Introduction To Electrical Engineering III Mrs T.F. Sanni: GEC228 Module 2

www.covenantuniversity.edu.
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Raising a new Generation of Leaders
MODULE 2
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
III
MRS T.F. SANNI
GEC228 Module 2
https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

Page 1 of 33
Transformer
• Introduction to Transformers
• No load Conditions of a Transformer
• The Ideal Transformer
• Transformer Reactances And Equivalent
Circuits.
www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng
‹#›

Page 2 of 33
Transformers
Transformers are a very significant aspect of
power system, from generation, to
transmission and also at the distribution level,
though its not an energy-converting device.
The transformer is also widely used in low-
power, low-current electronic and control
circuits for performing such functions as
matching the impedances of a source and its
load for maximum power transfer, isolating ‹#›

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Definition of a transformer (contd)
Transformers are exclusively used in electric
power systems to transfer power by
electromagnetic induction between circuits at
the same frequency, usually with changed
values of voltage and current.’’
‹#›

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Definition of a transformer
A transformer is ‘‘a static device consisting of
a winding, or two or more coupled windings,
with or without a magnetic core, for inducing
mutual coupling between circuits.
‹#›

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Definition of a transformer (contd)
Transformers do not have moving parts, nor
are they energy conversion devices, however
their ability to modify the current-voltage
characteristics of a given load or source, make
them invaluable components in energy
conversion systems.
There are numerous types of transformers

‹#›
used in various applications including audio,

Page 6 of 33
History of Transformers
➢ The initiation of transformers was from the
need to transfer electrical energy to a far
distance which was made possible through
voltage transformation.
➢ This made possible the development of the

modern constant voltage AC supply system.
‹#›

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Operational types of transformer
Step-up or Step-down??
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Step-up or Step-down transformers
➢ When the number of turns or voltage on the
secondary of a transformer is greater than
that of the primary, it is known as a step-up
transformer.
➢ When the number of turns or voltage on the

secondary is less than that of the primary, it
is known as a step-down transformer.
‹#›

Page 9 of 33
Power transformer
Power transformer towards the end of the
nineteenth century made possible the
development of the modern constant voltage
AC supply system, with power stations often
located many miles from centres of electrical
load.
A power transformer used to tie two systems

‹#›
together may feed current either way between

Page 10 of 33
Power transformer (contd)
To eliminate this confusion, in power
generation, windings of transformers can also
be referred to as high-side and low-side
windings, depending on the relative values of
the voltages.
Example configuration of a
distribution pole transformer
‹#›

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Operational principle of a transformer
Transformer action depends upon magnetic
lines of force (flux) mentioned above.
At the instant a transformer primary is

energized with AC, a flow of electrons
(current) begins.
During the instant of switch closing, build up ‹#›


Page 12 of 33
Operational principle of a transformer
➢ When a coil is placed in an AC circuit, as
shown above, current in the primary coil will
be accompanied by a constantly rising and
collapsing magnetic field. When another coil
is placed within the alternating magnetic
field of the first coil, the rising and collapsing
flux will induce voltage in the second coil.
‹#›
➢ When an external circuit is connected to the

Page 13 of 33
Configuration of a transformer
A transformer consists of two or more
windings coupled by mutual magnetic flux. If
one of these windings, the primary, is
connected to an alternating-voltage source, an
alternating flux will be produced whose
amplitude will depend on the primary
voltage, the frequency of the applied voltage,
and the number of turns.
The mutual flux will link the other winding,‹#›
the secondary, and will induce a voltage in it

Page 14 of 33
No-load Conditions
•
‹#›

Page 15 of 33
Mathematical representation of a transformer.
•
‹#›

Page 16 of 33
Ideal Transformer and Load
•
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•
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•
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•
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•
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•
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Considering the case of a sinusoidal applied
voltage and an impedance load, phasor
symbolism can be used.
Then the impedance measured at the

terminals of the primary is; ‹#›

Page 23 of 33
Ideal Transformer
To summarize, in an ideal transformer, voltages
are transformed in the direct ratio of turns,
currents in the inverse ratio, and impedances in
the direct ratio squared; power and voltamperes
are unchanged.
‹#›

Page 24 of 33
Example 1
A two-winding transformer has a primary
winding with 208 turns and a secondary
winding with 6 turns. The primary winding is
connected to a 4160V system. What is the
secondary voltage at no load? What is the
current in the primary winding with a 50-amp
load connected to the secondary winding?
What is the apparent power flowing in the
primary and secondary circuits?
‹#›

Page 25 of 33
Example 2
•
‹#›

Page 26 of 33
Losses in a transformer
Core losses;
Magnetic lines of force in a transformer are
constantly changing in value and direction
which produces heat because of the hysteresis
of the magnetic material (friction of the
molecules).This heat must be removed;
therefore, it represents an energy loss of the
transformer.
‹#›

Page 27 of 33
Losses in a transformer
Copper losses;
This is the loss of energy in a transformer due
to resistance of the primary winding to the
magnetizing current, even when no load is
connected to the transformer.
This loss appears as heat generated in the

winding and must also be removed by the
‹#›
cooling system.

Page 28 of 33
Types of transformers
There are two basic types of transformers
categorised by their winding/core
configuration: (a) core type and (b) shell type.
‹#›

Page 29 of 33
Types of transformer
• In the core type, the windings are wound around two
legs of a rectangular magnetic core; In the shell type,
the windings are wound around the center leg of a
three-legged core.
‹#›

Page 30 of 33
Types of transformers
➢ In a shell-type (shell form) transformer, the
steel magnetic circuit (core) forms a shell
surrounding the windings.
➢ In a core form, the windings are on the

outside; in a shell form, the windings are on
the inside.
‹#›

Page 31 of 33
Shell form used for large transformers
➢ In the core form, it can easily be seen from the figure below, that on both
left and right extremes, there are no return paths. This means that the flux
must use external tank walls and the insulating medium for return paths.
This increases core losses and decreases overall efficiency.
➢ In the shell form transformers, (see figure below) the magnetic flux,
external to the coils on both left and right extremes, has complete
magnetic paths for stray and zero sequence flux to return to the coils.
‹#›

Page 32 of 33
Functional categories of transformers
1. Power transformer
2. Autotransformer
3. Instrument transformer
4. Current transformer
‹#›

Page 33 of 33

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www.covenantuniversity.edu.

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

There are numerous types of transformers

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

➢ This made possible the development of the

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

➢ When the number of turns or voltage on the

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

A power transformer used to tie two systems

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https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

At the instant a transformer primary is

During the instant of switch closing, build up ‹#›

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

Then the impedance measured at the

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This loss appears as heat generated in the

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https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

➢ In a core form, the windings are on the

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

https://moodle.cu.edu.ng/pluginfile.php/82984/mod_resource/content/1/TRANSFORMER_GEC228_1.pptx 19/07/2021, 07:49

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