test really does not give any
information for its satisfactory performance in service, while impulse and partial discharge
tests give more information.
(e) Visible Discharge Test at Power Frequency
This test is intended for determining whether the bushing is likely to give radio interference
in service, when the voltage specified in IS: 2099 is applied. No discharge other than that
from the arcing horns or grading rings should be visible to the observers in a dark room. The
test arrangement is the same as that of the withstand test, but the test is conducted in a dark
room.
IMPULSE VOLTAGE TESTS
(a) Full Wave Withstand Test:
The bushing is tested for either polarity voltages as per thespecifications. Five consecutive
full waves of standard waveform are applied, and, if two of them cause flashover, the bushing
is said to have failed in the test. If only one flashover occurs, ten additional applications are
done. The bushing is considered to have passed the test if no flashover occurs in subsequent
applications.
(b) Chopped Wave Withstand and Switching Surge Tests
The chopped wave lest is sometimes done for high voltage bushings (220 kV and 400 kV and
above). Switching surge flashover test of specified value is now-a-days included for high
voltage bushings. The tests are carried out similar to full wave withstand tests.